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| Boilerpipe Text | Harvard University
Coat of arms
Latin
:
Universitas Harvardiana
[
1
]
[
2
]
Former names
Harvard College
Motto
Veritas
(
Latin
)
[
3
]
Motto in English
"Truth"
Type
Private
research university
Established
October 28, 1636
(389 years ago)
[
4
]
Founder
Massachusetts General Court
Accreditation
NECHE
Religious affiliation
Nonsectarian
Academic affiliations
AAU
COFHE
NAICU
UArctic
URA
Space-grant
Endowment
$55.7 billion
(2025)
[
5
]
Budget
$6.7 billion (2025 Fiscal Year ending June 30)
[
6
]
President
Alan Garber
Provost
John F. Manning
[
7
]
Academic staff
~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)
[
8
]
Students
21,189 (fall 2024)
[
9
]
Undergraduates
7,038 (fall 2024)
[
9
]
Postgraduates
14,151 (fall 2024)
[
9
]
Location
Cambridge, Massachusetts
,
US
42°22â˛28âłN
71°07â˛01âłW
ďťż / ďťż
42.37444°N 71.11694°W
Campus
Midsize city
[
10
]
, 209 acres (85Â ha)
Newspaper
The Harvard Crimson
Colors
Crimson, white, and black
[
11
]
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Nickname
Crimson
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I
FCS
â
Ivy League
ECAC Hockey
NEISA
CWPA
IRA
EAWRC
EARC
EISA
Mascot
John Harvard
Website
www
.harvard
.edu
Harvard University
is a
private
Ivy League
research university
in
Cambridge, Massachusetts
, United States. Founded in 1636, and named in 1639 for its first benefactor, the
Puritan
clergyman
John Harvard
, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious and elitist universities in the world.
[
12
]
Harvard was founded and authorized by the
Massachusetts General Court
, the governing legislature of
colonial
-era
Massachusetts Bay Colony
.
[
13
]
While never formally affiliated with any
Protestant denomination
, Harvard trained
Congregational
clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the
Boston elite
.
[
14
]
[
15
]
Following the
American Civil War
, under
Harvard president
Charles William Eliot
's long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the
Association of American Universities
.
[
16
]
James B. Conant
led the university through the
Great Depression
and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.
The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to
Harvard Radcliffe Institute
. The
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate
academic disciplines
, and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:
[
17
]
the main campus, a 209-acre (85Â ha) in Cambridge centered on
Harvard Yard
; an adjoining campus immediately across
Charles River
in the
Allston
neighborhood of
Boston
; and the medical campus in Boston's
Longwood Medical Area
.
[
18
]
Harvard's endowment
, valued at
$55.7Â billion
, makes it the
wealthiest academic institution
in the world.
[
19
]
[
20
]
[
21
]
Harvard Library
, with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest
academic library
.
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include
188 living billionaires
,
8 U.S. presidents
,
24 heads of state and 31 heads of government
, founders of notable companies,
Nobel laureates
,
Fields Medalists
,
members of Congress
,
MacArthur Fellows
,
Rhodes Scholars
,
Marshall Scholars
,
Turing Award Recipients
,
Pulitzer Prize
recipients, and
Fulbright Scholars
; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.
[
Notes 1
]
Harvard students and alumni have also collectively won 10
Academy Awards
and
110 Olympic medals
, including 46 gold medals.
History
Colonial era
A 1767 engraving of
Harvard College
by
Paul Revere
Harvard was founded in 1636 by a vote of the
Great and General Court
of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
. Its first headmaster,
Nathaniel Eaton
, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired
English North America
's first known
printing press
.
[
22
]
[
23
]
The same year, on his deathbed,
John Harvard
, a
Puritan
clergyman who had emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging college ÂŁ780 and his library of some 320 volumes;
[
24
]
the following year, it was named
Harvard College
.
In 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose: "[to] advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."
[
25
]
In its early years, the college trained many Puritan
Congregational
ministers
[
26
]
and offered a
classical curriculum
based on the English university model exemplified by the
University of Cambridge
, where many colonial Massachusetts leaders had studied prior to emigrating to the colony. Harvard College never formally affiliated with any particular
Protestant
denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.
[
27
]
In 1650, the charter for
Harvard Corporation
, the college's governing body, was granted.
From 1681 to 1701,
Increase Mather
, a Puritan clergyman, served as Harvard's sixth
president
. In 1708,
John Leverett
became Harvard's seventh president and the first president who was not also a clergyman.
[
28
]
Harvard faculty and students largely supported the
Patriot
cause during the
American Revolution
.
[
29
]
[
30
]
The earliest known official seal of Harvard University, commonly referred to as the Seal of 1650 or the In Christi Gloriam seal, features a square shield bearing three open books arranged around a central chevron. This design symbolizes the pursuit of learning under divine guidance. The motto IN CHRISTI GLORIAM ("To the glory of Christ") appears prominently on the seal, which is encircled by the Latin inscription SIGILL COL HARVARD CANTAB NOV ANGL 1650, meaning "Seal of Harvard College, Cambridge, New England, 1650." This seal reflects the original religious mission of the institution.
In 1885, the Harvard Corporation adopted a revised design known as the Appleton Seal, based on an earlier version created by President Josiah Quincy in 1843. Designed by William Sumner Appleton (Harvard AB 1860), the seal features a triangular shield bearing three open books with the motto VERITAS ("Truth"). Surrounding the shield is the motto CHRISTO ET ECCLESIĂ ("For Christ and the Church"), and the outer border bears the inscription SIGILLVM ACADEMIĂ HARVARDINĂ IN NOV. ANG. ("Seal of Harvard College in New England"). This version of the seal sought to harmonize the university's intellectual pursuits with its ecclesiastical roots.
[
31
]
19th century
The
John Harvard statue
in
Harvard Yard
In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by
Enlightenment Age
ideas, including reason and free will, which were widespread among
Congregational
ministers and which placed these ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist,
Calvinist
pastors and clergies.
[
32
]
:â1â4â
Following the death of
Hollis Professor of Divinity
David Tappan
in 1803 and that of
Joseph Willard
, Harvard's eleventh president, the following year, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805,
Henry Ware
was elected to replace Tappan as Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal
Samuel Webber
was appointed as Harvard's 13th president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and
Arminian
ideas.
[
32
]
:â4â5â
[
33
]
:â24â
In 1816, Harvard University launched new language programs in the study of
French
and
Spanish
, and appointed
George Ticknor
the university's first professor for these language programs.
From 1869 to 1909,
Charles William Eliot
, Harvard University's 21st president, decreased the historically favored position of
Christianity
in the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by
Transcendentalist
and
Unitarian
convictions influenced by
William Ellery Channing
,
Ralph Waldo Emerson
, and others, rather than secularism. In the late 19th century, Harvard University's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers.
[
34
]
20th century
A 1906 aerial watercolor portrait of Harvard University
[
35
]
In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the
Association of American Universities
.
[
16
]
For the first few decades of the 20th century, the Harvard student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status
Protestants
, especially
Episcopalians
,
Congregationalists
, and
Presbyterians
," according to sociologist and author
Jerome Karabel
.
[
36
]
Over the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the
undergraduate college
.
Radcliffe College
emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in the nation for women.
In 1923, a year after the proportion of
Jewish
students at Harvard reached 20%,
A. Lawrence Lowell
, the university's 22nd president, unsuccessfully proposed capping the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's
freshman dormitories
, writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."
[
37
]
[
38
]
[
39
]
[
40
]
Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by
James B. Conant
, the university's 23rd president, who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, under Conant's leadership, an influential 268-page report,
General Education in a Free Society
, was published by Harvard faculty, which remains one of the most important works in
curriculum studies
,
[
41
]
and women were first admitted to the
medical school
.
[
42
]
Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students. Following the end of
World War II
, for example, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.
[
43
]
No longer drawing mostly from prestigious
prep schools
in
New England
, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians remained underrepresented.
[
44
]
Over the second half of the 20th century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.
[
45
]
Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe's women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.
[
46
]
21st century
An aerial view of Harvard University at night in 2017
On July 1, 2007,
Drew Gilpin Faust
, dean of
Harvard Radcliffe Institute
, was appointed Harvard's 28th and the university's first female president.
[
47
]
On July 1, 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of
Goldman Sachs
, and
Lawrence Bacow
became Harvard's
29th president
.
[
48
]
In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.
[
49
]
Bacow retired in June 2023, and on July 1
Claudine Gay
, a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and dean of the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
, became Harvard's 30th president. In January 2024, just six months into her presidency, Gay resigned following
allegations of antisemitism
and
plagiarism
.
[
50
]
Gay was succeeded by
Alan Garber
, the university's provost, who was appointed interim president. In August 2024, the university announced that Garber would be appointed Harvard's 31st president through the end of the 2026â27 academic year.
Second presidency of Donald Trump
In February 2025,
Leo Terrell
, the head of the Trump administration's
Task Force to Combat Antisemitism
, announced that he would investigate Harvard University as part of the Department of Justice's broader investigation into
antisemitism on college campuses
.
[
51
]
In April 2025, the United States federal government under President
Donald Trump
threatened to withhold nearly $9
Â
billion in government funds from the university unless the university complied with government demands to modify many of its policies. This threat was part of a broader battle over universities' autonomy following contentious
student protests
against the
Gaza war
, and followed
similar demands
made of
Columbia University
.
[
52
]
The university's leadership resisted the government's demands, claiming that they were an unlawful overreach of government authority.
[
53
]
In response, the
US Department of Education
announced they were freezing $2.3
Â
billion in federal funds to Harvard.
[
54
]
The
Department of Homeland Security
subsequently threatened to revoke Harvard's eligibility to host
international students
.
[
52
]
Harvard responded by filing
a lawsuit
against the Trump administration in the
District Court of Massachusetts
, arguing that the freezing of funds was unconstitutional.
[
55
]
[
56
]
[
57
]
In May 2025, education secretary
Linda McMahon
informed Harvard president Garber that the federal government would no longer provide grant funding until the university complied with the Trump administration's demands.
[
58
]
The following week, the Trump administration cut an additional $450 million in grants to the school.
[
59
]
Decertification Letter sent by Kristi Noem on May 22, 2025
Later that same month, Department of Homeland Security secretary
Kristi Noem
announced that Harvard's
Student and Exchange Visitor Program
certification had been revoked, barring Harvard from hosting international students.
[
60
]
[
61
]
The following day, Harvard sued the Trump administration for banning them from enrolling international students and U.S. District Judge
Allison Burroughs
granted a temporary restraining order stopping the ban.
[
62
]
[
63
]
[
64
]
[
65
]
On June 16, 2025, Burroughs postponed a ruling after hearing arguments from lawyers on both sides, leaving the temporary block in place for another week.
[
66
]
On May 30, 2025, the
State Department
ordered all US embassies and consulates to conduct "comprehensive and thorough vetting" of the online presence of anyone seeking to visit Harvard from abroad.
[
67
]
On June 4, 2025, Trump issued a proclamation restricting international students from studying at Harvard, and directing the State Department to consider revoking the visas of current international students studying at that university.
[
68
]
[
69
]
The following day, Harvard filed a legal challenge, amending their existing federal complaint against the administration.
[
70
]
[
71
]
[
72
]
On June 20, Harvard was granted an injunction allowing it to continue hosting international students as litigation continues.
[
73
]
On June 30, a Trump administration investigation found Harvard violated federal civil rights law by failing to protect Jewish students, faculty, and staff.
[
74
]
On September 3, 2025 US District Judge
Allison Burroughs
ruled the Trump administration illegally froze more than $2 billion in research funding stating the administration "...violated Harvard's free-speech rights as well as the US Civil Rights Act."
[
75
]
In February 2026, Trump announced that his administration would seek $1 billion in damages from Harvard. In a post on
Truth Social
, Trump accused Harvard of supplying misleading information to
The New York Times
. Administration officials claimed that the university failed to adequately address antisemitism during pro-Palestinian protests, a claim Harvard has denied.
[
76
]
On February 6th, Secretary of Defense
Pete Hegseth
announced that the
Pentagon
would start to sever ties to Harvard with its graduate-level military training courses. Hegseth accused Harvard of becoming a "factory for woke ideology and a breeding ground for anti-American radicals..." as a reason for discontinuing the programs.
[
77
]
A week later, Harvard along with other prestigious American Universities was listed as âModerate to High Riskâ in a Department of Defense memo for Assisted Military Tuition, and could be barred for service members for tuition assistance.
[
78
]
Campuses
Cambridge
Massachusetts Hall
, Harvard's oldest building, constructed in 1720
[
79
]
Memorial Hall
, built on the main Cambridge campus in 1870
Memorial Church
, dedicated and opened in 1932 on
Harvard Yard
Harvard Yard
at the center of Harvard's main campus in
Cambridge
The 209-acre (85Â ha) main campus of Harvard University is centered on
Harvard Yard
, colloquially known as "the Yard", in
Cambridge, Massachusetts
, about three miles (five km) west-northwest of downtown
Boston
, and extending to the surrounding
Harvard Square
neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including four of the university's libraries,
Houghton
,
Lamont
,
Pusey
, and
Widener
. Also on Harvard Yard are
Massachusetts Hall
, built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still standing building,
Memorial Church
, and
University Hall
.
Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
, including
Sever Hall
,
Harvard Hall
, and
freshman dormitories
. Upperclassmen live in the twelve
residential houses
: nine south of Harvard Yard near the
Charles River
, and three on the
Radcliffe Quadrangle
, which formerly housed
Radcliffe College
students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.
[
80
]
Also on the main campus in Cambridge are the
Law
,
Divinity
(theology),
Engineering and Applied Science
,
Design
(architecture),
Education
,
Kennedy
(public policy), and
Extension
schools, and
Harvard Radcliffe Institute
in Radcliffe Yard.
[
81
]
Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.
[
82
]
[
83
]
Allston
Harvard Business School
,
Harvard Innovation Labs
, and many athletics facilities, including
Harvard Stadium
, are located on a 358-acre (145Â ha) campus in the
Allston
section of
Boston
across the
John W. Weeks Bridge
, which crosses the
Charles River
and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.
[
84
]
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.
[
85
]
Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.
[
86
]
In 2021, the
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
expanded into the new Allston-based Science and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is more than 500,000 square feet in size.
[
87
]
SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups and collaborations with mature companies.
[
88
]
Longwood
Harvard Medical School
in the
Longwood Medical and Academic Area
in
Boston
The university's schools of
Medicine
,
Dental Medicine
, and
Public Health
are located on a 21-acre (8.5Â ha) campus in the
Longwood Medical and Academic Area
in
Boston
, about 3.3 miles (5.3Â km) south of the Cambridge campus.
[
18
]
Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
,
Boston Children's Hospital
,
Brigham and Women's Hospital
,
DanaâFarber Cancer Institute
,
Joslin Diabetes Center
, and the
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
. Additional affiliates, including
Massachusetts General Hospital
, are located throughout
Greater Boston
.
Other
Harvard owns
Dumbarton Oaks
, a research library in Washington, D.C.,
Harvard Forest
in
Petersham, Massachusetts
, Concord Field Station in
Estabrook Woods
in
Concord, Massachusetts
,
[
89
]
the
Villa I Tatti
research center in
Florence
, Italy,
[
90
]
and the Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece. The Harvard Shanghai Center in
Shanghai
, China,
[
91
]
and
Arnold Arboretum
in the
Jamaica Plain
neighborhood of Boston.
Organization and administration
Governance
Harvard is governed by a combination of its
Board of Overseers
and the
President and Fellows of Harvard College
, which is also known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, appoint the
president of Harvard University
.
[
92
]
There are 16,000 staff and faculty,
[
93
]
including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors in the colleges proper,
[
94
]
plus another >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)
[
95
]
As of 2025, Harvard differs radically from its peer universities in two important ways. First, Harvard does not make its governing statutes publicly available, meaning that members of the Harvard community interested in reform must first persuade the university to give them a copy of those documents. Second, Harvard does not have an
academic senate
like most of its peers, although it is currently attempting to create one.
[
96
]
Endowment
Harvard has the largest
university endowment
in the world, valued at about
$50.7Â billion
as of 2023.
[
19
]
[
20
]
During the
recession of 2007â2009
, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.
[
97
]
The endowment has since recovered.
[
98
]
[
99
]
[
100
]
[
101
]
About
$2Â billion
of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.
[
102
]
Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
.
[
103
]
Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.
[
104
]
Divestment
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated
divesting
Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in
South Africa
during
apartheid
,
Sudan
during the
Darfur genocide
, and
tobacco
,
fossil fuel
, and
private prison
industries.
[
105
]
[
106
]
In the late 1980s, during the
disinvestment from South Africa
movement, student activists erected a symbolic
shanty town
on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
[
107
]
[
108
]
In response to pressure, the university eventually reduced its South African holdings by
$230Â million
out of a total of
$400Â million
between 1986 and 1987.
[
107
]
[
109
]
Academics
Teaching and learning
School
Founded
Harvard College
[
110
]
1636
Medicine
[
111
]
1782
Divinity
[
112
]
1816
Law
1817
Engineering
1847
Dental Medicine
1867
Graduate Arts and Sciences
1872
Business
1908
Extension
1910
Public Health
1913
Education
1920
Design
1936
Government
1936
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university
[
113
]
offering 50
undergraduate
majors,
[
114
]
134 graduate degrees,
[
115
]
and 32 professional degrees.
[
116
]
During the 2018â2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.
[
116
]
The
Faculty of Arts and Sciences
, with an academic staff of 1,211 as of 2019, is the largest Harvard faculty, and has primary responsibility for instruction in
Harvard College
, the
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
, the
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)
, and the
Division of Continuing Education
, which includes
Harvard Summer School
and
Harvard Extension School
. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties and a faculty attached to the
Harvard Radcliffe Institute
.
There are four Harvard joint programs with
MIT
, which include the
HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology
, the
Broad Institute
, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and
edX
.
Colleges and professional schools
The university maintains 13 schools, which include:
School
Founded
Enrollment
[
117
]
[
failed verification
]
Harvard College, the undergraduate college
1636
7,000â7,500
Medicine
1782
2,700 (M.D. and Ph.D.), 4,400 (clinical residents and fellows), 5,100 (research fellows)
Divinity
1816
377
Law
1817
1,990
Dental Medicine
1867
280
Graduate Arts and Sciences
1872
4,824
Business
1908
2,011
Extension
1910
3,428
Design
1914
878
Education
1920
876
Public Health
1922
1,412
Government
1936
1,100
Engineering
2007
1,750 (including undergraduates)
Harvard College
Harvard College
, the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a
liberal arts and sciences
focus.
[
113
]
[
114
]
To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take 16 credit hours (usually across four courses) per semester for a total of 128 credit hours.
[
118
]
[
119
]
In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.
[
120
]
Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.
[
121
]
Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School
, the third-oldest medical school in the United States, was founded in 1782 as Massachusetts Medical College by
John Warren
,
Benjamin Waterhouse
, and Aaron Dexter. In 1810, Harvard Medical School relocated from Cambridge to
Boston
. The medical school was tied to the rest of the university "only by the tenuous thread of degrees", but its strong faculty gave it a national reputation by the early 19th century.
[
122
]
The medical school moved to its current location on Longwood Avenue in 1906, where the "Great White Quadrangle" or HMS Quad with its five white marble buildings was established.
[
123
]
[
124
]
Harvard Medical School's reputation continued to grow into the 20th century, especially in terms of scientific research and support from regional and national elites. Fifteen scientists won the
Nobel Prize
for work done at the Medical School.
[
125
]
[
126
]
Its four major flagship teaching hospitals are
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
,
Brigham and Women's Hospital
,
Boston Children's Hospital
and
Massachusetts General Hospital
.
[
127
]
Harvard Law School
Christopher Columbus Langdell
, an influential dean of
Harvard Law School
from 1875 to 1890
The establishment of Harvard Law School in 1817 was made possible by a 1779 bequest from
Isaac Royall Jr.
; it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the nation.
[
128
]
It was a small operation and grew slowly. By 1827, it was down to one faculty member.
Nathan Dane
, a prominent alumnus, endowed the Dane Professorship of Law and insisted that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice
Joseph Story
. For a while, the school was called Dane Law School.
[
129
]
Story's belief in the need for an elite law school based on merit and dedicated to public service helped build the school's reputation at the time. Enrollment remained low as academic legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice.
Radical reform came in the 1870s, under Dean
Christopher Columbus Langdell
(1826â1906).
[
130
]
Its new curriculum set the national standard and was copied widely in the United States. Langdell developed the
case method
of teaching law, based on his belief that law could be studied as a "science" gave university legal education a reason for being distinct from vocational preparation. The school introduced a first-year curriculum that was widely imitated, based on classes in
contracts
,
property
,
torts
,
criminal law
and
civil procedure
.
Critics bemoaned abandonment of the more traditional lecture method, because of its efficiency and the lower workloads it placed on faculty and students. Advocates of the case method had a sounder theoretical basis in scientific research and the inductive method. Langdell's graduates became leading professors at other law schools where they introduced the case method. From its founding in 1900, the Association of American Law Schools promoted the case method in law schools that sought accreditation.
[
131
]
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Science
As the college modernized in the late 19th century, the faculty was organized into departments and began to add graduate programs, including the PhD.
Charles William Eliot
, president from 1869 to 1909, was a chemist who had spent two years in Germany studying at their universities. Thousands of Americans, mostly Harvard and Yale alumni, had attended German universities, especially Berlin and GĂśttingen.
[
132
]
Eliot used the German model to set up graduate programs at Harvard and he formed a graduate department in 1872, which granted its first Ph.D. degrees in 1873 to
William Byerly
in mathematics and Charles Whitney in history. Eliot set up the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences with its own dean and budget in 1890, which dealt with graduate students and funded research programs.
[
133
]
By 2004, there were 3,200 graduate students in 53 separate programs and forty former or current professors had won a Nobel Prize, most of them scientists or economists based in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
[
134
]
Harvard Business School
Aerial view of
Harvard Business School
From its founding in 1908,
Harvard Business School
has had a close relationship with the corporate world. Within a few years of its founding, many business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms.
[
135
]
[
136
]
[
137
]
The school used Rockefeller funding in the 1920s to launch a major research program under
Elton Mayo
(1926â1947) for his "Harvard human relations group". Its findings revolutionized human relations in business and raised the reputation of the Business School from its initial "low status as a trainer of money grabbers into a high prestige educator of socially-conscientious administrators".
[
138
]
Starting in 1935, the school began weekend and short-term leadership training workshops for executives of major corporations that further expanded its national role.
[
139
]
By 1949, nearly half of all the holders of the
MBA
degree in the U.S. were alumni of Harvard Business School, and it was considered "the most influential graduate school of business".
[
140
]
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health is the public health school of Harvard University, located in the
Longwood Medical Area
of Boston. The school grew out of the Harvard-MIT School for Health Officers,
[
141
]
[
142
]
[
143
]
[
144
]
[
145
]
the nation's first graduate training program in
population health
, which was founded in 1913 and then became the Harvard School of Public Health in 1922.
The school was part of Harvard Medical School until 1946, when it became a fully autonomous institution with its own dedicated public health and medical faculty.
[
146
]
It was renamed the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 2014 in honor of a $350 million donation from the Morningside Foundation.
[
147
]
Harvard Kennedy School
The Littauer Building at
Harvard Kennedy School
In 1936, Harvard University founded the Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration, later renamed
Harvard Kennedy School
in honor of former
U.S. President
and 1940
Harvard College
alumnus
John F. Kennedy
.
The Kennedy School has an endowment of $1.7 billion as of 2021 and is routinely ranked at the top of the world's graduate schools in public policy, social policy, international affairs, and government.
[
148
]
[
149
]
[
150
]
[
151
]
Its alumni include 17
heads of state
or
government
.
[
148
]
[
149
]
[
150
]
[
151
]
Research
Harvard is a founding member of the
Association of American Universities
[
152
]
and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine, according to the
Carnegie Classification
.
[
113
]
The
medical school
consistently ranks first among medical schools for research,
[
153
]
and biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school and its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.
[
154
]
In 2019, the medical school and its affiliates attracted
$1.65Â billion
in competitive research grants from the
National Institutes of Health
, more than twice that of any other university.
[
155
]
Libraries
Widener Library
, the anchor of
Harvard Library
, the largest
academic library
in the world with more than 20 million holdings
Harvard Library
, the largest
academic library
in the world with 20.4 million holdings, is centered in
Widener Library
in
Harvard Yard
. It includes 25 individual Harvard libraries around the world with a combined staff of more than 800 librarians and personnel.
[
156
]
Houghton Library
, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. The nation's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in
Pusey Library
on
Harvard Yard
, which is open to the public. The largest collection of
East-Asian
language material outside of East Asia is held in
Harvard-Yenching Library
.
Other major libraries in the Harvard Library system include
Baker Library/Bloomberg Center
at
Harvard Business School
,
Cabot Science Library
at
Harvard Science Center
,
Dumbarton Oaks
in
Washington, D.C.
,
Gutman Library
at the
Harvard Graduate School of Education
,
Harvard Film Archive
at the
Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts
,
Houghton Library
, and
Lamont Library
.
Museums
Harvard Art Museums
includes three museums, the
Arthur M. Sackler Museum
covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art; the
BuschâReisinger Museum
(formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art; and the
Fogg Museum
covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian
early Renaissance
, British
pre-Raphaelite
, and 19th-century French art.
Harvard Museums of Science and Culture include the
Harvard Museum of Natural History
, which itself includes the
Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum
, the
Harvard University Herbaria
featuring the
Blaschka
Glass Flowers
exhibit, and the
Museum of Comparative Zoology
. Others include the
Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments
at
Harvard Science Center
, the
Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East
featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East, and the
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the
Western Hemisphere
, the
Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts
, designed by
Le Corbusier
and housing the
Harvard Film Archive
, the
Warren Anatomical Museum
at
Harvard Medical School
's
Center for the History of Medicine
, and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the
Hutchins Center for African and African American Research
.
Reputation and rankings
Academic rankings
National
Forbes
[
157
]
8
U.S. News & World Report
[
158
]
3
Washington Monthly
[
159
]
1
WSJ
/College Pulse
[
160
]
6
Global
ARWU
[
161
]
1
QS
[
162
]
5
THE
[
163
]
3
U.S. News & World Report
[
164
]
1
Harvard University is
accredited
by the
New England Commission of Higher Education
.
[
165
]
Since its founding in 2003, the
Academic Ranking of World Universities
has ranked Harvard first in each of its annual rankings of the world's colleges and universities. Similarly, the
Times Higher EducationâQS World University Rankings
, which was published from 2004 to 2009, ranked Harvard first in the world in each of its annual rankings. Since then, Harvard has been ranked first in the world each year since 2011 by its successor, the
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
.
[
166
]
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the
Center for Measuring University Performance
.
[
167
]
Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the
University Ranking by Academic Performance
in 2019â20 and
Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities
in 2011, which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in
Fortune
Global 500
companies.
[
168
]
According to annual polls done by
The Princeton Review
, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States for both students and their parents.
[
169
]
[
170
]
[
171
]
[
172
]
In 2019, Harvard's
engineering school
was ranked the third-best school in the world for engineering and technology by
Times Higher Education
.
[
173
]
In
international relations
,
Foreign Policy
magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the
Walsh School of Foreign Service
at
Georgetown University
.
[
174
]
Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2023
[
175
]
Race and ethnicity
Total
White
33%
Asian
22%
International student
14%
Hispanic
12%
Black
9%
Two or more races
7%
Unknown
2%
Economic diversity
Low-income
[
a
]
17%
Affluent
[
b
]
83%
Student activities
Student government
The
Undergraduate Council
represented Harvard College undergraduate students until it was dissolved in 2022,
[
176
]
and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The
Graduate Council
represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.
[
177
]
Student media
The Harvard Crimson
, founded in 1873 and run entirely by Harvard undergraduate students, is the university's primary
student newspaper
. Many
notable alumni
have worked at the
Crimson
, including two
U.S. presidents
,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(AB, 1903) and
John F. Kennedy
(AB 1940).
Athletics
Harvard football
(right) taking on
Cornell
(left) at
Harvard Stadium
in October 2019
Harvard College competes in the
NCAA
Division I
Ivy League
conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.
[
178
]
Harvard and the other seven
Ivy League
universities are prohibited from offering
athletic scholarships
.
[
179
]
The school color is
crimson
.
[
180
]
National championships
In the NCAA Division I era, which began in 1973, Harvard Crimson teams have won five NCAA Division I championships as of 2024:
men's ice hockey
in 1989, women's lacrosse in 1990, women's rowing in 2003, and men's fencing in 2006 and 2024. Including the pre-NCAA era, Harvard has won 159 national championships across all sports. Its
men's squash team
holds the record for the most national collegiate championships in the sport. Harvard's first national championship came in 1880, when its track and field team won the national championship.
[
181
]
Rivalries
Harvard's athletic programs maintain a long-standing rivalry with
Yale
in all sports, especially in
college football
, where
Harvard
and
Yale
compete in an
annual football rivalry
, which has played 139 times as of 2024, dating back to its first meeting in 1875.
[
182
]
Every two years, Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined
Oxford
and
Cambridge
team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.
[
183
]
In
men's ice hockey
, Harvard maintains a
historic rivalry
with
Cornell
, which dates back to their first meeting in 1910. The two teams play twice annually.
In
men's rugby
, Harvard maintains a rivalry with
McGill
, as demonstrated by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in
Montreal
and Cambridge.
[
184
]
Notable people
Alumni
Since its founding nearly four centuries ago, Harvard alumni have distinguished themselves in academia, activism, arts, athletics, business, entrepreneurship, government, international affairs, journalism, media, music, non-profit organizations, politics, public policy, science, technology, writing, and other industries and fields. A 2024 study analyzed the educational backgrounds of the most successful and influential Americansâ"30 different achievement groups totaling 26,198 people"âand found that Harvard alumni were unusually dominant.
[
185
]
A 2025 study of 6,141 of the most influential people in the world discovered that Harvard alumni are massively overrepresented among the global elite, and that this finding remains true when all American elites are removed.
[
186
]
Among the world's universities and colleges, Harvard has the most
U.S. presidents
(eight),
living billionaires
(188),
Nobel
laureates (162),
Pulitzer Prize
winners (48),
Fields Medal
recipients (seven),
Marshall scholars
(252), and
Rhodes Scholars
(369) among its alumni. Harvard alumni also include nine
Turing Award
laureates, ten
Academy Awards
winners, and
108 Olympic medalists
, including 46 gold medal winners.
[
187
]
[
188
]
[
189
]
[
190
]
[
191
]
[
192
]
Notable Harvard alumni include:
2nd president of the United States
John Adams
(AB, 1755; AM, 1758)
[
193
]
6th president of the United States
John Quincy Adams
(AB, 1787; AM, 1790)
[
194
]
[
195
]
26th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Theodore Roosevelt
(AB, 1880)
[
196
]
32nd president of the United States
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(AB, 1903)
[
197
]
Poet and Nobel laureate in literature
T. S. Eliot
(AB, 1910; AM, 1911)
[
198
]
Physicist and leader of the
Manhattan Project
J. Robert Oppenheimer
(AB, 1925)
35th president of the United States
John F. Kennedy
(AB, 1940)
[
199
]
[
200
]
15th prime minister of Canada
Pierre Trudeau
(MA, 1947)
24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
(MPA, 1971)
[
201
]
43rd president of the United States
George W. Bush
(MBA, 1975)
[
202
]
17th chief justice of the United States
John Roberts
(AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
8th secretary-general of the United Nations
Ban Ki-moon
(MPA, 1984)
24th prime minister of Canada
Mark Carney
(AB, 1988)
[
203
]
44th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Barack Obama
(JD, 1991)
[
204
]
[
205
]
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ketanji Brown Jackson
(AB,1992; JD, 1996)
[
206
]
Faculty
Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:
In popular culture
Tower at the
University of Puerto Rico
, showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of
National University of San Marcos
, Lima (left), the oldest in the
Americas
Harvard's reputation as a center of elite achievement or elitist privilege has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said in 2010.
[
207
]
Literature
In contemporary literature, Harvard University features prominently in multiple novels, including:
The Sound and the Fury
(1929) and
Absalom, Absalom!
(1936), two novels by
William Faulkner
, both of which depict Harvard student life.
[
208
]
Of Time and the River
(1935) by
Thomas Wolfe
, a fictionalized autobiography, depicting Wolfe's
alter ego
, Eugene Gant, a Harvard student.
[
209
]
The Late George Apley
(1937), by 1915 Harvard alumnus
John P. Marquand
, a novel presenting a satirical view of Harvard men in the early 20th century,
[
209
]
which was awarded the
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
.
[
210
]
The Second Happiest Day
(1953), by John P. Marquand, portrays Harvard during the
World War II
generation.
[
211
]
[
212
]
[
213
]
[
214
]
[
215
]
Films
Harvard University features prominently in the plots of multiple major films, including:
Love Story
(1970), a romance between a wealthy
Harvard ice hockey
player, played by
Ryan O'Neal
, and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by
Ali MacGraw
.
[
216
]
[
217
]
[
218
]
The Paper Chase
(1973),
[
219
]
a drama based on the 1971
novel of the same name
by Harvard alumnus
John Jay Osborn Jr.
, about a first year
Harvard Law School
student facing a demanding
contract law
course and professor.
A Small Circle of Friends
(1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the 1960s
Prozac Nation
(1994), a psychological drama starring
Christina Ricci
based on the
novel of the same name
by
Elizabeth Wurtzel
, which documents her real life story as a 19-year-old Harvard freshman struggling with
substance abuse
and
clinical depression
.
Legally Blonde
(2001), a comedy film starring
Reese Witherspoon
a blonde
sorority
girl who enrolls in
Harvard Law School
to get her ex-boyfriend back.
[
220
]
Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story
(2003), a
Lifetime
biographical
television film
, which chronicles the real life story of
Liz Murray
(played by
Thora Birch
), who overcomes homelessness and a dysfunctional family to gain entry and a scholarship to Harvard after winning a
New York Times
-sponsored essay competition.
[
221
]
[
222
]
The Social Network
(2010), a biographical drama film which portrays the founding of social networking website
Facebook
.
[
223
]
See also
Big Three (colleges)
Academic regalia of Harvard University
Gore Hall
Harvard College social clubs
Harvard University Police Department
Harvard University Press
Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society
I, Too, Am Harvard
List of Harvard University named chairs
List of universities by number of billionaire alumni
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
Outline of Harvard University
Secret Court of 1920
Notes
^
Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.
"The
official
Harvard count, which is
49
, only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to
some 160 Nobel affiliates
, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do"
. Archived from
the original
on March 22, 2023.
Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015).
"Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College"
.
businessinsider.com
.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2020
. Retrieved
November 5,
2020
.
"Top Producers"
.
us.fulbrightonline.org
.
Archived
from the original on October 28, 2020
. Retrieved
November 4,
2020
.
"Statistics"
.
www.marshallscholarship.org
.
Archived
from the original on January 26, 2017
. Retrieved
November 2,
2020
.
"US Rhodes Scholars Over Time"
.
www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk
.
Archived
from the original on November 25, 2020
. Retrieved
November 23,
2020
.
"Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress"
.
Archived
from the original on November 24, 2020
. Retrieved
November 12,
2020
.
"The complete list of Fields Medal winners"
.
areppim AG
. 2014.
Archived
from the original on January 24, 2016
. Retrieved
September 10,
2015
.
^
The percentage of students who received an income-based federal
Pell grant
intended for low-income students.
^
The percentage of students who are a part of the
American middle class
at the bare minimum.
References
^
Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University
.
Dublin
,
Ireland
:
Hodges, Figgis & Co.
1894.
ISBN
Â
978-1-355-36160-2
.
^
Anderson, Peter John
(1907).
Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906
.
Aberdeen
,
United Kingdom
: Aberdeen University Press (
University of Aberdeen
).
ISBN
Â
978-1-363-62507-9
.
^
Samuel Eliot Morison (1968).
The Founding of Harvard College
. Harvard University Press. p. 329.
ISBN
Â
978-0-674-31450-4
.
Archived
from the original on April 14, 2021
. Retrieved
October 17,
2020
.
^
An appropriation of ÂŁ400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though its 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates,
Quincy, Josiah (1860).
The History of Harvard University
. Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Company. p. 586.
ISBN
Â
978-0-405-10016-1
. Archived from
the original
on September 6, 2015.
, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give ÂŁ400 towards a School or College, whereof ÂŁ200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates:
"Cambridge Birthday"
.
Time
. September 28, 1936. Archived from
the original
on February 22, 2026
. Retrieved
September 8,
2006
.
: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... ÂŁ400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
." Bicentennial date:
Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003).
"Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History"
. Harvard University. Archived from
the original
on September 8, 2006
. Retrieved
September 15,
2006
.
, "Sept. 8, 1836 â Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package:
The New York Times
, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."
^
"U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value"
(XLSX)
. National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO)
. Retrieved
February 19,
2026
.
^
"Financial Overview | Financial Administration"
.
finance.harvard.edu
. Retrieved
December 29,
2025
.
^
Haidar, Emma H.; Kettles, Cam E. (March 1, 2024).
"Harvard Law School Dean John Manning '82 Named Interim Provost by Garber"
.
The Harvard Crimson
. Retrieved
March 2,
2024
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
)
^
"Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual"
(PDF)
. July 14, 2017.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on July 19, 2022
. Retrieved
June 25,
2022
.
^
a
b
c
"Common Data Set 2024â2025"
(PDF)
.
Office of Institutional Research
. Harvard University. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on July 18, 2025
. Retrieved
July 18,
2025
.
^
"IPEDS â Harvard University"
.
Archived
from the original on October 28, 2022
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
^
"Color Scheme"
(PDF)
.
Harvard Athletics Brand Identity Guide
. July 27, 2021
. Retrieved
October 31,
2021
.
^
Examples include:
Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001).
Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University
. Oxford University Press. pp.Â
463
â481.
ISBN
Â
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Toggle Campuses subsection
- [2\.1 Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Cambridge)
- [2\.2 Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Allston)
- [2\.3 Longwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Longwood)
- [2\.4 Other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Other)
- [3 Organization and administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Organization_and_administration)
Toggle Organization and administration subsection
- [3\.1 Governance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Governance)
- [3\.2 Endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Endowment)
- [3\.2.1 Divestment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Divestment)
- [4 Academics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Academics)
Toggle Academics subsection
- [4\.1 Teaching and learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Teaching_and_learning)
- [4\.2 Colleges and professional schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Colleges_and_professional_schools)
- [4\.3 Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Harvard_College)
- [4\.4 Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Harvard_Medical_School)
- [4\.5 Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Harvard_Law_School)
- [4\.6 Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Science)
- [4\.7 Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Harvard_Business_School)
- [4\.8 Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health)
- [4\.9 Harvard Kennedy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Harvard_Kennedy_School)
- [4\.10 Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Research)
- [4\.11 Libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Libraries)
- [4\.12 Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Museums)
- [4\.13 Reputation and rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Reputation_and_rankings)
- [5 Student activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Student_activities)
Toggle Student activities subsection
- [5\.1 Student government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Student_government)
- [5\.2 Student media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Student_media)
- [6 Athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Athletics)
Toggle Athletics subsection
- [6\.1 National championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#National_championships)
- [6\.2 Rivalries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Rivalries)
- [7 Notable people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Notable_people)
Toggle Notable people subsection
- [7\.1 Alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Alumni)
- [7\.2 Faculty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Faculty)
- [8 In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#In_popular_culture)
Toggle In popular culture subsection
- [8\.1 Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Literature)
- [8\.2 Films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Films)
- [9 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#See_also)
- [10 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Notes)
- [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#References)
- [12 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#Bibliography)
- [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Harvard University
134 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-universiteit "Harvard-universiteit â Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Universit%C3%A4t "Harvard-Universität â Alemannic")
- [á ááá](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%92%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%89%B2 "ááá¨ááľ áŠáá¨áá˛á˛ â Amharic")
- [اŮؚعبŮŘŠ](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF "؏اŮ
ؚ؊ ŮاعŮاعد â Arabic")
- [اŮداع؏؊](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF "Ů؏اŮ
ؚ؊ ŘŻ Ůاعڤاعد â Moroccan Arabic")
- [Ů
ؾعŮ](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF "؏اŮ
ؚ؊ ŮاعŮاعد â Egyptian Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Harvard "UniversidĂĄ de Harvard â Asturian")
- [AzÉrbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universiteti "Harvard Universiteti â Azerbaijani")
- [ŘŞŰŘąÚŠŘŹŮ](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88 "ŮاعŮاعد بŰŮŰŮ
âŰŮعد٠â South Azerbaijani")
- [ĐĐ°ŃŇĄĐžŃŃŃĐ°](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B "ĐĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ ŃнивоŃŃиŃĐľŃŃ â Bashkir")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Harvard "UnivĂŠrsitas Harvard â Balinese")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃĐşĐ°Ń (ŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃковŃŃĐ°)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ĐˇĐşŃ ŃĐ˝ŃвŃŃŃŃŃŃŃ â Belarusian (TaraĹĄkievica orthography)")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃкаŃ](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ŃĐşŃ ŃĐ˝ŃвоŃŃŃŃŃŃ â Belarusian")
- [Betawi](https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersit%C3%A8t_Harwat "Uniwersitèt Harwat â Betawi")
- [ĐŃНгаŃŃки](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82 "ĐĽĐ°ŃваŃĐ´Ńки ŃнивоŃŃиŃĐľŃ â Bulgarian")
- [বাŕŚŕŚ˛ŕŚž](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC "হারŕ§ŕŚŕŚžŕŚ°ŕ§ŕŚĄ বিশŕ§ŕŚŹŕŚŹŕŚżŕŚŚŕ§ŕŚŻŕŚžŕŚ˛ŕŚŻŕŚź â Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skol-veur_Harvard "Skol-veur Harvard â Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Harvard "Univerzitet Harvard â Bosnian")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_Harvard "Universitat Harvard â Catalan")
- [ÚŠŮعدŰ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF "زاŮÚŠŰŰ ÚžŘ§ŘąÚ¤Ř§ŘąŘŻ â Central Kurdish")
- [ÄeĹĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardova_univerzita "Harvardova univerzita â Czech")
- [KaszĂŤbsczi](https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99niwersytet_Harvarda "Ăniwersytet Harvarda â Kashubian")
- [ЧÓваŃНа](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95 "ĐĽĐ°ŃвÄŃŃ ĐŁĐ˝Đ¸Đ˛ĐľŃŃиŃĐľŃÄ â Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Harvard "Prifysgol Harvard â Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%B1tey_Harvardi "UniversÄątey Harvardi â Dimli")
- [Kadazandusun](https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard "Harvard â Central Dusun")
- [ÎΝΝΡνΚκΏ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84 "ΠινξĎΚĎĎΎΟΚο ΧΏĎβιĎÎ˝Ď â Greek")
- [EmiliĂ n e rumagnòl](https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Harvard "UniversitĂ Harvard â Emiliano-Romagnolo")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Harvard "Universitato Harvard â Esperanto")
- [EspaĂąol](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Harvard "Universidad Harvard â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardi_%C3%BClikool "Harvardi Ăźlikool â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Unibertsitatea "Harvard Unibertsitatea â Basque")
- [EstremeĂąu](https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuversid%C3%A1_de_Harvard "NuversidĂĄ de Harvard â Extremaduran")
- [ŮاعسŰ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF "داŮشگا٠ŮاعŮاعد â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardin_yliopisto "Harvardin yliopisto â Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Harvard "UniversitĂŠ Harvard â French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_fan_Harvard "Universiteit fan Harvard â Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Harvard "Ollscoil Harvard â Irish")
- [GĂ idhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Harvard "Oilthigh Harvard â Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Harvard "Universidade Harvard â Galician")
- [AvaĂąe'áş˝](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo%27ehaorusu_Harvard "Mbo'ehaorusu Harvard â Guarani")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar_Harvard "Jami'ar Harvard â Hausa")
- [ĺŽ˘ĺŽśčŞ / Hak-kâ-ngĂŽ](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk "Harvard Thai-hoĚk â Hakka Chinese")
- [ע×ר×ת](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93 "××× ××רץ××ת ×ר××××¨× â Hebrew")
- [चिनŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽ](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF "चञरŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤Ą ािजŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤ľŕ¤żŕ¤ŚŕĽŕ¤Żŕ¤žŕ¤˛ŕ¤Ż â Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardovo_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te "Harvardovo sveuÄiliĹĄte â Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Egyetem "Harvard Egyetem â Hungarian")
- [ŐŐĄŐľŐĽÖŐĽŐś](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6 "ŐŐĄÖŐžŐĄÖŐ¤ŐŤ Ő°ŐĄŐ´ŐĄŐŹŐ˝ŐĄÖŐĄŐś â Armenian")
- [ÔąÖŐĽÖŐ´ŐżŐĄŐ°ŐĄŐľŐĽÖŐ§Őś](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6 "ŐŐĄÖŐžŐ¨ÖŐżŐŤ Ő°ŐĄŐ´ŐĄŐŹŐ˝ŐĄÖŐĄŐś â Western Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Interlingua")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Harvard "Universiti Harvard â Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvard "Universitas Harvard â Indonesian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_di_Harvard "Universitato di Harvard â Ido")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li "Harvard-hĂĄskĂłli â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Harvard "UniversitĂ Harvard â Italian")
- [ćĽćŹčŞ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6 "ăăźăăźăĺ¤§ĺŚ â Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvard "Universitas Harvard â Javanese")
- [áĽáá ááŁáá](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "á°áá ááá ááᥠáŁááááá áĄáá˘áá˘á â Georgian")
- [KabÉŠyÉ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_sukul%C9%A9_k%C9%A9t%C9%9Bz%CA%8A%CA%8A "Harvard sukulÉŠ kÉŠtÉzĘĘ â Kabiye")
- [ŇаСаŇŃĐ°](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96 "ĐĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ ŃнивоŃŃиŃĐľŃŃ â Kazakh")
- [ááśááśááááá](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8A "ááśááááˇááááśáááá áśâáážá â Khmer")
- [ŕ˛ŕ˛¨ŕłŕ˛¨ŕ˛Ą](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF "ಚಞರŕłŕ˛ľŕ˛°ŕłŕ˛Ąŕł ಾಿಜŕłŕ˛ľŕ˛ľŕ˛żŕ˛Śŕłŕ˛Żŕ˛žŕ˛¨ŕ˛żŕ˛˛ŕ˛Ż â Kannada")
- [íęľě´](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90 "íë˛ë ëíęľ â Korean")
- [ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐ°Đš-ПаНкŃĐ°Ń](https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ ŃнивоŃŃиŃĐľŃ â Karachay-Balkar")
- [ڊٲشŮŘą](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B2%D8%B1%D9%9B%DA%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C "ŰاعŮٲعŮÚ ŰŮŮŰŮŘąŘłŮšŰ â Kashmiri")
- [KurdĂŽ](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C3%AEngeha_Harvard%C3%AA "ZanĂŽngeha HarvardĂŞ â Kurdish")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvardiana "Universitas Harvardiana â Latin")
- [LĂŤtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universit%C3%A9it "Harvard UniversitĂŠit â Luxembourgish")
- [Lingua Franca Nova](https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universia_Harvard "Universia Harvard â Lingua Franca Nova")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_vaan_Harvard "Universiteit vaan Harvard â Limburgish")
- [ຼາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94 "ລະຍາວິŕşŕş°ŕşŕş˛ŕťŕşĽŕşŽŕş˛ŕş§ŕş˛ŕş â Lao")
- [LietuviĹł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardo_universitetas "Harvardo universitetas â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĹĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81rvarda_Universit%C4%81te "HÄrvarda UniversitÄte â Latvian")
- [Madhurâ](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Harvard "Universitas Harvard â Madurese")
- [ĐакодОнŃки](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4 "ĐĽĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ â Macedonian")
- [എലയഞളŕ´](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2 "ചഞྟാഞྟഥྠസྟാŕ´ŕ´˛ŕ´žŕ´śŕ´žŕ´˛ â Malayalam")
- [ĐОнгОН](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C "ĐĽĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ŃĐ˝ иŃ
ŃŃŃĐłŃŃĐťŃ â Mongolian")
- [ऎरञठŕĽ](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0 "चञरŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤Ą ािऌŕĽŕ¤Żŕ¤žŕ¤ŞŕĽŕ¤ â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Harvard "Universiti Harvard â Malay")
- [ááźááşááŹááŹááŹ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA "ááŹá¸áááş ááášááááŻááş â Burmese")
- [Plattdßßtsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Low German")
- [Li Niha](https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Nias")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-universiteit "Harvard-universiteit â Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmĂĽl](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Norwegian BokmĂĽl")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Harvard "Universitat de Harvard â Occitan")
- [ਪੰŕ¨ŕ¨žŕ¨ŹŕŠ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80 "ਚਞਰਾਰਥ ਯŕŠŕ¨¨ŕŠŕ¨ľŕ¨°ŕ¨¸ŕ¨żŕ¨ŕŠ â Punjabi")
- [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_di_Harvard "Universidat di Harvard â Papiamento")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Harvarda "Uniwersytet Harvarda â Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_Harvard "UniversitĂ ĂŤd Harvard â Piedmontese")
- [ŮžŮ؏ابŰ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C "ŰاعŮŘąÚ ŰŮŮŰŮŘąŘłŮšŰ â Western Punjabi")
- [ŮžÚŘŞŮ](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%89_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86 "ŮاعŮŘąÚ ŮžŮŮŮŘŞŮŮ â Pashto")
- [PortuguĂŞs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Harvard "Universidade Harvard â Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yachay_Suntur "Harvard Yachay Suntur â Quechua")
- [RomânÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Harvard "Universitatea Harvard â Romanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃкиК](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ŃкиК ŃнивоŃŃиŃĐľŃ â Russian")
- [सŕ¤ŕ¤¸ŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤¤ŕ¤ŽŕĽ](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 "चञरŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤ĄŕĽ ािजŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤ľŕ¤żŕ¤ŚŕĽŕ¤Żŕ¤žŕ¤˛ŕ¤Żŕ¤ â Sanskrit")
- [ĐĄĐ°Ń
Đ° ŃŃНа](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0 "ҺаŃваŃĐ´ ҎнивоŃŃиŃĐľŃĐ° â Yakut")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univirsitati_di_Harvard "Univirsitati di Harvard â Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Varsity "Harvard Varsity â Scots")
- [Srpskohrvatski / ŃŃĐżŃкОŃ
ŃваŃŃки](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Harvard "Univerzitet Harvard â Serbo-Croatian")
- [ŕˇŕˇŕśŕˇŕś˝](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA "ŕˇŕˇŕˇŕśŠŕˇ ŕˇŕˇŕˇŕˇŕˇŕˇŕˇŕśŻŕˇâŕśşŕˇŕś˝ŕśş â Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Simple English")
- [SlovenÄina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Slovak")
- [SlovenĹĄÄina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Harvard "Univerza Harvard â Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Harvardit "Universiteti i Harvardit â Albanian")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃки / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4 "УнивоŃСиŃĐľŃ ĐĽĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ â Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University â Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Harvard "Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard â Swahili")
- [தமிழŕŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "ŕŽŕŽ°ŕŻŕŽľŕŽ°ŕŻŕŽŕŻ பலŕŻŕŽŕŽ˛ŕŻŕŽŕŻŕŽŕŽ´ŕŽŕŽŽŕŻ â Tamil")
- [ŕ°¤ŕąŕ°˛ŕąŕ°ŕą](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82 "ŕ°šŕ°žŕ°°ŕąŕ°ľŕ°°ŕąŕ°Ąŕą ŕ°ľŕ°żŕ°śŕąŕ°ľŕ°ľŕ°żŕ°Śŕąŕ°Żŕ°žŕ°˛ŕ°Żŕ° â Telugu")
- [ТОҡикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4 "ĐОниŃгОҳи ҲаŃваŃĐ´ â Tajik")
- [ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94 "ลญาวิŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Žŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ â Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Harvard "Pamantasang Harvard â Tagalog")
- [TĂźrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_%C3%9Cniversitesi "Harvard Ăniversitesi â Turkish")
- [ТаŃĐ°ŃŃĐ° / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_universitet%C4%B1 "Harvard universitetÄą â Tatar")
- [ŘŚŰŮŘşŰŘąÚŰ / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89 "؎اعŰاعد ŘŚŰŮŮŰŰعسŮŘŞŰŘŞŮ â Uyghur")
- [ĐŁĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃŃка](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82 "ĐĐ°ŃваŃĐ´ŃŃкиК ŃĐ˝ŃвоŃŃиŃĐľŃ â Ukrainian")
- [اعدŮ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C "ŰاعŮŘąÚ ŰŮŮŰŮŘąŘłŮšŰ â Urdu")
- [OĘťzbekcha / ŃСйокŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_universiteti "Harvard universiteti â Uzbek")
- [Vèneto](https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_de_Harvard "UniversitĂ de Harvard â Venetian")
- [Tiáşżng Viáťt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Harvard "Äấi háťc Harvard â Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_Harvard "Unibersidad Harvard â Waray")
- [ĺ´čŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6 "ĺä˝ĺ¤§ĺŚ â Wu")
- [ááá ááááŁá á](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "á°áá ááá ááᨠáŁááááá áĄáá˘áá˘á â Mingrelian")
- [××Ö´××׊](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98 "××ר××××¨× ××× ×××ערץ×××˘× â Yiddish")
- [YorĂšbĂĄ](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunif%C3%A1s%C3%ADt%C3%AC_Harvard "YunifĂĄsĂtĂŹ Harvard â Yoruba")
- [ćč¨](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8 "ĺä˝ĺ¤§ĺ¸ â Literary Chinese")
- [éŠĺčŞ / Bân-lâm-gĂ](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk "Harvard TÄi-haĚk â Minnan")
- [精čŞ](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8 "ĺä˝ĺ¤§ĺ¸ â Cantonese")
- [ä¸ć](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6 "ĺä˝ĺ¤§ĺŚ â Chinese")
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[Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [42°22â˛28âłN 71°07â˛01âłWďťż / ďťż42\.37444°N 71.11694°Wďťż / 42\.37444; -71.11694](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harvard_University¶ms=42_22_28_N_71_07_01_W_region:US-MA_type:edu)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi "This article is semi-protected due to vandalism")
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
"Harvard" redirects here. For other uses, see [Harvard (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_\(disambiguation\) "Harvard (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg)[Coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry_of_Harvard_University#Harvard_University_coat_of_arms "Heraldry of Harvard University") | |
| [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language "Latin language"): *Universitas Harvardiana[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-2)* | |
| Former names | [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") |
| Motto | *[Veritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas#Mottos "Veritas")* ([Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin "Latin"))[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-3) |
| Motto in English | "Truth" |
| Type | [Private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") |
| Established | October 28, 1636 (389 years ago) (1636-10-28)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-4) |
| Founder | [Massachusetts General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court "Massachusetts General Court") |
| [Accreditation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation "Higher education accreditation") | [NECHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education "New England Commission of Higher Education") |
| Religious affiliation | [Nonsectarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsectarian "Nonsectarian") |
| Academic affiliations | [AAU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") [COFHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education "Consortium on Financing Higher Education") [NAICU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities "National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities") [UArctic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arctic "University of the Arctic") [URA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_Research_Association "Universities Research Association") [Space-grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program "National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program") |
| [Endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") | [\$55.7 billion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_endowment "Harvard University endowment") (2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-5) |
| Budget | \$6.7 billion (2025 Fiscal Year ending June 30)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-6) |
| [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_president "University president") | [Alan Garber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garber "Alan Garber") |
| [Provost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_\(education\) "Provost (education)") | [John F. Manning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Manning "John F. Manning")[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-7) |
| Academic staff | ~2,400 faculty members (and \>10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-glance-8) |
| Students | 21,189 (fall 2024)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-B-9) |
| [Undergraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education "Undergraduate education") | 7,038 (fall 2024)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-B-9) |
| [Postgraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education "Postgraduate education") | 14,151 (fall 2024)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-B-9) |
| Location | [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), US [42°22â˛28âłN 71°07â˛01âłWďťż / ďťż42\.37444°N 71.11694°Wďťż / 42\.37444; -71.11694](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harvard_University¶ms=42_22_28_N_71_07_01_W_region:US-MA_type:edu) |
| Campus | Midsize city[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-10), 209 acres (85 ha) |
| Newspaper | *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")* |
| [Colors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_colors "School colors") | Crimson, white, and black[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-11) |
| [Nickname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_nickname "Athletic nickname") | [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") |
| Sporting affiliations | [NCAA Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") [FCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") â [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") [NEISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association "New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association") [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") [IRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association "Intercollegiate Rowing Association") [EAWRC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges") [EARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [EISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Ski_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association") |
| Mascot | [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)") |
| Website | [www.harvard.edu](https://www.harvard.edu/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13371#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_University_logo.svg) | |
| []() | |
**Harvard University** is a [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), United States. Founded in 1636, and named in 1639 for its first benefactor, the [Puritan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America "History of the Puritans in North America") clergyman [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)"), it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious and elitist universities in the world.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-12)
Harvard was founded and authorized by the [Massachusetts General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court#Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts General Court"), the governing legislature of [colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States "Colonial history of the United States")\-era [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-13) While never formally affiliated with any [Protestant denomination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_church "Protestant church"), Harvard trained [Congregational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States "Congregationalism in the United States") clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the [Boston elite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin "Boston Brahmin").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-15) Following the [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), under [Harvard president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University") [Charles William Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot "Charles William Eliot")'s long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-AAU-16) [James B. Conant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Conant "James B. Conant") led the university through the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.
The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute"). The [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences") offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [academic disciplines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline "Academic discipline"), and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-17) the main campus, a 209-acre (85 ha) in Cambridge centered on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"); an adjoining campus immediately across [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") in the [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston "Allston") neighborhood of [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"); and the medical campus in Boston's [Longwood Medical Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Campus-18) [Harvard's endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_endowment "Harvard University endowment"), valued at \$55.7 billion, makes it the [wealthiest academic institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment "List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment") in the world.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-BGendow-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-HFRendow-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-21) [Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library"), with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest [academic library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library "Academic library").
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include [188 living billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni "List of universities by number of billionaire alumni"), [8 U.S. presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education "List of presidents of the United States by education"), [24 heads of state and 31 heads of government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_politicians "List of Harvard University politicians"), founders of notable companies, [Nobel laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation"), [Fields Medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal "Fields Medal"), [members of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), [MacArthur Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program "MacArthur Fellows Program"), [Rhodes Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship "Rhodes Scholarship"), [Marshall Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship "Marshall Scholarship"), [Turing Award Recipients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award"), [Pulitzer Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize") recipients, and [Fulbright Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program "Fulbright Program"); by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.[\[Notes 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-laureates-22) Harvard students and alumni have also collectively won 10 [Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards") and [110 Olympic medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medalist_students_and_alumni "List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni"), including 46 gold medals.
## History
Main article: [History of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Harvard_University "History of Harvard University")
### Colonial era
See also: [John Harvard (clergyman)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)"), [Nathaniel Eaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Eaton "Nathaniel Eaton"), and [Increase Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increase_Mather "Increase Mather")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg)
A 1767 engraving of [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") by [Paul Revere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere "Paul Revere")
Harvard was founded in 1636 by a vote of the [Great and General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court "Massachusetts General Court") of the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony"). Its first headmaster, [Nathaniel Eaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Eaton "Nathaniel Eaton"), took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired [English North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America "British North America")'s first known [printing press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press "Printing press").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-24) The same year, on his deathbed, [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)"), a [Puritan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans "Puritans") clergyman who had emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging college ÂŁ780 and his library of some 320 volumes;[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-25) the following year, it was named [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College").
In 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose: "\[to\] advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-26)
In its early years, the college trained many Puritan [Congregational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Established_Congregational_churches "Established Congregational churches") ministers[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-27) and offered a [classical curriculum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_education "Classical education") based on the English university model exemplified by the [University of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"), where many colonial Massachusetts leaders had studied prior to emigrating to the colony. Harvard College never formally affiliated with any particular [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-28) In 1650, the charter for [Harvard Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "President and Fellows of Harvard College"), the college's governing body, was granted.
From 1681 to 1701, [Increase Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increase_Mather "Increase Mather"), a Puritan clergyman, served as Harvard's sixth [president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University"). In 1708, [John Leverett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leverett_the_Younger "John Leverett the Younger") became Harvard's seventh president and the first president who was not also a clergyman.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-29) Harvard faculty and students largely supported the [Patriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_\(American_Revolution\) "Patriot (American Revolution)") cause during the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-30)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-31)
The earliest known official seal of Harvard University, commonly referred to as the Seal of 1650 or the In Christi Gloriam seal, features a square shield bearing three open books arranged around a central chevron. This design symbolizes the pursuit of learning under divine guidance. The motto IN CHRISTI GLORIAM ("To the glory of Christ") appears prominently on the seal, which is encircled by the Latin inscription SIGILL COL HARVARD CANTAB NOV ANGL 1650, meaning "Seal of Harvard College, Cambridge, New England, 1650." This seal reflects the original religious mission of the institution.
In 1885, the Harvard Corporation adopted a revised design known as the Appleton Seal, based on an earlier version created by President Josiah Quincy in 1843. Designed by William Sumner Appleton (Harvard AB 1860), the seal features a triangular shield bearing three open books with the motto VERITAS ("Truth"). Surrounding the shield is the motto CHRISTO ET ECCLESIĂ ("For Christ and the Church"), and the outer border bears the inscription SIGILLVM ACADEMIĂ HARVARDINĂ IN NOV. ANG. ("Seal of Harvard College in New England"). This version of the seal sought to harmonize the university's intellectual pursuits with its ecclesiastical roots.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-32)
### 19th century
See also: [Charles William Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot "Charles William Eliot") and [Samuel Webber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Webber "Samuel Webber")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Harvard_statue.jpg)
The [John Harvard statue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_statue "John Harvard statue") in [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard")
In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by [Enlightenment Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment") ideas, including reason and free will, which were widespread among [Congregational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States "Congregationalism in the United States") ministers and which placed these ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, [Calvinist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Christianity "Reformed Christianity") pastors and clergies.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Dorrien-33): 1â4 Following the death of [Hollis Professor of Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Professor_of_Divinity "Hollis Professor of Divinity") [David Tappan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tappan "David Tappan") in 1803 and that of [Joseph Willard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Willard "Joseph Willard"), Harvard's eleventh president, the following year, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805, [Henry Ware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ware_\(Unitarian\) "Henry Ware (Unitarian)") was elected to replace Tappan as Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal [Samuel Webber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Webber "Samuel Webber") was appointed as Harvard's 13th president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and [Arminian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminianism "Arminianism") ideas.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Dorrien-33): 4â5 [\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-34): 24
In 1816, Harvard University launched new language programs in the study of [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language "French language") and [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"), and appointed [George Ticknor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ticknor "George Ticknor") the university's first professor for these language programs.
From 1869 to 1909, [Charles William Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot "Charles William Eliot"), Harvard University's 21st president, decreased the historically favored position of [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") in the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by [Transcendentalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism "Transcendentalism") and [Unitarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism "Unitarianism") convictions influenced by [William Ellery Channing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing "William Ellery Channing"), [Ralph Waldo Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson"), and others, rather than secularism. In the late 19th century, Harvard University's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-35)
### 20th century
See also: [A. Lawrence Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell "A. Lawrence Lowell") and [James B. Conant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Conant "James B. Conant")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rummell,_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg)
A 1906 aerial watercolor portrait of Harvard University[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-36)
In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-AAU-16) For the first few decades of the 20th century, the Harvard student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status [Protestants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism"), especially [Episcopalians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\(United_States\) "Episcopal Church (United States)"), [Congregationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church "Congregational church"), and [Presbyterians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism")," according to sociologist and author [Jerome Karabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karabel "Jerome Karabel").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-37)
Over the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the [undergraduate college](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"). [Radcliffe College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College") emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in the nation for women.
In 1923, a year after the proportion of [Jewish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews "Jews") students at Harvard reached 20%, [A. Lawrence Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell "A. Lawrence Lowell"), the university's 22nd president, unsuccessfully proposed capping the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's [freshman dormitories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories "List of Harvard College freshman dormitories"), writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-38)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-40)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-41)
Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by [James B. Conant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Conant "James B. Conant"), the university's 23rd president, who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, under Conant's leadership, an influential 268-page report, *[General Education in a Free Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Education_in_a_Free_Society "General Education in a Free Society")*, was published by Harvard faculty, which remains one of the most important works in [curriculum studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_studies "Curriculum studies"),[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-42) and women were first admitted to the [medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School").[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-43)
Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students. Following the end of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), for example, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-44) No longer drawing mostly from prestigious [prep schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory_school "College-preparatory school") in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England"), the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians remained underrepresented.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-45) Over the second half of the 20th century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-46)
Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe's women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-47)
### 21st century
See also: [Drew Gilpin Faust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust "Drew Gilpin Faust"), [Lawrence Bacow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Bacow "Lawrence Bacow"), [Claudine Gay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Gay "Claudine Gay"), and [Alan Garber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garber "Alan Garber")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg)
An aerial view of Harvard University at night in 2017
On July 1, 2007, [Drew Gilpin Faust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust "Drew Gilpin Faust"), dean of [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute"), was appointed Harvard's 28th and the university's first female president.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-48) On July 1, 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs"), and [Lawrence Bacow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Bacow "Lawrence Bacow") became Harvard's [29th president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-49)
In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-50)
Bacow retired in June 2023, and on July 1 [Claudine Gay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Gay "Claudine Gay"), a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and dean of the [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), became Harvard's 30th president. In January 2024, just six months into her presidency, Gay resigned following [allegations of antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Gay#Congressional_hearing_on_antisemitism "Claudine Gay") and [plagiarism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Gay#Plagiarism_investigations "Claudine Gay").[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-51) Gay was succeeded by [Alan Garber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garber "Alan Garber"), the university's provost, who was appointed interim president. In August 2024, the university announced that Garber would be appointed Harvard's 31st president through the end of the 2026â27 academic year.
#### Second presidency of Donald Trump
See also: [Education policy of the second Trump administration § Actions against universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration#Actions_against_universities "Education policy of the second Trump administration")
In February 2025, [Leo Terrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Terrell "Leo Terrell"), the head of the Trump administration's [Task Force to Combat Antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States#Efforts_to_combat_antisemitism "Antisemitism in the United States"), announced that he would investigate Harvard University as part of the Department of Justice's broader investigation into [antisemitism on college campuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_US_higher_education "Antisemitism in US higher education").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-52)
In April 2025, the United States federal government under President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") threatened to withhold nearly \$9 billion in government funds from the university unless the university complied with government demands to modify many of its policies. This threat was part of a broader battle over universities' autonomy following contentious [student protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses "2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses") against the [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war "Gaza war"), and followed [similar demands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration#Actions_against_universities "Education policy of the second Donald Trump administration") made of [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-:0-53) The university's leadership resisted the government's demands, claiming that they were an unlawful overreach of government authority.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-54) In response, the [US Department of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Education "US Department of Education") announced they were freezing \$2.3 billion in federal funds to Harvard.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-14apr2025-55) The [Department of Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security "United States Department of Homeland Security") subsequently threatened to revoke Harvard's eligibility to host [international students](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student "International student").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-:0-53) Harvard responded by filing [a lawsuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College_v._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "President and Fellows of Harvard College v. Department of Health and Human Services") against the Trump administration in the [District Court of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts"), arguing that the freezing of funds was unconstitutional.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-21apr2025-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-nbc-21apr2025-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-21jul2025-58)
In May 2025, education secretary [Linda McMahon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McMahon "Linda McMahon") informed Harvard president Garber that the federal government would no longer provide grant funding until the university complied with the Trump administration's demands.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-5may2025-59) The following week, the Trump administration cut an additional \$450 million in grants to the school.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ap-13may2025-60)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exhibit_25._May_22,_2025_DHS_Decertification_Letter.pdf)
Decertification Letter sent by Kristi Noem on May 22, 2025
Later that same month, Department of Homeland Security secretary [Kristi Noem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Noem "Kristi Noem") announced that Harvard's [Student and Exchange Visitor Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_and_Exchange_Visitor_Program "Student and Exchange Visitor Program") certification had been revoked, barring Harvard from hosting international students.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-22may2025-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-dhs-22may2025-62) The following day, Harvard sued the Trump administration for banning them from enrolling international students and U.S. District Judge [Allison Burroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_D._Burroughs "Allison D. Burroughs") granted a temporary restraining order stopping the ban.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-23may2025-1-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-23may2025-2-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-harvard-suit-23may2025-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-66) On June 16, 2025, Burroughs postponed a ruling after hearing arguments from lawyers on both sides, leaving the temporary block in place for another week.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-npr-16jun2025-67)
On May 30, 2025, the [State Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") ordered all US embassies and consulates to conduct "comprehensive and thorough vetting" of the online presence of anyone seeking to visit Harvard from abroad.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-30may2025-68)
On June 4, 2025, Trump issued a proclamation restricting international students from studying at Harvard, and directing the State Department to consider revoking the visas of current international students studying at that university.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-5jun2025-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-wh-proc-4jun2025-70) The following day, Harvard filed a legal challenge, amending their existing federal complaint against the administration.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-nbc-5jun2025-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard2-5jun2025-72)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-cl-5jun2025-73)
On June 20, Harvard was granted an injunction allowing it to continue hosting international students as litigation continues.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-74) On June 30, a Trump administration investigation found Harvard violated federal civil rights law by failing to protect Jewish students, faculty, and staff.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-75)
On September 3, 2025 US District Judge [Allison Burroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_D._Burroughs "Allison D. Burroughs") ruled the Trump administration illegally froze more than \$2 billion in research funding stating the administration "...violated Harvard's free-speech rights as well as the US Civil Rights Act."[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-76)
In February 2026, Trump announced that his administration would seek \$1 billion in damages from Harvard. In a post on [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social "Truth Social"), Trump accused Harvard of supplying misleading information to *The New York Times*. Administration officials claimed that the university failed to adequately address antisemitism during pro-Palestinian protests, a claim Harvard has denied.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-77)
On February 6th, Secretary of Defense [Pete Hegseth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Hegseth "Pete Hegseth") announced that the [Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") would start to sever ties to Harvard with its graduate-level military training courses. Hegseth accused Harvard of becoming a "factory for woke ideology and a breeding ground for anti-American radicals..." as a reason for discontinuing the programs.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-78) A week later, Harvard along with other prestigious American Universities was listed as âModerate to High Riskâ in a Department of Defense memo for Assisted Military Tuition, and could be barred for service members for tuition assistance.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-79)
## Campuses
### Cambridge
See also: [Harvard Divinity School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School"), [Harvard Graduate School of Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design"), [Harvard Graduate School of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education"), [Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"), [Harvard Kennedy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School"), [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School"), and [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Hall,_Harvard_University.JPG)
[Massachusetts Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)"), Harvard's oldest building, constructed in 1720[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-80)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG)
[Memorial Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Memorial Hall (Harvard University)"), built on the main Cambridge campus in 1870
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG)
[Memorial Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University "Memorial Church of Harvard University"), dedicated and opened in 1932 on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HarvardYard.jpg)
[Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard") at the center of Harvard's main campus in [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts")
The 209-acre (85 ha) main campus of Harvard University is centered on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"), colloquially known as "the Yard", in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), about three miles (five km) west-northwest of downtown [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"), and extending to the surrounding [Harvard Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square "Harvard Square") neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including four of the university's libraries, [Houghton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library "Houghton Library"), [Lamont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Library "Lamont Library"), [Pusey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusey_Library "Pusey Library"), and [Widener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library"). Also on Harvard Yard are [Massachusetts Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)"), built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still standing building, [Memorial Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University "Memorial Church of Harvard University"), and [University Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "University Hall (Harvard University)").
Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), including [Sever Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sever_Hall "Sever Hall"), [Harvard Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Hall "Harvard Hall"), and [freshman dormitories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories "List of Harvard College freshman dormitories"). Upperclassmen live in the twelve [residential houses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_House_system "Harvard House system"): nine south of Harvard Yard near the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River"), and three on the [Radcliffe Quadrangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Quadrangle_\(Harvard\) "Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)"), which formerly housed [Radcliffe College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College") students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-81)
Also on the main campus in Cambridge are the [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School"), [Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School") (theology), [Engineering and Applied Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"), [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design") (architecture), [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education"), [Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") (public policy), and [Extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School") schools, and [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute") in Radcliffe Yard.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-82) Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-83)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-84)
### Allston
Main article: [Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University%27s_expansion_in_Allston,_Massachusetts "Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts")
[Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School"), [Harvard Innovation Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Innovation_Labs "Harvard Innovation Labs"), and many athletics facilities, including [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium"), are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in the [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston "Allston") section of [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston") across the [John W. Weeks Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Weeks_Bridge "John W. Weeks Bridge"), which crosses the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-85)
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-86) Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-87)
In 2021, the [Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") expanded into the new Allston-based Science and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is more than 500,000 square feet in size.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-88) SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups and collaborations with mature companies.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-89)
### Longwood
Main article: [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg)
[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") in the [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area") in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston")
The university's schools of [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"), [Dental Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine "Harvard School of Dental Medicine"), and [Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area") in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"), about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Campus-18)
Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center "Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center"), [Boston Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital "Boston Children's Hospital"), [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital "Brigham and Women's Hospital"), [DanaâFarber Cancer Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute "DanaâFarber Cancer Institute"), [Joslin Diabetes Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center "Joslin Diabetes Center"), and the [Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering "Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering"). Additional affiliates, including [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital "Massachusetts General Hospital"), are located throughout [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston "Greater Boston").
### Other
Harvard owns [Dumbarton Oaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks "Dumbarton Oaks"), a research library in Washington, D.C., [Harvard Forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Forest "Harvard Forest") in [Petersham, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham,_Massachusetts "Petersham, Massachusetts"), Concord Field Station in [Estabrook Woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabrook_Woods "Estabrook Woods") in [Concord, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts "Concord, Massachusetts"),[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-90) the [Villa I Tatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti "Villa I Tatti") research center in [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence "Florence"), Italy,[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-91) and the Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece. The Harvard Shanghai Center in [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), China,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-92) and [Arnold Arboretum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum "Arnold Arboretum") in the [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain "Jamaica Plain") neighborhood of Boston.
## Organization and administration
### Governance
See also: [Harvard Board of Overseers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers "Harvard Board of Overseers"), [President and Fellows of Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "President and Fellows of Harvard College"), and [President of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University")
Harvard is governed by a combination of its [Board of Overseers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers "Harvard Board of Overseers") and the [President and Fellows of Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "President and Fellows of Harvard College"), which is also known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, appoint the [president of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-93)
There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-94) including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors in the colleges proper,[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-95) plus another \>10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-96)
As of 2025, Harvard differs radically from its peer universities in two important ways. First, Harvard does not make its governing statutes publicly available, meaning that members of the Harvard community interested in reform must first persuade the university to give them a copy of those documents. Second, Harvard does not have an [academic senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_senate "Academic senate") like most of its peers, although it is currently attempting to create one.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Heller-97)
### Endowment
Main article: [Harvard University endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_endowment "Harvard University endowment")
Harvard has the largest [university endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment "List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment") in the world, valued at about \$50.7 billion as of 2023.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-BGendow-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-HFRendow-20)
During the [recession of 2007â2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"), it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-98) The endowment has since recovered.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-99)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-100)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-101)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-102)
About \$2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-103) Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-104) Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-105)
#### Divestment
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated [divesting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divestment "Divestment") Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") during [apartheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid"), [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan "Sudan") during the [Darfur genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_genocide_\(2003%E2%80%932005\) "Darfur genocide (2003â2005)"), and [tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry "Tobacco industry"), [fossil fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel"), and [private prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison "Private prison") industries.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-106)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-107)
In the late 1980s, during the [disinvestment from South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa "Disinvestment from South Africa") movement, student activists erected a symbolic [shanty town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanty_town "Shanty town") on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-GeorgeKaufman2012-108)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-109)
In response to pressure, the university eventually reduced its South African holdings by \$230 million out of a total of \$400 million between 1986 and 1987.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-GeorgeKaufman2012-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-110)
## Academics
### Teaching and learning
| | |
|---|---|
| **School** | **Founded** |
| [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College")[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-111) | 1636 |
| [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-112) | 1782 |
| [Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School")[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-113) | 1816 |
| [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") | 1817 |
| [Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") | 1847 |
| [Dental Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine "Harvard School of Dental Medicine") | 1867 |
| [Graduate Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences") | 1872 |
| [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") | 1908 |
| [Extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School") | 1910 |
| [Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") | 1913 |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education") | 1920 |
| [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design") | 1936 |
| [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") | 1936 |
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-114) offering 50 [undergraduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") majors,[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-liberal-115) 134 graduate degrees,[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-116) and 32 professional degrees.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Degrees-117) During the 2018â2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Degrees-117)
The [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), with an academic staff of 1,211 as of 2019, is the largest Harvard faculty, and has primary responsibility for instruction in [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), the [Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"), the [John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"), and the [Division of Continuing Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Continuing_Education "Harvard Division of Continuing Education"), which includes [Harvard Summer School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School "Harvard Summer School") and [Harvard Extension School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School"). There are nine other graduate and professional faculties and a faculty attached to the [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute").
There are four Harvard joint programs with [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), which include the [HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology "HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology"), the [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute"), The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and [edX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX "EdX").
### Colleges and professional schools
The university maintains 13 schools, which include:
| School | Founded | Enrollment[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-118)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] |
|---|---|---|
| [Harvard College, the undergraduate college](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") | 1636 | 7,000â7,500 |
| [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") | 1782 | 2,700 (M.D. and Ph.D.), 4,400 (clinical residents and fellows), 5,100 (research fellows) |
| [Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School") | 1816 | 377 |
| [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") | 1817 | 1,990 |
| [Dental Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine "Harvard School of Dental Medicine") | 1867 | 280 |
| [Graduate Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences") | 1872 | 4,824 |
| [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") | 1908 | 2,011 |
| [Extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School") | 1910 | 3,428 |
| [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design") | 1914 | 878 |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education") | 1920 | 876 |
| [Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") | 1922 | 1,412 |
| [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") | 1936 | 1,100 |
| [Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") | 2007 | 1,750 (including undergraduates) |
### Harvard College
Main article: [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College")
[Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a [liberal arts and sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education "Liberal arts education") focus.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-114)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-liberal-115) To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take 16 credit hours (usually across four courses) per semester for a total of 128 credit hours.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-119)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-120) In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-121)
Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-122)
### Harvard Medical School
Main article: [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_\(54954429258\).jpg)
[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")
[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"), the third-oldest medical school in the United States, was founded in 1782 as Massachusetts Medical College by [John Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warren_\(surgeon,_born_1753\) "John Warren (surgeon, born 1753)"), [Benjamin Waterhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse "Benjamin Waterhouse"), and Aaron Dexter. In 1810, Harvard Medical School relocated from Cambridge to [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"). The medical school was tied to the rest of the university "only by the tenuous thread of degrees", but its strong faculty gave it a national reputation by the early 19th century.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-123)
The medical school moved to its current location on Longwood Avenue in 1906, where the "Great White Quadrangle" or HMS Quad with its five white marble buildings was established.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-125)
Harvard Medical School's reputation continued to grow into the 20th century, especially in terms of scientific research and support from regional and national elites. Fifteen scientists won the [Nobel Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize "Nobel Prize") for work done at the Medical School.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-126)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-127) Its four major flagship teaching hospitals are [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center "Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center"), [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital "Brigham and Women's Hospital"), [Boston Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital "Boston Children's Hospital") and [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital "Massachusetts General Hospital").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-128)
### Harvard Law School
Main article: [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langdell.jpg)
[Christopher Columbus Langdell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Langdell "Christopher Columbus Langdell"), an influential dean of [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") from 1875 to 1890
The establishment of Harvard Law School in 1817 was made possible by a 1779 bequest from [Isaac Royall Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Royall_Jr. "Isaac Royall Jr."); it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the nation.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Gershman-129) It was a small operation and grew slowly. By 1827, it was down to one faculty member. [Nathan Dane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Dane "Nathan Dane"), a prominent alumnus, endowed the Dane Professorship of Law and insisted that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice [Joseph Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Story "Joseph Story"). For a while, the school was called Dane Law School.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-130) Story's belief in the need for an elite law school based on merit and dedicated to public service helped build the school's reputation at the time. Enrollment remained low as academic legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice.
Radical reform came in the 1870s, under Dean [Christopher Columbus Langdell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Langdell "Christopher Columbus Langdell") (1826â1906).[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-131) Its new curriculum set the national standard and was copied widely in the United States. Langdell developed the [case method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casebook_method "Casebook method") of teaching law, based on his belief that law could be studied as a "science" gave university legal education a reason for being distinct from vocational preparation. The school introduced a first-year curriculum that was widely imitated, based on classes in [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracts "Contracts"), [property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property "Property"), [torts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torts "Torts"), [criminal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law "Criminal law") and [civil procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure "Civil procedure").
Critics bemoaned abandonment of the more traditional lecture method, because of its efficiency and the lower workloads it placed on faculty and students. Advocates of the case method had a sounder theoretical basis in scientific research and the inductive method. Langdell's graduates became leading professors at other law schools where they introduced the case method. From its founding in 1900, the Association of American Law Schools promoted the case method in law schools that sought accreditation.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-132)
### Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Science
Main article: [Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences")
As the college modernized in the late 19th century, the faculty was organized into departments and began to add graduate programs, including the PhD. [Charles William Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot "Charles William Eliot"), president from 1869 to 1909, was a chemist who had spent two years in Germany studying at their universities. Thousands of Americans, mostly Harvard and Yale alumni, had attended German universities, especially Berlin and GĂśttingen.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-133) Eliot used the German model to set up graduate programs at Harvard and he formed a graduate department in 1872, which granted its first Ph.D. degrees in 1873 to [William Byerly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Elwood_Byerly "William Elwood Byerly") in mathematics and Charles Whitney in history. Eliot set up the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences with its own dean and budget in 1890, which dealt with graduate students and funded research programs.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-134)
By 2004, there were 3,200 graduate students in 53 separate programs and forty former or current professors had won a Nobel Prize, most of them scientists or economists based in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-135)
### Harvard Business School
Main article: [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg)
Aerial view of [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School")
From its founding in 1908, [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") has had a close relationship with the corporate world. Within a few years of its founding, many business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-136)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-137)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-138) The school used Rockefeller funding in the 1920s to launch a major research program under [Elton Mayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Mayo "Elton Mayo") (1926â1947) for his "Harvard human relations group". Its findings revolutionized human relations in business and raised the reputation of the Business School from its initial "low status as a trainer of money grabbers into a high prestige educator of socially-conscientious administrators".[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-139) Starting in 1935, the school began weekend and short-term leadership training workshops for executives of major corporations that further expanded its national role.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-140)
By 1949, nearly half of all the holders of the [MBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") degree in the U.S. were alumni of Harvard Business School, and it was considered "the most influential graduate school of business".[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-141)
### Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Main article: [Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health")
The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health is the public health school of Harvard University, located in the [Longwood Medical Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area") of Boston. The school grew out of the Harvard-MIT School for Health Officers,[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-142)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-143)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-146) the nation's first graduate training program in [population health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health "Population health"), which was founded in 1913 and then became the Harvard School of Public Health in 1922.
The school was part of Harvard Medical School until 1946, when it became a fully autonomous institution with its own dedicated public health and medical faculty.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-147) It was renamed the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 2014 in honor of a \$350 million donation from the Morningside Foundation.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-148)
### Harvard Kennedy School
Main article: [Harvard Kennedy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Kennedy_School_Littauer_Building.jpg)
The Littauer Building at [Harvard Kennedy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School")
In 1936, Harvard University founded the Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration, later renamed [Harvard Kennedy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") in honor of former [U.S. President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") and 1940 [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") alumnus [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"). The Kennedy School has an endowment of \$1.7 billion as of 2021 and is routinely ranked at the top of the world's graduate schools in public policy, social policy, international affairs, and government.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ReferenceA-150)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ivorytower2012-151)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-tripsurvey-152) Its alumni include 17 [heads of state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state "Head of state") or [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government "Head of government").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ReferenceA-150)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ivorytower2012-151)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-tripsurvey-152)
### Research
Harvard is a founding member of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities")[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-153) and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine, according to the [Carnegie Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education "Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education").[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-114)
The [medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") consistently ranks first among medical schools for research,[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-154) and biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school and its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-155) In 2019, the medical school and its affiliates attracted \$1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health"), more than twice that of any other university.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-156)
### Libraries
Main article: [Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Widener_Library.jpg)
[Widener Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library"), the anchor of [Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library"), the largest [academic library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library "Academic library") in the world with more than 20 million holdings
[Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library"), the largest [academic library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library "Academic library") in the world with 20.4 million holdings, is centered in [Widener Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library") in [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"). It includes 25 individual Harvard libraries around the world with a combined staff of more than 800 librarians and personnel.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-157)
[Houghton Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library "Houghton Library"), the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. The nation's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in [Pusey Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusey_Library "Pusey Library") on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"), which is open to the public. The largest collection of [East-Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia") language material outside of East Asia is held in [Harvard-Yenching Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Library "Harvard-Yenching Library").
Other major libraries in the Harvard Library system include [Baker Library/Bloomberg Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Library/Bloomberg_Center "Baker Library/Bloomberg Center") at [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School"), [Cabot Science Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabot_Science_Library "Cabot Science Library") at [Harvard Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center "Harvard Science Center"), [Dumbarton Oaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks "Dumbarton Oaks") in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), [Gutman Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_C._Gutman_Library "Monroe C. Gutman Library") at the [Harvard Graduate School of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education"), [Harvard Film Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Film_Archive "Harvard Film Archive") at the [Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts "Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts"), [Houghton Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library "Houghton Library"), and [Lamont Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Library "Lamont Library").
### Museums
Main article: [Harvard Art Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums "Harvard Art Museums")
[Harvard Art Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums "Harvard Art Museums") includes three museums, the [Arthur M. Sackler Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum "Arthur M. Sackler Museum") covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art; the [BuschâReisinger Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch%E2%80%93Reisinger_Museum "BuschâReisinger Museum") (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art; and the [Fogg Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogg_Museum "Fogg Museum") covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian [early Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Renaissance_painting "Early Renaissance painting"), British [pre-Raphaelite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite "Pre-Raphaelite"), and 19th-century French art.
Harvard Museums of Science and Culture include the [Harvard Museum of Natural History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History "Harvard Museum of Natural History"), which itself includes the [Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mineralogical_Museum "Harvard Mineralogical Museum"), the [Harvard University Herbaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria "Harvard University Herbaria") featuring the [Blaschka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_and_Rudolf_Blaschka "Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka") [Glass Flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Flowers "Glass Flowers") exhibit, and the [Museum of Comparative Zoology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology "Museum of Comparative Zoology"). Others include the [Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Collection_of_Historical_Scientific_Instruments "Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments") at [Harvard Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center "Harvard Science Center"), the [Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_the_Ancient_Near_East "Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East") featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East, and the [Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology "Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology"), specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the [Western Hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere "Western Hemisphere"), the [Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts "Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts"), designed by [Le Corbusier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier "Le Corbusier") and housing the [Harvard Film Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Film_Archive "Harvard Film Archive"), the [Warren Anatomical Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum "Warren Anatomical Museum") at [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")'s [Center for the History of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_the_History_of_Medicine "Center for the History of Medicine"), and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the [Hutchins Center for African and African American Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchins_Center_for_African_and_African_American_Research "Hutchins Center for African and African American Research").
### Reputation and rankings
| [Academic rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States "College and university rankings in the United States") | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| [*Forbes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges "America's Top Colleges")[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-158) | 8 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking")[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-159) | 3 |
| [*Washington Monthly*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings "Washington Monthly college rankings")[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-160) | 1 |
| [*WSJ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")/College Pulse[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-161) | 6 |
| Global | |
| [*ARWU*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities")[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-162) | 1 |
| [*QS*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings "QS World University Rankings")[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-163) | 5 |
| [*THE*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings")[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_THE_W-164) | 3 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking")[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-165) | 1 |
Harvard University is [accredited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States "Higher education accreditation in the United States") by the [New England Commission of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education "New England Commission of Higher Education").[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-166) Since its founding in 2003, the *[Academic Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities")* has ranked Harvard first in each of its annual rankings of the world's colleges and universities. Similarly, the *[Times Higher EducationâQS World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education%E2%80%93QS_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher EducationâQS World University Rankings")*, which was published from 2004 to 2009, ranked Harvard first in the world in each of its annual rankings. Since then, Harvard has been ranked first in the world each year since 2011 by its successor, the *[Times Higher Education World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings")*.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-167)
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the [Center for Measuring University Performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Measuring_University_Performance "Center for Measuring University Performance").[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-168)
Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the [University Ranking by Academic Performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance "University Ranking by Academic Performance") in 2019â20 and *[Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_ParisTech:_Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities")* in 2011, which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in [*Fortune* Global 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500 "Fortune Global 500") companies.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-169) According to annual polls done by [The Princeton Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review "The Princeton Review"), Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States for both students and their parents.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-170)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-171)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-172)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-173)
In 2019, Harvard's [engineering school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") was ranked the third-best school in the world for engineering and technology by *[Times Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education "Times Higher Education")*.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-174)
In [international relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations "International relations"), *[Foreign Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy "Foreign Policy")* magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the [Walsh School of Foreign Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service "Walsh School of Foreign Service") at [Georgetown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University").[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-175)
| Race and ethnicity | Total | |
|---|---|---|
| [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites") | 33% | |
| [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") | 22% | |
| [International student](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student "International student") | 14% | |
| [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 12% | |
| [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") | 9% | |
| [Two or more races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") | 7% | |
| Unknown | 2% | |
| [Economic diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_diversity "Economic diversity") | | |
| [Low-income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lower_class "American lower class")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-177) | 17% | |
| [Affluent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States "Affluence in the United States")[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-178) | 83% | |
## Student activities
### Student government
Further information: [Harvard Graduate Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Council "Harvard Graduate Council")
The [Undergraduate Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Undergraduate_Council "Harvard Undergraduate Council") represented Harvard College undergraduate students until it was dissolved in 2022,[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-179) and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The [Graduate Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Council "Harvard Graduate Council") represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-180)
### Student media
Further information: [The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")
*[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*, founded in 1873 and run entirely by Harvard undergraduate students, is the university's primary [student newspaper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_publication "Student publication"). Many [notable alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Harvard_Crimson_people "List of The Harvard Crimson people") have worked at the *Crimson*, including two [U.S. presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (AB, 1903) and [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") (AB 1940).
## Athletics
Main article: [Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12,_2019.jpg)
[Harvard football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football") (right) taking on [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_football "Cornell Big Red football") (left) at [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium") in October 2019
Harvard College competes in the [NCAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_\(NCAA\) "Division I (NCAA)") [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-181)
Harvard and the other seven [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") universities are prohibited from offering [athletic scholarships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarship "Athletic scholarship").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-182) The school color is [crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson "Crimson").[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-183)
### National championships
In the NCAA Division I era, which began in 1973, Harvard Crimson teams have won five NCAA Division I championships as of 2024: [men's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey") in 1989, women's lacrosse in 1990, women's rowing in 2003, and men's fencing in 2006 and 2024. Including the pre-NCAA era, Harvard has won 159 national championships across all sports. Its [men's squash team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_squash "Harvard Crimson men's squash") holds the record for the most national collegiate championships in the sport. Harvard's first national championship came in 1880, when its track and field team won the national championship.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-184)
### Rivalries
Further information: [CornellâHarvard hockey rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry "CornellâHarvard hockey rivalry") and [HarvardâYale football rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "HarvardâYale football rivalry")
Harvard's athletic programs maintain a long-standing rivalry with [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") in all sports, especially in [college football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football"), where [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football") and [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football "Yale Bulldogs football") compete in an [annual football rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "HarvardâYale football rivalry"), which has played 139 times as of 2024, dating back to its first meeting in 1875.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-185)
Every two years, Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") and [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge") team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-186)
In [men's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey"), Harvard maintains a [historic rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry "CornellâHarvard hockey rivalry") with [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_ice_hockey "Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey"), which dates back to their first meeting in 1910. The two teams play twice annually.
In [men's rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union"), Harvard maintains a rivalry with [McGill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University "McGill University"), as demonstrated by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") and Cambridge.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-187)
## Notable people
### Alumni
Further information: [List of Harvard University people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people "List of Harvard University people"), [List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_non-graduate_alumni "List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni"), and [List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation")
Since its founding nearly four centuries ago, Harvard alumni have distinguished themselves in academia, activism, arts, athletics, business, entrepreneurship, government, international affairs, journalism, media, music, non-profit organizations, politics, public policy, science, technology, writing, and other industries and fields. A 2024 study analyzed the educational backgrounds of the most successful and influential Americansâ"30 different achievement groups totaling 26,198 people"âand found that Harvard alumni were unusually dominant.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Wai-188) A 2025 study of 6,141 of the most influential people in the world discovered that Harvard alumni are massively overrepresented among the global elite, and that this finding remains true when all American elites are removed.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Salas-D%C3%ADaz-189)
Among the world's universities and colleges, Harvard has the most [U.S. presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education "List of presidents of the United States by education") (eight), [living billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni "List of universities by number of billionaire alumni") (188), [Nobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation") laureates (162), [Pulitzer Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize") winners (48), [Fields Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal "Fields Medal") recipients (seven), [Marshall scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship "Marshall Scholarship") (252), and [Rhodes Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship "Rhodes Scholarship") (369) among its alumni. Harvard alumni also include nine [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award") laureates, ten [Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards") winners, and [108 Olympic medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medalist_students_and_alumni "List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni"), including 46 gold medal winners.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-190)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-191)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-192)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-193)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-194)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-195)
- Notable Harvard alumni include:
- [![2nd president of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)\[193\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/John_Adams_Portrait.jpg/250px-John_Adams_Portrait.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Adams_Portrait.jpg "2nd president of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[193]")
2nd president of the United States [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-196)
- [![6th president of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)\[194\]\[195\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/John_Quincy_Adams.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Quincy_Adams.jpg "6th president of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[194][195]")
6th president of the United States [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-197)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-198)
- [![26th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)\[196\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/250px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_1904.jpg "26th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[196]")
26th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") (AB, 1880)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-199)
- [![32nd president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)\[197\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%2C_Portrait_1933.jpg/250px-Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%2C_Portrait_1933.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt,_Portrait_1933.jpg "32nd president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[197]")
32nd president of the United States [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (AB, 1903)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-200)
- [![Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1910; AM, 1911)\[198\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/250px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_\(1934\).jpg "Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1910; AM, 1911)[198]")
Poet and Nobel laureate in literature [T. S. Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot "T. S. Eliot") (AB, 1910; AM, 1911)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-201)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg "Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)")
Physicist and leader of the [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project "Manhattan Project") [J. Robert Oppenheimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer "J. Robert Oppenheimer") (AB, 1925)
- [![35th president of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)\[199\]\[200\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/250px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg "35th president of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[199][200]")
35th president of the United States [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") (AB, 1940)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-202)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-203)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau_1975_\(UPI_press_photo\)_\(cropped\).jpg "15th prime minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)")
15th prime minister of Canada [Pierre Trudeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau "Pierre Trudeau") (MA, 1947)
- [![24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)\[201\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg/250px-Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf,_April_2010.jpg "24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[201]")
24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [Ellen Johnson Sirleaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf") (MPA, 1971)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-204)
- [![43rd president of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)\[202\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/250px-George-W-Bush.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg "43rd president of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[202]")
43rd president of the United States [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (MBA, 1975)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-205)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_roberts_CJ.jpg "17th chief justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)")
17th chief justice of the United States [John Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts "John Roberts") (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg "8th secretary-general of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)")
8th secretary-general of the United Nations [Ban Ki-moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon "Ban Ki-moon") (MPA, 1984)
- [![24th prime minister of Canada Mark Carney (AB, 1988)\[203\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prime_Minister_Mark_Carney_June_2025.jpg/250px-Prime_Minister_Mark_Carney_June_2025.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Mark_Carney_June_2025.jpg "24th prime minister of Canada Mark Carney (AB, 1988)[203]")
24th prime minister of Canada [Mark Carney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney "Mark Carney") (AB, 1988)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-206)
- [![44th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)\[204\]\[205\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/250px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg "44th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[204][205]")
44th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (JD, 1991)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-207)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-208)
- [![Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB,1992; JD, 1996)\[206\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KBJackson.jpg/250px-KBJackson.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KBJackson.jpg "Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB,1992; JD, 1996)[206]")
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [Ketanji Brown Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson "Ketanji Brown Jackson") (AB,1992; JD, 1996)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-209)
### Faculty
- Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Breyer_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg "Stephen Breyer")
[Stephen Breyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer "Stephen Breyer")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr_\(cropped\).jpg "Henry Louis Gates Jr.")
[Henry Louis Gates Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr. "Henry Louis Gates Jr.")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elena_Kagan_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg "Elena Kagan")
[Elena Kagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan "Elena Kagan")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Reich.jpg "Robert Reich")
[Robert Reich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reich "Robert Reich")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amartya_Sen.jpg "Amartya Sen")
[Amartya Sen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen "Amartya Sen")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_\(cropped\).jpg "B. F. Skinner")
[B. F. Skinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner "B. F. Skinner")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg "Elizabeth Warren")
[Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Janet_Yellen_portrait_\(cropped\).jpg "Janet Yellen")
[Janet Yellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Yellen "Janet Yellen")
## In popular culture
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg)
Tower at the [University of Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico "University of Puerto Rico"), showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of [National University of San Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos "National University of San Marcos"), Lima (left), the oldest in the [Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas "Americas")
Harvard's reputation as a center of elite achievement or elitist privilege has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said in 2010.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-210)
### Literature
In contemporary literature, Harvard University features prominently in multiple novels, including:
- *[The Sound and the Fury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury "The Sound and the Fury")* (1929) and *[Absalom, Absalom\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom,_Absalom! "Absalom, Absalom!")* (1936), two novels by [William Faulkner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner "William Faulkner"), both of which depict Harvard student life.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-211)
- *[Of Time and the River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Time_and_the_River "Of Time and the River")* (1935) by [Thomas Wolfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe "Thomas Wolfe"), a fictionalized autobiography, depicting Wolfe's [alter ego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego "Alter ego"), Eugene Gant, a Harvard student.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Vaughan_Bail-1958-212)
- *[The Late George Apley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley "The Late George Apley")* (1937), by 1915 Harvard alumnus [John P. Marquand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Marquand "John P. Marquand"), a novel presenting a satirical view of Harvard men in the early 20th century,[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Vaughan_Bail-1958-212) which was awarded the [Pulitzer Prize for Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction "Pulitzer Prize for Fiction").[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-213)
- *The Second Happiest Day* (1953), by John P. Marquand, portrays Harvard during the [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") generation.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-214)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-215)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-216)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-217)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-218)
### Films
Harvard University features prominently in the plots of multiple major films, including:
- *[Love Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_\(1970_film\) "Love Story (1970 film)")* (1970), a romance between a wealthy [Harvard ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey") player, played by [Ryan O'Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal "Ryan O'Neal"), and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by [Ali MacGraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_MacGraw "Ali MacGraw").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-219)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-220)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-221)
- *[The Paper Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_\(film\) "The Paper Chase (film)")* (1973),[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-222) a drama based on the 1971 [novel of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_\(Osborn_novel\) "The Paper Chase (Osborn novel)") by Harvard alumnus [John Jay Osborn Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Osborn_Jr. "John Jay Osborn Jr."), about a first year [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") student facing a demanding [contract law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law "Contract law") course and professor.
- *[A Small Circle of Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Small_Circle_of_Friends "A Small Circle of Friends")* (1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the 1960s
- *[Prozac Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac_Nation_\(film\) "Prozac Nation (film)")* (1994), a psychological drama starring [Christina Ricci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci "Christina Ricci") based on the [novel of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac_Nation "Prozac Nation") by [Elizabeth Wurtzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wurtzel "Elizabeth Wurtzel"), which documents her real life story as a 19-year-old Harvard freshman struggling with [substance abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse "Substance abuse") and [clinical depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder").
- *[Legally Blonde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde "Legally Blonde")* (2001), a comedy film starring [Reese Witherspoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon "Reese Witherspoon") a blonde [sorority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorority "Sorority") girl who enrolls in [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") to get her ex-boyfriend back.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-223)
- *[Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless_to_Harvard:_The_Liz_Murray_Story "Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story")* (2003), a [Lifetime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_\(TV_channel\) "Lifetime (TV channel)") biographical [television film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film "Television film"), which chronicles the real life story of [Liz Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Murray "Liz Murray") (played by [Thora Birch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora_Birch "Thora Birch")), who overcomes homelessness and a dysfunctional family to gain entry and a scholarship to Harvard after winning a *[New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*\-sponsored essay competition.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-224)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-225)
- *[The Social Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Network "The Social Network")* (2010), a biographical drama film which portrays the founding of social networking website [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook").[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-226)
## See also
- [Massachusetts portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts "Portal:Massachusetts")
- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
- [Big Three (colleges)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_\(colleges\) "Big Three (colleges)")
- [Academic regalia of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University "Academic regalia of Harvard University")
- [Gore Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Hall "Gore Hall")
- [Harvard College social clubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College_social_clubs "Harvard College social clubs")
- [Harvard University Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Police_Department "Harvard University Police Department")
- [Harvard University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press "Harvard University Press")
- [Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard/MIT_Cooperative_Society "Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society")
- [I, Too, Am Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Too,_Am_Harvard "I, Too, Am Harvard")
- [List of Harvard University named chairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_named_chairs "List of Harvard University named chairs")
- [List of universities by number of billionaire alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni "List of universities by number of billionaire alumni")
- [List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Harvard_University "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University")
- [List of oldest universities in continuous operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation "List of oldest universities in continuous operation")
- [Outline of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Harvard_University "Outline of Harvard University")
- [Secret Court of 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Court_of_1920 "Secret Court of 1920")
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-laureates_22-0)**
Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.
["The **official** Harvard count, which is **49**, only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to **some 160 Nobel affiliates**, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/). Archived from [the original](https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/) on March 22, 2023.
- Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). ["Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College"](https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5). *businessinsider.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201112191545/https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5) from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- ["Top Producers"](https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/). *us.fulbrightonline.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121132/https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/) from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ["Statistics"](http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics). *www.marshallscholarship.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics) from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- ["US Rhodes Scholars Over Time"](https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/). *www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/) from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
- ["Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress"](https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125611/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ["The complete list of Fields Medal winners"](http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm). *areppim AG*. 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm) from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-177)** The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [Pell grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_grant "Pell grant") intended for low-income students.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-178)** The percentage of students who are a part of the [American middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class "American middle class") at the bare minimum.
## References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-1)**
*Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University*. [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"), [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"): [Hodges, Figgis & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodges_Figgis "Hodges Figgis") 1894. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-355-36160-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-355-36160-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-355-36160-2")
.
`{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date "Help:CS1 errors"))
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-2)**
[Anderson, Peter John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_John_Anderson "Peter John Anderson") (1907). *Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906*. [Aberdeen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen"), [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"): Aberdeen University Press ([University of Aberdeen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen "University of Aberdeen")). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-363-62507-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-363-62507-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-363-62507-9")
.
`{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date "Help:CS1 errors"))
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-3)**
Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). [*The Founding of Harvard College*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329). Harvard University Press. p. 329. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-674-31450-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31450-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31450-4")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154250/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-4)**
An appropriation of ÂŁ400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though its 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates,
Quincy, Josiah (1860). [*The History of Harvard University*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024126/https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11636583&id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=RA1-PA586&lpg=RA1-PA586). Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Company. p. 586. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-405-10016-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10016-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10016-1")
. Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=PA586) on September 6, 2015.
`{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date "Help:CS1 errors")), "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give ÂŁ400 towards a School or College, whereof ÂŁ200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates:
["Cambridge Birthday"](https://web.archive.org/web/20260222043339/https://time.com/archive/6755981/education-cambridge-birthday/). *Time*. September 28, 1936. Archived from [the original](https://time.com/archive/6755981/education-cambridge-birthday) on February 22, 2026. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... ÂŁ400 for that 'school or college' \[was voted by\] the Great and General Court of the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony")." Bicentennial date:
Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). ["Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060908144409/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html). Harvard University. Archived from [the original](http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html) on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
, "Sept. 8, 1836 â Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: *The New York Times*, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-5)**
["U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value"](https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2025-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-FINAL.xlsx) (XLSX). National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). Retrieved February 19, 2026.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-6)**
["Financial Overview \| Financial Administration"](https://finance.harvard.edu/financial-overview). *finance.harvard.edu*. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-7)**
Haidar, Emma H.; Kettles, Cam E. (March 1, 2024). ["Harvard Law School Dean John Manning '82 Named Interim Provost by Garber"](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/2/john-manning-harvard-provost/). *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-glance_8-0)**
["Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual"](https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf) (PDF). July 14, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035117/https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-2)
["Common Data Set 2024â2025"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250718162105/https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2025/06/HarvardUniversity_CDS_2024-2025.pdf) (PDF). *Office of Institutional Research*. Harvard University. Archived from [the original](https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2025/06/HarvardUniversity_CDS_2024-2025.pdf) (PDF) on July 18, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-10)**
["IPEDS â Harvard University"](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221028192553/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027) from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-11)**
["Color Scheme"](https://s3.amazonaws.com/gocrimson.com/documents/2021/7/27/Harvard_Athletics_Brand_Identity_Guide.pdf#page=7) (PDF). *Harvard Athletics Brand Identity Guide*. July 27, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-12)**
Examples include:
1. Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). [*Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University*](https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell). Oxford University Press. pp. [463](https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463)â481. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-19-514457-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514457-0 "Special:BookSources/0-19-514457-0")
. "Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. \[...\] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes."
2. Spaulding, Christina (1989). ["Sexual Shakedown"](https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326). In Trumpbour, John (ed.). *How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire*. South End Press. pp. [326â336](https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-89608-284-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-284-9 "Special:BookSources/0-89608-284-9")
. "... \[Harvard's\] tremendous institutional power and prestige \[...\] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ..."
3. David Altaner (March 9, 2011). ["Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html). Bloomberg. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110314002025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html) from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
4. *Collier's Encyclopedia*. Macmillan Educational Co. 1986. "Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636."
5. Newport, Frank (August 26, 2003). ["Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place"](http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx). Gallup. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172644/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx) from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
6. Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2006). ["Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins?"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html) from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020. "The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated."
7. Hoerr, John (1997). [*We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard*](https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer). Temple University Press. p. [3](https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-56639-535-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-535-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-535-9")
.
8. Wong, Alia (September 11, 2018). ["At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige"](https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/). *The Atlantic*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell) from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2020. "Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads."
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a) Law School Student Government
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b) School of Education Student Council
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c) Kennedy School Student Government
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d) Design School Student Forum
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e) Student Council of Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Dental Medicine
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Crinkley, Richmond (July 12, 1962). ["WILLIAM FAULKNER: The Southern Mind Meets Harvard In the Era Before World War I"](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1962/7/12/william-faulkner-the-southern-mind-meets/). *www.thecrimson.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055801/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1962/7/12/william-faulkner-the-southern-mind-meets/) from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
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Vaughan Bail, Hamilton (1958). ["Harvard Fiction: Some critical and Bibliographical Notes"](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525042.pdf) (PDF). *American Antiquarian Society*: 346â347\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055757/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525042.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
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King, Michael (2002). *Wrestling with the Angel*. p. 371. "...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class."
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Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). ["White Shoe and Weak Will"](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/). *Harvard Crimson*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151126180414/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/) from the original on November 26, 2015. "The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men."
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## Bibliography
- Abelmann, Walter H., ed. *The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970â1995* (2004). 346 pp.
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- Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. *Harvard A to Z* (2004). 396 pp. [excerpt and text search](https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674012887)
- Bethell, John T. *Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century*, Harvard University Press, 1998,
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-674-37733-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-37733-8 "Special:BookSources/0-674-37733-8")
- Bunting, Bainbridge. *Harvard: An Architectural History* (1985). 350 pp.
- Carpenter, Kenneth E. *The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition* (1986). 216 pp.
- Cuno, James et al. *Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting* (1996). 364 pp.
- Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. *Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives* (1992). 380 pp.
- Hall, Max. *Harvard University Press: A History* (1986). 257 pp.
- Hay, Ida. *Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum* (1995). 349 pp.
- Hoerr, John, *We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard;* [Temple University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press "Temple University Press"), 1997,
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-56639-535-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-535-6 "Special:BookSources/1-56639-535-6")
- Howells, Dorothy Elia. *A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879â1979* (1978). 152 pp.
- Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. *Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University* (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002
["online edition"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120702220422/https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3A%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University). Archived from [the original](https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3A%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University) on July 2, 2012.
- [Lewis, Harry R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_R._Lewis "Harry R. Lewis") *Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education* (2006)
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-58648-393-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-393-5 "Special:BookSources/1-58648-393-5")
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. *Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636â1936* (1986) 512pp; [excerpt and text search](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUUf7ssp1u4C)
- Powell, Arthur G. *The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority* (1980). 341 pp.
- Reid, Robert. *Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School* (1994). 331 pp.
- [Rosovsky, Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rosovsky "Henry Rosovsky"). *The University: An Owner's Manual* (1991). 312 pp.
- Rosovsky, Nitza. *The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe* (1986). 108 pp.
- Seligman, Joel. *The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School* (1978). 262 pp.
- Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. *Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe* (1993). 548 pp.
- Trumpbour, John, ed., *How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire*, Boston: South End Press, 1989,
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-89608-283-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-283-0 "Special:BookSources/0-89608-283-0")
- Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., *[Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History](http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4662764)*, New York: [Palgrave Macmillan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan "Palgrave Macmillan"), 2004. 337 pp.
- Winsor, Mary P. *Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum* (1991). 324 pp.
- Wright, Conrad Edick. *Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence* (2005). 298 pp.
## External links
**Harvard University** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harvard_University "c:Category:Harvard University") from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harvard_University "q:Harvard University") from Wikiquote
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Harvard_University "s:Portal:Harvard University") from Wikisource
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/q13371 "d:q13371") from Wikidata
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scholia_logo.svg)
[Scholia](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia "d:Wikidata:Scholia") has an *organization* profile for ***[Harvard University](https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/organization/Q13371 "toolforge:scholia/organization/Q13371")***.
- [Official website](https://www.harvard.edu/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13371#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Harvard University](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=166027) at [College Navigator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Navigator "College Navigator"), a tool from the [National Center for Education Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics "National Center for Education Statistics")
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_University "Template:Harvard University") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Harvard_University "Template talk:Harvard University") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard_University "Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard University")[Harvard University]() | |
|---|---|
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Harvard_University "History of Harvard University") [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)") [statue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_John_Harvard "Statue of John Harvard") [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University") [Alan Garber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garber "Alan Garber") [Board of Overseers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers "Harvard Board of Overseers") [President and Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "President and Fellows of Harvard College") Provost [John Manning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Manning "John F. Manning") [Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library") | |
| [Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences") | |
| | |
| Dean [Hopi Hoekstra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_Hoekstra "Hopi Hoekstra") | |
| [College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") | Dean [David Deming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Deming_\(economist\) "David Deming (economist)") [Radcliffe College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College") [Freshman dormitories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories "List of Harvard College freshman dormitories") Upperclass houses [Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_House_\(Harvard_College\) "Adams House (Harvard College)") [Cabot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabot_House "Cabot House") [Currier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_House_\(Harvard_College\) "Currier House (Harvard College)") [Dudley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Community "Dudley Community") [Dunster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunster_House "Dunster House") [Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_House_\(Harvard_College\) "Eliot House (Harvard College)") [Kirkland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland_House "Kirkland House") [Leverett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverett_House "Leverett House") [Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_House "Lowell House") [Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather_House_\(Harvard_College\) "Mather House (Harvard College)") [Pforzheimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheimer_House "Pforzheimer House") [Quincy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_House_\(Harvard_College\) "Quincy House (Harvard College)") [Winthrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_House "Winthrop House") [Undergraduate organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_undergraduate_organizations "List of Harvard College undergraduate organizations") [Hasty Pudding Theatricals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals "Hasty Pudding Theatricals") *[The Harvard Advocate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate "The Harvard Advocate")* *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")* *[The Harvard Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent "The Harvard Independent")* *[The Harvard Lampoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Lampoon "The Harvard Lampoon")* |
| [Continuing Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Continuing_Education "Harvard Division of Continuing Education") | Dean Nancy Coleman [Extension School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School") [Extension School history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Harvard_Extension_School "History of Harvard Extension School") [Summer School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School "Harvard Summer School") |
| [Engineering and Applied Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") | Dean [David C. Parkes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Parkes "David C. Parkes") [Lyman Laboratory of Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Laboratory_of_Physics "Lyman Laboratory of Physics") |
| [Graduate School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences") | Dean [Emma Dench](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Dench "Emma Dench") |
| Libraries | [Cabot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabot_Science_Library "Cabot Science Library") [Harvard-Yenching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching_Library "HarvardâYenching Library") [Houghton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library "Houghton Library") *[Harvard Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Review "Harvard Review")* [Lamont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Library "Lamont Library") [Pusey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusey_Library "Pusey Library") [Widener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library") [Harry Elkins Widener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Elkins_Widener "Harry Elkins Widener") [Eleanor Elkins Widener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Elkins_Widener "Eleanor Elkins Widener") [Grossman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossman_Library "Grossman Library") |
| Centers, institutes, and societies | [Asia Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center "Harvard University Asia Center") [Center for African and African American Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchins_Center_for_African_and_African_American_Research "Hutchins Center for African and African American Research") [Du Bois Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Research_Institute "W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute") [Center for Astrophysics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics "HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics") [Center for Chinese Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbank_Center_for_Chinese_Studies "Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies") [Center for European Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minda_de_Gunzburg_Center_for_European_Studies "Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies") [Center for Visual Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts "Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts") [Center for Hellenic Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Hellenic_Studies "Center for Hellenic Studies") [Dumbarton Oaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks "Dumbarton Oaks") [Harvard Forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Forest "Harvard Forest") [Rowland Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rowland_Institute_at_Harvard "The Rowland Institute at Harvard") [Ukrainian Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute "Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute") |
| [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") | Dean [Srikant Datar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikant_Datar "Srikant Datar") [Baker Library/Bloomberg Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Library/Bloomberg_Center "Baker Library/Bloomberg Center") [Harvard Business Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Publishing "Harvard Business Publishing") *[Harvard Business Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review "Harvard Business Review")* [Harvard Business School RFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School_RFC "Harvard Business School RFC") [Spangler Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spangler_Center "Spangler Center") |
| [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design") | Dean [Sarah Whiting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Whiting "Sarah Whiting") *[Harvard Design Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Design_Magazine "Harvard Design Magazine")* [Center for Housing Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies "Joint Center for Housing Studies") |
| [Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School") | Dean [David N. Hempton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_N._Hempton "David N. Hempton") |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education") | Dean [Bridget Terry Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Terry_Long "Bridget Terry Long") |
| [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") | Dean Jeremy M. Weinstein [Ash Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Center_for_Democratic_Governance_and_Innovation "Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation") [Belfer Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs "Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs") [Carr Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_Center_for_Human_Rights_Policy "Carr Center for Human Rights Policy") [Center for American Political Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_American_Political_Studies "Center for American Political Studies") [Center for Ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_%26_Lily_Safra_Center_for_Ethics "Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Ethics") [Center for Housing Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies "Joint Center for Housing Studies") [Center for Nonprofit Organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauser_Center_for_Nonprofit_Organizations "Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations") [Center for Public Leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Public_Leadership "Center for Public Leadership") [Institute of Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Politics_at_Harvard_Kennedy_School "Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School") [Rappaport Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappaport_Institute_for_Greater_Boston "Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston") [Shorenstein Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorenstein_Center_on_Media,_Politics_and_Public_Policy "Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy") [The Journalist's Resource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journalist%27s_Resource "The Journalist's Resource") |
| [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") | Dean [John F. Manning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Manning "John F. Manning") [Berkman Klein Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society "Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society") *[Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights%E2%80%93Civil_Liberties_Law_Review "Harvard Civil RightsâCivil Liberties Law Review")* *[International Law Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_International_Law_Journal "Harvard International Law Journal")* *[Journal of Law & Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Law_%26_Technology "Harvard Journal of Law & Technology")* *[Journal on Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Journal_on_Legislation "Harvard Journal on Legislation")* *[Law Record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Record "Harvard Law Record")* *[Law Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review "Harvard Law Review")* |
| [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") | Dean [George Q. Daley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Q._Daley "George Q. Daley") [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute") [Medical Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Medical_Library "Boston Medical Library") [Anatomical Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum "Warren Anatomical Museum") [Program in Health Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology "HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology") [School of Dental Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine "Harvard School of Dental Medicine") |
| [Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") | Dean [Andrea Baccarelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Baccarelli "Andrea Baccarelli") |
| Museums and arboretum | [Arnold Arboretum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum "Arnold Arboretum") [Harvard Art Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums "Harvard Art Museums") [Archaeology and Ethnology Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology "Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology") [BuschâReisinger Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch%E2%80%93Reisinger_Museum "BuschâReisinger Museum") [Fogg Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogg_Museum "Fogg Museum") [Sackler Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum "Arthur M. Sackler Museum") [Collection of Scientific Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Collection_of_Historical_Scientific_Instruments "Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments") [Glass Flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Flowers "Glass Flowers") [Mineralogical Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mineralogical_Museum "Harvard Mineralogical Museum") [General Artemas Ward House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Artemas_Ward_House "General Artemas Ward House") [Natural History Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History "Harvard Museum of Natural History") [Comparative Zoology Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology "Museum of Comparative Zoology") [Herbaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria "Harvard University Herbaria") [Museum of the Ancient Near East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_the_Ancient_Near_East "Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East") |
| Cambridge campus | [Boylston Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boylston_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Boylston Hall (Harvard University)") [Bradley Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stow_Bradley_Jr._Memorial "Robert Stow Bradley Jr. Memorial") *[Discobolus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discobolus_\(Harvard_University\) "Discobolus (Harvard University)")* [Gates of Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_of_Harvard_Yard "Gates of Harvard Yard") [Graduate Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Center "Harvard Graduate Center") [Harvard Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Hall "Harvard Hall") [Memorial Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University "Memorial Church of Harvard University") [Choir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Choir "Harvard University Choir") [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard") [Massachusetts Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)") [Memorial Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Memorial Hall (Harvard University)") *[Night Wall I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Wall_I "Night Wall I")* [Peabody Terrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Terrace "Peabody Terrace") [President's House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_House_\(Harvard\) "President's House (Harvard)") [Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center "Harvard Science Center") [Smith Campus Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Campus_Center "Smith Campus Center") [University Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "University Hall (Harvard University)") |
| Centers and institutes | [Harvard Innovation Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Innovation_Labs "Harvard Innovation Labs") [Computing Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center "Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center") [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute") [Schlesinger Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesinger_Library "Schlesinger Library") [Institute for Advanced Theater Training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Theater_Training "Institute for Advanced Theater Training") [Nieman Foundation for Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieman_Foundation_for_Journalism "Nieman Foundation for Journalism") [Real Colegio Complutense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Colegio_Complutense "Real Colegio Complutense") [Villa I Tatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti "Villa I Tatti") [Bussey Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussey_Institution "Bussey Institution") [Wyss Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering "Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering") [Kempner Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempner_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Natural_and_Artificial_Intelligence "Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence") |
| People | [List of Harvard University people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people "List of Harvard University people") [Non-graduate alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_non-graduate_alumni "List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni") |
| [Athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") | |
| | |
| Teams | [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_baseball "Harvard Crimson baseball") [Men's basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball "Harvard Crimson men's basketball") [Women's basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_basketball "Harvard Crimson women's basketball") [Fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_fencing "Harvard Crimson fencing") [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football") [Men's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey") [Women's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey") [Men's lacrosseâ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_lacrosse "Harvard Crimson men's lacrosse") [Men's rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_rugby "Harvard rugby") [Women's rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_women%27s_rugby "Harvard women's rugby") [Men's soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_soccer "Harvard Crimson men's soccer") [Women's soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_soccer "Harvard Crimson women's soccer") [Men's squash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_squash "Harvard Crimson men's squash") [Men's volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_volleyball "Harvard Crimson men's volleyball") [Women's volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_volleyball "Harvard Crimson women's volleyball") |
| Venues | [Bright-Landry Hockey Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright-Landry_Hockey_Center "Bright-Landry Hockey Center") [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium") [Jordan Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Field "Jordan Field") [Lavietes Pavilion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavietes_Pavilion "Lavietes Pavilion") [Ohiri Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiri_Field "Ohiri Field") [Malkin Athletic Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkin_Athletic_Center "Malkin Athletic Center") [Newell Boathouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell_Boathouse "Newell Boathouse") [Weld Boathouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_Boathouse "Weld Boathouse") |
| Rivalries | [Cornell (hockey)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry "CornellâHarvard hockey rivalry") [Yale (football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "HarvardâYale football rivalry") |
| Miscellaneous | [Anti-Vietnam War protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%931970_Harvard_University_anti-Vietnam_War_protests "1969â1970 Harvard University anti-Vietnam War protests") [Alma mater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Harvard "Fair Harvard") [Commencement traditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_traditions_of_Harvard_commencements "History and traditions of Harvard commencements") [Academic regalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University "Academic regalia of Harvard University") [Graduate Students Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Students_Union "Harvard Graduate Students Union") [Heraldry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry_of_Harvard_University "Heraldry of Harvard University") [Tercentenary celebration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Tercentenary_celebration "Harvard Tercentenary celebration") *[Harvard Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Magazine "Harvard Magazine")* [Harvard University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press "Harvard University Press") [Lionel de Jersey Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_de_Jersey_Harvard "Lionel de Jersey Harvard") [Math 55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_55 "Math 55") [Society of Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows "Harvard Society of Fellows") [University Professor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_Professors_at_Harvard_University "List of University Professors at Harvard University") [HarvardâAdam Dziewonski Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Adam_Dziewonski_Observatory "HarvardâAdam Dziewonski Observatory") *[Excellence Without a Soul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excellence_Without_a_Soul "Excellence Without a Soul")* |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harvard_University "Category:Harvard University") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harvard_University "commons:Category:Harvard University") | |
| Links to related articles | | |
|---|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ivy_League_navbox "Template:Ivy League navbox") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ivy_League_navbox "Template talk:Ivy League navbox") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy_League_navbox "Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy League navbox")[Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") | | |
| Members | [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") [Harvard]() [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Quakers "Penn Quakers") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") | |
| Tournaments | [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_Baseball_Championship_Series "Ivy League Baseball Championship Series") [Basketball (men's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_basketball "Ivy League men's basketball") [Basketball (women's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_basketball_tournament "Ivy League women's basketball tournament") [Fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_Fencing_Championships "Ivy League Fencing Championships") [Rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference "Ivy Rugby Conference") [Soccer (men's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_soccer_tournament "Ivy League men's soccer tournament") [Soccer (women's)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_soccer_tournament "Ivy League women's soccer tournament") | |
| Schools (lists) | [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools "List of Ivy League business schools") [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools "List of Ivy League law schools") [Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools "List of Ivy League medical schools") [Public policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools "List of Ivy League public policy schools") | |
| Related topics | [Big Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_\(colleges\) "Big Three (colleges)") [Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Council "Ivy Council") [Digital Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_Digital_Network "Ivy League Digital Network") [Nude posture photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League_nude_posture_photos "Ivy League nude posture photos") [Public Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ivy "Public Ivy") [Southern Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ivy "Southern Ivy") *[Take Ivy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Ivy "Take Ivy")* | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Template:Cambridge, Massachusetts") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Template talk:Cambridge, Massachusetts") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge, Massachusetts")[Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts") | | |
| History | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts") | |
| Squares | [Central Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Square,_Cambridge "Central Square, Cambridge") [Harvard Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square "Harvard Square") [Inman Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_Square "Inman Square") [Kendall Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Square "Kendall Square") [Lechmere Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechmere_Square "Lechmere Square") [Porter Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Square "Porter Square") | |
| Neighborhoods | [East Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cambridge,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "East Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 1) [MIT Campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Campus_\(Area_2\),_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "MIT Campus (Area 2), Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 2) [Wellington-Harrington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington-Harrington "Wellington-Harrington") (Area 3) [The Port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Port,_Cambridge "The Port, Cambridge") (Area 4) [Cambridgeport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeport,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridgeport, Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 5) [Mid-Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Cambridge "Mid-Cambridge") (Area 6) [Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Cambridge "Riverside, Cambridge") (Area 7) [Agassiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agassiz,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Agassiz, Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 8) [Neighborhood Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Nine "Neighborhood Nine") (Area 9) [West Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cambridge_\(neighborhood\) "West Cambridge (neighborhood)") (Area 10) [North Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "North Cambridge, Massachusetts") (Area 11) [Cambridge Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Highlands "Cambridge Highlands") (Area 12) [Strawberry Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Hill,_Cambridge "Strawberry Hill, Cambridge") (Area 13) | |
| Education | [Cambridge PSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Public_School_District "Cambridge Public School District") [Amigos School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amigos_School "Amigos School") [Graham and Parks School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_and_Parks_School "Graham and Parks School") [Rindge and Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Rindge_and_Latin_School "Cambridge Rindge and Latin School") [Community Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Charter_School_of_Cambridge "Community Charter School of Cambridge") [Prospect Hill Academy Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Hill_Academy_Charter_School "Prospect Hill Academy Charter School") [Buckingham Browne & Nichols School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Browne_%26_Nichols_School "Buckingham Browne & Nichols School") [St. Paul's Choir School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Choir_School "St. Paul's Choir School") [Harvard University]() [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_University "Template:Harvard University") [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MIT "Template:MIT") [Lesley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") [Cambridge Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Public_Library "Cambridge Public Library") | |
| Landmarks | [National Register of Historic Places listings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts") [List of tallest buildings and structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts "List of tallest buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts") [City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts_City_Hall "Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall") [Cambridge Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Common "Cambridge Common") [Harvard Book Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Book_Store "Harvard Book Store") [Mount Auburn Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery "Mount Auburn Cemetery") | |
| Transportation | [Bus routes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MBTA_bus_routes "List of MBTA bus routes") [MBTA Green Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_\(MBTA\) "Green Line (MBTA)") ([Lechmere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechmere_station "Lechmere station")) [MBTA Red Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_\(MBTA\) "Red Line (MBTA)") ([Alewife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alewife_station "Alewife station") [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_station_\(MBTA\) "Central station (MBTA)") [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_station "Harvard station") [Porter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_station "Porter station") [Kendall/MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall/MIT_station "Kendall/MIT station")) [MA-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2 "Massachusetts Route 2")/[MA-2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2A "Massachusetts Route 2A"), [MA-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_16 "Massachusetts Route 16"), [MA-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_28 "Massachusetts Route 28"), [MA-60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_60 "Massachusetts Route 60"), [US-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_3_in_Massachusetts "U.S. Route 3 in Massachusetts") | |
| This list is incomplete. | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Colonial_Colleges "Template:Colonial Colleges") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_Colleges "Template talk:Colonial Colleges") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_Colleges "Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial Colleges")[Colonial colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges "Colonial colleges") | | |
| [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Harvard]() [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") [William & Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary "College of William & Mary") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "Template talk:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston")[Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston "List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston") | | |
| Current | [Babson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College "Babson College") [Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology "Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology") [Bentley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_University "Bentley University") [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music") [Boston Architectural College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College "Boston Architectural College") [Boston Baptist College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Baptist_College "Boston Baptist College") [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") [Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis "Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis") [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Brandeis University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") [Bunker Hill Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Community_College "Bunker Hill Community College") [Curry College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_College "Curry College") [Emerson College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College "Emerson College") [Emmanuel College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)") [Endicott College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_College "Endicott College") [Fisher College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College "Fisher College") [Gordon College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Gordon College (Massachusetts)") [Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon-Conwell_Theological_Seminary "Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary") [Harvard University]() [Hebrew College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_College "Hebrew College") [Hellenic College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_College_and_Holy_Cross_Greek_Orthodox_School_of_Theology "Hellenic College and Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology") [Hult International Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hult_International_Business_School "Hult International Business School") [LabourĂŠ College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%C3%A9_College "LabourĂŠ College") [Lasell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell_University "Lasell University") [Lesley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") [Longy School of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longy_School_of_Music "Longy School of Music") (now the Longy School of Music of Bard College) [Massachusetts Bay Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Community_College "Massachusetts Bay Community College") [Massachusetts College of Art and Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design "Massachusetts College of Art and Design") [Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences "Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences") [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [Massachusetts School of Law at Andover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_School_of_Law_at_Andover "Massachusetts School of Law at Andover") [Merrimack College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_College "Merrimack College") [MGH Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions "MGH Institute of Health Professions") [Middlesex Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Community_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Middlesex Community College (Massachusetts)") [New England College of Optometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College_of_Optometry "New England College of Optometry") [New England Conservatory of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music "New England Conservatory of Music") [New England School of Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_School_of_Law "New England School of Law") [Northeastern University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University "Northeastern University") [North Shore Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Community_College "North Shore Community College") [Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_College "Olin College") [Quincy College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_College "Quincy College") [Regis College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Regis College (Massachusetts)") [Roxbury Community College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Community_College "Roxbury Community College") [St. John's Seminary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Seminary_\(Massachusetts\) "Saint John's Seminary (Massachusetts)") [Simmons University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University "Simmons University") [Suffolk University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University "Suffolk University") [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [University of Massachusetts Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston "University of Massachusetts Boston") [Urban College of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_College_of_Boston "Urban College of Boston") [Wellesley College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") [Wentworth Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology "Wentworth Institute of Technology") [William James College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_College "William James College") | |
| Former | [Andover Newton Theological School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover_Newton_Theological_School "Andover Newton Theological School") (merged into [Yale Divinity School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School "Yale Divinity School") 2017) [Aquinas College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Aquinas College (Massachusetts)") (closed 2000) Art Institute of Boston (merged into [Lesley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") 1998) [Atlantic Union College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Union_College "Atlantic Union College") (closed 2011) [Bay State College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_State_College "Bay State College") (closed 2023) [Becker College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becker_College "Becker College") (closed 2021) [Boston Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Conservatory "Boston Conservatory") (merged into [Berklee College of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music") 2016) [Bradford College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_College "Bradford College") (merged into [Merrimack College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_College "Merrimack College") 2000) [Burdett College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdett_College "Burdett College") (merged into [Bay State College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_State_College "Bay State College")) [Cambridge College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_College "Cambridge College") (now merged into [Bay Path University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Path_University "Bay Path University")) [Eastern Nazarene College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Nazarene_College "Eastern Nazarene College") (closed 2025) [Episcopal Divinity School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Divinity_School "Episcopal Divinity School") Lowell State College (merged into [UMass Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell "University of Massachusetts Lowell") 1975) Lowell Technological Institute (merged into [UMass Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell "University of Massachusetts Lowell") 1975) Marian Court College (closed 2015) Mount Alvernia College (closed 1973) [Mount Ida College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida_College "Mount Ida College") (closed 2018, land acquired as Charles River Campus of [UMass Amherst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst "University of Massachusetts Amherst") 2018) New England College of Business and Finance, LLC (merged into [Cambridge College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_College "Cambridge College") 2020) [New England Institute of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Art "New England Institute of Art") (closed 2018) [College of the Sacred Heart (Newton)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_College_of_the_Sacred_Heart "Newton College of the Sacred Heart") (merged into [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") 1989) [Newbury College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_College_\(United_States\) "Newbury College (United States)") (closed 2019) [Pine Manor College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Manor_College "Pine Manor College") (now [Messina College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina_College "Messina College") of [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College")) Saint Stephen's College (closed 1972) School of the [Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston") (SMFA) (now part of [Tufts University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University")) Southern New England School of Law (merged into [UMass Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Dartmouth "University of Massachusetts Dartmouth") 2010) Stanley College (closed 1959) Stevens College [Wheelock College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelock_College "Wheelock College") (merged into [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") education college 2018) | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities "Template:Association of American Universities") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities "Template talk:Association of American Universities") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities "Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities")[Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") | | |
| [Public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university "Public university") | [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") [Arizona State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University "Arizona State University") California [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley") [Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis "University of California, Davis") [Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine "University of California, Irvine") [Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside "University of California, Riverside") [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") [San Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego "University of California, San Diego") [Santa Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara "University of California, Santa Barbara") [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz "University of California, Santa Cruz") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder "University of Colorado Boulder") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology "Georgia Institute of Technology") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign "University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington "Indiana University Bloomington") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park "University of Maryland, College Park") [McGill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University "McGill University") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") [Michigan State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University "Michigan State University") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri") New York [Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo "University at Buffalo") [Stony Brook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_University "Stony Brook University") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill") [Ohio State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon "University of Oregon") [Pennsylvania State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University "Pennsylvania State University") [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh "University of Pittsburgh") [Purdue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University") [Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") [South Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida "University of South Florida") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") [Texas A\&M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University "Texas A&M University") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah "University of Utah") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia "University of Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of WisconsinâMadison") | |
| [Private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") | [Boston U](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Brandeis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Caltech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") [Carnegie Mellon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University") [Case Western Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University "Case Western Reserve University") [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") [Emory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University "Emory University") [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") [Harvard]() [Johns Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami "University of Miami") [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [Northwestern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University "Northwestern University") [Notre Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame "University of Notre Dame") [NYU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University "New York University") [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University "Rice University") [Rochester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester "University of Rochester") [Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California") [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [Tulane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University "Tulane University") [Vanderbilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") [Washington St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis "Washington University in St. Louis") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AICUM "Template:AICUM") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AICUM "Template talk:AICUM") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AICUM "Special:EditPage/Template:AICUM")[Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts (AICUM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities_in_Massachusetts "Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts") | | |
| [Amherst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College "Amherst College") [Anna Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_College "Anna Maria College") [Assumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_University_\(Worcester\) "Assumption University (Worcester)") [Babson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College "Babson College") [Bay Path](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Path_University "Bay Path University") [Benjamin F. Cummings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Cummings_Institute_of_Technology "Benjamin Franklin Cummings Institute of Technology") [Bentley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_University "Bentley University") [Berklee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music "Berklee College of Music") [Boston Architectural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College "Boston Architectural College") [Boston College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College "Boston College") [Boston Graduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis "Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis") [Boston U](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Brandeis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University "Brandeis University") [Cambridge College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_College "Cambridge College") [Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_University "Clark University") [College of the Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross "College of the Holy Cross") [Curry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_College "Curry College") [Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_College "Dean College") [Eastern Nazarene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Nazarene_College "Eastern Nazarene College") [Elms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elms_College "Elms College") [Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College "Emerson College") [Emmanuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)") [Endicott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_College "Endicott College") [Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_College "Fisher College") [Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Gordon College (Massachusetts)") [Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_College "Hampshire College") [Harvard]() [LabourĂŠ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%C3%A9_College "LabourĂŠ College") [Lasell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell_University "Lasell University") [Lesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_University "Lesley University") [MCPHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences "Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences") [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [Merrimack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_College "Merrimack College") [MGH Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions "MGH Institute of Health Professions") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_College_of_Art "Montserrat College of Art") [Mount Holyoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College "Mount Holyoke College") [NECO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College_of_Optometry "New England College of Optometry") [New England Conservatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory "New England Conservatory") [Newbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_College_\(United_States\) "Newbury College (United States)") [Nichols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_College "Nichols College") [Northeastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University "Northeastern University") [Olin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_College_of_Engineering "Olin College of Engineering") [Pine Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Manor_College "Pine Manor College") [Regis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_College,_Massachusetts "Regis College, Massachusetts") [Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_University "Simmons University") [Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College "Smith College") [Springfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Springfield College (Massachusetts)") [Stonehill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehill_College "Stonehill College") [Suffolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University "Suffolk University") [Thomas Aquinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_College "Thomas Aquinas College") [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [Urban College of Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_College_of_Boston "Urban College of Boston") [Wellesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College "Wellesley College") [WIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology "Wentworth Institute of Technology") [Western New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_England_University "Western New England University") [Wheaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_\(Massachusetts\) "Wheaton College (Massachusetts)") [William James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_College "William James College") [Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College "Williams College") [WPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute "Worcester Polytechnic Institute") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HCP_Research_Network "Template:HCP Research Network") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HCP_Research_Network "Template talk:HCP Research Network") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HCP_Research_Network "Special:EditPage/Template:HCP Research Network")[Connectome Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Connectome_Project "Human Connectome Project") | | |
| [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California "University of California") [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley") [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles "University of California, Los Angeles") [ChietiâPescara (D'Annunzio)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_d%27Annunzio_University "Gabriele d'Annunzio University") [Frankfurt (Ernst StrĂźngmann)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Str%C3%BCngmann_Institute "Ernst StrĂźngmann Institute") [Harvard]() [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University "Indiana University") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") [Nijmegen (Radboud)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radboud_University_Nijmegen "Radboud University Nijmegen") [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") [Saint Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University "Saint Louis University") [Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick "University of Warwick") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis "Washington University in St. Louis") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Laidlaw_Scholars "Template:Laidlaw Scholars") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Laidlaw_Scholars&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:Laidlaw Scholars (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laidlaw_Scholars "Special:EditPage/Template:Laidlaw Scholars")[Laidlaw Scholars Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laidlaw_Scholars "Laidlaw Scholars") | | |
| Universities | [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") [Durham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University") [EPFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne "Ăcole Polytechnique FĂŠdĂŠrale de Lausanne") [Georgetown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") [Harvard]() [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong "University of Hong Kong") [Imperial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London "Imperial College London") [Leeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds") [LSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics") [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [NYUAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Abu_Dhabi "New York University Abu Dhabi") [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") [St Andrews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews "University of St Andrews") [TCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin "Trinity College Dublin") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") [Tufts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University "Tufts University") [UCL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London "University College London") | |
| Business Schools | [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Business_School "Columbia Business School") [HEC Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Paris "HEC Paris") [IE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IE_Business_School "IE Business School") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Business_School "London Business School") [SaĂŻd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Business_School "SaĂŻd Business School") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ECAC_Hockey_League "Template:ECAC Hockey League") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ECAC_Hockey_League "Template talk:ECAC Hockey League") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ECAC_Hockey_League "Special:EditPage/Template:ECAC Hockey League")[ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") | | |
| Teams | **[Brown Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey "Brown Bears men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears_women%27s_ice_hockey "Brown Bears women's ice hockey") **[Clarkson Golden Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights "Clarkson Golden Knights")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men%27s_ice_hockey "Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_women%27s_ice_hockey "Clarkson Golden Knights women's ice hockey") **[Colgate Raiders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_Raiders "Colgate Raiders")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_men%27s_ice_hockey "Colgate Raiders men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_women%27s_ice_hockey "Colgate Raiders women's ice hockey") **[Cornell Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_ice_hockey "Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_women%27s_ice_hockey "Cornell Big Red women's ice hockey") **[Dartmouth Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_men%27s_ice_hockey "Dartmouth Big Green men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_women%27s_ice_hockey "Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey") **[Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey") **[Princeton Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey "Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_women%27s_ice_hockey "Princeton Tigers women's ice hockey") **[Quinnipiac Bobcats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats "Quinnipiac Bobcats")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men%27s_ice_hockey "Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_women%27s_ice_hockey "Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey") **[Rensselaer Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Engineers "Rensselaer Engineers")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPI_Engineers_men%27s_ice_hockey "RPI Engineers men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPI_Engineers_women%27s_ice_hockey "RPI Engineers women's ice hockey") **[St. Lawrence Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints "St. Lawrence Saints")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints_men%27s_ice_hockey "St. Lawrence Saints men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints_women%27s_ice_hockey "St. Lawrence Saints women's ice hockey") **[Union Garnet Chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers "Union Garnet Chargers")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers_men%27s_ice_hockey "Union Garnet Chargers men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers_women%27s_ice_hockey "Union Garnet Chargers women's ice hockey") **[Yale Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs")** [men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey "Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey") [women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_ice_hockey "Yale Bulldogs women's ice hockey") | |
| Venues | [Meehan Auditorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium "Meehan Auditorium") (Brown) [Cheel Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheel_Arena "Cheel Arena") (Clarkson) [Class of 1965 Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_of_1965_Arena "Class of 1965 Arena") (Colgate) [Lynah Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynah_Rink "Lynah Rink") (Cornell) [Thompson Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Arena "Thompson Arena") (Dartmouth) [Bright Hockey Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Hockey_Center "Bright Hockey Center") (Harvard) [Hobey Baker Memorial Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Memorial_Rink "Hobey Baker Memorial Rink") (Princeton) [M\&T Bank Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26T_Bank_Arena "M&T Bank Arena") (Quinnipiac) [Houston Field House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Field_House "Houston Field House") (Rensselaer) [Appleton Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton_Arena "Appleton Arena") (St. Lawrence) [M\&T Bank Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26T_Bank_Center "M&T Bank Center") (Union) [Ingalls Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Rink "Ingalls Rink") (Yale) [Herb Brooks Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Brooks_Arena "Herb Brooks Arena") (Men's tournament) | |
| Men's awards | [All-ECAC Hockey Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams "List of All-ECAC Hockey Teams") [Player of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Player_of_the_Year "ECAC Hockey Player of the Year") [Rookie of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Rookie_of_the_Year "ECAC Hockey Rookie of the Year") [Tim Taylor Award (Coach of the Year)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Taylor_Award_\(ECAC_Hockey\) "Tim Taylor Award (ECAC Hockey)") [Best Defensive Defenseman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Best_Defensive_Defenseman "ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Defenseman") [Best Defensive Forward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Best_Defensive_Forward "ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Forward") [Ken Dryden Award (Best Goaltender)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Dryden_Award "Ken Dryden Award") [Student-Athlete of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Student-Athlete_of_the_Year "ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year") [Wayne Dean Sportsmanship Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Dean_Sportsmanship_Award "Wayne Dean Sportsmanship Award") [Most Outstanding Player in Tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Most_Outstanding_Player_in_Tournament "ECAC Hockey Most Outstanding Player in Tournament") [All-Tournament Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_All-Tournament_Teams "List of ECAC Hockey All-Tournament Teams") | |
| Women's awards | [Women's champions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey#Women's_ECAC_championship_games "ECAC Hockey") | |
| Men's seasons | [1961â62](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1961%E2%80%9362_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1961â62 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1962â63](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1962%E2%80%9363_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1962â63 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1963â64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1963%E2%80%9364_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1963â64 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1964â65](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1964%E2%80%9365_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1964â65 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1965â66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1965%E2%80%9366_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1965â66 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") **[1966â67](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1966%E2%80%9367_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1966â67 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** [1967â68](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1967%E2%80%9368_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1967â68 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1968â69](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1968%E2%80%9369_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1968â69 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") **[1969â70](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1969%E2%80%9370_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1969â70 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** **[1970â71](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1970%E2%80%9371_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1970â71 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** **[1971â72](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1971%E2%80%9372_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1971â72 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** [1972â73](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1972%E2%80%9373_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1972â73 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1973â74](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1973%E2%80%9374_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1973â74 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1974â75](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1974%E2%80%9375_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1974â75 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1975â76](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1975%E2%80%9376_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1975â76 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1976â77](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1976%E2%80%9377_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1976â77 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") **[1977â78](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1977%E2%80%9378_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1977â78 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** [1978â79](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1978%E2%80%9379_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1978â79 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1979â80](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1979%E2%80%9380_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1979â80 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1980â81](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1980%E2%80%9381_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1980â81 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1981â82](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1981%E2%80%9382_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1981â82 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1982â83](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1982%E2%80%9383_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1982â83 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1983â84](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1983%E2%80%9384_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1983â84 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") **[1984â85](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1984%E2%80%9385_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1984â85 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** [1985â86](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1985%E2%80%9386_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1985â86 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1986â87](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1986%E2%80%9387_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1986â87 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1987â88](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1987%E2%80%9388_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1987â88 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") **[1988â89](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1988%E2%80%9389_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1988â89 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** [1989â90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1989%E2%80%9390_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1989â90 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1990â91](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1990%E2%80%9391_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1990â91 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1991â92](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1991%E2%80%9392_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1991â92 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1992â93](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1992%E2%80%9393_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1992â93 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1993â94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1993%E2%80%9394_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1993â94 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1994â95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1994%E2%80%9395_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1994â95 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1995â96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1995%E2%80%9396_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1995â96 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1996â97](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1996%E2%80%9397_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1996â97 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1997â98](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1997%E2%80%9398_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1997â98 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1998â99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1998%E2%80%9399_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1998â99 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [1999â00](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1999%E2%80%9300_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:1999â00 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2000â01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2000%E2%80%9301_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2000â01 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2001â02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2001%E2%80%9302_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2001â02 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2002â03](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2002%E2%80%9303_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2002â03 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2003â04](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2003%E2%80%9304_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2003â04 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2004â05](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2004%E2%80%9305_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2004â05 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2005â06](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2005%E2%80%9306_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2005â06 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2006â07](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2006%E2%80%9307_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2006â07 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2007â08](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2007%E2%80%9308_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2007â08 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2008â09](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2008%E2%80%9309_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2008â09 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2009â10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2009%E2%80%9310_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2009â10 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2010â11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2010%E2%80%9311_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2010â11 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2011â12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2011%E2%80%9312_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2011â12 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") **[2012â13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2012%E2%80%9313_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2012â13 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** **[2013â14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2013%E2%80%9314_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2013â14 ECAC Hockey standings (men)")** [2014â15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2014%E2%80%9315_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2014â15 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2015â16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2015%E2%80%9316_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2015â16 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2016â17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2016%E2%80%9317_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2016â17 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2017â18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2017%E2%80%9318_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2017â18 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2018â19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2018%E2%80%9319_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2018â19 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2019â20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2019%E2%80%9320_ECAC_Hockey_standings_\(men\) "Template:2019â20 ECAC Hockey standings (men)") [2020â21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_ice_hockey_season "2020â21 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey season") [2021â22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_ice_hockey_season "2021â22 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey season") **[2022â23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season "2022â23 ECAC Hockey men's season")** [2023â24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season "2023â24 ECAC Hockey men's season") [2024â25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season "2024â25 ECAC Hockey men's season") [2025â26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%9326_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season "2025â26 ECAC Hockey men's season") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Template talk:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges")[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") | | |
| [BU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") [Terriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers "Boston University Terriers") [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears "Brown Bears") [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions "Columbia Lions") [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") [Big Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red "Cornell Big Red") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green "Dartmouth Big Green") [Georgetown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University") [Hoyas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas "Georgetown Hoyas") [Harvard]() [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") [Holy Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross "College of the Holy Cross") [Crusaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders "Holy Cross Crusaders") [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Athletics "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") [Midshipmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen "Navy Midshipmen") [Northeastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University "Northeastern University") [Huskies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies "Northeastern Huskies") [Penn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Boat_Club "College Boat Club") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") [Rutgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") [Scarlet Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights "Rutgers Scarlet Knights") [Syracuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University") [Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange "Syracuse Orange") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of WisconsinâMadison") [Badgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers "Wisconsin Badgers") [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University") [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association_navbox "Template:Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association navbox") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association_navbox "Template talk:Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association navbox") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association_navbox "Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association navbox")[Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association") | | |
| Current members | [Charleston Golden Eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Golden_Eagles "Charleston Golden Eagles") [George Mason Patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots "George Mason Patriots") [Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_volleyball "Harvard Crimson men's volleyball") [NJIT Highlanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJIT_Highlanders "NJIT Highlanders") [Penn State Nittany Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_men%27s_volleyball "Penn State Nittany Lions men's volleyball") [Princeton Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers "Princeton Tigers") [Sacred Heart Pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers "Sacred Heart Pioneers") | |
| Former members | [Concordia Clippers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Clippers "Concordia Clippers") [East Stroudsburg Warriors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_Warriors "East Stroudsburg Warriors") [Juniata Eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniata_Eagles "Juniata Eagles") [New Haven Chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Chargers "New Haven Chargers") [New Paltz Hawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Paltz_Hawks "New Paltz Hawks") [NYU Violets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Violets "NYU Violets") [Queens Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Knights "Queens Knights") [RutgersâNewark Scarlet Raiders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers%E2%80%93Newark_Scarlet_Raiders "RutgersâNewark Scarlet Raiders") [St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Brooklyn_Terriers "St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers") [Saint Francis Red Flash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_Red_Flash "Saint Francis Red Flash") [Springfield Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Pride "Springfield Pride") [Vassar Brewers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_Brewers "Vassar Brewers") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association "Template:National Intercollegiate Rugby Association") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association "Template talk:National Intercollegiate Rugby Association") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association "Special:EditPage/Template:National Intercollegiate Rugby Association")[National Intercollegiate Rugby Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association "National Intercollegiate Rugby Association") | | |
| Division 1 | [Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_West_Point "Army West Point") [Black Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Rugby_Football_Club "Army Rugby Football Club") [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") [Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears#Rugby "Brown Bears") [Dartmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College "Dartmouth College") [Big Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Rugby "Dartmouth Rugby") [Harvard]() [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_women%27s_rugby "Harvard women's rugby") [Long Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_University "Long Island University") [Sharks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIU_Sharks "LIU Sharks") [Mount St. Mary's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_University_\(Maryland\) "Mount St. Mary's University (Maryland)") [Mountaineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_Mountaineers "Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers") [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy "United States Naval Academy") [Midshipmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen "Navy Midshipmen") [Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Rugby "Princeton Rugby") [Quinnipiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_University "Quinnipiac University") [Bobcats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats "Quinnipiac Bobcats") [Sacred Heart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University "Sacred Heart University") [Pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers "Sacred Heart Pioneers") | |
| Division 2 | [American International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_College "American International College") [Yellow Jackets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Yellow_Jackets "American International Yellow Jackets") [Molloy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molloy_University "Molloy University") [Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molloy_University#Athletics "Molloy University") [New Haven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Haven "University of New Haven") [Chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Chargers "New Haven Chargers") [Notre Dame College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_College "Notre Dame College") [Falcons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_College#Athletics "Notre Dame College") [Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_University "Post University") [Eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Eagles "Post Eagles") [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_University_of_Charlotte "Queens University of Charlotte") [Royals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Royals "Queens Royals") [West Chester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester_University "West Chester University") [Golden Rams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester_Golden_Rams "West Chester Golden Rams") | |
| Division 3 | [Bowdoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College "Bowdoin College") [Polar Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College#Athletics "Bowdoin College") [ColbyâSawyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby%E2%80%93Sawyer_College "ColbyâSawyer College") [Chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby%E2%80%93Sawyer_College#Athletics "ColbyâSawyer College") [Guilford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_College "Guilford College") [Quakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Quakers "Guilford Quakers") [Manhattanville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanville_University "Manhattanville University") [Valiants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanville_University#Athletics "Manhattanville University") [New England College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College "New England College") [Pilgrims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_College#Athletics "New England College") [Norwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_University "Norwich University") [Cadets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_University#Athletics "Norwich University") [University of New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_England_\(United_States\) "University of New England (United States)") [Nor'easters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_England_\(United_States\)#Athletics "University of New England (United States)") [Vermont State Castleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_State_University "Vermont State University") [Spartans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleton_Spartans "Castleton Spartans") | |
| Future teams | [Adrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_College "Adrian College") [Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_College#Athletics "Adrian College") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Massachusetts_Sports "Template:Massachusetts Sports") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts_Sports "Template talk:Massachusetts Sports") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts_Sports "Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts Sports")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") [Sports teams based in Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts "Sports in Massachusetts") | | |
| [Australian football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football "Australian rules football") | [USAFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Australian_Football_League "United States Australian Football League") Boston Demons | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg) |
| [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball "Baseball") | [MLB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball "Major League Baseball") [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") [WPBL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Pro_Baseball_League "Women's Pro Baseball League") [WPBL Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPBL_Boston "WPBL Boston") [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League "International League") [Worcester Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Red_Sox "Worcester Red Sox") [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_League "Frontier League") [Brockton Rox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton_Rox_\(Frontier_League\) "Brockton Rox (Frontier League)") [CCBL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League "Cape Cod Baseball League") [Bourne Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_Braves "Bourne Braves") [Brewster Whitecaps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_Whitecaps "Brewster Whitecaps") [Chatham Anglers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Anglers "Chatham Anglers") [Cotuit Kettleers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotuit_Kettleers "Cotuit Kettleers") [Falmouth Commodores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth_Commodores "Falmouth Commodores") [Harwich Mariners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Mariners "Harwich Mariners") [Hyannis Harbor Hawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyannis_Harbor_Hawks "Hyannis Harbor Hawks") [Orleans Firebirds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_Firebirds "Orleans Firebirds") [Wareham Gatemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham_Gatemen "Wareham Gatemen") [YarmouthâDennis Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth%E2%80%93Dennis_Red_Sox "YarmouthâDennis Red Sox") [FCBL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_Collegiate_Baseball_League "Futures Collegiate Baseball League") [Lowell Spinners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Spinners "Lowell Spinners") [Pittsfield Suns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield_Suns "Pittsfield Suns") [Westfield Starfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Starfires "Westfield Starfires") [Worcester Bravehearts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Bravehearts "Worcester Bravehearts") [NECBL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Collegiate_Baseball_League "New England Collegiate Baseball League") [Martha's Vineyard Sharks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sharks "Martha's Vineyard Sharks") [North Adams SteepleCats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adams_SteepleCats "North Adams SteepleCats") [North Shore Navigators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Navigators "North Shore Navigators") [Valley Blue Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Blue_Sox "Valley Blue Sox") | |
| [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball "Basketball") | [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") [Boston Celtics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics") [BIG3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big3 "Big3") [Boston Ball Hogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Ball_Hogs "Boston Ball Hogs") | |
| [Esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports "Esports") | [CDL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty_League "Call of Duty League") [Boston Breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Breach "Boston Breach") [OWL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_League "Overwatch League") [Boston Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Uprising "Boston Uprising") | |
| [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football "American football") | [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") [New England Patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots") [WFA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance "Women's Football Alliance") [Boston Renegades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Renegades_\(WFA\) "Boston Renegades (WFA)") | |
| [Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey") | [NHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") [Boston Bruins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") [PWHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Women%27s_Hockey_League "Professional Women's Hockey League") [Boston Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Fleet "Boston Fleet") [AHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League") [Springfield Thunderbirds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Thunderbirds "Springfield Thunderbirds") [ECHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHL "ECHL") [Worcester Railers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Railers "Worcester Railers") [NAHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Hockey_League "North American Hockey League") [Northeast Generals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Generals "Northeast Generals") | |
| [Lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse "Lacrosse") | [WPLL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Lacrosse_League "Women's Professional Lacrosse League") [New England Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Command "New England Command") [UWLX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Women%27s_Lacrosse_League "United Women's Lacrosse League") [Boston Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Storm_\(UWLX\) "Boston Storm (UWLX)") [PLL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Lacrosse_League "Premier Lacrosse League") [Boston Cannons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Cannons "Boston Cannons") [WLL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Lacrosse_League "Women's Lacrosse League") [Boston Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Guard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Boston Guard (page does not exist)") | |
| [Roller derby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_derby "Roller derby") | [WFTDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association "Women's Flat Track Derby Association") [Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_State_Brawlers_Roller_Derby "Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby") [Boston Roller Derby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Roller_Derby "Boston Roller Derby") [MRDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Roller_Derby_Association "Men's Roller Derby Association") [Pioneer Valley Roller Derby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Roller_Derby "Pioneer Valley Roller Derby") | |
| [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league "Rugby league") | [NARL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Rugby_League "North American Rugby League") [Boston Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bears_\(rugby_league\) "Boston Bears (rugby league)") | |
| [Rugby union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union") | [MLR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Rugby "Major League Rugby") [New England Free Jacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Free_Jacks "New England Free Jacks") [NERFU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Rugby_Football_Union "New England Rugby Football Union") [Boston RFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_RFC_\(United_States\) "Boston RFC (United States)") [Boston Ironsides RFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Ironsides_RFC "Boston Ironsides RFC") [Boston Irish Wolfhounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Irish_Wolfhounds "Boston Irish Wolfhounds") Boston Maccabi Rugby [Charles River Rats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Rats "Charles River Rats") [Mystic River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_River_Rugby_Club "Mystic River Rugby Club") [Old Gold Rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Gold_Rugby "Old Gold Rugby") [South Shore Anchors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_Anchors "South Shore Anchors") Worcester RFC [WER](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Elite_Rugby "Women's Elite Rugby") [Boston Banshees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Banshees "Boston Banshees") | |
| [Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football "Association football") | [MLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") [New England Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution "New England Revolution") [NWSL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League "National Women's Soccer League") [Boston Legacy FC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Legacy_FC "Boston Legacy FC") [MLSNP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro "MLS Next Pro") [New England Revolution II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution_II "New England Revolution II") [USL2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_League_Two "USL League Two") [Boston Bolts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bolts_\(USL\) "Boston Bolts (USL)") [Boston City FC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_FC "Boston City FC") [Western Mass Pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mass_Pioneers "Western Mass Pioneers") [NPSL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League "National Premier Soccer League") [Valeo FC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeo_FC "Valeo FC") [UWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Women%27s_Soccer "United Women's Soccer") [New England Mutiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Mutiny "New England Mutiny") | |
| [Ultimate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_\(sport\) "Ultimate (sport)") | [AUDL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ultimate_Disc_League "American Ultimate Disc League") [Boston Glory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Glory "Boston Glory") | |
| [College athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_Massachusetts "List of college athletic programs in Massachusetts") | | |
| | | |
| [NCAA Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") | [Bentley Falcons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Falcons "Bentley Falcons") [Boston College Eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles "Boston College Eagles") [Boston University Terriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers "Boston University Terriers") [Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") [Holy Cross Crusaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders "Holy Cross Crusaders") [Merrimack Warriors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_Warriors "Merrimack Warriors") [Northeastern Huskies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies "Northeastern Huskies") [Stonehill Skyhawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehill_Skyhawks "Stonehill Skyhawks") [UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Minutemen_and_Minutewomen "UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen") [UMass Lowell River Hawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Lowell_River_Hawks "UMass Lowell River Hawks") | |
| [NCAA Division II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II "NCAA Division II") | [American International Yellow Jackets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Yellow_Jackets "American International Yellow Jackets") [Assumption Greyhounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_Greyhounds "Assumption Greyhounds") [Bentley Falcons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Falcons "Bentley Falcons") | |
| [NCAA Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III "NCAA Division III") | [Amherst Mammoths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Mammoths "Amherst Mammoths") [Anna Maria Amcats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Amcats "Anna Maria Amcats") [Babson Beavers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_Beavers "Babson Beavers") [Brandeis Judges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_Judges "Brandeis Judges") [Bridgewater State Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_State_Bears "Bridgewater State Bears") [Clark Cougars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Cougars "Clark Cougars") [Curry Colonels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_Colonels "Curry Colonels") [Dean Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Bulldogs "Dean Bulldogs") [Eastern Nazarene Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Nazarene_Lions "Eastern Nazarene Lions") [Elms Blazers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elms_Blazers "Elms Blazers") [Emerson Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Lions "Emerson Lions") [Emmanuel Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Saints "Emmanuel Saints") [Endicott Gulls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott_Gulls "Endicott Gulls") [Fitchburg State Falcons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg_State_Falcons "Fitchburg State Falcons") [Framingham State Rams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framingham_State_Rams "Framingham State Rams") [Gordon Fighting Scots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Fighting_Scots "Gordon Fighting Scots") [Lasell Lasers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasell_Lasers "Lasell Lasers") [Lesley Lynx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Lynx "Lesley Lynx") [Mount Holyoke Lyons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_Lyons "Mount Holyoke Lyons") [MCLA Trailblazers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCLA_Trailblazers "MCLA Trailblazers") [Massachusetts Maritime Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Maritime_Buccaneers "Massachusetts Maritime Buccaneers") [MIT Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Engineers "MIT Engineers") [Nichols Bison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_Bison "Nichols Bison") [Regis Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Pride "Regis Pride") [Salem State Vikings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_State_Vikings "Salem State Vikings") [Simmons Sharks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_Sharks "Simmons Sharks") [Smith Pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Pioneers "Smith Pioneers") [Springfield Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Pride "Springfield Pride") [Suffolk Rams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Rams "Suffolk Rams") [Tufts Jumbos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_Jumbos "Tufts Jumbos") [UMass Boston Beacons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Boston_Beacons "UMass Boston Beacons") [UMass Dartmouth Corsairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Dartmouth_Corsairs "UMass Dartmouth Corsairs") [Wellesley Blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_Blue "Wellesley Blue") [Wentworth Leopards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Leopards "Wentworth Leopards") [Western New England Golden Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_England_Golden_Bears "Western New England Golden Bears") [Westfield State Owls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_State_Owls "Westfield State Owls") [Wheaton Lyons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_Lyons "Wheaton Lyons") [Williams Ephs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Ephs "Williams Ephs") [WPI Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPI_Engineers "WPI Engineers") [Worcester State Lancers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Lancers "Worcester State Lancers") | |
| [NAIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics "National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics") | [Fisher Falcons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Falcons "Fisher Falcons") | |
| [USCAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "United States Collegiate Athletic Association") | [Bay Path Wildcats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Path_Wildcats "Bay Path Wildcats") [Hampshire Black Sheep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_College#Athletics "Hampshire College") | |
| [NJCAA Division II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NJCAA_Division_II_schools "List of NJCAA Division II schools") | [Massasoit Warriors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massasoit_Community_College#Athletics "Massasoit Community College") | |
| [NJCAA Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NJCAA_Division_III_schools "List of NJCAA Division III schools") | [Benjamin Franklin Shockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology#Athletics "Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology") [Bristol Bayhawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Community_College#Athletics "Bristol Community College") [Bunker Hill Bulldogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Community_College#Athletics "Bunker Hill Community College") [Holyoke Cougars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College#Athletics "Holyoke Community College") [Massachusetts Bay Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Community_College#Athletics "Massachusetts Bay Community College") [Northern Essex Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Essex_Community_College#Athletics "Northern Essex Community College") [Quinsigamond Chiefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinsigamond_Community_College#Athletics "Quinsigamond Community College") [Roxbury Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Community_College#Athletics "Roxbury Community College") [Springfield Technical Rams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Technical_Community_College#Athletics "Springfield Technical Community College") | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13371#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/000000041936754X) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/128987800) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/2012974-9) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78096930) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118698578) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118698578) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020322375&CON_LNG=ENG) [2](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002111719&CON_LNG=ENG) [Portugal](http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/369574) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90513515) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000016670&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000049880&local_base=nsk10) [Greece](https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=116123) [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201906509) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810678457705606) [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/4126) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262471405171) |
| Geographic | [Structurae](https://structurae.net/structures/10060244) [MusicBrainz place](https://musicbrainz.org/place/df56ba9a-780b-4393-9d36-7bb136f6c21b) |
| Academics | [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00826033?l=en) |
| Artists | [ULAN](https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500312819) [Museum of Modern Art](https://www.moma.org/artists/33086) |
| People | [ISIL](https://w3id.org/isil/US-mbco) [2](https://w3id.org/isil/US-mhl) [3](https://w3id.org/isil/US-2) [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/852812) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/026453169) [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL159203A?mode=all) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6301wj2) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/2ff362aa-a298-4784-b530-6c426420354d) |
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Harvard University
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University) |
| Readable Markdown | | | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_University_coat_of_arms.svg)[Coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry_of_Harvard_University#Harvard_University_coat_of_arms "Heraldry of Harvard University") | |
| [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language "Latin language"): *Universitas Harvardiana[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-2)* | |
| Former names | [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") |
| Motto | *[Veritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas#Mottos "Veritas")* ([Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin "Latin"))[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-3) |
| Motto in English | "Truth" |
| Type | [Private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") |
| Established | October 28, 1636 (389 years ago)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-4) |
| Founder | [Massachusetts General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court "Massachusetts General Court") |
| [Accreditation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation "Higher education accreditation") | [NECHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education "New England Commission of Higher Education") |
| Religious affiliation | [Nonsectarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsectarian "Nonsectarian") |
| Academic affiliations | [AAU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities") [COFHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education "Consortium on Financing Higher Education") [NAICU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities "National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities") [UArctic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arctic "University of the Arctic") [URA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_Research_Association "Universities Research Association") [Space-grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program "National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program") |
| [Endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment "Financial endowment") | [\$55.7 billion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_endowment "Harvard University endowment") (2025)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-5) |
| Budget | \$6.7 billion (2025 Fiscal Year ending June 30)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-6) |
| [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_president "University president") | [Alan Garber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garber "Alan Garber") |
| [Provost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_\(education\) "Provost (education)") | [John F. Manning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Manning "John F. Manning")[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-7) |
| Academic staff | ~2,400 faculty members (and \>10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-glance-8) |
| Students | 21,189 (fall 2024)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-B-9) |
| [Undergraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education "Undergraduate education") | 7,038 (fall 2024)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-B-9) |
| [Postgraduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education "Postgraduate education") | 14,151 (fall 2024)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-CDS-B-9) |
| Location | [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), US [42°22â˛28âłN 71°07â˛01âłWďťż / ďťż42\.37444°N 71.11694°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harvard_University¶ms=42_22_28_N_71_07_01_W_region:US-MA_type:edu) |
| Campus | Midsize city[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-10), 209 acres (85 ha) |
| Newspaper | *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")* |
| [Colors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_colors "School colors") | Crimson, white, and black[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-11) |
| [Nickname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_nickname "Athletic nickname") | [Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson "Harvard Crimson") |
| Sporting affiliations | [NCAA Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I "NCAA Division I") [FCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision "NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision") â [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") [ECAC Hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey "ECAC Hockey") [NEISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association "New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association") [CWPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association "Collegiate Water Polo Association") [IRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association "Intercollegiate Rowing Association") [EAWRC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges") [EARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges "Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges") [EISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Ski_Association "Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association") |
| Mascot | [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)") |
| Website | [www.harvard.edu](https://www.harvard.edu/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13371#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_University_logo.svg) | |
| []() | |
**Harvard University** is a [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university "Private university") [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") [research university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university "Research university") in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), United States. Founded in 1636, and named in 1639 for its first benefactor, the [Puritan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America "History of the Puritans in North America") clergyman [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)"), it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious and elitist universities in the world.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-12)
Harvard was founded and authorized by the [Massachusetts General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court#Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts General Court"), the governing legislature of [colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States "Colonial history of the United States")\-era [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-13) While never formally affiliated with any [Protestant denomination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_church "Protestant church"), Harvard trained [Congregational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States "Congregationalism in the United States") clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the [Boston elite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin "Boston Brahmin").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-15) Following the [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), under [Harvard president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University") [Charles William Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot "Charles William Eliot")'s long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-AAU-16) [James B. Conant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Conant "James B. Conant") led the university through the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.
The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute"). The [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences") offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [academic disciplines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline "Academic discipline"), and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-17) the main campus, a 209-acre (85 ha) in Cambridge centered on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"); an adjoining campus immediately across [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") in the [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston "Allston") neighborhood of [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"); and the medical campus in Boston's [Longwood Medical Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Campus-18) [Harvard's endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_endowment "Harvard University endowment"), valued at \$55.7 billion, makes it the [wealthiest academic institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment "List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment") in the world.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-BGendow-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-HFRendow-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-21) [Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library"), with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest [academic library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library "Academic library").
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include [188 living billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni "List of universities by number of billionaire alumni"), [8 U.S. presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education "List of presidents of the United States by education"), [24 heads of state and 31 heads of government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_politicians "List of Harvard University politicians"), founders of notable companies, [Nobel laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation"), [Fields Medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal "Fields Medal"), [members of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), [MacArthur Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program "MacArthur Fellows Program"), [Rhodes Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship "Rhodes Scholarship"), [Marshall Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship "Marshall Scholarship"), [Turing Award Recipients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award"), [Pulitzer Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize") recipients, and [Fulbright Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program "Fulbright Program"); by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.[\[Notes 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-laureates-22) Harvard students and alumni have also collectively won 10 [Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards") and [110 Olympic medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medalist_students_and_alumni "List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni"), including 46 gold medals.
History
Colonial era
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg)
A 1767 engraving of [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") by [Paul Revere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere "Paul Revere")
Harvard was founded in 1636 by a vote of the [Great and General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court "Massachusetts General Court") of the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony"). Its first headmaster, [Nathaniel Eaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Eaton "Nathaniel Eaton"), took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired [English North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America "British North America")'s first known [printing press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press "Printing press").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-24) The same year, on his deathbed, [John Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_\(clergyman\) "John Harvard (clergyman)"), a [Puritan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans "Puritans") clergyman who had emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging college ÂŁ780 and his library of some 320 volumes;[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-25) the following year, it was named [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College").
In 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose: "\[to\] advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-26)
In its early years, the college trained many Puritan [Congregational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Established_Congregational_churches "Established Congregational churches") ministers[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-27) and offered a [classical curriculum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_education "Classical education") based on the English university model exemplified by the [University of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"), where many colonial Massachusetts leaders had studied prior to emigrating to the colony. Harvard College never formally affiliated with any particular [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-28) In 1650, the charter for [Harvard Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "President and Fellows of Harvard College"), the college's governing body, was granted.
From 1681 to 1701, [Increase Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increase_Mather "Increase Mather"), a Puritan clergyman, served as Harvard's sixth [president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University"). In 1708, [John Leverett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leverett_the_Younger "John Leverett the Younger") became Harvard's seventh president and the first president who was not also a clergyman.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-29) Harvard faculty and students largely supported the [Patriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_\(American_Revolution\) "Patriot (American Revolution)") cause during the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-30)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-31)
The earliest known official seal of Harvard University, commonly referred to as the Seal of 1650 or the In Christi Gloriam seal, features a square shield bearing three open books arranged around a central chevron. This design symbolizes the pursuit of learning under divine guidance. The motto IN CHRISTI GLORIAM ("To the glory of Christ") appears prominently on the seal, which is encircled by the Latin inscription SIGILL COL HARVARD CANTAB NOV ANGL 1650, meaning "Seal of Harvard College, Cambridge, New England, 1650." This seal reflects the original religious mission of the institution.
In 1885, the Harvard Corporation adopted a revised design known as the Appleton Seal, based on an earlier version created by President Josiah Quincy in 1843. Designed by William Sumner Appleton (Harvard AB 1860), the seal features a triangular shield bearing three open books with the motto VERITAS ("Truth"). Surrounding the shield is the motto CHRISTO ET ECCLESIĂ ("For Christ and the Church"), and the outer border bears the inscription SIGILLVM ACADEMIĂ HARVARDINĂ IN NOV. ANG. ("Seal of Harvard College in New England"). This version of the seal sought to harmonize the university's intellectual pursuits with its ecclesiastical roots.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-32)
19th century
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Harvard_statue.jpg)
The [John Harvard statue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvard_statue "John Harvard statue") in [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard")
In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by [Enlightenment Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment") ideas, including reason and free will, which were widespread among [Congregational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States "Congregationalism in the United States") ministers and which placed these ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, [Calvinist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Christianity "Reformed Christianity") pastors and clergies.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Dorrien-33): 1â4 Following the death of [Hollis Professor of Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Professor_of_Divinity "Hollis Professor of Divinity") [David Tappan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tappan "David Tappan") in 1803 and that of [Joseph Willard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Willard "Joseph Willard"), Harvard's eleventh president, the following year, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805, [Henry Ware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ware_\(Unitarian\) "Henry Ware (Unitarian)") was elected to replace Tappan as Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal [Samuel Webber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Webber "Samuel Webber") was appointed as Harvard's 13th president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and [Arminian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminianism "Arminianism") ideas.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Dorrien-33): 4â5 [\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-34): 24
In 1816, Harvard University launched new language programs in the study of [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language "French language") and [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"), and appointed [George Ticknor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ticknor "George Ticknor") the university's first professor for these language programs.
From 1869 to 1909, [Charles William Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot "Charles William Eliot"), Harvard University's 21st president, decreased the historically favored position of [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") in the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by [Transcendentalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism "Transcendentalism") and [Unitarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism "Unitarianism") convictions influenced by [William Ellery Channing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing "William Ellery Channing"), [Ralph Waldo Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson"), and others, rather than secularism. In the late 19th century, Harvard University's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-35)
20th century
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rummell,_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg)
A 1906 aerial watercolor portrait of Harvard University[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-36)
In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-AAU-16) For the first few decades of the 20th century, the Harvard student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status [Protestants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism"), especially [Episcopalians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_\(United_States\) "Episcopal Church (United States)"), [Congregationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church "Congregational church"), and [Presbyterians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism")," according to sociologist and author [Jerome Karabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karabel "Jerome Karabel").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-37)
Over the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the [undergraduate college](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"). [Radcliffe College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College") emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in the nation for women.
In 1923, a year after the proportion of [Jewish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews "Jews") students at Harvard reached 20%, [A. Lawrence Lowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell "A. Lawrence Lowell"), the university's 22nd president, unsuccessfully proposed capping the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's [freshman dormitories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories "List of Harvard College freshman dormitories"), writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-38)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-40)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-41)
Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by [James B. Conant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Conant "James B. Conant"), the university's 23rd president, who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, under Conant's leadership, an influential 268-page report, *[General Education in a Free Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Education_in_a_Free_Society "General Education in a Free Society")*, was published by Harvard faculty, which remains one of the most important works in [curriculum studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_studies "Curriculum studies"),[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-42) and women were first admitted to the [medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School").[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-43)
Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students. Following the end of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), for example, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-44) No longer drawing mostly from prestigious [prep schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory_school "College-preparatory school") in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England"), the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians remained underrepresented.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-45) Over the second half of the 20th century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-46)
Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe's women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-47)
21st century
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg)
An aerial view of Harvard University at night in 2017
On July 1, 2007, [Drew Gilpin Faust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust "Drew Gilpin Faust"), dean of [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute"), was appointed Harvard's 28th and the university's first female president.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-48) On July 1, 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs"), and [Lawrence Bacow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Bacow "Lawrence Bacow") became Harvard's [29th president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-49)
In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-50)
Bacow retired in June 2023, and on July 1 [Claudine Gay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Gay "Claudine Gay"), a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and dean of the [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), became Harvard's 30th president. In January 2024, just six months into her presidency, Gay resigned following [allegations of antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Gay#Congressional_hearing_on_antisemitism "Claudine Gay") and [plagiarism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Gay#Plagiarism_investigations "Claudine Gay").[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-51) Gay was succeeded by [Alan Garber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garber "Alan Garber"), the university's provost, who was appointed interim president. In August 2024, the university announced that Garber would be appointed Harvard's 31st president through the end of the 2026â27 academic year.
Second presidency of Donald Trump
In February 2025, [Leo Terrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Terrell "Leo Terrell"), the head of the Trump administration's [Task Force to Combat Antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States#Efforts_to_combat_antisemitism "Antisemitism in the United States"), announced that he would investigate Harvard University as part of the Department of Justice's broader investigation into [antisemitism on college campuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_US_higher_education "Antisemitism in US higher education").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-52)
In April 2025, the United States federal government under President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") threatened to withhold nearly \$9 billion in government funds from the university unless the university complied with government demands to modify many of its policies. This threat was part of a broader battle over universities' autonomy following contentious [student protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses "2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses") against the [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war "Gaza war"), and followed [similar demands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration#Actions_against_universities "Education policy of the second Donald Trump administration") made of [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-:0-53) The university's leadership resisted the government's demands, claiming that they were an unlawful overreach of government authority.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-54) In response, the [US Department of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Education "US Department of Education") announced they were freezing \$2.3 billion in federal funds to Harvard.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-14apr2025-55) The [Department of Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security "United States Department of Homeland Security") subsequently threatened to revoke Harvard's eligibility to host [international students](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student "International student").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-:0-53) Harvard responded by filing [a lawsuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College_v._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "President and Fellows of Harvard College v. Department of Health and Human Services") against the Trump administration in the [District Court of Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts "United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts"), arguing that the freezing of funds was unconstitutional.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-21apr2025-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-nbc-21apr2025-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-21jul2025-58)
In May 2025, education secretary [Linda McMahon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McMahon "Linda McMahon") informed Harvard president Garber that the federal government would no longer provide grant funding until the university complied with the Trump administration's demands.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-5may2025-59) The following week, the Trump administration cut an additional \$450 million in grants to the school.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ap-13may2025-60)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exhibit_25._May_22,_2025_DHS_Decertification_Letter.pdf)
Decertification Letter sent by Kristi Noem on May 22, 2025
Later that same month, Department of Homeland Security secretary [Kristi Noem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Noem "Kristi Noem") announced that Harvard's [Student and Exchange Visitor Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_and_Exchange_Visitor_Program "Student and Exchange Visitor Program") certification had been revoked, barring Harvard from hosting international students.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-22may2025-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-dhs-22may2025-62) The following day, Harvard sued the Trump administration for banning them from enrolling international students and U.S. District Judge [Allison Burroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_D._Burroughs "Allison D. Burroughs") granted a temporary restraining order stopping the ban.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-23may2025-1-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-23may2025-2-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-harvard-suit-23may2025-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-66) On June 16, 2025, Burroughs postponed a ruling after hearing arguments from lawyers on both sides, leaving the temporary block in place for another week.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-npr-16jun2025-67)
On May 30, 2025, the [State Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") ordered all US embassies and consulates to conduct "comprehensive and thorough vetting" of the online presence of anyone seeking to visit Harvard from abroad.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-30may2025-68)
On June 4, 2025, Trump issued a proclamation restricting international students from studying at Harvard, and directing the State Department to consider revoking the visas of current international students studying at that university.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard-5jun2025-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-wh-proc-4jun2025-70) The following day, Harvard filed a legal challenge, amending their existing federal complaint against the administration.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-nbc-5jun2025-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-guard2-5jun2025-72)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-cl-5jun2025-73)
On June 20, Harvard was granted an injunction allowing it to continue hosting international students as litigation continues.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-74) On June 30, a Trump administration investigation found Harvard violated federal civil rights law by failing to protect Jewish students, faculty, and staff.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-75)
On September 3, 2025 US District Judge [Allison Burroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_D._Burroughs "Allison D. Burroughs") ruled the Trump administration illegally froze more than \$2 billion in research funding stating the administration "...violated Harvard's free-speech rights as well as the US Civil Rights Act."[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-76)
In February 2026, Trump announced that his administration would seek \$1 billion in damages from Harvard. In a post on [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social "Truth Social"), Trump accused Harvard of supplying misleading information to *The New York Times*. Administration officials claimed that the university failed to adequately address antisemitism during pro-Palestinian protests, a claim Harvard has denied.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-77)
On February 6th, Secretary of Defense [Pete Hegseth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Hegseth "Pete Hegseth") announced that the [Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") would start to sever ties to Harvard with its graduate-level military training courses. Hegseth accused Harvard of becoming a "factory for woke ideology and a breeding ground for anti-American radicals..." as a reason for discontinuing the programs.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-78) A week later, Harvard along with other prestigious American Universities was listed as âModerate to High Riskâ in a Department of Defense memo for Assisted Military Tuition, and could be barred for service members for tuition assistance.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-79)
Campuses
Cambridge
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Hall,_Harvard_University.JPG)
[Massachusetts Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)"), Harvard's oldest building, constructed in 1720[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-80)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanders_theater_2009y.JPG)
[Memorial Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Memorial Hall (Harvard University)"), built on the main Cambridge campus in 1870
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_memorial_church_winter_2009.JPG)
[Memorial Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University "Memorial Church of Harvard University"), dedicated and opened in 1932 on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HarvardYard.jpg)
[Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard") at the center of Harvard's main campus in [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts")
The 209-acre (85 ha) main campus of Harvard University is centered on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"), colloquially known as "the Yard", in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"), about three miles (five km) west-northwest of downtown [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"), and extending to the surrounding [Harvard Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square "Harvard Square") neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including four of the university's libraries, [Houghton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library "Houghton Library"), [Lamont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Library "Lamont Library"), [Pusey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusey_Library "Pusey Library"), and [Widener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library"). Also on Harvard Yard are [Massachusetts Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)"), built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still standing building, [Memorial Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University "Memorial Church of Harvard University"), and [University Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hall_\(Harvard_University\) "University Hall (Harvard University)").
Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), including [Sever Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sever_Hall "Sever Hall"), [Harvard Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Hall "Harvard Hall"), and [freshman dormitories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories "List of Harvard College freshman dormitories"). Upperclassmen live in the twelve [residential houses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_House_system "Harvard House system"): nine south of Harvard Yard near the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River"), and three on the [Radcliffe Quadrangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Quadrangle_\(Harvard\) "Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)"), which formerly housed [Radcliffe College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College") students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-81)
Also on the main campus in Cambridge are the [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School"), [Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School") (theology), [Engineering and Applied Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"), [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design") (architecture), [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education"), [Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") (public policy), and [Extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School") schools, and [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute") in Radcliffe Yard.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-82) Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-83)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-84)
Allston
[Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School"), [Harvard Innovation Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Innovation_Labs "Harvard Innovation Labs"), and many athletics facilities, including [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium"), are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in the [Allston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allston "Allston") section of [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston") across the [John W. Weeks Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Weeks_Bridge "John W. Weeks Bridge"), which crosses the [Charles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River "Charles River") and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-85)
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-86) Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-87)
In 2021, the [Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") expanded into the new Allston-based Science and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is more than 500,000 square feet in size.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-88) SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups and collaborations with mature companies.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-89)
Longwood
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg)
[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") in the [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area") in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston")
The university's schools of [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"), [Dental Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine "Harvard School of Dental Medicine"), and [Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area") in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"), about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Campus-18)
Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center "Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center"), [Boston Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital "Boston Children's Hospital"), [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital "Brigham and Women's Hospital"), [DanaâFarber Cancer Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute "DanaâFarber Cancer Institute"), [Joslin Diabetes Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center "Joslin Diabetes Center"), and the [Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering "Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering"). Additional affiliates, including [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital "Massachusetts General Hospital"), are located throughout [Greater Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston "Greater Boston").
Other
Harvard owns [Dumbarton Oaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks "Dumbarton Oaks"), a research library in Washington, D.C., [Harvard Forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Forest "Harvard Forest") in [Petersham, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham,_Massachusetts "Petersham, Massachusetts"), Concord Field Station in [Estabrook Woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabrook_Woods "Estabrook Woods") in [Concord, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts "Concord, Massachusetts"),[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-90) the [Villa I Tatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti "Villa I Tatti") research center in [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence "Florence"), Italy,[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-91) and the Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece. The Harvard Shanghai Center in [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), China,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-92) and [Arnold Arboretum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum "Arnold Arboretum") in the [Jamaica Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain "Jamaica Plain") neighborhood of Boston.
Organization and administration
Governance
Harvard is governed by a combination of its [Board of Overseers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers "Harvard Board of Overseers") and the [President and Fellows of Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College "President and Fellows of Harvard College"), which is also known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, appoint the [president of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University "President of Harvard University").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-93)
There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-94) including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors in the colleges proper,[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-95) plus another \>10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-96)
As of 2025, Harvard differs radically from its peer universities in two important ways. First, Harvard does not make its governing statutes publicly available, meaning that members of the Harvard community interested in reform must first persuade the university to give them a copy of those documents. Second, Harvard does not have an [academic senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_senate "Academic senate") like most of its peers, although it is currently attempting to create one.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Heller-97)
Endowment
Harvard has the largest [university endowment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment "List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment") in the world, valued at about \$50.7 billion as of 2023.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-BGendow-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-HFRendow-20)
During the [recession of 2007â2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"), it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-98) The endowment has since recovered.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-99)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-100)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-101)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-102)
About \$2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-103) Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-104) Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-105)
Divestment
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated [divesting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divestment "Divestment") Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") during [apartheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid"), [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan "Sudan") during the [Darfur genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_genocide_\(2003%E2%80%932005\) "Darfur genocide (2003â2005)"), and [tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry "Tobacco industry"), [fossil fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel"), and [private prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison "Private prison") industries.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-106)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-107)
In the late 1980s, during the [disinvestment from South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa "Disinvestment from South Africa") movement, student activists erected a symbolic [shanty town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanty_town "Shanty town") on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-GeorgeKaufman2012-108)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-109)
In response to pressure, the university eventually reduced its South African holdings by \$230 million out of a total of \$400 million between 1986 and 1987.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-GeorgeKaufman2012-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-110)
Academics
Teaching and learning
| | |
|---|---|
| **School** | **Founded** |
| [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College")[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-111) | 1636 |
| [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-112) | 1782 |
| [Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School")[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-113) | 1816 |
| [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") | 1817 |
| [Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") | 1847 |
| [Dental Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine "Harvard School of Dental Medicine") | 1867 |
| [Graduate Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences") | 1872 |
| [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") | 1908 |
| [Extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School") | 1910 |
| [Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") | 1913 |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education") | 1920 |
| [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design") | 1936 |
| [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") | 1936 |
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-114) offering 50 [undergraduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") majors,[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-liberal-115) 134 graduate degrees,[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-116) and 32 professional degrees.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Degrees-117) During the 2018â2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Degrees-117)
The [Faculty of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"), with an academic staff of 1,211 as of 2019, is the largest Harvard faculty, and has primary responsibility for instruction in [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), the [Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"), the [John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"), and the [Division of Continuing Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Continuing_Education "Harvard Division of Continuing Education"), which includes [Harvard Summer School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School "Harvard Summer School") and [Harvard Extension School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School"). There are nine other graduate and professional faculties and a faculty attached to the [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute").
There are four Harvard joint programs with [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"), which include the [HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology "HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology"), the [Broad Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Institute "Broad Institute"), The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and [edX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX "EdX").
Colleges and professional schools
The university maintains 13 schools, which include:
| School | Founded | Enrollment[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-118)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] |
|---|---|---|
| [Harvard College, the undergraduate college](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") | 1636 | 7,000â7,500 |
| [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") | 1782 | 2,700 (M.D. and Ph.D.), 4,400 (clinical residents and fellows), 5,100 (research fellows) |
| [Divinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School "Harvard Divinity School") | 1816 | 377 |
| [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") | 1817 | 1,990 |
| [Dental Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine "Harvard School of Dental Medicine") | 1867 | 280 |
| [Graduate Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kenneth_C._Griffin_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences "Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences") | 1872 | 4,824 |
| [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") | 1908 | 2,011 |
| [Extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School "Harvard Extension School") | 1910 | 3,428 |
| [Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design "Harvard Graduate School of Design") | 1914 | 878 |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education") | 1920 | 876 |
| [Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health "Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health") | 1922 | 1,412 |
| [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") | 1936 | 1,100 |
| [Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") | 2007 | 1,750 (including undergraduates) |
Harvard College
[Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College"), the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a [liberal arts and sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education "Liberal arts education") focus.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-114)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-liberal-115) To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take 16 credit hours (usually across four courses) per semester for a total of 128 credit hours.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-119)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-120) In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-121)
Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-122)
Harvard Medical School
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_\(54954429258\).jpg)
[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")
[Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"), the third-oldest medical school in the United States, was founded in 1782 as Massachusetts Medical College by [John Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warren_\(surgeon,_born_1753\) "John Warren (surgeon, born 1753)"), [Benjamin Waterhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse "Benjamin Waterhouse"), and Aaron Dexter. In 1810, Harvard Medical School relocated from Cambridge to [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston"). The medical school was tied to the rest of the university "only by the tenuous thread of degrees", but its strong faculty gave it a national reputation by the early 19th century.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-123)
The medical school moved to its current location on Longwood Avenue in 1906, where the "Great White Quadrangle" or HMS Quad with its five white marble buildings was established.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-125)
Harvard Medical School's reputation continued to grow into the 20th century, especially in terms of scientific research and support from regional and national elites. Fifteen scientists won the [Nobel Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize "Nobel Prize") for work done at the Medical School.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-126)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-127) Its four major flagship teaching hospitals are [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center "Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center"), [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital "Brigham and Women's Hospital"), [Boston Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital "Boston Children's Hospital") and [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital "Massachusetts General Hospital").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-128)
Harvard Law School
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langdell.jpg)
[Christopher Columbus Langdell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Langdell "Christopher Columbus Langdell"), an influential dean of [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") from 1875 to 1890
The establishment of Harvard Law School in 1817 was made possible by a 1779 bequest from [Isaac Royall Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Royall_Jr. "Isaac Royall Jr."); it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the nation.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Gershman-129) It was a small operation and grew slowly. By 1827, it was down to one faculty member. [Nathan Dane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Dane "Nathan Dane"), a prominent alumnus, endowed the Dane Professorship of Law and insisted that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice [Joseph Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Story "Joseph Story"). For a while, the school was called Dane Law School.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-130) Story's belief in the need for an elite law school based on merit and dedicated to public service helped build the school's reputation at the time. Enrollment remained low as academic legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice.
Radical reform came in the 1870s, under Dean [Christopher Columbus Langdell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Langdell "Christopher Columbus Langdell") (1826â1906).[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-131) Its new curriculum set the national standard and was copied widely in the United States. Langdell developed the [case method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casebook_method "Casebook method") of teaching law, based on his belief that law could be studied as a "science" gave university legal education a reason for being distinct from vocational preparation. The school introduced a first-year curriculum that was widely imitated, based on classes in [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracts "Contracts"), [property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property "Property"), [torts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torts "Torts"), [criminal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law "Criminal law") and [civil procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure "Civil procedure").
Critics bemoaned abandonment of the more traditional lecture method, because of its efficiency and the lower workloads it placed on faculty and students. Advocates of the case method had a sounder theoretical basis in scientific research and the inductive method. Langdell's graduates became leading professors at other law schools where they introduced the case method. From its founding in 1900, the Association of American Law Schools promoted the case method in law schools that sought accreditation.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-132)
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Science
As the college modernized in the late 19th century, the faculty was organized into departments and began to add graduate programs, including the PhD. [Charles William Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot "Charles William Eliot"), president from 1869 to 1909, was a chemist who had spent two years in Germany studying at their universities. Thousands of Americans, mostly Harvard and Yale alumni, had attended German universities, especially Berlin and GĂśttingen.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-133) Eliot used the German model to set up graduate programs at Harvard and he formed a graduate department in 1872, which granted its first Ph.D. degrees in 1873 to [William Byerly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Elwood_Byerly "William Elwood Byerly") in mathematics and Charles Whitney in history. Eliot set up the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences with its own dean and budget in 1890, which dealt with graduate students and funded research programs.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-134)
By 2004, there were 3,200 graduate students in 53 separate programs and forty former or current professors had won a Nobel Prize, most of them scientists or economists based in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-135)
Harvard Business School
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg)
Aerial view of [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School")
From its founding in 1908, [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School") has had a close relationship with the corporate world. Within a few years of its founding, many business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-136)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-137)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-138) The school used Rockefeller funding in the 1920s to launch a major research program under [Elton Mayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Mayo "Elton Mayo") (1926â1947) for his "Harvard human relations group". Its findings revolutionized human relations in business and raised the reputation of the Business School from its initial "low status as a trainer of money grabbers into a high prestige educator of socially-conscientious administrators".[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-139) Starting in 1935, the school began weekend and short-term leadership training workshops for executives of major corporations that further expanded its national role.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-140)
By 1949, nearly half of all the holders of the [MBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration "Master of Business Administration") degree in the U.S. were alumni of Harvard Business School, and it was considered "the most influential graduate school of business".[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-141)
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health is the public health school of Harvard University, located in the [Longwood Medical Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area "Longwood Medical and Academic Area") of Boston. The school grew out of the Harvard-MIT School for Health Officers,[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-142)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-143)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-146) the nation's first graduate training program in [population health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health "Population health"), which was founded in 1913 and then became the Harvard School of Public Health in 1922.
The school was part of Harvard Medical School until 1946, when it became a fully autonomous institution with its own dedicated public health and medical faculty.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-147) It was renamed the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 2014 in honor of a \$350 million donation from the Morningside Foundation.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-148)
Harvard Kennedy School
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard_Kennedy_School_Littauer_Building.jpg)
The Littauer Building at [Harvard Kennedy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School")
In 1936, Harvard University founded the Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration, later renamed [Harvard Kennedy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School "Harvard Kennedy School") in honor of former [U.S. President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") and 1940 [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") alumnus [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"). The Kennedy School has an endowment of \$1.7 billion as of 2021 and is routinely ranked at the top of the world's graduate schools in public policy, social policy, international affairs, and government.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ReferenceA-150)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ivorytower2012-151)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-tripsurvey-152) Its alumni include 17 [heads of state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state "Head of state") or [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government "Head of government").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ReferenceA-150)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-ivorytower2012-151)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-tripsurvey-152)
Research
Harvard is a founding member of the [Association of American Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities "Association of American Universities")[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-153) and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine, according to the [Carnegie Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education "Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education").[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Carnegie-114)
The [medical school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") consistently ranks first among medical schools for research,[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-154) and biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school and its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-155) In 2019, the medical school and its affiliates attracted \$1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health"), more than twice that of any other university.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-156)
Libraries
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Widener_Library.jpg)
[Widener Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library"), the anchor of [Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library"), the largest [academic library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library "Academic library") in the world with more than 20 million holdings
[Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library"), the largest [academic library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_library "Academic library") in the world with 20.4 million holdings, is centered in [Widener Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener_Library "Widener Library") in [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"). It includes 25 individual Harvard libraries around the world with a combined staff of more than 800 librarians and personnel.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-157)
[Houghton Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library "Houghton Library"), the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. The nation's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in [Pusey Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusey_Library "Pusey Library") on [Harvard Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard "Harvard Yard"), which is open to the public. The largest collection of [East-Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia "East Asia") language material outside of East Asia is held in [Harvard-Yenching Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Library "Harvard-Yenching Library").
Other major libraries in the Harvard Library system include [Baker Library/Bloomberg Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Library/Bloomberg_Center "Baker Library/Bloomberg Center") at [Harvard Business School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School "Harvard Business School"), [Cabot Science Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabot_Science_Library "Cabot Science Library") at [Harvard Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center "Harvard Science Center"), [Dumbarton Oaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks "Dumbarton Oaks") in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), [Gutman Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_C._Gutman_Library "Monroe C. Gutman Library") at the [Harvard Graduate School of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education "Harvard Graduate School of Education"), [Harvard Film Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Film_Archive "Harvard Film Archive") at the [Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts "Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts"), [Houghton Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library "Houghton Library"), and [Lamont Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Library "Lamont Library").
Museums
[Harvard Art Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums "Harvard Art Museums") includes three museums, the [Arthur M. Sackler Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum "Arthur M. Sackler Museum") covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art; the [BuschâReisinger Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch%E2%80%93Reisinger_Museum "BuschâReisinger Museum") (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art; and the [Fogg Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogg_Museum "Fogg Museum") covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian [early Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Renaissance_painting "Early Renaissance painting"), British [pre-Raphaelite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite "Pre-Raphaelite"), and 19th-century French art.
Harvard Museums of Science and Culture include the [Harvard Museum of Natural History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History "Harvard Museum of Natural History"), which itself includes the [Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mineralogical_Museum "Harvard Mineralogical Museum"), the [Harvard University Herbaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria "Harvard University Herbaria") featuring the [Blaschka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_and_Rudolf_Blaschka "Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka") [Glass Flowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Flowers "Glass Flowers") exhibit, and the [Museum of Comparative Zoology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology "Museum of Comparative Zoology"). Others include the [Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Collection_of_Historical_Scientific_Instruments "Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments") at [Harvard Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center "Harvard Science Center"), the [Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_the_Ancient_Near_East "Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East") featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East, and the [Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology "Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology"), specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the [Western Hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere "Western Hemisphere"), the [Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts "Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts"), designed by [Le Corbusier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier "Le Corbusier") and housing the [Harvard Film Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Film_Archive "Harvard Film Archive"), the [Warren Anatomical Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum "Warren Anatomical Museum") at [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School")'s [Center for the History of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_the_History_of_Medicine "Center for the History of Medicine"), and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the [Hutchins Center for African and African American Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchins_Center_for_African_and_African_American_Research "Hutchins Center for African and African American Research").
Reputation and rankings
| [Academic rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States "College and university rankings in the United States") | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| [*Forbes*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges "America's Top Colleges")[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-158) | 8 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking")[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-159) | 3 |
| [*Washington Monthly*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings "Washington Monthly college rankings")[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-160) | 1 |
| [*WSJ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")/College Pulse[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-161) | 6 |
| Global | |
| [*ARWU*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities")[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU_W-162) | 1 |
| [*QS*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings "QS World University Rankings")[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-163) | 5 |
| [*THE*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings")[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_THE_W-164) | 3 |
| [*U.S. News & World Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking "U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking")[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-165) | 1 |
Harvard University is [accredited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States "Higher education accreditation in the United States") by the [New England Commission of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education "New England Commission of Higher Education").[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-166) Since its founding in 2003, the *[Academic Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Academic Ranking of World Universities")* has ranked Harvard first in each of its annual rankings of the world's colleges and universities. Similarly, the *[Times Higher EducationâQS World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education%E2%80%93QS_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher EducationâQS World University Rankings")*, which was published from 2004 to 2009, ranked Harvard first in the world in each of its annual rankings. Since then, Harvard has been ranked first in the world each year since 2011 by its successor, the *[Times Higher Education World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings "Times Higher Education World University Rankings")*.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-167)
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the [Center for Measuring University Performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Measuring_University_Performance "Center for Measuring University Performance").[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-168)
Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the [University Ranking by Academic Performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance "University Ranking by Academic Performance") in 2019â20 and *[Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_ParisTech:_Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities "Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities")* in 2011, which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in [*Fortune* Global 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500 "Fortune Global 500") companies.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-169) According to annual polls done by [The Princeton Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review "The Princeton Review"), Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States for both students and their parents.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-170)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-171)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-172)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-173)
In 2019, Harvard's [engineering school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences "Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences") was ranked the third-best school in the world for engineering and technology by *[Times Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education "Times Higher Education")*.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-174)
In [international relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations "International relations"), *[Foreign Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy "Foreign Policy")* magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the [Walsh School of Foreign Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service "Walsh School of Foreign Service") at [Georgetown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University "Georgetown University").[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-175)
| Race and ethnicity | Total | |
|---|---|---|
| [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites "Non-Hispanic whites") | 33% | |
| [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans") | 22% | |
| [International student](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student "International student") | 14% | |
| [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") | 12% | |
| [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans") | 9% | |
| [Two or more races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans") | 7% | |
| Unknown | 2% | |
| [Economic diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_diversity "Economic diversity") | | |
| [Low-income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lower_class "American lower class")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-177) | 17% | |
| [Affluent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States "Affluence in the United States")[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-178) | 83% | |
Student activities
Student government
The [Undergraduate Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Undergraduate_Council "Harvard Undergraduate Council") represented Harvard College undergraduate students until it was dissolved in 2022,[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-179) and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The [Graduate Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Council "Harvard Graduate Council") represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-180)
Student media
*[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*, founded in 1873 and run entirely by Harvard undergraduate students, is the university's primary [student newspaper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_publication "Student publication"). Many [notable alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Harvard_Crimson_people "List of The Harvard Crimson people") have worked at the *Crimson*, including two [U.S. presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (AB, 1903) and [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") (AB 1940).
Athletics
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12,_2019.jpg)
[Harvard football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football") (right) taking on [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_football "Cornell Big Red football") (left) at [Harvard Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Stadium "Harvard Stadium") in October 2019
Harvard College competes in the [NCAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") [Division I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_\(NCAA\) "Division I (NCAA)") [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-181)
Harvard and the other seven [Ivy League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League "Ivy League") universities are prohibited from offering [athletic scholarships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarship "Athletic scholarship").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-182) The school color is [crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson "Crimson").[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-183)
National championships
In the NCAA Division I era, which began in 1973, Harvard Crimson teams have won five NCAA Division I championships as of 2024: [men's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey") in 1989, women's lacrosse in 1990, women's rowing in 2003, and men's fencing in 2006 and 2024. Including the pre-NCAA era, Harvard has won 159 national championships across all sports. Its [men's squash team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_squash "Harvard Crimson men's squash") holds the record for the most national collegiate championships in the sport. Harvard's first national championship came in 1880, when its track and field team won the national championship.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-184)
Rivalries
Harvard's athletic programs maintain a long-standing rivalry with [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs "Yale Bulldogs") in all sports, especially in [college football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football "College football"), where [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football "Harvard Crimson football") and [Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football "Yale Bulldogs football") compete in an [annual football rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry "HarvardâYale football rivalry"), which has played 139 times as of 2024, dating back to its first meeting in 1875.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-185)
Every two years, Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford") and [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge") team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-186)
In [men's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey"), Harvard maintains a [historic rivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry "CornellâHarvard hockey rivalry") with [Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_ice_hockey "Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey"), which dates back to their first meeting in 1910. The two teams play twice annually.
In [men's rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union "Rugby union"), Harvard maintains a rivalry with [McGill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University "McGill University"), as demonstrated by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") and Cambridge.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-187)
Notable people
Alumni
Since its founding nearly four centuries ago, Harvard alumni have distinguished themselves in academia, activism, arts, athletics, business, entrepreneurship, government, international affairs, journalism, media, music, non-profit organizations, politics, public policy, science, technology, writing, and other industries and fields. A 2024 study analyzed the educational backgrounds of the most successful and influential Americansâ"30 different achievement groups totaling 26,198 people"âand found that Harvard alumni were unusually dominant.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Wai-188) A 2025 study of 6,141 of the most influential people in the world discovered that Harvard alumni are massively overrepresented among the global elite, and that this finding remains true when all American elites are removed.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Salas-D%C3%ADaz-189)
Among the world's universities and colleges, Harvard has the most [U.S. presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education "List of presidents of the United States by education") (eight), [living billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni "List of universities by number of billionaire alumni") (188), [Nobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation") laureates (162), [Pulitzer Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize") winners (48), [Fields Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal "Fields Medal") recipients (seven), [Marshall scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship "Marshall Scholarship") (252), and [Rhodes Scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship "Rhodes Scholarship") (369) among its alumni. Harvard alumni also include nine [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award "Turing Award") laureates, ten [Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards") winners, and [108 Olympic medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medalist_students_and_alumni "List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni"), including 46 gold medal winners.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-190)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-191)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-192)[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-193)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-194)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-195)
- Notable Harvard alumni include:
- [![2nd president of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)\[193\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/John_Adams_Portrait.jpg/250px-John_Adams_Portrait.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Adams_Portrait.jpg "2nd president of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[193]")
2nd president of the United States [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-196)
- [![6th president of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)\[194\]\[195\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/John_Quincy_Adams.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Quincy_Adams.jpg "6th president of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[194][195]")
6th president of the United States [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-197)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-198)
- [![26th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)\[196\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/250px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_1904.jpg "26th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[196]")
26th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") (AB, 1880)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-199)
- [![32nd president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)\[197\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%2C_Portrait_1933.jpg/250px-Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt%2C_Portrait_1933.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt,_Portrait_1933.jpg "32nd president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[197]")
32nd president of the United States [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (AB, 1903)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-200)
- [![Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1910; AM, 1911)\[198\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/250px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_\(1934\).jpg "Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1910; AM, 1911)[198]")
Poet and Nobel laureate in literature [T. S. Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot "T. S. Eliot") (AB, 1910; AM, 1911)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-201)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg "Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)")
Physicist and leader of the [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project "Manhattan Project") [J. Robert Oppenheimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer "J. Robert Oppenheimer") (AB, 1925)
- [![35th president of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)\[199\]\[200\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/250px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg "35th president of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[199][200]")
35th president of the United States [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") (AB, 1940)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-202)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-203)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Pierre_Trudeau_1975_\(UPI_press_photo\)_\(cropped\).jpg "15th prime minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)")
15th prime minister of Canada [Pierre Trudeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau "Pierre Trudeau") (MA, 1947)
- [![24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)\[201\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg/250px-Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf%2C_April_2010.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf,_April_2010.jpg "24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[201]")
24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [Ellen Johnson Sirleaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf") (MPA, 1971)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-204)
- [![43rd president of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)\[202\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/250px-George-W-Bush.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg "43rd president of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[202]")
43rd president of the United States [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (MBA, 1975)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-205)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_roberts_CJ.jpg "17th chief justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)")
17th chief justice of the United States [John Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts "John Roberts") (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ban_Ki-Moon_Davos_2011_Cropped.jpg "8th secretary-general of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)")
8th secretary-general of the United Nations [Ban Ki-moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon "Ban Ki-moon") (MPA, 1984)
- [![24th prime minister of Canada Mark Carney (AB, 1988)\[203\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Prime_Minister_Mark_Carney_June_2025.jpg/250px-Prime_Minister_Mark_Carney_June_2025.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Mark_Carney_June_2025.jpg "24th prime minister of Canada Mark Carney (AB, 1988)[203]")
24th prime minister of Canada [Mark Carney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney "Mark Carney") (AB, 1988)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-206)
- [![44th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)\[204\]\[205\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/250px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg "44th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[204][205]")
44th president of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (JD, 1991)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-207)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-208)
- [![Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB,1992; JD, 1996)\[206\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KBJackson.jpg/250px-KBJackson.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KBJackson.jpg "Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB,1992; JD, 1996)[206]")
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [Ketanji Brown Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson "Ketanji Brown Jackson") (AB,1992; JD, 1996)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-209)
Faculty
- Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Breyer_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg "Stephen Breyer")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr_\(cropped\).jpg "Henry Louis Gates Jr.")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elena_Kagan_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg "Elena Kagan")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Reich.jpg "Robert Reich")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amartya_Sen.jpg "Amartya Sen")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950_\(cropped\).jpg "B. F. Skinner")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Warren_2016.jpg "Elizabeth Warren")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Janet_Yellen_portrait_\(cropped\).jpg "Janet Yellen")
In popular culture
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg)
Tower at the [University of Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico "University of Puerto Rico"), showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of [National University of San Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos "National University of San Marcos"), Lima (left), the oldest in the [Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas "Americas")
Harvard's reputation as a center of elite achievement or elitist privilege has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said in 2010.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-210)
Literature
In contemporary literature, Harvard University features prominently in multiple novels, including:
- *[The Sound and the Fury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury "The Sound and the Fury")* (1929) and *[Absalom, Absalom\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom,_Absalom! "Absalom, Absalom!")* (1936), two novels by [William Faulkner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner "William Faulkner"), both of which depict Harvard student life.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-211)
- *[Of Time and the River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Time_and_the_River "Of Time and the River")* (1935) by [Thomas Wolfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe "Thomas Wolfe"), a fictionalized autobiography, depicting Wolfe's [alter ego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego "Alter ego"), Eugene Gant, a Harvard student.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Vaughan_Bail-1958-212)
- *[The Late George Apley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley "The Late George Apley")* (1937), by 1915 Harvard alumnus [John P. Marquand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Marquand "John P. Marquand"), a novel presenting a satirical view of Harvard men in the early 20th century,[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-Vaughan_Bail-1958-212) which was awarded the [Pulitzer Prize for Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction "Pulitzer Prize for Fiction").[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-213)
- *The Second Happiest Day* (1953), by John P. Marquand, portrays Harvard during the [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") generation.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-214)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-215)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-216)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-217)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-218)
Films
Harvard University features prominently in the plots of multiple major films, including:
- *[Love Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_\(1970_film\) "Love Story (1970 film)")* (1970), a romance between a wealthy [Harvard ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey "Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey") player, played by [Ryan O'Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal "Ryan O'Neal"), and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by [Ali MacGraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_MacGraw "Ali MacGraw").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-219)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-220)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-221)
- *[The Paper Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_\(film\) "The Paper Chase (film)")* (1973),[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-222) a drama based on the 1971 [novel of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_\(Osborn_novel\) "The Paper Chase (Osborn novel)") by Harvard alumnus [John Jay Osborn Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Osborn_Jr. "John Jay Osborn Jr."), about a first year [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") student facing a demanding [contract law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law "Contract law") course and professor.
- *[A Small Circle of Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Small_Circle_of_Friends "A Small Circle of Friends")* (1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the 1960s
- *[Prozac Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac_Nation_\(film\) "Prozac Nation (film)")* (1994), a psychological drama starring [Christina Ricci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci "Christina Ricci") based on the [novel of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac_Nation "Prozac Nation") by [Elizabeth Wurtzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wurtzel "Elizabeth Wurtzel"), which documents her real life story as a 19-year-old Harvard freshman struggling with [substance abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse "Substance abuse") and [clinical depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder").
- *[Legally Blonde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde "Legally Blonde")* (2001), a comedy film starring [Reese Witherspoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon "Reese Witherspoon") a blonde [sorority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorority "Sorority") girl who enrolls in [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School "Harvard Law School") to get her ex-boyfriend back.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-223)
- *[Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless_to_Harvard:_The_Liz_Murray_Story "Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story")* (2003), a [Lifetime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_\(TV_channel\) "Lifetime (TV channel)") biographical [television film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film "Television film"), which chronicles the real life story of [Liz Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Murray "Liz Murray") (played by [Thora Birch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora_Birch "Thora Birch")), who overcomes homelessness and a dysfunctional family to gain entry and a scholarship to Harvard after winning a *[New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*\-sponsored essay competition.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-224)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-225)
- *[The Social Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Network "The Social Network")* (2010), a biographical drama film which portrays the founding of social networking website [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook").[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_note-226)
See also
- [Big Three (colleges)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_\(colleges\) "Big Three (colleges)")
- [Academic regalia of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University "Academic regalia of Harvard University")
- [Gore Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Hall "Gore Hall")
- [Harvard College social clubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College_social_clubs "Harvard College social clubs")
- [Harvard University Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Police_Department "Harvard University Police Department")
- [Harvard University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press "Harvard University Press")
- [Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard/MIT_Cooperative_Society "Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society")
- [I, Too, Am Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Too,_Am_Harvard "I, Too, Am Harvard")
- [List of Harvard University named chairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_named_chairs "List of Harvard University named chairs")
- [List of universities by number of billionaire alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni "List of universities by number of billionaire alumni")
- [List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Harvard_University "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University")
- [List of oldest universities in continuous operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation "List of oldest universities in continuous operation")
- [Outline of Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Harvard_University "Outline of Harvard University")
- [Secret Court of 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Court_of_1920 "Secret Court of 1920")
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-laureates_22-0)**
Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.
["The **official** Harvard count, which is **49**, only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to **some 160 Nobel affiliates**, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/). Archived from [the original](https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/) on March 22, 2023.
- Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). ["Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College"](https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5). *businessinsider.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201112191545/https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5) from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- ["Top Producers"](https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/). *us.fulbrightonline.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121132/https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/) from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ["Statistics"](http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics). *www.marshallscholarship.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics) from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- ["US Rhodes Scholars Over Time"](https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/). *www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/) from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
- ["Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress"](https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125611/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ["The complete list of Fields Medal winners"](http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm). *areppim AG*. 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm) from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-177)** The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [Pell grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_grant "Pell grant") intended for low-income students.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-178)** The percentage of students who are a part of the [American middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class "American middle class") at the bare minimum.
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-1)**
*Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University*. [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"), [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"): [Hodges, Figgis & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodges_Figgis "Hodges Figgis") 1894. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-355-36160-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-355-36160-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-355-36160-2")
.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-2)**
[Anderson, Peter John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_John_Anderson "Peter John Anderson") (1907). *Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906*. [Aberdeen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen"), [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"): Aberdeen University Press ([University of Aberdeen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen "University of Aberdeen")). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-363-62507-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-363-62507-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-363-62507-9")
.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-3)**
Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). [*The Founding of Harvard College*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329). Harvard University Press. p. 329. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-674-31450-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31450-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31450-4")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154250/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-4)**
An appropriation of ÂŁ400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though its 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates,
Quincy, Josiah (1860). [*The History of Harvard University*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024126/https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11636583&id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=RA1-PA586&lpg=RA1-PA586). Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Company. p. 586. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-405-10016-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10016-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10016-1")
. Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=PA586) on September 6, 2015.
, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give ÂŁ400 towards a School or College, whereof ÂŁ200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates:
["Cambridge Birthday"](https://web.archive.org/web/20260222043339/https://time.com/archive/6755981/education-cambridge-birthday/). *Time*. September 28, 1936. Archived from [the original](https://time.com/archive/6755981/education-cambridge-birthday) on February 22, 2026. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... ÂŁ400 for that 'school or college' \[was voted by\] the Great and General Court of the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony "Massachusetts Bay Colony")." Bicentennial date:
Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). ["Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060908144409/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html). Harvard University. Archived from [the original](http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html) on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
, "Sept. 8, 1836 â Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: *The New York Times*, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-5)**
["U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value"](https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2025-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-FINAL.xlsx) (XLSX). National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). Retrieved February 19, 2026.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-6)**
["Financial Overview \| Financial Administration"](https://finance.harvard.edu/financial-overview). *finance.harvard.edu*. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-7)**
Haidar, Emma H.; Kettles, Cam E. (March 1, 2024). ["Harvard Law School Dean John Manning '82 Named Interim Provost by Garber"](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/2/john-manning-harvard-provost/). *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-glance_8-0)**
["Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual"](https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf) (PDF). July 14, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035117/https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-CDS-B_9-2)
["Common Data Set 2024â2025"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250718162105/https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2025/06/HarvardUniversity_CDS_2024-2025.pdf) (PDF). *Office of Institutional Research*. Harvard University. Archived from [the original](https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2025/06/HarvardUniversity_CDS_2024-2025.pdf) (PDF) on July 18, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-10)**
["IPEDS â Harvard University"](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221028192553/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027) from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-11)**
["Color Scheme"](https://s3.amazonaws.com/gocrimson.com/documents/2021/7/27/Harvard_Athletics_Brand_Identity_Guide.pdf#page=7) (PDF). *Harvard Athletics Brand Identity Guide*. July 27, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-12)**
Examples include:
1. Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). [*Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University*](https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell). Oxford University Press. pp. [463](https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463)â481. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-19-514457-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514457-0 "Special:BookSources/0-19-514457-0")
. "Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. \[...\] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes."
2. Spaulding, Christina (1989). ["Sexual Shakedown"](https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326). In Trumpbour, John (ed.). *How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire*. South End Press. pp. [326â336](https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-89608-284-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-284-9 "Special:BookSources/0-89608-284-9")
. "... \[Harvard's\] tremendous institutional power and prestige \[...\] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ..."
3. David Altaner (March 9, 2011). ["Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html). Bloomberg. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110314002025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html) from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
4. *Collier's Encyclopedia*. Macmillan Educational Co. 1986. "Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636."
5. Newport, Frank (August 26, 2003). ["Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place"](http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx). Gallup. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172644/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx) from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
6. Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2006). ["Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins?"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html) from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020. "The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated."
7. Hoerr, John (1997). [*We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard*](https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer). Temple University Press. p. [3](https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-56639-535-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-535-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-535-9")
.
8. Wong, Alia (September 11, 2018). ["At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige"](https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/). *The Atlantic*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell) from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2020. "Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads."
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-13)** ["Harvard Charter of 1650"](https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323072) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221101174223/https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323072) November 1, 2022, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), [Harvard Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library "Harvard Library")
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-14)**
Story, Ronald (1975). "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800â1865". *Journal of Social History*. **8** (3): 94â121\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1353/jsh/8.3.94](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F8.3.94). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0022-4529](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [147208647](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147208647).
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-15)**
Farrell, Betty G. (1993). *Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston*. State University of New York Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-7914-1593-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1593-7 "Special:BookSources/0-7914-1593-7")
.
16. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-AAU_16-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-AAU_16-1)
["Member Institutions and years of Admission"](https://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476). *aau.edu*. Association of American Universities. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476) from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-17)**
["Faculties and Allied Institutions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf) (PDF). *harvard.edu*. Office of the Provost, Harvard University. Archived from [the original](http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf) (PDF) on June 11, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-Campus_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-Campus_18-1)
["Faculties and Allied Institutions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000940/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf) (PDF). Office of the Provost, Harvard University. 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf) (PDF) on May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-BGendow_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-BGendow_19-1)
["Harvard posts investment gain in fiscal 2023, endowment stands at \$50.7 billion"](https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/). *Reuters.com*. October 20, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231020010333/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/) from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
20. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-HFRendow_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-HFRendow_20-1)
[Financial Report Fiscal Year 2023](https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Harvard University. October 19, 2023. p. 7. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231023205617/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf) (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-21)**
Nietzel, Michael T. ["College Endowment Returns Grew 10.9% In FY 2025; Harvard Still First"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2026/02/12/college-endowment-returns-grow-harvard-leads/). *Forbes*. Retrieved February 28, 2026.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-23)**
Ireland, Corydon (March 8, 2012). ["The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering"](http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard's-first-impressions/). *harvard.edu*. Harvard University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002714/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%27s-first-impressions/) from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-24)**
["Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf) (PDF). *hull.ac.uk*. Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull. Archived from [the original](http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf) (PDF) on January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-25)**
Harvard, John. ["John Harvard Facts, Information"](http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx). *encyclopedia.com*. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090715230532/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx) from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009. "He bequeathed ÂŁ780 (half his estate) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge, Mass., which was named in his honor."
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-26)**
Wright, Louis B. (2002). *The Cultural Life of the American Colonies* (1st ed.). Dover Publications (published May 3, 2002). p. 116. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-486-42223-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42223-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42223-7")
.
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-27)**
Grigg, John A.; Mancall, Peter C. (2008). [*British Colonial America: People and Perspectives*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47). ABC-CLIO. p. 47. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-59884-025-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-025-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-025-4")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47) from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-28)**
Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs (July 26, 2007). ["Harvard guide intro"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070726133429/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html). Harvard University. Archived from [the original](http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html) on July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-29)**
["John Leverett â History â Office of the President"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100612033858/http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php). Archived from [the original](http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php) on June 12, 2010.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-30)** ["Harvard's year of exile"](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/10/harvards-year-of-exile/), *The Harvard Gazette*, October 13, 2011
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-31)**
University, Harvard. ["Harvard and the American Revolution"](https://www.harvard.edu/in-focus/harvard-and-the-american-revolution/). *Harvard University*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250613085033/https://www.harvard.edu/in-focus/harvard-and-the-american-revolution/) from the original on June 13, 2025. Retrieved June 13, 2025.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-32)**
Driscoll, Timothy. ["Research Guides: Harvard Presidential Insignia: Seals of 1650, 1843, and 1885"](https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323074). *guides.library.harvard.edu*. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
32. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-Dorrien_33-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-Dorrien_33-1)
Dorrien, Gary J. (January 1, 2001). [*The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805â1900*](https://books.google.com/books?id=L50mveyi6WoC). Westminster John Knox Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-664-22354-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22354-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22354-0")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030528/https://books.google.com/books?id=L50mveyi6WoC) from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-34)**
Field, Peter S. (2003). [*Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Making of a Democratic Intellectual*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HXHbEWJacwwC). Rowman & Littlefield. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8476-8843-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8843-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8843-2")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021119/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXHbEWJacwwC) from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-35)**
Shoemaker, Stephen P. (2006â2007). "The Theological Roots of Charles W. Eliot's Educational Reforms". *Journal of Unitarian Universalist History*. **31**: 30â45\.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-36)**
["An Iconic College View: Harvard University, circa 1900. Richard Rummell (1848â1924)"](http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html). *An Iconic College View*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163107/http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html) from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-37)**
Jerome Karabel (2006). [*The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 23. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-618-77355-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-77355-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-618-77355-8")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23) from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-38)**
["Compelled to coexist: A history of the desegregation of Harvard's freshman housing"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220928084627/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/). *Harvard Crimson*. November 4, 2021. Archived from [the original](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/) on September 28, 2022.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-39)**
Steinberg, Stephen (September 1, 1971). ["How Jewish Quotas Began"](https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/how-jewish-quotas-began/). *Commentary*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071351/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/how-jewish-quotas-began/) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-40)**
Johnson, Dirk (March 4, 1986). ["Yale's Limit on Jewish Enrollment Lasted Until Early 1960s Book Says"](https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/nyregion/yale-s-limit-on-jewish-enrollment-lasted-until-early-1960-s-book-says.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210923074453/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/nyregion/yale-s-limit-on-jewish-enrollment-lasted-until-early-1960-s-book-says.html) from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-41)**
["Lowell Tells Jews Limits at Colleges Might Help Them"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/06/17/109843455.html). *The New York Times*. June 17, 1922. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190323102413/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/06/17/109843455.html) from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-42)**
Kridel, Craig, ed. (2010). "General Education in a Free Society (Harvard Redbook)". *Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies*. Vol. 1. SAGE. pp. [400](https://books.google.com/books?id=GgMyFqxsXWoC&pg=PA400)â402. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4129-5883-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5883-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5883-7")
.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-43)**
[First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School, 1945](https://web.archive.org/web/20160623235357/http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782) (Report). Countway Repository, Harvard University Library. Archived from [the original](http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782) on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-44)**
["The Class of 1950"](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/6/5/the-class-of-1950-pin-a/). *The Harvard Crimson*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230329172148/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/6/5/the-class-of-1950-pin-a/) from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-45)**
Older, Malka A. (January 24, 1996). ["Preparatory schools and the admissions process"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090911160531/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=217911). *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*. Archived from [the original](http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=217911) on September 11, 2009.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-46)**
Powell, Alvin (October 1, 2018). ["An update on Harvard's diversity, inclusion efforts"](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/an-update-on-harvards-diversity-and-inclusion-efforts/). *The Harvard Gazette*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210814075610/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/an-update-on-harvards-diversity-and-inclusion-efforts/) from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-47)**
[Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard) (Report). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031437/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-48)**
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Vaughan Bail, Hamilton (1958). ["Harvard Fiction: Some critical and Bibliographical Notes"](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525042.pdf) (PDF). *American Antiquarian Society*: 346â347\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055757/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525042.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-213)**
["Late George Apley"](https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807?d=%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100052807). *Oxford Reference*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240401214630/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807?d=/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807) from the original on April 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-214)**
King, Michael (2002). *Wrestling with the Angel*. p. 371. "...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class."
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-215)**
Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). ["White Shoe and Weak Will"](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/). *Harvard Crimson*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151126180414/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/) from the original on November 26, 2015. "The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men."
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-216)**
[Yardley, Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Yardley "Jonathan Yardley") (December 23, 2009). ["Second Reading"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151209173651/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html) from the original on December 9, 2015. "'...a balanced and impressive novel...' \[is\] a judgment with which I \[agree\]."
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-217)**
Du Bois, William (February 1, 1953). "Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World". *The New York Times*. p. BR5. "exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest"
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-218)**
"John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day". *Southwest Review*. Vol. 38. p. 267. "So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right."
216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-219)**
["Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years..."](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/) *Harvard Crimson*. June 3, 1996. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130717001127/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/) from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-220)**
Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 20, 2010). ["The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160310224906/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html) from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
218. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-221)**
"A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'". *Harvard University Gazette*. February 8, 1996.
219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-222)**
Walsh, Colleen (October 2, 2012). ["The Paper Chase at 40"](http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/). *Harvard Gazette*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121203171406/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/) from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
220. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-223)**
["In Defense of Blondes"](https://hls.harvard.edu/today/defense-blondes/). *Harvard Law School*. April 27, 2001. Retrieved November 29, 2025.
221. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-224)**
James Donaldson, Susan (October 10, 2013). ["Homeless to Harvard:' Child of Addicts Counsels Youth in Spirituality"](https://abcnews.go.com/Health/homeless-harvard-child-addicts-counsels-youth-spirituality/story?id=20523916). *ABC News*. Retrieved November 29, 2025.
222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-225)**
Lee, Dave (February 8, 2011). ["How Liz Murray went from homelessness to Harvard"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-12367021). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. Retrieved November 29, 2025.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University#cite_ref-226)**
Leskowitz, Ali (September 30, 2010). ["Ambition and Obsession Drive Fincher's Flawless 'Social Network'"](https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2010/9/30/zuckerberg-facebook-social-movie/). *[The Harvard Crimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson "The Harvard Crimson")*. Retrieved November 29, 2025.
Bibliography
- Abelmann, Walter H., ed. *The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970â1995* (2004). 346 pp.
- Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. *Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years* (1977). 569 pp.
- Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. *The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries* (2d ed.1982). 499 pp.
- Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. *Harvard A to Z* (2004). 396 pp. [excerpt and text search](https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674012887)
- Bethell, John T. *Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century*, Harvard University Press, 1998, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-674-37733-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-37733-8 "Special:BookSources/0-674-37733-8")
- Bunting, Bainbridge. *Harvard: An Architectural History* (1985). 350 pp.
- Carpenter, Kenneth E. *The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition* (1986). 216 pp.
- Cuno, James et al. *Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting* (1996). 364 pp.
- Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. *Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives* (1992). 380 pp.
- Hall, Max. *Harvard University Press: A History* (1986). 257 pp.
- Hay, Ida. *Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum* (1995). 349 pp.
- Hoerr, John, *We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard;* [Temple University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press "Temple University Press"), 1997, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-56639-535-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-535-6 "Special:BookSources/1-56639-535-6")
- Howells, Dorothy Elia. *A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879â1979* (1978). 152 pp.
- Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. *Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University* (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002
["online edition"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120702220422/https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3A%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University). Archived from [the original](https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3A%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University) on July 2, 2012.
- [Lewis, Harry R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_R._Lewis "Harry R. Lewis") *Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education* (2006) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-58648-393-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-393-5 "Special:BookSources/1-58648-393-5")
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. *Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636â1936* (1986) 512pp; [excerpt and text search](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUUf7ssp1u4C)
- Powell, Arthur G. *The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority* (1980). 341 pp.
- Reid, Robert. *Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School* (1994). 331 pp.
- [Rosovsky, Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rosovsky "Henry Rosovsky"). *The University: An Owner's Manual* (1991). 312 pp.
- Rosovsky, Nitza. *The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe* (1986). 108 pp.
- Seligman, Joel. *The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School* (1978). 262 pp.
- Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. *Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe* (1993). 548 pp.
- Trumpbour, John, ed., *How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire*, Boston: South End Press, 1989, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-89608-283-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-283-0 "Special:BookSources/0-89608-283-0")
- Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., *[Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History](http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4662764)*, New York: [Palgrave Macmillan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan "Palgrave Macmillan"), 2004. 337 pp.
- Winsor, Mary P. *Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum* (1991). 324 pp.
- Wright, Conrad Edick. *Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence* (2005). 298 pp.
External links
- [Official website](https://www.harvard.edu/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13371#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Harvard University](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=166027) at [College Navigator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Navigator "College Navigator"), a tool from the [National Center for Education Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics "National Center for Education Statistics") |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Harvard_University s443 |