🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa151)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google","crawl_time":1776401901,"first_indexed_time":1376079527,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/History_of_Google s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"History of Google - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Google\nwas officially launched in 1998 by\nLarry Page\nand\nSergey Brin\nto market\nGoogle Search\n, which has become the most used\nweb-based search engine\n. Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students at\nStanford University\nin California, developed a\nsearch algorithm\nfirst (1996) known as \"BackRub\", with the help of\nScott Hassan\nand Alan Steremberg. The search engine soon proved successful, and the expanding company moved several times, finally settling at\nMountain View\nin 2003. This marked a phase of rapid growth, with the company making its\ninitial public offering\nin 2004 and quickly becoming one of the world's largest media companies. The company launched\nGoogle News\nin 2002,\nGmail\nin 2004,\nGoogle Maps\nin 2005,\nGoogle Chrome\nin 2008, and the\nsocial network\nknown as\nGoogle+\nin 2011 (which was shut down in April 2019), in addition to\nmany other products\n. The company set up a charitable offshoot,\nGoogle.org\n, in 2005. In 2015, Google became the main subsidiary of the holding company\nAlphabet Inc.\nThe search engine has gone through many updates in attempts to eradicate\nsearch engine optimization\n.\nThe name Google is a misspelling of\nGoogol\n! The number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.\nLarry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003\nThe first Google computer at Stanford was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from\nLEGO\nknock off bricks called\nMega Bricks\n.\n[\n1\n]\n[\nfailed verification\n]\nGoogle has its origins in \"\nBackRub\n\", a research project started in 1996 by\nLarry Page\nand\nSergey Brin\nwhen they were both PhD students at\nStanford University\nin\nStanford, California\n.\n[\n2\n]\nThe project initially involved an unofficial \"third founder\", lead programmer\nScott Hassan\n, who left before Google was officially founded as a company.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nWhile finding a topic for his doctoral thesis in 1995, Page considered exploring the mathematical properties of the\nWorld Wide Web\nby understanding its link structure as a huge\ngraph\n.\n[\n5\n]\nHis supervisor,\nTerry Winograd\n, encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as \"the best advice I ever got\"\n[\n6\n]\n). Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, comparing the importance of tracking such\nbacklinks\nto the role of\ncitations\nin\nacademic publishing\n.\n[\n5\n]\nPage told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.\n[\n3\n]\nThe research project was nicknamed \"BackRub\", and it was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a\nNational Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship\n.\n[\n7\n]\nThe two had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to give a tour around the campus and nearby San Francisco.\n[\n5\n]\nBoth Brin and Page were working on the\nStanford Digital Library Project\n(SDLP), whose goal was \"to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library\". The SDLP was funded through U.S. federal agencies including the\nNational Science Foundation\n.\n[\n7\n]\n[\n8\n]\n[\n9\n]\n[\n10\n]\nBrin and Page also received funding from Massive Digital Data Systems (MDDS), a program by the\nCentral Intelligence Agency\n(CIA) and the\nNational Security Agency\n(NSA) to fund the improvement of\nintelligence\ndatabases on the disorganized World Wide Web.\n[\n11\n]\nPage's\nweb crawler\nbegan exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point.\n[\n5\n]\nBrin and Page developed the\nPageRank\nalgorithm to convert the backlink data they gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance.\n[\n5\n]\nThe pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing search engines, which ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page.\n[\n5\n]\n[\n12\n]\nConvinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies and laid the foundation for their search engine.\n[\n13\n]\nThe first version of Google was released in August 1996 on the Stanford website and used nearly half of Stanford's entire network bandwidth.\n[\n14\n]\nSome Rough Statistics (from August 29, 1996)\nTotal indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million\nTotal content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes\n...\nBackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks.\nScott Hassan and Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google.\n[\n15\n]\n[\n16\n]\nRajeev Motwani\nand\nTerry Winograd\nlater co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998.\nHéctor García-Molina\nand\nJeff Ullman\nwere also cited as contributors to the project.\n[\n17\n]\nPageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for\nRankDex\n, developed by\nRobin Li\nin 1996. Larry Page's patent for PageRank filed in 1998 includes a citation to Li's earlier patent. Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine\nBaidu\nin 2000.\n[\n18\n]\n[\n19\n]\n[\n20\n]\nOriginally the search engine used Stanford's website with the domains\ngoogle.stanford.edu\n[\n21\n]\nand\nz.stanford.edu\n.\n[\n22\n]\nThe domain\ngoogle.com\nwas registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company,\nGoogle\n, on September 4, 1998, in their friend\nSusan Wojcicki\n's garage in\nMenlo Park, California\n. Wojcicki eventually became an executive at Google and CEO at\nYouTube\n. Page invited\nCraig Nevill-Manning\n, whom he had met while Nevill-Manning was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford, to join Google. Nevill-Manning declined and joined years later.\n[\n23\n]\nThe first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant.\nBoth Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an \"advertising funded search engines\" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads.\n[\n24\n]\nBy the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.\n[\n25\n]\nThe home page was still marked \"\nBETA\n\", but an article in\nSalon.com\nalready argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like\nHotbot\nor\nExcite.com\n, and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded\nportal sites\n(like\nYahoo!\n, Excite.com,\nLycos\n, Netscape's\nNetcenter\n,\nAOL.com\n,\nGo.com\nand\nMSN.com\n) which, during the growing\ndot-com bubble\n, were seen as \"the future of the Web\", especially by stock market investors.\n[\n25\n]\nEarly in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to\nExcite\n. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer.\nVinod Khosla\n, one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it.\n[\n26\n]\nIn March 1999, the company moved into offices at\n165 University Avenue\nin\nPalo Alto\n, home to several other noted\nSilicon Valley\ntechnology startups.\n[\n27\n]\nAfter quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in\nMountain View\nat 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from\nSilicon Graphics\n(SGI) in 2003.\n[\n28\n]\nThe company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the\nGoogleplex\n(a play on the word\ngoogolplex\n, a number that is equal to 1 followed by a\ngoogol\nof zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million.\n[\n29\n]\nThe Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.\n[\n30\n]\nIn 2000, Google began selling\nadvertisements\nassociated with search\nkeywords\n.\n[\n2\n]\nThe ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.\n[\n2\n]\nKeywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click.\n[\n2\n]\nThis model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by\nGoto.com\n, an Idealab spin-off created by\nBill Gross\n.\n[\n31\n]\n[\n32\n]\nWhen the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by\nYahoo!\nand renamed\nYahoo! Search Marketing\n. The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.\n[\n33\n]\n[\n34\n]\n[\n35\n]\n[\n36\n]\nWhile many of its\ndot-com\nrivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.\n[\n2\n]\nGoogle's declared\ncode of conduct\nis \"\nDon't be evil\n\", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their\nprospectus\n(aka \"S-1\") for their 2004\nIPO\n, noting that \"We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains.\"\n[\n37\n]\nIn February 2003, Google acquired\nPyra Labs\n, owner of the Blogger website. The acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine\nGoogle News\n.\nIn February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost Google some\nmarket share\n, yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness. The verb \"\nto google\n\" has entered a number of languages (first as a\nslang\nverb and now as a standard word), meaning \"to perform a web search\" (a possible indication of \"Google\" becoming a\ngenericized trademark\n).\n[\n38\n]\nThe relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo\nAfter the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004, the number of\nshares outstanding\nwas 172.85 million while the \"\nfree float\n\" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). Google has a dual-class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page said in the\nprospectus\nthat Google has \"a dual-class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me.\"\n[\n39\n]\nIn June 2005, Google was valued at nearly $52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value.\n[\n40\n]\nOn August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as\nπ\n≈ 3.14159265) more shares of its stock to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to $7 billion. Google said it would use the money for \"acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets\".\n[\n41\n]\nWith Google's increased size came more competition from large mainstream technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google.\n[\n42\n]\nMicrosoft had been touting its\nBing\nsearch engine to counter Google's competitive position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as\nwebmail\n(Gmail vs.\nHotmail\n), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's\nWindows Live Local\ncompetes with\nGoogle Earth\n). In addition to an\nInternet Explorer\nreplacement, Google designed its own\nLinux\n-based\noperating system\ncalled\nChromeOS\nto directly compete with\nMicrosoft Windows\n. There were also rumors of a Google\nweb browser\n, fueled much by the fact that Google was the owner of the\ndomain name\n\"gbrowser.com\".\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nThese were later proven when Google released\nGoogle Chrome\n. This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when\nKai-Fu Lee\n, a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's\nnon-compete contract\n(he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in\nChina\n). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential.\n[\n43\n]\nClick fraud\nalso became a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that \"something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model.\"\n[\n44\n]\nWhile the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has experimented with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company\ndMarc\n, which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.\n[\n45\n]\nGoogle also began an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the\nChicago Sun-Times\n.\n[\n46\n]\nDuring the third quarter of 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, \"We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build.\"\nAfter months of speculation, Google was added to the\nStandard & Poor's\n500 index (S&P 500) on March 31, 2006.\n[\n47\n]\nGoogle replaced\nBurlington Resources\n, a major oil producer based in\nHouston\nthat had been acquired by\nConocoPhillips\n.\n[\n48\n]\nThe day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%.\n[\n49\n]\nIn 2008, Google launched\nKnol\n, their own equivalent of Wikipedia,\n[\n50\n]\nwhich failed four years later.\n[\n51\n]\nAlthough Google was already deriving the vast majority of its income from advertising at the time of its 2004 IPO,\n[\n52\n]\nit did not use any\nHTTP cookie\n-based\nweb tracking\nuntil 2007.\n[\n53\n]\nBy 2006, Google's Ad revenue was already facing signs of decline, as \"a growing number of advertisers were refusing to buy display ads from Google.\"\n[\n53\n]\nThe\nGreat Recession\nled Google to institute a hiring freeze.\n[\n53\n]\nIn 2007, Google agreed to buy\nDoubleClick\nfor $3.1 billion, marking the start of its use of cookie-based tracking.\n[\n53\n]\nEven with the purchase, Google only ended up with a 3% revenue in the second quarter of 2009, in the depth of the recession.\n[\n54\n]\nGoogle initially separated the browsing habits collected from AD tracking from data collected by its other services by default. Google removed this last layer of protection in 2016, making its tracking personally-identifiable.\n[\n55\n]\nIn 2011, the company launched\nGoogle+\n, its fourth foray into social networking, following\nGoogle Buzz\n(launched 2010, retired in 2011),\nGoogle Friend Connect\n(launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012), and\nOrkut\n(launched in 2004, retired in September 2014\n[\n56\n]\n)\nAs of November 2014, Google operated over 70 offices in more than 41 countries.\n[\n57\n]\nIn 2015, Google reorganized its interests as a holding company,\nAlphabet Inc.\n, with Google as its leading subsidiary. Google continued to serve as the umbrella for Alphabet's Internet interests.\n[\n58\n]\n[\n59\n]\n[\n60\n]\nOn September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a\nlimited liability company\n, Google LLC, as a wholly owned subsidiary of\nXXVI Holdings, Inc.\n, which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets.\n[\n61\n]\nBetween 2018 and 2019,\ntensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated\nas staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment,\nDragonfly\n, a censored Chinese search engine, and\nProject Maven\n, a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.\n[\n62\n]\n[\n63\n]\nOn 25 October 2018,\nThe New York Times\npublished an exposé, \"How Google Protected\nAndy Rubin\n, the 'Father of Android'\". The company subsequently announced that \"48 employees have been fired over the last two years\" for sexual misconduct.\n[\n64\n]\nOn 1 November 2018, Google employees staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints, including the\ngolden parachute\nexit of former executive\nAndy Rubin\n;\n[\n65\n]\nmore than 20,000 employees and contractors participated.\n[\n66\n]\nCEO\nSundar Pichai\nwas reported to be in support of the protests.\n[\n67\n]\nOn March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a\ncloud gaming\nplatform called\nGoogle Stadia\n.\n[\n68\n]\nOn June 3, 2019, the\nUnited States Department of Justice\nreported that it would investigate Google for\nantitrust\nviolations.\n[\n69\n]\nThis led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the\nsearch\nand\nsearch advertising\nmarkets.\n[\n70\n]\nIn December 2019, former\nPayPal\nchief operating officer\nBill Ready\nbecame Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with\nGoogle Pay\n.\n[\n71\n]\nThis section needs to be\nupdated\n.\nPlease help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.\n(\nApril 2023\n)\nIn April 2020, Google announced several cost-cutting measures due to the\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.\n[\n72\n]\nGoogle and Apple collaborated on the development of smartphone-based contact tracing solutions to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Prominent examples of government initiatives in this field include Singapore's TraceTogether and Australia's COVID Safe apps. TraceTogether was notably the first national Bluetooth contact tracing app to be launched globally, debuting in March 2020.\n[\n73\n]\nThe\n2020 Google services outages\ndisrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.\n[\n74\n]\n[\n75\n]\n[\n76\n]\nIn January 2021, the\nAustralian Government\nproposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.\n[\n77\n]\nIn March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for\nUbisoft\nports on\nGoogle Stadia\n.\n[\n78\n]\nGoogle spent \"tens of millions of dollars\" on getting major publishers such as\nUbisoft\nand Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nIn April 2021,\nThe Wall Street Journal\nreported that Google ran a years-long program called 'Project Bernanke' that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.\n[\n79\n]\nIn June 2023, Google stated it would remove Canadian news links from its services throughout the country due to\nlegislation\nfrom the\nCanadian government\n(Bill C-11) that would require Google and other online platforms such as Facebook to pay for news articles being shown on their platforms.\n[\n80\n]\n[\n81\n]\nIn September 2024, Google and its parent company\nAlphabet Inc.\nwere fined 2.42 billion euros by the\nEuropean Commission\nfor an antitrust case surrounding Google's shopping service. The decision was later upheld by both the\nGeneral Court (European Union)\nand the\nEuropean Court of Justice\n.\n[\n82\n]\nIn October 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) formally proposed a range of structural and behavioral remedies against Google, including the potential break-up of the company. These proposals explored banning default search placement payments, regulating the use of artificial intelligence in search results, mandating licensing of Google’s search data to competitors, and requiring increased transparency in online ad pricing.\n[\n83\n]\n[\n84\n]\n[\n85\n]\nIn November 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) urged a federal court to impose significant changes on Google to address its monopoly in online search. The proposed measures included forcing Google to sell its Chrome browser, sharing data and search results with competitors, and implementing various other restrictions. The DoJ also sought to prohibit Google from re-entering the browser market for five years, selling its Android OS if needed, and halting investments in rival search engines or AI. It also pushed to end exclusive deals where Google paid device makers like Apple to set its search engine as the default. Google called these measures excessive and harmful for consumers, vowing to appeal and a trial was set for April 2025.\n[\n86\n]\nIn December 2024, Google responded with a counter‑proposal advocating for a narrower, three‑year ban on exclusive default search engine deals, including its long-standing arrangement with Apple. Rather than accepting divestitures of Chrome or Android, Google offered increased flexibility for browser developers and annual renegotiation of default search engine status. Privacy-focused competitors like DuckDuckGo criticized this as inadequate and insufficient to restore market competition. Both parties were expected to submit final remedy proposals ahead of the scheduled remedies trial in April 2025.\n[\n87\n]\nIn early February 2025, Google announced it was ending its targets for minority recruitment and reevaluating other\ndiversity, equity, and inclusion\nefforts.\n[\n88\n]\nIn April 2025, the remedies trial commenced in Washington, D.C. before Judge Amit P. Mehta. The DOJ argued for substantial structural reforms and ongoing oversight, while Google maintained that such measures were excessive and would hinder innovation in the digital and AI sectors.\n[\n89\n]\n[\n90\n]\nIn September 2025, Mehta ruled that Google would not be required to divest of\nChrome\nor Android, but could no longer include\nsearch\nin exclusive contracts. Mehta also ruled that Google would be required to share certain\nsearch index\nand user interaction data with competitors.\n[\n91\n]\nIn April 2026, Alphabet Google's parent company announced a $180 billion spending plan for the company for AI infrastructure, data centers, and servers. Mainly for the development of Google's AI\nGemini\n.\nFinancing and initial public offering\n[\nedit\n]\nThe first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US$100,000 contribution from\nAndy Bechtolsheim\n, co-founder of\nSun Microsystems\n, given to a corporation which did not yet exist.\n[\n92\n]\nOn June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling $25 million was announced,\n[\n93\n]\nthe major investors being rival venture capital firms\nKleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers\nand\nSequoia Capital\n.\n[\n92\n]\nWhile Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google.\nFollowing the closing of the $25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO. Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired\nEric Schmidt\nas Google's first CEO in August 2001.\n[\n94\n]\nIn October 2003, while discussing a possible\ninitial public offering\nof shares (IPO),\nMicrosoft\napproached the company about a possible partnership or\nmerger\n.\n[\n95\n]\nThe deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of\nMorgan Stanley\nand\nGoldman Sachs Group\nto arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as $4 billion.\nGoogle's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004.\n[\n96\n]\nA total of 19,605,052\nshares\nwere offered at a price of $85 per share.\n[\n97\n]\nOf that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as\n√\n2\n≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US$1.67 billion, and gave Google a\nmarket capitalization\nof more than $23 billion.\n[\n98\n]\nMany of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 2.7 million shares of Google.\n[\n99\n]\nFollowing the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their\nbase salary be cut to $1\n. Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000.\n[\n100\n]\nThere were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.\n[\n101\n]\nAs a reply to this concern, co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.\n[\n102\n]\nThe company was listed on the\nNASDAQ\nstock exchange under the\nticker symbol\nGOOG\n. When Alphabet was created as Google's parent company, it retained Google's stock price history and ticker symbol.\nThe name \"Google\" originated from a misspelling of \"\ngoogol\n\",\n[\n103\n]\n[\n104\n]\nwhich refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their first paper on\nPageRank\n:\n[\n17\n]\n\"We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10\n100\nand fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines.\"\nThere are uses of the name going back at least as far as the creation of the\ncomic strip\ncharacter\nBarney Google\nin 1919. British children's author\nEnid Blyton\nused the phrase \"Google Bun\" in\nThe Magic Faraway Tree\n(published 1941) and\nThe Folk of the Faraway Tree\n(published 1946),\n[\n105\n]\nand called a clown character \"Google\" in\nCircus Days Again\n(published 1942).\n[\n106\n]\nIn April 1953\nClifford D Simak\ns short story \"Retrograde Evolution\" was published in\nScience Fiction Plus\nmagazine wherein an alien race called \"Googles\" evolves from savages to geniuses overnight. There is also the\nGoogleplex Star Thinker\nfrom\nDouglas Adams\n'\nThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\n. Hank McCoy, The Beast, uses the word (spelled Google) in Uncanny X-Men #308. In March 1996, a business called Groove Track Productions applied for a United States trademark for \"Google\" for various products including several categories of clothing, stuffed toys, board games, and candy. The firm abandoned its application in July 1997.\n[\n107\n]\nHaving found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb \"\ngoogle\n\" was added to the\nMerriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary\nand the\nOxford English Dictionary\nin 2006, meaning \"to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet.\"\n[\n108\n]\n[\n109\n]\nThe use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.\n[\n104\n]\nThe first use of \"Google\" as a verb in\npop culture\nhappened on the TV series\nBuffy the Vampire Slayer\n, in 2002.\n[\n110\n]\nIn November 2009, the\nGlobal Language Monitor\nnamed \"Google\" No. 7 on its Top Words of the Decade list.\n[\n111\n]\nIn December 2009 the\nBBC\nhighlighted Google in their \"Portrait of the Decade (Words)\" series.\n[\n112\n]\nIn May 2012, David Elliott filed a complaint against Google, Inc. claiming that Google's once distinctive mark GOOGLE® has become generic and lacks trademark significance due to its common use as a transitive verb. After losing to Google in\nUDRP\nproceedings involving many \"Google-related\" domain name registrations that he owns, Elliott later sought a declaratory judgment that his domain names are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since \"Google\" is now a common generic word worldwide that means \"to search the internet.\"\n[\n113\n]\nGoogle has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services.\nOn September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m\n2\n) R&D center at NASA's\nAmes Research Center\n. NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing,\nbio\n-\ninfo\n-\nnano\nconvergence, and encouragement of the\nentrepreneurial space industry\n. The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers.\n[\n114\n]\nIn October 2006, Google formed a partnership with\nSun Microsystems\nto help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the\nopen source\noffice program\nOpenOffice.org\n.\n[\n115\n]\nTime Warner\n's\nAOL\nunit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a US$1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.\n[\n116\n]\nAs part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on\nvideo search\nand offer AOL's premium video service within\nGoogle Video\n. This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase.\nIn August 2006, Google signed a $900 million offer with\nNews Corp.'s\nFox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on\nMySpace\nand other News Corp. websites including\nIGN\n,\nAmericanIdol.com\n,\nFox.com\n, and\nRotten Tomatoes\n, although\nFox Sports\nis not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and\nMSN\n.\n[\n117\n]\n[\n118\n]\nOn December 6, 2006,\nBritish Sky Broadcasting\nreleased details of a Sky and Google alliance.\n[\n119\n]\nThis includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain \"@sky.com\".\nIn 2007, Google displaced\nAmerica Online\nas a key partner and sponsor of the\nNORAD Tracks Santa\nprogram.\n[\n120\n]\n[\n121\n]\n[\n122\n]\nGoogle Earth\nwas used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following\nSanta Claus\n' progress in\n3-D\n.\n[\n123\n]\nThe program also made its presence known on\nYouTube\nin 2007 as part of its partnership with Google.\n[\n124\n]\nIn 2008, Google developed a partnership with\nGeoEye\nto launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from\nVandenberg Air Force Base\non September 6, 2008.\n[\n125\n]\nGoogle also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of\nLife Magazine\n'\ns photographs.\n[\n126\n]\n[\n127\n]\nIn January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the\nPontifical Council for Social Communications\n, allowing the\nPope\nto have his own channel on\nYouTube\n.\n[\n128\n]\nIn January 2013, Google announced a partnership with\nKia Motors\nand\nHyundai\n. The partnership integrates Google Maps and Place into new car models to be released later in 2013.\n[\n129\n]\nThe\nAlliance for Affordable Internet\n(A4AI) was launched in October 2013; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes\nFacebook\n,\nIntel\n, and\nMicrosoft\n. Led by\nSir Tim Berners-Lee\n, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.\n[\n130\n]\nOn September 21, 2017,\nHTC\nannounced a \"cooperation agreement\" in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, as well as smartphone talent, to Google for $1.1 billion.\n[\n131\n]\n[\n132\n]\n[\n133\n]\nTimeline of Google Search\nCriticism of Google\nGoogle logo\nList of Google Easter eggs\nTimeline of Mountain View, California\n, headquarters of Google since 1999\n[\n134\n]\n^\nThe Original GOOGLE Computer Storage (Page and Brin, 1996)\nArchived\nOctober 28, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\nStanford Computer Science Computer History Display\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\n\"\nOur history in Depth\nArchived\nJune 23, 2015, at the\nWayback Machine\n\" Google, Retrieved on March 29, 2016\n^\na\nb\nFisher, Adam (July 10, 2018).\n\"Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything\"\n.\nVanity Fair\n. Retrieved\nAugust 23,\n2019\n.\n^\nMcHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003).\n\"Google vs. Evil\"\n.\nWired\n. Retrieved\nAugust 24,\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\nBattelle, John\n(August 2005). \"\nThe Birth of Google\n.\" Received August 16, 2025.\nArchived\nMarch 18, 2014, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nWired\n.\n^\nThe best advice I ever got\nArchived\nNovember 27, 2013, at the\nWayback Machine\n(Fortune, April 2008)\n^\na\nb\nBrin, Sergey; Lawrence Page (1996). \"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine\".\nComputer Networks and ISDN Systems\n.\n35\n(\n1–\n7): 3.\nCiteSeerX\n \n10.1.1.109.4049\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X\n.\nS2CID\n \n7587743\n.\n^\nBrin, Sergey; Rajeev Motwani; Terry Winograd (1998). \"What can you do with a web in your pocket\".\nData Engineering Bulletin\n.\n21\n:\n37–\n47.\nCiteSeerX\n \n10.1.1.107.7614\n.\n^\nThe Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project\n, Award Abstract #9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount $521,111,001\n^\nMervish, Jeffrey (January 2, 2009).\n\"NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library\"\n.\nScience\n.\n323\n(5910):\n54–\n56.\ndoi\n:\n10.1126\/science.323.5910.54\n.\nPMID\n \n19119211\n.\nS2CID\n \n45137596\n.\n^\nNesbit, Jeff (December 8, 2017).\n\"Google's true origin partly lies in CIA and NSA research grants for mass surveillance\"\n.\nQuartz\n. Retrieved\nAugust 26,\n2021\n.\n^\nPage, Lawrence, Brin, Sergey, Motwani, Rajeev, Winograd, Terry. \"\nThe PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web\nArchived\nSeptember 12, 2008, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\" November 11, 1999.\n^\nGoogle I\/O Conference is a big upcoming in 2015.\nDownloaded 11 – February 2009\nArchived\nApril 28, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n. Google IO Conferences. Retrieved on February 22, 2015\n^\n\"A Brief History of Google - Part 1 - Sebo Marketing\"\n.\nSebo Marketing\n. Retrieved\nMay 24,\n2018\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Archive of Backrub homepage\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non December 10, 1997.\n^\nWakabayashi, Daisuke (August 20, 2021).\n\"Who Gets the L.L.C.? Inside a Silicon Valley Billionaire's Divorce\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n. Retrieved\nAugust 20,\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\nBrin, S.\n;\nPage, L.\n(1998).\n\"The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine\"\n(PDF)\n.\nComputer Networks and ISDN Systems\n.\n30\n(\n1–\n7):\n107–\n117.\nCiteSeerX\n \n10.1.1.115.5930\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X\n.\nISSN\n \n0169-7552\n.\nS2CID\n \n7587743\n.\n^\n\"About: RankDex\"\nArchived\n2012-01-20 at the\nWayback Machine\n,\nRankDex\n^\nAltucher, James (March 18, 2011).\n\"10 Unusual Things About Google\"\n.\nForbes\n. Retrieved\nJune 16,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Method for node ranking in a linked database\"\n. Google Patents.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 15, 2015\n. Retrieved\nOctober 19,\n2015\n.\n^\n\"Google! Search Engine\"\n.\nStanford University\n. Archived from\nthe original\non November 11, 1998\n. Retrieved\nOctober 12,\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Google! Search Engine\"\n.\nStanford University\n. Archived from\nthe original\non December 1, 1998\n. Retrieved\nAugust 14,\n2012\n.\n^\n\"The clever Kiwi who was wooed by Google\"\n.\nNZ Herald\n. September 23, 2007\n. Retrieved\nMay 29,\n2023\n.\n^\nStross, Randall,\nPlanet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know\nArchived\nMay 21, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n, New York : Free Press, September 2008.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4165-4691-7\nCf. pp.3–4.\n^\na\nb\nScott Rosenberg\n:\nYes, there is a better search engine. While the portal sites fiddle, Google catches fire\nArchived\nNovember 23, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\nSalon.com\n, 21 December 1998\n^\nSiegler, MG (September 29, 2010).\n\"When Google Wanted To Sell To Excite For Under $1 Million — And They Passed\"\n.\nTechCrunch\n.\nAOL\n. Retrieved\nNovember 29,\n2016\n.\n^\nFried, Ian. \"\nA building blessed with tech success\nArchived\nMarch 10, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nCNET\n.\nOctober 4, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n^\nOlsen, Stefanie (July 11, 2003).\n\"Google's movin' on up\"\n.\nCNET\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 22, 2024\n. Retrieved\nAugust 16,\n2025\n.\n^\nStaff Writer. \"\nGoogle to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics\nArchived\nApril 18, 2010, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nSilicon Valley \/ San Jose Business Journal.\nJune 16, 2006. Retrieved on February 24, 2007.\n^\nThompson, Bill. \"\nIs Google good for you?\nArchived\nJanuary 25, 2009, at the\nWayback Machine\n\"\nBBC News\n.\nDecember 19, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n^\nSullivan, Danny (July 1, 1998).\n\"GoTo Going Strong\"\n.\nSearchEngineWatch\n. Archived from\nthe original\non October 14, 2009\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 18,\n2010\n.\n^\nPelline, Jeff (February 19, 1998).\n\"Pay-for-placement gets another shot\"\n.\nCNET\n.\nCBS Interactive\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 18,\n2010\n.\n^\nOlsen, Stephanie (August 9, 2004).\n\"Google, Yahoo bury the legal hatchet\"\n.\nCNET\n.\nCBS Interactive\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 18,\n2010\n.\n^\nSullivan, Danny. \"\nGoTo Going Strong\nArchived\nOctober 21, 2006, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nThe Search Engine Report.\nJuly 1, 1998.\n^\nPelline, Jeff. \"\nPay-for-placement gets another shot\nArchived\nMay 29, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nCNET\n.\nFebruary 19, 1998.\n^\nGlaser, Ken. \"Who Will GoTo.com?\"\nOnlinePress.com\nArchived\nOctober 3, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\nFebruary 20, 1998.\n^\nOvide, Shira (June 23, 2011).\n\"What Would 2004 Google Say About Antitrust Probe?\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\n^\n\"How Google Became a Verb\"\n. The Lingua File - The Language Blog\n. Retrieved\nNovember 22,\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Form S-1\"\n.\nwww.sec.gov\n. Retrieved\nApril 3,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"Google Shares Rise on New Price Target\".\nLos Angeles Times\n.\nJune 1, 2005.\n^\nGonsalves, Antone. \"\nGoogle Seeks Second Stock Offering\nArchived\nOctober 11, 2007, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nInformation Week.\nAugust 18, 2005.\n^\nDvorak, John C. \"\nA Google-Microsoft War\nArchived\nDecember 6, 2008, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nPC Magazine\n.\nNovember 16, 2004.\n^\nVise, David A. \"\nMicrosoft, Google Both Claim Victory\nArchived\nDecember 29, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nThe Washington Post\n.\nSeptember 14, 2005, p. D05.\n^\nCrawford, Krysten. \"\nGoogle CFO: Fraud a big threat\nArchived\nApril 21, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nCNN\n.\nDecember 2, 2004.\n^\nLevingston, Steven. \"\nGoogle Buys Company To Expand Into Radio\nArchived\nDecember 28, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nThe Washington Post\n.\nJanuary 18, 2006.\n^\nGonsalves, Antone. \"\nGoogle Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper\nArchived\nFebruary 26, 2008, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nInformation Week.\nJanuary 10, 2006.\n^\nStaff Writer. \"\nGoogle shares up on joining S&P 500 index\nArchived\nJanuary 9, 2007, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nAssociated Press\n.\nMarch 23, 2006.\n^\nFrancisco, Bambi.\"\nGoogle to be added to S&P 500 Index\nArchived\nOctober 12, 2007, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nMarketWatch\n.\nMarch 23, 2006.\n^\nMercury News Wire Services. \"\nClosing bell: Tech stocks advance; Google surges 7 percent\nArchived\nJuly 4, 2020, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nSan Jose Mercury News\n. March 24, 2006.\n^\nFrederick, Lane (December 14, 2007).\n\"Death Knell Sounds for Wikipedia, About.com\"\n.\nNewsFactor Network\n. Archived from\nthe original\non February 24, 2008\n. Retrieved\nOctober 22,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"15 amazing Google projects that failed\"\n.\nRediff\n. October 21, 2013.\n^\n\"Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004\"\n.\nwww.sec.gov\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nVascellaro, Jessica E. (August 10, 2010).\n\"Google Agonizes on Privacy as Ad World Vaults Ahead\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\n^\nRay, Tiernan (June 30, 2019).\n\"How Would Ad-Dependent Alphabet, Facebook Handle Another Recession?\"\n.\nTheStreet\n.\n^\nAngwin, Julia\n(October 21, 2016).\n\"Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking\"\n.\nProPublica\n.\n^\n\"Tchau Orkut\"\n.\nOrkut Blog\n. June 30, 2014. Archived from\nthe original\non July 23, 2014.\n^\n\"Google locations\"\n.\nGoogle Company\n. Google, Inc. November 2014\n. Retrieved\nNovember 16,\n2014\n.\n^\nWomack, Brian (August 10, 2015).\n\"Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet\"\n.\nBloomberg L.P.\nRetrieved\nNovember 22,\n2016\n.\n^\nBarr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015).\n\"Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n. Retrieved\nNovember 22,\n2016\n.\n^\nDougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015).\n\"Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n. Retrieved\nNovember 22,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Alphabet Finishes Reorganization With New XXVI Company\"\n.\nBloomberg L.P.\nSeptember 1, 2017\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 2,\n2017\n.\n^\nBergen, Mark (November 22, 2019).\n\"Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'\n\"\n.\nBloomberg.com\n.\n^\nHollister, Sean (November 25, 2019).\n\"Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees\"\n.\nThe Verge\n. Retrieved\nNovember 26,\n2019\n.\n^\nWelch, Chris (October 25, 2018).\n\"Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years\"\n.\nThe Verge\n. Retrieved\nOctober 31,\n2018\n.\n^\nHamilton, Isobel Asher; et al. (November 1, 2018).\n\"PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct\"\n.\nBusiness Insider\n. Retrieved\nNovember 6,\n2018\n.\n^\nSegarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018).\n\"More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy\"\n. Fortune\n. Retrieved\nNovember 6,\n2018\n.\n^\nLiedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018).\n\"Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct\"\n. San Francisco, Calf. Also in this year google home an artificial intelligence was developed.: Akron Beacon\/Journal. The Associated Press\n. Retrieved\nNovember 6,\n2018\n.\n^\nWarren, Tom (March 19, 2019).\n\"Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019\"\n.\nThe Verge\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 19, 2019\n. Retrieved\nApril 8,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe\"\n.\nwww.theregister.com\n.\n^\nBond, Shannon (October 20, 2020).\n\"U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google\"\n.\nNPR\n.\n^\nPerez, Sarah (December 11, 2019).\n\"PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce\"\n.\nTechCrunch\n.\n^\n\"Bloomberg - Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff\"\n.\nBloomberg\n. April 15, 2020\n. Retrieved\nApril 16,\n2020\n.\n^\nMichael, Katina; Abbas, Roba (2020). \"Behind COVID-19 Contact Trace Apps: The Google–Apple Partnership\".\nIEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine\n.\n9\n(5):\n71–\n76.\nBibcode\n:\n2020ICEM....9e..71M\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1109\/MCE.2020.3002492\n.\n^\n\"Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption\"\n.\nSky News\n.\n^\nLi, Abner (November 12, 2020).\n\"YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage\"\n.\n9to5Google\n.\n^\n\"YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage' | TechRadar\"\n.\nwww.techradar.com\n. December 14, 2020.\n^\nJose, Renju (January 22, 2021).\n\"Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news\"\n.\nReuters\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 22,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Google reportedly paid $20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia\"\n.\nGamesIndustry.biz\n. March 2021\n. Retrieved\nMarch 1,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n. April 11, 2021\n. Retrieved\nApril 13,\n2021\n.\n^\nGovernment of Canada, Department of Justice (May 22, 2022).\n\"Department of Justice - Statement of Potential Charter Impacts\"\n.\nwww.justice.gc.ca\n. Retrieved\nJuly 9,\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Google to remove Canadian news links from searches in the country\"\n.\nNBC News\n. June 29, 2023\n. Retrieved\nJuly 9,\n2023\n.\n^\nHancock, Edith (September 10, 2024).\n\"Google loses EU court battle over €2.4B antitrust fine\"\n. Politico\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 10,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"DOJ details potential remedies in antitrust suit against Google\"\n.\nAP News\n. October 2024.\n^\n\"DOJ lays out sweeping options to rein in Google\"\n.\nPolitico\n. October 2024.\n^\n\"Google Faces DOJ's Toughest Antitrust Remedies Yet\"\n.\nBarron's\n. October 2024.\n^\n\"Google must sell Chrome to end search monopoly, justice department argues in court filing\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. November 21, 2024\n. Retrieved\nNovember 21,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Google's counteroffer to DOJ falls short, critics say\"\n.\nThe Verge\n. December 2024.\n^\nFried, Ina (February 5, 2025).\n\"Google rolls back diversity efforts, citing government contractor rules\"\n.\nAxios\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 7,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"DOJ vs. Google trial begins over proposed antitrust remedies\"\n.\nThe Verge\n. April 2025.\n^\n\"Google Defends Itself as Antitrust Trial Over Remedies Begins\"\n.\nBarron's\n. April 2025.\n^\nDiaz, Jaclyn (September 2, 2025).\n\"In a major antitrust ruling, a judge lets Google keep Chrome but levies other penalties\"\n.\nNPR\n.\n^\na\nb\nKopytoff, Verne, Fost, Dan. \"\nFor early Googlers, key word is $$$\nArchived\nSeptember 19, 2009, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nSan Francisco Chronicle\n.\nApril 29, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n^\n\"Google Receives $25 Million in Equity Funding\"\n(Press release). June 7, 1999\n. Retrieved\nAugust 1,\n2014\n.\n^\nEppel, Thomas. Google. PowerPoint presentation. Management 10. University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA. February 2, 2011.\n^\nFisher, Ken.\nMicrosoft and Google had \"merger\" talks\"\n.\nArs Technica\n.\nOctober 31, 2003. Retrieved on May 17, 2011.\n^\nEdmonston, Peter (August 19, 2009).\n\"Google's I.P.O., Five Years Later\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\n^\nElgin, Ben. \"\nGoogle: Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys?\nArchived\nJanuary 11, 2010, at the\nWayback Machine\n\"\nBusiness Week\n.\nAugust 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n^\nWebb, Cynthia L. \"\nGoogle's IPO: Grate Expectations\n.\"\nThe Washington Post\n.\nAugust 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n^\nKuchinskas, Susan. \"\nYahoo and Google Settle\nArchived\nDecember 27, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\ninternetnews.com\nArchived\nDecember 29, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\nAugust 9, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n^\nLa Monica, Paul R. (March 31, 2006).\n\"Google leaders stick with $1 salary\"\n.\nCNN Money\n.\nCNN\n. Retrieved\nApril 25,\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Quirky Google Culture Endangered?\"\n.\nWired\n. Associated Press. April 28, 2004. Archived from\nthe original\non August 14, 2010\n. Retrieved\nNovember 27,\n2010\n.\n^\nOlsen, Stefanie; Kawamoto, Dawn (April 30, 2004).\n\"Google IPO at $2.7 billion\"\n.\nCNET\n.\nCBS Interactive\n. Retrieved\nNovember 27,\n2010\n.\n^\nKoller, David. \"\nOrigin of the name, \"Google.\"\nArchived\n2012-06-27 at the\nWayback Machine\nStanford University\n.\nJanuary, 2004.\n^\na\nb\nHanley, Rachael. \"\nFrom Googol to Google: Co-founder returns\nArchived\nMarch 30, 2010, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nThe Stanford Daily\n.\nFebruary 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010.\n^\nThe Enid Blyton Society. \"\nThe Enchanted Forest and Folk of the Magic Faraway Tree by Enid Blyton\nArchived\nDecember 16, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\nRetrieved on May 17, 2011\n^\nThe Enid Blyton Society.\"\nCircus Days Again\nby Enid Blyton\nArchived\nAugust 7, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\nRetrieved on May 17, 2011\n^\n\"GOOGLE - Trademark Details\"\n. JUSTIA\n. Retrieved\nDecember 20,\n2016\n.\n^\nHarris, Scott D. \"Dictionary adds verb: to google].\"\nSan Jose Mercury News\n.\nJuly 7, 2006.\n\"MercuryNews.com | 07\/07\/2006 | Dictionary adds verb: To google\"\n. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007\n. Retrieved\nJuly 7,\n2006\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (\nlink\n)\n^\nBylund, Anders. \"\nTo Google or Not to Google\nDeprecated link\narchived July 7, 2006, at\narchive.today\n.\"\nThe Motley Fool\nvia\nMSNBC\n.\nJuly 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.\n^\nMeyer, Robinson.\n\"The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer\"\n.\nThe Atlantic\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 28,\n2016\n.\n^\nTop Words of the Decade\nArchived\nMay 15, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n^\n\"\nA portrait of the decade\nArchived\nDecember 28, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nBBC\n.\nDecember 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 15, 2011.\n^\n\"Is It Proper To Say You Google On GOOGLE®?\"\n.\nThe National Law Review\n. Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C. June 14, 2012\n. Retrieved\nJune 20,\n2012\n.\n^\nLewis, Laura; Fox, Lynn. \"\nNASA Takes Google on Journey into Space\nArchived\nMarch 18, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\"\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration\n,\nPress Release. September 28, 2005.\n^\nBrown, James.\n\"Sun partners with Google\"\n. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007\n. Retrieved\nMay 13,\n2006\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (\nlink\n)\n.\nvnunet.com.\nOctober 5, 2005.\n^\nRosenbush, Steve. \"\nAOL-Google: Who Gets What\nArchived\nMay 23, 2006, at the\nWayback Machine\n?\"\nBusinessWeek\n.\nDecember 21, 2005.\n^\nStaff Writer. \"\nGoogle signs $900m News Corp deal\nArchived\nDecember 28, 2016, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nBBC News\n.\nAugust 7, 2006. Retrieved on August 8, 2006.\n^\n\"\nGoogle, News Corp. Ink Deal Over MySpace.com Ads\nArchived\nApril 26, 2011, at the\nWayback Machine\n\".\nFox News\n.\nAugust 8, 2006.\n^\n\"Sky and Google unveil broadband alliance\"\n. British Sky Broadcasting. December 6, 2006\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 8,\n2007\n.\n^\n\"For more than 50 years, NORAD is Tracking Santa, December 14, 2007 by Glenn Letham\"\n. GISUser.com\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Tracking Santa: NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas, December 1, 2007, Danny Sullivan\"\n.\nSearch Engine Land\n. December 2007\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Tracking Santa, Then and Now, November 30, 2007, by Carrie Farrell, Veteran Santa Tracker\"\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2009\n.\n^\nDaniel Terdiman\n(December 21, 2009).\n\"Behind the scenes: NORAD's Santa tracker\"\n.\nCNET\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google: The 2007 Edition, December 24, 2007, Danny Sullivan\"\n. Search Engine Land. December 24, 2007\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2009\n.\n^\nShalal-Esa, Andrea (September 6, 2008).\n\"GeoEye launches high-resolution satellite\"\n.\nReuters\n. Washington\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 26,\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Google gives online life to Life mag's photos\"\n. Mountain View, California.\nAssociated Press\n. November 20, 2008\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 25,\n2010\n.\nGoogle Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from\nLife\nmagazine's archives that have never been seen by the public before\n^\nStirling, Greg (November 18, 2008).\n\"Google Hosting Time-Life Photo Archive, 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live\"\n.\nSearch Engine Land\n. Retrieved\nJuly 5,\n2010\n.\n^\nKrause, Flavia. (January 23, 2009)\nPope Benedict Debuts on YouTube to Reach Out to Catholics\nArchived\nJune 13, 2010, at the\nWayback Machine\n.\nBloomberg.com\n. Retrieved on May 29, 2011.\n^\n\"Google partners with Hyundai and Kia Motors to integrate Google Maps and Places into new car models\"\n.\nThe Next Web\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 2,\n2013\n.\n^\nGibbs, Samuel (October 7, 2013).\n\"Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\nMarch 15,\n2017\n.\n^\nBalakrishnan, Saheli Roy Choudhury, Anita (September 20, 2017).\n\"Google agrees to buy part of HTC for $1.1 billion\"\n.\nCNBC\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 21,\n2017\n.\n{{\ncite news\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Google is buying part of HTC's smartphone team for $1.1 billion\"\n.\nThe Verge\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 21,\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Google signs agreement with HTC, continuing our big bet on hardware\"\n.\nGoogle\n. September 21, 2017\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 21,\n2017\n.\n^\n\"A look back: Timeline of Mountain View history\"\n,\nSan Jose Mercury News\n, March 2007\nAuletta, Ken\n(2009).\nGoogled: The End of the World as We Know It\n. New York: Penguin Press.\nISBN\n \n978-1-59420-235-3\n.\nOCLC\n \n318411527\n.\nBattelle, John\n(2005).\nThe Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture\n. New York: Portfolio.\nISBN\n \n1-59184-088-0\n.\nOCLC\n \n72691962\n.\nBottando, Evelyn.  \"Hedging the commons: Google Books, libraries, and open access to knowledge\" (PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  2012. 3526789).\nGray, Joanne Elizabeth.\nGoogle Rules: The History and Future of Copyright Under the Influence of Google\n(Oxford University Press, 2020)\nLevy, Steven\n(2011).\nIn the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives\n. Simon and Schuster.\nISBN\n \n978-1-41659-671-4\n.\nMarcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld.\nAlong Came Google: A History of Library Digitization\n(Princeton University Press, 2021)\nRedding, Anna Crowley.\nGoogle It: A History of Google\n(2018)\nStross, Randall (2008).\nPlanet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know\n. New York: Free Press.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4165-4691-7\n.\nOCLC\n \n261376729\n.\nVise, David A\n;\nMalseed, Mark\n(2005).\nThe Google Story\n. Delacorte Press.\nISBN\n \n978-0-55380-457-7\n.\nOCLC\n \n607806212\n.\nYeo, ShinJoung (2023).\nBehind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry\n. U of Illinois Press.\nISBN\n \n0252087127\nonline\nExternal videos\nQ&A\ninterview with Auletta on\nGoogled\n, October 29, 2009\n,\nC-SPAN\nPresentation by Auletta on\nGoogled\n, November 11, 2009\n,\nC-SPAN\nInterview with Auletta on\nGoogled\n, November 11, 2010\n,\nC-SPAN\nGoogle Corporate History (official)\nDavid Hart:\nOn the Origins of Google\nNational Science Foundation\n, August 17, 2004","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Google \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Google \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Google \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Google \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Beginnings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#Beginnings)\n  - [1\\.2 Late 1990s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#Late_1990s)\n  - [1\\.3 2000s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#2000s)\n    - [1\\.3.1 Use of cookies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#Use_of_cookies)\n  - [1\\.4 2010s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#2010s)\n  - [1\\.5 2020s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#2020s)\n- [2 Financing and initial public offering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#Financing_and_initial_public_offering)\n- [3 Name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#Name)\n- [4 Partnerships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#Partnerships)\n- [5 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#See_also)\n- [6 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#References)\n- [7 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#Further_reading)\n- [8 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# History of Google\n13 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84 \"تاريخ جوجل – Arabic\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_tarixi \"Google tarixi – Azerbaijani\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84 \"تاریخچه گوگل – Persian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Storia_di_Google \"Storia di Google – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2 \"Googleの歴史 – Japanese\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC \"구글의 역사 – Korean\")\n- [Kurdî](https:\/\/ku.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%AEroka_Google%C3%AA \"Dîroka Googleê – Kurdish\")\n- [پښتو](https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87 \"د ګوګل تاریخچه – Pashto\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Google \"История Google – Russian\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81 \"கூகுள் வரலாறு – Tamil\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_Google \"Історія Google – Ukrainian\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Google \"Lịch sử Google – Vietnamese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2 \"Google歷史 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q1145634#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:History_of_Google \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/History_of_Google \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/History_of_Google \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&oldid=1349105215 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_Google&id=1349105215&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Google)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_Google&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q1145634 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n[Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google \"Google\") was officially launched in 1998 by [Larry Page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\") and [Sergey Brin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Brin \"Sergey Brin\") to market [Google Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Search \"Google Search\"), which has become the most used [web-based search engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_search_engine \"Web search engine\"). Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students at [Stanford University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") in California, developed a [search algorithm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_algorithm \"Search algorithm\") first (1996) known as \"BackRub\", with the help of [Scott Hassan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_Hassan \"Scott Hassan\") and Alan Steremberg. The search engine soon proved successful, and the expanding company moved several times, finally settling at [Mountain View](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California \"Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California\") in 2003. This marked a phase of rapid growth, with the company making its [initial public offering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") in 2004 and quickly becoming one of the world's largest media companies. The company launched [Google News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News \"Google News\") in 2002, [Gmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gmail \"Gmail\") in 2004, [Google Maps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Maps \"Google Maps\") in 2005, [Google Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome \"Google Chrome\") in 2008, and the [social network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_network \"Social network\") known as [Google+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%2B \"Google+\") in 2011 (which was shut down in April 2019), in addition to [many other products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_products \"List of Google products\"). The company set up a charitable offshoot, [Google.org](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google.org \"Google.org\"), in 2005. In 2015, Google became the main subsidiary of the holding company [Alphabet Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\")\n\nThe search engine has gone through many updates in attempts to eradicate [search engine optimization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_engine_optimization \"Search engine optimization\").\n\nThe name Google is a misspelling of [Googol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googol \"Googol\")! The number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0a\/Google_page_brin.jpg\/250px-Google_page_brin.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Google_page_brin.jpg)\n\nLarry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg\/250px-The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg)\n\nThe first Google computer at Stanford was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from [LEGO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lego \"Lego\") knock off bricks called [Mega Bricks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mega_Brands \"Mega Brands\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-1)\\[*[failed verification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\n### Beginnings\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Beginnings\")\\]\n\nGoogle has its origins in \"**BackRub**\", a research project started in 1996 by [Larry Page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\") and [Sergey Brin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Brin \"Sergey Brin\") when they were both PhD students at [Stanford University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") in [Stanford, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford,_California \"Stanford, California\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The project initially involved an unofficial \"third founder\", lead programmer [Scott Hassan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_Hassan \"Scott Hassan\"), who left before Google was officially founded as a company.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-4)\n\nWhile finding a topic for his doctoral thesis in 1995, Page considered exploring the mathematical properties of the [World Wide Web](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Wide_Web \"World Wide Web\") by understanding its link structure as a huge [graph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graph_\$discrete_mathematics\$ \"Graph (discrete mathematics)\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) His supervisor, [Terry Winograd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terry_Winograd \"Terry Winograd\"), encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as \"the best advice I ever got\"[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-6)). Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, comparing the importance of tracking such [backlinks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backlink \"Backlink\") to the role of [citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citation \"Citation\") in [academic publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Academic_publishing \"Academic publishing\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3)\n\nThe research project was nicknamed \"BackRub\", and it was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a [National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NSF-GRF \"NSF-GRF\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7) The two had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to give a tour around the campus and nearby San Francisco.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Both Brin and Page were working on the [Stanford Digital Library Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_Digital_Library_Project \"Stanford Digital Library Project\") (SDLP), whose goal was \"to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library\". The SDLP was funded through U.S. federal agencies including the [National Science Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-10) Brin and Page also received funding from Massive Digital Data Systems (MDDS), a program by the [Central Intelligence Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") (CIA) and the [National Security Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Security_Agency \"National Security Agency\") (NSA) to fund the improvement of [intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelligence_\$information\$ \"Intelligence (information)\") databases on the disorganized World Wide Web.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-11)\n\nPage's [web crawler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_crawler \"Web crawler\") began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Brin and Page developed the [PageRank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PageRank \"PageRank\") algorithm to convert the backlink data they gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) The pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing search engines, which ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-12)\n\nConvinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies and laid the foundation for their search engine.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-13) The first version of Google was released in August 1996 on the Stanford website and used nearly half of Stanford's entire network bandwidth.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-14)\n\n> Some Rough Statistics (from August 29, 1996)\n> \n> Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million\n> \n> Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes\n> \n> ...\n> \n> BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks.\n\n— Larry Page[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-backrub1996-15)\n\nScott Hassan and Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-backrub1996-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-16) [Rajeev Motwani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rajeev_Motwani \"Rajeev Motwani\") and [Terry Winograd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terry_Winograd \"Terry Winograd\") later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. [Héctor García-Molina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina \"Héctor García-Molina\") and [Jeff Ullman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Ullman \"Jeff Ullman\") were also cited as contributors to the project.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17)\n\nPageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for [RankDex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RankDex \"RankDex\"), developed by [Robin Li](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robin_Li \"Robin Li\") in 1996. Larry Page's patent for PageRank filed in 1998 includes a citation to Li's earlier patent. Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine [Baidu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baidu \"Baidu\") in 2000.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-18)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-20)\n\n### Late 1990s\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Late 1990s\")\\]\n\nOriginally the search engine used Stanford's website with the domains *google.stanford.edu*[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-21) and *z.stanford.edu*.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-22) The domain *google.com* was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, *Google*, on September 4, 1998, in their friend [Susan Wojcicki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susan_Wojcicki \"Susan Wojcicki\")'s garage in [Menlo Park, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menlo_Park,_California \"Menlo Park, California\"). Wojcicki eventually became an executive at Google and CEO at [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\"). Page invited [Craig Nevill-Manning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Craig_Nevill-Manning \"Craig Nevill-Manning\"), whom he had met while Nevill-Manning was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford, to join Google. Nevill-Manning declined and joined years later.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-nzherald-23)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg\/250px-Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)\n\nThe first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant.\n\nBoth Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an \"advertising funded search engines\" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-24)\n\nBy the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25) The home page was still marked \"[BETA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_test \"Beta test\")\", but an article in [Salon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salon.com \"Salon.com\") already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like [Hotbot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hotbot \"Hotbot\") or [Excite.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excite.com \"Excite.com\"), and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded [portal sites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_portal \"Web portal\") (like [Yahoo\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo! \"Yahoo!\"), Excite.com, [Lycos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lycos \"Lycos\"), Netscape's [Netcenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netscape \"Netscape\"), [AOL.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL.com \"AOL.com\"), [Go.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Go.com \"Go.com\") and [MSN.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSN.com \"MSN.com\")) which, during the growing [dot-com bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dot-com_bubble \"Dot-com bubble\"), were seen as \"the future of the Web\", especially by stock market investors.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25)\n\nEarly in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to [Excite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excite_\$web_portal\$ \"Excite (web portal)\"). They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for \\$1 million. He rejected the offer. [Vinod Khosla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vinod_Khosla \"Vinod Khosla\"), one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo down to \\$750,000, but Bell still rejected it.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-26)\n\nIn March 1999, the company moved into offices at [165 University Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/165_University_Avenue \"165 University Avenue\") in [Palo Alto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palo_Alto,_California \"Palo Alto, California\"), home to several other noted [Silicon Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\") technology startups.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-165univave-27) After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in [Mountain View](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California \"Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California\") at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from [Silicon Graphics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silicon_Graphics \"Silicon Graphics\") (SGI) in 2003.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-sgibldg-28) The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the [Googleplex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googleplex \"Googleplex\") (a play on the word [googolplex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googolplex \"Googolplex\"), a number that is equal to 1 followed by a [googol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googol \"Googol\") of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US\\$319 million.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-googleplexpurchase-29)\n\n### 2000s\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: 2000s\")\\]\n\nThe Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-simpledesign-30) In 2000, Google began selling [advertisements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Advertising \"Advertising\") associated with search [keywords](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyword_\$internet_search\$ \"Keyword (internet search)\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at \\$.05 per click.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by [Goto.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goto.com \"Goto.com\"), an Idealab spin-off created by [Bill Gross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bill_T._Gross \"Bill T. Gross\").[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong2-31)[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p2-32) When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by [Yahoo\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo! \"Yahoo!\") and renamed [Yahoo! Search Marketing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing \"Yahoo! Search Marketing\"). The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-33)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong-34)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-glaser-36) While many of its [dot-com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dot-com_company \"Dot-com company\") rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2)\n\nGoogle's declared [code of conduct](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Code_of_conduct \"Code of conduct\") is \"[Don't be evil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don%27t_be_evil \"Don't be evil\")\", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their [prospectus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prospectus_\$finance\$ \"Prospectus (finance)\") (aka \"S-1\") for their 2004 [IPO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\"), noting that \"We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains.\"[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-37)\n\nIn February 2003, Google acquired [Pyra Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyra_Labs \"Pyra Labs\"), owner of the Blogger website. The acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine [Google News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News \"Google News\").\n\nIn February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost Google some [market share](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Market_share \"Market share\"), yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness. The verb \"[to google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_\$verb\$ \"Google (verb)\")\" has entered a number of languages (first as a [slang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slang \"Slang\") verb and now as a standard word), meaning \"to perform a web search\" (a possible indication of \"Google\" becoming a [genericized trademark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genericized_trademark \"Genericized trademark\")).[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-38)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/75\/Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG\/250px-Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG)\n\nThe relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo\n\nAfter the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004, the number of [shares outstanding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shares_outstanding \"Shares outstanding\") was 172.85 million while the \"[free float](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Float_\$finance\$ \"Float (finance)\")\" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). Google has a dual-class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page said in the [prospectus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prospectus_\$finance\$ \"Prospectus (finance)\") that Google has \"a dual-class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me.\"[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-39)\n\nIn June 2005, Google was valued at nearly \\$52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-40)\n\nOn August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as [π](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pi \"Pi\") ≈ 3.14159265) more shares of its stock to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to \\$7 billion. Google said it would use the money for \"acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets\".[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-41)\n\nWith Google's increased size came more competition from large mainstream technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-42) Microsoft had been touting its [Bing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bing_\$search_engine\$ \"Bing (search engine)\") search engine to counter Google's competitive position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as [webmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web-based_email \"Web-based email\") (Gmail vs. [Hotmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hotmail \"Hotmail\")), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's [Windows Live Local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windows_Live_Local \"Windows Live Local\") competes with [Google Earth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Earth \"Google Earth\")). In addition to an [Internet Explorer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Explorer \"Internet Explorer\") replacement, Google designed its own [Linux](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linux \"Linux\")\\-based [operating system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operating_system \"Operating system\") called [ChromeOS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChromeOS \"ChromeOS\") to directly compete with [Microsoft Windows](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"). There were also rumors of a Google [web browser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_browser \"Web browser\"), fueled much by the fact that Google was the owner of the [domain name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domain_name \"Domain name\") \"gbrowser.com\".\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] These were later proven when Google released [Google Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome \"Google Chrome\"). This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when [Kai-Fu Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kai-Fu_Lee \"Kai-Fu Lee\"), a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's [non-compete contract](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-compete_clause \"Non-compete clause\") (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\")). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-43)\n\n[Click fraud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Click_fraud \"Click fraud\") also became a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that \"something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model.\"[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-44)\n\nWhile the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has experimented with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company [dMarc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DMarc \"DMarc\"), which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-45) Google also began an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the *[Chicago Sun-Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")*.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-46)\n\nDuring the third quarter of 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, \"We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build.\"\n\nAfter months of speculation, Google was added to the [Standard & Poor's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_%26_Poor%27s \"Standard & Poor's\") 500 index (S\\&P 500) on March 31, 2006.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-47) Google replaced [Burlington Resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burlington_Resources \"Burlington Resources\"), a major oil producer based in [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston,_Texas \"Houston, Texas\") that had been acquired by [ConocoPhillips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ConocoPhillips \"ConocoPhillips\").[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-48) The day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-49)\n\nIn 2008, Google launched [Knol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knol \"Knol\"), their own equivalent of Wikipedia,[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Death-50) which failed four years later.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-knol-death-51)\n\n#### Use of cookies\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Use of cookies\")\\]\n\nAlthough Google was already deriving the vast majority of its income from advertising at the time of its 2004 IPO,[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-52) it did not use any [HTTP cookie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HTTP_cookie \"HTTP cookie\")\\-based [web tracking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_tracking \"Web tracking\") until 2007.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) By 2006, Google's Ad revenue was already facing signs of decline, as \"a growing number of advertisers were refusing to buy display ads from Google.\"[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) The [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") led Google to institute a hiring freeze.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53)\n\nIn 2007, Google agreed to buy [DoubleClick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DoubleClick \"DoubleClick\") for \\$3.1 billion, marking the start of its use of cookie-based tracking.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) Even with the purchase, Google only ended up with a 3% revenue in the second quarter of 2009, in the depth of the recession.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-54)\n\nGoogle initially separated the browsing habits collected from AD tracking from data collected by its other services by default. Google removed this last layer of protection in 2016, making its tracking personally-identifiable.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-55)\n\n### 2010s\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: 2010s\")\\]\n\nIn 2011, the company launched [Google+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%2B \"Google+\"), its fourth foray into social networking, following [Google Buzz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Buzz \"Google Buzz\") (launched 2010, retired in 2011), [Google Friend Connect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Friend_Connect \"Google Friend Connect\") (launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012), and [Orkut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orkut \"Orkut\") (launched in 2004, retired in September 2014[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-56))\n\nAs of November 2014, Google operated over 70 offices in more than 41 countries.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-57)\n\nIn 2015, Google reorganized its interests as a holding company, [Alphabet Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\"), with Google as its leading subsidiary. Google continued to serve as the umbrella for Alphabet's Internet interests.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-58)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-59)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-60) On September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a [limited liability company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Limited_liability_company \"Limited liability company\"), Google LLC, as a wholly owned subsidiary of [XXVI Holdings, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XXVI_Holdings,_Inc. \"XXVI Holdings, Inc.\"), which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-61)\n\nBetween 2018 and 2019, [tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_worker_organization \"Google worker organization\") as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, [Dragonfly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dragonfly_\$search_engine\$ \"Dragonfly (search engine)\"), a censored Chinese search engine, and [Project Maven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Maven \"Project Maven\"), a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-62)[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-63) On 25 October 2018, *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* published an exposé, \"How Google Protected [Andy Rubin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Rubin \"Andy Rubin\"), the 'Father of Android'\". The company subsequently announced that \"48 employees have been fired over the last two years\" for sexual misconduct.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-64) On 1 November 2018, Google employees staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints, including the [golden parachute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden_parachute \"Golden parachute\") exit of former executive [Andy Rubin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Rubin \"Andy Rubin\");[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-65) more than 20,000 employees and contractors participated.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-66) CEO [Sundar Pichai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sundar_Pichai \"Sundar Pichai\") was reported to be in support of the protests.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-67)\n\nOn March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a [cloud gaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_gaming \"Cloud gaming\") platform called [Google Stadia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Stadia \"Google Stadia\").[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-unveils-68)\n\nOn June 3, 2019, the [United States Department of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") reported that it would investigate Google for [antitrust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antitrust \"Antitrust\") violations.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-69) This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the [search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_search_engine \"Web search engine\") and [search advertising](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_advertising \"Search advertising\") markets.[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-70)\n\nIn December 2019, former [PayPal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PayPal \"PayPal\") [chief operating officer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_operating_officer \"Chief operating officer\") [Bill Ready](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bill_Ready \"Bill Ready\") became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with [Google Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pay_\$2018%E2%80%932022\$ \"Google Pay (2018–2022)\").[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-71)\n\n### 2020s\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: 2020s\")\\]\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg\/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(April 2023)* |\n\nIn April 2020, Google announced several cost-cutting measures due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-72)\n\nGoogle and Apple collaborated on the development of smartphone-based contact tracing solutions to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Prominent examples of government initiatives in this field include Singapore's TraceTogether and Australia's COVID Safe apps. TraceTogether was notably the first national Bluetooth contact tracing app to be launched globally, debuting in March 2020.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-73)\n\nThe [2020 Google services outages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Google_services_outages \"2020 Google services outages\") disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-74)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-75)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-76)\n\nIn January 2021, the [Australian Government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\") proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-77)\n\nIn March 2021, Google reportedly paid \\$20 million for [Ubisoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ubisoft \"Ubisoft\") ports on [Google Stadia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Stadia \"Google Stadia\").[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-78) Google spent \"tens of millions of dollars\" on getting major publishers such as [Ubisoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ubisoft \"Ubisoft\") and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn April 2021, *[The Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* reported that Google ran a years-long program called 'Project Bernanke' that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-79)\n\nIn June 2023, Google stated it would remove Canadian news links from its services throughout the country due to [legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_News_Act \"Online News Act\") from the [Canadian government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canadian_government \"Canadian government\") (Bill C-11) that would require Google and other online platforms such as Facebook to pay for news articles being shown on their platforms.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-81)\n\nIn September 2024, Google and its parent company [Alphabet Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\") were fined 2.42 billion euros by the [European Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Commission \"European Commission\") for an antitrust case surrounding Google's shopping service. The decision was later upheld by both the [General Court (European Union)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Court_\$European_Union\$ \"General Court (European Union)\") and the [European Court of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\").[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-europeanshopping-82)\n\nIn October 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) formally proposed a range of structural and behavioral remedies against Google, including the potential break-up of the company. These proposals explored banning default search placement payments, regulating the use of artificial intelligence in search results, mandating licensing of Google’s search data to competitors, and requiring increased transparency in online ad pricing.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-APNews2024-83)[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Politico2024-84)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Barrons2024-85)\n\nIn November 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) urged a federal court to impose significant changes on Google to address its monopoly in online search. The proposed measures included forcing Google to sell its Chrome browser, sharing data and search results with competitors, and implementing various other restrictions. The DoJ also sought to prohibit Google from re-entering the browser market for five years, selling its Android OS if needed, and halting investments in rival search engines or AI. It also pushed to end exclusive deals where Google paid device makers like Apple to set its search engine as the default. Google called these measures excessive and harmful for consumers, vowing to appeal and a trial was set for April 2025.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-86)\n\nIn December 2024, Google responded with a counter‑proposal advocating for a narrower, three‑year ban on exclusive default search engine deals, including its long-standing arrangement with Apple. Rather than accepting divestitures of Chrome or Android, Google offered increased flexibility for browser developers and annual renegotiation of default search engine status. Privacy-focused competitors like DuckDuckGo criticized this as inadequate and insufficient to restore market competition. Both parties were expected to submit final remedy proposals ahead of the scheduled remedies trial in April 2025.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeDec2024-87)\n\nIn early February 2025, Google announced it was ending its targets for minority recruitment and reevaluating other [diversity, equity, and inclusion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion \"Diversity, equity, and inclusion\") efforts.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-88)\n\nIn April 2025, the remedies trial commenced in Washington, D.C. before Judge Amit P. Mehta. The DOJ argued for substantial structural reforms and ongoing oversight, while Google maintained that such measures were excessive and would hinder innovation in the digital and AI sectors.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeApr2025-89)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-BarronsApr2025-90)\n\nIn September 2025, Mehta ruled that Google would not be required to divest of [Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome \"Google Chrome\") or Android, but could no longer include [search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Search \"Google Search\") in exclusive contracts. Mehta also ruled that Google would be required to share certain [search index](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_engine_indexing \"Search engine indexing\") and user interaction data with competitors.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-91)\n\nIn April 2026, Alphabet Google's parent company announced a \\$180 billion spending plan for the company for AI infrastructure, data centers, and servers. Mainly for the development of Google's AI [Gemini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Gemini \"Google Gemini\").\n\n## Financing and initial public offering\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Financing and initial public offering\")\\]\n\nThe first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US\\$100,000 contribution from [Andy Bechtolsheim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Bechtolsheim \"Andy Bechtolsheim\"), co-founder of [Sun Microsystems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\"), given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92)\n\nOn June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling \\$25 million was announced,[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-93) the major investors being rival venture capital firms [Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kleiner,_Perkins,_Caufield_%26_Byers \"Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers\") and [Sequoia Capital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequoia_Capital \"Sequoia Capital\").[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92) While Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google.\n\nFollowing the closing of the \\$25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO. Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired [Eric Schmidt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eric_Schmidt \"Eric Schmidt\") as Google's first CEO in August 2001.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-94)\n\nIn October 2003, while discussing a possible [initial public offering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") of shares (IPO), [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") approached the company about a possible partnership or [merger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mergers_and_acquisitions \"Mergers and acquisitions\").[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-95) The deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of [Morgan Stanley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morgan_Stanley \"Morgan Stanley\") and [Goldman Sachs Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldman_Sachs_Group \"Goldman Sachs Group\") to arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as \\$4 billion.\n\nGoogle's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-96) A total of 19,605,052 [shares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_stock \"Capital stock\") were offered at a price of \\$85 per share.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-IPO-97) Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as [√2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_root_of_two \"Square root of two\") ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US\\$1.67 billion, and gave Google a [market capitalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Market_capitalization \"Market capitalization\") of more than \\$23 billion.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-washpost-98) Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 2.7 million shares of Google.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-yahooshares-99)\n\nFollowing the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their [base salary be cut to \\$1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One-dollar_salary \"One-dollar salary\"). Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made \\$250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of \\$150,000.[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-100)\n\nThere were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-101) As a reply to this concern, co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-102)\n\nThe company was listed on the [NASDAQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASDAQ \"NASDAQ\") stock exchange under the [ticker symbol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ticker_symbol \"Ticker symbol\") **GOOG**. When Alphabet was created as Google's parent company, it retained Google's stock price history and ticker symbol.\n\n## Name\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Name\")\\]\n\nThe name \"Google\" originated from a misspelling of \"[googol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googol \"Googol\")\",[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-103)[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their first paper on [PageRank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PageRank \"PageRank\"):[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17) \"We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines.\"\n\nThere are uses of the name going back at least as far as the creation of the [comic strip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comic_strip \"Comic strip\") character [Barney Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barney_Google_and_Snuffy_Smith \"Barney Google and Snuffy Smith\") in 1919. British children's author [Enid Blyton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enid_Blyton \"Enid Blyton\") used the phrase \"Google Bun\" in *[The Magic Faraway Tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Magic_Faraway_Tree_\$novel\$ \"The Magic Faraway Tree (novel)\")* (published 1941) and *[The Folk of the Faraway Tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Faraway_Tree#The_Folk_of_the_Faraway_Tree \"The Faraway Tree\")* (published 1946),[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-105) and called a clown character \"Google\" in *[Circus Days Again](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Circus_Series \"The Circus Series\")* (published 1942).[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-106) In April 1953 *[Clifford D Simak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clifford_D._Simak_bibliography \"Clifford D. Simak bibliography\")*s short story \"Retrograde Evolution\" was published in *[Science Fiction Plus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_Fiction_Plus \"Science Fiction Plus\")* magazine wherein an alien race called \"Googles\" evolves from savages to geniuses overnight. There is also the [Googleplex Star Thinker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googleplex_Star_Thinker \"Googleplex Star Thinker\") from [Douglas Adams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Douglas_Adams \"Douglas Adams\")' *[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\")*. Hank McCoy, The Beast, uses the word (spelled Google) in Uncanny X-Men \\#308. In March 1996, a business called Groove Track Productions applied for a United States trademark for \"Google\" for various products including several categories of clothing, stuffed toys, board games, and candy. The firm abandoned its application in July 1997.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-107)\n\nHaving found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb \"[google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_\$verb\$ \"Google (verb)\")\" was added to the *[Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merriam-Webster \"Merriam-Webster\")* and the *Oxford English Dictionary* in 2006, meaning \"to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet.\"[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-108)[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-109) The use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) The first use of \"Google\" as a verb in [pop culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pop_culture \"Pop culture\") happened on the TV series *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")*, in 2002.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-110) In November 2009, the [Global Language Monitor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Language_Monitor \"Global Language Monitor\") named \"Google\" No. 7 on its Top Words of the Decade list.[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-111) In December 2009 the [BBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC \"BBC\") highlighted Google in their \"Portrait of the Decade (Words)\" series.[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-112) In May 2012, David Elliott filed a complaint against Google, Inc. claiming that Google's once distinctive mark GOOGLE® has become generic and lacks trademark significance due to its common use as a transitive verb. After losing to Google in [UDRP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UDRP \"UDRP\") proceedings involving many \"Google-related\" domain name registrations that he owns, Elliott later sought a declaratory judgment that his domain names are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since \"Google\" is now a common generic word worldwide that means \"to search the internet.\"[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-113)\n\n## Partnerships\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Partnerships\")\\]\n\nGoogle has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services. On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) R\\&D center at NASA's [Ames Research Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ames_Research_Center \"Ames Research Center\"). NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, [bio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\")\\-[info](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_technology \"Information technology\")\\-[nano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nano_technology \"Nano technology\") convergence, and encouragement of the [entrepreneurial space industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrepreneurial_space_industry \"Entrepreneurial space industry\"). The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-114) In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with [Sun Microsystems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\") to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the [open source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open-source_license \"Open-source license\") office program [OpenOffice.org](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenOffice.org \"OpenOffice.org\").[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Sun_partners_with_Google-115)\n\n[Time Warner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_Warner \"Time Warner\")'s [AOL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL \"AOL\") unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a US\\$1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-116) As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on [video search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_search \"Video search\") and offer AOL's premium video service within [Google Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Video \"Google Video\"). This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase.\n\nIn August 2006, Google signed a \\$900 million offer with [News Corp.'s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/News_Corporation_\$1980%E2%80%932013\$ \"News Corporation (1980–2013)\") Fox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on [MySpace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MySpace \"MySpace\") and other News Corp. websites including [IGN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IGN \"IGN\"), [AmericanIdol.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Idol \"American Idol\"), [Fox.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox.com \"Fox.com\"), and [Rotten Tomatoes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\"), although [Fox Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox_Sports_\$USA\$ \"Fox Sports (USA)\") is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and [MSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSN \"MSN\").[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-117)[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-118)\n\nOn December 6, 2006, [British Sky Broadcasting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Sky_Broadcasting \"British Sky Broadcasting\") released details of a Sky and Google alliance.[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-119) This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain \"@sky.com\".\n\nIn 2007, Google displaced [America Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL \"AOL\") as a key partner and sponsor of the [NORAD Tracks Santa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NORAD_Tracks_Santa \"NORAD Tracks Santa\") program.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham-120)[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-121)[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell-122) [Google Earth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Earth \"Google Earth\") was used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following [Santa Claus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Claus \"Santa Claus\")' progress in [3-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\").[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD-123) The program also made its presence known on [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\") in 2007 as part of its partnership with Google.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-124)\n\nIn 2008, Google developed a partnership with [GeoEye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GeoEye \"GeoEye\") to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from [Vandenberg Air Force Base](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base \"Vandenberg Air Force Base\") on September 6, 2008.[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-125) Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of *[Life Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_\$magazine\$ \"Life (magazine)\")*'s photographs.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-126)[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-127)\n\nIn January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the [Pontifical Council for Social Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pontifical_Council_for_Social_Communications \"Pontifical Council for Social Communications\"), allowing the [Pope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope \"Pope\") to have his own channel on [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\").[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-128)\n\nIn January 2013, Google announced a partnership with [Kia Motors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kia_Motors \"Kia Motors\") and [Hyundai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Motor_Company \"Hyundai Motor Company\"). The partnership integrates Google Maps and Place into new car models to be released later in 2013.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-129)\n\nThe [Alliance for Affordable Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_for_Affordable_Internet \"Alliance for Affordable Internet\") (A4AI) was launched in October 2013; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes [Facebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facebook \"Facebook\"), [Intel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel \"Intel\"), and [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\"). Led by [Sir Tim Berners-Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee \"Sir Tim Berners-Lee\"), the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-130)\n\nOn September 21, 2017, [HTC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HTC \"HTC\") announced a \"cooperation agreement\" in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, as well as smartphone talent, to Google for \\$1.1 billion.[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-131)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-132)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-133)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Timeline of Google Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Google_Search \"Timeline of Google Search\")\n- [Criticism of Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Google \"Criticism of Google\")\n- [Google logo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_logo \"Google logo\")\n- [List of Google Easter eggs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs \"List of Google Easter eggs\")\n- [Timeline of Mountain View, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California \"Timeline of Mountain View, California\"), headquarters of Google since 1999[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-134)\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-1)** [The Original GOOGLE Computer Storage (Page and Brin, 1996)](http:\/\/infolab.stanford.edu\/pub\/voy\/museum\/pictures\/display\/0-4-Google.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161028133317\/http:\/\/infolab.stanford.edu\/pub\/voy\/museum\/pictures\/display\/0-4-Google.htm) October 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Stanford Computer Science Computer History Display\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-4) \"[Our history in Depth](https:\/\/www.google.com\/about\/company\/history\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150623193037\/https:\/\/www.google.com\/about\/company\/history\/) June 23, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\" Google, Retrieved on March 29, 2016\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-1)\n   Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018). [\"Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything\"](https:\/\/www.vanityfair.com\/news\/2018\/07\/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google). *[Vanity Fair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanity_Fair_\$magazine\$ \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")*. Retrieved August 23, 2019.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-4)**\n   McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003). [\"Google vs. Evil\"](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2003\/01\/google-10\/). *[Wired](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wired_\$magazine\$ \"Wired (magazine)\")*. Retrieved August 24, 2019.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-5) [Battelle, John](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Battelle \"John Battelle\") (August 2005). \"[The Birth of Google](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2005\/08\/battelle\/).\" Received August 16, 2025. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140318175553\/http:\/\/www.wired.com\/wired\/archive\/13.08\/battelle.html) March 18, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[Wired](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wired_\$magazine\$ \"Wired (magazine)\")*.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-6)** [The best advice I ever got](https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/galleries\/2008\/fortune\/0804\/gallery.bestadvice.fortune\/2.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131127150338\/http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/galleries\/2008\/fortune\/0804\/gallery.bestadvice.fortune\/2.html) November 27, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") (Fortune, April 2008)\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-1)\n   Brin, Sergey; Lawrence Page (1996). \"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine\". *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **35** (1–7\\): 3. [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX_\$identifier\$ \"CiteSeerX (identifier)\") [10\\.1.1.109.4049](https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.4049). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [7587743](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:7587743).\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-8)**\n   Brin, Sergey; Rajeev Motwani; Terry Winograd (1998). \"What can you do with a web in your pocket\". *Data Engineering Bulletin*. **21**: 37–47\\. [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX_\$identifier\$ \"CiteSeerX (identifier)\") [10\\.1.1.107.7614](https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.7614).\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-9)** [The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090508033156\/https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/awardsearch\/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306), Award Abstract \\#9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount \\$521,111,001\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-10)**\n    Mervish, Jeffrey (January 2, 2009). [\"NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). *Science*. **323** (5910): 54–56\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1126\/science.323.5910.54](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [19119211](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19119211). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [45137596](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:45137596).\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-11)**\n    Nesbit, Jeff (December 8, 2017). [\"Google's true origin partly lies in CIA and NSA research grants for mass surveillance\"](https:\/\/qz.com\/1145669\/googles-true-origin-partly-lies-in-cia-and-nsa-research-grants-for-mass-surveillance\/). *[Quartz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartz_\$publication\$ \"Quartz (publication)\")*. Retrieved August 26, 2021.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-12)** Page, Lawrence, Brin, Sergey, Motwani, Rajeev, Winograd, Terry. \"[The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web](http:\/\/dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090\/pub\/1999-66) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080912112513\/http:\/\/dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090\/pub\/1999-66) September 12, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" November 11, 1999.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-13)** Google I\/O Conference is a big upcoming in 2015.[Downloaded 11 – February 2009](http:\/\/www.technowonders.com\/2015\/02\/google-io-2015.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160428160018\/http:\/\/www.technowonders.com\/2015\/02\/google-io-2015.html) April 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). Google IO Conferences. Retrieved on February 22, 2015\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-14)**\n    [\"A Brief History of Google - Part 1 - Sebo Marketing\"](https:\/\/www.sebomarketing.com\/brief-history-google\/). *Sebo Marketing*. Retrieved May 24, 2018.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-1)\n    [\"Archive of Backrub homepage\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19971210065425\/http:\/\/backrub.stanford.edu\/backrub.html). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/backrub.stanford.edu\/backrub.html) on December 10, 1997.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-16)**\n    Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 20, 2021). [\"Who Gets the L.L.C.? Inside a Silicon Valley Billionaire's Divorce\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/08\/20\/technology\/Scott-Hassan-Allison-Huynh-divorce.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0362-4331](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331). Retrieved August 20, 2021.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-1)\n    [Brin, S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Brin \"Sergey Brin\"); [Page, L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\") (1998). [\"The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine\"](http:\/\/infolab.stanford.edu\/pub\/papers\/google.pdf) (PDF). *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **30** (1–7\\): 107–117\\. [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX_\$identifier\$ \"CiteSeerX (identifier)\") [10\\.1.1.115.5930](https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.5930). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0169-7552](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0169-7552). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [7587743](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:7587743).\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-18)** [\"About: RankDex\"](http:\/\/www.rankdex.com\/about.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120120002301\/http:\/\/www.rankdex.com\/about.html) 2012-01-20 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), *[RankDex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RankDex \"RankDex\")*\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-19)**\n    Altucher, James (March 18, 2011). [\"10 Unusual Things About Google\"](https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jamesaltucher\/2011\/03\/18\/10-unusual-things-about-google-also-the-worst-vc-decision-i-ever-made\/). *[Forbes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forbes \"Forbes\")*. Retrieved June 16, 2019.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Method for node ranking in a linked database\"](https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US6285999). Google Patents. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151015185034\/http:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/US6285999) from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Google! Search Engine\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19981111183552\/http:\/\/google.stanford.edu\/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/google.stanford.edu\/) on November 11, 1998. Retrieved October 12, 2010.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"Google! Search Engine\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19981201235013\/http:\/\/z.stanford.edu\/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/z.stanford.edu\/) on December 1, 1998. Retrieved August 14, 2012.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-nzherald_23-0)**\n    [\"The clever Kiwi who was wooed by Google\"](https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/business\/the-clever-kiwi-who-was-wooed-by-google\/AHVOTOYKAUBAIMTODGYI2XV7OI\/?ref=readmore). *NZ Herald*. September 23, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2023.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-24)**\n    Stross, Randall, [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160521150920\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC&printsec=frontcover) May 21, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), New York : Free Press, September 2008.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4165-4691-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7\")\n    \n    Cf. pp.3–4.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-1) [Scott Rosenberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_Rosenberg_\$journalist\$ \"Scott Rosenberg (journalist)\"): *[Yes, there is a better search engine. While the portal sites fiddle, Google catches fire](http:\/\/www.salon.com\/1998\/12\/21\/straight_44\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161123201713\/http:\/\/www.salon.com\/1998\/12\/21\/straight_44\/) November 23, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")*. [Salon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salon.com \"Salon.com\"), 21 December 1998\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-26)**\n    Siegler, MG (September 29, 2010). [\"When Google Wanted To Sell To Excite For Under \\$1 Million — And They Passed\"](https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2010\/09\/29\/google-excite\/). *[TechCrunch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TechCrunch \"TechCrunch\")*. [AOL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL \"AOL\"). Retrieved November 29, 2016.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-165univave_27-0)** Fried, Ian. \"[A building blessed with tech success](https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160310084656\/http:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success\/) March 10, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\").* October 4, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-sgibldg_28-0)**\n    Olsen, Stefanie (July 11, 2003). [\"Google's movin' on up\"](https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/services-and-software\/googles-movin-on-up\/). *CNET*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240822000138\/https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/services-and-software\/googles-movin-on-up\/) from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2025.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-googleplexpurchase_29-0)** Staff Writer. \"[Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics](http:\/\/sanjose.bizjournals.com\/sanjose\/stories\/2006\/06\/19\/newscolumn3.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100418071152\/http:\/\/sanjose.bizjournals.com\/sanjose\/stories\/2006\/06\/19\/newscolumn3.html) April 18, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *Silicon Valley \/ San Jose Business Journal.* June 16, 2006. Retrieved on February 24, 2007.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-simpledesign_30-0)** Thompson, Bill. \"[Is Google good for you?](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/technology\/3334531.stm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090125130328\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/technology\/3334531.stm) January 25, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\" *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\").* December 19, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong2_31-0)**\n    Sullivan, Danny (July 1, 1998). [\"GoTo Going Strong\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091014204451\/http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/2166331). *SearchEngineWatch*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/2166331) on October 14, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2010.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p2_32-0)**\n    Pelline, Jeff (February 19, 1998). [\"Pay-for-placement gets another shot\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/Pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot\/2100-1023_3-208309.html). *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\")*. [CBS Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBS_Interactive \"CBS Interactive\"). Retrieved February 18, 2010.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-33)**\n    Olsen, Stephanie (August 9, 2004). [\"Google, Yahoo bury the legal hatchet\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/Google,-Yahoo-bury-the-legal-hatchet\/2100-1024_3-5302421.html). *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\")*. [CBS Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBS_Interactive \"CBS Interactive\"). Retrieved February 18, 2010.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong_34-0)** Sullivan, Danny. \"[GoTo Going Strong](http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/showPage.html?page=2166331) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20061021112602\/http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/showPage.html?page=2166331) October 21, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *The Search Engine Report.* July 1, 1998.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p_35-0)** Pelline, Jeff. \"[Pay-for-placement gets another shot](https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160529155943\/http:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot\/) May 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\").* February 19, 1998.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-glaser_36-0)** Glaser, Ken. \"Who Will GoTo.com?\" [OnlinePress.com](http:\/\/www.onlinepress.com\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161003045631\/http:\/\/www.onlinepress.com\/) October 3, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). *February 20, 1998.*\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-37)**\n    Ovide, Shira (June 23, 2011). [\"What Would 2004 Google Say About Antitrust Probe?\"](https:\/\/blogs.wsj.com\/deals\/2011\/06\/23\/what-would-2004-google-say-about-antitrust-probe\/). *The Wall Street Journal*.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-38)**\n    [\"How Google Became a Verb\"](http:\/\/www.thelinguafile.com\/2013\/02\/how-google-became-verb.html). The Lingua File - The Language Blog. Retrieved November 22, 2013.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-39)**\n    [\"Form S-1\"](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1288776\/000119312504073639\/ds1.htm). *www.sec.gov*. Retrieved April 3, 2026.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-40)** \"Google Shares Rise on New Price Target\". *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\").* June 1, 2005.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-41)** Gonsalves, Antone. \"[Google Seeks Second Stock Offering](http:\/\/informationweek.com\/story\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169400356) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071011222935\/http:\/\/informationweek.com\/story\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169400356) October 11, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *Information Week.* August 18, 2005.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-42)** Dvorak, John C. \"[A Google-Microsoft War](https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/article2\/0,1759,1706872,00.asp) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081206020043\/http:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/article2\/0%2C1759%2C1706872%2C00.asp) December 6, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[PC Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PC_Magazine \"PC Magazine\").* November 16, 2004.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-43)** Vise, David A. \"[Microsoft, Google Both Claim Victory](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/09\/13\/AR2005091301860.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161229065715\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/09\/13\/AR2005091301860.html) December 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\").* September 14, 2005, p. D05.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-44)** Crawford, Krysten. \"[Google CFO: Fraud a big threat](https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2004\/12\/02\/technology\/google_fraud\/?cnn=yes) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160421115727\/http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2004\/12\/02\/technology\/google_fraud\/?cnn=yes) April 21, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[CNN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNN \"CNN\").* December 2, 2004.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-45)** Levingston, Steven. \"[Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/01\/17\/AR2006011701333.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161228182006\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/01\/17\/AR2006011701333.html) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\").* January 18, 2006.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-46)** Gonsalves, Antone. \"[Google Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper](http:\/\/www.informationweek.com\/industries\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175803378) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080226053026\/http:\/\/www.informationweek.com\/industries\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175803378) February 26, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *Information Week.* January 10, 2006.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-47)** Staff Writer. \"[Google shares up on joining S\\&P 500 index](https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/industries\/technology\/2006-03-23-google-sp500_x.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070109033434\/http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/industries\/technology\/2006-03-23-google-sp500_x.htm) January 9, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\").* March 23, 2006.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-48)** Francisco, Bambi.\"[Google to be added to S\\&P 500 Index](http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/News\/Story\/Story.aspx?guid=%7BAF6E7E59-82BB-445E-B415-6F6FEC819CAE%7D) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071012181019\/http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/News\/Story\/Story.aspx?guid=%7BAF6E7E59-82BB-445E-B415-6F6FEC819CAE%7D) October 12, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[MarketWatch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MarketWatch \"MarketWatch\").* March 23, 2006.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-49)** Mercury News Wire Services. \"[Closing bell: Tech stocks advance; Google surges 7 percent](http:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/mld\/mercurynews\/news\/14180235.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200704225059\/https:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/mld\/mercurynews\/news\/14180235.htm) July 4, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[San Jose Mercury News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Jose_Mercury_News \"San Jose Mercury News\")*. March 24, 2006.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Death_50-0)**\n    Frederick, Lane (December 14, 2007). [\"Death Knell Sounds for Wikipedia, About.com\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080224055504\/http:\/\/www.newsfactor.com\/news\/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com\/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G). *NewsFactor Network*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.newsfactor.com\/news\/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com\/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G) on February 24, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2016.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-knol-death_51-0)**\n    [\"15 amazing Google projects that failed\"](http:\/\/www.rediff.com\/money\/slide-show\/slide-show-13-fifteen-amazing-google-projects-that-failed\/20131021.htm). *Rediff*. October 21, 2013.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-52)**\n    [\"Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004\"](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1288776\/000119312505065298\/d10k.htm). *www.sec.gov*.\n53. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-3)\n    Vascellaro, Jessica E. (August 10, 2010). [\"Google Agonizes on Privacy as Ad World Vaults Ahead\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052748703309704575413553851854026). *The Wall Street Journal*.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-54)**\n    Ray, Tiernan (June 30, 2019). [\"How Would Ad-Dependent Alphabet, Facebook Handle Another Recession?\"](https:\/\/www.thestreet.com\/technology\/what-happens-to-google-and-facebook-revenue-in-a-recession-15006494). *TheStreet*.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-55)**\n    [Angwin, Julia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julia_Angwin \"Julia Angwin\") (October 21, 2016). [\"Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking\"](https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking). *ProPublica*.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-56)**\n    [\"Tchau Orkut\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140723220408\/http:\/\/en.blog.orkut.com\/2014\/06\/tchau-orkut.html). *Orkut Blog*. June 30, 2014. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/en.blog.orkut.com\/2014\/06\/tchau-orkut.html) on July 23, 2014.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-57)**\n    [\"Google locations\"](https:\/\/www.google.com\/about\/company\/facts\/locations\/). *Google Company*. Google, Inc. November 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-58)**\n    Womack, Brian (August 10, 2015). [\"Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2015-08-10\/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-). [Bloomberg L.P.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\") Retrieved November 22, 2016.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-59)**\n    Barr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015). [\"Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645). *[The Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*. Retrieved November 22, 2016.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-60)**\n    Dougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015). [\"Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/08\/11\/technology\/google-alphabet-restructuring.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. Retrieved November 22, 2016.\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-61)**\n    [\"Alphabet Finishes Reorganization With New XXVI Company\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2017-09-01\/alphabet-wraps-up-reorganization-with-a-new-company-called-xxvi). [Bloomberg L.P.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\") September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-62)**\n    Bergen, Mark (November 22, 2019). [\"Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2019-11-22\/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation). *[Bloomberg.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg.com \"Bloomberg.com\")*.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Verge_busting_63-0)**\n    Hollister, Sean (November 25, 2019). [\"Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/11\/25\/20983053\/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout). *[The Verge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Verge \"The Verge\")*. Retrieved November 26, 2019.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-64)**\n    Welch, Chris (October 25, 2018). [\"Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2018\/10\/25\/18024486\/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo). *The Verge*. Retrieved October 31, 2018.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-65)**\n    Hamilton, Isobel Asher; et al. (November 1, 2018). [\"PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct\"](https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11). *Business Insider*. Retrieved November 6, 2018.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-66)**\n    Segarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018). [\"More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy\"](http:\/\/fortune.com\/2018\/11\/03\/google-employees-walkout-demands\/). Fortune. Retrieved November 6, 2018.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-67)**\n    Liedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018). [\"Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct\"](https:\/\/www.ohio.com\/news\/20181101\/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct). San Francisco, Calf. Also in this year google home an artificial intelligence was developed.: Akron Beacon\/Journal. The Associated Press. Retrieved November 6, 2018.\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-unveils_68-0)**\n    Warren, Tom (March 19, 2019). [\"Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/3\/19\/18271702\/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019). *The Verge*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190319173136\/https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/3\/19\/18271702\/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019) from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-69)**\n    [\"Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe\"](https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2019\/06\/03\/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports\/). *www.theregister.com*.\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-70)**\n    Bond, Shannon (October 20, 2020). [\"U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/10\/20\/925895658\/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google). *NPR*.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-71)**\n    Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2019). [\"PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce\"](https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2019\/12\/11\/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce\/). *[TechCrunch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TechCrunch \"TechCrunch\")*.\n72. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-72)**\n    [\"Bloomberg - Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-04-15\/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff). *Bloomberg*. April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.\n73. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-73)**\n    Michael, Katina; Abbas, Roba (2020). \"Behind COVID-19 Contact Trace Apps: The Google–Apple Partnership\". *IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine*. **9** (5): 71–76\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2020ICEM....9e..71M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2020ICEM....9e..71M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1109\/MCE.2020.3002492](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109%2FMCE.2020.3002492).\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-74)**\n    [\"Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption\"](https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892). *Sky News*.\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-75)**\n    Li, Abner (November 12, 2020). [\"YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage\"](https:\/\/9to5google.com\/2020\/11\/11\/youtube-tv-down-2\/). *9to5Google*.\n76. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-76)**\n    [\"YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage' \\| TechRadar\"](https:\/\/www.techradar.com\/news\/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down). *www.techradar.com*. December 14, 2020.\n77. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-77)**\n    Jose, Renju (January 22, 2021). [\"Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O). *Reuters*. Retrieved January 22, 2021.\n78. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-78)**\n    [\"Google reportedly paid \\$20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia\"](https:\/\/www.gamesindustry.biz\/articles\/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia). *GamesIndustry.biz*. March 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.\n79. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-79)**\n    [\"Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760). *[The Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*. April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.\n80. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-80)**\n    Government of Canada, Department of Justice (May 22, 2022). [\"Department of Justice - Statement of Potential Charter Impacts\"](https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/pl\/charter-charte\/c18_1.html). *www.justice.gc.ca*. Retrieved July 9, 2023.\n81. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-81)**\n    [\"Google to remove Canadian news links from searches in the country\"](https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/tech\/tech-news\/google-canada-law-online-news-c-18-bill-news-links-rcna91882). *NBC News*. June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.\n82. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-europeanshopping_82-0)**\n    Hancock, Edith (September 10, 2024). [\"Google loses EU court battle over €2.4B antitrust fine\"](https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/google-loses-court-battle-over-first-eu-antitrust-fine\/). Politico. Retrieved September 10, 2024.\n83. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-APNews2024_83-0)**\n    [\"DOJ details potential remedies in antitrust suit against Google\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/google-doj-antitrust-remedies-oct2024). *AP News*. October 2024.\n84. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Politico2024_84-0)**\n    [\"DOJ lays out sweeping options to rein in Google\"](https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2024\/10\/10\/doj-google-remedies-0012020). *Politico*. October 2024.\n85. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Barrons2024_85-0)**\n    [\"Google Faces DOJ's Toughest Antitrust Remedies Yet\"](https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/articles\/google-antitrust-doj-remedies-2024-661000). *Barron's*. October 2024.\n86. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-86)**\n    [\"Google must sell Chrome to end search monopoly, justice department argues in court filing\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2024\/nov\/21\/google-sell-chrome-us-court-filing-demand-competition-laws). *The Guardian*. November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.\n87. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-VergeDec2024_87-0)**\n    [\"Google's counteroffer to DOJ falls short, critics say\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2024\/12\/15\/google-doj-search-remedy-response). *The Verge*. December 2024.\n88. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-88)**\n    Fried, Ina (February 5, 2025). [\"Google rolls back diversity efforts, citing government contractor rules\"](https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2025\/02\/05\/google-ends-minority-recruitment). *Axios*. Retrieved February 7, 2025.\n89. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-VergeApr2025_89-0)**\n    [\"DOJ vs. Google trial begins over proposed antitrust remedies\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2025\/04\/02\/google-antitrust-remedy-trial-doj). *The Verge*. April 2025.\n90. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-BarronsApr2025_90-0)**\n    [\"Google Defends Itself as Antitrust Trial Over Remedies Begins\"](https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/articles\/google-doj-remedy-trial-2025-april-661900). *Barron's*. April 2025.\n91. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-91)**\n    Diaz, Jaclyn (September 2, 2025). [\"In a major antitrust ruling, a judge lets Google keep Chrome but levies other penalties\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2025\/09\/02\/nx-s1-5478625\/google-chrome-doj-antitrust-ruling). *NPR*.\n92. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_92-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_92-1) Kopytoff, Verne, Fost, Dan. \"[For early Googlers, key word is \\$\\$\\$](http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?file=\/chronicle\/archive\/2004\/04\/29\/MNGLD6CFND34.DTL) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090919030812\/http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL) September 19, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[San Francisco Chronicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Chronicle \"San Francisco Chronicle\").* April 29, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n93. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-93)**\n    [\"Google Receives \\$25 Million in Equity Funding\"](https:\/\/googlepress.blogspot.com\/1999\/06\/google-receives-25-million-in-equity.html) (Press release). June 7, 1999. Retrieved August 1, 2014.\n94. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-94)** Eppel, Thomas. Google. PowerPoint presentation. Management 10. University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA. February 2, 2011.\n95. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-95)** Fisher, Ken.[Microsoft and Google had \"merger\" talks\"](https:\/\/archive.today\/20120707012006\/http:\/\/arstechnica.com\/old\/content\/2003\/10\/3050.ars). *[Ars Technica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ars_Technica \"Ars Technica\").* October 31, 2003. Retrieved on May 17, 2011.\n96. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-96)**\n    Edmonston, Peter (August 19, 2009). [\"Google's I.P.O., Five Years Later\"](https:\/\/dealbook.nytimes.com\/2009\/08\/19\/googles-ipo-5-years-later\/). *The New York Times*.\n97. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-IPO_97-0)** Elgin, Ben. \"[Google: Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys?](http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/aug2004\/tc20040819_6843_tc120.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100111103924\/http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/aug2004\/tc20040819_6843_tc120.htm) January 11, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\" *[Business Week](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Week \"Business Week\").* August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n98. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-washpost_98-0)** Webb, Cynthia L. \"[Google's IPO: Grate Expectations](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070808031101\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/articles\/A14939-2004Aug19.html).\" *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\").* August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n99. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-yahooshares_99-0)** Kuchinskas, Susan. \"[Yahoo and Google Settle](http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/bus-news\/article.php\/3392781) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161227194254\/http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/bus-news\/article.php\/3392781) December 27, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[internetnews.com](http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161229140554\/http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/) December 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").* August 9, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n100. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-100)**\n     La Monica, Paul R. (March 31, 2006). [\"Google leaders stick with \\$1 salary\"](https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2006\/03\/31\/technology\/google\/index.htm). *CNN Money*. [CNN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNN \"CNN\"). Retrieved April 25, 2017.\n101. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-101)**\n     [\"Quirky Google Culture Endangered?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100814174333\/http:\/\/www.wired.com\/techbiz\/media\/news\/2004\/04\/63241). *Wired*. Associated Press. April 28, 2004. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/techbiz\/media\/news\/2004\/04\/63241) on August 14, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.\n102. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-102)**\n     Olsen, Stefanie; Kawamoto, Dawn (April 30, 2004). [\"Google IPO at \\$2.7 billion\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/2100-1024-5201978.html). *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\")*. [CBS Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBS_Interactive \"CBS Interactive\"). Retrieved November 27, 2010.\n103. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-103)** Koller, David. \"[Origin of the name, \"Google.\"](http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/~dk\/google_name_origin.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120627081942\/http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/~dk\/google_name_origin.html) 2012-06-27 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") *[Stanford University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\").* January, 2004.\n104. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-1) Hanley, Rachael. \"[From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns](http:\/\/www.stanforddaily.com\/2003\/02\/12\/from-googol-to-google\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100330004631\/http:\/\/www.stanforddaily.com\/2003\/02\/12\/from-googol-to-google\/) March 30, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[The Stanford Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Stanford_Daily \"The Stanford Daily\").* February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010.\n105. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-105)** The Enid Blyton Society. \"[The Enchanted Forest and Folk of the Magic Faraway Tree by Enid Blyton](http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/faraway-tree.php) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161216052522\/http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/faraway-tree.php) December 16, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Retrieved on May 17, 2011\n106. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-106)** The Enid Blyton Society.\"[*Circus Days Again* by Enid Blyton](http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/book-details.php?id=237) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160807152831\/http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/book-details.php?id=237) August 7, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Retrieved on May 17, 2011\n107. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-107)**\n     [\"GOOGLE - Trademark Details\"](https:\/\/trademarks.justia.com\/750\/71\/google-75071072.html). JUSTIA. Retrieved December 20, 2016.\n108. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-108)**\n     Harris, Scott D. \"Dictionary adds verb: to google\\].\" *[San Jose Mercury News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Jose_Mercury_News \"San Jose Mercury News\").* July 7, 2006.\n     \n     [\"MercuryNews.com \\| 07\/07\/2006 \\| Dictionary adds verb: To google\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070206065348\/http:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/mld\/mercurynews\/business\/14985574.htm). Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2006.\n     \n     `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\"))\n109. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-109)** Bylund, Anders. \"[To Google or Not to Google](https:\/\/msnbc.msn.com\/id\/13720643\/) [Deprecated link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance \"Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance\") archived July 7, 2006, at [archive.today](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archive.today \"Archive.today\").\" *[The Motley Fool](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Motley_Fool \"The Motley Fool\") via [MSNBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSNBC \"MSNBC\").* July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.\n110. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-110)**\n     Meyer, Robinson. [\"The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer\"](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2014\/06\/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer\/373599\/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved September 28, 2016.\n111. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-111)** [Top Words of the Decade](http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2009\/11\/19\/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160515143111\/http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2009\/11\/19\/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) May 15, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n112. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-112)** \"[A portrait of the decade](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8409040.stm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161228002630\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8409040.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[BBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC \"BBC\").* December 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 15, 2011.\n113. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-113)**\n     [\"Is It Proper To Say You Google On GOOGLE®?\"](http:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/it-proper-to-say-you-google-google). *The National Law Review*. Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C. June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.\n114. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-114)** Lewis, Laura; Fox, Lynn. \"[NASA Takes Google on Journey into Space](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/ames\/news\/releases\/2005\/05_50AR.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160318184559\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/ames\/news\/releases\/2005\/05_50AR.html) March 18, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\"),* Press Release. September 28, 2005.\n115. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Sun_partners_with_Google_115-0)**\n     Brown, James.\n     \n     [\"Sun partners with Google\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070930195540\/http:\/\/www.vnunet.com\/computing\/news\/2143242\/sun-partners-google). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2006.\n     \n     `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\")). *vnunet.com.* October 5, 2005.\n116. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-116)** Rosenbush, Steve. \"[AOL-Google: Who Gets What](http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/dec2005\/tc20051221_533090.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060523153503\/http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/dec2005\/tc20051221_533090.htm) May 23, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")?\" *[BusinessWeek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BusinessWeek \"BusinessWeek\").* December 21, 2005.\n117. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-117)** Staff Writer. \"[Google signs \\$900m News Corp deal](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/5254642.stm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161228061910\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/5254642.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\").* August 7, 2006. Retrieved on August 8, 2006.\n118. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-118)** \"[Google, News Corp. Ink Deal Over MySpace.com Ads](http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,207370,00.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110426055629\/http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0%2C2933%2C207370%2C00.html) April 26, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[Fox News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox_News \"Fox News\").* August 8, 2006.\n119. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-119)**\n     [\"Sky and Google unveil broadband alliance\"](https:\/\/bluetoothdevicefinder.com\/en\/blog\/broadband-bluetooth-wireless-revolution-2006). British Sky Broadcasting. December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2007.\n120. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham_120-0)**\n     [\"For more than 50 years, NORAD is Tracking Santa, December 14, 2007 by Glenn Letham\"](http:\/\/www.gisuser.com\/content\/view\/13492\/). GISUser.com. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n121. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_121-0)**\n     [\"Tracking Santa: NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas, December 1, 2007, Danny Sullivan\"](http:\/\/searchengineland.com\/tracking-santa-norad-google-team-up-for-christmas-12817). [Search Engine Land](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_Engine_Land \"Search Engine Land\"). December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n122. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell_122-0)**\n     [\"Tracking Santa, Then and Now, November 30, 2007, by Carrie Farrell, Veteran Santa Tracker\"](http:\/\/googleblog.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/tracking-santa-then-and-now.html). Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n123. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD_123-0)**\n     [Daniel Terdiman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Terdiman \"Daniel Terdiman\") (December 21, 2009). [\"Behind the scenes: NORAD's Santa tracker\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/8301-13772_3-10418101-52.html). *CNET*. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n124. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_124-0)**\n     [\"Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google: The 2007 Edition, December 24, 2007, Danny Sullivan\"](http:\/\/searchengineland.com\/instructions-on-tracking-santa-with-norad-google-the-2007-edition-13001). Search Engine Land. December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n125. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-125)**\n     Shalal-Esa, Andrea (September 6, 2008). [\"GeoEye launches high-resolution satellite\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-geoeye-idUSN0633403420080906). *Reuters*. Washington. Retrieved February 26, 2010.\n126. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-126)**\n     [\"Google gives online life to Life mag's photos\"](https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna27802744). Mountain View, California. [Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). November 20, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2010. \"Google Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from *[Life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_\$magazine\$ \"Life (magazine)\")* magazine's archives that have never been seen by the public before\"\n127. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-127)**\n     Stirling, Greg (November 18, 2008). [\"Google Hosting Time-Life Photo Archive, 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live\"](http:\/\/searchengineland.com\/google-to-host-10-million-time-life-unpublished-images-15513). *[Search Engine Land](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_Engine_Land \"Search Engine Land\")*. Retrieved July 5, 2010.\n128. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-128)** Krause, Flavia. (January 23, 2009) [Pope Benedict Debuts on YouTube to Reach Out to Catholics](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100613163056\/http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) June 13, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). [Bloomberg.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg.com \"Bloomberg.com\"). Retrieved on May 29, 2011.\n129. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-129)**\n     [\"Google partners with Hyundai and Kia Motors to integrate Google Maps and Places into new car models\"](https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/google\/2013\/01\/02\/google-partners-with-kia-motors-to-integrate-google-maps-and-places-into-new-car-models\/?fromcat=all). *The Next Web*. Retrieved January 2, 2013.\n130. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-130)**\n     Gibbs, Samuel (October 7, 2013). [\"Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2013\/oct\/07\/google-berners-lee-alliance-broadband-africa). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. Retrieved March 15, 2017.\n131. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-131)**\n     Balakrishnan, Saheli Roy Choudhury, Anita (September 20, 2017). [\"Google agrees to buy part of HTC for \\$1.1 billion\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/09\/20\/google-htc-sign-cooperation-agreement.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 21, 2017.\n     \n     `{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\"))\n132. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-132)**\n     [\"Google is buying part of HTC's smartphone team for \\$1.1 billion\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2017\/9\/20\/16340108\/google-htc-smartphone-team-acquisition-announced). *The Verge*. Retrieved September 21, 2017.\n133. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-133)**\n     [\"Google signs agreement with HTC, continuing our big bet on hardware\"](https:\/\/www.blog.google\/topics\/hardware\/google-signs-agreement-htc-continuing-our-big-bet-hardware\/). *Google*. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.\n134. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-134)**\n     [\"A look back: Timeline of Mountain View history\"](http:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/ci_5302050), *San Jose Mercury News*, March 2007\n\n## Further reading\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Further reading\")\\]\n\n- [Auletta, Ken](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ken_Auletta \"Ken Auletta\") (2009). *Googled: The End of the World as We Know It*. New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-59420-235-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-59420-235-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-59420-235-3\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [318411527](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/318411527).\n- [Battelle, John](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Battelle \"John Battelle\") (2005). [*The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/searchhowgooglei0000batt_n2l8\/mode\/2up). New York: Portfolio. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-59184-088-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-59184-088-0 \"Special:BookSources\/1-59184-088-0\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [72691962](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/72691962).\n- Bottando, Evelyn. \"Hedging the commons: Google Books, libraries, and open access to knowledge\" (PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2012. 3526789).\n- Gray, Joanne Elizabeth. *Google Rules: The History and Future of Copyright Under the Influence of Google* (Oxford University Press, 2020)\n- [Levy, Steven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Levy \"Steven Levy\") (2011). [*In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V1u1f8sv3k8C). Simon and Schuster. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-41659-671-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-41659-671-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-41659-671-4\")\n  \n  .\n- Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. *Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization* (Princeton University Press, 2021)\n- Redding, Anna Crowley. *Google It: A History of Google* (2018)\n- Stross, Randall (2008). [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). New York: Free Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-4165-4691-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [261376729](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/261376729).\n- [Vise, David A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_A._Vise \"David A. Vise\"); [Malseed, Mark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Malseed \"Mark Malseed\") (2005). [*The Google Story*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=lYe1AAAAIAAJ). Delacorte Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-55380-457-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-55380-457-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-55380-457-7\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [607806212](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/607806212).\n- Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). *Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry*. U of Illinois Press.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [0252087127](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0252087127 \"Special:BookSources\/0252087127\")\n  [online](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5406\/jj.4116455)\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n| External videos |\n|---|\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [*Q\\&A* interview with Auletta on *Googled*, October 29, 2009](https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?289705-1\/qa-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") |\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Presentation by Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2009](https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?290222-1\/googled-end-world-it), [C-SPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") |\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Interview with Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2010](https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?296481-1\/distance-learning-class-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") |\n\n- [Google Corporate History (official)](https:\/\/www.google.com\/intl\/en\/corporate\/history.html)\n- David Hart: [On the Origins of Google](https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/discoveries\/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100660&org=NSF) [National Science Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\"), August 17, 2004\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Google_LLC \"Template:Google LLC\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Google_LLC \"Template talk:Google LLC\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Google_LLC \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Google LLC\")[Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google \"Google\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| a subsidiary of [Alphabet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\") |   |\n| Company |   |\n|   |   |\n| Divisions | [AI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_AI \"Google AI\") *[Area 120](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Area_120 \"Area 120\")* [ATAP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_ATAP \"Google ATAP\") *[Brain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Brain \"Google Brain\")* [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_China \"Google China\") [Cloud Platform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Platform \"Google Cloud Platform\") [Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Energy \"Google Energy\") [Google.org](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google.org \"Google.org\") [Crisis Response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Crisis_Response \"Google Crisis Response\") *[Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Health \"Google Health\")* [Registry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Registry \"Google Registry\") |\n| Subsidiaries |   |\n|   |   |\n| Active | [DeepMind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_DeepMind \"Google DeepMind\") [Fitbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fitbit \"Fitbit\") [ITA Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ITA_Software \"ITA Software\") [Jigsaw](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jigsaw_\$company\$ \"Jigsaw (company)\") [Looker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Looker_\$company\$ \"Looker (company)\") [Mandiant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandiant \"Mandiant\") [Security Operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Security_Operations \"Google Security Operations\") [Owlchemy Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Owlchemy_Labs \"Owlchemy Labs\") |\n| Defunct | [Actifio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Actifio \"Actifio\") [Adscape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adscape \"Adscape\") [Akwan Information Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akwan_Information_Technologies \"Akwan Information Technologies\") [Anvato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anvato \"Anvato\") [Apigee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apigee \"Apigee\") [BandPage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BandPage \"BandPage\") [Bitium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bitium \"Bitium\") [BufferBox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BufferBox \"BufferBox\") [Crashlytics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crashlytics \"Crashlytics\") [Dodgeball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dodgeball_\$service\$ \"Dodgeball (service)\") [DoubleClick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DoubleClick \"DoubleClick\") [Dropcam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dropcam \"Dropcam\") [Endoxon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endoxon \"Endoxon\") [Flutter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flutter_\$American_company\$ \"Flutter (American company)\") [Global IP Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_IP_Solutions \"Global IP Solutions\") [Green Throttle Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_Throttle_Games \"Green Throttle Games\") [GreenBorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GreenBorder \"GreenBorder\") [Gridcentric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gridcentric \"Gridcentric\") [ImageAmerica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ImageAmerica \"ImageAmerica\") [Impermium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impermium \"Impermium\") [Invite Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invite_Media \"Invite Media\") [Kaltix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaltix \"Kaltix\") [Marratech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marratech \"Marratech\") [Meebo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meebo \"Meebo\") [Metaweb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaweb \"Metaweb\") [Neotonic Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotonic_Software \"Neotonic Software\") [Neverware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neverware \"Neverware\") [Nik Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nik_Software \"Nik Software\") [Orbitera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbitera \"Orbitera\") [Pyra Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyra_Labs \"Pyra Labs\") [Quest Visual](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quest_Visual \"Quest Visual\") [Reqwireless](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reqwireless \"Reqwireless\") [RightsFlow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RightsFlow \"RightsFlow\") [Sidewalk Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sidewalk_Labs \"Sidewalk Labs\") [SlickLogin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SlickLogin \"SlickLogin\") [Titan Aerospace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titan_Aerospace \"Titan Aerospace\") [Typhoon Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typhoon_Studios \"Typhoon Studios\") [Urban Engines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_Engines \"Urban Engines\") [Vicarious](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vicarious_\$company\$ \"Vicarious (company)\") [Viewdle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viewdle \"Viewdle\") [Wavii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wavii \"Wavii\") [Wildfire Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildfire_Interactive \"Wildfire Interactive\") [YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Next_Lab_and_Audience_Development_Group \"YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group\") |\n| Programs | *[Business Groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Business_Groups \"Google Business Groups\")* *[Computing University Initiative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBM\/Google_Cloud_Computing_University_Initiative \"IBM\/Google Cloud Computing University Initiative\")* *[Contact Lens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Contact_Lens \"Google Contact Lens\")* [Content ID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_ID \"Content ID\") *[CrossCheck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CrossCheck_\$project\$ \"CrossCheck (project)\")* *[Data Liberation Front](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Data_Liberation_Front \"Google Data Liberation Front\")* [Data Transfer Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Transfer_Project \"Data Transfer Project\") [Developer Expert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Developer_Expert \"Google Developer Expert\") [DigiKavach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DigiKavach \"DigiKavach\") *[DigiPivot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DigiPivot \"DigiPivot\")* [Digital Garage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Digital_Garage \"Google Digital Garage\") [Digital News Initiative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_News_Initiative \"Digital News Initiative\") *[Digital Unlocked](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Unlocked \"Digital Unlocked\")* *[Dragonfly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dragonfly_\$search_engine\$ \"Dragonfly (search engine)\")* *[Founders' Award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Founders%27_Award \"Google Founders' Award\")* *[Free Zone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Free_Zone \"Google Free Zone\")* [Get Your Business Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Get_Your_Business_Online \"Google Get Your Business Online\") [Google for Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_for_Education \"Google for Education\") [Google for Startups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_for_Startups \"Google for Startups\") *[Living Stories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Living_Stories \"Living Stories\")* *[Made with Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Made_with_Code \"Made with Code\")* *[News Lab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News_Lab \"Google News Lab\")* *[PowerMeter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_PowerMeter \"Google PowerMeter\")* [Privacy Sandbox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Privacy_Sandbox \"Privacy Sandbox\") [Project Nightingale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Nightingale \"Project Nightingale\") [Project Nimbus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Nimbus \"Project Nimbus\") [Project Sunroof](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Sunroof \"Project Sunroof\") [Project Zero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Zero \"Project Zero\") [Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quantum_Artificial_Intelligence_Lab \"Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab\") [RechargeIT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RechargeIT \"RechargeIT\") [Sensorvault](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sensorvault \"Sensorvault\") [Silicon Initiative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Silicon_Initiative \"Google Silicon Initiative\") *[Solve for X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solve_for_X \"Solve for X\")* [Street View Trusted](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Street_View_Trusted \"Street View Trusted\") *[Student Ambassador Program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Student_Ambassador_Program \"Google Student Ambassador Program\")* [Vevo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vevo \"Vevo\") [YouTube BrandConnect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_BrandConnect \"YouTube BrandConnect\") [YouTube Creator Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Creator_Awards \"YouTube Creator Awards\") [YouTube Select](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Select \"YouTube Select\") *[YouTube Original Channel Initiative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative \"YouTube Original Channel Initiative\")* [Year in Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Year_in_Search_top_searches \"List of Year in Search top searches\") *[YouTube Rewind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Rewind \"YouTube Rewind\")* [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind \"YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Rewind_2019:_For_the_Record \"YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record\") |\n| [Events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Google_events \"Category:Google events\") | [AlphaGo versus Fan Hui](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui \"AlphaGo versus Fan Hui\") [AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol \"AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol\") [AlphaGo versus Ke Jie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie \"AlphaGo versus Ke Jie\") [Android Developer Challenge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Developer_Challenge \"Android Developer Challenge\") [Android Developer Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Developer_Day \"Android Developer Day\") [Android Developer Lab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Developer_Lab \"Android Developer Lab\") [CNN\/YouTube presidential debates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNN\/YouTube_presidential_debates \"CNN\/YouTube presidential debates\") [Code-in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Code-in \"Google Code-in\") [Code Jam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Code_Jam \"Google Code Jam\") [Developer Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Developer_Day \"Google Developer Day\") [Developers Live](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Developers_Live \"Google Developers Live\") [Doodle4Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doodle4Google \"Doodle4Google\") [Future of Go Summit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Future_of_Go_Summit \"Future of Go Summit\") [G-Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G-Day \"G-Day\") *[Hash Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hash_Code_\$programming_competition\$ \"Hash Code (programming competition)\")* [I\/O](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_I\/O \"Google I\/O\") [Lunar X Prize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Lunar_X_Prize \"Google Lunar X Prize\") [Mapathon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Mapathon \"Google Mapathon\") [Science Fair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Science_Fair \"Google Science Fair\") [Summer of Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Summer_of_Code \"Google Summer of Code\") [World Chess Championship 2024](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Chess_Championship_2024 \"World Chess Championship 2024\") [YouTube Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Awards \"YouTube Awards\") [YouTube Comedy Week](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Comedy_Week \"YouTube Comedy Week\") [YouTube Live](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Live \"YouTube Live\") [YouTube Music Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Music_Awards \"YouTube Music Awards\") [2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2013_YouTube_Music_Awards \"2013 YouTube Music Awards\") [2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_YouTube_Music_Awards \"2015 YouTube Music Awards\") [YouTube Space Lab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Space_Lab \"YouTube Space Lab\") [YouTube Symphony Orchestra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra \"YouTube Symphony Orchestra\") |\n| [Infrastructure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Google_buildings_and_structures \"Category:Google buildings and structures\") | [111 Eighth Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/111_Eighth_Avenue \"111 Eighth Avenue\") [Android lawn statues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_lawn_statues \"Android lawn statues\") *[Androidland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Androidland \"Androidland\")* *[Barges](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_barges \"Google barges\")* [Binoculars Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binoculars_Building \"Binoculars Building\") [Central Saint Giles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Saint_Giles \"Central Saint Giles\") [Chelsea Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chelsea_Market \"Chelsea Market\") *[Chrome Zone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrome_Zone \"Chrome Zone\")* [Data centers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_data_centers \"Google data centers\") [GeoEye-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GeoEye-1 \"GeoEye-1\") [Googleplex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googleplex \"Googleplex\") [Ivanpah Solar Power Facility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility \"Ivanpah Solar Power Facility\") [James R. Thompson Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_R._Thompson_Center \"James R. Thompson Center\") [King's Cross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_King%27s_Cross \"Google King's Cross\") [Mayfield Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mayfield_Mall \"Mayfield Mall\") [Pier 57](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pier_57 \"Pier 57\") [Sidewalk Toronto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sidewalk_Toronto \"Sidewalk Toronto\") [St. John's Terminal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._John%27s_Terminal \"St. John's Terminal\") Submarine cables [Dunant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dunant_\$submarine_communications_cable\$ \"Dunant (submarine communications cable)\") [Grace Hopper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grace_Hopper_\$submarine_communications_cable\$ \"Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)\") [Unity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unity_\$cable_system\$ \"Unity (cable system)\") [WiFi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_WiFi \"Google WiFi\") [YouTube Space](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Space \"YouTube Space\") [YouTube Theater](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Theater \"YouTube Theater\") |\n| [People](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Google_employees \"Category:Google employees\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Current | [Krishna Bharat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krishna_Bharat \"Krishna Bharat\") [Vint Cerf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vint_Cerf \"Vint Cerf\") [Jeff Dean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Dean \"Jeff Dean\") [John Doerr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Doerr \"John Doerr\") [Sanjay Ghemawat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanjay_Ghemawat \"Sanjay Ghemawat\") [Al Gore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\") [John L. Hennessy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_L._Hennessy \"John L. Hennessy\") [Urs Hölzle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle \"Urs Hölzle\") [Salar Kamangar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salar_Kamangar \"Salar Kamangar\") [Ray Kurzweil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ray_Kurzweil \"Ray Kurzweil\") [Ann Mather](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ann_Mather \"Ann Mather\") [Alan Mulally](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Mulally \"Alan Mulally\") [Rick Osterloh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rick_Osterloh \"Rick Osterloh\") [Sundar Pichai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sundar_Pichai \"Sundar Pichai\") (CEO) [Ruth Porat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruth_Porat \"Ruth Porat\") (CFO) [Rajen Sheth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rajen_Sheth \"Rajen Sheth\") [Hal Varian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hal_Varian \"Hal Varian\") [Neal Mohan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neal_Mohan \"Neal Mohan\") |\n| Former | [Andy Bechtolsheim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Bechtolsheim \"Andy Bechtolsheim\") [Sergey Brin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Brin \"Sergey Brin\") (co-founder) [David Cheriton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Cheriton \"David Cheriton\") [Matt Cutts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matt_Cutts \"Matt Cutts\") [David Drummond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Drummond_\$businessman\$ \"David Drummond (businessman)\") [Alan Eustace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Eustace \"Alan Eustace\") [Timnit Gebru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timnit_Gebru \"Timnit Gebru\") [Omid Kordestani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Omid_Kordestani \"Omid Kordestani\") [Paul Otellini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Otellini \"Paul Otellini\") [Larry Page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\") (co-founder) [Patrick Pichette](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patrick_Pichette \"Patrick Pichette\") [Eric Schmidt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eric_Schmidt \"Eric Schmidt\") [Ram Shriram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ram_Shriram \"Ram Shriram\") [Amit Singhal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amit_Singhal \"Amit Singhal\") [Shirley M. Tilghman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shirley_M._Tilghman \"Shirley M. Tilghman\") [Rachel Whetstone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rachel_Whetstone \"Rachel Whetstone\") [Susan Wojcicki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susan_Wojcicki \"Susan Wojcicki\") |\n| [Criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Google \"Criticism of Google\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| General | [Censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Censorship_by_Google \"Censorship by Google\") [DeGoogle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DeGoogle \"DeGoogle\") [FairSearch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FairSearch \"FairSearch\") \"[Google's Ideological Echo Chamber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber \"Google's Ideological Echo Chamber\")\" [No Tech for Apartheid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No_Tech_for_Apartheid \"No Tech for Apartheid\") [Privacy concerns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Privacy_concerns_with_Google \"Privacy concerns with Google\") [Street View](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns \"Google Street View privacy concerns\") [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_and_privacy \"YouTube and privacy\") [Trade unions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_and_trade_unions \"Google and trade unions\") [Alphabet Workers Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Workers_Union \"Alphabet Workers Union\") [YouTube copyright issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_copyright_issues \"YouTube copyright issues\") |\n| Incidents | [Backdoor advertisement controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy \"2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy\") [Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany \"Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany\") [Data breach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_Google_data_breach \"2018 Google data breach\") [Elsagate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elsagate \"Elsagate\") [Fantastic Adventures scandal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal \"Fantastic Adventures scandal\") [Kohistan video case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2012_Kohistan_video_case \"2012 Kohistan video case\") [Reactions to *Innocence of Muslims*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims \"Reactions to Innocence of Muslims\") [San Francisco tech bus protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests \"San Francisco tech bus protests\") [Services outages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_services_outages \"Google services outages\") [Slovenian government incident](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident \"2011 Slovenian YouTube incident\") [Walkouts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_Google_walkouts \"2018 Google walkouts\") [YouTube headquarters shooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_headquarters_shooting \"YouTube headquarters shooting\") |\n| Other | [Android apps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google \"List of Android apps by Google\") [April Fools' Day jokes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_April_Fools%27_Day_jokes \"List of Google April Fools' Day jokes\") [Doodles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Doodle \"Google Doodle\") *[Doodle Champion Island Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doodle_Champion_Island_Games \"Doodle Champion Island Games\")* *[Magic Cat Academy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magic_Cat_Academy \"Magic Cat Academy\")* *[Pac-Man](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pac-Man_Google_Doodle \"Pac-Man Google Doodle\")* [Easter eggs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs \"List of Google Easter eggs\") [History]() [Gmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Gmail \"History of Gmail\") [Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Google_Search \"Timeline of Google Search\") [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_YouTube \"History of YouTube\") [Logo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_logo \"Google logo\") [Material Design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Material_Design \"Material Design\") [Mergers and acquisitions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet \"List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet\") |\n| [Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Developers \"Google Developers\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Software |   |\n|   |   |\n| A–C | [Accelerated Linear Algebra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accelerated_Linear_Algebra \"Accelerated Linear Algebra\") [AMP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages \"Accelerated Mobile Pages\") *[Actions on Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Actions_on_Google \"Actions on Google\")* [ALTS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ALTS \"ALTS\") [American Fuzzy Lop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Fuzzy_Lop_\$software\$ \"American Fuzzy Lop (software)\") *[Android Cloud to Device Messaging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging \"Android Cloud to Device Messaging\")* [Android Debug Bridge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Debug_Bridge \"Android Debug Bridge\") [Android NDK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_NDK \"Android NDK\") [Android Runtime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Runtime \"Android Runtime\") [Android SDK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_SDK \"Android SDK\") [Android Studio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Studio \"Android Studio\") [Angular](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angular_\$web_framework\$ \"Angular (web framework)\") *[AngularJS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AngularJS \"AngularJS\")* [Apache Beam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apache_Beam \"Apache Beam\") [APIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_APIs \"Google APIs\") [App Engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_App_Engine \"Google App Engine\") [App Inventor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIT_App_Inventor \"MIT App Inventor\") *[App Maker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_App_Maker \"Google App Maker\")* [App Runtime for Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome \"Google App Runtime for Chrome\") *[AppJet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AppJet \"AppJet\")* [Apps Script](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Apps_Script \"Google Apps Script\") [AppSheet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AppSheet \"AppSheet\") [ARCore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCore \"ARCore\") *[Base](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Base \"Google Base\")* [Bazel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bazel_\$software\$ \"Bazel (software)\") [BeyondCorp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BeyondCorp \"BeyondCorp\") [Bigtable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bigtable \"Bigtable\") [BigQuery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BigQuery \"BigQuery\") [Bionic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bionic_\$software\$ \"Bionic (software)\") [Blockly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blockly \"Blockly\") *[Borg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borg_\$cluster_manager\$ \"Borg (cluster manager)\")* *[Caja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caja_project \"Caja project\")* [Cameyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cameyo \"Cameyo\") [Chart API](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chart_API \"Google Chart API\") [Charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Charts \"Google Charts\") *[Chrome Frame](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome_Frame \"Google Chrome Frame\")* [Chromium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromium_\$web_browser\$ \"Chromium (web browser)\") [Blink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blink_\$browser_engine\$ \"Blink (browser engine)\") [Closure Tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Closure_Tools \"Google Closure Tools\") *[Cloud Connect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Connect \"Google Cloud Connect\")* [Cloud Dataflow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Dataflow \"Google Cloud Dataflow\") [Cloud Datastore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Datastore \"Google Cloud Datastore\") *[Cloud Messaging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Messaging \"Google Cloud Messaging\")* [Cloud Shell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Shell \"Google Cloud Shell\") [Cloud Storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Storage \"Google Cloud Storage\") *[Code Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Code_Search \"Google Code Search\")* [Compute Engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Compute_Engine \"Google Compute Engine\") [Cpplint](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cpplint \"Cpplint\") |\n| D–N | *[Dalvik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dalvik_\$software\$ \"Dalvik (software)\")* [Data Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Data_Protocol \"Google Data Protocol\") [Data Studio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Studio \"Data Studio\") [Dialogflow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialogflow \"Dialogflow\") [Exposure Notification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_Notification \"Exposure Notification\") [Fast Pair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fast_Pair \"Fast Pair\") [Fastboot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fastboot \"Fastboot\") [Federated Learning of Cohorts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federated_Learning_of_Cohorts \"Federated Learning of Cohorts\") [File System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_File_System \"Google File System\") [Firebase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firebase \"Firebase\") [Firebase Studio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firebase_Studio \"Firebase Studio\") [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging \"Firebase Cloud Messaging\") [FlatBuffers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FlatBuffers \"FlatBuffers\") [Flutter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flutter_\$software\$ \"Flutter (software)\") *[Freebase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freebase_\$database\$ \"Freebase (database)\")* [Gadgets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Gadgets \"Google Gadgets\") [Ganeti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ganeti \"Ganeti\") *[Gears](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gears_\$software\$ \"Gears (software)\")* [Gerrit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerrit_\$software\$ \"Gerrit (software)\") [Global Cache](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Global_Cache \"Google Global Cache\") [GLOP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GLOP \"GLOP\") [gRPC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GRPC \"GRPC\") [Gson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gson \"Gson\") [Guava](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Guava \"Google Guava\") [Guetzli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guetzli \"Guetzli\") [Guice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Guice \"Google Guice\") [gVisor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GVisor \"GVisor\") [GYP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GYP_\$software\$ \"GYP (software)\") [JAX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JAX_\$software\$ \"JAX (software)\") [Jetpack Compose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jetpack_Compose \"Jetpack Compose\") [Keyhole Markup Language](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyhole_Markup_Language \"Keyhole Markup Language\") [Kubernetes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kubernetes \"Kubernetes\") [Kythe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Kythe \"Google Kythe\") [LevelDB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LevelDB \"LevelDB\") [Lighthouse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lighthouse_\$software\$ \"Lighthouse (software)\") *[lmctfy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lmctfy \"Lmctfy\")* [MapReduce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MapReduce \"MapReduce\") *[Mashup Editor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Mashup_Editor \"Google Mashup Editor\")* [Matter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matter_\$standard\$ \"Matter (standard)\") [Mobile Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Mobile_Services \"Google Mobile Services\") [Namebench](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Namebench \"Namebench\") [Native Client](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Native_Client \"Google Native Client\") [Neatx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neatx \"Neatx\") [Neural Machine Translation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation \"Google Neural Machine Translation\") [Nomulus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nomulus \"Nomulus\") |\n| O–Z | [Open Location Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Location_Code \"Open Location Code\") [OpenRefine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenRefine \"OpenRefine\") [OpenSocial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenSocial \"OpenSocial\") *[Optimize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Optimize \"Google Optimize\")* [OR-Tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OR-Tools \"OR-Tools\") *[Pack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pack \"Google Pack\")* [PageSpeed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_PageSpeed_Tools \"Google PageSpeed Tools\") [Piper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piper_\$source_control_system\$ \"Piper (source control system)\") *[Plugin for Eclipse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Plugin_for_Eclipse \"Google Plugin for Eclipse\")* [Polymer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polymer_\$library\$ \"Polymer (library)\") [Programmable Search Engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Programmable_Search_Engine \"Google Programmable Search Engine\") [Project Shield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Shield \"Project Shield\") [Public DNS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Public_DNS \"Google Public DNS\") [reCAPTCHA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ReCAPTCHA \"ReCAPTCHA\") *[RenderScript](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RenderScript \"RenderScript\")* [SafetyNet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafetyNet \"SafetyNet\") *[SageTV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SageTV \"SageTV\")* [Schema.org](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schema.org \"Schema.org\") [Search Console](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Search_Console \"Google Search Console\") [Shell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Shell \"Google Shell\") [Sitemaps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sitemaps \"Sitemaps\") [Skia Graphics Engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skia_Graphics_Engine \"Skia Graphics Engine\") [Spanner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanner_\$database\$ \"Spanner (database)\") *[Sputnik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_\$JavaScript_conformance_test\$ \"Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)\")* *[Stackdriver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stackdriver \"Stackdriver\")* *[Swiffy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Swiffy \"Google Swiffy\")* *[Tango](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tango_\$platform\$ \"Tango (platform)\")* [TensorFlow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TensorFlow \"TensorFlow\") [Tesseract](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tesseract_\$software\$ \"Tesseract (software)\") [Test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Test \"Google Test\") *[Translator Toolkit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Translator_Toolkit \"Google Translator Toolkit\")* *[Urchin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urchin_\$software\$ \"Urchin (software)\")* [UTM parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTM_parameters \"UTM parameters\") [V8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V8_\$JavaScript_engine\$ \"V8 (JavaScript engine)\") [VirusTotal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VirusTotal \"VirusTotal\") [VisBug](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VisBug \"VisBug\") [Wave Federation Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol \"Google Wave Federation Protocol\") [Weave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weave_\$protocol\$ \"Weave (protocol)\") *[Web Accelerator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Web_Accelerator \"Google Web Accelerator\")* [Web Designer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Web_Designer \"Google Web Designer\") [Web Server](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Web_Server \"Google Web Server\") [Web Toolkit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Web_Toolkit \"Google Web Toolkit\") [Webdriver Torso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Webdriver_Torso \"Webdriver Torso\") [WebRTC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WebRTC \"WebRTC\") |\n| Operating systems | [Android](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_\$operating_system\$ \"Android (operating system)\") [Cupcake](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Cupcake \"Android Cupcake\") [Donut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Donut \"Android Donut\") [Eclair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Eclair \"Android Eclair\") [Froyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Froyo \"Android Froyo\") [Gingerbread](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Gingerbread \"Android Gingerbread\") [Honeycomb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Honeycomb \"Android Honeycomb\") [Ice Cream Sandwich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich \"Android Ice Cream Sandwich\") [Jelly Bean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Jelly_Bean \"Android Jelly Bean\") [KitKat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_KitKat \"Android KitKat\") [Lollipop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Lollipop \"Android Lollipop\") [Marshmallow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Marshmallow \"Android Marshmallow\") [Nougat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Nougat \"Android Nougat\") [Oreo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Oreo \"Android Oreo\") [Pie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Pie \"Android Pie\") [10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_10 \"Android 10\") [11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_11 \"Android 11\") [12](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_12 \"Android 12\") [13](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_13 \"Android 13\") [14](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_14 \"Android 14\") [15](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_15 \"Android 15\") [16](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_16 \"Android 16\") [version history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_version_history \"Android version history\") [smartphones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Android_smartphones \"List of Android smartphones\") [Android Automotive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Automotive \"Android Automotive\") [Android Go](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Go \"Android Go\") [devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_Android_Go_products \"Comparison of Android Go products\") *[Android Things](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Things \"Android Things\")* [Android TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_TV \"Android TV\") [devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Android_TV_devices \"List of Android TV devices\") [Android XR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_XR \"Android XR\") [ChromeOS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChromeOS \"ChromeOS\") [ChromeOS Flex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChromeOS_Flex \"ChromeOS Flex\") [ChromiumOS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChromiumOS \"ChromiumOS\") [Fuchsia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuchsia_\$operating_system\$ \"Fuchsia (operating system)\") *[Glass OS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glass_OS \"Glass OS\")* [gLinux](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GLinux \"GLinux\") *[Goobuntu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goobuntu \"Goobuntu\")* TV *[2010–2014](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_TV_\$2010%E2%80%932014\$ \"Google TV (2010–2014)\")* [2020–present](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_TV_\$interface\$ \"Google TV (interface)\") [Wear OS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wear_OS \"Wear OS\") |\n| Machine learning models | [BERT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BERT_\$language_model\$ \"BERT (language model)\") [Chinchilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinchilla_\$language_model\$ \"Chinchilla (language model)\") [DreamBooth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DreamBooth \"DreamBooth\") [Gemini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gemini_\$language_model\$ \"Gemini (language model)\") [Gemma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gemma_\$language_model\$ \"Gemma (language model)\") [Imagen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagen_\$text-to-image_model\$ \"Imagen (text-to-image model)\") (2023) [LaMDA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaMDA \"LaMDA\") [PaLM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PaLM \"PaLM\") [T5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T5_\$language_model\$ \"T5 (language model)\") [Veo (text-to-video model)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veo_\$text-to-video_model\$ \"Veo (text-to-video model)\") [VideoPoet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VideoPoet \"VideoPoet\") *[XLNet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XLNet \"XLNet\")* |\n| Neural networks | [EfficientNet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EfficientNet \"EfficientNet\") [Gato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gato_\$DeepMind\$ \"Gato (DeepMind)\") [Inception](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inception_\$deep_learning_architecture\$ \"Inception (deep learning architecture)\") [MobileNet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MobileNet \"MobileNet\") [Transformer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transformer_\$deep_learning_architecture\$ \"Transformer (deep learning architecture)\") [WaveNet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WaveNet \"WaveNet\") |\n| Computer programs | [AlphaDev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaDev \"AlphaDev\") [AlphaFold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaFold \"AlphaFold\") [AlphaGeometry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaGeometry \"AlphaGeometry\") [AlphaGo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaGo \"AlphaGo\") [AlphaGo Zero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaGo_Zero \"AlphaGo Zero\") [AlphaStar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaStar_\$software\$ \"AlphaStar (software)\") [AlphaZero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaZero \"AlphaZero\") [Master](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Master_\$software\$ \"Master (software)\") [MuZero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MuZero \"MuZero\") |\n| Formats and codecs | [AAB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_App_Bundle \"Android App Bundle\") [APK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apk_\$file_format\$ \"Apk (file format)\") [AV1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AV1 \"AV1\") [iLBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec \"Internet Low Bitrate Codec\") [iSAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec \"Internet Speech Audio Codec\") [libvpx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libvpx \"Libvpx\") [Lyra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyra_\$codec\$ \"Lyra (codec)\") [Protocol Buffers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protocol_Buffers \"Protocol Buffers\") [Ultra HDR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra_HDR \"Ultra HDR\") [VP3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VP3 \"VP3\") [VP6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VP6 \"VP6\") [VP8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VP8 \"VP8\") [VP9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VP9 \"VP9\") [WebM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WebM \"WebM\") [WebP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WebP \"WebP\") [WOFF2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_Open_Font_Format \"Web Open Font Format\") |\n| Programming languages | [Carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_\$programming_language\$ \"Carbon (programming language)\") [Dart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dart_\$programming_language\$ \"Dart (programming language)\") [Go](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Go_\$programming_language\$ \"Go (programming language)\") *[Sawzall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sawzall_\$programming_language\$ \"Sawzall (programming language)\")* |\n| Search algorithms | [Googlebot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googlebot \"Googlebot\") [Hummingbird](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Hummingbird \"Google Hummingbird\") [Mobilegeddon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobilegeddon \"Mobilegeddon\") [PageRank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PageRank \"PageRank\") [matrix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_matrix \"Google matrix\") [Panda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Panda \"Google Panda\") [Penguin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Penguin \"Google Penguin\") [Pigeon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pigeon \"Google Pigeon\") [RankBrain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RankBrain \"RankBrain\") |\n| [Domain names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Google_domain_names \"Category:Google domain names\") | [.app](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.app_\$top-level_domain\$ \".app (top-level domain)\") [.dev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.dev \".dev\") [.google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.google \".google\") [.zip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.zip_\$top-level_domain\$ \".zip (top-level domain)\") [g.co](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G.co \"G.co\") [google.by](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google.by \"Google.by\") |\n| Typefaces | [Croscore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croscore_fonts \"Croscore fonts\") [Noto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noto_fonts \"Noto fonts\") [Product Sans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Product_Sans \"Product Sans\") [Roboto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roboto \"Roboto\") |\n| [Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_products \"List of Google products\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| A | *[Aardvark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aardvark_\$search_engine\$ \"Aardvark (search engine)\")* [Account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Account \"Google Account\") [Dashboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Dashboard \"Google Dashboard\") [Takeout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Takeout \"Google Takeout\") [Ad Manager](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Ad_Manager \"Google Ad Manager\") [AdMob](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AdMob \"AdMob\") [Ads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Ads \"Google Ads\") [AdSense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_AdSense \"Google AdSense\") *[Affiliate Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Affiliate_Network \"Google Affiliate Network\")* [Alerts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Alerts \"Google Alerts\") *[Allo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Allo \"Google Allo\")* [Analytics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Analytics \"Google Analytics\") [Antigravity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Antigravity \"Google Antigravity\") [Android Auto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Auto \"Android Auto\") *[Android Beam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Beam \"Android Beam\")* *[Answers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Answers \"Google Answers\")* *[Apture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apture \"Apture\")* [Arts & Culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Arts_%26_Culture \"Google Arts & Culture\") [Assistant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Assistant \"Google Assistant\") *[Attribution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Attribution \"Google Attribution\")* [Authenticator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Authenticator \"Google Authenticator\") |\n| B | *[BebaPay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BebaPay \"BebaPay\")* *[BeatThatQuote.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BeatThatQuote.com \"BeatThatQuote.com\")* [Beam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Beam \"Google Beam\") *[Blog Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Blog_Search \"Google Blog Search\")* [Blogger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blogger_\$service\$ \"Blogger (service)\") *[Body](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZygoteBody \"ZygoteBody\")* *[Bookmarks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Bookmarks \"Google Bookmarks\")* [Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Books \"Google Books\") [Ngram Viewer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer \"Google Books Ngram Viewer\") *[Browser Sync](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Browser_Sync \"Google Browser Sync\")* *[Building Maker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Building_Maker \"Google Building Maker\")* *[Bump](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bump_\$application\$ \"Bump (application)\")* *[BumpTop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BumpTop \"BumpTop\")* *[Buzz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Buzz \"Google Buzz\")* |\n| C | [Calendar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Calendar \"Google Calendar\") [Cast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cast \"Google Cast\") *[Catalogs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Catalogs \"Google Catalogs\")* [Chat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chat \"Google Chat\") *[Checkout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Checkout \"Google Checkout\")* [Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome \"Google Chrome\") *[Chrome Apps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome_App \"Google Chrome App\")* [Chrome Experiments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome_Experiments \"Google Chrome Experiments\") [Chrome Remote Desktop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrome_Remote_Desktop \"Chrome Remote Desktop\") [Chrome Web Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrome_Web_Store \"Chrome Web Store\") [Classroom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Classroom \"Google Classroom\") *[Cloud Print](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Print \"Google Cloud Print\")* [Cloud Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Search \"Google Cloud Search\") [Contacts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Contacts \"Google Contacts\") *[Contributor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Contributor \"Google Contributor\")* [Crowdsource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crowdsource_\$app\$ \"Crowdsource (app)\") *[Currents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Currents_\$social_app\$ \"Google Currents (social app)\")* (social app) *[Currents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Currents_\$news_app\$ \"Google Currents (news app)\")* (news app) |\n| D | [Data Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Commons \"Data Commons\") [Dataset Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Dataset_Search \"Google Dataset Search\") *[Desktop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Desktop \"Google Desktop\")* [Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Dictionary \"Google Dictionary\") [Dinosaur Game](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dinosaur_Game \"Dinosaur Game\") *[Directory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Directory \"Google Directory\")* [Docs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Docs \"Google Docs\") [Docs Editors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Docs_Editors \"Google Docs Editors\") *[Domains](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Domains \"Google Domains\")* [Drawings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Drawings \"Google Drawings\") [Drive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Drive \"Google Drive\") *[Duo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Duo \"Google Duo\")* |\n| E | [Earth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Earth \"Google Earth\") [Etherpad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etherpad \"Etherpad\") *[Expeditions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Expeditions \"Google Expeditions\")* *[Express](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Express \"Google Express\")* |\n| F | [Family Link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Family_Link \"Google Family Link\") *[Fast Flip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Fast_Flip \"Google Fast Flip\")* [FeedBurner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FeedBurner \"FeedBurner\") *[fflick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fflick \"Fflick\")* [Fi Wireless](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Fi_Wireless \"Google Fi Wireless\") [Finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Finance \"Google Finance\") [Files](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Files_\$Google\$ \"Files (Google)\") [Find Hub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Find_Hub \"Find Hub\") [Fit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Fit \"Google Fit\") [Flights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Flights \"Google Flights\") *[Flu Trends](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Flu_Trends \"Google Flu Trends\")* [Fonts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Fonts \"Google Fonts\") [Forms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Forms \"Google Forms\") *[Friend Connect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Friend_Connect \"Google Friend Connect\")* *[Fusion Tables](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Fusion_Tables \"Google Fusion Tables\")* |\n| G | [Gboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gboard \"Gboard\") [Gemini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Gemini \"Google Gemini\") [Nano Banana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nano_Banana \"Nano Banana\") *[Gesture Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Gesture_Search \"Google Gesture Search\")* *[Gizmo5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gizmo5 \"Gizmo5\")* *[Google+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%2B \"Google+\")* [Gmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gmail \"Gmail\") *[Goggles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Goggles \"Google Goggles\")* *[GOOG-411](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GOOG-411 \"GOOG-411\")* *[Grasshopper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grasshopper_\$mobile_app\$ \"Grasshopper (mobile app)\")* [Groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Groups \"Google Groups\") |\n| H | *[Hangouts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Hangouts \"Google Hangouts\")* *[Helpouts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Helpouts \"Google Helpouts\")* [Home](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Home_\$platform\$ \"Google Home (platform)\") |\n| I | *[iGoogle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IGoogle \"IGoogle\")* [Images](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Images \"Google Images\") *[Image Labeler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Image_Labeler \"Google Image Labeler\")* *[Image Swirl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Image_Swirl \"Google Image Swirl\")* *[Inbox by Gmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inbox_by_Gmail \"Inbox by Gmail\")* [Input Tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Input_Tools \"Google Input Tools\") [Japanese Input](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Japanese_Input \"Google Japanese Input\") *[Pinyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pinyin \"Google Pinyin\")* *[Insights for Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Insights_for_Search \"Google Insights for Search\")* |\n| J | *[Jaiku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jaiku \"Jaiku\")* *[Jamboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamboard \"Jamboard\")* |\n| K | [Kaggle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaggle \"Kaggle\") [Keep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Keep \"Google Keep\") *[Knol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knol \"Knol\")* |\n| L | [Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Labs \"Google Labs\") *[Latitude](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Latitude \"Google Latitude\")* [Lens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Lens \"Google Lens\") *[Like.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Like.com \"Like.com\")* [Live Transcribe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_Transcribe \"Live Transcribe\") *[Lively](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Lively \"Google Lively\")* |\n| M | *[Map Maker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Map_Maker \"Google Map Maker\")* [Maps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Maps \"Google Maps\") *[Maps Navigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Maps_Navigation \"Google Maps Navigation\")* [Marketing Platform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Marketing_Platform \"Google Marketing Platform\") [Meet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Meet \"Google Meet\") [Messages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Messages \"Google Messages\") *[Moderator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Moderator \"Google Moderator\")* *[My Tracks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/My_Tracks \"My Tracks\")* |\n| N | *[Nearby Share](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nearby_Share \"Nearby Share\")* [News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News \"Google News\") *[News & Weather](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News_%26_Weather \"Google News & Weather\")* [News Archive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News_Archive \"Google News Archive\") *[Notebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Notebook \"Google Notebook\")* [NotebookLM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NotebookLM \"NotebookLM\") *[Now](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Now \"Google Now\")* |\n| O | *[Offers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Offers \"Google Offers\")* [One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_One \"Google One\") *[One Pass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_One_Pass \"Google One Pass\")* [Opinion Rewards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Opinion_Rewards \"Google Opinion Rewards\") *[Orkut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orkut \"Orkut\")* *[Oyster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oyster_\$company\$ \"Oyster (company)\")* |\n| P | *[Panoramio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panoramio \"Panoramio\")* *[PaperofRecord.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PaperofRecord.com \"PaperofRecord.com\")* [Patents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Patents \"Google Patents\") *[Page Creator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Page_Creator \"Google Page Creator\")* *[Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pay_\$mobile_app\$ \"Google Pay (mobile app)\")* (mobile app) [Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pay_\$payment_method\$ \"Google Pay (payment method)\") (payment method) *[Pay Send](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pay_Send \"Google Pay Send\")* [People Cards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People_Cards \"People Cards\") [Person Finder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Person_Finder \"Google Person Finder\") *[Personalized Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Personalized_Search \"Google Personalized Search\")* [Photomath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photomath \"Photomath\") [Photos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Photos \"Google Photos\") *[Picasa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Picasa \"Picasa\")* *[Picasa Web Albums](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Picasa_Web_Albums \"Picasa Web Albums\")* *[Picnik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Picnik \"Picnik\")* [Pixel Camera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Camera \"Pixel Camera\") [Play](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play \"Google Play\") [Play Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play_Books \"Google Play Books\") [Play Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play_Games \"Google Play Games\") *[Play Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play_Music \"Google Play Music\")* *[Play Newsstand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play_Newsstand \"Google Play Newsstand\")* [Play Pass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play_Pass \"Google Play Pass\") [Play Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play_Services \"Google Play Services\") *[Podcasts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Podcasts \"Google Podcasts\")* *[Poly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poly_\$website\$ \"Poly (website)\")* *[Postini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postini \"Postini\")* *[PostRank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PostRank \"PostRank\")* *[Primer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Primer \"Google Primer\")* [Public Alerts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Public_Alerts \"Google Public Alerts\") *[Public Data Explorer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Public_Data_Explorer \"Google Public Data Explorer\")* |\n| Q | [Question Hub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Question_Hub \"Google Question Hub\") [Quick, Draw\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quick,_Draw! \"Quick, Draw!\") *[Quick Search Box](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Quick_Search_Box \"Google Quick Search Box\")* [Quick Share](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quick_Share \"Quick Share\") *[Quickoffice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quickoffice \"Quickoffice\")* |\n| R | [Read Along](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Read_Along \"Read Along\") *[Reader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Reader \"Google Reader\")* *[Reply](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reply_\$Google\$ \"Reply (Google)\")* |\n| S | [Safe Browsing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Safe_Browsing \"Google Safe Browsing\") [SageTV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SageTV \"SageTV\") [Santa Tracker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Santa_Tracker \"Google Santa Tracker\") *[Schemer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Schemer \"Google Schemer\")* [Scholar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Scholar \"Google Scholar\") [Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Search \"Google Search\") [AI Overviews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AI_Overviews \"AI Overviews\") [Knowledge Graph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knowledge_Graph_\$Google\$ \"Knowledge Graph (Google)\") [SafeSearch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafeSearch \"SafeSearch\") *[Searchwiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_SearchWiki \"Google SearchWiki\")* [Sheets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Sheets \"Google Sheets\") *[Shoploop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shoploop \"Shoploop\")* [Shopping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Shopping \"Google Shopping\") *[Sidewiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Sidewiki \"Google Sidewiki\")* [Sites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Sites \"Google Sites\") [Slides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Slides \"Google Slides\") [Snapseed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snapseed \"Snapseed\") *[Socratic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socratic_\$Google\$ \"Socratic (Google)\")* *[Softcard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Softcard \"Softcard\")* *[Songza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songza \"Songza\")* [Sound Amplifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sound_Amplifier \"Sound Amplifier\") *[Spaces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Spaces \"Google Spaces\")* [Sparrow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sparrow_\$chatbot\$ \"Sparrow (chatbot)\") (chatbot) *[Sparrow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sparrow_\$email_client\$ \"Sparrow (email client)\")* (email client) [Speech Recognition & Synthesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speech_Recognition_%26_Synthesis \"Speech Recognition & Synthesis\") *[Squared](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Squared \"Google Squared\")* *[Stadia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Stadia \"Google Stadia\")* *[Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Station \"Google Station\")* [Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Store \"Google Store\") [Street View](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View \"Google Street View\") *[Surveys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Surveys \"Google Surveys\")* *[Sync](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Sync \"Google Sync\")* |\n| T | *[Tables](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tables_\$Google\$ \"Tables (Google)\")* *[Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Talk \"Google Talk\")* [TalkBack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TalkBack \"TalkBack\") [Tasks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Tasks \"Google Tasks\") [Tenor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenor_\$website\$ \"Tenor (website)\") *[Tez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tez_\$software\$ \"Tez (software)\")* *[Tilt Brush](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tilt_Brush \"Tilt Brush\")* *[Toolbar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Toolbar \"Google Toolbar\")* [Toontastic 3D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toontastic_3D \"Toontastic 3D\") [Translate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Translate \"Google Translate\") [Travel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Travel \"Google Travel\") *[Trendalyzer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trendalyzer \"Trendalyzer\")* [Trends](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Trends \"Google Trends\") [TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_TV_\$service\$ \"Google TV (service)\") |\n| U | *[URL Shortener](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_URL_Shortener \"Google URL Shortener\")* |\n| V | *[Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Video \"Google Video\")* [Vids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Vids \"Google Vids\") [Voice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Voice \"Google Voice\") [Voice Access](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voice_Access \"Voice Access\") [Voice Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Voice_Search \"Google Voice Search\") |\n| W | [Wallet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Wallet \"Google Wallet\") *[Wave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Wave \"Google Wave\")* [Waze](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waze \"Waze\") *[WDYL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WDYL_\$search_engine\$ \"WDYL (search engine)\")* *[Web Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Web_Light \"Google Web Light\")* [Where Is My Train](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Where_Is_My_Train \"Where Is My Train\") [Widevine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Widevine \"Widevine\") [Wiz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wiz,_Inc. \"Wiz, Inc.\") *[Word Lens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Word_Lens \"Word Lens\")* [Workspace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Workspace \"Google Workspace\") [Workspace Marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Workspace_Marketplace \"Google Workspace Marketplace\") |\n| Y | [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\") [YouTube Kids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Kids \"YouTube Kids\") [YouTube Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Music \"YouTube Music\") [YouTube Premium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Premium \"YouTube Premium\") [YouTube Shorts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Shorts \"YouTube Shorts\") [YouTube Studio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Studio \"YouTube Studio\") [YouTube TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_TV \"YouTube TV\") [YouTube VR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_VR \"YouTube VR\") |\n| Hardware |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Pixel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pixel \"Google Pixel\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Smartphones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_Google_Pixel_smartphones \"Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones\") | [Pixel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_\$1st_generation\$ \"Pixel (1st generation)\") (2016) [Pixel 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_2 \"Pixel 2\") (2017) [Pixel 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_3 \"Pixel 3\") (2018) [Pixel 3a](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_3a \"Pixel 3a\") (2019) [Pixel 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_4 \"Pixel 4\") (2019) [Pixel 4a](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_4a \"Pixel 4a\") (2020) [Pixel 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_5 \"Pixel 5\") (2020) [Pixel 5a](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_5a \"Pixel 5a\") (2021) [Pixel 6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_6 \"Pixel 6\") (2021) [Pixel 6a](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_6a \"Pixel 6a\") (2022) [Pixel 7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_7 \"Pixel 7\") (2022) [Pixel 7a](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_7a \"Pixel 7a\") (2023) [Pixel Fold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Fold \"Pixel Fold\") (2023) [Pixel 8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_8 \"Pixel 8\") (2023) [Pixel 8a](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_8a \"Pixel 8a\") (2024) [Pixel 9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_9 \"Pixel 9\") (2024) [Pixel 9 Pro Fold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold \"Pixel 9 Pro Fold\") (2024) [Pixel 9a](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_9a \"Pixel 9a\") (2025) [Pixel 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_10 \"Pixel 10\") (2025) [Pixel 10 Pro Fold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_10_Pro_Fold \"Pixel 10 Pro Fold\") (2025) |\n| Smartwatches | [Pixel Watch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Watch \"Pixel Watch\") (2022) [Pixel Watch 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Watch_2 \"Pixel Watch 2\") (2023) [Pixel Watch 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Watch_3 \"Pixel Watch 3\") (2024) [Pixel Watch 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Watch_4 \"Pixel Watch 4\") (2025) |\n| Tablets | [Pixel C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_C \"Pixel C\") (2015) [Pixel Slate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Slate \"Pixel Slate\") (2018) [Pixel Tablet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Tablet \"Pixel Tablet\") (2023) |\n| Laptops | [Chromebook Pixel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromebook_Pixel \"Chromebook Pixel\") (2013–2015) [Pixelbook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixelbook \"Pixelbook\") (2017) [Pixelbook Go](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixelbook_Go \"Pixelbook Go\") (2019) |\n| Other | [Pixel Buds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Buds \"Pixel Buds\") (2017–present) |\n| [Nexus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Nexus \"Google Nexus\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Smartphones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_smartphones \"Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones\") | [Nexus One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_One \"Nexus One\") (2010) [Nexus S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_S \"Nexus S\") (2010) [Galaxy Nexus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galaxy_Nexus \"Galaxy Nexus\") (2011) [Nexus 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_4 \"Nexus 4\") (2012) [Nexus 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_5 \"Nexus 5\") (2013) [Nexus 6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_6 \"Nexus 6\") (2014) [Nexus 5X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_5X \"Nexus 5X\") (2015) [Nexus 6P](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_6P \"Nexus 6P\") (2015) |\n| [Tablets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_tablets \"Comparison of Google Nexus tablets\") | [Nexus 7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_7_\$2012\$ \"Nexus 7 (2012)\") (2012) [Nexus 10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_10 \"Nexus 10\") (2012) [Nexus 7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_7_\$2013\$ \"Nexus 7 (2013)\") (2013) [Nexus 9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_9 \"Nexus 9\") (2014) |\n| Other | [Nexus Q](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_Q \"Nexus Q\") (2012) [Nexus Player](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nexus_Player \"Nexus Player\") (2014) |\n| Other | *[Android Dev Phone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_Dev_Phone \"Android Dev Phone\")* [Android One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_One \"Android One\") *[Cardboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cardboard \"Google Cardboard\")* [Chromebit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromebit \"Chromebit\") [Chromebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromebook \"Chromebook\") [Chromebox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromebox \"Chromebox\") [Chromecast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromecast \"Chromecast\") [Clips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Clips \"Google Clips\") [Daydream](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Daydream \"Google Daydream\") [Fitbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Fitbit_products \"List of Fitbit products\") [Glass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Glass \"Google Glass\") [Liftware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liftware \"Liftware\") [Liquid Galaxy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquid_Galaxy \"Liquid Galaxy\") [Nest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Nest \"Google Nest\") [smart speakers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Nest_\$smart_speakers\$ \"Google Nest (smart speakers)\") [Thermostat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nest_Thermostat \"Nest Thermostat\") [Wifi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nest_Wifi \"Nest Wifi\") *[Play Edition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices \"List of Google Play edition devices\")* *[Project Ara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Ara \"Project Ara\")* *[OnHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_OnHub \"Google OnHub\")* *[Pixel Visual Core](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixel_Visual_Core \"Pixel Visual Core\")* [Project Iris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Iris \"Project Iris\") *[Search Appliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Search_Appliance \"Google Search Appliance\")* [Sycamore processor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sycamore_processor \"Sycamore processor\") [Tensor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Tensor \"Google Tensor\") [Tensor Processing Unit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tensor_Processing_Unit \"Tensor Processing Unit\") [Titan Security Key](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titan_Security_Key \"Titan Security Key\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Google_litigation \"Template:Google litigation\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Google_litigation \"Template talk:Google litigation\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Google_litigation \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Google litigation\")[Litigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_litigation \"Google litigation\") |   |\n| Advertising | *[Feldman v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc. \"Feldman v. Google, Inc.\")* (2007) *[Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc. \"Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.\")* (2009) *[Goddard v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc. \"Goddard v. Google, Inc.\")* (2009) *[Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc. \"Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.\")* (2012) *[Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc. \"Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.\")* (2017) [Jedi Blue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jedi_Blue \"Jedi Blue\") |\n| Antitrust | [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union \"Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union\") (2010–present) *[United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation \"High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation\")* (2011) *[Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors. \"Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.\")* (2019) *[United States v. Google LLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\$2020\$ \"United States v. Google LLC (2020)\")* (2020) *[Epic Games v. Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epic_Games_v._Google \"Epic Games v. Google\")* (2021) *[United States v. Google LLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\$2023\$ \"United States v. Google LLC (2023)\")* (2023) |\n| Intellectual property | *[Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc. \"Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.\")* (2007) *[Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viacom_International,_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc. \"Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.\")* (2010) *[Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp. \"Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.\")*(2015) *[Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc. \"Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.\")* (2015) *[Field v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Field_v._Google,_Inc. \"Field v. Google, Inc.\")* (2016) *[Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc. \"Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.\")* (2021) [Smartphone patent wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smartphone_patent_wars \"Smartphone patent wars\") |\n| Privacy | *[Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc. \"Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.\")* (2009) *[Hibnick v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc. \"Hibnick v. Google, Inc.\")* (2010) *[United States v. Google Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_v._Google_Inc. \"United States v. Google Inc.\")* (2012) [Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function \"Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function\") (2013) *[Joffe v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc. \"Joffe v. Google, Inc.\")* (2013) *[Mosley v SARL Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosley_v_SARL_Google \"Mosley v SARL Google\")* (2013) *[Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González\")* (2014) *[Frank v. Gaos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_v._Gaos \"Frank v. Gaos\")* (2019) |\n| Other | *[Garcia v. Google, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc. \"Garcia v. Google, Inc.\")* (2015) *[Google LLC v Defteros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_LLC_v_Defteros \"Google LLC v Defteros\")* (2020) *[Gonzalez v. Google LLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC \"Gonzalez v. Google LLC\")* (2022) |\n| Related |   |\n|   |   |\n| Concepts | [Beauty YouTuber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beauty_YouTuber \"Beauty YouTuber\") [BookTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BookTube \"BookTube\") [BreadTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BreadTube \"BreadTube\") \"[Don't be evil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don%27t_be_evil \"Don't be evil\")\" [Gayglers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gayglers \"Gayglers\") [*Google* as a verb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_\$verb\$ \"Google (verb)\") [Google bombing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_bombing \"Google bombing\") [2004 U.S. presidential election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_Google_bombs_in_the_2004_U.S._presidential_election \"Political Google bombs in the 2004 U.S. presidential election\") [Google effect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_effect \"Google effect\") [Googlefight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googlefight \"Googlefight\") [Google hacking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_hacking \"Google hacking\") [Googleshare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googleshare \"Googleshare\") [Google tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_tax \"Google tax\") [Googlewhack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googlewhack \"Googlewhack\") [Googlization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googlization \"Googlization\") [Illegal flower tribute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illegal_flower_tribute \"Illegal flower tribute\") [Objectives and key results](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Objectives_and_key_results \"Objectives and key results\") [Rooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rooting_\$Android\$ \"Rooting (Android)\") [Search engine manipulation effect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_engine_manipulation_effect \"Search engine manipulation effect\") [Side project time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Side_project_time \"Side project time\") [Sitelink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sitelink \"Sitelink\") [Site reliability engineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Site_reliability_engineering \"Site reliability engineering\") [StudyTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/StudyTube \"StudyTube\") [VTuber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VTuber \"VTuber\") [YouTube Poop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_Poop \"YouTube Poop\") [YouTuber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTuber \"YouTuber\") [list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_YouTubers \"List of YouTubers\") |\n| Products |   |\n|   |   |\n| Android | [Booting process](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booting_process_of_Android_devices \"Booting process of Android devices\") [Custom distributions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_custom_Android_distributions \"List of custom Android distributions\") [Features](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_features_in_Android \"List of features in Android\") [Recovery mode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_recovery_mode \"Android recovery mode\") [Software development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Android_software_development \"Android software development\") |\n| [Street View coverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_coverage \"Google Street View coverage\") | [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Africa \"Google Street View in Africa\") [Antarctica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Antarctica \"Google Street View in Antarctica\") [Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Asia \"Google Street View in Asia\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Israel \"Google Street View in Israel\") [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Europe \"Google Street View in Europe\") [North America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_North_America \"Google Street View in North America\") [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Canada \"Google Street View in Canada\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_the_United_States \"Google Street View in the United States\") [Oceania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Oceania \"Google Street View in Oceania\") [South America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_South_America \"Google Street View in South America\") [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Argentina \"Google Street View in Argentina\") [Chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Chile \"Google Street View in Chile\") [Colombia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Street_View_in_Colombia \"Google Street View in Colombia\") |\n| YouTube | [Copyright strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_copyright_strike \"YouTube copyright strike\") [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_in_education \"YouTube in education\") [Features](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_YouTube_features \"List of YouTube features\") [Moderation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_moderation \"YouTube moderation\") [Most-disliked videos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos \"List of most-disliked YouTube videos\") [Most-liked videos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos \"List of most-liked YouTube videos\") [Most-subscribed channels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels \"List of most-subscribed YouTube channels\") [Most-viewed channels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels \"List of most-viewed YouTube channels\") [Most-viewed videos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos \"List of most-viewed YouTube videos\") [Official channel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_\$YouTube_channel\$ \"YouTube (YouTube channel)\") [Social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_YouTube \"Social impact of YouTube\") [YouTube Premium original programming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming \"List of YouTube Premium original programming\") |\n| Other | [Gmail interface](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gmail_interface \"Gmail interface\") [Maps pin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Maps_pin \"Google Maps pin\") [Most downloaded Google Play applications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications \"List of most-downloaded Google Play applications\") [Stadia games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Stadia_games \"List of Stadia games\") |\n| [Documentaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Documentary_films_about_Google \"Category:Documentary films about Google\") | *[AlphaGo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AlphaGo_\$film\$ \"AlphaGo (film)\")* *[Google: Behind the Screen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Behind_the_Screen \"Google Behind the Screen\")* *[Google Maps Road Trip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Maps_Road_Trip \"Google Maps Road Trip\")* *[Google and the World Brain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_and_the_World_Brain \"Google and the World Brain\")* *[The Creepy Line](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Creepy_Line \"The Creepy Line\")* |\n| [Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Books_about_Google \"Category:Books about Google\") | *[Google Hacks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Hacks \"Google Hacks\")* *[The Google Story](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Google_Story \"The Google Story\")* *[Googled: The End of the World as We Know It](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googled:_The_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It \"Googled: The End of the World as We Know It\")* *[How Google Works](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/How_Google_Works \"How Google Works\")* *[I'm Feeling Lucky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I%27m_Feeling_Lucky_\$book\$ \"I'm Feeling Lucky (book)\")* *[In the Plex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_the_Plex \"In the Plex\")* *[The MANIAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_MANIAC \"The MANIAC\")* |\n| Popular culture | *[Google Feud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Feud \"Google Feud\")* *[Google Me](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Me_\$film\$ \"Google Me (film)\")* (film) \"[Google Me](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Me_\$Kim_Zolciak_song\$ \"Google Me (Kim Zolciak song)\")\" (Kim Zolciak song) \"[Google Me](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Me_\$Teyana_Taylor_song\$ \"Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)\")\" (Teyana Taylor song) *[Is Google Making Us Stupid?](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F \"Is Google Making Us Stupid?\")* *[Proceratium google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proceratium_google \"Proceratium google\")* *[Matt Nathanson: Live at Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matt_Nathanson:_Live_at_Google \"Matt Nathanson: Live at Google\")* *[The Billion Dollar Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Billion_Dollar_Code \"The Billion Dollar Code\")* *[The Internship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Internship \"The Internship\")* *[Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Where_on_Google_Earth_is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F \"Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?\")* |\n| Other | \"[Attention Is All You Need](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attention_Is_All_You_Need \"Attention Is All You Need\")\" [elgooG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ElgooG \"ElgooG\") [Generative pre-trained transformer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generative_pre-trained_transformer \"Generative pre-trained transformer\") \"[Me at the zoo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Me_at_the_zoo \"Me at the zoo\")\" [Predictions of the end](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Google \"Predictions of the end of Google\") [Relationship with Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia \"Relationship between Google and Wikipedia\") \"[Reunion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reunion_\$advertisement\$ \"Reunion (advertisement)\")\" [Robot Constitution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robot_Constitution \"Robot Constitution\") |\n| *Italics* denote [discontinued products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services \"List of Google products\"). ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Google \"Category:Google\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Global_thinking.svg\/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png) [Outline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_Google \"Outline of Google\") |   |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&oldid=1349105215>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [History of Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:History_of_Google \"Category:History of Google\")\n- [History of Silicon Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:History_of_Silicon_Valley \"Category:History of Silicon Valley\")\n- [History of the Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:History_of_the_Internet \"Category:History of the Internet\")\n- [History of companies of the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:History_of_companies_of_the_United_States \"Category:History of companies of the United States\")\n- [History of computer 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nHistory of Google\n\n13 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google)","attrs_readable_markdown":"[Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google \"Google\") was officially launched in 1998 by [Larry Page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\") and [Sergey Brin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Brin \"Sergey Brin\") to market [Google Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Search \"Google Search\"), which has become the most used [web-based search engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_search_engine \"Web search engine\"). Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students at [Stanford University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") in California, developed a [search algorithm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_algorithm \"Search algorithm\") first (1996) known as \"BackRub\", with the help of [Scott Hassan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_Hassan \"Scott Hassan\") and Alan Steremberg. The search engine soon proved successful, and the expanding company moved several times, finally settling at [Mountain View](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California \"Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California\") in 2003. This marked a phase of rapid growth, with the company making its [initial public offering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") in 2004 and quickly becoming one of the world's largest media companies. The company launched [Google News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News \"Google News\") in 2002, [Gmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gmail \"Gmail\") in 2004, [Google Maps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Maps \"Google Maps\") in 2005, [Google Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome \"Google Chrome\") in 2008, and the [social network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_network \"Social network\") known as [Google+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%2B \"Google+\") in 2011 (which was shut down in April 2019), in addition to [many other products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_products \"List of Google products\"). The company set up a charitable offshoot, [Google.org](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google.org \"Google.org\"), in 2005. In 2015, Google became the main subsidiary of the holding company [Alphabet Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\")\n\nThe search engine has gone through many updates in attempts to eradicate [search engine optimization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_engine_optimization \"Search engine optimization\").\n\nThe name Google is a misspelling of [Googol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googol \"Googol\")! The number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0a\/Google_page_brin.jpg\/250px-Google_page_brin.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Google_page_brin.jpg)\n\nLarry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg\/250px-The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg)\n\nThe first Google computer at Stanford was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from [LEGO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lego \"Lego\") knock off bricks called [Mega Bricks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mega_Brands \"Mega Brands\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-1)\\[*[failed verification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\nGoogle has its origins in \"**BackRub**\", a research project started in 1996 by [Larry Page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\") and [Sergey Brin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Brin \"Sergey Brin\") when they were both PhD students at [Stanford University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") in [Stanford, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford,_California \"Stanford, California\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The project initially involved an unofficial \"third founder\", lead programmer [Scott Hassan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_Hassan \"Scott Hassan\"), who left before Google was officially founded as a company.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-4)\n\nWhile finding a topic for his doctoral thesis in 1995, Page considered exploring the mathematical properties of the [World Wide Web](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Wide_Web \"World Wide Web\") by understanding its link structure as a huge [graph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graph_\$discrete_mathematics\$ \"Graph (discrete mathematics)\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) His supervisor, [Terry Winograd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terry_Winograd \"Terry Winograd\"), encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as \"the best advice I ever got\"[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-6)). Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, comparing the importance of tracking such [backlinks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backlink \"Backlink\") to the role of [citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citation \"Citation\") in [academic publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Academic_publishing \"Academic publishing\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3)\n\nThe research project was nicknamed \"BackRub\", and it was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a [National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NSF-GRF \"NSF-GRF\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7) The two had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to give a tour around the campus and nearby San Francisco.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Both Brin and Page were working on the [Stanford Digital Library Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_Digital_Library_Project \"Stanford Digital Library Project\") (SDLP), whose goal was \"to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library\". The SDLP was funded through U.S. federal agencies including the [National Science Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-10) Brin and Page also received funding from Massive Digital Data Systems (MDDS), a program by the [Central Intelligence Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") (CIA) and the [National Security Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Security_Agency \"National Security Agency\") (NSA) to fund the improvement of [intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelligence_\$information\$ \"Intelligence (information)\") databases on the disorganized World Wide Web.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-11)\n\nPage's [web crawler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_crawler \"Web crawler\") began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Brin and Page developed the [PageRank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PageRank \"PageRank\") algorithm to convert the backlink data they gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) The pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing search engines, which ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-12)\n\nConvinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies and laid the foundation for their search engine.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-13) The first version of Google was released in August 1996 on the Stanford website and used nearly half of Stanford's entire network bandwidth.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-14)\n\n> Some Rough Statistics (from August 29, 1996)\n> \n> Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million\n> \n> Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes\n> \n> ...\n> \n> BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks.\n\nScott Hassan and Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-backrub1996-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-16) [Rajeev Motwani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rajeev_Motwani \"Rajeev Motwani\") and [Terry Winograd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terry_Winograd \"Terry Winograd\") later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. [Héctor García-Molina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina \"Héctor García-Molina\") and [Jeff Ullman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Ullman \"Jeff Ullman\") were also cited as contributors to the project.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17)\n\nPageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for [RankDex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RankDex \"RankDex\"), developed by [Robin Li](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robin_Li \"Robin Li\") in 1996. Larry Page's patent for PageRank filed in 1998 includes a citation to Li's earlier patent. Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine [Baidu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baidu \"Baidu\") in 2000.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-18)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-20)\n\nOriginally the search engine used Stanford's website with the domains *google.stanford.edu*[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-21) and *z.stanford.edu*.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-22) The domain *google.com* was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, *Google*, on September 4, 1998, in their friend [Susan Wojcicki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susan_Wojcicki \"Susan Wojcicki\")'s garage in [Menlo Park, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menlo_Park,_California \"Menlo Park, California\"). Wojcicki eventually became an executive at Google and CEO at [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\"). Page invited [Craig Nevill-Manning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Craig_Nevill-Manning \"Craig Nevill-Manning\"), whom he had met while Nevill-Manning was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford, to join Google. Nevill-Manning declined and joined years later.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-nzherald-23)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg\/250px-Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)\n\nThe first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant.\n\nBoth Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an \"advertising funded search engines\" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-24)\n\nBy the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25) The home page was still marked \"[BETA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_test \"Beta test\")\", but an article in [Salon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salon.com \"Salon.com\") already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like [Hotbot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hotbot \"Hotbot\") or [Excite.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excite.com \"Excite.com\"), and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded [portal sites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_portal \"Web portal\") (like [Yahoo\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo! \"Yahoo!\"), Excite.com, [Lycos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lycos \"Lycos\"), Netscape's [Netcenter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netscape \"Netscape\"), [AOL.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL.com \"AOL.com\"), [Go.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Go.com \"Go.com\") and [MSN.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSN.com \"MSN.com\")) which, during the growing [dot-com bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dot-com_bubble \"Dot-com bubble\"), were seen as \"the future of the Web\", especially by stock market investors.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25)\n\nEarly in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to [Excite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excite_\$web_portal\$ \"Excite (web portal)\"). They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for \\$1 million. He rejected the offer. [Vinod Khosla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vinod_Khosla \"Vinod Khosla\"), one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo down to \\$750,000, but Bell still rejected it.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-26)\n\nIn March 1999, the company moved into offices at [165 University Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/165_University_Avenue \"165 University Avenue\") in [Palo Alto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palo_Alto,_California \"Palo Alto, California\"), home to several other noted [Silicon Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\") technology startups.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-165univave-27) After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in [Mountain View](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California \"Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California\") at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from [Silicon Graphics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silicon_Graphics \"Silicon Graphics\") (SGI) in 2003.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-sgibldg-28) The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the [Googleplex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googleplex \"Googleplex\") (a play on the word [googolplex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googolplex \"Googolplex\"), a number that is equal to 1 followed by a [googol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googol \"Googol\") of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US\\$319 million.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-googleplexpurchase-29)\n\nThe Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-simpledesign-30) In 2000, Google began selling [advertisements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Advertising \"Advertising\") associated with search [keywords](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyword_\$internet_search\$ \"Keyword (internet search)\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at \\$.05 per click.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by [Goto.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goto.com \"Goto.com\"), an Idealab spin-off created by [Bill Gross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bill_T._Gross \"Bill T. Gross\").[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong2-31)[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p2-32) When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by [Yahoo\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo! \"Yahoo!\") and renamed [Yahoo! Search Marketing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing \"Yahoo! Search Marketing\"). The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-33)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong-34)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-glaser-36) While many of its [dot-com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dot-com_company \"Dot-com company\") rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2)\n\nGoogle's declared [code of conduct](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Code_of_conduct \"Code of conduct\") is \"[Don't be evil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don%27t_be_evil \"Don't be evil\")\", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their [prospectus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prospectus_\$finance\$ \"Prospectus (finance)\") (aka \"S-1\") for their 2004 [IPO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\"), noting that \"We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains.\"[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-37)\n\nIn February 2003, Google acquired [Pyra Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyra_Labs \"Pyra Labs\"), owner of the Blogger website. The acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine [Google News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_News \"Google News\").\n\nIn February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost Google some [market share](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Market_share \"Market share\"), yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness. The verb \"[to google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_\$verb\$ \"Google (verb)\")\" has entered a number of languages (first as a [slang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slang \"Slang\") verb and now as a standard word), meaning \"to perform a web search\" (a possible indication of \"Google\" becoming a [genericized trademark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genericized_trademark \"Genericized trademark\")).[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-38)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/75\/Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG\/250px-Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG)\n\nThe relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo\n\nAfter the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004, the number of [shares outstanding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shares_outstanding \"Shares outstanding\") was 172.85 million while the \"[free float](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Float_\$finance\$ \"Float (finance)\")\" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). Google has a dual-class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page said in the [prospectus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prospectus_\$finance\$ \"Prospectus (finance)\") that Google has \"a dual-class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me.\"[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-39)\n\nIn June 2005, Google was valued at nearly \\$52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-40)\n\nOn August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as [π](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pi \"Pi\") ≈ 3.14159265) more shares of its stock to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to \\$7 billion. Google said it would use the money for \"acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets\".[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-41)\n\nWith Google's increased size came more competition from large mainstream technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-42) Microsoft had been touting its [Bing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bing_\$search_engine\$ \"Bing (search engine)\") search engine to counter Google's competitive position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as [webmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web-based_email \"Web-based email\") (Gmail vs. [Hotmail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hotmail \"Hotmail\")), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's [Windows Live Local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windows_Live_Local \"Windows Live Local\") competes with [Google Earth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Earth \"Google Earth\")). In addition to an [Internet Explorer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Explorer \"Internet Explorer\") replacement, Google designed its own [Linux](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linux \"Linux\")\\-based [operating system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operating_system \"Operating system\") called [ChromeOS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChromeOS \"ChromeOS\") to directly compete with [Microsoft Windows](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"). There were also rumors of a Google [web browser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_browser \"Web browser\"), fueled much by the fact that Google was the owner of the [domain name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domain_name \"Domain name\") \"gbrowser.com\".\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] These were later proven when Google released [Google Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome \"Google Chrome\"). This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when [Kai-Fu Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kai-Fu_Lee \"Kai-Fu Lee\"), a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's [non-compete contract](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-compete_clause \"Non-compete clause\") (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\")). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-43)\n\n[Click fraud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Click_fraud \"Click fraud\") also became a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that \"something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model.\"[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-44)\n\nWhile the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has experimented with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company [dMarc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DMarc \"DMarc\"), which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-45) Google also began an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the *[Chicago Sun-Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")*.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-46)\n\nDuring the third quarter of 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, \"We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build.\"\n\nAfter months of speculation, Google was added to the [Standard & Poor's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_%26_Poor%27s \"Standard & Poor's\") 500 index (S\\&P 500) on March 31, 2006.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-47) Google replaced [Burlington Resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burlington_Resources \"Burlington Resources\"), a major oil producer based in [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston,_Texas \"Houston, Texas\") that had been acquired by [ConocoPhillips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ConocoPhillips \"ConocoPhillips\").[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-48) The day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-49)\n\nIn 2008, Google launched [Knol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knol \"Knol\"), their own equivalent of Wikipedia,[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Death-50) which failed four years later.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-knol-death-51)\n\nAlthough Google was already deriving the vast majority of its income from advertising at the time of its 2004 IPO,[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-52) it did not use any [HTTP cookie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HTTP_cookie \"HTTP cookie\")\\-based [web tracking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_tracking \"Web tracking\") until 2007.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) By 2006, Google's Ad revenue was already facing signs of decline, as \"a growing number of advertisers were refusing to buy display ads from Google.\"[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) The [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") led Google to institute a hiring freeze.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53)\n\nIn 2007, Google agreed to buy [DoubleClick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DoubleClick \"DoubleClick\") for \\$3.1 billion, marking the start of its use of cookie-based tracking.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) Even with the purchase, Google only ended up with a 3% revenue in the second quarter of 2009, in the depth of the recession.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-54)\n\nGoogle initially separated the browsing habits collected from AD tracking from data collected by its other services by default. Google removed this last layer of protection in 2016, making its tracking personally-identifiable.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-55)\n\nIn 2011, the company launched [Google+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google%2B \"Google+\"), its fourth foray into social networking, following [Google Buzz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Buzz \"Google Buzz\") (launched 2010, retired in 2011), [Google Friend Connect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Friend_Connect \"Google Friend Connect\") (launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012), and [Orkut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orkut \"Orkut\") (launched in 2004, retired in September 2014[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-56))\n\nAs of November 2014, Google operated over 70 offices in more than 41 countries.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-57)\n\nIn 2015, Google reorganized its interests as a holding company, [Alphabet Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\"), with Google as its leading subsidiary. Google continued to serve as the umbrella for Alphabet's Internet interests.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-58)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-59)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-60) On September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a [limited liability company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Limited_liability_company \"Limited liability company\"), Google LLC, as a wholly owned subsidiary of [XXVI Holdings, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XXVI_Holdings,_Inc. \"XXVI Holdings, Inc.\"), which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-61)\n\nBetween 2018 and 2019, [tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_worker_organization \"Google worker organization\") as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, [Dragonfly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dragonfly_\$search_engine\$ \"Dragonfly (search engine)\"), a censored Chinese search engine, and [Project Maven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Maven \"Project Maven\"), a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-62)[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-63) On 25 October 2018, *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* published an exposé, \"How Google Protected [Andy Rubin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Rubin \"Andy Rubin\"), the 'Father of Android'\". The company subsequently announced that \"48 employees have been fired over the last two years\" for sexual misconduct.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-64) On 1 November 2018, Google employees staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints, including the [golden parachute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden_parachute \"Golden parachute\") exit of former executive [Andy Rubin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Rubin \"Andy Rubin\");[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-65) more than 20,000 employees and contractors participated.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-66) CEO [Sundar Pichai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sundar_Pichai \"Sundar Pichai\") was reported to be in support of the protests.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-67)\n\nOn March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a [cloud gaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_gaming \"Cloud gaming\") platform called [Google Stadia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Stadia \"Google Stadia\").[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-unveils-68)\n\nOn June 3, 2019, the [United States Department of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") reported that it would investigate Google for [antitrust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antitrust \"Antitrust\") violations.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-69) This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the [search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_search_engine \"Web search engine\") and [search advertising](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_advertising \"Search advertising\") markets.[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-70)\n\nIn December 2019, former [PayPal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PayPal \"PayPal\") [chief operating officer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_operating_officer \"Chief operating officer\") [Bill Ready](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bill_Ready \"Bill Ready\") became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with [Google Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Pay_\$2018%E2%80%932022\$ \"Google Pay (2018–2022)\").[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-71)\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg\/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(April 2023)* |\n\nIn April 2020, Google announced several cost-cutting measures due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-72)\n\nGoogle and Apple collaborated on the development of smartphone-based contact tracing solutions to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Prominent examples of government initiatives in this field include Singapore's TraceTogether and Australia's COVID Safe apps. TraceTogether was notably the first national Bluetooth contact tracing app to be launched globally, debuting in March 2020.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-73)\n\nThe [2020 Google services outages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Google_services_outages \"2020 Google services outages\") disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-74)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-75)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-76)\n\nIn January 2021, the [Australian Government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\") proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-77)\n\nIn March 2021, Google reportedly paid \\$20 million for [Ubisoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ubisoft \"Ubisoft\") ports on [Google Stadia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Stadia \"Google Stadia\").[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-78) Google spent \"tens of millions of dollars\" on getting major publishers such as [Ubisoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ubisoft \"Ubisoft\") and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn April 2021, *[The Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* reported that Google ran a years-long program called 'Project Bernanke' that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-79)\n\nIn June 2023, Google stated it would remove Canadian news links from its services throughout the country due to [legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_News_Act \"Online News Act\") from the [Canadian government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canadian_government \"Canadian government\") (Bill C-11) that would require Google and other online platforms such as Facebook to pay for news articles being shown on their platforms.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-81)\n\nIn September 2024, Google and its parent company [Alphabet Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\") were fined 2.42 billion euros by the [European Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Commission \"European Commission\") for an antitrust case surrounding Google's shopping service. The decision was later upheld by both the [General Court (European Union)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Court_\$European_Union\$ \"General Court (European Union)\") and the [European Court of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\").[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-europeanshopping-82)\n\nIn October 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) formally proposed a range of structural and behavioral remedies against Google, including the potential break-up of the company. These proposals explored banning default search placement payments, regulating the use of artificial intelligence in search results, mandating licensing of Google’s search data to competitors, and requiring increased transparency in online ad pricing.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-APNews2024-83)[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Politico2024-84)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Barrons2024-85)\n\nIn November 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) urged a federal court to impose significant changes on Google to address its monopoly in online search. The proposed measures included forcing Google to sell its Chrome browser, sharing data and search results with competitors, and implementing various other restrictions. The DoJ also sought to prohibit Google from re-entering the browser market for five years, selling its Android OS if needed, and halting investments in rival search engines or AI. It also pushed to end exclusive deals where Google paid device makers like Apple to set its search engine as the default. Google called these measures excessive and harmful for consumers, vowing to appeal and a trial was set for April 2025.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-86)\n\nIn December 2024, Google responded with a counter‑proposal advocating for a narrower, three‑year ban on exclusive default search engine deals, including its long-standing arrangement with Apple. Rather than accepting divestitures of Chrome or Android, Google offered increased flexibility for browser developers and annual renegotiation of default search engine status. Privacy-focused competitors like DuckDuckGo criticized this as inadequate and insufficient to restore market competition. Both parties were expected to submit final remedy proposals ahead of the scheduled remedies trial in April 2025.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeDec2024-87)\n\nIn early February 2025, Google announced it was ending its targets for minority recruitment and reevaluating other [diversity, equity, and inclusion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion \"Diversity, equity, and inclusion\") efforts.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-88)\n\nIn April 2025, the remedies trial commenced in Washington, D.C. before Judge Amit P. Mehta. The DOJ argued for substantial structural reforms and ongoing oversight, while Google maintained that such measures were excessive and would hinder innovation in the digital and AI sectors.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeApr2025-89)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-BarronsApr2025-90)\n\nIn September 2025, Mehta ruled that Google would not be required to divest of [Chrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Chrome \"Google Chrome\") or Android, but could no longer include [search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Search \"Google Search\") in exclusive contracts. Mehta also ruled that Google would be required to share certain [search index](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_engine_indexing \"Search engine indexing\") and user interaction data with competitors.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-91)\n\nIn April 2026, Alphabet Google's parent company announced a \\$180 billion spending plan for the company for AI infrastructure, data centers, and servers. Mainly for the development of Google's AI [Gemini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Gemini \"Google Gemini\").\n\n## Financing and initial public offering\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Financing and initial public offering\")\\]\n\nThe first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US\\$100,000 contribution from [Andy Bechtolsheim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Bechtolsheim \"Andy Bechtolsheim\"), co-founder of [Sun Microsystems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\"), given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92)\n\nOn June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling \\$25 million was announced,[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-93) the major investors being rival venture capital firms [Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kleiner,_Perkins,_Caufield_%26_Byers \"Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers\") and [Sequoia Capital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequoia_Capital \"Sequoia Capital\").[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92) While Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google.\n\nFollowing the closing of the \\$25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO. Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired [Eric Schmidt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eric_Schmidt \"Eric Schmidt\") as Google's first CEO in August 2001.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-94)\n\nIn October 2003, while discussing a possible [initial public offering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") of shares (IPO), [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") approached the company about a possible partnership or [merger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mergers_and_acquisitions \"Mergers and acquisitions\").[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-95) The deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of [Morgan Stanley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morgan_Stanley \"Morgan Stanley\") and [Goldman Sachs Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldman_Sachs_Group \"Goldman Sachs Group\") to arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as \\$4 billion.\n\nGoogle's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-96) A total of 19,605,052 [shares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_stock \"Capital stock\") were offered at a price of \\$85 per share.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-IPO-97) Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as [√2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_root_of_two \"Square root of two\") ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US\\$1.67 billion, and gave Google a [market capitalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Market_capitalization \"Market capitalization\") of more than \\$23 billion.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-washpost-98) Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 2.7 million shares of Google.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-yahooshares-99)\n\nFollowing the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their [base salary be cut to \\$1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One-dollar_salary \"One-dollar salary\"). Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made \\$250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of \\$150,000.[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-100)\n\nThere were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-101) As a reply to this concern, co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-102)\n\nThe company was listed on the [NASDAQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASDAQ \"NASDAQ\") stock exchange under the [ticker symbol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ticker_symbol \"Ticker symbol\") **GOOG**. When Alphabet was created as Google's parent company, it retained Google's stock price history and ticker symbol.\n\nThe name \"Google\" originated from a misspelling of \"[googol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googol \"Googol\")\",[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-103)[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their first paper on [PageRank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PageRank \"PageRank\"):[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17) \"We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines.\"\n\nThere are uses of the name going back at least as far as the creation of the [comic strip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comic_strip \"Comic strip\") character [Barney Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barney_Google_and_Snuffy_Smith \"Barney Google and Snuffy Smith\") in 1919. British children's author [Enid Blyton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enid_Blyton \"Enid Blyton\") used the phrase \"Google Bun\" in *[The Magic Faraway Tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Magic_Faraway_Tree_\$novel\$ \"The Magic Faraway Tree (novel)\")* (published 1941) and *[The Folk of the Faraway Tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Faraway_Tree#The_Folk_of_the_Faraway_Tree \"The Faraway Tree\")* (published 1946),[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-105) and called a clown character \"Google\" in *[Circus Days Again](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Circus_Series \"The Circus Series\")* (published 1942).[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-106) In April 1953 *[Clifford D Simak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clifford_D._Simak_bibliography \"Clifford D. Simak bibliography\")*s short story \"Retrograde Evolution\" was published in *[Science Fiction Plus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_Fiction_Plus \"Science Fiction Plus\")* magazine wherein an alien race called \"Googles\" evolves from savages to geniuses overnight. There is also the [Googleplex Star Thinker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Googleplex_Star_Thinker \"Googleplex Star Thinker\") from [Douglas Adams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Douglas_Adams \"Douglas Adams\")' *[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\")*. Hank McCoy, The Beast, uses the word (spelled Google) in Uncanny X-Men \\#308. In March 1996, a business called Groove Track Productions applied for a United States trademark for \"Google\" for various products including several categories of clothing, stuffed toys, board games, and candy. The firm abandoned its application in July 1997.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-107)\n\nHaving found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb \"[google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_\$verb\$ \"Google (verb)\")\" was added to the *[Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merriam-Webster \"Merriam-Webster\")* and the *Oxford English Dictionary* in 2006, meaning \"to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet.\"[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-108)[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-109) The use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) The first use of \"Google\" as a verb in [pop culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pop_culture \"Pop culture\") happened on the TV series *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")*, in 2002.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-110) In November 2009, the [Global Language Monitor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Language_Monitor \"Global Language Monitor\") named \"Google\" No. 7 on its Top Words of the Decade list.[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-111) In December 2009 the [BBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC \"BBC\") highlighted Google in their \"Portrait of the Decade (Words)\" series.[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-112) In May 2012, David Elliott filed a complaint against Google, Inc. claiming that Google's once distinctive mark GOOGLE® has become generic and lacks trademark significance due to its common use as a transitive verb. After losing to Google in [UDRP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UDRP \"UDRP\") proceedings involving many \"Google-related\" domain name registrations that he owns, Elliott later sought a declaratory judgment that his domain names are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since \"Google\" is now a common generic word worldwide that means \"to search the internet.\"[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-113)\n\nGoogle has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services. On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) R\\&D center at NASA's [Ames Research Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ames_Research_Center \"Ames Research Center\"). NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, [bio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\")\\-[info](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_technology \"Information technology\")\\-[nano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nano_technology \"Nano technology\") convergence, and encouragement of the [entrepreneurial space industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrepreneurial_space_industry \"Entrepreneurial space industry\"). The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-114) In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with [Sun Microsystems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\") to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the [open source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open-source_license \"Open-source license\") office program [OpenOffice.org](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenOffice.org \"OpenOffice.org\").[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Sun_partners_with_Google-115)\n\n[Time Warner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_Warner \"Time Warner\")'s [AOL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL \"AOL\") unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a US\\$1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-116) As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on [video search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_search \"Video search\") and offer AOL's premium video service within [Google Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Video \"Google Video\"). This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase.\n\nIn August 2006, Google signed a \\$900 million offer with [News Corp.'s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/News_Corporation_\$1980%E2%80%932013\$ \"News Corporation (1980–2013)\") Fox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on [MySpace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MySpace \"MySpace\") and other News Corp. websites including [IGN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IGN \"IGN\"), [AmericanIdol.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Idol \"American Idol\"), [Fox.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox.com \"Fox.com\"), and [Rotten Tomatoes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\"), although [Fox Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox_Sports_\$USA\$ \"Fox Sports (USA)\") is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and [MSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSN \"MSN\").[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-117)[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-118)\n\nOn December 6, 2006, [British Sky Broadcasting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Sky_Broadcasting \"British Sky Broadcasting\") released details of a Sky and Google alliance.[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-119) This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain \"@sky.com\".\n\nIn 2007, Google displaced [America Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL \"AOL\") as a key partner and sponsor of the [NORAD Tracks Santa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NORAD_Tracks_Santa \"NORAD Tracks Santa\") program.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham-120)[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-121)[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell-122) [Google Earth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Earth \"Google Earth\") was used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following [Santa Claus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Claus \"Santa Claus\")' progress in [3-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\").[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD-123) The program also made its presence known on [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\") in 2007 as part of its partnership with Google.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-124)\n\nIn 2008, Google developed a partnership with [GeoEye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GeoEye \"GeoEye\") to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from [Vandenberg Air Force Base](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base \"Vandenberg Air Force Base\") on September 6, 2008.[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-125) Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of *[Life Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_\$magazine\$ \"Life (magazine)\")*'s photographs.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-126)[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-127)\n\nIn January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the [Pontifical Council for Social Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pontifical_Council_for_Social_Communications \"Pontifical Council for Social Communications\"), allowing the [Pope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope \"Pope\") to have his own channel on [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\").[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-128)\n\nIn January 2013, Google announced a partnership with [Kia Motors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kia_Motors \"Kia Motors\") and [Hyundai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Motor_Company \"Hyundai Motor Company\"). The partnership integrates Google Maps and Place into new car models to be released later in 2013.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-129)\n\nThe [Alliance for Affordable Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliance_for_Affordable_Internet \"Alliance for Affordable Internet\") (A4AI) was launched in October 2013; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes [Facebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facebook \"Facebook\"), [Intel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel \"Intel\"), and [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\"). Led by [Sir Tim Berners-Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee \"Sir Tim Berners-Lee\"), the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-130)\n\nOn September 21, 2017, [HTC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HTC \"HTC\") announced a \"cooperation agreement\" in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, as well as smartphone talent, to Google for \\$1.1 billion.[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-131)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-132)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-133)\n\n- [Timeline of Google Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Google_Search \"Timeline of Google Search\")\n- [Criticism of Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Google \"Criticism of Google\")\n- [Google logo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_logo \"Google logo\")\n- [List of Google Easter eggs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs \"List of Google Easter eggs\")\n- [Timeline of Mountain View, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California \"Timeline of Mountain View, California\"), headquarters of Google since 1999[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_note-134)\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-1)** [The Original GOOGLE Computer Storage (Page and Brin, 1996)](http:\/\/infolab.stanford.edu\/pub\/voy\/museum\/pictures\/display\/0-4-Google.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161028133317\/http:\/\/infolab.stanford.edu\/pub\/voy\/museum\/pictures\/display\/0-4-Google.htm) October 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Stanford Computer Science Computer History Display\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-4) \"[Our history in Depth](https:\/\/www.google.com\/about\/company\/history\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150623193037\/https:\/\/www.google.com\/about\/company\/history\/) June 23, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\" Google, Retrieved on March 29, 2016\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-1)\n   Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018). [\"Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything\"](https:\/\/www.vanityfair.com\/news\/2018\/07\/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google). *[Vanity Fair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanity_Fair_\$magazine\$ \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")*. Retrieved August 23, 2019.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-4)**\n   McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003). [\"Google vs. Evil\"](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2003\/01\/google-10\/). *[Wired](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wired_\$magazine\$ \"Wired (magazine)\")*. Retrieved August 24, 2019.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-5) [Battelle, John](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Battelle \"John Battelle\") (August 2005). \"[The Birth of Google](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2005\/08\/battelle\/).\" Received August 16, 2025. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140318175553\/http:\/\/www.wired.com\/wired\/archive\/13.08\/battelle.html) March 18, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[Wired](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wired_\$magazine\$ \"Wired (magazine)\")*.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-6)** [The best advice I ever got](https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/galleries\/2008\/fortune\/0804\/gallery.bestadvice.fortune\/2.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131127150338\/http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/galleries\/2008\/fortune\/0804\/gallery.bestadvice.fortune\/2.html) November 27, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") (Fortune, April 2008)\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-1)\n   Brin, Sergey; Lawrence Page (1996). \"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine\". *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **35** (1–7\\): 3. [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX_\$identifier\$ \"CiteSeerX (identifier)\") [10\\.1.1.109.4049](https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.4049). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [7587743](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:7587743).\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-8)**\n   Brin, Sergey; Rajeev Motwani; Terry Winograd (1998). \"What can you do with a web in your pocket\". *Data Engineering Bulletin*. **21**: 37–47\\. [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX_\$identifier\$ \"CiteSeerX (identifier)\") [10\\.1.1.107.7614](https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.7614).\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-9)** [The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090508033156\/https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/awardsearch\/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306), Award Abstract \\#9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount \\$521,111,001\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-10)**\n    Mervish, Jeffrey (January 2, 2009). [\"NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). *Science*. **323** (5910): 54–56\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1126\/science.323.5910.54](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [19119211](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19119211). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [45137596](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:45137596).\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-11)**\n    Nesbit, Jeff (December 8, 2017). [\"Google's true origin partly lies in CIA and NSA research grants for mass surveillance\"](https:\/\/qz.com\/1145669\/googles-true-origin-partly-lies-in-cia-and-nsa-research-grants-for-mass-surveillance\/). *[Quartz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartz_\$publication\$ \"Quartz (publication)\")*. Retrieved August 26, 2021.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-12)** Page, Lawrence, Brin, Sergey, Motwani, Rajeev, Winograd, Terry. \"[The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web](http:\/\/dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090\/pub\/1999-66) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080912112513\/http:\/\/dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090\/pub\/1999-66) September 12, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" November 11, 1999.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-13)** Google I\/O Conference is a big upcoming in 2015.[Downloaded 11 – February 2009](http:\/\/www.technowonders.com\/2015\/02\/google-io-2015.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160428160018\/http:\/\/www.technowonders.com\/2015\/02\/google-io-2015.html) April 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). Google IO Conferences. Retrieved on February 22, 2015\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-14)**\n    [\"A Brief History of Google - Part 1 - Sebo Marketing\"](https:\/\/www.sebomarketing.com\/brief-history-google\/). *Sebo Marketing*. Retrieved May 24, 2018.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-1)\n    [\"Archive of Backrub homepage\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19971210065425\/http:\/\/backrub.stanford.edu\/backrub.html). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/backrub.stanford.edu\/backrub.html) on December 10, 1997.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-16)**\n    Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 20, 2021). [\"Who Gets the L.L.C.? Inside a Silicon Valley Billionaire's Divorce\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/08\/20\/technology\/Scott-Hassan-Allison-Huynh-divorce.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0362-4331](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331). Retrieved August 20, 2021.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-1)\n    [Brin, S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Brin \"Sergey Brin\"); [Page, L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Page \"Larry Page\") (1998). [\"The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine\"](http:\/\/infolab.stanford.edu\/pub\/papers\/google.pdf) (PDF). *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **30** (1–7\\): 107–117\\. [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX_\$identifier\$ \"CiteSeerX (identifier)\") [10\\.1.1.115.5930](https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.5930). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0169-7552](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0169-7552). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [7587743](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:7587743).\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-18)** [\"About: RankDex\"](http:\/\/www.rankdex.com\/about.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120120002301\/http:\/\/www.rankdex.com\/about.html) 2012-01-20 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), *[RankDex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RankDex \"RankDex\")*\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-19)**\n    Altucher, James (March 18, 2011). [\"10 Unusual Things About Google\"](https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jamesaltucher\/2011\/03\/18\/10-unusual-things-about-google-also-the-worst-vc-decision-i-ever-made\/). *[Forbes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forbes \"Forbes\")*. Retrieved June 16, 2019.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Method for node ranking in a linked database\"](https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US6285999). Google Patents. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151015185034\/http:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/US6285999) from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Google! Search Engine\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19981111183552\/http:\/\/google.stanford.edu\/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/google.stanford.edu\/) on November 11, 1998. Retrieved October 12, 2010.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"Google! Search Engine\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19981201235013\/http:\/\/z.stanford.edu\/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/z.stanford.edu\/) on December 1, 1998. Retrieved August 14, 2012.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-nzherald_23-0)**\n    [\"The clever Kiwi who was wooed by Google\"](https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/business\/the-clever-kiwi-who-was-wooed-by-google\/AHVOTOYKAUBAIMTODGYI2XV7OI\/?ref=readmore). *NZ Herald*. September 23, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2023.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-24)**\n    Stross, Randall, [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160521150920\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC&printsec=frontcover) May 21, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), New York : Free Press, September 2008. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4165-4691-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7\")\n    \n    Cf. pp.3–4.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-1) [Scott Rosenberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_Rosenberg_\$journalist\$ \"Scott Rosenberg (journalist)\"): *[Yes, there is a better search engine. While the portal sites fiddle, Google catches fire](http:\/\/www.salon.com\/1998\/12\/21\/straight_44\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161123201713\/http:\/\/www.salon.com\/1998\/12\/21\/straight_44\/) November 23, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")*. [Salon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salon.com \"Salon.com\"), 21 December 1998\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-26)**\n    Siegler, MG (September 29, 2010). [\"When Google Wanted To Sell To Excite For Under \\$1 Million — And They Passed\"](https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2010\/09\/29\/google-excite\/). *[TechCrunch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TechCrunch \"TechCrunch\")*. [AOL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL \"AOL\"). Retrieved November 29, 2016.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-165univave_27-0)** Fried, Ian. \"[A building blessed with tech success](https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160310084656\/http:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success\/) March 10, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\").* October 4, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-sgibldg_28-0)**\n    Olsen, Stefanie (July 11, 2003). [\"Google's movin' on up\"](https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/services-and-software\/googles-movin-on-up\/). *CNET*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240822000138\/https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/services-and-software\/googles-movin-on-up\/) from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2025.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-googleplexpurchase_29-0)** Staff Writer. \"[Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics](http:\/\/sanjose.bizjournals.com\/sanjose\/stories\/2006\/06\/19\/newscolumn3.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100418071152\/http:\/\/sanjose.bizjournals.com\/sanjose\/stories\/2006\/06\/19\/newscolumn3.html) April 18, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *Silicon Valley \/ San Jose Business Journal.* June 16, 2006. Retrieved on February 24, 2007.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-simpledesign_30-0)** Thompson, Bill. \"[Is Google good for you?](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/technology\/3334531.stm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090125130328\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/technology\/3334531.stm) January 25, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\" *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\").* December 19, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong2_31-0)**\n    Sullivan, Danny (July 1, 1998). [\"GoTo Going Strong\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091014204451\/http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/2166331). *SearchEngineWatch*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/2166331) on October 14, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2010.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p2_32-0)**\n    Pelline, Jeff (February 19, 1998). [\"Pay-for-placement gets another shot\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/Pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot\/2100-1023_3-208309.html). *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\")*. [CBS Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBS_Interactive \"CBS Interactive\"). Retrieved February 18, 2010.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-33)**\n    Olsen, Stephanie (August 9, 2004). [\"Google, Yahoo bury the legal hatchet\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/Google,-Yahoo-bury-the-legal-hatchet\/2100-1024_3-5302421.html). *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\")*. [CBS Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBS_Interactive \"CBS Interactive\"). Retrieved February 18, 2010.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong_34-0)** Sullivan, Danny. \"[GoTo Going Strong](http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/showPage.html?page=2166331) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20061021112602\/http:\/\/searchenginewatch.com\/showPage.html?page=2166331) October 21, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *The Search Engine Report.* July 1, 1998.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p_35-0)** Pelline, Jeff. \"[Pay-for-placement gets another shot](https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160529155943\/http:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot\/) May 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\").* February 19, 1998.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-glaser_36-0)** Glaser, Ken. \"Who Will GoTo.com?\" [OnlinePress.com](http:\/\/www.onlinepress.com\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161003045631\/http:\/\/www.onlinepress.com\/) October 3, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). *February 20, 1998.*\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-37)**\n    Ovide, Shira (June 23, 2011). [\"What Would 2004 Google Say About Antitrust Probe?\"](https:\/\/blogs.wsj.com\/deals\/2011\/06\/23\/what-would-2004-google-say-about-antitrust-probe\/). *The Wall Street Journal*.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-38)**\n    [\"How Google Became a Verb\"](http:\/\/www.thelinguafile.com\/2013\/02\/how-google-became-verb.html). The Lingua File - The Language Blog. Retrieved November 22, 2013.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-39)**\n    [\"Form S-1\"](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1288776\/000119312504073639\/ds1.htm). *www.sec.gov*. Retrieved April 3, 2026.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-40)** \"Google Shares Rise on New Price Target\". *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\").* June 1, 2005.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-41)** Gonsalves, Antone. \"[Google Seeks Second Stock Offering](http:\/\/informationweek.com\/story\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169400356) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071011222935\/http:\/\/informationweek.com\/story\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169400356) October 11, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *Information Week.* August 18, 2005.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-42)** Dvorak, John C. \"[A Google-Microsoft War](https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/article2\/0,1759,1706872,00.asp) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081206020043\/http:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/article2\/0%2C1759%2C1706872%2C00.asp) December 6, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[PC Magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PC_Magazine \"PC Magazine\").* November 16, 2004.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-43)** Vise, David A. \"[Microsoft, Google Both Claim Victory](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/09\/13\/AR2005091301860.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161229065715\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/09\/13\/AR2005091301860.html) December 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\").* September 14, 2005, p. D05.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-44)** Crawford, Krysten. \"[Google CFO: Fraud a big threat](https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2004\/12\/02\/technology\/google_fraud\/?cnn=yes) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160421115727\/http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2004\/12\/02\/technology\/google_fraud\/?cnn=yes) April 21, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[CNN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNN \"CNN\").* December 2, 2004.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-45)** Levingston, Steven. \"[Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/01\/17\/AR2006011701333.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161228182006\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/01\/17\/AR2006011701333.html) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\").* January 18, 2006.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-46)** Gonsalves, Antone. \"[Google Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper](http:\/\/www.informationweek.com\/industries\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175803378) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080226053026\/http:\/\/www.informationweek.com\/industries\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175803378) February 26, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *Information Week.* January 10, 2006.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-47)** Staff Writer. \"[Google shares up on joining S\\&P 500 index](https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/industries\/technology\/2006-03-23-google-sp500_x.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070109033434\/http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/industries\/technology\/2006-03-23-google-sp500_x.htm) January 9, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\").* March 23, 2006.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-48)** Francisco, Bambi.\"[Google to be added to S\\&P 500 Index](http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/News\/Story\/Story.aspx?guid=%7BAF6E7E59-82BB-445E-B415-6F6FEC819CAE%7D) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071012181019\/http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/News\/Story\/Story.aspx?guid=%7BAF6E7E59-82BB-445E-B415-6F6FEC819CAE%7D) October 12, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[MarketWatch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MarketWatch \"MarketWatch\").* March 23, 2006.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-49)** Mercury News Wire Services. \"[Closing bell: Tech stocks advance; Google surges 7 percent](http:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/mld\/mercurynews\/news\/14180235.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200704225059\/https:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/mld\/mercurynews\/news\/14180235.htm) July 4, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[San Jose Mercury News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Jose_Mercury_News \"San Jose Mercury News\")*. March 24, 2006.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Death_50-0)**\n    Frederick, Lane (December 14, 2007). [\"Death Knell Sounds for Wikipedia, About.com\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080224055504\/http:\/\/www.newsfactor.com\/news\/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com\/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G). *NewsFactor Network*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.newsfactor.com\/news\/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com\/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G) on February 24, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2016.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-knol-death_51-0)**\n    [\"15 amazing Google projects that failed\"](http:\/\/www.rediff.com\/money\/slide-show\/slide-show-13-fifteen-amazing-google-projects-that-failed\/20131021.htm). *Rediff*. October 21, 2013.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-52)**\n    [\"Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004\"](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1288776\/000119312505065298\/d10k.htm). *www.sec.gov*.\n53. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wsj-cookie_53-3)\n    Vascellaro, Jessica E. (August 10, 2010). [\"Google Agonizes on Privacy as Ad World Vaults Ahead\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052748703309704575413553851854026). *The Wall Street Journal*.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-54)**\n    Ray, Tiernan (June 30, 2019). [\"How Would Ad-Dependent Alphabet, Facebook Handle Another Recession?\"](https:\/\/www.thestreet.com\/technology\/what-happens-to-google-and-facebook-revenue-in-a-recession-15006494). *TheStreet*.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-55)**\n    [Angwin, Julia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julia_Angwin \"Julia Angwin\") (October 21, 2016). [\"Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking\"](https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking). *ProPublica*.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-56)**\n    [\"Tchau Orkut\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140723220408\/http:\/\/en.blog.orkut.com\/2014\/06\/tchau-orkut.html). *Orkut Blog*. June 30, 2014. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/en.blog.orkut.com\/2014\/06\/tchau-orkut.html) on July 23, 2014.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-57)**\n    [\"Google locations\"](https:\/\/www.google.com\/about\/company\/facts\/locations\/). *Google Company*. Google, Inc. November 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-58)**\n    Womack, Brian (August 10, 2015). [\"Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2015-08-10\/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-). [Bloomberg L.P.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\") Retrieved November 22, 2016.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-59)**\n    Barr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015). [\"Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645). *[The Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*. Retrieved November 22, 2016.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-60)**\n    Dougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015). [\"Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/08\/11\/technology\/google-alphabet-restructuring.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. Retrieved November 22, 2016.\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-61)**\n    [\"Alphabet Finishes Reorganization With New XXVI Company\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2017-09-01\/alphabet-wraps-up-reorganization-with-a-new-company-called-xxvi). [Bloomberg L.P.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\") September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-62)**\n    Bergen, Mark (November 22, 2019). [\"Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2019-11-22\/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation). *[Bloomberg.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg.com \"Bloomberg.com\")*.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Verge_busting_63-0)**\n    Hollister, Sean (November 25, 2019). [\"Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/11\/25\/20983053\/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout). *[The Verge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Verge \"The Verge\")*. Retrieved November 26, 2019.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-64)**\n    Welch, Chris (October 25, 2018). [\"Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2018\/10\/25\/18024486\/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo). *The Verge*. Retrieved October 31, 2018.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-65)**\n    Hamilton, Isobel Asher; et al. (November 1, 2018). [\"PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct\"](https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11). *Business Insider*. Retrieved November 6, 2018.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-66)**\n    Segarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018). [\"More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy\"](http:\/\/fortune.com\/2018\/11\/03\/google-employees-walkout-demands\/). Fortune. Retrieved November 6, 2018.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-67)**\n    Liedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018). [\"Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct\"](https:\/\/www.ohio.com\/news\/20181101\/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct). San Francisco, Calf. Also in this year google home an artificial intelligence was developed.: Akron Beacon\/Journal. The Associated Press. Retrieved November 6, 2018.\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-unveils_68-0)**\n    Warren, Tom (March 19, 2019). [\"Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/3\/19\/18271702\/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019). *The Verge*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190319173136\/https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/3\/19\/18271702\/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019) from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-69)**\n    [\"Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe\"](https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2019\/06\/03\/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports\/). *www.theregister.com*.\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-70)**\n    Bond, Shannon (October 20, 2020). [\"U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/10\/20\/925895658\/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google). *NPR*.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-71)**\n    Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2019). [\"PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce\"](https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2019\/12\/11\/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce\/). *[TechCrunch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TechCrunch \"TechCrunch\")*.\n72. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-72)**\n    [\"Bloomberg - Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-04-15\/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff). *Bloomberg*. April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.\n73. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-73)**\n    Michael, Katina; Abbas, Roba (2020). \"Behind COVID-19 Contact Trace Apps: The Google–Apple Partnership\". *IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine*. **9** (5): 71–76\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2020ICEM....9e..71M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2020ICEM....9e..71M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1109\/MCE.2020.3002492](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109%2FMCE.2020.3002492).\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-74)**\n    [\"Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption\"](https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892). *Sky News*.\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-75)**\n    Li, Abner (November 12, 2020). [\"YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage\"](https:\/\/9to5google.com\/2020\/11\/11\/youtube-tv-down-2\/). *9to5Google*.\n76. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-76)**\n    [\"YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage' \\| TechRadar\"](https:\/\/www.techradar.com\/news\/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down). *www.techradar.com*. December 14, 2020.\n77. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-77)**\n    Jose, Renju (January 22, 2021). [\"Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O). *Reuters*. Retrieved January 22, 2021.\n78. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-78)**\n    [\"Google reportedly paid \\$20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia\"](https:\/\/www.gamesindustry.biz\/articles\/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia). *GamesIndustry.biz*. March 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.\n79. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-79)**\n    [\"Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760). *[The Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")*. April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.\n80. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-80)**\n    Government of Canada, Department of Justice (May 22, 2022). [\"Department of Justice - Statement of Potential Charter Impacts\"](https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/pl\/charter-charte\/c18_1.html). *www.justice.gc.ca*. Retrieved July 9, 2023.\n81. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-81)**\n    [\"Google to remove Canadian news links from searches in the country\"](https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/tech\/tech-news\/google-canada-law-online-news-c-18-bill-news-links-rcna91882). *NBC News*. June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.\n82. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-europeanshopping_82-0)**\n    Hancock, Edith (September 10, 2024). [\"Google loses EU court battle over €2.4B antitrust fine\"](https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/google-loses-court-battle-over-first-eu-antitrust-fine\/). Politico. Retrieved September 10, 2024.\n83. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-APNews2024_83-0)**\n    [\"DOJ details potential remedies in antitrust suit against Google\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/google-doj-antitrust-remedies-oct2024). *AP News*. October 2024.\n84. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Politico2024_84-0)**\n    [\"DOJ lays out sweeping options to rein in Google\"](https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2024\/10\/10\/doj-google-remedies-0012020). *Politico*. October 2024.\n85. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Barrons2024_85-0)**\n    [\"Google Faces DOJ's Toughest Antitrust Remedies Yet\"](https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/articles\/google-antitrust-doj-remedies-2024-661000). *Barron's*. October 2024.\n86. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-86)**\n    [\"Google must sell Chrome to end search monopoly, justice department argues in court filing\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2024\/nov\/21\/google-sell-chrome-us-court-filing-demand-competition-laws). *The Guardian*. November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.\n87. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-VergeDec2024_87-0)**\n    [\"Google's counteroffer to DOJ falls short, critics say\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2024\/12\/15\/google-doj-search-remedy-response). *The Verge*. December 2024.\n88. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-88)**\n    Fried, Ina (February 5, 2025). [\"Google rolls back diversity efforts, citing government contractor rules\"](https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2025\/02\/05\/google-ends-minority-recruitment). *Axios*. Retrieved February 7, 2025.\n89. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-VergeApr2025_89-0)**\n    [\"DOJ vs. Google trial begins over proposed antitrust remedies\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2025\/04\/02\/google-antitrust-remedy-trial-doj). *The Verge*. April 2025.\n90. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-BarronsApr2025_90-0)**\n    [\"Google Defends Itself as Antitrust Trial Over Remedies Begins\"](https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/articles\/google-doj-remedy-trial-2025-april-661900). *Barron's*. April 2025.\n91. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-91)**\n    Diaz, Jaclyn (September 2, 2025). [\"In a major antitrust ruling, a judge lets Google keep Chrome but levies other penalties\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2025\/09\/02\/nx-s1-5478625\/google-chrome-doj-antitrust-ruling). *NPR*.\n92. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_92-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_92-1) Kopytoff, Verne, Fost, Dan. \"[For early Googlers, key word is \\$\\$\\$](http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?file=\/chronicle\/archive\/2004\/04\/29\/MNGLD6CFND34.DTL) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090919030812\/http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL) September 19, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[San Francisco Chronicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Chronicle \"San Francisco Chronicle\").* April 29, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n93. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-93)**\n    [\"Google Receives \\$25 Million in Equity Funding\"](https:\/\/googlepress.blogspot.com\/1999\/06\/google-receives-25-million-in-equity.html) (Press release). June 7, 1999. Retrieved August 1, 2014.\n94. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-94)** Eppel, Thomas. Google. PowerPoint presentation. Management 10. University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA. February 2, 2011.\n95. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-95)** Fisher, Ken.[Microsoft and Google had \"merger\" talks\"](https:\/\/archive.today\/20120707012006\/http:\/\/arstechnica.com\/old\/content\/2003\/10\/3050.ars). *[Ars Technica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ars_Technica \"Ars Technica\").* October 31, 2003. Retrieved on May 17, 2011.\n96. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-96)**\n    Edmonston, Peter (August 19, 2009). [\"Google's I.P.O., Five Years Later\"](https:\/\/dealbook.nytimes.com\/2009\/08\/19\/googles-ipo-5-years-later\/). *The New York Times*.\n97. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-IPO_97-0)** Elgin, Ben. \"[Google: Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys?](http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/aug2004\/tc20040819_6843_tc120.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100111103924\/http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/aug2004\/tc20040819_6843_tc120.htm) January 11, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\" *[Business Week](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Week \"Business Week\").* August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n98. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-washpost_98-0)** Webb, Cynthia L. \"[Google's IPO: Grate Expectations](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070808031101\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/articles\/A14939-2004Aug19.html).\" *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\").* August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n99. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-yahooshares_99-0)** Kuchinskas, Susan. \"[Yahoo and Google Settle](http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/bus-news\/article.php\/3392781) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161227194254\/http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/bus-news\/article.php\/3392781) December 27, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[internetnews.com](http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161229140554\/http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/) December 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").* August 9, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.\n100. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-100)**\n     La Monica, Paul R. (March 31, 2006). [\"Google leaders stick with \\$1 salary\"](https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2006\/03\/31\/technology\/google\/index.htm). *CNN Money*. [CNN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNN \"CNN\"). Retrieved April 25, 2017.\n101. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-101)**\n     [\"Quirky Google Culture Endangered?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100814174333\/http:\/\/www.wired.com\/techbiz\/media\/news\/2004\/04\/63241). *Wired*. Associated Press. April 28, 2004. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/techbiz\/media\/news\/2004\/04\/63241) on August 14, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.\n102. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-102)**\n     Olsen, Stefanie; Kawamoto, Dawn (April 30, 2004). [\"Google IPO at \\$2.7 billion\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/2100-1024-5201978.html). *[CNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNET \"CNET\")*. [CBS Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBS_Interactive \"CBS Interactive\"). Retrieved November 27, 2010.\n103. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-103)** Koller, David. \"[Origin of the name, \"Google.\"](http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/~dk\/google_name_origin.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120627081942\/http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/~dk\/google_name_origin.html) 2012-06-27 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") *[Stanford University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\").* January, 2004.\n104. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-1) Hanley, Rachael. \"[From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns](http:\/\/www.stanforddaily.com\/2003\/02\/12\/from-googol-to-google\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100330004631\/http:\/\/www.stanforddaily.com\/2003\/02\/12\/from-googol-to-google\/) March 30, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[The Stanford Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Stanford_Daily \"The Stanford Daily\").* February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010.\n105. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-105)** The Enid Blyton Society. \"[The Enchanted Forest and Folk of the Magic Faraway Tree by Enid Blyton](http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/faraway-tree.php) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161216052522\/http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/faraway-tree.php) December 16, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Retrieved on May 17, 2011\n106. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-106)** The Enid Blyton Society.\"[*Circus Days Again* by Enid Blyton](http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/book-details.php?id=237) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160807152831\/http:\/\/www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk\/book-details.php?id=237) August 7, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Retrieved on May 17, 2011\n107. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-107)**\n     [\"GOOGLE - Trademark Details\"](https:\/\/trademarks.justia.com\/750\/71\/google-75071072.html). JUSTIA. Retrieved December 20, 2016.\n108. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-108)**\n     Harris, Scott D. \"Dictionary adds verb: to google\\].\" *[San Jose Mercury News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Jose_Mercury_News \"San Jose Mercury News\").* July 7, 2006.\n     \n     [\"MercuryNews.com \\| 07\/07\/2006 \\| Dictionary adds verb: To google\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070206065348\/http:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/mld\/mercurynews\/business\/14985574.htm). Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2006.\n     \n     `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\"))\n109. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-109)** Bylund, Anders. \"[To Google or Not to Google](https:\/\/msnbc.msn.com\/id\/13720643\/) [Deprecated link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance \"Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance\") archived July 7, 2006, at [archive.today](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archive.today \"Archive.today\").\" *[The Motley Fool](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Motley_Fool \"The Motley Fool\") via [MSNBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSNBC \"MSNBC\").* July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.\n110. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-110)**\n     Meyer, Robinson. [\"The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer\"](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2014\/06\/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer\/373599\/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved September 28, 2016.\n111. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-111)** [Top Words of the Decade](http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2009\/11\/19\/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160515143111\/http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2009\/11\/19\/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) May 15, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n112. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-112)** \"[A portrait of the decade](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8409040.stm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161228002630\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8409040.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[BBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC \"BBC\").* December 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 15, 2011.\n113. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-113)**\n     [\"Is It Proper To Say You Google On GOOGLE®?\"](http:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/it-proper-to-say-you-google-google). *The National Law Review*. Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C. June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.\n114. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-114)** Lewis, Laura; Fox, Lynn. \"[NASA Takes Google on Journey into Space](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/ames\/news\/releases\/2005\/05_50AR.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160318184559\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/ames\/news\/releases\/2005\/05_50AR.html) March 18, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\").\" *[National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\"),* Press Release. September 28, 2005.\n115. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Sun_partners_with_Google_115-0)**\n     Brown, James.\n     \n     [\"Sun partners with Google\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070930195540\/http:\/\/www.vnunet.com\/computing\/news\/2143242\/sun-partners-google). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2006.\n     \n     `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\")). *vnunet.com.* October 5, 2005.\n116. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-116)** Rosenbush, Steve. \"[AOL-Google: Who Gets What](http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/dec2005\/tc20051221_533090.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060523153503\/http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/technology\/content\/dec2005\/tc20051221_533090.htm) May 23, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")?\" *[BusinessWeek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BusinessWeek \"BusinessWeek\").* December 21, 2005.\n117. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-117)** Staff Writer. \"[Google signs \\$900m News Corp deal](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/5254642.stm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161228061910\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/5254642.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\").* August 7, 2006. Retrieved on August 8, 2006.\n118. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-118)** \"[Google, News Corp. Ink Deal Over MySpace.com Ads](http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,207370,00.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110426055629\/http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0%2C2933%2C207370%2C00.html) April 26, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\". *[Fox News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox_News \"Fox News\").* August 8, 2006.\n119. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-119)**\n     [\"Sky and Google unveil broadband alliance\"](https:\/\/bluetoothdevicefinder.com\/en\/blog\/broadband-bluetooth-wireless-revolution-2006). British Sky Broadcasting. December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2007.\n120. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham_120-0)**\n     [\"For more than 50 years, NORAD is Tracking Santa, December 14, 2007 by Glenn Letham\"](http:\/\/www.gisuser.com\/content\/view\/13492\/). GISUser.com. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n121. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_121-0)**\n     [\"Tracking Santa: NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas, December 1, 2007, Danny Sullivan\"](http:\/\/searchengineland.com\/tracking-santa-norad-google-team-up-for-christmas-12817). [Search Engine Land](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_Engine_Land \"Search Engine Land\"). December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n122. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell_122-0)**\n     [\"Tracking Santa, Then and Now, November 30, 2007, by Carrie Farrell, Veteran Santa Tracker\"](http:\/\/googleblog.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/tracking-santa-then-and-now.html). Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n123. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD_123-0)**\n     [Daniel Terdiman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Terdiman \"Daniel Terdiman\") (December 21, 2009). [\"Behind the scenes: NORAD's Santa tracker\"](https:\/\/news.cnet.com\/8301-13772_3-10418101-52.html). *CNET*. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n124. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_124-0)**\n     [\"Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google: The 2007 Edition, December 24, 2007, Danny Sullivan\"](http:\/\/searchengineland.com\/instructions-on-tracking-santa-with-norad-google-the-2007-edition-13001). Search Engine Land. December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009.\n125. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-125)**\n     Shalal-Esa, Andrea (September 6, 2008). [\"GeoEye launches high-resolution satellite\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-geoeye-idUSN0633403420080906). *Reuters*. Washington. Retrieved February 26, 2010.\n126. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-126)**\n     [\"Google gives online life to Life mag's photos\"](https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna27802744). Mountain View, California. [Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). November 20, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2010. \"Google Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from *[Life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_\$magazine\$ \"Life (magazine)\")* magazine's archives that have never been seen by the public before\"\n127. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-127)**\n     Stirling, Greg (November 18, 2008). [\"Google Hosting Time-Life Photo Archive, 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live\"](http:\/\/searchengineland.com\/google-to-host-10-million-time-life-unpublished-images-15513). *[Search Engine Land](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Search_Engine_Land \"Search Engine Land\")*. Retrieved July 5, 2010.\n128. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-128)** Krause, Flavia. (January 23, 2009) [Pope Benedict Debuts on YouTube to Reach Out to Catholics](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100613163056\/http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) June 13, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). [Bloomberg.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg.com \"Bloomberg.com\"). Retrieved on May 29, 2011.\n129. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-129)**\n     [\"Google partners with Hyundai and Kia Motors to integrate Google Maps and Places into new car models\"](https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/google\/2013\/01\/02\/google-partners-with-kia-motors-to-integrate-google-maps-and-places-into-new-car-models\/?fromcat=all). *The Next Web*. Retrieved January 2, 2013.\n130. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-130)**\n     Gibbs, Samuel (October 7, 2013). [\"Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2013\/oct\/07\/google-berners-lee-alliance-broadband-africa). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. Retrieved March 15, 2017.\n131. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-131)**\n     Balakrishnan, Saheli Roy Choudhury, Anita (September 20, 2017). [\"Google agrees to buy part of HTC for \\$1.1 billion\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/09\/20\/google-htc-sign-cooperation-agreement.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 21, 2017.\n     \n     `{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\"))\n132. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-132)**\n     [\"Google is buying part of HTC's smartphone team for \\$1.1 billion\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2017\/9\/20\/16340108\/google-htc-smartphone-team-acquisition-announced). *The Verge*. Retrieved September 21, 2017.\n133. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-133)**\n     [\"Google signs agreement with HTC, continuing our big bet on hardware\"](https:\/\/www.blog.google\/topics\/hardware\/google-signs-agreement-htc-continuing-our-big-bet-hardware\/). *Google*. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.\n134. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Google#cite_ref-134)**\n     [\"A look back: Timeline of Mountain View history\"](http:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/ci_5302050), *San Jose Mercury News*, March 2007\n\n- [Auletta, Ken](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ken_Auletta \"Ken Auletta\") (2009). *Googled: The End of the World as We Know It*. New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-59420-235-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-59420-235-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-59420-235-3\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [318411527](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/318411527).\n- [Battelle, John](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Battelle \"John Battelle\") (2005). [*The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/searchhowgooglei0000batt_n2l8\/mode\/2up). New York: Portfolio. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-59184-088-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-59184-088-0 \"Special:BookSources\/1-59184-088-0\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [72691962](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/72691962).\n- Bottando, Evelyn. \"Hedging the commons: Google Books, libraries, and open access to knowledge\" (PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2012. 3526789).\n- Gray, Joanne Elizabeth. *Google Rules: The History and Future of Copyright Under the Influence of Google* (Oxford University Press, 2020)\n- [Levy, Steven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Levy \"Steven Levy\") (2011). [*In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V1u1f8sv3k8C). Simon and Schuster. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-41659-671-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-41659-671-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-41659-671-4\")\n  \n  .\n- Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. *Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization* (Princeton University Press, 2021)\n- Redding, Anna Crowley. *Google It: A History of Google* (2018)\n- Stross, Randall (2008). [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). New York: Free Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-4165-4691-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-4691-7\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [261376729](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/261376729).\n- [Vise, David A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_A._Vise \"David A. Vise\"); [Malseed, Mark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Malseed \"Mark Malseed\") (2005). [*The Google Story*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=lYe1AAAAIAAJ). Delacorte Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-55380-457-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-55380-457-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-55380-457-7\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [607806212](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/607806212).\n- Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). *Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry*. U of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [0252087127](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0252087127 \"Special:BookSources\/0252087127\")\n  [online](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5406\/jj.4116455)\n\n| External videos |\n|---|\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [*Q\\&A* interview with Auletta on *Googled*, October 29, 2009](https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?289705-1\/qa-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") |\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Presentation by Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2009](https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?290222-1\/googled-end-world-it), [C-SPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") |\n| [![video icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg\/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Interview with Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2010](https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?296481-1\/distance-learning-class-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\") |\n\n- [Google Corporate History (official)](https:\/\/www.google.com\/intl\/en\/corporate\/history.html)\n- David Hart: [On the Origins of Google](https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/discoveries\/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100660&org=NSF) [National Science Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\"), August 17, 2004","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Internet_and_Telecom\":644,\"\/Internet_and_Telecom\/Web_Services\":346,\"\/Business_and_Industrial\":214,\"\/Business_and_Industrial\/Business_Services\":167,\"\/Internet_and_Telecom\/Web_Services\/Other\":153}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Article\":999,\"\/Article\/Wiki\":644}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":999}","meta_language":"en","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":0,"attrs_original_publish_time":1376079527,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"11532","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"9181","body_ext_links_number":249,"body_int_links_number":1314,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":0,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":103,"download_ttfb_msec":54,"download_size":82240}

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Google was officially launched in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to market Google Search , which has become the most used web-based search engine . Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students at Stanford University in California, developed a search algorithm first (1996) known as "BackRub", with the help of Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg. The search engine soon proved successful, and the expanding company moved several times, finally settling at Mountain View in 2003. This marked a phase of rapid growth, with the company making its initial public offering in 2004 and quickly becoming one of the world's largest media companies. The company launched Google News in 2002, Gmail in 2004, Google Maps in 2005, Google Chrome in 2008, and the social network known as Google+ in 2011 (which was shut down in April 2019), in addition to many other products . The company set up a charitable offshoot, Google.org , in 2005. In 2015, Google became the main subsidiary of the holding company Alphabet Inc. The search engine has gone through many updates in attempts to eradicate search engine optimization . The name Google is a misspelling of Googol ! The number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information. Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 The first Google computer at Stanford was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from LEGO knock off bricks called Mega Bricks . [ 1 ] [ failed verification ] Google has its origins in " BackRub ", a research project started in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California . [ 2 ] The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", lead programmer Scott Hassan , who left before Google was officially founded as a company. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] While finding a topic for his doctoral thesis in 1995, Page considered exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web by understanding its link structure as a huge graph . [ 5 ] His supervisor, Terry Winograd , encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got" [ 6 ] ). Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, comparing the importance of tracking such backlinks to the role of citations in academic publishing . [ 5 ] Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas. [ 3 ] The research project was nicknamed "BackRub", and it was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship . [ 7 ] The two had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to give a tour around the campus and nearby San Francisco. [ 5 ] Both Brin and Page were working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP), whose goal was "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library". The SDLP was funded through U.S. federal agencies including the National Science Foundation . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Brin and Page also received funding from Massive Digital Data Systems (MDDS), a program by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA) to fund the improvement of intelligence databases on the disorganized World Wide Web. [ 11 ] Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point. [ 5 ] Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm to convert the backlink data they gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance. [ 5 ] The pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing search engines, which ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies and laid the foundation for their search engine. [ 13 ] The first version of Google was released in August 1996 on the Stanford website and used nearly half of Stanford's entire network bandwidth. [ 14 ] Some Rough Statistics (from August 29, 1996) Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes ... BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. Héctor García-Molina and Jeff Ullman were also cited as contributors to the project. [ 17 ] PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for RankDex , developed by Robin Li in 1996. Larry Page's patent for PageRank filed in 1998 includes a citation to Li's earlier patent. Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine Baidu in 2000. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Originally the search engine used Stanford's website with the domains google.stanford.edu [ 21 ] and z.stanford.edu . [ 22 ] The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, Google , on September 4, 1998, in their friend Susan Wojcicki 's garage in Menlo Park, California . Wojcicki eventually became an executive at Google and CEO at YouTube . Page invited Craig Nevill-Manning , whom he had met while Nevill-Manning was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford, to join Google. Nevill-Manning declined and joined years later. [ 23 ] The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant. Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads. [ 24 ] By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages. [ 25 ] The home page was still marked " BETA ", but an article in Salon.com already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like Hotbot or Excite.com , and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded portal sites (like Yahoo! , Excite.com, Lycos , Netscape's Netcenter , AOL.com , Go.com and MSN.com ) which, during the growing dot-com bubble , were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors. [ 25 ] Early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite . They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer. Vinod Khosla , one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. [ 26 ] In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto , home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups. [ 27 ] After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003. [ 28 ] The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex , a number that is equal to 1 followed by a googol of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million. [ 29 ] The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. [ 30 ] In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords . [ 2 ] The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed. [ 2 ] Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click. [ 2 ] This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com , an Idealab spin-off created by Bill Gross . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! Search Marketing . The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue. [ 2 ] Google's declared code of conduct is " Don't be evil ", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their prospectus (aka "S-1") for their 2004 IPO , noting that "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains." [ 37 ] In February 2003, Google acquired Pyra Labs , owner of the Blogger website. The acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine Google News . In February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost Google some market share , yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness. The verb " to google " has entered a number of languages (first as a slang verb and now as a standard word), meaning "to perform a web search" (a possible indication of "Google" becoming a genericized trademark ). [ 38 ] The relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo After the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004, the number of shares outstanding was 172.85 million while the " free float " was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). Google has a dual-class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page said in the prospectus that Google has "a dual-class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me." [ 39 ] In June 2005, Google was valued at nearly $52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value. [ 40 ] On August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as π ≈ 3.14159265) more shares of its stock to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to $7 billion. Google said it would use the money for "acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets". [ 41 ] With Google's increased size came more competition from large mainstream technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google. [ 42 ] Microsoft had been touting its Bing search engine to counter Google's competitive position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as webmail (Gmail vs. Hotmail ), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's Windows Live Local competes with Google Earth ). In addition to an Internet Explorer replacement, Google designed its own Linux -based operating system called ChromeOS to directly compete with Microsoft Windows . There were also rumors of a Google web browser , fueled much by the fact that Google was the owner of the domain name "gbrowser.com". [ citation needed ] These were later proven when Google released Google Chrome . This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when Kai-Fu Lee , a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's non-compete contract (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in China ). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential. [ 43 ] Click fraud also became a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that "something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model." [ 44 ] While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has experimented with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company dMarc , which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio. [ 45 ] Google also began an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times . [ 46 ] During the third quarter of 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, "We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build." After months of speculation, Google was added to the Standard & Poor's 500 index (S&P 500) on March 31, 2006. [ 47 ] Google replaced Burlington Resources , a major oil producer based in Houston that had been acquired by ConocoPhillips . [ 48 ] The day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%. [ 49 ] In 2008, Google launched Knol , their own equivalent of Wikipedia, [ 50 ] which failed four years later. [ 51 ] Although Google was already deriving the vast majority of its income from advertising at the time of its 2004 IPO, [ 52 ] it did not use any HTTP cookie -based web tracking until 2007. [ 53 ] By 2006, Google's Ad revenue was already facing signs of decline, as "a growing number of advertisers were refusing to buy display ads from Google." [ 53 ] The Great Recession led Google to institute a hiring freeze. [ 53 ] In 2007, Google agreed to buy DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, marking the start of its use of cookie-based tracking. [ 53 ] Even with the purchase, Google only ended up with a 3% revenue in the second quarter of 2009, in the depth of the recession. [ 54 ] Google initially separated the browsing habits collected from AD tracking from data collected by its other services by default. Google removed this last layer of protection in 2016, making its tracking personally-identifiable. [ 55 ] In 2011, the company launched Google+ , its fourth foray into social networking, following Google Buzz (launched 2010, retired in 2011), Google Friend Connect (launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012), and Orkut (launched in 2004, retired in September 2014 [ 56 ] ) As of November 2014, Google operated over 70 offices in more than 41 countries. [ 57 ] In 2015, Google reorganized its interests as a holding company, Alphabet Inc. , with Google as its leading subsidiary. Google continued to serve as the umbrella for Alphabet's Internet interests. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] On September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a limited liability company , Google LLC, as a wholly owned subsidiary of XXVI Holdings, Inc. , which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets. [ 61 ] Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, Dragonfly , a censored Chinese search engine, and Project Maven , a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] On 25 October 2018, The New York Times published an exposé, "How Google Protected Andy Rubin , the 'Father of Android'". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct. [ 64 ] On 1 November 2018, Google employees staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints, including the golden parachute exit of former executive Andy Rubin ; [ 65 ] more than 20,000 employees and contractors participated. [ 66 ] CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests. [ 67 ] On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a cloud gaming platform called Google Stadia . [ 68 ] On June 3, 2019, the United States Department of Justice reported that it would investigate Google for antitrust violations. [ 69 ] This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the search and search advertising markets. [ 70 ] In December 2019, former PayPal chief operating officer Bill Ready became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with Google Pay . [ 71 ] This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( April 2023 ) In April 2020, Google announced several cost-cutting measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel. [ 72 ] Google and Apple collaborated on the development of smartphone-based contact tracing solutions to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Prominent examples of government initiatives in this field include Singapore's TraceTogether and Australia's COVID Safe apps. TraceTogether was notably the first national Bluetooth contact tracing app to be launched globally, debuting in March 2020. [ 73 ] The 2020 Google services outages disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] In January 2021, the Australian Government proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia. [ 77 ] In March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for Ubisoft ports on Google Stadia . [ 78 ] Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as Ubisoft and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia. [ citation needed ] In April 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Google ran a years-long program called 'Project Bernanke' that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December. [ 79 ] In June 2023, Google stated it would remove Canadian news links from its services throughout the country due to legislation from the Canadian government (Bill C-11) that would require Google and other online platforms such as Facebook to pay for news articles being shown on their platforms. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] In September 2024, Google and its parent company Alphabet Inc. were fined 2.42 billion euros by the European Commission for an antitrust case surrounding Google's shopping service. The decision was later upheld by both the General Court (European Union) and the European Court of Justice . [ 82 ] In October 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) formally proposed a range of structural and behavioral remedies against Google, including the potential break-up of the company. These proposals explored banning default search placement payments, regulating the use of artificial intelligence in search results, mandating licensing of Google’s search data to competitors, and requiring increased transparency in online ad pricing. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] In November 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) urged a federal court to impose significant changes on Google to address its monopoly in online search. The proposed measures included forcing Google to sell its Chrome browser, sharing data and search results with competitors, and implementing various other restrictions. The DoJ also sought to prohibit Google from re-entering the browser market for five years, selling its Android OS if needed, and halting investments in rival search engines or AI. It also pushed to end exclusive deals where Google paid device makers like Apple to set its search engine as the default. Google called these measures excessive and harmful for consumers, vowing to appeal and a trial was set for April 2025. [ 86 ] In December 2024, Google responded with a counter‑proposal advocating for a narrower, three‑year ban on exclusive default search engine deals, including its long-standing arrangement with Apple. Rather than accepting divestitures of Chrome or Android, Google offered increased flexibility for browser developers and annual renegotiation of default search engine status. Privacy-focused competitors like DuckDuckGo criticized this as inadequate and insufficient to restore market competition. Both parties were expected to submit final remedy proposals ahead of the scheduled remedies trial in April 2025. [ 87 ] In early February 2025, Google announced it was ending its targets for minority recruitment and reevaluating other diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts. [ 88 ] In April 2025, the remedies trial commenced in Washington, D.C. before Judge Amit P. Mehta. The DOJ argued for substantial structural reforms and ongoing oversight, while Google maintained that such measures were excessive and would hinder innovation in the digital and AI sectors. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In September 2025, Mehta ruled that Google would not be required to divest of Chrome or Android, but could no longer include search in exclusive contracts. Mehta also ruled that Google would be required to share certain search index and user interaction data with competitors. [ 91 ] In April 2026, Alphabet Google's parent company announced a $180 billion spending plan for the company for AI infrastructure, data centers, and servers. Mainly for the development of Google's AI Gemini . Financing and initial public offering [ edit ] The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US$100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim , co-founder of Sun Microsystems , given to a corporation which did not yet exist. [ 92 ] On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling $25 million was announced, [ 93 ] the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital . [ 92 ] While Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google. Following the closing of the $25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO. Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired Eric Schmidt as Google's first CEO in August 2001. [ 94 ] In October 2003, while discussing a possible initial public offering of shares (IPO), Microsoft approached the company about a possible partnership or merger . [ 95 ] The deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group to arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as $4 billion. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004. [ 96 ] A total of 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share. [ 97 ] Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as √ 2 ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US$1.67 billion, and gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion. [ 98 ] Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 2.7 million shares of Google. [ 99 ] Following the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1 . Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000. [ 100 ] There were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires. [ 101 ] As a reply to this concern, co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture. [ 102 ] The company was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG . When Alphabet was created as Google's parent company, it retained Google's stock price history and ticker symbol. The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of " googol ", [ 103 ] [ 104 ] which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their first paper on PageRank : [ 17 ] "We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10 100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." There are uses of the name going back at least as far as the creation of the comic strip character Barney Google in 1919. British children's author Enid Blyton used the phrase "Google Bun" in The Magic Faraway Tree (published 1941) and The Folk of the Faraway Tree (published 1946), [ 105 ] and called a clown character "Google" in Circus Days Again (published 1942). [ 106 ] In April 1953 Clifford D Simak s short story "Retrograde Evolution" was published in Science Fiction Plus magazine wherein an alien race called "Googles" evolves from savages to geniuses overnight. There is also the Googleplex Star Thinker from Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy . Hank McCoy, The Beast, uses the word (spelled Google) in Uncanny X-Men #308. In March 1996, a business called Groove Track Productions applied for a United States trademark for "Google" for various products including several categories of clothing, stuffed toys, board games, and candy. The firm abandoned its application in July 1997. [ 107 ] Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb " google " was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet." [ 108 ] [ 109 ] The use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web. [ 104 ] The first use of "Google" as a verb in pop culture happened on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in 2002. [ 110 ] In November 2009, the Global Language Monitor named "Google" No. 7 on its Top Words of the Decade list. [ 111 ] In December 2009 the BBC highlighted Google in their "Portrait of the Decade (Words)" series. [ 112 ] In May 2012, David Elliott filed a complaint against Google, Inc. claiming that Google's once distinctive mark GOOGLE® has become generic and lacks trademark significance due to its common use as a transitive verb. After losing to Google in UDRP proceedings involving many "Google-related" domain name registrations that he owns, Elliott later sought a declaratory judgment that his domain names are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since "Google" is now a common generic word worldwide that means "to search the internet." [ 113 ] Google has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services. On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m 2 ) R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center . NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, bio - info - nano convergence, and encouragement of the entrepreneurial space industry . The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers. [ 114 ] In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with Sun Microsystems to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the open source office program OpenOffice.org . [ 115 ] Time Warner 's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a US$1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL. [ 116 ] As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on video search and offer AOL's premium video service within Google Video . This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase. In August 2006, Google signed a $900 million offer with News Corp.'s Fox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on MySpace and other News Corp. websites including IGN , AmericanIdol.com , Fox.com , and Rotten Tomatoes , although Fox Sports is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and MSN . [ 117 ] [ 118 ] On December 6, 2006, British Sky Broadcasting released details of a Sky and Google alliance. [ 119 ] This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain "@sky.com". In 2007, Google displaced America Online as a key partner and sponsor of the NORAD Tracks Santa program. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Google Earth was used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following Santa Claus ' progress in 3-D . [ 123 ] The program also made its presence known on YouTube in 2007 as part of its partnership with Google. [ 124 ] In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008. [ 125 ] Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine ' s photographs. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] In January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the Pontifical Council for Social Communications , allowing the Pope to have his own channel on YouTube . [ 128 ] In January 2013, Google announced a partnership with Kia Motors and Hyundai . The partnership integrates Google Maps and Place into new car models to be released later in 2013. [ 129 ] The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes Facebook , Intel , and Microsoft . Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee , the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income. [ 130 ] On September 21, 2017, HTC announced a "cooperation agreement" in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, as well as smartphone talent, to Google for $1.1 billion. 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"Google IPO at $2.7 billion" . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 27, 2010 . ^ Koller, David. " Origin of the name, "Google." Archived 2012-06-27 at the Wayback Machine Stanford University . January, 2004. ^ a b Hanley, Rachael. " From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns Archived March 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ." The Stanford Daily . February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010. ^ The Enid Blyton Society. " The Enchanted Forest and Folk of the Magic Faraway Tree by Enid Blyton Archived December 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 17, 2011 ^ The Enid Blyton Society." Circus Days Again by Enid Blyton Archived August 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 17, 2011 ^ "GOOGLE - Trademark Details" . JUSTIA . Retrieved December 20, 2016 . ^ Harris, Scott D. "Dictionary adds verb: to google]." San Jose Mercury News . July 7, 2006. "MercuryNews.com | 07/07/2006 | Dictionary adds verb: To google" . Archived from the original on February 6, 2007 . Retrieved July 7, 2006 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) ^ Bylund, Anders. " To Google or Not to Google Deprecated link archived July 7, 2006, at archive.today ." The Motley Fool via MSNBC . July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006. ^ Meyer, Robinson. "The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer" . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 28, 2016 . ^ Top Words of the Decade Archived May 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ " A portrait of the decade Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ." BBC . December 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 15, 2011. ^ "Is It Proper To Say You Google On GOOGLE®?" . The National Law Review . Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C. June 14, 2012 . Retrieved June 20, 2012 . ^ Lewis, Laura; Fox, Lynn. " NASA Takes Google on Journey into Space Archived March 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ." National Aeronautics and Space Administration , Press Release. September 28, 2005. ^ Brown, James. "Sun partners with Google" . Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 . Retrieved May 13, 2006 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) . vnunet.com. October 5, 2005. ^ Rosenbush, Steve. " AOL-Google: Who Gets What Archived May 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ?" BusinessWeek . December 21, 2005. ^ Staff Writer. " Google signs $900m News Corp deal Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ". BBC News . August 7, 2006. Retrieved on August 8, 2006. ^ " Google, News Corp. Ink Deal Over MySpace.com Ads Archived April 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ". Fox News . August 8, 2006. ^ "Sky and Google unveil broadband alliance" . British Sky Broadcasting. December 6, 2006 . Retrieved February 8, 2007 . ^ "For more than 50 years, NORAD is Tracking Santa, December 14, 2007 by Glenn Letham" . GISUser.com . Retrieved December 31, 2009 . ^ "Tracking Santa: NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas, December 1, 2007, Danny Sullivan" . Search Engine Land . December 2007 . Retrieved December 31, 2009 . ^ "Tracking Santa, Then and Now, November 30, 2007, by Carrie Farrell, Veteran Santa Tracker" . Retrieved December 31, 2009 . ^ Daniel Terdiman (December 21, 2009). "Behind the scenes: NORAD's Santa tracker" . CNET . Retrieved December 31, 2009 . ^ "Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google: The 2007 Edition, December 24, 2007, Danny Sullivan" . Search Engine Land. December 24, 2007 . Retrieved December 31, 2009 . ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea (September 6, 2008). "GeoEye launches high-resolution satellite" . Reuters . Washington . Retrieved February 26, 2010 . ^ "Google gives online life to Life mag's photos" . Mountain View, California. Associated Press . November 20, 2008 . Retrieved February 25, 2010 . Google Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from Life magazine's archives that have never been seen by the public before ^ Stirling, Greg (November 18, 2008). "Google Hosting Time-Life Photo Archive, 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live" . Search Engine Land . Retrieved July 5, 2010 . ^ Krause, Flavia. (January 23, 2009) Pope Benedict Debuts on YouTube to Reach Out to Catholics Archived June 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved on May 29, 2011. ^ "Google partners with Hyundai and Kia Motors to integrate Google Maps and Places into new car models" . The Next Web . Retrieved January 2, 2013 . ^ Gibbs, Samuel (October 7, 2013). "Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet" . The Guardian . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . ^ Balakrishnan, Saheli Roy Choudhury, Anita (September 20, 2017). "Google agrees to buy part of HTC for $1.1 billion" . CNBC . Retrieved September 21, 2017 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Google is buying part of HTC's smartphone team for $1.1 billion" . The Verge . Retrieved September 21, 2017 . ^ "Google signs agreement with HTC, continuing our big bet on hardware" . Google . September 21, 2017 . Retrieved September 21, 2017 . ^ "A look back: Timeline of Mountain View history" , San Jose Mercury News , March 2007 Auletta, Ken (2009). Googled: The End of the World as We Know It . New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-235-3 . OCLC 318411527 . Battelle, John (2005). The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture . New York: Portfolio. ISBN 1-59184-088-0 . OCLC 72691962 . Bottando, Evelyn. "Hedging the commons: Google Books, libraries, and open access to knowledge" (PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2012. 3526789). Gray, Joanne Elizabeth. Google Rules: The History and Future of Copyright Under the Influence of Google (Oxford University Press, 2020) Levy, Steven (2011). In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-41659-671-4 . Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization (Princeton University Press, 2021) Redding, Anna Crowley. Google It: A History of Google (2018) Stross, Randall (2008). Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know . New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-4691-7 . OCLC 261376729 . Vise, David A ; Malseed, Mark (2005). The Google Story . Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-55380-457-7 . OCLC 607806212 . Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry . U of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252087127 online External videos Q&A interview with Auletta on Googled , October 29, 2009 , C-SPAN Presentation by Auletta on Googled , November 11, 2009 , C-SPAN Interview with Auletta on Googled , November 11, 2010 , C-SPAN Google Corporate History (official) David Hart: On the Origins of Google National Science Foundation , August 17, 2004

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[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Google "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Google "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google) - [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#History) Toggle History subsection - [1\.1 Beginnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Beginnings) - [1\.2 Late 1990s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Late_1990s) - [1\.3 2000s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#2000s) - [1\.3.1 Use of cookies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Use_of_cookies) - [1\.4 2010s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#2010s) - [1\.5 2020s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#2020s) - [2 Financing and initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Financing_and_initial_public_offering) - [3 Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Name) - [4 Partnerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Partnerships) - [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#See_also) - [6 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#References) - [7 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Further_reading) - [8 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # History of Google 13 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84 "تاريخ جوجل – Arabic") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_tarixi "Google tarixi – Azerbaijani") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84 "تاریخچه گوگل – Persian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_di_Google "Storia di Google – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2 "Googleの歴史 – Japanese") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC "구글의 역사 – Korean") - [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEroka_Google%C3%AA "Dîroka Googleê – Kurdish") - [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87 "د ګوګل تاریخچه – Pashto") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Google "История Google – Russian") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81 "கூகுள் வரலாறு – Tamil") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_Google "Історія Google – Ukrainian") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Google "Lịch sử Google – Vietnamese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2 "Google歷史 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1145634#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:History_of_Google "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_Google "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_Google "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&oldid=1349105215 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_Google&id=1349105215&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Google) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_Google&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1145634 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") was officially launched in 1998 by [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") to market [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search"), which has become the most used [web-based search engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine "Web search engine"). Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in California, developed a [search algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_algorithm "Search algorithm") first (1996) known as "BackRub", with the help of [Scott Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hassan "Scott Hassan") and Alan Steremberg. The search engine soon proved successful, and the expanding company moved several times, finally settling at [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California "Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California") in 2003. This marked a phase of rapid growth, with the company making its [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in 2004 and quickly becoming one of the world's largest media companies. The company launched [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News") in 2002, [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail") in 2004, [Google Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps") in 2005, [Google Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") in 2008, and the [social network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network "Social network") known as [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+") in 2011 (which was shut down in April 2019), in addition to [many other products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products"). The company set up a charitable offshoot, [Google.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org "Google.org"), in 2005. In 2015, Google became the main subsidiary of the holding company [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") The search engine has gone through many updates in attempts to eradicate [search engine optimization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization "Search engine optimization"). The name Google is a misspelling of [Googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")! The number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information. ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Google_page_brin.jpg/250px-Google_page_brin.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_page_brin.jpg) Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg/250px-The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg) The first Google computer at Stanford was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from [LEGO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego "Lego") knock off bricks called [Mega Bricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Brands "Mega Brands").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-1)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] ### Beginnings \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Beginnings")\] Google has its origins in "**BackRub**", a research project started in 1996 by [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") when they were both PhD students at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in [Stanford, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford,_California "Stanford, California").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", lead programmer [Scott Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hassan "Scott Hassan"), who left before Google was officially founded as a company.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-4) While finding a topic for his doctoral thesis in 1995, Page considered exploring the mathematical properties of the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web") by understanding its link structure as a huge [graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_$discrete_mathematics$ "Graph (discrete mathematics)").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) His supervisor, [Terry Winograd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd "Terry Winograd"), encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got"[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-6)). Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, comparing the importance of tracking such [backlinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlink "Backlink") to the role of [citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation "Citation") in [academic publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing "Academic publishing").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3) The research project was nicknamed "BackRub", and it was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a [National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSF-GRF "NSF-GRF").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7) The two had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to give a tour around the campus and nearby San Francisco.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Both Brin and Page were working on the [Stanford Digital Library Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Digital_Library_Project "Stanford Digital Library Project") (SDLP), whose goal was "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library". The SDLP was funded through U.S. federal agencies including the [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-10) Brin and Page also received funding from Massive Digital Data Systems (MDDS), a program by the [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) and the [National Security Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency") (NSA) to fund the improvement of [intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_$information$ "Intelligence (information)") databases on the disorganized World Wide Web.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-11) Page's [web crawler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler "Web crawler") began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Brin and Page developed the [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank") algorithm to convert the backlink data they gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) The pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing search engines, which ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-12) Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies and laid the foundation for their search engine.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-13) The first version of Google was released in August 1996 on the Stanford website and used nearly half of Stanford's entire network bandwidth.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-14) > Some Rough Statistics (from August 29, 1996) > > Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million > > Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes > > ... > > BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks. — Larry Page[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-backrub1996-15) Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-backrub1996-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-16) [Rajeev Motwani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Motwani "Rajeev Motwani") and [Terry Winograd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd "Terry Winograd") later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. [Héctor García-Molina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina "Héctor García-Molina") and [Jeff Ullman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Ullman "Jeff Ullman") were also cited as contributors to the project.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17) PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for [RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex "RankDex"), developed by [Robin Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Li "Robin Li") in 1996. Larry Page's patent for PageRank filed in 1998 includes a citation to Li's earlier patent. Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine [Baidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu "Baidu") in 2000.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-20) ### Late 1990s \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Late 1990s")\] Originally the search engine used Stanford's website with the domains *google.stanford.edu*[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-21) and *z.stanford.edu*.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-22) The domain *google.com* was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, *Google*, on September 4, 1998, in their friend [Susan Wojcicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki "Susan Wojcicki")'s garage in [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"). Wojcicki eventually became an executive at Google and CEO at [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"). Page invited [Craig Nevill-Manning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Nevill-Manning "Craig Nevill-Manning"), whom he had met while Nevill-Manning was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford, to join Google. Nevill-Manning declined and joined years later.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-nzherald-23) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg/250px-Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg) The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant. Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-24) By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25) The home page was still marked "[BETA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_test "Beta test")", but an article in [Salon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com "Salon.com") already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like [Hotbot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotbot "Hotbot") or [Excite.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excite.com "Excite.com"), and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded [portal sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portal "Web portal") (like [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo! "Yahoo!"), Excite.com, [Lycos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycos "Lycos"), Netscape's [Netcenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape "Netscape"), [AOL.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL.com "AOL.com"), [Go.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go.com "Go.com") and [MSN.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN.com "MSN.com")) which, during the growing [dot-com bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble"), were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25) Early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to [Excite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excite_$web_portal$ "Excite (web portal)"). They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for \$1 million. He rejected the offer. [Vinod Khosla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Khosla "Vinod Khosla"), one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo down to \$750,000, but Bell still rejected it.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-26) In March 1999, the company moved into offices at [165 University Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165_University_Avenue "165 University Avenue") in [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California"), home to several other noted [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") technology startups.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-165univave-27) After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California "Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California") at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from [Silicon Graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics "Silicon Graphics") (SGI) in 2003.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-sgibldg-28) The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex") (a play on the word [googolplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex "Googolplex"), a number that is equal to 1 followed by a [googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol") of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US\$319 million.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-googleplexpurchase-29) ### 2000s \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: 2000s")\] The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-simpledesign-30) In 2000, Google began selling [advertisements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") associated with search [keywords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_$internet_search$ "Keyword (internet search)").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at \$.05 per click.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by [Goto.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goto.com "Goto.com"), an Idealab spin-off created by [Bill Gross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_T._Gross "Bill T. Gross").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong2-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p2-32) When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo! "Yahoo!") and renamed [Yahoo! Search Marketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing "Yahoo! Search Marketing"). The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-glaser-36) While many of its [dot-com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_company "Dot-com company") rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) Google's declared [code of conduct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_conduct "Code of conduct") is "[Don't be evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil "Don't be evil")", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their [prospectus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_$finance$ "Prospectus (finance)") (aka "S-1") for their 2004 [IPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering"), noting that "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains."[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-37) In February 2003, Google acquired [Pyra Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs "Pyra Labs"), owner of the Blogger website. The acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News"). In February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost Google some [market share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share "Market share"), yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness. The verb "[to google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_$verb$ "Google (verb)")" has entered a number of languages (first as a [slang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang "Slang") verb and now as a standard word), meaning "to perform a web search" (a possible indication of "Google" becoming a [genericized trademark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark "Genericized trademark")).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-38) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG/250px-Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG) The relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo After the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004, the number of [shares outstanding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares_outstanding "Shares outstanding") was 172.85 million while the "[free float](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_$finance$ "Float (finance)")" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). Google has a dual-class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page said in the [prospectus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_$finance$ "Prospectus (finance)") that Google has "a dual-class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me."[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-39) In June 2005, Google was valued at nearly \$52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-40) On August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as [π](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi "Pi") ≈ 3.14159265) more shares of its stock to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to \$7 billion. Google said it would use the money for "acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets".[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-41) With Google's increased size came more competition from large mainstream technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-42) Microsoft had been touting its [Bing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_$search_engine$ "Bing (search engine)") search engine to counter Google's competitive position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as [webmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-based_email "Web-based email") (Gmail vs. [Hotmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmail "Hotmail")), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's [Windows Live Local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live_Local "Windows Live Local") competes with [Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth")). In addition to an [Internet Explorer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer "Internet Explorer") replacement, Google designed its own [Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux "Linux")\-based [operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") called [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS") to directly compete with [Microsoft Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows"). There were also rumors of a Google [web browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser"), fueled much by the fact that Google was the owner of the [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name "Domain name") "gbrowser.com".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] These were later proven when Google released [Google Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome"). This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when [Kai-Fu Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Fu_Lee "Kai-Fu Lee"), a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's [non-compete contract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-compete_clause "Non-compete clause") (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China")). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-43) [Click fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud "Click fraud") also became a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that "something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model."[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-44) While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has experimented with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company [dMarc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMarc "DMarc"), which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-45) Google also began an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the *[Chicago Sun-Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times "Chicago Sun-Times")*.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-46) During the third quarter of 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, "We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build." After months of speculation, Google was added to the [Standard & Poor's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s "Standard & Poor's") 500 index (S\&P 500) on March 31, 2006.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-47) Google replaced [Burlington Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Resources "Burlington Resources"), a major oil producer based in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas "Houston, Texas") that had been acquired by [ConocoPhillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips "ConocoPhillips").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-48) The day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-49) In 2008, Google launched [Knol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knol "Knol"), their own equivalent of Wikipedia,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Death-50) which failed four years later.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-knol-death-51) #### Use of cookies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Use of cookies")\] Although Google was already deriving the vast majority of its income from advertising at the time of its 2004 IPO,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-52) it did not use any [HTTP cookie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie "HTTP cookie")\-based [web tracking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_tracking "Web tracking") until 2007.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) By 2006, Google's Ad revenue was already facing signs of decline, as "a growing number of advertisers were refusing to buy display ads from Google."[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) The [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") led Google to institute a hiring freeze.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) In 2007, Google agreed to buy [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") for \$3.1 billion, marking the start of its use of cookie-based tracking.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) Even with the purchase, Google only ended up with a 3% revenue in the second quarter of 2009, in the depth of the recession.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-54) Google initially separated the browsing habits collected from AD tracking from data collected by its other services by default. Google removed this last layer of protection in 2016, making its tracking personally-identifiable.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-55) ### 2010s \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: 2010s")\] In 2011, the company launched [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+"), its fourth foray into social networking, following [Google Buzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz "Google Buzz") (launched 2010, retired in 2011), [Google Friend Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect "Google Friend Connect") (launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012), and [Orkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut "Orkut") (launched in 2004, retired in September 2014[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-56)) As of November 2014, Google operated over 70 offices in more than 41 countries.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-57) In 2015, Google reorganized its interests as a holding company, [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc."), with Google as its leading subsidiary. Google continued to serve as the umbrella for Alphabet's Internet interests.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-60) On September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a [limited liability company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company "Limited liability company"), Google LLC, as a wholly owned subsidiary of [XXVI Holdings, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXVI_Holdings,_Inc. "XXVI Holdings, Inc."), which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-61) Between 2018 and 2019, [tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_worker_organization "Google worker organization") as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, [Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_$search_engine$ "Dragonfly (search engine)"), a censored Chinese search engine, and [Project Maven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Maven "Project Maven"), a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-63) On 25 October 2018, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* published an exposé, "How Google Protected [Andy Rubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin "Andy Rubin"), the 'Father of Android'". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-64) On 1 November 2018, Google employees staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints, including the [golden parachute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_parachute "Golden parachute") exit of former executive [Andy Rubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin "Andy Rubin");[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-65) more than 20,000 employees and contractors participated.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-66) CEO [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") was reported to be in support of the protests.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-67) On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a [cloud gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming "Cloud gaming") platform called [Google Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia").[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-unveils-68) On June 3, 2019, the [United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") reported that it would investigate Google for [antitrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust "Antitrust") violations.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-69) This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the [search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine "Web search engine") and [search advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_advertising "Search advertising") markets.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-70) In December 2019, former [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [chief operating officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer "Chief operating officer") [Bill Ready](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ready "Bill Ready") became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with [Google Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_$2018%E2%80%932022$ "Google Pay (2018–2022)").[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-71) ### 2020s \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: 2020s")\] | | | |---|---| | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(April 2023)* | In April 2020, Google announced several cost-cutting measures due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-72) Google and Apple collaborated on the development of smartphone-based contact tracing solutions to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Prominent examples of government initiatives in this field include Singapore's TraceTogether and Australia's COVID Safe apps. TraceTogether was notably the first national Bluetooth contact tracing app to be launched globally, debuting in March 2020.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-73) The [2020 Google services outages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Google_services_outages "2020 Google services outages") disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-74)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-76) In January 2021, the [Australian Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government") proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-77) In March 2021, Google reportedly paid \$20 million for [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") ports on [Google Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-78) Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] In April 2021, *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* reported that Google ran a years-long program called 'Project Bernanke' that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-79) In June 2023, Google stated it would remove Canadian news links from its services throughout the country due to [legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_News_Act "Online News Act") from the [Canadian government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_government "Canadian government") (Bill C-11) that would require Google and other online platforms such as Facebook to pay for news articles being shown on their platforms.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-81) In September 2024, Google and its parent company [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") were fined 2.42 billion euros by the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") for an antitrust case surrounding Google's shopping service. The decision was later upheld by both the [General Court (European Union)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Court_$European_Union$ "General Court (European Union)") and the [European Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-europeanshopping-82) In October 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) formally proposed a range of structural and behavioral remedies against Google, including the potential break-up of the company. These proposals explored banning default search placement payments, regulating the use of artificial intelligence in search results, mandating licensing of Google’s search data to competitors, and requiring increased transparency in online ad pricing.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-APNews2024-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Politico2024-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Barrons2024-85) In November 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) urged a federal court to impose significant changes on Google to address its monopoly in online search. The proposed measures included forcing Google to sell its Chrome browser, sharing data and search results with competitors, and implementing various other restrictions. The DoJ also sought to prohibit Google from re-entering the browser market for five years, selling its Android OS if needed, and halting investments in rival search engines or AI. It also pushed to end exclusive deals where Google paid device makers like Apple to set its search engine as the default. Google called these measures excessive and harmful for consumers, vowing to appeal and a trial was set for April 2025.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-86) In December 2024, Google responded with a counter‑proposal advocating for a narrower, three‑year ban on exclusive default search engine deals, including its long-standing arrangement with Apple. Rather than accepting divestitures of Chrome or Android, Google offered increased flexibility for browser developers and annual renegotiation of default search engine status. Privacy-focused competitors like DuckDuckGo criticized this as inadequate and insufficient to restore market competition. Both parties were expected to submit final remedy proposals ahead of the scheduled remedies trial in April 2025.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeDec2024-87) In early February 2025, Google announced it was ending its targets for minority recruitment and reevaluating other [diversity, equity, and inclusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion "Diversity, equity, and inclusion") efforts.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-88) In April 2025, the remedies trial commenced in Washington, D.C. before Judge Amit P. Mehta. The DOJ argued for substantial structural reforms and ongoing oversight, while Google maintained that such measures were excessive and would hinder innovation in the digital and AI sectors.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeApr2025-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-BarronsApr2025-90) In September 2025, Mehta ruled that Google would not be required to divest of [Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") or Android, but could no longer include [search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") in exclusive contracts. Mehta also ruled that Google would be required to share certain [search index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing "Search engine indexing") and user interaction data with competitors.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-91) In April 2026, Alphabet Google's parent company announced a \$180 billion spending plan for the company for AI infrastructure, data centers, and servers. Mainly for the development of Google's AI [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gemini "Google Gemini"). ## Financing and initial public offering \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Financing and initial public offering")\] The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US\$100,000 contribution from [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim"), co-founder of [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems"), given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92) On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling \$25 million was announced,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-93) the major investors being rival venture capital firms [Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner,_Perkins,_Caufield_%26_Byers "Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers") and [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92) While Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google. Following the closing of the \$25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO. Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") as Google's first CEO in August 2001.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-94) In October 2003, while discussing a possible [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") of shares (IPO), [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") approached the company about a possible partnership or [merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions "Mergers and acquisitions").[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-95) The deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") and [Goldman Sachs Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs_Group "Goldman Sachs Group") to arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as \$4 billion. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-96) A total of 19,605,052 [shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_stock "Capital stock") were offered at a price of \$85 per share.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-IPO-97) Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as [√2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_two "Square root of two") ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US\$1.67 billion, and gave Google a [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") of more than \$23 billion.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-washpost-98) Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 2.7 million shares of Google.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-yahooshares-99) Following the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their [base salary be cut to \$1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-dollar_salary "One-dollar salary"). Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made \$250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of \$150,000.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-100) There were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-101) As a reply to this concern, co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-102) The company was listed on the [NASDAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ") stock exchange under the [ticker symbol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") **GOOG**. When Alphabet was created as Google's parent company, it retained Google's stock price history and ticker symbol. ## Name \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Name")\] The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "[googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")",[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-103)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their first paper on [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank"):[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17) "We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." There are uses of the name going back at least as far as the creation of the [comic strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip "Comic strip") character [Barney Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Google_and_Snuffy_Smith "Barney Google and Snuffy Smith") in 1919. British children's author [Enid Blyton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Blyton "Enid Blyton") used the phrase "Google Bun" in *[The Magic Faraway Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Faraway_Tree_$novel$ "The Magic Faraway Tree (novel)")* (published 1941) and *[The Folk of the Faraway Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Faraway_Tree#The_Folk_of_the_Faraway_Tree "The Faraway Tree")* (published 1946),[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-105) and called a clown character "Google" in *[Circus Days Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circus_Series "The Circus Series")* (published 1942).[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-106) In April 1953 *[Clifford D Simak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_D._Simak_bibliography "Clifford D. Simak bibliography")*s short story "Retrograde Evolution" was published in *[Science Fiction Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Plus "Science Fiction Plus")* magazine wherein an alien race called "Googles" evolves from savages to geniuses overnight. There is also the [Googleplex Star Thinker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex_Star_Thinker "Googleplex Star Thinker") from [Douglas Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams "Douglas Adams")' *[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy")*. Hank McCoy, The Beast, uses the word (spelled Google) in Uncanny X-Men \#308. In March 1996, a business called Groove Track Productions applied for a United States trademark for "Google" for various products including several categories of clothing, stuffed toys, board games, and candy. The firm abandoned its application in July 1997.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-107) Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "[google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_$verb$ "Google (verb)")" was added to the *[Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster "Merriam-Webster")* and the *Oxford English Dictionary* in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet."[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-109) The use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) The first use of "Google" as a verb in [pop culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture "Pop culture") happened on the TV series *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*, in 2002.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-110) In November 2009, the [Global Language Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor "Global Language Monitor") named "Google" No. 7 on its Top Words of the Decade list.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-111) In December 2009 the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") highlighted Google in their "Portrait of the Decade (Words)" series.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-112) In May 2012, David Elliott filed a complaint against Google, Inc. claiming that Google's once distinctive mark GOOGLE® has become generic and lacks trademark significance due to its common use as a transitive verb. After losing to Google in [UDRP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP "UDRP") proceedings involving many "Google-related" domain name registrations that he owns, Elliott later sought a declaratory judgment that his domain names are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since "Google" is now a common generic word worldwide that means "to search the internet."[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-113) ## Partnerships \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Partnerships")\] Google has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services. On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) R\&D center at NASA's [Ames Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Research_Center "Ames Research Center"). NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, [bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology")\-[info](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology")\-[nano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_technology "Nano technology") convergence, and encouragement of the [entrepreneurial space industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurial_space_industry "Entrepreneurial space industry"). The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-114) In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license "Open-source license") office program [OpenOffice.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org "OpenOffice.org").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Sun_partners_with_Google-115) [Time Warner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner "Time Warner")'s [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL") unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a US\$1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-116) As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on [video search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_search "Video search") and offer AOL's premium video service within [Google Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video "Google Video"). This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase. In August 2006, Google signed a \$900 million offer with [News Corp.'s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_$1980%E2%80%932013$ "News Corporation (1980–2013)") Fox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on [MySpace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace "MySpace") and other News Corp. websites including [IGN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN "IGN"), [AmericanIdol.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol "American Idol"), [Fox.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox.com "Fox.com"), and [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes "Rotten Tomatoes"), although [Fox Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_$USA$ "Fox Sports (USA)") is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and [MSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN "MSN").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-117)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-118) On December 6, 2006, [British Sky Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting "British Sky Broadcasting") released details of a Sky and Google alliance.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-119) This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain "@sky.com". In 2007, Google displaced [America Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL") as a key partner and sponsor of the [NORAD Tracks Santa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa "NORAD Tracks Santa") program.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-121)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell-122) [Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth") was used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following [Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus")' progress in [3-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD-123) The program also made its presence known on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in 2007 as part of its partnership with Google.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-124) In 2008, Google developed a partnership with [GeoEye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoEye "GeoEye") to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from [Vandenberg Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base "Vandenberg Air Force Base") on September 6, 2008.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-125) Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of *[Life Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_$magazine$ "Life (magazine)")*'s photographs.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-126)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-127) In January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the [Pontifical Council for Social Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Social_Communications "Pontifical Council for Social Communications"), allowing the [Pope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope "Pope") to have his own channel on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube").[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-128) In January 2013, Google announced a partnership with [Kia Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Motors "Kia Motors") and [Hyundai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company "Hyundai Motor Company"). The partnership integrates Google Maps and Place into new car models to be released later in 2013.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-129) The [Alliance for Affordable Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Affordable_Internet "Alliance for Affordable Internet") (A4AI) was launched in October 2013; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel"), and [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"). Led by [Sir Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee "Sir Tim Berners-Lee"), the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-130) On September 21, 2017, [HTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC "HTC") announced a "cooperation agreement" in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, as well as smartphone talent, to Google for \$1.1 billion.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-131)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-133) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Timeline of Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Search "Timeline of Google Search") - [Criticism of Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google "Criticism of Google") - [Google logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo "Google logo") - [List of Google Easter eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs "List of Google Easter eggs") - [Timeline of Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California "Timeline of Mountain View, California"), headquarters of Google since 1999[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-134) ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: References")\] 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-1)** [The Original GOOGLE Computer Storage (Page and Brin, 1996)](http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/0-4-Google.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161028133317/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/0-4-Google.htm) October 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Stanford Computer Science Computer History Display 2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-4) "[Our history in Depth](https://www.google.com/about/company/history/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150623193037/https://www.google.com/about/company/history/) June 23, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")" Google, Retrieved on March 29, 2016 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-1) Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018). ["Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google). *[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_$magazine$ "Vanity Fair (magazine)")*. Retrieved August 23, 2019. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-4)** McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003). ["Google vs. Evil"](https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_$magazine$ "Wired (magazine)")*. Retrieved August 24, 2019. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-5) [Battelle, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Battelle "John Battelle") (August 2005). "[The Birth of Google](https://www.wired.com/2005/08/battelle/)." Received August 16, 2025. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140318175553/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html) March 18, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_$magazine$ "Wired (magazine)")*. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-6)** [The best advice I ever got](https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0804/gallery.bestadvice.fortune/2.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131127150338/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0804/gallery.bestadvice.fortune/2.html) November 27, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (Fortune, April 2008) 7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-1) Brin, Sergey; Lawrence Page (1996). "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine". *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **35** (1–7\): 3. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_$identifier$ "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.109.4049](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.4049). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [7587743](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7587743). 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-8)** Brin, Sergey; Rajeev Motwani; Terry Winograd (1998). "What can you do with a web in your pocket". *Data Engineering Bulletin*. **21**: 37–47\. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_$identifier$ "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.107.7614](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.7614). 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-9)** [The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project](https://web.archive.org/web/20090508033156/https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306), Award Abstract \#9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount \$521,111,001 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-10)** Mervish, Jeffrey (January 2, 2009). ["NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library"](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). *Science*. **323** (5910): 54–56\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1126/science.323.5910.54](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [19119211](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19119211). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [45137596](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45137596). 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-11)** Nesbit, Jeff (December 8, 2017). ["Google's true origin partly lies in CIA and NSA research grants for mass surveillance"](https://qz.com/1145669/googles-true-origin-partly-lies-in-cia-and-nsa-research-grants-for-mass-surveillance/). *[Quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_$publication$ "Quartz (publication)")*. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-12)** Page, Lawrence, Brin, Sergey, Motwani, Rajeev, Winograd, Terry. "[The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web](http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1999-66) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080912112513/http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1999-66) September 12, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." November 11, 1999. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-13)** Google I/O Conference is a big upcoming in 2015.[Downloaded 11 – February 2009](http://www.technowonders.com/2015/02/google-io-2015.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160428160018/http://www.technowonders.com/2015/02/google-io-2015.html) April 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Google IO Conferences. Retrieved on February 22, 2015 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-14)** ["A Brief History of Google - Part 1 - Sebo Marketing"](https://www.sebomarketing.com/brief-history-google/). *Sebo Marketing*. Retrieved May 24, 2018. 15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-1) ["Archive of Backrub homepage"](https://web.archive.org/web/19971210065425/http://backrub.stanford.edu/backrub.html). Archived from [the original](http://backrub.stanford.edu/backrub.html) on December 10, 1997. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-16)** Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 20, 2021). ["Who Gets the L.L.C.? Inside a Silicon Valley Billionaire's Divorce"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/technology/Scott-Hassan-Allison-Huynh-divorce.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved August 20, 2021. 17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-1) [Brin, S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"); [Page, L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (1998). ["The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine"](http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf) (PDF). *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **30** (1–7\): 107–117\. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_$identifier$ "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.115.5930](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.5930). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0169-7552](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-7552). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [7587743](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7587743). 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-18)** ["About: RankDex"](http://www.rankdex.com/about.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120120002301/http://www.rankdex.com/about.html) 2012-01-20 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *[RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex "RankDex")* 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-19)** Altucher, James (March 18, 2011). ["10 Unusual Things About Google"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesaltucher/2011/03/18/10-unusual-things-about-google-also-the-worst-vc-decision-i-ever-made/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved June 16, 2019. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-20)** ["Method for node ranking in a linked database"](https://patents.google.com/patent/US6285999). Google Patents. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185034/http://www.google.com/patents/US6285999) from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-21)** ["Google! Search Engine"](https://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552/http://google.stanford.edu/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http://google.stanford.edu/) on November 11, 1998. Retrieved October 12, 2010. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-22)** ["Google! Search Engine"](https://web.archive.org/web/19981201235013/http://z.stanford.edu/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http://z.stanford.edu/) on December 1, 1998. Retrieved August 14, 2012. 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-nzherald_23-0)** ["The clever Kiwi who was wooed by Google"](https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/the-clever-kiwi-who-was-wooed-by-google/AHVOTOYKAUBAIMTODGYI2XV7OI/?ref=readmore). *NZ Herald*. September 23, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2023. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-24)** Stross, Randall, [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160521150920/https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC&printsec=frontcover) May 21, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), New York : Free Press, September 2008. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4165-4691-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7") Cf. pp.3–4. 25. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-1) [Scott Rosenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Rosenberg_$journalist$ "Scott Rosenberg (journalist)"): *[Yes, there is a better search engine. While the portal sites fiddle, Google catches fire](http://www.salon.com/1998/12/21/straight_44/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201713/http://www.salon.com/1998/12/21/straight_44/) November 23, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")*. [Salon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com "Salon.com"), 21 December 1998 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-26)** Siegler, MG (September 29, 2010). ["When Google Wanted To Sell To Excite For Under \$1 Million — And They Passed"](https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/29/google-excite/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). Retrieved November 29, 2016. 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-165univave_27-0)** Fried, Ian. "[A building blessed with tech success](https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160310084656/http://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/) March 10, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET").* October 4, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. 28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-sgibldg_28-0)** Olsen, Stefanie (July 11, 2003). ["Google's movin' on up"](https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/googles-movin-on-up/). *CNET*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240822000138/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/googles-movin-on-up/) from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2025. 29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-googleplexpurchase_29-0)** Staff Writer. "[Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics](http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100418071152/http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html) April 18, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal.* June 16, 2006. Retrieved on February 24, 2007. 30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-simpledesign_30-0)** Thompson, Bill. "[Is Google good for you?](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3334531.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090125130328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3334531.stm) January 25, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")" *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News").* December 19, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. 31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong2_31-0)** Sullivan, Danny (July 1, 1998). ["GoTo Going Strong"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091014204451/http://searchenginewatch.com/2166331). *SearchEngineWatch*. Archived from [the original](http://searchenginewatch.com/2166331) on October 14, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2010. 32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p2_32-0)** Pelline, Jeff (February 19, 1998). ["Pay-for-placement gets another shot"](https://news.cnet.com/Pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot/2100-1023_3-208309.html). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). Retrieved February 18, 2010. 33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-33)** Olsen, Stephanie (August 9, 2004). ["Google, Yahoo bury the legal hatchet"](https://news.cnet.com/Google,-Yahoo-bury-the-legal-hatchet/2100-1024_3-5302421.html). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). Retrieved February 18, 2010. 34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong_34-0)** Sullivan, Danny. "[GoTo Going Strong](http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2166331) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061021112602/http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2166331) October 21, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *The Search Engine Report.* July 1, 1998. 35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p_35-0)** Pelline, Jeff. "[Pay-for-placement gets another shot](https://www.cnet.com/news/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160529155943/http://www.cnet.com/news/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot/) May 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET").* February 19, 1998. 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-glaser_36-0)** Glaser, Ken. "Who Will GoTo.com?" [OnlinePress.com](http://www.onlinepress.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161003045631/http://www.onlinepress.com/) October 3, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). *February 20, 1998.* 37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-37)** Ovide, Shira (June 23, 2011). ["What Would 2004 Google Say About Antitrust Probe?"](https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2011/06/23/what-would-2004-google-say-about-antitrust-probe/). *The Wall Street Journal*. 38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-38)** ["How Google Became a Verb"](http://www.thelinguafile.com/2013/02/how-google-became-verb.html). The Lingua File - The Language Blog. Retrieved November 22, 2013. 39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-39)** ["Form S-1"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312504073639/ds1.htm). *www.sec.gov*. 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"[A Google-Microsoft War](https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,1706872,00.asp) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081206020043/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C1759%2C1706872%2C00.asp) December 6, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[PC Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine "PC Magazine").* November 16, 2004. 43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-43)** Vise, David A. "[Microsoft, Google Both Claim Victory](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091301860.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161229065715/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091301860.html) December 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post").* September 14, 2005, p. 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"[Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/17/AR2006011701333.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228182006/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/17/AR2006011701333.html) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post").* January 18, 2006. 46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-46)** Gonsalves, Antone. 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"[Google's IPO: Grate Expectations](https://web.archive.org/web/20070808031101/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14939-2004Aug19.html)." *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post").* August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. 99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-yahooshares_99-0)** Kuchinskas, Susan. "[Yahoo and Google Settle](http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/3392781) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161227194254/http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/3392781) December 27, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[internetnews.com](http://www.internetnews.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161229140554/http://www.internetnews.com/) December 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").* August 9, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. 100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-100)** La Monica, Paul R. (March 31, 2006). ["Google leaders stick with \$1 salary"](https://money.cnn.com/2006/03/31/technology/google/index.htm). *CNN Money*. [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). Retrieved April 25, 2017. 101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-101)** ["Quirky Google Culture Endangered?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100814174333/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2004/04/63241). *Wired*. Associated Press. April 28, 2004. Archived from [the original](https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2004/04/63241) on August 14, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010. 102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-102)** Olsen, Stefanie; Kawamoto, Dawn (April 30, 2004). ["Google IPO at \$2.7 billion"](https://news.cnet.com/2100-1024-5201978.html). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). Retrieved November 27, 2010. 103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-103)** Koller, David. "[Origin of the name, "Google."](http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) 2012-06-27 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") *[Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").* January, 2004. 104. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-1) Hanley, Rachael. "[From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns](http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100330004631/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/) March 30, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[The Stanford Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily "The Stanford Daily").* February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010. 105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-105)** The Enid Blyton Society. "[The Enchanted Forest and Folk of the Magic Faraway Tree by Enid Blyton](http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/faraway-tree.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161216052522/http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/faraway-tree.php) December 16, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Retrieved on May 17, 2011 106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-106)** The Enid Blyton Society."[*Circus Days Again* by Enid Blyton](http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/book-details.php?id=237) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160807152831/http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/book-details.php?id=237) August 7, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Retrieved on May 17, 2011 107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-107)** ["GOOGLE - Trademark Details"](https://trademarks.justia.com/750/71/google-75071072.html). JUSTIA. Retrieved December 20, 2016. 108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-108)** Harris, Scott D. "Dictionary adds verb: to google\]." *[San Jose Mercury News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News "San Jose Mercury News").* July 7, 2006. ["MercuryNews.com \| 07/07/2006 \| Dictionary adds verb: To google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070206065348/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm). Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2006. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown")) 109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-109)** Bylund, Anders. "[To Google or Not to Google](https://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/) [Deprecated link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance "Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance") archived July 7, 2006, at [archive.today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today "Archive.today")." *[The Motley Fool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motley_Fool "The Motley Fool") via [MSNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC "MSNBC").* July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006. 110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-110)** Meyer, Robinson. ["The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer"](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved September 28, 2016. 111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-111)** [Top Words of the Decade](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/19/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160515143111/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/19/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) May 15, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-112)** "[A portrait of the decade](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8409040.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228002630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8409040.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC").* December 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 15, 2011. 113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-113)** ["Is It Proper To Say You Google On GOOGLE®?"](http://www.natlawreview.com/article/it-proper-to-say-you-google-google). *The National Law Review*. Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C. June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012. 114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-114)** Lewis, Laura; Fox, Lynn. "[NASA Takes Google on Journey into Space](https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2005/05_50AR.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160318184559/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2005/05_50AR.html) March 18, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "National Aeronautics and Space Administration"),* Press Release. September 28, 2005. 115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Sun_partners_with_Google_115-0)** Brown, James. ["Sun partners with Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930195540/http://www.vnunet.com/computing/news/2143242/sun-partners-google). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2006. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown")). *vnunet.com.* October 5, 2005. 116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-116)** Rosenbush, Steve. "[AOL-Google: Who Gets What](http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051221_533090.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060523153503/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051221_533090.htm) May 23, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")?" *[BusinessWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek "BusinessWeek").* December 21, 2005. 117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-117)** Staff Writer. "[Google signs \$900m News Corp deal](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5254642.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228061910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5254642.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News").* August 7, 2006. Retrieved on August 8, 2006. 118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-118)** "[Google, News Corp. Ink Deal Over MySpace.com Ads](http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207370,00.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110426055629/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C207370%2C00.html) April 26, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News").* August 8, 2006. 119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-119)** ["Sky and Google unveil broadband alliance"](https://bluetoothdevicefinder.com/en/blog/broadband-bluetooth-wireless-revolution-2006). British Sky Broadcasting. December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2007. 120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham_120-0)** ["For more than 50 years, NORAD is Tracking Santa, December 14, 2007 by Glenn Letham"](http://www.gisuser.com/content/view/13492/). GISUser.com. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_121-0)** ["Tracking Santa: NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas, December 1, 2007, Danny Sullivan"](http://searchengineland.com/tracking-santa-norad-google-team-up-for-christmas-12817). [Search Engine Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Engine_Land "Search Engine Land"). December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell_122-0)** ["Tracking Santa, Then and Now, November 30, 2007, by Carrie Farrell, Veteran Santa Tracker"](http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/tracking-santa-then-and-now.html). Retrieved December 31, 2009. 123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD_123-0)** [Daniel Terdiman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Terdiman "Daniel Terdiman") (December 21, 2009). ["Behind the scenes: NORAD's Santa tracker"](https://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-10418101-52.html). *CNET*. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_124-0)** ["Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google: The 2007 Edition, December 24, 2007, Danny Sullivan"](http://searchengineland.com/instructions-on-tracking-santa-with-norad-google-the-2007-edition-13001). Search Engine Land. December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-125)** Shalal-Esa, Andrea (September 6, 2008). ["GeoEye launches high-resolution satellite"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-geoeye-idUSN0633403420080906). *Reuters*. Washington. Retrieved February 26, 2010. 126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-126)** ["Google gives online life to Life mag's photos"](https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27802744). Mountain View, California. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). November 20, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2010. "Google Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from *[Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_$magazine$ "Life (magazine)")* magazine's archives that have never been seen by the public before" 127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-127)** Stirling, Greg (November 18, 2008). ["Google Hosting Time-Life Photo Archive, 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live"](http://searchengineland.com/google-to-host-10-million-time-life-unpublished-images-15513). *[Search Engine Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Engine_Land "Search Engine Land")*. Retrieved July 5, 2010. 128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-128)** Krause, Flavia. (January 23, 2009) [Pope Benedict Debuts on YouTube to Reach Out to Catholics](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) June 13, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [Bloomberg.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com "Bloomberg.com"). Retrieved on May 29, 2011. 129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-129)** ["Google partners with Hyundai and Kia Motors to integrate Google Maps and Places into new car models"](https://thenextweb.com/google/2013/01/02/google-partners-with-kia-motors-to-integrate-google-maps-and-places-into-new-car-models/?fromcat=all). *The Next Web*. Retrieved January 2, 2013. 130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-130)** Gibbs, Samuel (October 7, 2013). ["Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/07/google-berners-lee-alliance-broadband-africa). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved March 15, 2017. 131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-131)** Balakrishnan, Saheli Roy Choudhury, Anita (September 20, 2017). ["Google agrees to buy part of HTC for \$1.1 billion"](https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/20/google-htc-sign-cooperation-agreement.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 21, 2017. `{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) 132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-132)** ["Google is buying part of HTC's smartphone team for \$1.1 billion"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/20/16340108/google-htc-smartphone-team-acquisition-announced). *The Verge*. Retrieved September 21, 2017. 133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-133)** ["Google signs agreement with HTC, continuing our big bet on hardware"](https://www.blog.google/topics/hardware/google-signs-agreement-htc-continuing-our-big-bet-hardware/). *Google*. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. 134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-134)** ["A look back: Timeline of Mountain View history"](http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_5302050), *San Jose Mercury News*, March 2007 ## Further reading \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Further reading")\] - [Auletta, Ken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Auletta "Ken Auletta") (2009). *Googled: The End of the World as We Know It*. New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59420-235-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-235-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-235-3") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [318411527](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318411527). - [Battelle, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Battelle "John Battelle") (2005). [*The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture*](https://archive.org/details/searchhowgooglei0000batt_n2l8/mode/2up). New York: Portfolio. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-59184-088-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59184-088-0 "Special:BookSources/1-59184-088-0") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [72691962](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/72691962). - Bottando, Evelyn. "Hedging the commons: Google Books, libraries, and open access to knowledge" (PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2012. 3526789). - Gray, Joanne Elizabeth. *Google Rules: The History and Future of Copyright Under the Influence of Google* (Oxford University Press, 2020) - [Levy, Steven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Levy "Steven Levy") (2011). [*In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives*](https://books.google.com/books?id=V1u1f8sv3k8C). Simon and Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-41659-671-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41659-671-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-41659-671-4") . - Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. *Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization* (Princeton University Press, 2021) - Redding, Anna Crowley. *Google It: A History of Google* (2018) - Stross, Randall (2008). [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). New York: Free Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4165-4691-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [261376729](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/261376729). - [Vise, David A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Vise "David A. Vise"); [Malseed, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Malseed "Mark Malseed") (2005). [*The Google Story*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lYe1AAAAIAAJ). Delacorte Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-55380-457-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-55380-457-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-55380-457-7") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [607806212](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607806212). - Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). *Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry*. U of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0252087127](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252087127 "Special:BookSources/0252087127") [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.4116455) ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: External links")\] | External videos | |---| | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [*Q\&A* interview with Auletta on *Googled*, October 29, 2009](https://www.c-span.org/video/?289705-1/qa-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") | | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Presentation by Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2009](https://www.c-span.org/video/?290222-1/googled-end-world-it), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") | | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Interview with Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2010](https://www.c-span.org/video/?296481-1/distance-learning-class-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") | - [Google Corporate History (official)](https://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html) - David Hart: [On the Origins of Google](https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100660&org=NSF) [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"), August 17, 2004 | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Google_LLC "Template:Google LLC") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Google_LLC "Template talk:Google LLC") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_LLC "Special:EditPage/Template:Google LLC")[Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") | | |---|---| | a subsidiary of [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") | | | Company | | | | | | Divisions | [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AI "Google AI") *[Area 120](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_120 "Area 120")* [ATAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_ATAP "Google ATAP") *[Brain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Brain "Google Brain")* [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_China "Google China") [Cloud Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Energy "Google Energy") [Google.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org "Google.org") [Crisis Response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Crisis_Response "Google Crisis Response") *[Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Health "Google Health")* [Registry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Registry "Google Registry") | | Subsidiaries | | | | | | Active | [DeepMind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind "Google DeepMind") [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit") [ITA Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITA_Software "ITA Software") [Jigsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_$company$ "Jigsaw (company)") [Looker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looker_$company$ "Looker (company)") [Mandiant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandiant "Mandiant") [Security Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Security_Operations "Google Security Operations") [Owlchemy Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owlchemy_Labs "Owlchemy Labs") | | Defunct | [Actifio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actifio "Actifio") [Adscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adscape "Adscape") [Akwan Information Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwan_Information_Technologies "Akwan Information Technologies") [Anvato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvato "Anvato") [Apigee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigee "Apigee") [BandPage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BandPage "BandPage") [Bitium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitium "Bitium") [BufferBox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BufferBox "BufferBox") [Crashlytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashlytics "Crashlytics") [Dodgeball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgeball_$service$ "Dodgeball (service)") [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") [Dropcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropcam "Dropcam") [Endoxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoxon "Endoxon") [Flutter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutter_$American_company$ "Flutter (American company)") [Global IP Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_IP_Solutions "Global IP Solutions") [Green Throttle Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Throttle_Games "Green Throttle Games") [GreenBorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GreenBorder "GreenBorder") [Gridcentric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridcentric "Gridcentric") [ImageAmerica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageAmerica "ImageAmerica") [Impermium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impermium "Impermium") [Invite Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invite_Media "Invite Media") [Kaltix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltix "Kaltix") [Marratech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marratech "Marratech") [Meebo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meebo "Meebo") [Metaweb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaweb "Metaweb") [Neotonic Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotonic_Software "Neotonic Software") [Neverware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverware "Neverware") [Nik Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Software "Nik Software") [Orbitera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitera "Orbitera") [Pyra Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs "Pyra Labs") [Quest Visual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Visual "Quest Visual") [Reqwireless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reqwireless "Reqwireless") [RightsFlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RightsFlow "RightsFlow") [Sidewalk Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs "Sidewalk Labs") [SlickLogin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlickLogin "SlickLogin") [Titan Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Aerospace "Titan Aerospace") [Typhoon Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Studios "Typhoon Studios") [Urban Engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Engines "Urban Engines") [Vicarious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_$company$ "Vicarious (company)") [Viewdle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewdle "Viewdle") [Wavii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavii "Wavii") [Wildfire Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire_Interactive "Wildfire Interactive") [YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Next_Lab_and_Audience_Development_Group "YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group") | | Programs | *[Business Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Business_Groups "Google Business Groups")* *[Computing University Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM/Google_Cloud_Computing_University_Initiative "IBM/Google Cloud Computing University Initiative")* *[Contact Lens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Contact_Lens "Google Contact Lens")* [Content ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_ID "Content ID") *[CrossCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossCheck_$project$ "CrossCheck (project)")* *[Data Liberation Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Data_Liberation_Front "Google Data Liberation Front")* [Data Transfer Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Transfer_Project "Data Transfer Project") [Developer Expert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developer_Expert "Google Developer Expert") [DigiKavach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiKavach "DigiKavach") *[DigiPivot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiPivot "DigiPivot")* [Digital Garage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Digital_Garage "Google Digital Garage") [Digital News Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_News_Initiative "Digital News Initiative") *[Digital Unlocked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Unlocked "Digital Unlocked")* *[Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_$search_engine$ "Dragonfly (search engine)")* *[Founders' Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Founders%27_Award "Google Founders' Award")* *[Free Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Free_Zone "Google Free Zone")* [Get Your Business Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Get_Your_Business_Online "Google Get Your Business Online") [Google for Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_for_Education "Google for Education") [Google for Startups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_for_Startups "Google for Startups") *[Living Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Stories "Living Stories")* *[Made with Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_with_Code "Made with Code")* *[News Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Lab "Google News Lab")* *[PowerMeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_PowerMeter "Google PowerMeter")* [Privacy Sandbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Sandbox "Privacy Sandbox") [Project Nightingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nightingale "Project Nightingale") [Project Nimbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nimbus "Project Nimbus") [Project Sunroof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sunroof "Project Sunroof") [Project Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Zero "Project Zero") [Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Artificial_Intelligence_Lab "Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab") [RechargeIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RechargeIT "RechargeIT") [Sensorvault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorvault "Sensorvault") [Silicon Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Silicon_Initiative "Google Silicon Initiative") *[Solve for X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solve_for_X "Solve for X")* [Street View Trusted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_View_Trusted "Street View Trusted") *[Student Ambassador Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Student_Ambassador_Program "Google Student Ambassador Program")* [Vevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo "Vevo") [YouTube BrandConnect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect "YouTube BrandConnect") [YouTube Creator Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards "YouTube Creator Awards") [YouTube Select](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Select "YouTube Select") *[YouTube Original Channel Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative "YouTube Original Channel Initiative")* [Year in Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Year_in_Search_top_searches "List of Year in Search top searches") *[YouTube Rewind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Rewind "YouTube Rewind")* [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind "YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2019:_For_the_Record "YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record") | | [Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_events "Category:Google events") | [AlphaGo versus Fan Hui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui "AlphaGo versus Fan Hui") [AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol "AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol") [AlphaGo versus Ke Jie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie "AlphaGo versus Ke Jie") [Android Developer Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge "Android Developer Challenge") [Android Developer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Developer_Day "Android Developer Day") [Android Developer Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab "Android Developer Lab") [CNN/YouTube presidential debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates "CNN/YouTube presidential debates") [Code-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code-in "Google Code-in") [Code Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code_Jam "Google Code Jam") [Developer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developer_Day "Google Developer Day") [Developers Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developers_Live "Google Developers Live") [Doodle4Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle4Google "Doodle4Google") [Future of Go Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Go_Summit "Future of Go Summit") [G-Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Day "G-Day") *[Hash Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_Code_$programming_competition$ "Hash Code (programming competition)")* [I/O](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O "Google I/O") [Lunar X Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize "Google Lunar X Prize") [Mapathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mapathon "Google Mapathon") [Science Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Science_Fair "Google Science Fair") [Summer of Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code "Google Summer of Code") [World Chess Championship 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2024 "World Chess Championship 2024") [YouTube Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Awards "YouTube Awards") [YouTube Comedy Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week "YouTube Comedy Week") [YouTube Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Live "YouTube Live") [YouTube Music Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards "YouTube Music Awards") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_YouTube_Music_Awards "2013 YouTube Music Awards") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_YouTube_Music_Awards "2015 YouTube Music Awards") [YouTube Space Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab "YouTube Space Lab") [YouTube Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra "YouTube Symphony Orchestra") | | [Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_buildings_and_structures "Category:Google buildings and structures") | [111 Eighth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue "111 Eighth Avenue") [Android lawn statues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_lawn_statues "Android lawn statues") *[Androidland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androidland "Androidland")* *[Barges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_barges "Google barges")* [Binoculars Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars_Building "Binoculars Building") [Central Saint Giles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Saint_Giles "Central Saint Giles") [Chelsea Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Market "Chelsea Market") *[Chrome Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Zone "Chrome Zone")* [Data centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_data_centers "Google data centers") [GeoEye-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoEye-1 "GeoEye-1") [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex") [Ivanpah Solar Power Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility "Ivanpah Solar Power Facility") [James R. Thompson Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Thompson_Center "James R. Thompson Center") [King's Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_King%27s_Cross "Google King's Cross") [Mayfield Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_Mall "Mayfield Mall") [Pier 57](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_57 "Pier 57") [Sidewalk Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Toronto "Sidewalk Toronto") [St. John's Terminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Terminal "St. John's Terminal") Submarine cables [Dunant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunant_$submarine_communications_cable$ "Dunant (submarine communications cable)") [Grace Hopper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper_$submarine_communications_cable$ "Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)") [Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_$cable_system$ "Unity (cable system)") [WiFi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_WiFi "Google WiFi") [YouTube Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Space "YouTube Space") [YouTube Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Theater "YouTube Theater") | | [People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_employees "Category:Google employees") | | | | | | Current | [Krishna Bharat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Bharat "Krishna Bharat") [Vint Cerf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf "Vint Cerf") [Jeff Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Dean "Jeff Dean") [John Doerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr "John Doerr") [Sanjay Ghemawat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Ghemawat "Sanjay Ghemawat") [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore") [John L. Hennessy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy "John L. Hennessy") [Urs Hölzle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle "Urs Hölzle") [Salar Kamangar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_Kamangar "Salar Kamangar") [Ray Kurzweil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil "Ray Kurzweil") [Ann Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Mather "Ann Mather") [Alan Mulally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mulally "Alan Mulally") [Rick Osterloh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Osterloh "Rick Osterloh") [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") (CEO) [Ruth Porat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Porat "Ruth Porat") (CFO) [Rajen Sheth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajen_Sheth "Rajen Sheth") [Hal Varian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Varian "Hal Varian") [Neal Mohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Mohan "Neal Mohan") | | Former | [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim") [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") (co-founder) [David Cheriton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cheriton "David Cheriton") [Matt Cutts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cutts "Matt Cutts") [David Drummond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Drummond_$businessman$ "David Drummond (businessman)") [Alan Eustace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Eustace "Alan Eustace") [Timnit Gebru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timnit_Gebru "Timnit Gebru") [Omid Kordestani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omid_Kordestani "Omid Kordestani") [Paul Otellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otellini "Paul Otellini") [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (co-founder) [Patrick Pichette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pichette "Patrick Pichette") [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") [Ram Shriram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram "Ram Shriram") [Amit Singhal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Singhal "Amit Singhal") [Shirley M. Tilghman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman "Shirley M. Tilghman") [Rachel Whetstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Whetstone "Rachel Whetstone") [Susan Wojcicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki "Susan Wojcicki") | | [Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google "Criticism of Google") | | | | | | General | [Censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google "Censorship by Google") [DeGoogle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeGoogle "DeGoogle") [FairSearch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairSearch "FairSearch") "[Google's Ideological Echo Chamber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber")" [No Tech for Apartheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Tech_for_Apartheid "No Tech for Apartheid") [Privacy concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Google "Privacy concerns with Google") [Street View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns "Google Street View privacy concerns") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy "YouTube and privacy") [Trade unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_and_trade_unions "Google and trade unions") [Alphabet Workers Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Workers_Union "Alphabet Workers Union") [YouTube copyright issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues "YouTube copyright issues") | | Incidents | [Backdoor advertisement controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy "2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy") [Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany "Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany") [Data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Google_data_breach "2018 Google data breach") [Elsagate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsagate "Elsagate") [Fantastic Adventures scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal "Fantastic Adventures scandal") [Kohistan video case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case "2012 Kohistan video case") [Reactions to *Innocence of Muslims*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims "Reactions to Innocence of Muslims") [San Francisco tech bus protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests "San Francisco tech bus protests") [Services outages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_services_outages "Google services outages") [Slovenian government incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident "2011 Slovenian YouTube incident") [Walkouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Google_walkouts "2018 Google walkouts") [YouTube headquarters shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting "YouTube headquarters shooting") | | Other | [Android apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google "List of Android apps by Google") [April Fools' Day jokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_April_Fools%27_Day_jokes "List of Google April Fools' Day jokes") [Doodles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle "Google Doodle") *[Doodle Champion Island Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle_Champion_Island_Games "Doodle Champion Island Games")* *[Magic Cat Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Cat_Academy "Magic Cat Academy")* *[Pac-Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man_Google_Doodle "Pac-Man Google Doodle")* [Easter eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs "List of Google Easter eggs") [History]() [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gmail "History of Gmail") [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Search "Timeline of Google Search") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_YouTube "History of YouTube") [Logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo "Google logo") [Material Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_Design "Material Design") [Mergers and acquisitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet "List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet") | | [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developers "Google Developers") | | | | | | Software | | | | | | A–C | [Accelerated Linear Algebra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Linear_Algebra "Accelerated Linear Algebra") [AMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages "Accelerated Mobile Pages") *[Actions on Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_on_Google "Actions on Google")* [ALTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALTS "ALTS") [American Fuzzy Lop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fuzzy_Lop_$software$ "American Fuzzy Lop (software)") *[Android Cloud to Device Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging "Android Cloud to Device Messaging")* [Android Debug Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge "Android Debug Bridge") [Android NDK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_NDK "Android NDK") [Android Runtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Runtime "Android Runtime") [Android SDK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_SDK "Android SDK") [Android Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Studio "Android Studio") [Angular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_$web_framework$ "Angular (web framework)") *[AngularJS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AngularJS "AngularJS")* [Apache Beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Beam "Apache Beam") [APIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_APIs "Google APIs") [App Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Engine "Google App Engine") [App Inventor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_App_Inventor "MIT App Inventor") *[App Maker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Maker "Google App Maker")* [App Runtime for Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome "Google App Runtime for Chrome") *[AppJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppJet "AppJet")* [Apps Script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Apps_Script "Google Apps Script") [AppSheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppSheet "AppSheet") [ARCore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCore "ARCore") *[Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Base "Google Base")* [Bazel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazel_$software$ "Bazel (software)") [BeyondCorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeyondCorp "BeyondCorp") [Bigtable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtable "Bigtable") [BigQuery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigQuery "BigQuery") [Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_$software$ "Bionic (software)") [Blockly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockly "Blockly") *[Borg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_$cluster_manager$ "Borg (cluster manager)")* *[Caja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_project "Caja project")* [Cameyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameyo "Cameyo") [Chart API](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chart_API "Google Chart API") [Charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Charts "Google Charts") *[Chrome Frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_Frame "Google Chrome Frame")* [Chromium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_$web_browser$ "Chromium (web browser)") [Blink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_$browser_engine$ "Blink (browser engine)") [Closure Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Closure_Tools "Google Closure Tools") *[Cloud Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Connect "Google Cloud Connect")* [Cloud Dataflow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Dataflow "Google Cloud Dataflow") [Cloud Datastore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Datastore "Google Cloud Datastore") *[Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging "Google Cloud Messaging")* [Cloud Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Shell "Google Cloud Shell") [Cloud Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Storage "Google Cloud Storage") *[Code Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code_Search "Google Code Search")* [Compute Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine "Google Compute Engine") [Cpplint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpplint "Cpplint") | | D–N | *[Dalvik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_$software$ "Dalvik (software)")* [Data Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Data_Protocol "Google Data Protocol") [Data Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Studio "Data Studio") [Dialogflow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogflow "Dialogflow") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Fast Pair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Pair "Fast Pair") [Fastboot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastboot "Fastboot") [Federated Learning of Cohorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Learning_of_Cohorts "Federated Learning of Cohorts") [File System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_File_System "Google File System") [Firebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase "Firebase") [Firebase Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Studio "Firebase Studio") [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging "Firebase Cloud Messaging") [FlatBuffers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlatBuffers "FlatBuffers") [Flutter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutter_$software$ "Flutter (software)") *[Freebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freebase_$database$ "Freebase (database)")* [Gadgets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gadgets "Google Gadgets") [Ganeti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganeti "Ganeti") *[Gears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_$software$ "Gears (software)")* [Gerrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_$software$ "Gerrit (software)") [Global Cache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Global_Cache "Google Global Cache") [GLOP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOP "GLOP") [gRPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRPC "GRPC") [Gson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gson "Gson") [Guava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Guava "Google Guava") [Guetzli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guetzli "Guetzli") [Guice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Guice "Google Guice") [gVisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GVisor "GVisor") [GYP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYP_$software$ "GYP (software)") [JAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAX_$software$ "JAX (software)") [Jetpack Compose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetpack_Compose "Jetpack Compose") [Keyhole Markup Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language "Keyhole Markup Language") [Kubernetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes "Kubernetes") [Kythe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Kythe "Google Kythe") [LevelDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LevelDB "LevelDB") [Lighthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_$software$ "Lighthouse (software)") *[lmctfy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lmctfy "Lmctfy")* [MapReduce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce "MapReduce") *[Mashup Editor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mashup_Editor "Google Mashup Editor")* [Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_$standard$ "Matter (standard)") [Mobile Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services "Google Mobile Services") [Namebench](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namebench "Namebench") [Native Client](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client "Google Native Client") [Neatx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neatx "Neatx") [Neural Machine Translation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation "Google Neural Machine Translation") [Nomulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomulus "Nomulus") | | O–Z | [Open Location Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Location_Code "Open Location Code") [OpenRefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine "OpenRefine") [OpenSocial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSocial "OpenSocial") *[Optimize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Optimize "Google Optimize")* [OR-Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR-Tools "OR-Tools") *[Pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pack "Google Pack")* [PageSpeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_PageSpeed_Tools "Google PageSpeed Tools") [Piper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_$source_control_system$ "Piper (source control system)") *[Plugin for Eclipse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Plugin_for_Eclipse "Google Plugin for Eclipse")* [Polymer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_$library$ "Polymer (library)") [Programmable Search Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Programmable_Search_Engine "Google Programmable Search Engine") [Project Shield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield "Project Shield") [Public DNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Public_DNS "Google Public DNS") [reCAPTCHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCAPTCHA "ReCAPTCHA") *[RenderScript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RenderScript "RenderScript")* [SafetyNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafetyNet "SafetyNet") *[SageTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageTV "SageTV")* [Schema.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org "Schema.org") [Search Console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Console "Google Search Console") [Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Shell "Google Shell") [Sitemaps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitemaps "Sitemaps") [Skia Graphics Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine "Skia Graphics Engine") [Spanner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanner_$database$ "Spanner (database)") *[Sputnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_$JavaScript_conformance_test$ "Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)")* *[Stackdriver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackdriver "Stackdriver")* *[Swiffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Swiffy "Google Swiffy")* *[Tango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_$platform$ "Tango (platform)")* [TensorFlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow "TensorFlow") [Tesseract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract_$software$ "Tesseract (software)") [Test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Test "Google Test") *[Translator Toolkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translator_Toolkit "Google Translator Toolkit")* *[Urchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urchin_$software$ "Urchin (software)")* [UTM parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTM_parameters "UTM parameters") [V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_$JavaScript_engine$ "V8 (JavaScript engine)") [VirusTotal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirusTotal "VirusTotal") [VisBug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisBug "VisBug") [Wave Federation Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol "Google Wave Federation Protocol") [Weave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weave_$protocol$ "Weave (protocol)") *[Web Accelerator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator "Google Web Accelerator")* [Web Designer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Designer "Google Web Designer") [Web Server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Server "Google Web Server") [Web Toolkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit "Google Web Toolkit") [Webdriver Torso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webdriver_Torso "Webdriver Torso") [WebRTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC "WebRTC") | | Operating systems | [Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_$operating_system$ "Android (operating system)") [Cupcake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Cupcake "Android Cupcake") [Donut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Donut "Android Donut") [Eclair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Eclair "Android Eclair") [Froyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo "Android Froyo") [Gingerbread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Gingerbread "Android Gingerbread") [Honeycomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Honeycomb "Android Honeycomb") [Ice Cream Sandwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich "Android Ice Cream Sandwich") [Jelly Bean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean "Android Jelly Bean") [KitKat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_KitKat "Android KitKat") [Lollipop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Lollipop "Android Lollipop") [Marshmallow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Marshmallow "Android Marshmallow") [Nougat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Nougat "Android Nougat") [Oreo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Oreo "Android Oreo") [Pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Pie "Android Pie") [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_10 "Android 10") [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_11 "Android 11") [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_12 "Android 12") [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_13 "Android 13") [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_14 "Android 14") [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_15 "Android 15") [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_16 "Android 16") [version history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history "Android version history") [smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Android_smartphones "List of Android smartphones") [Android Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Automotive "Android Automotive") [Android Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Go "Android Go") [devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_Go_products "Comparison of Android Go products") *[Android Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Things "Android Things")* [Android TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV "Android TV") [devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Android_TV_devices "List of Android TV devices") [Android XR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_XR "Android XR") [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS") [ChromeOS Flex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS_Flex "ChromeOS Flex") [ChromiumOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromiumOS "ChromiumOS") [Fuchsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsia_$operating_system$ "Fuchsia (operating system)") *[Glass OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_OS "Glass OS")* [gLinux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLinux "GLinux") *[Goobuntu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goobuntu "Goobuntu")* TV *[2010–2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV_$2010%E2%80%932014$ "Google TV (2010–2014)")* [2020–present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV_$interface$ "Google TV (interface)") [Wear OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_OS "Wear OS") | | Machine learning models | [BERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_$language_model$ "BERT (language model)") [Chinchilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla_$language_model$ "Chinchilla (language model)") [DreamBooth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamBooth "DreamBooth") [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_$language_model$ "Gemini (language model)") [Gemma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_$language_model$ "Gemma (language model)") [Imagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_$text-to-image_model$ "Imagen (text-to-image model)") (2023) [LaMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaMDA "LaMDA") [PaLM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaLM "PaLM") [T5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T5_$language_model$ "T5 (language model)") [Veo (text-to-video model)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veo_$text-to-video_model$ "Veo (text-to-video model)") [VideoPoet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoPoet "VideoPoet") *[XLNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLNet "XLNet")* | | Neural networks | [EfficientNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EfficientNet "EfficientNet") [Gato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato_$DeepMind$ "Gato (DeepMind)") [Inception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception_$deep_learning_architecture$ "Inception (deep learning architecture)") [MobileNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobileNet "MobileNet") [Transformer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_$deep_learning_architecture$ "Transformer (deep learning architecture)") [WaveNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveNet "WaveNet") | | Computer programs | [AlphaDev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaDev "AlphaDev") [AlphaFold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaFold "AlphaFold") [AlphaGeometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGeometry "AlphaGeometry") [AlphaGo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo "AlphaGo") [AlphaGo Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_Zero "AlphaGo Zero") [AlphaStar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaStar_$software$ "AlphaStar (software)") [AlphaZero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaZero "AlphaZero") [Master](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_$software$ "Master (software)") [MuZero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuZero "MuZero") | | Formats and codecs | [AAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_App_Bundle "Android App Bundle") [APK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apk_$file_format$ "Apk (file format)") [AV1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV1 "AV1") [iLBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec "Internet Low Bitrate Codec") [iSAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec "Internet Speech Audio Codec") [libvpx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvpx "Libvpx") [Lyra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra_$codec$ "Lyra (codec)") [Protocol Buffers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_Buffers "Protocol Buffers") [Ultra HDR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HDR "Ultra HDR") [VP3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP3 "VP3") [VP6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP6 "VP6") [VP8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP8 "VP8") [VP9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP9 "VP9") [WebM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebM "WebM") [WebP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebP "WebP") [WOFF2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format "Web Open Font Format") | | Programming languages | [Carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_$programming_language$ "Carbon (programming language)") [Dart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_$programming_language$ "Dart (programming language)") [Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_$programming_language$ "Go (programming language)") *[Sawzall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawzall_$programming_language$ "Sawzall (programming language)")* | | Search algorithms | [Googlebot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlebot "Googlebot") [Hummingbird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hummingbird "Google Hummingbird") [Mobilegeddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilegeddon "Mobilegeddon") [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank") [matrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_matrix "Google matrix") [Panda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Panda "Google Panda") [Penguin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Penguin "Google Penguin") [Pigeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pigeon "Google Pigeon") [RankBrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankBrain "RankBrain") | | [Domain names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_domain_names "Category:Google domain names") | [.app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.app_$top-level_domain$ ".app (top-level domain)") [.dev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dev ".dev") [.google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.google ".google") [.zip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zip_$top-level_domain$ ".zip (top-level domain)") [g.co](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.co "G.co") [google.by](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.by "Google.by") | | Typefaces | [Croscore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croscore_fonts "Croscore fonts") [Noto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto_fonts "Noto fonts") [Product Sans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Sans "Product Sans") [Roboto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboto "Roboto") | | [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products") | | | | | | A | *[Aardvark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark_$search_engine$ "Aardvark (search engine)")* [Account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Account "Google Account") [Dashboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Dashboard "Google Dashboard") [Takeout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Takeout "Google Takeout") [Ad Manager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ad_Manager "Google Ad Manager") [AdMob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdMob "AdMob") [Ads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads "Google Ads") [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AdSense "Google AdSense") *[Affiliate Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Affiliate_Network "Google Affiliate Network")* [Alerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Alerts "Google Alerts") *[Allo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Allo "Google Allo")* [Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics "Google Analytics") [Antigravity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Antigravity "Google Antigravity") [Android Auto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Auto "Android Auto") *[Android Beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Beam "Android Beam")* *[Answers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Answers "Google Answers")* *[Apture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apture "Apture")* [Arts & Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture "Google Arts & Culture") [Assistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant "Google Assistant") *[Attribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Attribution "Google Attribution")* [Authenticator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Authenticator "Google Authenticator") | | B | *[BebaPay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BebaPay "BebaPay")* *[BeatThatQuote.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeatThatQuote.com "BeatThatQuote.com")* [Beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Beam "Google Beam") *[Blog Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Blog_Search "Google Blog Search")* [Blogger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_$service$ "Blogger (service)") *[Body](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZygoteBody "ZygoteBody")* *[Bookmarks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookmarks "Google Bookmarks")* [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books") [Ngram Viewer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer "Google Books Ngram Viewer") *[Browser Sync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync "Google Browser Sync")* *[Building Maker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Building_Maker "Google Building Maker")* *[Bump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_$application$ "Bump (application)")* *[BumpTop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BumpTop "BumpTop")* *[Buzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz "Google Buzz")* | | C | [Calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calendar "Google Calendar") [Cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cast "Google Cast") *[Catalogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Catalogs "Google Catalogs")* [Chat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chat "Google Chat") *[Checkout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Checkout "Google Checkout")* [Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") *[Chrome Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_App "Google Chrome App")* [Chrome Experiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_Experiments "Google Chrome Experiments") [Chrome Remote Desktop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Remote_Desktop "Chrome Remote Desktop") [Chrome Web Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store "Chrome Web Store") [Classroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Classroom "Google Classroom") *[Cloud Print](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Print "Google Cloud Print")* [Cloud Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Search "Google Cloud Search") [Contacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Contacts "Google Contacts") *[Contributor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Contributor "Google Contributor")* [Crowdsource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsource_$app$ "Crowdsource (app)") *[Currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Currents_$social_app$ "Google Currents (social app)")* (social app) *[Currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Currents_$news_app$ "Google Currents (news app)")* (news app) | | D | [Data Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Commons "Data Commons") [Dataset Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Dataset_Search "Google Dataset Search") *[Desktop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Desktop "Google Desktop")* [Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Dictionary "Google Dictionary") [Dinosaur Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Game "Dinosaur Game") *[Directory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Directory "Google Directory")* [Docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs "Google Docs") [Docs Editors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs_Editors "Google Docs Editors") *[Domains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Domains "Google Domains")* [Drawings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drawings "Google Drawings") [Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive "Google Drive") *[Duo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Duo "Google Duo")* | | E | [Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth") [Etherpad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherpad "Etherpad") *[Expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Expeditions "Google Expeditions")* *[Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Express "Google Express")* | | F | [Family Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Family_Link "Google Family Link") *[Fast Flip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fast_Flip "Google Fast Flip")* [FeedBurner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeedBurner "FeedBurner") *[fflick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fflick "Fflick")* [Fi Wireless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fi_Wireless "Google Fi Wireless") [Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Finance "Google Finance") [Files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_$Google$ "Files (Google)") [Find Hub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_Hub "Find Hub") [Fit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fit "Google Fit") [Flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flights "Google Flights") *[Flu Trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flu_Trends "Google Flu Trends")* [Fonts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fonts "Google Fonts") [Forms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Forms "Google Forms") *[Friend Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect "Google Friend Connect")* *[Fusion Tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fusion_Tables "Google Fusion Tables")* | | G | [Gboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gboard "Gboard") [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gemini "Google Gemini") [Nano Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_Banana "Nano Banana") *[Gesture Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gesture_Search "Google Gesture Search")* *[Gizmo5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmo5 "Gizmo5")* *[Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+")* [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail") *[Goggles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Goggles "Google Goggles")* *[GOOG-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOOG-411 "GOOG-411")* *[Grasshopper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_$mobile_app$ "Grasshopper (mobile app)")* [Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups "Google Groups") | | H | *[Hangouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hangouts "Google Hangouts")* *[Helpouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Helpouts "Google Helpouts")* [Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_$platform$ "Google Home (platform)") | | I | *[iGoogle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGoogle "IGoogle")* [Images](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Images "Google Images") *[Image Labeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler "Google Image Labeler")* *[Image Swirl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Image_Swirl "Google Image Swirl")* *[Inbox by Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail "Inbox by Gmail")* [Input Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Input_Tools "Google Input Tools") [Japanese Input](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input "Google Japanese Input") *[Pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pinyin "Google Pinyin")* *[Insights for Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search "Google Insights for Search")* | | J | *[Jaiku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiku "Jaiku")* *[Jamboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamboard "Jamboard")* | | K | [Kaggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaggle "Kaggle") [Keep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Keep "Google Keep") *[Knol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knol "Knol")* | | L | [Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Labs "Google Labs") *[Latitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude "Google Latitude")* [Lens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lens "Google Lens") *[Like.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like.com "Like.com")* [Live Transcribe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Transcribe "Live Transcribe") *[Lively](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lively "Google Lively")* | | M | *[Map Maker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Map_Maker "Google Map Maker")* [Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps") *[Maps Navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_Navigation "Google Maps Navigation")* [Marketing Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Marketing_Platform "Google Marketing Platform") [Meet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Meet "Google Meet") [Messages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Messages "Google Messages") *[Moderator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Moderator "Google Moderator")* *[My Tracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Tracks "My Tracks")* | | N | *[Nearby Share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearby_Share "Nearby Share")* [News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News") *[News & Weather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_%26_Weather "Google News & Weather")* [News Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Archive "Google News Archive") *[Notebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Notebook "Google Notebook")* [NotebookLM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NotebookLM "NotebookLM") *[Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Now "Google Now")* | | O | *[Offers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Offers "Google Offers")* [One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_One "Google One") *[One Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_One_Pass "Google One Pass")* [Opinion Rewards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Opinion_Rewards "Google Opinion Rewards") *[Orkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut "Orkut")* *[Oyster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_$company$ "Oyster (company)")* | | P | *[Panoramio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramio "Panoramio")* *[PaperofRecord.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaperofRecord.com "PaperofRecord.com")* [Patents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Patents "Google Patents") *[Page Creator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Page_Creator "Google Page Creator")* *[Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_$mobile_app$ "Google Pay (mobile app)")* (mobile app) [Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_$payment_method$ "Google Pay (payment method)") (payment method) *[Pay Send](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_Send "Google Pay Send")* [People Cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Cards "People Cards") [Person Finder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Person_Finder "Google Person Finder") *[Personalized Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search "Google Personalized Search")* [Photomath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomath "Photomath") [Photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Photos "Google Photos") *[Picasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa "Picasa")* *[Picasa Web Albums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa_Web_Albums "Picasa Web Albums")* *[Picnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnik "Picnik")* [Pixel Camera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Camera "Pixel Camera") [Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play "Google Play") [Play Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Books "Google Play Books") [Play Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Games "Google Play Games") *[Play Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Music "Google Play Music")* *[Play Newsstand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Newsstand "Google Play Newsstand")* [Play Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Pass "Google Play Pass") [Play Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Services "Google Play Services") *[Podcasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Podcasts "Google Podcasts")* *[Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_$website$ "Poly (website)")* *[Postini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postini "Postini")* *[PostRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostRank "PostRank")* *[Primer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Primer "Google Primer")* [Public Alerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Public_Alerts "Google Public Alerts") *[Public Data Explorer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Public_Data_Explorer "Google Public Data Explorer")* | | Q | [Question Hub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Question_Hub "Google Question Hub") [Quick, Draw\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick,_Draw! "Quick, Draw!") *[Quick Search Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Quick_Search_Box "Google Quick Search Box")* [Quick Share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Share "Quick Share") *[Quickoffice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickoffice "Quickoffice")* | | R | [Read Along](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_Along "Read Along") *[Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Reader "Google Reader")* *[Reply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_$Google$ "Reply (Google)")* | | S | [Safe Browsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Safe_Browsing "Google Safe Browsing") [SageTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageTV "SageTV") [Santa Tracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker "Google Santa Tracker") *[Schemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Schemer "Google Schemer")* [Scholar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar "Google Scholar") [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") [AI Overviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Overviews "AI Overviews") [Knowledge Graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Graph_$Google$ "Knowledge Graph (Google)") [SafeSearch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeSearch "SafeSearch") *[Searchwiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_SearchWiki "Google SearchWiki")* [Sheets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets "Google Sheets") *[Shoploop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoploop "Shoploop")* [Shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Shopping "Google Shopping") *[Sidewiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sidewiki "Google Sidewiki")* [Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sites "Google Sites") [Slides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Slides "Google Slides") [Snapseed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapseed "Snapseed") *[Socratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_$Google$ "Socratic (Google)")* *[Softcard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softcard "Softcard")* *[Songza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songza "Songza")* [Sound Amplifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Amplifier "Sound Amplifier") *[Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Spaces "Google Spaces")* [Sparrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_$chatbot$ "Sparrow (chatbot)") (chatbot) *[Sparrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_$email_client$ "Sparrow (email client)")* (email client) [Speech Recognition & Synthesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_Recognition_%26_Synthesis "Speech Recognition & Synthesis") *[Squared](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Squared "Google Squared")* *[Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia")* *[Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Station "Google Station")* [Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Store "Google Store") [Street View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View "Google Street View") *[Surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Surveys "Google Surveys")* *[Sync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sync "Google Sync")* | | T | *[Tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tables_$Google$ "Tables (Google)")* *[Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk "Google Talk")* [TalkBack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkBack "TalkBack") [Tasks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Tasks "Google Tasks") [Tenor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_$website$ "Tenor (website)") *[Tez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tez_$software$ "Tez (software)")* *[Tilt Brush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_Brush "Tilt Brush")* *[Toolbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Toolbar "Google Toolbar")* [Toontastic 3D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toontastic_3D "Toontastic 3D") [Translate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate "Google Translate") [Travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Travel "Google Travel") *[Trendalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trendalyzer "Trendalyzer")* [Trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Trends "Google Trends") [TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV_$service$ "Google TV (service)") | | U | *[URL Shortener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_URL_Shortener "Google URL Shortener")* | | V | *[Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video "Google Video")* [Vids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Vids "Google Vids") [Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice "Google Voice") [Voice Access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_Access "Voice Access") [Voice Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Search "Google Voice Search") | | W | [Wallet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wallet "Google Wallet") *[Wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wave "Google Wave")* [Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze") *[WDYL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDYL_$search_engine$ "WDYL (search engine)")* *[Web Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Light "Google Web Light")* [Where Is My Train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Is_My_Train "Where Is My Train") [Widevine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widevine "Widevine") [Wiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz,_Inc. "Wiz, Inc.") *[Word Lens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Lens "Word Lens")* [Workspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace "Google Workspace") [Workspace Marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace_Marketplace "Google Workspace Marketplace") | | Y | [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [YouTube Kids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Kids "YouTube Kids") [YouTube Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Music "YouTube Music") [YouTube Premium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Premium "YouTube Premium") [YouTube Shorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Shorts "YouTube Shorts") [YouTube Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Studio "YouTube Studio") [YouTube TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_TV "YouTube TV") [YouTube VR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_VR "YouTube VR") | | Hardware | | | | | | [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel") | | | | | | [Smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Pixel_smartphones "Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones") | [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_$1st_generation$ "Pixel (1st generation)") (2016) [Pixel 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_2 "Pixel 2") (2017) [Pixel 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_3 "Pixel 3") (2018) [Pixel 3a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_3a "Pixel 3a") (2019) [Pixel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_4 "Pixel 4") (2019) [Pixel 4a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_4a "Pixel 4a") (2020) [Pixel 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_5 "Pixel 5") (2020) [Pixel 5a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_5a "Pixel 5a") (2021) [Pixel 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_6 "Pixel 6") (2021) [Pixel 6a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_6a "Pixel 6a") (2022) [Pixel 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_7 "Pixel 7") (2022) [Pixel 7a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_7a "Pixel 7a") (2023) [Pixel Fold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Fold "Pixel Fold") (2023) [Pixel 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_8 "Pixel 8") (2023) [Pixel 8a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_8a "Pixel 8a") (2024) [Pixel 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9 "Pixel 9") (2024) [Pixel 9 Pro Fold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold "Pixel 9 Pro Fold") (2024) [Pixel 9a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9a "Pixel 9a") (2025) [Pixel 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_10 "Pixel 10") (2025) [Pixel 10 Pro Fold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_10_Pro_Fold "Pixel 10 Pro Fold") (2025) | | Smartwatches | [Pixel Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch "Pixel Watch") (2022) [Pixel Watch 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_2 "Pixel Watch 2") (2023) [Pixel Watch 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_3 "Pixel Watch 3") (2024) [Pixel Watch 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_4 "Pixel Watch 4") (2025) | | Tablets | [Pixel C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_C "Pixel C") (2015) [Pixel Slate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Slate "Pixel Slate") (2018) [Pixel Tablet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Tablet "Pixel Tablet") (2023) | | Laptops | [Chromebook Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook_Pixel "Chromebook Pixel") (2013–2015) [Pixelbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelbook "Pixelbook") (2017) [Pixelbook Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelbook_Go "Pixelbook Go") (2019) | | Other | [Pixel Buds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Buds "Pixel Buds") (2017–present) | | [Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus "Google Nexus") | | | | | | [Smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_smartphones "Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones") | [Nexus One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One "Nexus One") (2010) [Nexus S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S "Nexus S") (2010) [Galaxy Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus "Galaxy Nexus") (2011) [Nexus 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4 "Nexus 4") (2012) [Nexus 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5 "Nexus 5") (2013) [Nexus 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_6 "Nexus 6") (2014) [Nexus 5X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5X "Nexus 5X") (2015) [Nexus 6P](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_6P "Nexus 6P") (2015) | | [Tablets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_tablets "Comparison of Google Nexus tablets") | [Nexus 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7_$2012$ "Nexus 7 (2012)") (2012) [Nexus 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10 "Nexus 10") (2012) [Nexus 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7_$2013$ "Nexus 7 (2013)") (2013) [Nexus 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_9 "Nexus 9") (2014) | | Other | [Nexus Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Q "Nexus Q") (2012) [Nexus Player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Player "Nexus Player") (2014) | | Other | *[Android Dev Phone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Dev_Phone "Android Dev Phone")* [Android One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_One "Android One") *[Cardboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cardboard "Google Cardboard")* [Chromebit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebit "Chromebit") [Chromebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook "Chromebook") [Chromebox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebox "Chromebox") [Chromecast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast "Chromecast") [Clips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Clips "Google Clips") [Daydream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Daydream "Google Daydream") [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fitbit_products "List of Fitbit products") [Glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass "Google Glass") [Liftware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftware "Liftware") [Liquid Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Galaxy "Liquid Galaxy") [Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest") [smart speakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest_$smart_speakers$ "Google Nest (smart speakers)") [Thermostat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Thermostat "Nest Thermostat") [Wifi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Wifi "Nest Wifi") *[Play Edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices "List of Google Play edition devices")* *[Project Ara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ara "Project Ara")* *[OnHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_OnHub "Google OnHub")* *[Pixel Visual Core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core "Pixel Visual Core")* [Project Iris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Iris "Project Iris") *[Search Appliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance "Google Search Appliance")* [Sycamore processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_processor "Sycamore processor") [Tensor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Tensor "Google Tensor") [Tensor Processing Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit "Tensor Processing Unit") [Titan Security Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Security_Key "Titan Security Key") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Google_litigation "Template:Google litigation") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Google_litigation "Template talk:Google litigation") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_litigation "Special:EditPage/Template:Google litigation")[Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_litigation "Google litigation") | | | Advertising | *[Feldman v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc. "Feldman v. Google, Inc.")* (2007) *[Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc. "Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.")* (2009) *[Goddard v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc. "Goddard v. Google, Inc.")* (2009) *[Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc. "Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.")* (2012) *[Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc. "Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.")* (2017) [Jedi Blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_Blue "Jedi Blue") | | Antitrust | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union "Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union") (2010–present) *[United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation "High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation")* (2011) *[Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors. "Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.")* (2019) *[United States v. Google LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_$2020$ "United States v. Google LLC (2020)")* (2020) *[Epic Games v. Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google "Epic Games v. Google")* (2021) *[United States v. Google LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_$2023$ "United States v. Google LLC (2023)")* (2023) | | Intellectual property | *[Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc. "Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.")* (2007) *[Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_International,_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc. "Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.")* (2010) *[Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp. "Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.")*(2015) *[Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc. "Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.")* (2015) *[Field v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc. "Field v. Google, Inc.")* (2016) *[Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc. "Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.")* (2021) [Smartphone patent wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars "Smartphone patent wars") | | Privacy | *[Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc. "Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.")* (2009) *[Hibnick v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc. "Hibnick v. Google, Inc.")* (2010) *[United States v. Google Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc. "United States v. Google Inc.")* (2012) [Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function "Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function") (2013) *[Joffe v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc. "Joffe v. Google, Inc.")* (2013) *[Mosley v SARL Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google "Mosley v SARL Google")* (2013) *[Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González")* (2014) *[Frank v. Gaos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos "Frank v. Gaos")* (2019) | | Other | *[Garcia v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc. "Garcia v. Google, Inc.")* (2015) *[Google LLC v Defteros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros "Google LLC v Defteros")* (2020) *[Gonzalez v. Google LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC "Gonzalez v. Google LLC")* (2022) | | Related | | | | | | Concepts | [Beauty YouTuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_YouTuber "Beauty YouTuber") [BookTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookTube "BookTube") [BreadTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BreadTube "BreadTube") "[Don't be evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil "Don't be evil")" [Gayglers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayglers "Gayglers") [*Google* as a verb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_$verb$ "Google (verb)") [Google bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_bombing "Google bombing") [2004 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Google_bombs_in_the_2004_U.S._presidential_election "Political Google bombs in the 2004 U.S. presidential election") [Google effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_effect "Google effect") [Googlefight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlefight "Googlefight") [Google hacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_hacking "Google hacking") [Googleshare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleshare "Googleshare") [Google tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_tax "Google tax") [Googlewhack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlewhack "Googlewhack") [Googlization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlization "Googlization") [Illegal flower tribute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_flower_tribute "Illegal flower tribute") [Objectives and key results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectives_and_key_results "Objectives and key results") [Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_$Android$ "Rooting (Android)") [Search engine manipulation effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_manipulation_effect "Search engine manipulation effect") [Side project time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_project_time "Side project time") [Sitelink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitelink "Sitelink") [Site reliability engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering "Site reliability engineering") [StudyTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudyTube "StudyTube") [VTuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTuber "VTuber") [YouTube Poop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop "YouTube Poop") [YouTuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber "YouTuber") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_YouTubers "List of YouTubers") | | Products | | | | | | Android | [Booting process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices "Booting process of Android devices") [Custom distributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions "List of custom Android distributions") [Features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android "List of features in Android") [Recovery mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_recovery_mode "Android recovery mode") [Software development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development "Android software development") | | [Street View coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_coverage "Google Street View coverage") | [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Africa "Google Street View in Africa") [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Antarctica "Google Street View in Antarctica") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Asia "Google Street View in Asia") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Israel "Google Street View in Israel") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Europe "Google Street View in Europe") [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_North_America "Google Street View in North America") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Canada "Google Street View in Canada") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_the_United_States "Google Street View in the United States") [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Oceania "Google Street View in Oceania") [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_South_America "Google Street View in South America") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Argentina "Google Street View in Argentina") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Chile "Google Street View in Chile") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Colombia "Google Street View in Colombia") | | YouTube | [Copyright strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike "YouTube copyright strike") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_in_education "YouTube in education") [Features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_YouTube_features "List of YouTube features") [Moderation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_moderation "YouTube moderation") [Most-disliked videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos "List of most-disliked YouTube videos") [Most-liked videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos "List of most-liked YouTube videos") [Most-subscribed channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels "List of most-subscribed YouTube channels") [Most-viewed channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels "List of most-viewed YouTube channels") [Most-viewed videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos "List of most-viewed YouTube videos") [Official channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_$YouTube_channel$ "YouTube (YouTube channel)") [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube "Social impact of YouTube") [YouTube Premium original programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming "List of YouTube Premium original programming") | | Other | [Gmail interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail_interface "Gmail interface") [Maps pin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_pin "Google Maps pin") [Most downloaded Google Play applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications "List of most-downloaded Google Play applications") [Stadia games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stadia_games "List of Stadia games") | | [Documentaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_Google "Category:Documentary films about Google") | *[AlphaGo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_$film$ "AlphaGo (film)")* *[Google: Behind the Screen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Behind_the_Screen "Google Behind the Screen")* *[Google Maps Road Trip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_Road_Trip "Google Maps Road Trip")* *[Google and the World Brain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_and_the_World_Brain "Google and the World Brain")* *[The Creepy Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creepy_Line "The Creepy Line")* | | [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_about_Google "Category:Books about Google") | *[Google Hacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hacks "Google Hacks")* *[The Google Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Google_Story "The Google Story")* *[Googled: The End of the World as We Know It](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googled:_The_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It "Googled: The End of the World as We Know It")* *[How Google Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Google_Works "How Google Works")* *[I'm Feeling Lucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Feeling_Lucky_$book$ "I'm Feeling Lucky (book)")* *[In the Plex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Plex "In the Plex")* *[The MANIAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MANIAC "The MANIAC")* | | Popular culture | *[Google Feud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Feud "Google Feud")* *[Google Me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Me_$film$ "Google Me (film)")* (film) "[Google Me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Me_$Kim_Zolciak_song$ "Google Me (Kim Zolciak song)")" (Kim Zolciak song) "[Google Me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Me_$Teyana_Taylor_song$ "Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)")" (Teyana Taylor song) *[Is Google Making Us Stupid?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F "Is Google Making Us Stupid?")* *[Proceratium google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceratium_google "Proceratium google")* *[Matt Nathanson: Live at Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Nathanson:_Live_at_Google "Matt Nathanson: Live at Google")* *[The Billion Dollar Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion_Dollar_Code "The Billion Dollar Code")* *[The Internship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internship "The Internship")* *[Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_on_Google_Earth_is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F "Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?")* | | Other | "[Attention Is All You Need](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need "Attention Is All You Need")" [elgooG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElgooG "ElgooG") [Generative pre-trained transformer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer "Generative pre-trained transformer") "[Me at the zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo "Me at the zoo")" [Predictions of the end](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Google "Predictions of the end of Google") [Relationship with Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia "Relationship between Google and Wikipedia") "[Reunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion_$advertisement$ "Reunion (advertisement)")" [Robot Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Constitution "Robot Constitution") | | *Italics* denote [discontinued products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services "List of Google products"). ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google "Category:Google") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png) [Outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Google "Outline of Google") | | ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&oldid=1349105215>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [History of Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Google "Category:History of Google") - [History of Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Silicon_Valley "Category:History of Silicon Valley") - [History of the 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[Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") was officially launched in 1998 by [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") to market [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search"), which has become the most used [web-based search engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine "Web search engine"). Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in California, developed a [search algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_algorithm "Search algorithm") first (1996) known as "BackRub", with the help of [Scott Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hassan "Scott Hassan") and Alan Steremberg. The search engine soon proved successful, and the expanding company moved several times, finally settling at [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California "Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California") in 2003. This marked a phase of rapid growth, with the company making its [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in 2004 and quickly becoming one of the world's largest media companies. The company launched [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News") in 2002, [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail") in 2004, [Google Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps") in 2005, [Google Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") in 2008, and the [social network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network "Social network") known as [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+") in 2011 (which was shut down in April 2019), in addition to [many other products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products"). The company set up a charitable offshoot, [Google.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org "Google.org"), in 2005. In 2015, Google became the main subsidiary of the holding company [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") The search engine has gone through many updates in attempts to eradicate [search engine optimization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization "Search engine optimization"). The name Google is a misspelling of [Googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")! The number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Google_page_brin.jpg/250px-Google_page_brin.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_page_brin.jpg) Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg/250px-The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_first_Google_computer_at_Stanford.jpg) The first Google computer at Stanford was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from [LEGO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego "Lego") knock off bricks called [Mega Bricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Brands "Mega Brands").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-1)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] Google has its origins in "**BackRub**", a research project started in 1996 by [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") when they were both PhD students at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in [Stanford, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford,_California "Stanford, California").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", lead programmer [Scott Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hassan "Scott Hassan"), who left before Google was officially founded as a company.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-4) While finding a topic for his doctoral thesis in 1995, Page considered exploring the mathematical properties of the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web") by understanding its link structure as a huge [graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_$discrete_mathematics$ "Graph (discrete mathematics)").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) His supervisor, [Terry Winograd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd "Terry Winograd"), encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got"[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-6)). Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, comparing the importance of tracking such [backlinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlink "Backlink") to the role of [citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation "Citation") in [academic publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing "Academic publishing").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-vanityfair-3) The research project was nicknamed "BackRub", and it was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a [National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSF-GRF "NSF-GRF").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7) The two had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to give a tour around the campus and nearby San Francisco.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Both Brin and Page were working on the [Stanford Digital Library Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Digital_Library_Project "Stanford Digital Library Project") (SDLP), whose goal was "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library". The SDLP was funded through U.S. federal agencies including the [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Anatomy-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-10) Brin and Page also received funding from Massive Digital Data Systems (MDDS), a program by the [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) and the [National Security Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency") (NSA) to fund the improvement of [intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_$information$ "Intelligence (information)") databases on the disorganized World Wide Web.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-11) Page's [web crawler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler "Web crawler") began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) Brin and Page developed the [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank") algorithm to convert the backlink data they gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5) The pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing search engines, which ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wiredbirth-5)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-12) Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies and laid the foundation for their search engine.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-13) The first version of Google was released in August 1996 on the Stanford website and used nearly half of Stanford's entire network bandwidth.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-14) > Some Rough Statistics (from August 29, 1996) > > Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million > > Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes > > ... > > BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-backrub1996-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-16) [Rajeev Motwani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Motwani "Rajeev Motwani") and [Terry Winograd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd "Terry Winograd") later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. [Héctor García-Molina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina "Héctor García-Molina") and [Jeff Ullman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Ullman "Jeff Ullman") were also cited as contributors to the project.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17) PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for [RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex "RankDex"), developed by [Robin Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Li "Robin Li") in 1996. Larry Page's patent for PageRank filed in 1998 includes a citation to Li's earlier patent. Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine [Baidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu "Baidu") in 2000.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-20) Originally the search engine used Stanford's website with the domains *google.stanford.edu*[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-21) and *z.stanford.edu*.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-22) The domain *google.com* was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, *Google*, on September 4, 1998, in their friend [Susan Wojcicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki "Susan Wojcicki")'s garage in [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"). Wojcicki eventually became an executive at Google and CEO at [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"). Page invited [Craig Nevill-Manning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Nevill-Manning "Craig Nevill-Manning"), whom he had met while Nevill-Manning was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford, to join Google. Nevill-Manning declined and joined years later.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-nzherald-23) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg/250px-Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg) The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant. Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-24) By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25) The home page was still marked "[BETA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_test "Beta test")", but an article in [Salon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com "Salon.com") already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like [Hotbot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotbot "Hotbot") or [Excite.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excite.com "Excite.com"), and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded [portal sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portal "Web portal") (like [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo! "Yahoo!"), Excite.com, [Lycos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycos "Lycos"), Netscape's [Netcenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape "Netscape"), [AOL.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL.com "AOL.com"), [Go.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go.com "Go.com") and [MSN.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN.com "MSN.com")) which, during the growing [dot-com bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble"), were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-salon98-25) Early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to [Excite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excite_$web_portal$ "Excite (web portal)"). They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for \$1 million. He rejected the offer. [Vinod Khosla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Khosla "Vinod Khosla"), one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo down to \$750,000, but Bell still rejected it.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-26) In March 1999, the company moved into offices at [165 University Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165_University_Avenue "165 University Avenue") in [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California"), home to several other noted [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") technology startups.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-165univave-27) After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Santa_Clara_County,_California "Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California") at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from [Silicon Graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics "Silicon Graphics") (SGI) in 2003.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-sgibldg-28) The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex") (a play on the word [googolplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex "Googolplex"), a number that is equal to 1 followed by a [googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol") of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US\$319 million.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-googleplexpurchase-29) The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-simpledesign-30) In 2000, Google began selling [advertisements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") associated with search [keywords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_$internet_search$ "Keyword (internet search)").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at \$.05 per click.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by [Goto.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goto.com "Goto.com"), an Idealab spin-off created by [Bill Gross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_T._Gross "Bill T. Gross").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong2-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p2-32) When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo! "Yahoo!") and renamed [Yahoo! Search Marketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing "Yahoo! Search Marketing"). The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-goto_strong-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-glaser-36) While many of its [dot-com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_company "Dot-com company") rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-milestones-2) Google's declared [code of conduct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_conduct "Code of conduct") is "[Don't be evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil "Don't be evil")", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their [prospectus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_$finance$ "Prospectus (finance)") (aka "S-1") for their 2004 [IPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering"), noting that "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains."[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-37) In February 2003, Google acquired [Pyra Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs "Pyra Labs"), owner of the Blogger website. The acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News"). In February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost Google some [market share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share "Market share"), yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness. The verb "[to google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_$verb$ "Google (verb)")" has entered a number of languages (first as a [slang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang "Slang") verb and now as a standard word), meaning "to perform a web search" (a possible indication of "Google" becoming a [genericized trademark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark "Genericized trademark")).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-38) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG/250px-Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Baidu_and_Yahoo.JPG) The relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo After the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004, the number of [shares outstanding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares_outstanding "Shares outstanding") was 172.85 million while the "[free float](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_$finance$ "Float (finance)")" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). Google has a dual-class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page said in the [prospectus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_$finance$ "Prospectus (finance)") that Google has "a dual-class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me."[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-39) In June 2005, Google was valued at nearly \$52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-40) On August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as [π](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi "Pi") ≈ 3.14159265) more shares of its stock to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to \$7 billion. Google said it would use the money for "acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets".[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-41) With Google's increased size came more competition from large mainstream technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-42) Microsoft had been touting its [Bing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_$search_engine$ "Bing (search engine)") search engine to counter Google's competitive position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as [webmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-based_email "Web-based email") (Gmail vs. [Hotmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmail "Hotmail")), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's [Windows Live Local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live_Local "Windows Live Local") competes with [Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth")). In addition to an [Internet Explorer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer "Internet Explorer") replacement, Google designed its own [Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux "Linux")\-based [operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") called [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS") to directly compete with [Microsoft Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows"). There were also rumors of a Google [web browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser"), fueled much by the fact that Google was the owner of the [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name "Domain name") "gbrowser.com".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] These were later proven when Google released [Google Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome"). This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when [Kai-Fu Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Fu_Lee "Kai-Fu Lee"), a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's [non-compete contract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-compete_clause "Non-compete clause") (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China")). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-43) [Click fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud "Click fraud") also became a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that "something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model."[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-44) While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has experimented with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company [dMarc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMarc "DMarc"), which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-45) Google also began an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the *[Chicago Sun-Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times "Chicago Sun-Times")*.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-46) During the third quarter of 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, "We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build." After months of speculation, Google was added to the [Standard & Poor's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s "Standard & Poor's") 500 index (S\&P 500) on March 31, 2006.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-47) Google replaced [Burlington Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Resources "Burlington Resources"), a major oil producer based in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas "Houston, Texas") that had been acquired by [ConocoPhillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips "ConocoPhillips").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-48) The day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-49) In 2008, Google launched [Knol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knol "Knol"), their own equivalent of Wikipedia,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Death-50) which failed four years later.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-knol-death-51) Although Google was already deriving the vast majority of its income from advertising at the time of its 2004 IPO,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-52) it did not use any [HTTP cookie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie "HTTP cookie")\-based [web tracking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_tracking "Web tracking") until 2007.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) By 2006, Google's Ad revenue was already facing signs of decline, as "a growing number of advertisers were refusing to buy display ads from Google."[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) The [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") led Google to institute a hiring freeze.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) In 2007, Google agreed to buy [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") for \$3.1 billion, marking the start of its use of cookie-based tracking.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-wsj-cookie-53) Even with the purchase, Google only ended up with a 3% revenue in the second quarter of 2009, in the depth of the recession.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-54) Google initially separated the browsing habits collected from AD tracking from data collected by its other services by default. Google removed this last layer of protection in 2016, making its tracking personally-identifiable.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-55) In 2011, the company launched [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+"), its fourth foray into social networking, following [Google Buzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz "Google Buzz") (launched 2010, retired in 2011), [Google Friend Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect "Google Friend Connect") (launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012), and [Orkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut "Orkut") (launched in 2004, retired in September 2014[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-56)) As of November 2014, Google operated over 70 offices in more than 41 countries.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-57) In 2015, Google reorganized its interests as a holding company, [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc."), with Google as its leading subsidiary. Google continued to serve as the umbrella for Alphabet's Internet interests.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-60) On September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a [limited liability company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company "Limited liability company"), Google LLC, as a wholly owned subsidiary of [XXVI Holdings, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXVI_Holdings,_Inc. "XXVI Holdings, Inc."), which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-61) Between 2018 and 2019, [tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_worker_organization "Google worker organization") as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, [Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_$search_engine$ "Dragonfly (search engine)"), a censored Chinese search engine, and [Project Maven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Maven "Project Maven"), a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-63) On 25 October 2018, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* published an exposé, "How Google Protected [Andy Rubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin "Andy Rubin"), the 'Father of Android'". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-64) On 1 November 2018, Google employees staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints, including the [golden parachute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_parachute "Golden parachute") exit of former executive [Andy Rubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin "Andy Rubin");[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-65) more than 20,000 employees and contractors participated.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-66) CEO [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") was reported to be in support of the protests.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-67) On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a [cloud gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming "Cloud gaming") platform called [Google Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia").[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-unveils-68) On June 3, 2019, the [United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") reported that it would investigate Google for [antitrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust "Antitrust") violations.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-69) This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the [search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine "Web search engine") and [search advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_advertising "Search advertising") markets.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-70) In December 2019, former [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [chief operating officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer "Chief operating officer") [Bill Ready](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ready "Bill Ready") became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with [Google Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_$2018%E2%80%932022$ "Google Pay (2018–2022)").[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-71) | | | |---|---| | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(April 2023)* | In April 2020, Google announced several cost-cutting measures due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-72) Google and Apple collaborated on the development of smartphone-based contact tracing solutions to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Prominent examples of government initiatives in this field include Singapore's TraceTogether and Australia's COVID Safe apps. TraceTogether was notably the first national Bluetooth contact tracing app to be launched globally, debuting in March 2020.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-73) The [2020 Google services outages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Google_services_outages "2020 Google services outages") disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-74)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-76) In January 2021, the [Australian Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government") proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-77) In March 2021, Google reportedly paid \$20 million for [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") ports on [Google Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-78) Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] In April 2021, *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* reported that Google ran a years-long program called 'Project Bernanke' that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-79) In June 2023, Google stated it would remove Canadian news links from its services throughout the country due to [legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_News_Act "Online News Act") from the [Canadian government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_government "Canadian government") (Bill C-11) that would require Google and other online platforms such as Facebook to pay for news articles being shown on their platforms.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-81) In September 2024, Google and its parent company [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") were fined 2.42 billion euros by the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") for an antitrust case surrounding Google's shopping service. The decision was later upheld by both the [General Court (European Union)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Court_$European_Union$ "General Court (European Union)") and the [European Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-europeanshopping-82) In October 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) formally proposed a range of structural and behavioral remedies against Google, including the potential break-up of the company. These proposals explored banning default search placement payments, regulating the use of artificial intelligence in search results, mandating licensing of Google’s search data to competitors, and requiring increased transparency in online ad pricing.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-APNews2024-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Politico2024-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Barrons2024-85) In November 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) urged a federal court to impose significant changes on Google to address its monopoly in online search. The proposed measures included forcing Google to sell its Chrome browser, sharing data and search results with competitors, and implementing various other restrictions. The DoJ also sought to prohibit Google from re-entering the browser market for five years, selling its Android OS if needed, and halting investments in rival search engines or AI. It also pushed to end exclusive deals where Google paid device makers like Apple to set its search engine as the default. Google called these measures excessive and harmful for consumers, vowing to appeal and a trial was set for April 2025.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-86) In December 2024, Google responded with a counter‑proposal advocating for a narrower, three‑year ban on exclusive default search engine deals, including its long-standing arrangement with Apple. Rather than accepting divestitures of Chrome or Android, Google offered increased flexibility for browser developers and annual renegotiation of default search engine status. Privacy-focused competitors like DuckDuckGo criticized this as inadequate and insufficient to restore market competition. Both parties were expected to submit final remedy proposals ahead of the scheduled remedies trial in April 2025.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeDec2024-87) In early February 2025, Google announced it was ending its targets for minority recruitment and reevaluating other [diversity, equity, and inclusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion "Diversity, equity, and inclusion") efforts.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-88) In April 2025, the remedies trial commenced in Washington, D.C. before Judge Amit P. Mehta. The DOJ argued for substantial structural reforms and ongoing oversight, while Google maintained that such measures were excessive and would hinder innovation in the digital and AI sectors.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-VergeApr2025-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-BarronsApr2025-90) In September 2025, Mehta ruled that Google would not be required to divest of [Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") or Android, but could no longer include [search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") in exclusive contracts. Mehta also ruled that Google would be required to share certain [search index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing "Search engine indexing") and user interaction data with competitors.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-91) In April 2026, Alphabet Google's parent company announced a \$180 billion spending plan for the company for AI infrastructure, data centers, and servers. Mainly for the development of Google's AI [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gemini "Google Gemini"). ## Financing and initial public offering \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Google&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Financing and initial public offering")\] The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US\$100,000 contribution from [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim"), co-founder of [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems"), given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92) On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling \$25 million was announced,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-93) the major investors being rival venture capital firms [Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner,_Perkins,_Caufield_%26_Byers "Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers") and [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-92) While Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google. Following the closing of the \$25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO. Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") as Google's first CEO in August 2001.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-94) In October 2003, while discussing a possible [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") of shares (IPO), [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") approached the company about a possible partnership or [merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions "Mergers and acquisitions").[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-95) The deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") and [Goldman Sachs Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs_Group "Goldman Sachs Group") to arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as \$4 billion. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-96) A total of 19,605,052 [shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_stock "Capital stock") were offered at a price of \$85 per share.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-IPO-97) Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as [√2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_two "Square root of two") ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US\$1.67 billion, and gave Google a [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") of more than \$23 billion.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-washpost-98) Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 2.7 million shares of Google.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-yahooshares-99) Following the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their [base salary be cut to \$1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-dollar_salary "One-dollar salary"). Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made \$250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of \$150,000.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-100) There were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-101) As a reply to this concern, co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-102) The company was listed on the [NASDAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ") stock exchange under the [ticker symbol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") **GOOG**. When Alphabet was created as Google's parent company, it retained Google's stock price history and ticker symbol. The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "[googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")",[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-103)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their first paper on [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank"):[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-originalpaper-17) "We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." There are uses of the name going back at least as far as the creation of the [comic strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip "Comic strip") character [Barney Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Google_and_Snuffy_Smith "Barney Google and Snuffy Smith") in 1919. British children's author [Enid Blyton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Blyton "Enid Blyton") used the phrase "Google Bun" in *[The Magic Faraway Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Faraway_Tree_$novel$ "The Magic Faraway Tree (novel)")* (published 1941) and *[The Folk of the Faraway Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Faraway_Tree#The_Folk_of_the_Faraway_Tree "The Faraway Tree")* (published 1946),[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-105) and called a clown character "Google" in *[Circus Days Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circus_Series "The Circus Series")* (published 1942).[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-106) In April 1953 *[Clifford D Simak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_D._Simak_bibliography "Clifford D. Simak bibliography")*s short story "Retrograde Evolution" was published in *[Science Fiction Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Plus "Science Fiction Plus")* magazine wherein an alien race called "Googles" evolves from savages to geniuses overnight. There is also the [Googleplex Star Thinker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex_Star_Thinker "Googleplex Star Thinker") from [Douglas Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams "Douglas Adams")' *[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy")*. Hank McCoy, The Beast, uses the word (spelled Google) in Uncanny X-Men \#308. In March 1996, a business called Groove Track Productions applied for a United States trademark for "Google" for various products including several categories of clothing, stuffed toys, board games, and candy. The firm abandoned its application in July 1997.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-107) Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "[google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_$verb$ "Google (verb)")" was added to the *[Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster "Merriam-Webster")* and the *Oxford English Dictionary* in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet."[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-109) The use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Hanley-104) The first use of "Google" as a verb in [pop culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture "Pop culture") happened on the TV series *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*, in 2002.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-110) In November 2009, the [Global Language Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor "Global Language Monitor") named "Google" No. 7 on its Top Words of the Decade list.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-111) In December 2009 the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") highlighted Google in their "Portrait of the Decade (Words)" series.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-112) In May 2012, David Elliott filed a complaint against Google, Inc. claiming that Google's once distinctive mark GOOGLE® has become generic and lacks trademark significance due to its common use as a transitive verb. After losing to Google in [UDRP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP "UDRP") proceedings involving many "Google-related" domain name registrations that he owns, Elliott later sought a declaratory judgment that his domain names are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since "Google" is now a common generic word worldwide that means "to search the internet."[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-113) Google has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services. On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) R\&D center at NASA's [Ames Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Research_Center "Ames Research Center"). NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, [bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology")\-[info](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology")\-[nano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_technology "Nano technology") convergence, and encouragement of the [entrepreneurial space industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurial_space_industry "Entrepreneurial space industry"). The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-114) In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license "Open-source license") office program [OpenOffice.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org "OpenOffice.org").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Sun_partners_with_Google-115) [Time Warner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner "Time Warner")'s [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL") unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a US\$1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-116) As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on [video search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_search "Video search") and offer AOL's premium video service within [Google Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video "Google Video"). This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase. In August 2006, Google signed a \$900 million offer with [News Corp.'s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_$1980%E2%80%932013$ "News Corporation (1980–2013)") Fox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on [MySpace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace "MySpace") and other News Corp. websites including [IGN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN "IGN"), [AmericanIdol.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol "American Idol"), [Fox.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox.com "Fox.com"), and [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes "Rotten Tomatoes"), although [Fox Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_$USA$ "Fox Sports (USA)") is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and [MSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN "MSN").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-117)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-118) On December 6, 2006, [British Sky Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting "British Sky Broadcasting") released details of a Sky and Google alliance.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-119) This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain "@sky.com". In 2007, Google displaced [America Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL") as a key partner and sponsor of the [NORAD Tracks Santa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa "NORAD Tracks Santa") program.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-121)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell-122) [Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth") was used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following [Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus")' progress in [3-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD-123) The program also made its presence known on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in 2007 as part of its partnership with Google.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan-124) In 2008, Google developed a partnership with [GeoEye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoEye "GeoEye") to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from [Vandenberg Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base "Vandenberg Air Force Base") on September 6, 2008.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-125) Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of *[Life Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_$magazine$ "Life (magazine)")*'s photographs.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-126)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-127) In January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the [Pontifical Council for Social Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Social_Communications "Pontifical Council for Social Communications"), allowing the [Pope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope "Pope") to have his own channel on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube").[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-128) In January 2013, Google announced a partnership with [Kia Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Motors "Kia Motors") and [Hyundai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company "Hyundai Motor Company"). The partnership integrates Google Maps and Place into new car models to be released later in 2013.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-129) The [Alliance for Affordable Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Affordable_Internet "Alliance for Affordable Internet") (A4AI) was launched in October 2013; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel"), and [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"). Led by [Sir Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee "Sir Tim Berners-Lee"), the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-130) On September 21, 2017, [HTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC "HTC") announced a "cooperation agreement" in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, as well as smartphone talent, to Google for \$1.1 billion.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-131)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-133) - [Timeline of Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Search "Timeline of Google Search") - [Criticism of Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google "Criticism of Google") - [Google logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo "Google logo") - [List of Google Easter eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs "List of Google Easter eggs") - [Timeline of Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mountain_View,_California "Timeline of Mountain View, California"), headquarters of Google since 1999[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_note-134) 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-1)** [The Original GOOGLE Computer Storage (Page and Brin, 1996)](http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/0-4-Google.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161028133317/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/0-4-Google.htm) October 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Stanford Computer Science Computer History Display 2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-milestones_2-4) "[Our history in Depth](https://www.google.com/about/company/history/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150623193037/https://www.google.com/about/company/history/) June 23, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")" Google, Retrieved on March 29, 2016 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_3-1) Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018). ["Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google). *[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_$magazine$ "Vanity Fair (magazine)")*. Retrieved August 23, 2019. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-4)** McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003). ["Google vs. Evil"](https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_$magazine$ "Wired (magazine)")*. Retrieved August 24, 2019. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-wiredbirth_5-5) [Battelle, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Battelle "John Battelle") (August 2005). "[The Birth of Google](https://www.wired.com/2005/08/battelle/)." Received August 16, 2025. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140318175553/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html) March 18, 2014, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_$magazine$ "Wired (magazine)")*. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-6)** [The best advice I ever got](https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0804/gallery.bestadvice.fortune/2.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131127150338/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0804/gallery.bestadvice.fortune/2.html) November 27, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (Fortune, April 2008) 7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Anatomy_7-1) Brin, Sergey; Lawrence Page (1996). "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine". *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **35** (1–7\): 3. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_$identifier$ "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.109.4049](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.4049). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [7587743](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7587743). 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-8)** Brin, Sergey; Rajeev Motwani; Terry Winograd (1998). "What can you do with a web in your pocket". *Data Engineering Bulletin*. **21**: 37–47\. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_$identifier$ "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.107.7614](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.7614). 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-9)** [The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project](https://web.archive.org/web/20090508033156/https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306), Award Abstract \#9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount \$521,111,001 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-10)** Mervish, Jeffrey (January 2, 2009). ["NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library"](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). *Science*. **323** (5910): 54–56\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1126/science.323.5910.54](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5910.54). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [19119211](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19119211). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [45137596](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45137596). 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-11)** Nesbit, Jeff (December 8, 2017). ["Google's true origin partly lies in CIA and NSA research grants for mass surveillance"](https://qz.com/1145669/googles-true-origin-partly-lies-in-cia-and-nsa-research-grants-for-mass-surveillance/). *[Quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_$publication$ "Quartz (publication)")*. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-12)** Page, Lawrence, Brin, Sergey, Motwani, Rajeev, Winograd, Terry. "[The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web](http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1999-66) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080912112513/http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1999-66) September 12, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." November 11, 1999. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-13)** Google I/O Conference is a big upcoming in 2015.[Downloaded 11 – February 2009](http://www.technowonders.com/2015/02/google-io-2015.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160428160018/http://www.technowonders.com/2015/02/google-io-2015.html) April 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Google IO Conferences. Retrieved on February 22, 2015 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-14)** ["A Brief History of Google - Part 1 - Sebo Marketing"](https://www.sebomarketing.com/brief-history-google/). *Sebo Marketing*. Retrieved May 24, 2018. 15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-backrub1996_15-1) ["Archive of Backrub homepage"](https://web.archive.org/web/19971210065425/http://backrub.stanford.edu/backrub.html). Archived from [the original](http://backrub.stanford.edu/backrub.html) on December 10, 1997. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-16)** Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 20, 2021). ["Who Gets the L.L.C.? Inside a Silicon Valley Billionaire's Divorce"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/technology/Scott-Hassan-Allison-Huynh-divorce.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved August 20, 2021. 17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_17-1) [Brin, S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"); [Page, L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (1998). ["The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine"](http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf) (PDF). *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **30** (1–7\): 107–117\. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_$identifier$ "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.115.5930](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.5930). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0169-7552](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-7552). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [7587743](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7587743). 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-18)** ["About: RankDex"](http://www.rankdex.com/about.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120120002301/http://www.rankdex.com/about.html) 2012-01-20 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *[RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex "RankDex")* 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-19)** Altucher, James (March 18, 2011). ["10 Unusual Things About Google"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesaltucher/2011/03/18/10-unusual-things-about-google-also-the-worst-vc-decision-i-ever-made/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved June 16, 2019. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-20)** ["Method for node ranking in a linked database"](https://patents.google.com/patent/US6285999). Google Patents. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185034/http://www.google.com/patents/US6285999) from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-21)** ["Google! Search Engine"](https://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552/http://google.stanford.edu/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http://google.stanford.edu/) on November 11, 1998. Retrieved October 12, 2010. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-22)** ["Google! Search Engine"](https://web.archive.org/web/19981201235013/http://z.stanford.edu/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http://z.stanford.edu/) on December 1, 1998. Retrieved August 14, 2012. 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-nzherald_23-0)** ["The clever Kiwi who was wooed by Google"](https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/the-clever-kiwi-who-was-wooed-by-google/AHVOTOYKAUBAIMTODGYI2XV7OI/?ref=readmore). *NZ Herald*. September 23, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2023. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-24)** Stross, Randall, [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160521150920/https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC&printsec=frontcover) May 21, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), New York : Free Press, September 2008. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4165-4691-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7") Cf. pp.3–4. 25. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-salon98_25-1) [Scott Rosenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Rosenberg_$journalist$ "Scott Rosenberg (journalist)"): *[Yes, there is a better search engine. While the portal sites fiddle, Google catches fire](http://www.salon.com/1998/12/21/straight_44/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201713/http://www.salon.com/1998/12/21/straight_44/) November 23, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")*. [Salon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com "Salon.com"), 21 December 1998 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-26)** Siegler, MG (September 29, 2010). ["When Google Wanted To Sell To Excite For Under \$1 Million — And They Passed"](https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/29/google-excite/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). Retrieved November 29, 2016. 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-165univave_27-0)** Fried, Ian. "[A building blessed with tech success](https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160310084656/http://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/) March 10, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET").* October 4, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. 28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-sgibldg_28-0)** Olsen, Stefanie (July 11, 2003). ["Google's movin' on up"](https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/googles-movin-on-up/). *CNET*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240822000138/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/googles-movin-on-up/) from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2025. 29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-googleplexpurchase_29-0)** Staff Writer. "[Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics](http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100418071152/http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html) April 18, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal.* June 16, 2006. Retrieved on February 24, 2007. 30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-simpledesign_30-0)** Thompson, Bill. "[Is Google good for you?](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3334531.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090125130328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3334531.stm) January 25, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")" *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News").* December 19, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. 31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong2_31-0)** Sullivan, Danny (July 1, 1998). ["GoTo Going Strong"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091014204451/http://searchenginewatch.com/2166331). *SearchEngineWatch*. Archived from [the original](http://searchenginewatch.com/2166331) on October 14, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2010. 32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p2_32-0)** Pelline, Jeff (February 19, 1998). ["Pay-for-placement gets another shot"](https://news.cnet.com/Pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot/2100-1023_3-208309.html). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). Retrieved February 18, 2010. 33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-33)** Olsen, Stephanie (August 9, 2004). ["Google, Yahoo bury the legal hatchet"](https://news.cnet.com/Google,-Yahoo-bury-the-legal-hatchet/2100-1024_3-5302421.html). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). Retrieved February 18, 2010. 34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-goto_strong_34-0)** Sullivan, Danny. "[GoTo Going Strong](http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2166331) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061021112602/http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2166331) October 21, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *The Search Engine Report.* July 1, 1998. 35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-cnet_p4p_35-0)** Pelline, Jeff. "[Pay-for-placement gets another shot](https://www.cnet.com/news/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160529155943/http://www.cnet.com/news/pay-for-placement-gets-another-shot/) May 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET").* February 19, 1998. 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-glaser_36-0)** Glaser, Ken. "Who Will GoTo.com?" [OnlinePress.com](http://www.onlinepress.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161003045631/http://www.onlinepress.com/) October 3, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). *February 20, 1998.* 37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-37)** Ovide, Shira (June 23, 2011). ["What Would 2004 Google Say About Antitrust Probe?"](https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2011/06/23/what-would-2004-google-say-about-antitrust-probe/). *The Wall Street Journal*. 38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-38)** ["How Google Became a Verb"](http://www.thelinguafile.com/2013/02/how-google-became-verb.html). The Lingua File - The Language Blog. Retrieved November 22, 2013. 39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-39)** ["Form S-1"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312504073639/ds1.htm). *www.sec.gov*. Retrieved April 3, 2026. 40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-40)** "Google Shares Rise on New Price Target". *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times").* June 1, 2005. 41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-41)** Gonsalves, Antone. "[Google Seeks Second Stock Offering](http://informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169400356) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011222935/http://informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169400356) October 11, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *Information Week.* August 18, 2005. 42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-42)** Dvorak, John C. "[A Google-Microsoft War](https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,1706872,00.asp) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081206020043/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C1759%2C1706872%2C00.asp) December 6, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[PC Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine "PC Magazine").* November 16, 2004. 43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-43)** Vise, David A. "[Microsoft, Google Both Claim Victory](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091301860.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161229065715/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091301860.html) December 29, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post").* September 14, 2005, p. D05. 44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-44)** Crawford, Krysten. "[Google CFO: Fraud a big threat](https://money.cnn.com/2004/12/02/technology/google_fraud/?cnn=yes) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160421115727/http://money.cnn.com/2004/12/02/technology/google_fraud/?cnn=yes) April 21, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN").* December 2, 2004. 45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-45)** Levingston, Steven. "[Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/17/AR2006011701333.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228182006/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/17/AR2006011701333.html) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post").* January 18, 2006. 46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-46)** Gonsalves, Antone. "[Google Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper](http://www.informationweek.com/industries/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175803378) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080226053026/http://www.informationweek.com/industries/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175803378) February 26, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *Information Week.* January 10, 2006. 47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-47)** Staff Writer. "[Google shares up on joining S\&P 500 index](https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2006-03-23-google-sp500_x.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070109033434/http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2006-03-23-google-sp500_x.htm) January 9, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press").* March 23, 2006. 48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-48)** Francisco, Bambi."[Google to be added to S\&P 500 Index](http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7BAF6E7E59-82BB-445E-B415-6F6FEC819CAE%7D) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071012181019/http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7BAF6E7E59-82BB-445E-B415-6F6FEC819CAE%7D) October 12, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[MarketWatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketWatch "MarketWatch").* March 23, 2006. 49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-49)** Mercury News Wire Services. "[Closing bell: Tech stocks advance; Google surges 7 percent](http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/14180235.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200704225059/https://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/14180235.htm) July 4, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[San Jose Mercury News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News "San Jose Mercury News")*. March 24, 2006. 50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Death_50-0)** Frederick, Lane (December 14, 2007). ["Death Knell Sounds for Wikipedia, About.com"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080224055504/http://www.newsfactor.com/news/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G). *NewsFactor Network*. Archived from [the original](http://www.newsfactor.com/news/Death-Knell-for-Wikipedia--About-com/story.xhtml?story_id=032002XVHH8G) on February 24, 2008. 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["Google Agonizes on Privacy as Ad World Vaults Ahead"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703309704575413553851854026). *The Wall Street Journal*. 54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-54)** Ray, Tiernan (June 30, 2019). ["How Would Ad-Dependent Alphabet, Facebook Handle Another Recession?"](https://www.thestreet.com/technology/what-happens-to-google-and-facebook-revenue-in-a-recession-15006494). *TheStreet*. 55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-55)** [Angwin, Julia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Angwin "Julia Angwin") (October 21, 2016). ["Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking"](https://www.propublica.org/article/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking). *ProPublica*. 56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-56)** ["Tchau Orkut"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140723220408/http://en.blog.orkut.com/2014/06/tchau-orkut.html). *Orkut Blog*. June 30, 2014. Archived from [the original](http://en.blog.orkut.com/2014/06/tchau-orkut.html) on July 23, 2014. 57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-57)** ["Google locations"](https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/). *Google Company*. Google, Inc. November 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014. 58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-58)** Womack, Brian (August 10, 2015). ["Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-). [Bloomberg L.P.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") Retrieved November 22, 2016. 59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-59)** Barr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015). ["Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. Retrieved November 22, 2016. 60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-60)** Dougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015). ["Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved November 22, 2016. 61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-61)** ["Alphabet Finishes Reorganization With New XXVI Company"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-01/alphabet-wraps-up-reorganization-with-a-new-company-called-xxvi). [Bloomberg L.P.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017. 62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-62)** Bergen, Mark (November 22, 2019). ["Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation). *[Bloomberg.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com "Bloomberg.com")*. 63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Verge_busting_63-0)** Hollister, Sean (November 25, 2019). ["Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees"](https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. Retrieved November 26, 2019. 64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-64)** Welch, Chris (October 25, 2018). ["Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years"](https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo). *The Verge*. Retrieved October 31, 2018. 65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-65)** Hamilton, Isobel Asher; et al. (November 1, 2018). ["PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11). *Business Insider*. Retrieved November 6, 2018. 66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-66)** Segarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018). ["More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy"](http://fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/). Fortune. Retrieved November 6, 2018. 67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-67)** Liedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018). ["Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct"](https://www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct). San Francisco, Calf. Also in this year google home an artificial intelligence was developed.: Akron Beacon/Journal. The Associated Press. Retrieved November 6, 2018. 68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-unveils_68-0)** Warren, Tom (March 19, 2019). ["Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019"](https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190319173136/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019) from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019. 69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-69)** ["Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe"](https://www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/). *www.theregister.com*. 70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-70)** Bond, Shannon (October 20, 2020). ["U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google"](https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google). *NPR*. 71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-71)** Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2019). ["PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce"](https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. 72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-72)** ["Bloomberg - Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff). *Bloomberg*. April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. 73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-73)** Michael, Katina; Abbas, Roba (2020). "Behind COVID-19 Contact Trace Apps: The Google–Apple Partnership". *IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine*. **9** (5): 71–76\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020ICEM....9e..71M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ICEM....9e..71M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1109/MCE.2020.3002492](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCE.2020.3002492). 74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-74)** ["Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption"](https://news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892). *Sky News*. 75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-75)** Li, Abner (November 12, 2020). ["YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage"](https://9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/). *9to5Google*. 76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-76)** ["YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage' \| TechRadar"](https://www.techradar.com/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down). *www.techradar.com*. December 14, 2020. 77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-77)** Jose, Renju (January 22, 2021). ["Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O). *Reuters*. Retrieved January 22, 2021. 78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-78)** ["Google reportedly paid \$20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia"](https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia). *GamesIndustry.biz*. March 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021. 79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-79)** ["Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021. 80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-80)** Government of Canada, Department of Justice (May 22, 2022). ["Department of Justice - Statement of Potential Charter Impacts"](https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/pl/charter-charte/c18_1.html). *www.justice.gc.ca*. Retrieved July 9, 2023. 81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-81)** ["Google to remove Canadian news links from searches in the country"](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/google-canada-law-online-news-c-18-bill-news-links-rcna91882). *NBC News*. June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023. 82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-europeanshopping_82-0)** Hancock, Edith (September 10, 2024). ["Google loses EU court battle over €2.4B antitrust fine"](https://www.politico.eu/article/google-loses-court-battle-over-first-eu-antitrust-fine/). Politico. Retrieved September 10, 2024. 83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-APNews2024_83-0)** ["DOJ details potential remedies in antitrust suit against Google"](https://apnews.com/article/google-doj-antitrust-remedies-oct2024). *AP News*. October 2024. 84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Politico2024_84-0)** ["DOJ lays out sweeping options to rein in Google"](https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/10/doj-google-remedies-0012020). *Politico*. October 2024. 85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Barrons2024_85-0)** ["Google Faces DOJ's Toughest Antitrust Remedies Yet"](https://www.barrons.com/articles/google-antitrust-doj-remedies-2024-661000). *Barron's*. October 2024. 86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-86)** ["Google must sell Chrome to end search monopoly, justice department argues in court filing"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/nov/21/google-sell-chrome-us-court-filing-demand-competition-laws). *The Guardian*. November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024. 87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-VergeDec2024_87-0)** ["Google's counteroffer to DOJ falls short, critics say"](https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/15/google-doj-search-remedy-response). *The Verge*. December 2024. 88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-88)** Fried, Ina (February 5, 2025). ["Google rolls back diversity efforts, citing government contractor rules"](https://www.axios.com/2025/02/05/google-ends-minority-recruitment). *Axios*. 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["In a major antitrust ruling, a judge lets Google keep Chrome but levies other penalties"](https://www.npr.org/2025/09/02/nx-s1-5478625/google-chrome-doj-antitrust-ruling). *NPR*. 92. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_92-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_92-1) Kopytoff, Verne, Fost, Dan. "[For early Googlers, key word is \$\$\$](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/04/29/MNGLD6CFND34.DTL) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090919030812/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL) September 19, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle").* April 29, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. 93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-93)** ["Google Receives \$25 Million in Equity Funding"](https://googlepress.blogspot.com/1999/06/google-receives-25-million-in-equity.html) (Press release). June 7, 1999. Retrieved August 1, 2014. 94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-94)** Eppel, Thomas. Google. PowerPoint presentation. Management 10. University of California, Irvine. Irvine, CA. February 2, 2011. 95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-95)** Fisher, Ken.[Microsoft and Google had "merger" talks"](https://archive.today/20120707012006/http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2003/10/3050.ars). *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica").* October 31, 2003. Retrieved on May 17, 2011. 96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-96)** Edmonston, Peter (August 19, 2009). 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[CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). Retrieved November 27, 2010. 103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-103)** Koller, David. "[Origin of the name, "Google."](http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) 2012-06-27 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") *[Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University").* January, 2004. 104. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Hanley_104-1) Hanley, Rachael. "[From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns](http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100330004631/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/) March 30, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[The Stanford Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily "The Stanford Daily").* February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010. 105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-105)** The Enid Blyton Society. "[The Enchanted Forest and Folk of the Magic Faraway Tree by Enid Blyton](http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/faraway-tree.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161216052522/http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/faraway-tree.php) December 16, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Retrieved on May 17, 2011 106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-106)** The Enid Blyton Society."[*Circus Days Again* by Enid Blyton](http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/book-details.php?id=237) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160807152831/http://www.enidblytonsociety.co.uk/book-details.php?id=237) August 7, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Retrieved on May 17, 2011 107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-107)** ["GOOGLE - Trademark Details"](https://trademarks.justia.com/750/71/google-75071072.html). JUSTIA. Retrieved December 20, 2016. 108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-108)** Harris, Scott D. "Dictionary adds verb: to google\]." *[San Jose Mercury News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News "San Jose Mercury News").* July 7, 2006. ["MercuryNews.com \| 07/07/2006 \| Dictionary adds verb: To google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070206065348/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm). Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2006. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown")) 109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-109)** Bylund, Anders. "[To Google or Not to Google](https://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/) [Deprecated link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance "Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance") archived July 7, 2006, at [archive.today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today "Archive.today")." *[The Motley Fool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motley_Fool "The Motley Fool") via [MSNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC "MSNBC").* July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006. 110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-110)** Meyer, Robinson. ["The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer"](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved September 28, 2016. 111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-111)** [Top Words of the Decade](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/19/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160515143111/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/19/top-words-of-the-decade-2_n_363554.html) May 15, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-112)** "[A portrait of the decade](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8409040.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228002630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8409040.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC").* December 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 15, 2011. 113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-113)** ["Is It Proper To Say You Google On GOOGLE®?"](http://www.natlawreview.com/article/it-proper-to-say-you-google-google). *The National Law Review*. Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C. June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012. 114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-114)** Lewis, Laura; Fox, Lynn. "[NASA Takes Google on Journey into Space](https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2005/05_50AR.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160318184559/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2005/05_50AR.html) March 18, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")." *[National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "National Aeronautics and Space Administration"),* Press Release. September 28, 2005. 115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Sun_partners_with_Google_115-0)** Brown, James. ["Sun partners with Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930195540/http://www.vnunet.com/computing/news/2143242/sun-partners-google). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2006. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown")). *vnunet.com.* October 5, 2005. 116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-116)** Rosenbush, Steve. "[AOL-Google: Who Gets What](http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051221_533090.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060523153503/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051221_533090.htm) May 23, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")?" *[BusinessWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek "BusinessWeek").* December 21, 2005. 117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-117)** Staff Writer. "[Google signs \$900m News Corp deal](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5254642.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228061910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5254642.stm) December 28, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News").* August 7, 2006. Retrieved on August 8, 2006. 118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-118)** "[Google, News Corp. Ink Deal Over MySpace.com Ads](http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207370,00.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110426055629/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C207370%2C00.html) April 26, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")". *[Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News").* August 8, 2006. 119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-119)** ["Sky and Google unveil broadband alliance"](https://bluetoothdevicefinder.com/en/blog/broadband-bluetooth-wireless-revolution-2006). British Sky Broadcasting. December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2007. 120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-For_more_than_50_years,_NORAD_is_Tracking_Santa,_December_14,_2007_by_Glenn_Letham_120-0)** ["For more than 50 years, NORAD is Tracking Santa, December 14, 2007 by Glenn Letham"](http://www.gisuser.com/content/view/13492/). GISUser.com. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_&_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas,_December_1,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_121-0)** ["Tracking Santa: NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas, December 1, 2007, Danny Sullivan"](http://searchengineland.com/tracking-santa-norad-google-team-up-for-christmas-12817). [Search Engine Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Engine_Land "Search Engine Land"). December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa,_Then_and_Now,_November_30,_2007,_by_Carrie_Farrell_122-0)** ["Tracking Santa, Then and Now, November 30, 2007, by Carrie Farrell, Veteran Santa Tracker"](http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/tracking-santa-then-and-now.html). Retrieved December 31, 2009. 123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD_123-0)** [Daniel Terdiman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Terdiman "Daniel Terdiman") (December 21, 2009). ["Behind the scenes: NORAD's Santa tracker"](https://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-10418101-52.html). *CNET*. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_&_Google:_The_2007_Edition,_December_24,_2007,_Danny_Sullivan_124-0)** ["Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google: The 2007 Edition, December 24, 2007, Danny Sullivan"](http://searchengineland.com/instructions-on-tracking-santa-with-norad-google-the-2007-edition-13001). Search Engine Land. December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-125)** Shalal-Esa, Andrea (September 6, 2008). ["GeoEye launches high-resolution satellite"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-geoeye-idUSN0633403420080906). *Reuters*. Washington. Retrieved February 26, 2010. 126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-126)** ["Google gives online life to Life mag's photos"](https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27802744). Mountain View, California. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). November 20, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2010. "Google Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from *[Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_$magazine$ "Life (magazine)")* magazine's archives that have never been seen by the public before" 127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-127)** Stirling, Greg (November 18, 2008). ["Google Hosting Time-Life Photo Archive, 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live"](http://searchengineland.com/google-to-host-10-million-time-life-unpublished-images-15513). *[Search Engine Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Engine_Land "Search Engine Land")*. Retrieved July 5, 2010. 128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-128)** Krause, Flavia. (January 23, 2009) [Pope Benedict Debuts on YouTube to Reach Out to Catholics](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aEQisYuHdkSs&refer=home) June 13, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). [Bloomberg.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com "Bloomberg.com"). Retrieved on May 29, 2011. 129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-129)** ["Google partners with Hyundai and Kia Motors to integrate Google Maps and Places into new car models"](https://thenextweb.com/google/2013/01/02/google-partners-with-kia-motors-to-integrate-google-maps-and-places-into-new-car-models/?fromcat=all). *The Next Web*. Retrieved January 2, 2013. 130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-130)** Gibbs, Samuel (October 7, 2013). ["Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/07/google-berners-lee-alliance-broadband-africa). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved March 15, 2017. 131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-131)** Balakrishnan, Saheli Roy Choudhury, Anita (September 20, 2017). ["Google agrees to buy part of HTC for \$1.1 billion"](https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/20/google-htc-sign-cooperation-agreement.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 21, 2017. `{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) 132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-132)** ["Google is buying part of HTC's smartphone team for \$1.1 billion"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/20/16340108/google-htc-smartphone-team-acquisition-announced). *The Verge*. Retrieved September 21, 2017. 133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-133)** ["Google signs agreement with HTC, continuing our big bet on hardware"](https://www.blog.google/topics/hardware/google-signs-agreement-htc-continuing-our-big-bet-hardware/). *Google*. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. 134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#cite_ref-134)** ["A look back: Timeline of Mountain View history"](http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_5302050), *San Jose Mercury News*, March 2007 - [Auletta, Ken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Auletta "Ken Auletta") (2009). *Googled: The End of the World as We Know It*. New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59420-235-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-235-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-235-3") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [318411527](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318411527). - [Battelle, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Battelle "John Battelle") (2005). [*The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture*](https://archive.org/details/searchhowgooglei0000batt_n2l8/mode/2up). New York: Portfolio. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-59184-088-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59184-088-0 "Special:BookSources/1-59184-088-0") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [72691962](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/72691962). - Bottando, Evelyn. "Hedging the commons: Google Books, libraries, and open access to knowledge" (PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2012. 3526789). - Gray, Joanne Elizabeth. *Google Rules: The History and Future of Copyright Under the Influence of Google* (Oxford University Press, 2020) - [Levy, Steven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Levy "Steven Levy") (2011). [*In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives*](https://books.google.com/books?id=V1u1f8sv3k8C). Simon and Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-41659-671-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41659-671-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-41659-671-4") . - Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. *Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization* (Princeton University Press, 2021) - Redding, Anna Crowley. *Google It: A History of Google* (2018) - Stross, Randall (2008). [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). New York: Free Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4165-4691-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [261376729](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/261376729). - [Vise, David A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Vise "David A. Vise"); [Malseed, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Malseed "Mark Malseed") (2005). [*The Google Story*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lYe1AAAAIAAJ). Delacorte Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-55380-457-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-55380-457-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-55380-457-7") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [607806212](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607806212). - Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). *Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry*. U of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0252087127](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252087127 "Special:BookSources/0252087127") [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.4116455) | External videos | |---| | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [*Q\&A* interview with Auletta on *Googled*, October 29, 2009](https://www.c-span.org/video/?289705-1/qa-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") | | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Presentation by Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2009](https://www.c-span.org/video/?290222-1/googled-end-world-it), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") | | [![video icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Interview with Auletta on *Googled*, November 11, 2010](https://www.c-span.org/video/?296481-1/distance-learning-class-ken-auletta), [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN") | - [Google Corporate History (official)](https://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html) - David Hart: [On the Origins of Google](https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100660&org=NSF) [National Science Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"), August 17, 2004

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