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| Boilerpipe Text | H. P. Lovecraft
Lovecraft in 1934
Born
Howard Phillips Lovecraft
August 20, 1890
Providence, Rhode Island
, U.S.
Died
March 15, 1937
(aged 46)
Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
Resting place
Swan Point Cemetery
, Providence
41°51′14″N
71°22′52″W
/
41.854021°N 71.381068°W
Pen name
Grandpa Theobald
E'ch-Pi-El
Occupation
Short story writer
editor
novelist
poet
Genre
Lovecraftian horror
,
dark fantasy
,
weird fiction
,
horror fiction
,
mythopoeia
,
science fiction
,
fantasy
Literary movement
Cosmicism
Aestheticism
Years active
1917–1937
Notable works
"
The Call of Cthulhu
"
The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath
At the Mountains of Madness
The Shadow over Innsmouth
"
The Colour Out of Space
"
The Shadow Out of Time
Spouse
Sonia Greene
(
m.
)
Signature
Howard Phillips Lovecraft
(
; August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of
weird
,
horror
,
fantasy
, and
science fiction
. He is best known for his creation of the
Cthulhu Mythos
,
[
a
]
but his legacy is also apparent in terms like "
Lovecraftian horror
" and an enduring
fandom
.
Born in
Providence, Rhode Island
, Lovecraft spent most of his life in
New England
. Following the
institutionalization
of his father in 1893, he lived affluently until his family's wealth dissipated after the death of his grandfather. Lovecraft then lived with his mother with reduced financial security until she too was institutionalized in 1919. He began to write essays for the
United Amateur Press Association
and in 1913 wrote a critical letter to a
pulp magazine
that ultimately led to his involvement in pulp fiction. He became active in the
speculative fiction
community and was published in several pulp magazines. Marrying
Sonia Greene
in 1924, Lovecraft moved to New York City and later became the center of a wider group of authors known as the "Lovecraft Circle". They introduced him to
Weird Tales
, which became his most prominent publisher. Lovecraft's time in New York took a toll on his mental state and financial conditions. He returned to Providence in 1926 and remained active as a writer for 11 years, until his death at the age of 46. It was during this final period that Lovecraft produced some of his most popular works, including
The Call of Cthulhu
,
At the Mountains of Madness
,
The Shadow over Innsmouth
, and
The Shadow Out of Time
.
Lovecraft's literary corpus is rooted in
cosmicism
, which was simultaneously his personal philosophy and the main theme of his fiction. Cosmicism posits that humanity is an insignificant part of the
cosmos
. He incorporated fantasy and science fiction elements into his stories, representing the perceived fragility of
anthropocentrism
. This was tied to his ambivalent views on knowledge. His works were largely set in a fictionalized version of New England.
Civilizational decline
also plays a major role in his works, as he believed that the West was in decline during his lifetime. Lovecraft's early political views were conservative and traditionalist; additionally, he held a number of racist views for much of his adult life. Following the
Great Depression
, Lovecraft's political views became more socialist while still remaining elitist and aristocratic.
Throughout his adult life, Lovecraft was never able to support himself from his earnings as an author and editor. He was virtually unknown during his lifetime, and was almost exclusively published in pulp magazines before his death. A scholarly revival of Lovecraft's work began in the 1970s, and he is now regarded as one of the most significant 20th-century authors of supernatural horror fiction. Many direct adaptations and
spiritual successors
followed. Works inspired by Lovecraft, adaptations or original works, began to form the basis of the Cthulhu Mythos, which utilizes Lovecraft's characters, setting, and themes.
Early life and family tragedies
[
edit
]
Lovecraft was born in his family home on August 20, 1890, in
Providence, Rhode Island
. He was the only child of Winfield Scott Lovecraft and Sarah Susan ("Susie"; née Phillips) Lovecraft, who were both of English descent.
[
2
]
Susie's family was of substantial means at the time of their marriage, as her father, Whipple Van Buren Phillips, was involved in business ventures.
[
3
]
In April 1893, after a
psychotic
episode in a
Chicago
hotel, Winfield was committed to
Butler Hospital
in Providence. His medical records state that he was "doing and saying strange things at times" for a year before his commitment.
[
4
]
The person who reported these symptoms is unknown.
[
5
]
Winfield spent five years in Butler before dying in 1898. His death certificate listed the cause of death as
general paresis
, a term synonymous with late-stage
syphilis
.
[
6
]
Throughout his life, Lovecraft maintained that his father fell into a paralytic state, due to insomnia and overwork, and remained that way until his death. It is not known whether Lovecraft was simply kept ignorant of his father's illness or whether his later statements were intentionally misleading.
[
7
]
Sarah, Howard (before being
breeched
), and Winfield Lovecraft in 1892
After his father's institutionalization, Lovecraft resided in the family home with his mother, his maternal aunts Lillian and Annie, and his maternal grandparents Whipple and Robie.
[
8
]
According to family friends, Susie doted on the young Lovecraft excessively, pampering him and never letting him out of her sight.
[
9
]
Lovecraft later recollected that his mother was "permanently stricken with grief" after his father's illness. Whipple became a father figure to Lovecraft in this time, Lovecraft later noted that his grandfather became the "centre of my entire universe". Whipple, who often traveled to manage his business, maintained correspondence by letter with the young Lovecraft who, by the age of three, was already proficient at reading and writing.
[
10
]
Whipple encouraged the young Lovecraft to have an appreciation of literature, especially classical literature and English poetry. In his old age, he helped raise the young H. P. Lovecraft and educated him not only in the classics, but also in original weird tales of "winged horrors" and "deep, low, moaning sounds" which he created for his grandchild's entertainment. The original sources of Phillips's weird tales are unidentified. Lovecraft himself guessed that they originated from
Gothic novelists
like
Ann Radcliffe
,
Matthew Lewis
, and
Charles Maturin
.
[
11
]
It was during this period that Lovecraft was introduced to some of his earliest literary influences, such as
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
illustrated by
Gustave Doré
,
One Thousand and One Nights
,
Thomas Bulfinch
's
Age of Fable
, and
Ovid
's
Metamorphoses
.
[
12
]
While there is no indication that Lovecraft was particularly close to his grandmother, Robie, her death in 1896 had a profound effect on him. According to him, it sent his family into "a gloom from which it never fully recovered". His mother and aunts wore black mourning dresses that "terrified" him. This was also the time when Lovecraft, approximately five-and-a-half years old, started having
nightmares
that later informed his fictional writings. Specifically, he began to have recurring nightmares of beings he referred to as "night-gaunts". He credited their appearance to the influence of Doré's illustrations, which would "whirl me through space at a sickening rate of speed, the while fretting & impelling me with their detestable
tridents
". Thirty years later, night-gaunts appeared in Lovecraft's fiction.
[
13
]
H. P. Lovecraft as a child, circa 1900
Lovecraft's earliest known literary works were written at the age of seven, and were poems restyling the
Odyssey
and other
Greco-Roman
mythological stories.
[
14
]
Lovecraft later wrote that during his childhood he was fixated on the Greco-Roman pantheon, and briefly accepted them as genuine expressions of divinity, foregoing his Christian upbringing.
[
15
]
He recalled being told, at five years old, that
Santa Claus
did not exist and retorted by asking why "God is not equally a myth?"
[
16
]
At the age of eight, he took a keen interest in the sciences, particularly astronomy and chemistry. He also examined the anatomical books that were held in the family library, which taught him the specifics of human reproduction that were not yet explained to him. As a result, he found that it "virtually killed my interest in the subject".
[
17
]
In 1902, according to Lovecraft's later correspondence, astronomy became a guiding influence on his worldview. He began publishing the periodical
Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy
, using the
hectograph
printing method.
[
18
]
Lovecraft went in and out of elementary school repeatedly, oftentimes with home tutors making up for the lost years, missing time due to health concerns that have not been determined. In their written recollections, his peers described him as withdrawn but welcoming to those who shared his then-current fascination with astronomy, inviting them to look through his prized telescope.
[
19
]
Education and financial decline
[
edit
]
By 1900, Whipple's various business concerns were suffering a downturn, which resulted in the slow erosion of his family's wealth. He was forced to let his family's hired servants go, leaving Lovecraft, Whipple, and Susie, being the only unmarried sister, alone in the family home.
[
20
]
In the spring of 1904, Whipple's largest business venture suffered a catastrophic failure. Within months, he died at age 70 due to a
stroke
. After Whipple's death, Susie was unable to financially support the upkeep of the expansive family home on what remained of the Phillips estate. Later that year, she was forced to move to a small
duplex
with her son.
[
21
]
Whipple Van Buren Phillips
Lovecraft called this time one of the darkest of his life, remarking in a 1934 letter that he saw no point in living anymore; he considered the possibility of committing suicide. His scientific curiosity and desire to know more about the world prevented him from doing so.
[
22
]
In fall 1904, he entered high school. Much like his earlier school years, Lovecraft was periodically removed from school for long periods for what he termed "near breakdowns". He did say, though, that while having some conflicts with teachers, he enjoyed high school, becoming close with a small circle of friends. Lovecraft also performed well academically, excelling in particular at chemistry and physics.
[
23
]
Aside from a pause in 1904, he also resumed publishing the
Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy
as well as starting the
Scientific Gazette
, which dealt mostly with chemistry.
[
24
]
It was also during this period that Lovecraft produced the first of the fictional works that he was later known for, namely "
The Beast in the Cave
" and "
The Alchemist
".
[
25
]
It was in 1908, prior to what would have been his high school graduation, that Lovecraft suffered another unidentified health crisis, though this instance was more severe than his prior illnesses.
[
26
]
The exact circumstances and causes remain unknown. The only direct records are Lovecraft's own correspondence wherein he retrospectively described it variously as a "nervous collapse" and "a sort of breakdown", in one letter blaming it on the stress of high school despite his enjoying it.
[
27
]
In another letter concerning the events of 1908, he notes, "I was and am prey to intense headaches, insomnia, and general nervous weakness which prevents my continuous application to any thing".
[
26
]
Although Lovecraft maintained that he was going to attend
Brown University
after high school, he never graduated and never attended school again. Whether Lovecraft suffered from a physical ailment, a mental one, or some combination thereof has never been determined. An account from a high school classmate described Lovecraft as exhibiting "terrible tics" and that at times "he'd be sitting in his seat and he'd suddenly up and jump". Harry K. Brobst, a psychology professor, examined the account and claimed that
chorea minor
was the probable cause of Lovecraft's childhood symptoms, while noting that instances of chorea minor after adolescence are very rare.
[
27
]
In his letters, Lovecraft acknowledged that he suffered from bouts of chorea as a child.
[
28
]
Brobst further ventured that Lovecraft's 1908 breakdown was attributed to a "hysteroid seizure", a term that has become synonymous with
atypical depression
.
[
29
]
In another letter concerning the events of 1908, Lovecraft stated that he "could hardly bear to see or speak to anyone, & liked to shut out the world by pulling down dark shades & using artificial light".
[
30
]
Earliest recognition
[
edit
]
Few of Lovecraft and Susie's activities between late 1908 and 1913 were recorded.
[
31
]
Lovecraft described the steady continuation of their financial decline highlighted by his uncle's failed business that cost Susie a large portion of their already-dwindling wealth.
[
32
]
One of Susie's friends, Clara Hess, recalled a visit during which Susie spoke continuously about Lovecraft being "so hideous that he hid from everyone and did not like to walk upon the streets where people could gaze on him." Despite Hess's protests to the contrary, Susie maintained this stance.
[
33
]
For his part, Lovecraft said he found his mother to be "a positive marvel of consideration".
[
34
]
A next-door neighbor later pointed out that what others in the neighborhood often assumed were loud, nocturnal quarrels between mother and son, were actually recitations of
William Shakespeare
, an activity that seemed to delight them both.
[
35
]
During this period, Lovecraft revived his earlier scientific periodicals.
[
31
]
He endeavored to commit himself to the study of
organic chemistry
, Susie buying the expensive glass chemistry assemblage he wanted.
[
36
]
Lovecraft found his studies were stymied by the mathematics involved, which he found boring and caused headaches that incapacitated him for the remainder of the day.
[
37
]
Lovecraft's first non-self-published poem appeared in a local newspaper in 1912. Called
Providence in 2000 A.D.
, it envisioned a future where Americans of English descent were displaced by Irish, Italian, Portuguese, and Jewish immigrants.
[
38
]
In this period he also wrote racist poetry, including "New-England Fallen" and "On the Creation of Niggers", but there is no indication that either were published during his lifetime.
[
39
]
In 1911, Lovecraft's letters to editors began appearing in pulp and weird-fiction magazines, most notably
Argosy
.
[
40
]
A 1913 letter critical of
Fred Jackson
, one of
Argosy'
s more prominent writers, started Lovecraft down a path that defined the remainder of his career as a writer. In the following letters, Lovecraft described Jackson's stories as being "trivial, effeminate, and, in places, coarse". Continuing, Lovecraft argued that Jackson's characters exhibit the "delicate passions and emotions proper to negroes and anthropoid apes."
[
41
]
This sparked a nearly year-long feud in the magazine's letters section between the two writers and their respective supporters. Lovecraft's most prominent opponent was John Russell, who often replied in verse, and to whom Lovecraft felt compelled to reply because he respected Russell's writing skills.
[
42
]
The most immediate effect of this feud was the recognition garnered from
Edward F. Daas
, then head editor of the
United Amateur Press Association
(UAPA).
[
43
]
Daas invited Russell and Lovecraft to join the organization and both accepted. Lovecraft joined the UAPA in April 1914.
[
44
]
Rejuvenation and tragedy
[
edit
]
With the advent of United I obtained a renewed will to live; a renewed sense of existence as other than a superfluous weight; and found a sphere in which I could feel that my efforts were not wholly futile. For the first time I could imagine that my clumsy gropings after art were a little more than faint cries lost in the unlistening void.
—Lovecraft in 1921.
[
45
]
Lovecraft immersed himself in the world of amateur journalism for most of the following decade.
[
45
]
During this period, he advocated for amateurism's superiority to commercialism.
[
46
]
Lovecraft defined commercialism as writing for what he considered low-brow publications for pay. This was contrasted with his view of "professional publication", which was what he called writing for what he considered respectable journals and publishers. He thought of amateur journalism as serving as practice for a professional career.
[
47
]
Lovecraft was appointed chairman of the Department of Public Criticism of the UAPA in late 1914.
[
48
]
He used this position to advocate for what he saw as the superiority of archaic English language usage. Emblematic of the
Anglophilic
opinions he maintained throughout his life, he openly criticized other UAPA contributors for their "Americanisms" and "slang". Often, these criticisms were embedded in xenophobic and racist statements that the "national language" was being negatively changed by immigrants.
[
49
]
In mid-1915, Lovecraft was elected vice-president of the UAPA.
[
50
]
Two years later, he was elected president and appointed other board members who mostly shared his belief in the superiority of
British English
over modern American English.
[
51
]
Following the outbreak of
World War I
, Lovecraft published multiple criticisms of the American government and public's reluctance to join the war to protect England, which he viewed as America's ancestral homeland.
[
52
]
In 1916, Lovecraft published his first short story, "The Alchemist", in the main UAPA journal, which was a departure from his usual verse. Due to the encouragement of
W. Paul Cook
, another UAPA member and future lifelong friend, Lovecraft began writing and publishing more prose fiction.
[
53
]
Soon afterwards, he wrote "
The Tomb
" and "
Dagon
".
[
54
]
"The Tomb", by Lovecraft's own admission, was greatly influenced by the style and structure of
Edgar Allan Poe
's works.
[
55
]
Meanwhile, "Dagon" is considered Lovecraft's first work that displays the concepts and themes that his writings later became known for.
[
56
]
Lovecraft published another short story, "
Beyond the Wall of Sleep
" in 1919, which was his first
science fiction
story.
[
57
]
Lovecraft in 1915
Lovecraft's term as president of the UAPA ended in 1918, and he returned to his former post as chairman of the Department of Public Criticism.
[
58
]
In 1917, as Lovecraft related to Kleiner, Lovecraft made an aborted attempt to enlist in the
United States Army
. Though he passed the physical exam,
[
59
]
he told Kleiner that his mother threatened to do anything, legal or otherwise, to prove that he was unfit for service.
[
60
]
After his failed attempt to serve in World War I, he attempted to enroll in the
Rhode Island Army National Guard
, but his mother used her family connections to prevent it.
[
61
]
During the winter of 1918–1919, Susie, exhibiting the symptoms of a nervous breakdown, went to live with her elder sister, Lillian. The nature of Susie's illness is unclear, as her medical papers were later destroyed in a fire at Butler Hospital.
[
62
]
Winfield Townley Scott, who was able to read the papers before the fire, described Susie as having suffered a psychological collapse.
[
62
]
Neighbour and friend Clara Hess, interviewed in 1948, recalled instances of Susie describing "weird and fantastic creatures that rushed out from behind buildings and from corners at dark."
[
63
]
In the same account, Hess described a time when they crossed paths in downtown Providence and Susie was unaware of where she was.
[
63
]
In March 1919, she was committed to Butler Hospital, like her husband before her.
[
64
]
Lovecraft's immediate reaction to Susie's commitment was visceral, writing to Kleiner that "existence seems of little value", and that he wished "it might terminate".
[
65
]
During Susie's time at Butler, Lovecraft periodically visited her and walked the large grounds with her.
[
66
]
Late 1919 saw Lovecraft become more outgoing. After a period of isolation, he began joining friends in trips to writer gatherings; the first being a talk in Boston presented by
Lord Dunsany
, whom Lovecraft had recently discovered and idolized.
[
67
]
In early 1920, at an amateur writer convention, he met
Frank Belknap Long
, who ended up being Lovecraft's most influential and closest confidant for the remainder of his life.
[
68
]
The influence of Dunsany is apparent in his 1919 output, which is part of what was later called Lovecraft's
Dream Cycle
, including "
The White Ship
" and "
The Doom That Came to Sarnath
".
[
69
]
In early 1920, he wrote "
The Cats of Ulthar
" and "
Celephaïs
", which were also strongly influenced by Dunsany.
[
70
]
It was later in 1920 that Lovecraft began publishing the earliest
Cthulhu Mythos
stories. The Cthulhu Mythos, a term coined by later authors, encompasses Lovecraft's stories that share a commonality in the revelation of cosmic insignificance, initially realistic settings, and recurring entities and texts.
[
71
]
The prose poem "
Nyarlathotep
" and the short story "
The Crawling Chaos
", in collaboration with Winifred Virginia Jackson, were written in late 1920.
[
72
]
Following in early 1921 came "
The Nameless City
", the first story that falls definitively within the Cthulhu Mythos. In it is one of Lovecraft's most enduring phrases, a couplet recited by Abdul Alhazred; "That is not dead which can eternal lie; And with strange aeons even death may die."
[
73
]
In the same year, he also wrote "
The Outsider
", which has become one of Lovecraft's most heavily analyzed, and differently interpreted, stories.
[
74
]
It has been variously interpreted as being autobiographical, an allegory of the psyche, a parody of the afterlife, a commentary on humanity's place in the universe, and a critique of progress.
[
75
]
On May 24, 1921, Susie died in Butler Hospital, due to complications from an operation on her
gallbladder
five days earlier.
[
76
]
Lovecraft's initial reaction, expressed in a letter written nine days after Susie's death, was a deep state of sadness that crippled him physically and emotionally. He again expressed a desire that his life might end.
[
77
]
Lovecraft's later response was relief, as he became able to live independently from his mother. His physical health also began to improve, although he was unaware of the exact cause.
[
78
]
Despite Lovecraft's reaction, he continued to attend amateur journalist conventions. Lovecraft met his future wife,
Sonia Greene
, at one such convention in July.
[
79
]
Marriage and New York
[
edit
]
Lovecraft and Sonia Greene on July 5, 1921
Lovecraft's aunts disapproved of his relationship with Sonia. Lovecraft and Greene married on March 3, 1924, and relocated to her
Brooklyn
apartment at 259 Parkside Avenue; she thought he needed to leave Providence to flourish and was willing to support him financially.
[
80
]
Greene, who had been married before, later said Lovecraft performed satisfactorily as a lover, but she had to take the initiative in all aspects of the relationship. She attributed Lovecraft's passive nature to a stultifying upbringing by his mother.
[
81
]
Lovecraft's weight increased to 200 lb (91 kg) on his wife's home cooking.
[
82
]
He was enthralled by New York City, and, in what was informally dubbed the Kalem Club, he acquired a group of encouraging intellectual and literary friends who urged him to submit stories to
Weird Tales
. Its editor,
Edwin Baird
, accepted many of Lovecraft's stories for the ailing publication, including "
Under the Pyramids
", which was ghostwritten for
Harry Houdini
.
[
83
]
Established informally some years before Lovecraft arrived in New York, the core Kalem Club members were boys' adventure novelist
Henry Everett McNeil
, the lawyer and anarchist writer
James Ferdinand Morton Jr.
, and the poet Reinhardt Kleiner.
[
84
]
On January 1, 1925, Sonia moved from Parkside to
Cleveland
in response to a job opportunity, and Lovecraft left for a small first-floor apartment on 169 Clinton Street "at the edge of
Red Hook
"—a location which came to discomfort him greatly.
[
85
]
Later that year, the Kalem Club's four regular attendees were joined by Lovecraft along with his protégé
Frank Belknap Long
, bookseller George Willard Kirk, and
Samuel Loveman
.
[
86
]
Loveman was Jewish, but he and Lovecraft became close friends in spite of the latter's antisemitic attitudes.
[
87
]
By the 1930s, writer and publisher
Herman Charles Koenig
was one of the last to become involved with the Kalem Club.
[
88
]
Not long after the marriage, Greene lost her business and her assets disappeared in a bank failure.
[
89
]
Lovecraft made efforts to support his wife through regular jobs, but his lack of previous work experience meant he lacked proven marketable skills.
[
90
]
The publisher of
Weird Tales
was attempting to make the loss-making magazine profitable and offered the job of editor to Lovecraft, who declined, citing his reluctance to relocate to Chicago on aesthetic grounds.
[
91
]
Baird was succeeded by
Farnsworth Wright
, whose writing Lovecraft criticized. Lovecraft's submissions were often rejected by Wright. This may have been partially due to censorship guidelines imposed in the aftermath of a
Weird Tales
story that hinted at
necrophilia
, although after Lovecraft's death, Wright accepted many of the stories he had originally rejected.
[
92
]
Sonia also became ill and immediately after recovering, relocated to
Cincinnati
, and then to Cleveland; her employment required constant travel.
[
93
]
Added to his feelings of failure in a city with a large immigrant population, Lovecraft's single-room apartment was burgled, leaving him with only the clothes he was wearing.
[
94
]
In August 1925, he wrote "
The Horror at Red Hook
" and "
He
".
[
95
]
In the latter, the narrator says "My coming to New York had been a mistake; for whereas I had looked for poignant wonder and inspiration [...] I had found instead only a sense of horror and oppression which threatened to master, paralyze, and annihilate me."
[
96
]
This was an expression of his despair at being in New York.
[
97
]
It was at around this time he wrote the outline for "
The Call of Cthulhu
", with its theme of the insignificance of all humanity.
[
98
]
During this time, Lovecraft wrote "
Supernatural Horror in Literature
" on the eponymous subject. It later became one of the most influential essays on supernatural horror.
[
99
]
With a weekly allowance Greene sent, Lovecraft moved to a working-class area of
Brooklyn Heights
, where he resided in a tiny apartment. He lost approximately 40 pounds (18 kg) of body weight by 1926, when he left for Providence.
[
100
]
Return to Providence and death
[
edit
]
Lovecraft's final home, May 1933 until March 10, 1937
Back in Providence, Lovecraft lived with his aunts in a "spacious brown
Victorian
wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933.
[
101
]
He then moved to 66 Prospect Street, which became his final home.
[
b
]
[
102
]
The period beginning after his return to Providence contains some of his most prominent works, including
The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath
,
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward
, "The Call of Cthulhu", and
The Shadow over Innsmouth
.
[
103
]
The former two stories are partially autobiographical, as scholars have argued that
The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath
is about Lovecraft's return to Providence and
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward
is, in part, about the city itself.
[
104
]
The former story also represents a partial repudiation of Dunsany's influence, as Lovecraft decided that his style did not come to him naturally.
[
105
]
At this time, he frequently
revised work
for other authors and did a large amount of ghostwriting, including
The Mound
, "Winged Death", and "The Diary of Alonzo Typer". Client
Harry Houdini
was laudatory, and attempted to help Lovecraft by introducing him to the head of a newspaper syndicate. Plans for a further project, a book titled
The Cancer of Superstition
, were ended by Houdini's death in 1926.
[
106
]
After returning, he also began to engage in antiquarian travels across the eastern seaboard during the summer months.
[
107
]
During the spring–summer of 1930, Lovecraft visited, among other locations, New York City,
Brattleboro, Vermont
,
Wilbraham, Massachusetts
,
Charleston, South Carolina
, and
Quebec City
.
[
c
]
[
109
]
Later, in August,
Robert E. Howard
wrote a letter to
Weird Tales
praising a then-recent reprint of Lovecraft's "
The Rats in the Walls
" and discussing some of the
Gaelic
references used within.
[
110
]
Its editor, Farnsworth Wright, forwarded the letter to Lovecraft, who responded positively to Howard, and soon the two writers were engaged in a vigorous correspondence that lasted for the rest of Howard's life.
[
111
]
Howard quickly became a member of the Lovecraft Circle, a group of writers and friends all linked through Lovecraft's voluminous correspondence, as he introduced his many like-minded friends to one another and encouraged them to share their stories, utilize each other's fictional creations, and help each other succeed in the field of pulp fiction.
[
112
]
Meanwhile, Lovecraft was increasingly producing work that brought him no remuneration.
[
113
]
Affecting a calm indifference to the reception of his works, Lovecraft was in reality extremely sensitive to criticism and easily precipitated into withdrawal. He was known to give up trying to sell a story after it was rejected once.
[
114
]
Sometimes, as with
The Shadow over Innsmouth
, he wrote a story that might have been commercially viable but did not try to sell it. Lovecraft even ignored interested publishers. He failed to reply when one inquired about any novel Lovecraft might have ready: although he had completed such a work,
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward
, it was never typed up.
[
115
]
A few years after Lovecraft moved to Providence, he and his wife Sonia Greene, having lived separately for so long, agreed to an amicable divorce. Greene moved to California in 1933 and remarried in 1936, unaware that Lovecraft, despite his assurances to the contrary, never officially signed the final decree.
[
116
]
As a result of the
Great Depression
, he shifted towards
socialism
, decrying both his prior political beliefs and the rising tide of
fascism
.
[
117
]
He thought that socialism was a workable middle ground between what he saw as the destructive impulses of both the capitalists and the Marxists of his day. This was based in a general opposition to cultural upheaval, as well as support for an ordered society. Electorally, he supported
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, but he thought that the
New Deal
was not sufficiently leftist. Lovecraft's support for it was based in his view that no other set of reforms were possible at that time.
[
118
]
H. P. Lovecraft's gravestone
In late 1936, he witnessed the publication of
The Shadow over Innsmouth
as a paperback book.
[
d
]
400 copies were printed, and the work was advertised in
Weird Tales
and several fan magazines. However, Lovecraft was displeased, as this book was riddled with errors that required extensive editing. It sold slowly and only approximately 200 copies were bound. The remaining 200 copies were destroyed after the publisher went out of business seven years later. By this point, Lovecraft's literary career was reaching its end. Shortly after having written his last original short story, "
The Haunter of the Dark
", he stated that the hostile reception of
At the Mountains of Madness
had done "more than anything to end my effective fictional career". His declining psychological and physical states made it impossible for him to continue writing fiction.
[
121
]
On June 11, Robert E. Howard was informed that his chronically ill mother would not awaken from her coma. He walked out to his car and killed himself with a pistol that he had stored there. His mother died shortly thereafter.
[
122
]
This deeply affected Lovecraft, who consoled Howard's father through correspondence. Almost immediately after hearing about Howard's death, Lovecraft wrote a brief memoir titled "In Memoriam: Robert Ervin Howard", which he distributed to his correspondents.
[
123
]
Meanwhile, Lovecraft's physical health was deteriorating. He was suffering from an affliction that he referred to as "grippe".
[
e
]
[
125
]
Due to his fear of doctors, Lovecraft was not examined until a month before his death and was diagnosed with terminal
cancer of the small intestine
.
[
126
]
He was hospitalized in the Jane Brown Memorial Hospital and lived in constant pain until his death on March 15, 1937, in Providence. In accordance with his lifelong scientific curiosity, he kept a diary of his illness until he was physically incapable of holding a pen.
[
127
]
After a small funeral, Lovecraft was buried in
Swan Point Cemetery
and was listed alongside his parents on the Phillips family monument.
[
128
]
In 1977, fans erected a headstone in the same cemetery, on which they inscribed his name, the dates of his birth and death, and the phrase "I AM PROVIDENCE"—a line from one of his personal letters.
[
129
]
Lovecraft began his life as a
Tory
,
[
130
]
which was likely the result of his conservative upbringing. His family supported the
Republican Party
for the entirety of his life. While it is unclear how consistently he voted, he voted for
Herbert Hoover
in the
1928 U.S. presidential election
.
[
131
]
Rhode Island as a whole remained politically conservative and Republican into the 1930s.
[
132
]
Lovecraft himself was an Anglophile who admired the
British monarchy
. He opposed democracy and thought that the United States should be governed by an aristocracy. This viewpoint emerged during his youth and lasted until the end of the 1920s.
[
133
]
During World War I, his Anglophilia caused him to strongly support the
Allies
against the
Central Powers
. Many of his earlier poems were devoted to then-current political subjects, and he published several political essays in his amateur journal,
The Conservative
.
[
134
]
He was a
teetotaler
who supported the implementation of
Prohibition
, which was one of the few reforms that he supported during the early part of his life.
[
135
]
While remaining a teetotaler, he later became convinced that Prohibition was ineffectual in the 1930s.
[
136
]
His personal justification for his early political viewpoints was primarily based on tradition and aesthetics.
[
137
]
H. P. Lovecraft as an eighteenth-century gentleman by
Virgil Finlay
As a result of the
Great Depression
, Lovecraft re-examined his political views.
[
138
]
Initially, he thought that affluent people would take on the characteristics of his ideal aristocracy and solve America's problems. When this did not occur, he became a socialist. This shift was caused by his observation that the Depression was harming American society. It was also influenced by the increase in socialism's political capital during the 1930s. One of the main points of Lovecraft's socialism was its opposition to
Soviet Marxism
, as he thought that a Marxist revolution would bring about the destruction of American civilization. Lovecraft thought that an intellectual aristocracy needed to be formed to preserve America.
[
139
]
His ideal political system is outlined in his 1933 essay "Some Repetitions on the Times". Lovecraft used this essay to echo the political proposals that were made over the course of the last few decades. In this essay, he advocates governmental control of resource distribution, fewer working hours and a higher wage, and unemployment insurance and old age pensions. He also outlines the need for an aristocracy of intellectuals. In his view, power needed to be restricted to those who are sufficiently intelligent and educated.
[
140
]
He frequently used the term "
fascism
" to describe this form of government, but, according to
S. T. Joshi
, it bore little resemblance to that ideology.
[
141
]
Lovecraft had varied views on the political figures of his day. He was an ardent supporter of
Franklin D. Roosevelt
.
[
142
]
He saw that Roosevelt was trying to steer a middle course between the conservatives and the revolutionaries, which he approved of. While he thought that Roosevelt should have enacted more progressive policies, he came to the conclusion that the New Deal was the only realistic option for reform. He thought that voting for his opponents on the political left was a wasted effort.
[
143
]
He initially expressed support for
Adolf Hitler
. More specifically, he thought that Hitler would preserve
German culture
. However, he thought that
Hitler's racial policies
should be based on culture rather than descent. There is evidence that, at the end of his life, Lovecraft began to oppose Hitler. Harry K. Brobst, Lovecraft's downstairs neighbor, went to
Germany
and witnessed Jews being beaten. Lovecraft and his aunt were angered by this, and his discussions of Hitler dropped off after this point.
[
144
]
Lovecraft was an
atheist
. His viewpoints on religion are outlined in his 1922 essay "A Confession of Unfaith". In this essay, he describes his shift away from the
Protestantism
of his parents to the atheism of his adulthood. Lovecraft was raised by a conservative Protestant family. He was introduced to the Bible and
Santa Claus
when he was two. He passively accepted both of them. Over the course of the next few years, he was introduced to
Grimms' Fairy Tales
and
One Thousand and One Nights
, favoring the latter. In response, Lovecraft took on the identity of "Abdul Alhazred", a name he later used for the author of the
Necronomicon
.
[
145
]
Lovecraft experienced a brief period as a Greco-Roman pagan shortly thereafter.
[
146
]
According to this account, his first moment of skepticism occurred before his fifth birthday, when he questioned if God is a myth after learning that Santa Claus is not real. In 1896, he was introduced to Greco-Roman myths and became "a genuine pagan".
[
15
]
This came to an end in 1902, when Lovecraft was introduced to space. He later described this event as the most poignant in his life. In response to this discovery, Lovecraft took to studying astronomy and described his observations in the local newspaper.
[
147
]
Before his thirteenth birthday, he became convinced of humanity's impermanence. By the time he was seventeen, he had read detailed writings that agreed with his worldview. Lovecraft ceased writing positively about progress, instead developing his later
cosmic philosophy
. Despite his interests in science, he had an aversion to realistic literature, so he became interested in fantastical fiction. Lovecraft became
pessimistic
when he entered amateur journalism in 1914. World War I seemed to confirm his viewpoints. He began to despise philosophical idealism. Lovecraft took to discussing and debating his pessimism with his peers, which allowed him to solidify his philosophy. His readings of
Friedrich Nietzsche
and
H. L. Mencken
, among other writers, furthered this development. At the end of his essay, Lovecraft states that all he desired was oblivion. He was willing to cast aside any illusion that he may still have held.
[
148
]
Race is the most controversial aspect of Lovecraft's legacy, expressed in many disparaging remarks against non-Anglo-Saxon races and cultures in his works. Scholars have argued that these racial attitudes were common in the American society of his day, particularly in
New England
.
[
149
]
As he grew older, his original racial worldview became classist and elitist, which regarded non-white members of the upper class as honorary members of the superior race. Lovecraft was a
white supremacist
.
[
150
]
Despite this, he did not hold all white people in uniform high regard, but rather esteemed English people and those of English descent.
[
151
]
In his early published essays, private letters, and personal utterances, he argued for a strong
color line
to preserve race and culture.
[
152
]
He disparaged various races in his journalism and letters, and allegorically in some of his fictional works that depict miscegenation between humans and non-human creatures.
[
153
]
This is evident in his portrayal of the
Deep Ones
in
The Shadow over Innsmouth
. Their interbreeding with humanity is framed as being a type of
miscegenation
that corrupts both the town of
Innsmouth
and the protagonist.
[
154
]
Initially, Lovecraft showed sympathy to minorities who adopted Western culture, even to the extent of marrying a Jewish woman he viewed as being "well assimilated".
[
155
]
By the 1930s, Lovecraft's views on ethnicity and race had moderated.
[
156
]
He supported ethnicities' preserving their native cultures; for example, he thought that "a real friend of civilisation wishes merely to make the Germans more German, the French more French, the Spaniards more Spanish, & so on".
[
157
]
This represented a shift from his previous support for cultural assimilation. His shift was partially the result of his exposure to different cultures through his travels and circle. The former resulted in him writing positively about
Québécois
and
First Nations
cultural traditions in his travelogue of Quebec.
[
158
]
However, this did not represent a complete elimination of his racial prejudices.
[
159
]
Lovecraft was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe and Lord Dunsany.
His interest in
weird fiction
began in his childhood when his grandfather, who preferred Gothic stories, told him stories of his own design.
[
12
]
Lovecraft's childhood home on Angell Street had a large library that contained classical literature, scientific works, and early weird fiction. At the age of five, Lovecraft enjoyed reading
One Thousand and One Nights
, and was reading
Nathaniel Hawthorne
a year later.
[
160
]
He was also influenced by the travel literature of
John Mandeville
and
Marco Polo
.
[
161
]
This led to his discovery of
gaps
in then-contemporary science, which prevented Lovecraft from committing suicide in response to the death of his grandfather and his family's declining financial situation during his adolescence.
[
161
]
These travelogues may have also influenced how Lovecraft's later works describe their characters and locations. For example, there is a resemblance between the powers of the
Tibetan
enchanters in
The Travels of Marco Polo
and the powers unleashed on Sentinel Hill in "
The Dunwich Horror
".
[
161
]
One of Lovecraft's most significant literary influences was
Edgar Allan Poe
, whom he described as his "God of Fiction".
[
162
]
Poe's fiction was introduced to Lovecraft when the latter was eight years old. His earlier works were significantly influenced by Poe's prose and writing style.
[
163
]
He also made extensive use of Poe's unity of effect in his fiction.
[
164
]
Furthermore,
At the Mountains of Madness
directly quotes Poe and was influenced by
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket
.
[
165
]
One of the main themes of the two stories is to discuss the unreliable nature of language as a method of expressing meaning.
[
166
]
In 1919, Lovecraft's discovery of the stories of
Lord Dunsany
moved his writing in a new direction, resulting in a series of fantasies. Throughout his life, Lovecraft referred to Dunsany as the author who had the greatest impact on his literary career. The initial result of this influence was the
Dream Cycle
, a series of fantasies that originally take place in prehistory, but later shift to a dreamworld setting.
[
167
]
By 1930, Lovecraft decided that he would no longer write Dunsanian fantasies, arguing that the style did not come naturally to him.
[
168
]
Additionally, he also read and cited
Arthur Machen
and
Algernon Blackwood
as influences in the 1920s.
[
169
]
Aside from horror authors, Lovecraft was significantly influenced by the
Decadents
, the
Puritans
, and the
Aesthetic movement
.
[
170
]
In "H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent",
Barton Levi St. Armand
, a professor emeritus of English and American studies at
Brown University
, has argued that these three influences combined to define Lovecraft as a writer.
[
171
]
He traces this influence to both Lovecraft's stories and letters, noting that he actively cultivated the image of a New England gentleman in his letters.
[
170
]
Meanwhile, his influence from the Decadents and the Aesthetic Movement stems from his readings of Edgar Allan Poe. Lovecraft's aesthetic worldview and fixation on decline stems from these readings. The idea of cosmic decline is described as having been Lovecraft's response to both the Aesthetic Movement and the 19th century Decadents.
[
172
]
St. Armand describes it as being a combination of non-theological Puritan thought and the Decadent worldview.
[
173
]
This is used as a division in his stories, particularly in "
The Horror at Red Hook
", "
Pickman's Model
", and "
The Music of Erich Zann
". The division between Puritanism and Decadence, St. Armand argues, represents a polarization between an artificial paradise and oneiriscopic visions of different worlds.
[
174
]
A non-literary inspiration came from then-contemporary scientific advances in biology, astronomy, geology, and physics.
[
175
]
Lovecraft's study of science contributed to his view of the human race as insignificant, powerless, and doomed in a
materialistic
and
mechanistic
universe.
[
176
]
Lovecraft was a keen amateur astronomer from his youth, often visiting the
Ladd Observatory
in Providence, and penning numerous astronomical articles for his personal journal and local newspapers.
[
177
]
Lovecraft's materialist views led him to espouse his philosophical views through his fiction; these philosophical views came to be called
cosmicism
. Cosmicism took on a more pessimistic tone with his creation of what is now known as the Cthulhu Mythos, a fictional universe that contains alien deities and horrors. The term "Cthulhu Mythos" was likely coined by later writers after Lovecraft's death.
[
1
]
In his letters, Lovecraft jokingly called his fictional mythology "
Yog-Sothothery
".
[
178
]
Dreams had a major role in Lovecraft's literary career.
[
179
]
In 1991, as a result of his rising place in American literature, it was popularly thought that Lovecraft extensively transcribed his dreams when writing fiction. However, the majority of his stories are not transcribed dreams. Instead, many of them are directly influenced by dreams and dreamlike phenomena. In his letters, Lovecraft frequently compared his characters to dreamers. They are described as being as helpless as a real dreamer who is experiencing a nightmare. His stories also have dreamlike qualities. The
Randolph Carter
stories deconstruct the division between dreams and reality. The
dreamlands
in
The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath
are a shared dreamworld that can be accessed by a sensitive dreamer. Meanwhile, in "
The Silver Key
", Lovecraft mentions the concept of "inward dreams", which implies the existence of outward dreams. Burleson compares this deconstruction to
Carl Jung
's argument that dreams are the source of
archetypal
myths. Lovecraft's way of writing fiction required both a level of realism and dreamlike elements. Citing Jung, Burleson argues that a writer may create realism by being inspired by dreams.
[
180
]
Now all my tales are based on the fundamental premise that common human laws and interests and emotions have no validity or significance in the vast cosmos-at-large. To me there is nothing but puerility in a tale in which the human form—and the local human passions and conditions and standards—are depicted as native to other worlds or other universes. To achieve the essence of real externality, whether of time or space or dimension, one must forget that such things as organic life, good and evil, love and hate, and all such local attributes of a negligible and temporary race called mankind, have any existence at all. Only the human scenes and characters must have human qualities.
These
must be handled with unsparing
realism,
(
not
catch-penny
romanticism
) but when we cross the line to the boundless and hideous unknown—the shadow-haunted
Outside
—we must remember to leave our humanity and terrestrialism at the threshold.
— H. P. Lovecraft, in note to the editor of
Weird Tales
, on resubmission of "The Call of Cthulhu"
[
181
]
The central theme of Lovecraft's corpus is cosmicism. Cosmicism is a literary philosophy that argues that humanity is an insignificant force in the universe. Despite appearing pessimistic, Lovecraft thought of himself as being a cosmic indifferentist, which is expressed in his fiction. In it, human beings are often subject to powerful beings and other cosmic forces, but these forces are not so much malevolent as they are indifferent toward humanity. He believed in a meaningless, mechanical, and uncaring universe that human beings could never fully understand. There is no allowance for beliefs that could not be supported scientifically.
[
182
]
Lovecraft first articulated this philosophy in 1921, but he did not fully incorporate it into his fiction until five years later. "
Dagon
", "Beyond the Wall of Sleep", and "
The Temple
" contain early depictions of this concept, but the majority of his early tales do not analyze the concept. "Nyarlathotep" interprets the collapse of human civilization as being a corollary to the collapse of the universe. "The Call of Cthulhu" represents an intensification of this theme. In it, Lovecraft introduces the idea of alien influences on humanity, which came to dominate all subsequent works.
[
183
]
In these works, Lovecraft expresses cosmicism through the usage of confirmation rather than revelation. Lovecraftian protagonists do not learn that they are insignificant. Instead, they already know it and have it confirmed to them through an event.
[
184
]
Lovecraft's fiction reflects his own ambivalent views regarding the nature of knowledge.
[
185
]
This expresses itself in the concept of forbidden knowledge. In Lovecraft's stories, happiness is only achievable through blissful ignorance. Trying to know things that are not meant to be known leads to harm and psychological danger. This concept intersects with several other ideas. This includes the idea that the visible reality is an illusion masking the horrific true reality. Similarly, there are also intersections with the concepts of ancient civilizations that exert a malign influence on humanity and the general philosophy of cosmicism.
[
186
]
According to Lovecraft, self-knowledge can bring ruin to those who seek it. Those seekers would become aware of their own insignificance in the wider cosmos and would be unable to bear the weight of this knowledge. Lovecraftian horror is not achieved through external phenomena. Instead, it is reached through the internalized psychological impact that knowledge has on its protagonists. "The Call of Cthulhu",
The Shadow over Innsmouth
, and
The Shadow Out of Time
feature protagonists who experience both external and internal horror through the acquisition of self-knowledge.
[
187
]
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward
also reflects this. One of its central themes is the danger of knowing too much about one's family history. Charles Dexter Ward, the protagonist, engages in historical and genealogical research that ultimately leads to both madness and his own self-destruction.
[
188
]
Decline of civilization
[
edit
]
For much of his life, Lovecraft was fixated on the concepts of
decline
and
decadence
. More specifically, he thought that the West was in a state of terminal decline.
[
189
]
Starting in the 1920s, Lovecraft became familiar with the work of the German conservative-revolutionary theorist
Oswald Spengler
, whose pessimistic thesis of the decadence of the modern West formed a crucial element in Lovecraft's overall
anti-modern
worldview.
[
190
]
Spenglerian imagery of cyclical decay is a central theme in
At the Mountains of Madness
. S. T. Joshi, in
H. P. Lovecraft: The Decline of the West
, places Spengler at the center of his discussion of Lovecraft's political and philosophical ideas. According to him, the idea of decline is the single idea that permeates and connects his personal philosophy. The main Spenglerian influence on Lovecraft was his view that politics, economics, science, and art are all interdependent aspects of civilization. This realization led him to shed his personal ignorance of then-current political and economic developments after 1927.
[
191
]
Lovecraft had developed his idea of Western decline independently, but Spengler gave it a clear framework.
[
192
]
Lovecraft shifted supernatural horror away from its previous focus on human issues to a focus on cosmic ones. In this way, he merged the elements of supernatural fiction that he deemed to be scientifically viable with science fiction. This merge required an understanding of both supernatural horror and then-contemporary science.
[
193
]
Lovecraft used this combined knowledge to create stories that extensively reference trends in scientific development. Beginning with "
The Shunned House
", Lovecraft increasingly incorporated elements of both
Einsteinian
science and his own personal materialism into his stories. This intensified with the writing of "The Call of Cthulhu", where he depicted alien influences on humanity. This trend continued throughout the remainder of his literary career. "
The Colour Out of Space
" represents what scholars have called the peak of this trend. It portrays an alien lifeform whose otherness prevents it from being defined by then-contemporary science.
[
194
]
Another part of this effort was the repeated usage of mathematics in an effort to make his creatures and settings appear more alien.
Tom Hull
, a mathematician, regards this as enhancing his ability to invoke a sense of otherness and fear. He attributes this use of mathematics to Lovecraft's childhood interest in astronomy and his adulthood awareness of
non-Euclidean geometry
.
[
195
]
Another reason for his use of mathematics was his reaction to the scientific developments of his day. These developments convinced him that humanity's primary means of understanding the world was no longer trustable. Lovecraft's usage of mathematics in his fiction serves to convert otherwise supernatural elements into things that have in-universe scientific explanations. "
The Dreams in the Witch House
" and
The Shadow Out of Time
both have elements of this. The former uses a
witch
and her
familiar
, while the latter uses the idea of
mind transference
. These elements are explained using scientific theories that were prevalent during Lovecraft's lifetime.
[
196
]
Lovecraft's hand-drawn map of Arkham
Setting plays a major role in Lovecraft's fiction. A fictionalized version of
New England
serves as the central hub for his mythos, called "
Lovecraft Country
" by later commentators. It represents the history, culture, and folklore of the region, as interpreted by Lovecraft. These attributes are exaggerated and altered to provide a suitable setting for his stories. The names of the locations in the region were directly influenced by the names of real locations in the region, which was done to increase their realism.
[
197
]
Lovecraft's stories use their connections with New England to imbue themselves with the ability to instill fear.
[
198
]
Lovecraft was primarily inspired by the cities and towns in
Massachusetts
. However, the specific location of Lovecraft Country is variable, as it moved according to Lovecraft's literary needs. Starting with areas that he thought were evocative, Lovecraft redefined and exaggerated them under fictional names. For example, Lovecraft based
Arkham
on the town of
Oakham
and expanded it to include a nearby landmark.
[
199
]
Its location was moved, as Lovecraft decided that it would have been destroyed by the recently built
Quabbin Reservoir
. This is alluded to in "The Colour Out of Space", as the "blasted heath" is submerged by the creation of a fictionalized version of the reservoir.
[
200
]
Similarly, Lovecraft's other towns were based on other locations in Massachusetts. Innsmouth was based on
Newburyport
, and Dunwich was based on
Greenwich
. The vague locations of these towns also played into Lovecraft's desire to create a mood in his stories. In his view, a mood can only be evoked through reading.
[
201
]
Early efforts to revise an established literary view of Lovecraft as an author of "pulp" were resisted by some eminent critics; in 1945,
Edmund Wilson
sneered: "the only real horror in most of these fictions is the horror of bad taste and bad art." However, Wilson praised Lovecraft's ability to write about his chosen field; he described him as having written about it "with much intelligence".
[
202
]
According to
L. Sprague de Camp
, Wilson later improved his opinion of Lovecraft, citing a report of
David Chavchavadze
that Wilson included a Lovecraftian reference in
Little Blue Light: A Play in Three Acts
. After Chavchavadze met with him to discuss this, Wilson revealed that he was reading a copy of Lovecraft's correspondence.
[
f
]
[
204
]
Two years before Wilson's critique, Lovecraft's works were reviewed by
Winfield Townley Scott
, the literary editor of
The Providence Journal
. He argued that Lovecraft was one of the most significant Rhode Island authors and that it was regrettable that he received little attention from mainstream critics at the time.
[
205
]
Mystery and Adventure
columnist
Will Cuppy
of the
New York Herald Tribune
recommended to readers a volume of Lovecraft's stories in 1944, asserting that "the literature of horror and macabre fantasy belongs with mystery in its broader sense."
[
206
]
By 1957, Floyd C. Gale of
Galaxy Science Fiction
said that Lovecraft was comparable to Robert E. Howard, stating that "they appear more prolific than ever," noting L. Sprague de Camp,
Björn Nyberg
, and
August Derleth
's usage of their creations. He said that "Lovecraft at his best could build a mood of horror unsurpassed; at his worst, he was laughable."
[
207
]
In 1962,
Colin Wilson
, in his survey of anti-realist trends in fiction
The Strength to Dream
, cited Lovecraft as one of the pioneers of the "assault on rationality" and included him with
M. R. James
,
H. G. Wells
,
Aldous Huxley
,
J. R. R. Tolkien
, and others as one of the builders of mythicised realities contending against what he considered the failing project of literary realism.
[
208
]
Subsequently, Lovecraft began to acquire the status of a cult writer in the
counterculture of the 1960s
, and reprints of his work proliferated.
[
209
]
Michael Dirda
, a reviewer for
The Times Literary Supplement
, has described Lovecraft as being a "visionary" who is "rightly regarded as second only to Edgar Allan Poe in the annals of American supernatural literature." According to him, Lovecraft's works prove that mankind cannot bear the weight of reality, as the true nature of reality cannot be understood by either science or history. In addition, Dirda praises Lovecraft's ability to create an uncanny atmosphere. This atmosphere is created through the feeling of wrongness that pervades the objects, places, and people in Lovecraft's works. He also comments favorably on Lovecraft's correspondence, and compares him to
Horace Walpole
. Particular attention is given to his correspondence with August Derleth and Robert E. Howard. The Derleth letters are called "delightful", while the Howard letters are described as being an ideological debate. Overall, Dirda believes that Lovecraft's letters are equal to, or better than, his fictional output.
[
210
]
Los Angeles Review of Books
reviewer
Nick Mamatas
has stated that Lovecraft was a particularly difficult author, rather than a bad one. He described Lovecraft as being "perfectly capable" in the fields of story logic, pacing, innovation, and generating quotable phrases. However, Lovecraft's difficulty made him ill-suited to the pulps; he was unable to compete with the popular recurring protagonists and
damsel in distress
stories. Furthermore, he compared a paragraph from
The Shadow Out of Time
to a paragraph from the introduction to
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
. In Mamatas' view, Lovecraft's quality is obscured by his difficulty, and his skill is what has allowed his following to outlive the followings of other then-prominent authors, such as
Seabury Quinn
and
Kenneth Patchen
.
[
211
]
In 2005, the
Library of America
published a volume of Lovecraft's works. This volume was reviewed by many publications, including
The New York Times Book Review
and
The Wall Street Journal
, and sold 25,000 copies within a month of release. The overall critical reception of the volume was mixed.
[
212
]
Several scholars, including S. T. Joshi and Alison Sperling, have said that this confirms H. P. Lovecraft's place in the western canon.
[
213
]
The editors of
The Age of Lovecraft
, Carl H. Sederholm and Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, attributed the rise of mainstream popular and academic interest in Lovecraft to this volume, along with the
Penguin Classics
volumes and the
Modern Library
edition of
At the Mountains of Madness
. These volumes led to a proliferation of other volumes containing Lovecraft's works. According to the two authors, these volumes are part of a trend in Lovecraft's popular and academic reception: increased attention by one audience causes the other to also become more interested.
[
214
]
Lovecraft's style has often been subject to criticism,
[
215
]
but scholars such as S. T. Joshi have argued that Lovecraft consciously utilized a variety of literary devices to form a unique style of his own—these include prose-poetic rhythm, stream of consciousness,
alliteration
, and conscious
archaism
.
[
216
]
According to
Joyce Carol Oates
, Lovecraft and Edgar Allan Poe have exerted a significant influence on later writers in the horror genre.
[
217
]
Horror author
Stephen King
called Lovecraft "the twentieth century's greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale."
[
218
]
King stated in his semi-autobiographical non-fiction book
Danse Macabre
that Lovecraft was responsible for his own fascination with horror and the macabre and was the largest influence on his writing.
[
219
]
Lovecraft's writings have influenced the
speculative realist
philosophical movement during the early twenty-first century. The four founders of the movement,
Ray Brassier
,
Iain Hamilton Grant
,
Graham Harman
, and
Quentin Meillassoux
, have cited Lovecraft as an inspiration for their worldviews.
[
220
]
Graham Harman wrote a monograph,
Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy
, about Lovecraft and philosophy. In it, he argues that Lovecraft was a "productionist" author. He describes Lovecraft as having been an author who was uniquely obsessed with gaps in human knowledge.
[
221
]
He goes further and asserts Lovecraft's personal philosophy as being in opposition to both
idealism
and
David Hume
. In his view, Lovecraft resembles
Georges Braque
,
Pablo Picasso
, and
Edmund Husserl
in his division of objects into different parts that do not exhaust the potential meanings of the whole. The anti-idealism of Lovecraft is represented through his commentary on the inability of language to describe his horrors.
[
222
]
Harman also credits Lovecraft with inspiring parts of his own articulation of
object-oriented ontology
.
[
223
]
According to Lovecraft scholar Alison Sperling, this philosophical interpretation of Lovecraft's fiction has caused other philosophers in Harmon's tradition to write about Lovecraft. These philosophers seek to remove human
perception
and human life from the foundations of ethics. These scholars have used Lovecraft's works as the central example of their worldview. They base this usage in Lovecraft's arguments against
anthropocentrism
and the ability of the human mind to truly understand the universe. They have also played a role in Lovecraft's improving literary reputation by focusing on his interpretation of ontology, which gives him a central position in
Anthropocene
studies.
[
224
]
H. P. Lovecraft memorial plaque at 22 Prospect Street in
Providence
. Portrait by silhouettist
E. J. Perry
.
Lovecraft was relatively unknown during his lifetime. While his stories appeared in prominent pulp magazines such as
Weird Tales
, not many people knew his name.
[
225
]
He did, however, correspond regularly with other contemporary writers such as
Clark Ashton Smith
and August Derleth,
[
226
]
who became his friends, even though he never met them in person. This group became known as the "Lovecraft Circle", since their writings freely borrowed Lovecraft's motifs, with his encouragement. He borrowed from them as well. For example, he made use of Clark Ashton Smith's
Tsathoggua
in
The Mound
.
[
227
]
After Lovecraft's death, the Lovecraft Circle carried on. August Derleth founded
Arkham House
with
Donald Wandrei
to preserve Lovecraft's works and keep them in print.
[
228
]
He added to and expanded on Lovecraft's vision, not without controversy.
[
229
]
While Lovecraft considered his pantheon of alien gods a mere plot device, Derleth created an entire cosmology, complete with a war between the good Elder Gods and the evil Outer Gods, such as
Cthulhu
and his ilk. The forces of good were supposed to have won, locking Cthulhu and others beneath the earth, the ocean, and elsewhere. Derleth's Cthulhu Mythos stories went on to associate different gods with the traditional four
elements of fire, air, earth, and water
, which did not line up with Lovecraft's original vision of his mythos. However, Derleth's ownership of Arkham House gave him a position of authority in Lovecraftiana that did not dissipate until his death, and through the efforts of Lovecraft scholars in the 1970s.
[
230
]
Lovecraft's works have influenced many writers and other creators.
Stephen King
has cited Lovecraft as a major influence on his works. As a child in the 1960s, he came across a volume of Lovecraft's works which inspired him to write his fiction. He goes on to argue that all works in the horror genre that were written after Lovecraft were influenced by him.
[
218
]
In the field of comics,
Alan Moore
has described Lovecraft as having been a formative influence on his graphic novels.
[
231
]
Film director
John Carpenter
's films include direct references and quotations of Lovecraft's fiction, in addition to their use of a Lovecraftian aesthetic and themes.
Guillermo del Toro
was similarly influenced by Lovecraft's corpus.
[
232
]
The first
World Fantasy Awards
were held in Providence in 1975. The theme was "The Lovecraft Circle". Until 2015, winners were presented with an elongated bust of Lovecraft that was designed by the
cartoonist
Gahan Wilson
, nicknamed the "Howard".
[
233
]
In November 2015 it was announced that the World Fantasy Award trophy would no longer be modeled on H. P. Lovecraft in response to the author's views on race.
[
234
]
After the World Fantasy Award dropped their connection to Lovecraft,
The Atlantic
commented that "In the end, Lovecraft still wins—people who've never read a page of his work will still know who Cthulhu is for years to come, and his legacy lives on in the work of
Stephen King
,
Guillermo del Toro
, and
Neil Gaiman
."
[
233
]
In 2016, Lovecraft was inducted into the
Museum of Pop Culture
's Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.
[
235
]
Three years later, Lovecraft and the other Cthulhu Mythos authors were posthumously awarded the 1945
Retro-Hugo Award for Best Series
for their contributions to it.
[
236
]
S. T. Joshi in 2002
Starting in the early 1970s, a body of scholarly work began to emerge around Lovecraft's life and works. Referred to as Lovecraft studies, its proponents sought to establish Lovecraft as a significant author in the American literary canon. This can be traced to Derleth's preservation and dissemination of Lovecraft's fiction, non-fiction, and letters through
Arkham House
. Joshi credits the development of the field to this process. However, it was marred by low quality editions and misinterpretations of Lovecraft's worldview. After Derleth's death in 1971, the scholarship entered a new phase. There was a push to create a book-length biography of Lovecraft. L. Sprague de Camp, a science fiction scholar, wrote the first major one in 1975. This biography was criticized by early Lovecraft scholars for its lack of scholarly merit and its lack of sympathy for its subject. Despite this, it played a significant role in Lovecraft's literary rise. It exposed Lovecraft to the mainstream of American literary criticism. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a division in the field between the "Derlethian traditionalists" who wished to interpret Lovecraft through the lens of fantasy literature and the newer scholars who wished to place greater attention on the entirety of his corpus.
[
237
]
The 1980s and 1990s saw a further proliferation of the field. The 1990 H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference and the republishing of older essays in
An Epicure in the Terrible
represented the publishing of many basic studies that were used as a base for then-future studies. The 1990 centennial also saw the installation of the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque" in a garden adjoining
John Hay Library
, that features a portrait by silhouettist
E. J. Perry
.
[
238
]
Following this, in 1996, S. T. Joshi wrote his own biography of Lovecraft. This biography was met with positive reviews and became the main biography in the field. It has since been superseded by his expanded edition of the book,
I am Providence
in 2010.
[
239
]
Lovecraft's improving literary reputation has caused his works to receive increased attention by both classics publishers and scholarly fans.
[
240
]
His works have been published by several different series of literary classics. Penguin Classics published three volumes of Lovecraft's works between 1999 and 2004. These volumes were edited by S. T. Joshi.
[
240
]
Barnes & Noble
published their own volume of Lovecraft's complete fiction in 2008. The
Library of America
published a volume of Lovecraft's works in 2005. The publishing of these volumes represented a reversal of the traditional judgment that Lovecraft was not part of the
Western canon
.
[
241
]
Meanwhile, the biannual
NecronomiCon Providence
convention was first held in 2013. Its purpose is to serve as a fan and scholarly convention that discusses both Lovecraft and the wider field of weird fiction. It is organized by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization and is held on the weekend of Lovecraft's birth.
[
242
]
That July, the Providence City Council designated the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Square" and installed a commemorative sign at the intersection of Angell and Prospect streets, near the author's former residences.
[
243
]
Lovecraft's fictional mythos has influenced a number of musicians, particularly in
rock
and
heavy metal music
.
[
244
]
This began in the 1960s with the formation of the
psychedelic rock
band
H. P. Lovecraft
, who released the albums
H. P. Lovecraft
and
H. P. Lovecraft II
in 1967 and 1968 respectively.
[
245
]
They broke up afterwards, but later songs were released. This included "The White Ship" and "At the Mountains of Madness", both titled after Lovecraft stories.
[
246
]
Extreme metal
has also been influenced by Lovecraft.
[
247
]
This has expressed itself in both the names of bands and the contents of their albums. This began in 1970 with the release of
Black Sabbath
's
eponymous first album
, which contained a song titled "Behind the Wall of Sleep", deriving its name from the 1919 story "Beyond the Wall of Sleep".
[
247
]
Heavy metal band
Metallica
was also inspired by Lovecraft. They recorded an instrumental song inspired by "The Call of Cthulhu" titled "The Call of Ktulu" (1984), and a song based on
The Shadow over Innsmouth
titled "The Thing That Should Not Be" (1986)
[
248
]
The latter contains direct quotations of Lovecraft's works.
[
249
]
Metallica's song "Dream No More" (2016) also has lyrics referencing Cthulhu.
[
250
]
Joseph Norman, a
speculative scholar
, has argued that there are similarities between the music described in Lovecraft's fiction and the aesthetics and atmosphere of
black metal
. He argues that this is evident through the "animalistic" qualities of black metal vocals. The usage of occult elements is also cited as a thematic commonality. In terms of atmosphere, he asserts that both Lovecraft's works and extreme metal place heavy focus on creating a strong negative mood.
[
251
]
Lovecraft has also influenced gaming, despite having personally disliked games during his lifetime.
[
252
]
Chaosium
's
tabletop role-playing game
Call of Cthulhu
, released in 1981 and currently in its seventh major edition, was one of the first games to draw heavily from Lovecraft.
[
253
]
It includes a Lovecraft-inspired
insanity
mechanic, which allowed for
player characters
to go insane from contact with cosmic horrors. This mechanic went on to make appearances in subsequent tabletop and
video games
.
[
254
]
1987 saw the release of another Lovecraftian
board game
,
Arkham Horror
, which was published by
Fantasy Flight Games
.
[
255
]
Though few subsequent Lovecraftian board games were released annually from 1987 to 2014, the years after 2014 saw a rapid increase in the number of Lovecraftian board games. According to Christina Silva, this revival may have been influenced by the entry of Lovecraft's works into the
public domain
and a revival of interest in board games.
[
256
]
Few video games are direct adaptations of Lovecraft's works, but many video games have been inspired or heavily influenced by Lovecraft.
[
254
]
Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth
, a Lovecraftian
first-person
video game, was released in 2005.
[
254
]
It is a loose adaptation of
The Shadow over Innsmouth
,
The Shadow Out of Time
, and "The Thing on the Doorstep" that uses
noir
themes.
[
257
]
These adaptations focus more on Lovecraft's monsters and gamification than they do on his themes, which represents a break from Lovecraft's core theme of human insignificance.
[
258
]
Religion and occultism
[
edit
]
Several contemporary religions have been influenced by Lovecraft's works.
Kenneth Grant
, the founder of the
Typhonian Order
, incorporated the Cthulhu Mythos into his ritual and occult system. Grant combined his interest in Lovecraft's fiction with his adherence to
Aleister Crowley
's
Thelema
. The Typhonian Order considers Lovecraftian entities to be symbols through which people may interact with something inhuman.
[
259
]
Grant also argued that Crowley himself was influenced by Lovecraft's writings, particularly in the naming of characters in
The Book of the Law
.
[
260
]
Similarly,
The Satanic Rituals
, co-written by
Anton LaVey
and
Michael A. Aquino
, includes the "Ceremony of the Nine Angles", which is a ritual that was influenced by the descriptions in "The Dreams in the Witch House". It contains invocations of several of Lovecraft's fictional gods.
[
261
]
There have been several books that have claimed to be an authentic edition of Lovecraft's
Necronomicon
.
[
262
]
The
Simon Necronomicon
is one such example. It was written by an unknown figure who identified themselves as "Simon".
Peter Levenda
, an occult author who has written about the
Necronomicon
, claims that he and "Simon" came across a hidden Greek translation of the
grimoire
while looking through a collection of antiquities at a New York bookstore during the 1960s or 1970s.
[
263
]
This book was claimed to have borne the seal of the
Necronomicon
. Levenda went on to claim that Lovecraft had access to this purported scroll.
[
264
]
A textual analysis has determined that the contents of this book were derived from multiple documents that discuss
Mesopotamian myth
and magic. The finding of a magical text by monks is also a common theme in the history of grimoires.
[
265
]
It was suggested that Levenda is the true author of the
Simon Necronomicon
.
[
266
]
Although Lovecraft is known mostly for his works of weird fiction, the bulk of his writing consists of voluminous letters about a variety of topics, from weird fiction and art criticism to politics and history.
[
267
]
Lovecraft biographers L. Sprague de Camp and S. T. Joshi have estimated that Lovecraft wrote 100,000 letters in his lifetime, a fifth of which are believed to survive.
[
268
]
These letters were directed at fellow writers and members of the amateur press. His involvement in the latter was what caused him to begin writing them.
[
269
]
He included comedic elements in these letters. This included posing as an eighteenth-century gentleman and signing them with pseudonyms, most commonly "Grandpa Theobald" and "E'ch-Pi-El."
[
g
]
[
271
]
According to Joshi, the most important sets of letters were those written to
Frank Belknap Long
, Clark Ashton Smith, and
James F. Morton
. He attributes this importance to the contents of these letters. With Long, Lovecraft argued in support and in opposition to many of Long's viewpoints. The letters to Smith are characterized by their focus on weird fiction. Lovecraft and Morton debated many scholarly subjects in their letters, resulting in what Joshi has called the "single greatest correspondence Lovecraft ever wrote."
[
272
]
Copyright and other legal issues
[
edit
]
August Derleth in 1962
Despite several claims to the contrary, there is currently no evidence that any company or individual owns the
copyright
to any of Lovecraft's works, and it is generally accepted that it has passed into the
public domain
.
[
273
]
Lovecraft specified that
R. H. Barlow
would serve as the executor of his
literary estate
,
[
274
]
but these instructions were not incorporated into his will. Nevertheless, his surviving aunt carried out his expressed wishes, and Barlow was given control of Lovecraft's literary estate upon his death. Barlow deposited the bulk of the papers, including the voluminous correspondence, in the
John Hay Library
, and attempted to organize and maintain Lovecraft's other writings.
[
275
]
Lovecraft protégé
August Derleth
, an older and more established writer than Barlow, vied for control of the literary estate. He and
Donald Wandrei
, a fellow protégé and co-owner of
Arkham House
, falsely claimed that Derleth was the true literary executor.
[
276
]
Barlow capitulated, and later committed suicide in 1951.
[
277
]
This gave Derleth and Wandrei complete control over Lovecraft's corpus.
[
278
]
On October 9, 1947, Derleth purchased all rights to the stories that were published in
Weird Tales
. However, since April 1926 at the latest, Lovecraft reserved all second printing rights to stories published in
Weird Tales
. Therefore,
Weird Tales
only owned the rights to at most six of Lovecraft's tales. If Derleth legally obtained the copyrights to these tales, there is no evidence that they were renewed before the rights expired.
[
279
]
Following Derleth's death in 1971, Donald Wandrei sued his estate to challenge Derleth's will, which stated that he only held the copyrights and royalties to Lovecraft's works that were published under both his and Derleth's names. Arkham House's lawyer, Forrest D. Hartmann, argued that the rights to Lovecraft's works were never renewed. Wandrei won the case, but Arkham House's actions regarding copyright have damaged their ability to claim ownership of them.
[
280
]
In
H. P. Lovecraft: A Life
, S. T. Joshi concludes that Derleth's claims are "almost certainly fictitious" and argues that most of Lovecraft's works that were published in the amateur press are likely in the public domain. The copyright for Lovecraft's works would have been inherited by the only surviving heir named in his 1912 will, his aunt Annie Gamwell.
[
281
]
When she died in 1941, the copyrights passed to her remaining descendants, Ethel Phillips Morrish and Edna Lewis. They signed a document, sometimes referred to as the Morrish-Lewis gift, permitting Arkham House to republish Lovecraft's works while retaining their ownership of the copyrights.
[
282
]
Searches of the
Library of Congress
have failed to find any evidence that these copyrights were renewed after the 28-year period, making it likely that these works are in the public domain.
[
283
]
However, the Lovecraft literary estate, reconstituted in 1998 under Robert C. Harrall, has claimed that they own the rights. They have been based in Providence since 2009 and have been granting the rights to Lovecraft's works to several publishers. Their claims have been criticized by scholars, such as Chris J. Karr, who has argued that the rights had not been renewed.
[
284
]
Joshi has withdrawn his support for his conclusion, and now supports the estate's copyright claims.
[
285
]
H. P. Lovecraft scholars
Lovecraft
, a crater on Mercury named for the author
^
Lovecraft did not coin the term "Cthulhu Mythos". Instead, this term was coined by later authors.
[
1
]
^
The house was later moved to 65 Prospect Street to accommodate the building of
Brown University
's Art Building.
[
102
]
^
He wrote several travelogues, including one on Quebec that was his longest singular work.
[
108
]
^
This is the only one of Lovecraft's stories that was published as a book during his lifetime.
[
119
]
W. Paul Cook
previously made an abortive attempt to publish "
The Shunned House
" as a small book between 1927 and 1930.
[
120
]
^
"Grippe" is an archaic term for
influenza
.
[
124
]
^
L. Sprague de Camp also stated that the two men began calling each other "Monstro". This is a direct reference to the nicknames that Lovecraft gave to some of his correspondents.
[
203
]
^
Lewis Theobald, Jun., the full version of Grandpa Theobald, was derived from the name of
Lewis Theobald
, an eighteenth-century Shakespearean scholar who was fictionalized in
Alexander Pope
's
The Dunciad
.
[
270
]
^
a
b
Tierney 2001
, p. 52;
Joshi 2010b
, p. 186;
de Camp 1975
, p. 270.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 16;
de Camp 1975
, p. 12;
Cannon 1989
, p. 1–2.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 8;
de Camp 1975
, p. 11;
Cannon 1989
, p. 2.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 26;
Faig 1991
, p. 45.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 26.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 22;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 15–16;
Faig 1991
, p. 49.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 26;
de Camp 1975
, p. 16;
Cannon 1989
, p. 1.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 28;
de Camp 1975
, p. 17;
Cannon 1989
, p. 2.
^
de Camp 1975
, p. 2;
Cannon 1989
, pp. 3–4.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 28;
Cannon 1989
, p. 2.
^
Joshi 2001
, p. 25;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 17–18.
^
a
b
Joshi 2010a
, pp. 33, 36;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 17–18.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 34;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 30–31.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 38;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 32;
Cannon 1989
, p. 2.
^
a
b
Lovecraft 2006a
, pp. 145–146;
Joshi 2001
, pp. 20–23;
St. Armand 1975
, pp. 140–141.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 42;
St. Armand 1972
, pp. 3–4;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 18.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 60;
de Camp 1975
, p. 32.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 84.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 90;
Cannon 1989
, p. 4.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 97;
Faig 1991
, p. 63.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 96;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 37–39;
St. Armand 1972
, p. 4.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 98;
Joshi 2001
, pp. 47–48;
Faig 1991
, p. 4.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 99.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 102;
de Camp 1975
, p. 36.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 116;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 43–45;
Cannon 1989
, p. 15.
^
a
b
Joshi 2010a
, p. 126;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 51–53;
Cannon 1989
, p. 3.
^
a
b
Joshi 2010a
, p. 126.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 126–127;
de Camp 1975
, p. 27.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 127.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 128;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 51–52.
^
a
b
Joshi 2010a
, p. 128.
^
Joshi 2001
, p. 66;
Faig 1991
, p. 65.
^
Joshi 2001
, pp. 67–68;
de Camp 1975
, p. 66;
St. Armand 1972
, p. 3.
^
de Camp 1975
, p. 64.
^
Bonner 2015
, pp. 52–53.
^
Joshi & Schultz 2001
, p. 154.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 129;
de Camp 1975
.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 137.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 138;
de Camp 1975
, p. 95.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 140;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 76–77.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 145;
de Camp 1975
, p. 76–77.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 145;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 78–79.
^
Joshi 2010a
, pp. 145–155;
de Camp 1975
, p. 84.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 155;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 84–84.
^
a
b
Joshi 2010a
, p. 159.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 164.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 165.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 168;
de Camp 1975
, p. 153;
Cannon 1989
, p. 5.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 169.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 180;
de Camp 1975
, p. 121.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 182;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 121–122.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 210;
Cannon 1989
, p. 6.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 273;
de Camp 1975
, p. 125.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 239;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 125–126.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 240;
Cannon 1989
, p. 16.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 251;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 125–126.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 260;
de Camp 1975
, p. 137.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 284;
de Camp 1975
, p. 122.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 303;
Faig 1991
, p. 66.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 300;
Faig 1991
, pp. 66–67.
^
Joshi 1996a
, p. 23;
Cannon 1989
, p. 3;
de Camp 1975
, p. 118.
^
a
b
Joshi 2001
, p. 125.
^
a
b
Hess 1971
, p. 249;
Joshi 2001
, pp. 121–122;
de Camp 1975
, p. 65–66.
^
Hess 1971
, p. 249;
Joshi 2010a
, p. 301;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 134–135.
^
Lovecraft 2000
, p. 84.
^
Faig 1991
, pp. 58–59;
de Camp 1975
, p. 135.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 306;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 139–141.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 308.
^
Joshi 1996a
, p. 79;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 141–144.
^
Joshi 1996a
, p. 79;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 141–144;
Burleson 1990
, pp. 39.
^
Tierney 2001
, p. 52;
Leavenworth 2014
, pp. 333–334.
^
Joshi 2010a
, p. 369;
de Camp 1975
, pp. 138–139.
^
de Camp 1975
, p. 149;
Burleson 1990
, pp. 49, 52–53.
^
Burleson 1990
, p. 58;
Joshi 2010a
, pp. 140–142.
^
Mosig 2001
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Joshi 1996a
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Cannon 1989
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Ransom 2015
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Vick 2021
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Vick 2021
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Greene & Scott 1948
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Joshi 1996b
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Lovecraft 1976b
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Joshi 2001
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Cannon 1989
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Wolanin 2013
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Finn 2013
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Vick 2021
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Lovecraft 2006b
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Vick 2021
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Lexico Dictionaries
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Joshi 2001
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Cannon 1989
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de Camp 1975
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Joshi 2001
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de Camp 1975
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The Boston Globe
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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de Camp 1975
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Mosig 1997
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Lovecraft 1968
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Joshi 2001
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Cannon 1989
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2016
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Pedersen 2019
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Joshi 2001
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Pedersen 2019
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Joshi 2001
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Wolanin 2013
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Joshi 2001
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Cannon 1989
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Wolanin 2013
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Joshi 2001
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^
Lovecraft 2006d
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Wolanin 2013
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Joshi 2001
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Cannon 1989
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Wolanin 2013
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Lovecraft 2006a
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Joshi 2010a
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Hölzing 2011
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Lovecraft 2006a
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Joshi 2001
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Zeller 2019
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^
Lubnow 2019
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Livesey 2008
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Joshi 2010b
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Lovecraft 2006a
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Joshi 2001
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Schweitzer 1998
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Evans 2005
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Callaghan 2011
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Spencer 2021
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Steiner 2005
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Punter 1996
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Joshi 1996a
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Hambly 1996
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Evans 2005
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Joshi 2001
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Steiner 2005
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Schweitzer 1998
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Evans 2005
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Joshi 2015
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Joshi 2015
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Ransom 2015
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Evans 2005
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Joshi 2015
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Evans 2005
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Pedersen 2017
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Joshi 2001
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b
c
Pedersen 2017
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Joshi 2001
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Pedersen 2018
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Joshi 2013
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St. Armand 1975
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Jamneck 2012
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St. Armand 1975
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Joshi 2017
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Lovecraft 2009a
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Jamneck 2012
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Cannon 1989
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Jamneck 2012
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Joshi 2001
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Schweitzer 2018
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Joshi 2013
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 2001
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St. Armand 1975
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b
St. Armand 1975
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St. Armand 1975
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St. Armand 1975
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St. Armand 1975
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St. Armand 1975
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Joshi 2010b
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Rottensteiner 1992
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Woodard 2011
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Joshi 2010b
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Lubnow 2019
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Livesey 2008
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Joshi 2010b
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Lovecraft 2010
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Pedersen 2017
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de Camp 1975
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Macrobert 2015
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Burleson 1991–1992
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Lovecraft 2014
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Touponce 2013
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Matthews 2018
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Joshi 2010b
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Leiber 2001
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Lacy & Zani 2007
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Joshi 1996a
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Joshi 1996a
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Cannon 1989
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Joshi 2016
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St. Armand 1975
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Joshi 2016
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St. Armand 1975
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Joshi 2016
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Joshi 2016
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Joshi 2010b
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Joshi 2010b
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Martin 2012
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Murray 1991–1992
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Murray 1991–1992
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Wilson 1950
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de Camp 1979
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Cuppy 1944
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Gale 1960
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Wilson 1975
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Lovecraft 2013
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Dirda 2012
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Mamatas 2014
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Eberhart 2005
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Joshi 2015
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Sperling 2016
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Hantke 2013
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Sederholm & Weinstock 2016
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Joshi 1996a
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Oates 1996
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Peak 2020
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Harman 2012
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Powell 2019
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Peak 2020
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Elfren 2016
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Sperling 2016
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Joshi 2001
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Dirda 2005
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Schoell 2004
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Joshi 1996a
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Joshi 2001
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de Camp 1975
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Hantke 2013
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Tierney 2001
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de Camp 1975
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Joshi 1984
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de Camp 1975
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Talbot 2014
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Flood 2015
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Joshi 1984
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Joshi 1985a
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Joshi 1985b
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Rubinton 2016
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Joshi 2001
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Joshi 1996a
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Oates 1996
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Mariconda 2010
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Hantke 2013
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Peak 2020
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Dirda 2005
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Dziemianowicz 2010
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Dirda 2005
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Siclen 2015
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Smith 2017
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Dirda 2019
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Bilow 2013
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Hill & Joshi 2006
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Sederholm 2016
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Carbonell 2019
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Gollop 2017
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Garrad 2021
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Gollop 2017
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Gollop 2017
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Silva 2017
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Silva 2017
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Garrad 2021
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Flatley 2013
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Joshi 1996a
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Cannon 1989
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de Camp 1975
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de Camp 1975
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Joshi 1996a
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^
Joshi 1996a
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Joshi & Schultz 2001
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Wetzel 1983
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Joshi 1996a
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Joshi & Schultz 2001
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de Camp 1975
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^
Joshi 1996a
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^
Karr 2018
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Wetzel 1983
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Wallace 2023
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^
Lovecraft 2006c
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Karr 2018
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Joshi 1996b
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^
Joshi 2001
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de Camp 1975
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Wetzel 1983
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^
Joshi 1996b
, p. 640–641;
de Camp 1975
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Wetzel 1983
, pp. 4–6.
^
de Camp 1975
, p. 432;
Karr 2018
, Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights;
Wetzel 1983
, pp. 10–12.
^
Karr 2018
, Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights;
Wetzel 1983
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Wallace 2023
, p. 35.
^
Karr 2018
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Joshi 1996b
, p. 640–641;
Wallace 2023
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^
Karr 2018
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Wallace 2023
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^
Joshi 1996b
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Lovecraft 2006c
, p. 237;
Karr 2018
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^
Karr 2018
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Joshi 1996b
, p. 641;
Wetzel 1983
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^
Karr 2018
, Conclusion;
Wetzel 1983
, p. 25.
^
Karr 2018
, Coda;
Wallace 2023
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^
Karr 2018
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Wallace 2023
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.
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'Whaddya Make Them Eyes at Me For?': Lovecraft and Book Publishers".
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.
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The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature
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The Annotated H. P. Lovecraft
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Pentecostal Modernism: Lovecraft, Los Angeles and World-Systems Culture
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. Portland, Oregon: Night Shade Books.
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. Annales littéraires (in French). Vol. 621. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté.
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. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books.
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.
ISBN
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.
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.
S2CID
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.
The H. P. Lovecraft Archive
The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society
H. P. Lovecraft Collection
in the Special Collections at the
John Hay Library
(
Brown University
)
Lovecraft Annual
, a scholarly journal
The Lovecraft Arts & Sciences Council
, a non-profit educational organization
H. P. Lovecraft
at the
Internet Speculative Fiction Database
H. P. Lovecraft
at the
Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
H. P. Lovecraft
at
IMDb
H. P. Lovecraft
discography at
Discogs
Works by H. P. Lovecraft in eBook form
at
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at
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Works by H. P. Lovecraft
at
Faded Page
(Canada)
Works by or about H. P. Lovecraft
at the
Internet Archive
Works by H. P. Lovecraft
at
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## Contents
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- [1 Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Biography)
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- [1\.1 Early life and family tragedies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Early_life_and_family_tragedies)
- [1\.2 Education and financial decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Education_and_financial_decline)
- [1\.3 Earliest recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Earliest_recognition)
- [1\.4 Rejuvenation and tragedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Rejuvenation_and_tragedy)
- [1\.5 Marriage and New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Marriage_and_New_York)
- [1\.6 Return to Providence and death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Return_to_Providence_and_death)
- [2 Personal views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Personal_views)
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- [2\.1 Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Politics)
- [2\.2 Atheism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Atheism)
- [2\.3 Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Race)
- [3 Influences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Influences)
- [4 Themes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Themes)
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- [4\.1 Cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Cosmicism)
- [4\.2 Knowledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Knowledge)
- [4\.3 Decline of civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Decline_of_civilization)
- [4\.4 Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Science)
- [4\.5 Lovecraft Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Lovecraft_Country)
- [5 Critical reception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Critical_reception)
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- [6 Legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Legacy)
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- [6\.1 Lovecraft studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Lovecraft_studies)
- [6\.2 Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Music)
- [6\.3 Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Games)
- [6\.4 Religion and occultism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Religion_and_occultism)
- [7 Correspondence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Correspondence)
- [8 Copyright and other legal issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Copyright_and_other_legal_issues)
- [9 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Bibliography)
- [10 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#See_also)
- [11 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Notes)
- [12 Citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#Citations)
- [13 General and cited sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#General_and_cited_sources)
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- [15 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#External_links)
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# H. P. Lovecraft
88 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Afrikaans")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Aragonese")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA "هوارد فيليبس لافكرافت – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA "هوارد فيليبس لافكرافت – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovard_Fillips_Lavkraft "Hovard Fillips Lavkraft – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA "اچ. پی. لاوکرفت – South Azerbaijani")
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- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82 "Гаўард Філіпс Лаўкрафт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82 "Говард Філіпс Лаўкрафт – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82 "Хауърд Лъвкрафт – Bulgarian")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A._%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F "এইচ. পি. লাভক্র্যাফট – Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Breton")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7._%CE%A6._%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%84 "Χ. Φ. Λάβκραφτ – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA "اچ. پی. لاوکرفت – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Galician")
- [𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺](https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7.%F0%90%8D%80._%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%84 "𐌷.𐍀. 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌺𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍄 – Gothic")
- [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Manx")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94.%D7%A4._%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%98 "ה.פ. לאבקרפט – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F "एचपी लवक्राफ्ट – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%BF "Հովարդ Ֆիլիպս Լավքրաֆտ – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Indonesian")
- [Interlingue](https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Interlingue")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%88 "ハワード・フィリップス・ラヴクラフト – Japanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "ჰაუარდ ფილიპს ლავკრაფტი – Georgian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82 "Говард Филлипс Лавкрафт – Kazakh")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._%EB%9F%AC%EB%B8%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8 "H. P. 러브크래프트 – Korean")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Kurdish")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Cornish")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huardus_Phillips_Lovecraft "Huardus Phillips Lovecraft – Latin")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Lombard")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovards_Filipss_Lavkrafts "Hovards Filipss Lavkrafts – Latvian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Malagasy")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82 "Хауард Филипс Лавкрафт – Macedonian")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Malay")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F "होवार्ड फिलिप्स लभक्राफ्ट – Newari")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Occitan")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Piedmontese")
- [Nawat](https://ppl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Nawat")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA "اچ. پي لفکرفت – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Quechua")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81 "Лавкрафт, Говард Филлипс – Russian")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Sardinian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Scots")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Slovenian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82 "Хауард Филипс Лавкрафт – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft "H.P. Lovecraft – Swedish")
- [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Silesian")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D "எச். பி. லவ்கிராஃப்ட் – Tamil")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A._%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C "เอช. พี. เลิฟคราฟท์ – Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Tagalog")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82 "Говард Лавкрафт – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "H. P. Lovecraft – Vietnamese")
- [Volapük](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Volapük")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "Howard Phillips Lovecraft – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9 "霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特 – Wu")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "ჰაუარდ ფილიპს ლავკრაფტი – Mingrelian")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E6%B4%BB%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E8%87%98%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB "侯活·菲臘士·愛卡夫 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9 "H·P·洛夫克拉夫特 – Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American writer (1890–1937)
For the band, see [H. P. Lovecraft (band)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_\(band\) "H. P. Lovecraft (band)"). For the album, see [*H. P. Lovecraft* (album)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_\(album\) "H. P. Lovecraft (album)").
"Lovecraft" redirects here. For other uses, see [Lovecraft (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_\(disambiguation\) "Lovecraft (disambiguation)").
| H. P. Lovecraft | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft,_June_1934.jpg "Lovecraft in 1934")Lovecraft in 1934 | |
| Born | Howard Phillips Lovecraft (1890-08-20)August 20, 1890 [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"), U.S. |
| Died | March 15, 1937(1937-03-15) (aged 46) Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Resting place | [Swan Point Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Point_Cemetery "Swan Point Cemetery"), Providence [41°51′14″N 71°22′52″W / 41\.854021°N 71.381068°W / 41\.854021; -71.381068](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H._P._Lovecraft¶ms=41.854021_N_71.381068_W_type:landmark_region:US-RI) |
| Pen name | Grandpa Theobald E'ch-Pi-El |
| Occupation | Short story writer editor novelist poet |
| Genre | [Lovecraftian horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror "Lovecraftian horror"), [dark fantasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fantasy "Dark fantasy"), [weird fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction "Weird fiction"), [horror fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction "Horror fiction"), [mythopoeia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeia "Mythopoeia"), [science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction"), [fantasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy") |
| Literary movement | [Cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism") [Aestheticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism "Aestheticism") |
| Years active | 1917–1937 |
| Notable works | "[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")" *[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath")* *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")* *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")* "[The Colour Out of Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space "The Colour Out of Space")" *[The Shadow Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time "The Shadow Out of Time")* |
| Spouse | [Sonia Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene") ( m. 1924) |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft_signature.svg) | |
**Howard Phillips Lovecraft** ([US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English "American English"): [/ˈlʌvkræft/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English"); August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of [weird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction "Weird fiction"), [horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction "Horror fiction"), [fantasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy"), and [science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction"). He is best known for his creation of the [Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos "Cthulhu Mythos"),[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-2) but his legacy is also apparent in terms like "[Lovecraftian horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror "Lovecraftian horror")" and an enduring [fandom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom "Lovecraft fandom").
Born in [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"), Lovecraft spent most of his life in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England"). Following the [institutionalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_commitment "Involuntary commitment") of his father in 1893, he lived affluently until his family's wealth dissipated after the death of his grandfather. Lovecraft then lived with his mother with reduced financial security until she too was institutionalized in 1919. He began to write essays for the [United Amateur Press Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_press_association#History "Amateur press association") and in 1913 wrote a critical letter to a [pulp magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine "Pulp magazine") that ultimately led to his involvement in pulp fiction. He became active in the [speculative fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_fiction "Speculative fiction") community and was published in several pulp magazines. Marrying [Sonia Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene") in 1924, Lovecraft moved to New York City and later became the center of a wider group of authors known as the "Lovecraft Circle". They introduced him to *[Weird Tales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales "Weird Tales")*, which became his most prominent publisher. Lovecraft's time in New York took a toll on his mental state and financial conditions. He returned to Providence in 1926 and remained active as a writer for 11 years, until his death at the age of 46. It was during this final period that Lovecraft produced some of his most popular works, including *[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")*, *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")*, *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")*, and *[The Shadow Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time "The Shadow Out of Time")*.
Lovecraft's literary corpus is rooted in [cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism"), which was simultaneously his personal philosophy and the main theme of his fiction. Cosmicism posits that humanity is an insignificant part of the [cosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos "Cosmos"). He incorporated fantasy and science fiction elements into his stories, representing the perceived fragility of [anthropocentrism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism "Anthropocentrism"). This was tied to his ambivalent views on knowledge. His works were largely set in a fictionalized version of New England. [Civilizational decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizational_decline "Civilizational decline") also plays a major role in his works, as he believed that the West was in decline during his lifetime. Lovecraft's early political views were conservative and traditionalist; additionally, he held a number of racist views for much of his adult life. Following the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States "Great Depression in the United States"), Lovecraft's political views became more socialist while still remaining elitist and aristocratic.
Throughout his adult life, Lovecraft was never able to support himself from his earnings as an author and editor. He was virtually unknown during his lifetime, and was almost exclusively published in pulp magazines before his death. A scholarly revival of Lovecraft's work began in the 1970s, and he is now regarded as one of the most significant 20th-century authors of supernatural horror fiction. Many direct adaptations and [spiritual successors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_successor "Spiritual successor") followed. Works inspired by Lovecraft, adaptations or original works, began to form the basis of the Cthulhu Mythos, which utilizes Lovecraft's characters, setting, and themes.
## Biography
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Biography")\]
### Early life and family tragedies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Early life and family tragedies")\]
Lovecraft was born in his family home on August 20, 1890, in [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"). He was the only child of Winfield Scott Lovecraft and Sarah Susan ("Susie"; née Phillips) Lovecraft, who were both of English descent.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a16de_Camp197512Cannon19891%E2%80%932-3) Susie's family was of substantial means at the time of their marriage, as her father, Whipple Van Buren Phillips, was involved in business ventures.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a8de_Camp197511Cannon19892-4) In April 1893, after a [psychotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotic "Psychotic") episode in a [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") hotel, Winfield was committed to [Butler Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Hospital "Butler Hospital") in Providence. His medical records state that he was "doing and saying strange things at times" for a year before his commitment.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26Faig199145-5) The person who reported these symptoms is unknown.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26-6) Winfield spent five years in Butler before dying in 1898. His death certificate listed the cause of death as [general paresis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_paresis_of_the_insane "General paresis of the insane"), a term synonymous with late-stage [syphilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis "Syphilis").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a22de_Camp197515%E2%80%9316Faig199149-7) Throughout his life, Lovecraft maintained that his father fell into a paralytic state, due to insomnia and overwork, and remained that way until his death. It is not known whether Lovecraft was simply kept ignorant of his father's illness or whether his later statements were intentionally misleading.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26de_Camp197516Cannon19891-8)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft_Family,_1892.png)
Sarah, Howard (before being [breeched](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeching_\(boys\) "Breeching (boys)")), and Winfield Lovecraft in 1892
After his father's institutionalization, Lovecraft resided in the family home with his mother, his maternal aunts Lillian and Annie, and his maternal grandparents Whipple and Robie.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28de_Camp197517Cannon19892-9) According to family friends, Susie doted on the young Lovecraft excessively, pampering him and never letting him out of her sight.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19752Cannon19893%E2%80%934-10) Lovecraft later recollected that his mother was "permanently stricken with grief" after his father's illness. Whipple became a father figure to Lovecraft in this time, Lovecraft later noted that his grandfather became the "centre of my entire universe". Whipple, who often traveled to manage his business, maintained correspondence by letter with the young Lovecraft who, by the age of three, was already proficient at reading and writing.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28Cannon19892-11)
Whipple encouraged the young Lovecraft to have an appreciation of literature, especially classical literature and English poetry. In his old age, he helped raise the young H. P. Lovecraft and educated him not only in the classics, but also in original weird tales of "winged horrors" and "deep, low, moaning sounds" which he created for his grandchild's entertainment. The original sources of Phillips's weird tales are unidentified. Lovecraft himself guessed that they originated from [Gothic novelists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction") like [Ann Radcliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe "Ann Radcliffe"), [Matthew Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Gregory_Lewis "Matthew Gregory Lewis"), and [Charles Maturin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maturin "Charles Maturin").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200125de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318-12) It was during this period that Lovecraft was introduced to some of his earliest literary influences, such as *[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner")* illustrated by [Gustave Doré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9 "Gustave Doré"), *[One Thousand and One Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights")*, [Thomas Bulfinch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bulfinch "Thomas Bulfinch")'s *[Age of Fable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Fable "Age of Fable")*, and [Ovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid "Ovid")'s *[Metamorphoses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses "Metamorphoses")*.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318-13)
While there is no indication that Lovecraft was particularly close to his grandmother, Robie, her death in 1896 had a profound effect on him. According to him, it sent his family into "a gloom from which it never fully recovered". His mother and aunts wore black mourning dresses that "terrified" him. This was also the time when Lovecraft, approximately five-and-a-half years old, started having [nightmares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare "Nightmare") that later informed his fictional writings. Specifically, he began to have recurring nightmares of beings he referred to as "night-gaunts". He credited their appearance to the influence of Doré's illustrations, which would "whirl me through space at a sickening rate of speed, the while fretting & impelling me with their detestable [tridents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident "Trident")". Thirty years later, night-gaunts appeared in Lovecraft's fiction.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a34de_Camp197530%E2%80%9331-14)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft_-_circa_1900.jpg)
H. P. Lovecraft as a child, circa 1900
Lovecraft's earliest known literary works were written at the age of seven, and were poems restyling the *[Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey "Odyssey")* and other [Greco-Roman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_world "Greco-Roman world") mythological stories.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a38de_Camp197532Cannon19892-15) Lovecraft later wrote that during his childhood he was fixated on the Greco-Roman pantheon, and briefly accepted them as genuine expressions of divinity, foregoing his Christian upbringing.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141-16) He recalled being told, at five years old, that [Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus") did not exist and retorted by asking why "God is not equally a myth?"[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a42St._Armand19723%E2%80%934de_Camp197518-17) At the age of eight, he took a keen interest in the sciences, particularly astronomy and chemistry. He also examined the anatomical books that were held in the family library, which taught him the specifics of human reproduction that were not yet explained to him. As a result, he found that it "virtually killed my interest in the subject".[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a60de_Camp197532-18)
In 1902, according to Lovecraft's later correspondence, astronomy became a guiding influence on his worldview. He began publishing the periodical *Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy*, using the [hectograph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectograph "Hectograph") printing method.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a84-19) Lovecraft went in and out of elementary school repeatedly, oftentimes with home tutors making up for the lost years, missing time due to health concerns that have not been determined. In their written recollections, his peers described him as withdrawn but welcoming to those who shared his then-current fascination with astronomy, inviting them to look through his prized telescope.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a90Cannon19894-20)
### Education and financial decline
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Education and financial decline")\]
By 1900, Whipple's various business concerns were suffering a downturn, which resulted in the slow erosion of his family's wealth. He was forced to let his family's hired servants go, leaving Lovecraft, Whipple, and Susie, being the only unmarried sister, alone in the family home.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a97Faig199163-21) In the spring of 1904, Whipple's largest business venture suffered a catastrophic failure. Within months, he died at age 70 due to a [stroke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke "Stroke"). After Whipple's death, Susie was unable to financially support the upkeep of the expansive family home on what remained of the Phillips estate. Later that year, she was forced to move to a small [duplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_\(building\) "Duplex (building)") with her son.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a96de_Camp197537%E2%80%9339St._Armand19724-22)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wvbp.jpg)
Whipple Van Buren Phillips
Lovecraft called this time one of the darkest of his life, remarking in a 1934 letter that he saw no point in living anymore; he considered the possibility of committing suicide. His scientific curiosity and desire to know more about the world prevented him from doing so.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a98Joshi200147%E2%80%9348Faig19914-23) In fall 1904, he entered high school. Much like his earlier school years, Lovecraft was periodically removed from school for long periods for what he termed "near breakdowns". He did say, though, that while having some conflicts with teachers, he enjoyed high school, becoming close with a small circle of friends. Lovecraft also performed well academically, excelling in particular at chemistry and physics.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a99-24) Aside from a pause in 1904, he also resumed publishing the *Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy* as well as starting the *Scientific Gazette*, which dealt mostly with chemistry.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a102de_Camp197536-25) It was also during this period that Lovecraft produced the first of the fictional works that he was later known for, namely "[The Beast in the Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_in_the_Cave "The Beast in the Cave")" and "[The Alchemist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_\(short_story\) "The Alchemist (short story)")".[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a116de_Camp197543%E2%80%9345Cannon198915-26)
It was in 1908, prior to what would have been his high school graduation, that Lovecraft suffered another unidentified health crisis, though this instance was more severe than his prior illnesses.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893-27) The exact circumstances and causes remain unknown. The only direct records are Lovecraft's own correspondence wherein he retrospectively described it variously as a "nervous collapse" and "a sort of breakdown", in one letter blaming it on the stress of high school despite his enjoying it.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126-28) In another letter concerning the events of 1908, he notes, "I was and am prey to intense headaches, insomnia, and general nervous weakness which prevents my continuous application to any thing".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893-27)
Although Lovecraft maintained that he was going to attend [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") after high school, he never graduated and never attended school again. Whether Lovecraft suffered from a physical ailment, a mental one, or some combination thereof has never been determined. An account from a high school classmate described Lovecraft as exhibiting "terrible tics" and that at times "he'd be sitting in his seat and he'd suddenly up and jump". Harry K. Brobst, a psychology professor, examined the account and claimed that [chorea minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham%27s_chorea "Sydenham's chorea") was the probable cause of Lovecraft's childhood symptoms, while noting that instances of chorea minor after adolescence are very rare.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126-28) In his letters, Lovecraft acknowledged that he suffered from bouts of chorea as a child.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126%E2%80%93127de_Camp197527-29) Brobst further ventured that Lovecraft's 1908 breakdown was attributed to a "hysteroid seizure", a term that has become synonymous with [atypical depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_depression "Atypical depression").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a127-30) In another letter concerning the events of 1908, Lovecraft stated that he "could hardly bear to see or speak to anyone, & liked to shut out the world by pulling down dark shades & using artificial light".[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128de_Camp197551%E2%80%9352-31)
### Earliest recognition
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Earliest recognition")\]
Few of Lovecraft and Susie's activities between late 1908 and 1913 were recorded.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128-32) Lovecraft described the steady continuation of their financial decline highlighted by his uncle's failed business that cost Susie a large portion of their already-dwindling wealth.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200166Faig199165-33) One of Susie's friends, Clara Hess, recalled a visit during which Susie spoke continuously about Lovecraft being "so hideous that he hid from everyone and did not like to walk upon the streets where people could gaze on him." Despite Hess's protests to the contrary, Susie maintained this stance.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200167%E2%80%9368de_Camp197566St._Armand19723-34) For his part, Lovecraft said he found his mother to be "a positive marvel of consideration".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp197564-35) A next-door neighbor later pointed out that what others in the neighborhood often assumed were loud, nocturnal quarrels between mother and son, were actually recitations of [William Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare"), an activity that seemed to delight them both.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner201552%E2%80%9353-36)
During this period, Lovecraft revived his earlier scientific periodicals.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128-32) He endeavored to commit himself to the study of [organic chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry "Organic chemistry"), Susie buying the expensive glass chemistry assemblage he wanted.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001154-37) Lovecraft found his studies were stymied by the mathematics involved, which he found boring and caused headaches that incapacitated him for the remainder of the day.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a129de_Camp1975-38) Lovecraft's first non-self-published poem appeared in a local newspaper in 1912. Called *Providence in 2000 A.D.*, it envisioned a future where Americans of English descent were displaced by Irish, Italian, Portuguese, and Jewish immigrants.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a137-39) In this period he also wrote racist poetry, including "New-England Fallen" and "On the Creation of Niggers", but there is no indication that either were published during his lifetime.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a138de_Camp197595-40)
In 1911, Lovecraft's letters to editors began appearing in pulp and weird-fiction magazines, most notably *[Argosy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_\(magazine\) "Argosy (magazine)")*.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a140de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377-41) A 1913 letter critical of [Fred Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_J._Jackson "Frederick J. Jackson"), one of *Argosy'*s more prominent writers, started Lovecraft down a path that defined the remainder of his career as a writer. In the following letters, Lovecraft described Jackson's stories as being "trivial, effeminate, and, in places, coarse". Continuing, Lovecraft argued that Jackson's characters exhibit the "delicate passions and emotions proper to negroes and anthropoid apes."[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377-42) This sparked a nearly year-long feud in the magazine's letters section between the two writers and their respective supporters. Lovecraft's most prominent opponent was John Russell, who often replied in verse, and to whom Lovecraft felt compelled to reply because he respected Russell's writing skills.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197578%E2%80%9379-43) The most immediate effect of this feud was the recognition garnered from [Edward F. Daas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_F._Daas "Edward F. Daas"), then head editor of the [United Amateur Press Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Amateur_Press_Association "United Amateur Press Association") (UAPA).[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145%E2%80%93155de_Camp197584-44) Daas invited Russell and Lovecraft to join the organization and both accepted. Lovecraft joined the UAPA in April 1914.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a155de_Camp197584%E2%80%9384-45)
### Rejuvenation and tragedy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Rejuvenation and tragedy")\]
> With the advent of United I obtained a renewed will to live; a renewed sense of existence as other than a superfluous weight; and found a sphere in which I could feel that my efforts were not wholly futile. For the first time I could imagine that my clumsy gropings after art were a little more than faint cries lost in the unlistening void.
—Lovecraft in 1921.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159-46)
Lovecraft immersed himself in the world of amateur journalism for most of the following decade.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159-46) During this period, he advocated for amateurism's superiority to commercialism.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a164-47) Lovecraft defined commercialism as writing for what he considered low-brow publications for pay. This was contrasted with his view of "professional publication", which was what he called writing for what he considered respectable journals and publishers. He thought of amateur journalism as serving as practice for a professional career.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a165-48)
Lovecraft was appointed chairman of the Department of Public Criticism of the UAPA in late 1914.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a168de_Camp1975153Cannon19895-49) He used this position to advocate for what he saw as the superiority of archaic English language usage. Emblematic of the [Anglophilic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophile "Anglophile") opinions he maintained throughout his life, he openly criticized other UAPA contributors for their "Americanisms" and "slang". Often, these criticisms were embedded in xenophobic and racist statements that the "national language" was being negatively changed by immigrants.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a169-50) In mid-1915, Lovecraft was elected vice-president of the UAPA.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a180de_Camp1975121-51) Two years later, he was elected president and appointed other board members who mostly shared his belief in the superiority of [British English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English "British English") over modern American English.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a182de_Camp1975121%E2%80%93122-52) Following the outbreak of [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Lovecraft published multiple criticisms of the American government and public's reluctance to join the war to protect England, which he viewed as America's ancestral homeland.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a210Cannon19896-53)
In 1916, Lovecraft published his first short story, "The Alchemist", in the main UAPA journal, which was a departure from his usual verse. Due to the encouragement of [W. Paul Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Paul_Cook "W. Paul Cook"), another UAPA member and future lifelong friend, Lovecraft began writing and publishing more prose fiction.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a273de_Camp1975125-54) Soon afterwards, he wrote "[The Tomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tomb_\(short_story\) "The Tomb (short story)")" and "[Dagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon_\(short_story\) "Dagon (short story)")".[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a239de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126-55) "The Tomb", by Lovecraft's own admission, was greatly influenced by the style and structure of [Edgar Allan Poe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe "Edgar Allan Poe")'s works.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a240Cannon198916-56) Meanwhile, "Dagon" is considered Lovecraft's first work that displays the concepts and themes that his writings later became known for.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a251de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126-57) Lovecraft published another short story, "[Beyond the Wall of Sleep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Wall_of_Sleep "Beyond the Wall of Sleep")" in 1919, which was his first [science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction") story.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a260de_Camp1975137-58)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png)
Lovecraft in 1915
Lovecraft's term as president of the UAPA ended in 1918, and he returned to his former post as chairman of the Department of Public Criticism.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a284de_Camp1975122-59) In 1917, as Lovecraft related to Kleiner, Lovecraft made an aborted attempt to enlist in the [United States Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"). Though he passed the physical exam,[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a303Faig199166-60) he told Kleiner that his mother threatened to do anything, legal or otherwise, to prove that he was unfit for service.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a300Faig199166%E2%80%9367-61) After his failed attempt to serve in World War I, he attempted to enroll in the [Rhode Island Army National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Army_National_Guard "Rhode Island Army National Guard"), but his mother used her family connections to prevent it.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a23Cannon19893de_Camp1975118-62)
During the winter of 1918–1919, Susie, exhibiting the symptoms of a nervous breakdown, went to live with her elder sister, Lillian. The nature of Susie's illness is unclear, as her medical papers were later destroyed in a fire at Butler Hospital.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125-63) Winfield Townley Scott, who was able to read the papers before the fire, described Susie as having suffered a psychological collapse.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125-63) Neighbour and friend Clara Hess, interviewed in 1948, recalled instances of Susie describing "weird and fantastic creatures that rushed out from behind buildings and from corners at dark."[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366-64) In the same account, Hess described a time when they crossed paths in downtown Providence and Susie was unaware of where she was.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366-64) In March 1919, she was committed to Butler Hospital, like her husband before her.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2010a301de_Camp1975134%E2%80%93135-65) Lovecraft's immediate reaction to Susie's commitment was visceral, writing to Kleiner that "existence seems of little value", and that he wished "it might terminate".[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft200084-66) During Susie's time at Butler, Lovecraft periodically visited her and walked the large grounds with her.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaig199158%E2%80%9359de_Camp1975135-67)
Late 1919 saw Lovecraft become more outgoing. After a period of isolation, he began joining friends in trips to writer gatherings; the first being a talk in Boston presented by [Lord Dunsany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dunsany "Lord Dunsany"), whom Lovecraft had recently discovered and idolized.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a306de_Camp1975139%E2%80%93141-68) In early 1920, at an amateur writer convention, he met [Frank Belknap Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long"), who ended up being Lovecraft's most influential and closest confidant for the remainder of his life.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a308-69) The influence of Dunsany is apparent in his 1919 output, which is part of what was later called Lovecraft's [Dream Cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle "Dream Cycle"), including "[The White Ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Ship_\(story\) "The White Ship (story)")" and "[The Doom That Came to Sarnath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doom_That_Came_to_Sarnath "The Doom That Came to Sarnath")".[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144-70) In early 1920, he wrote "[The Cats of Ulthar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cats_of_Ulthar "The Cats of Ulthar")" and "[Celephaïs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celepha%C3%AFs "Celephaïs")", which were also strongly influenced by Dunsany.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144Burleson199039-71)
It was later in 1920 that Lovecraft began publishing the earliest [Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos "Cthulhu Mythos") stories. The Cthulhu Mythos, a term coined by later authors, encompasses Lovecraft's stories that share a commonality in the revelation of cosmic insignificance, initially realistic settings, and recurring entities and texts.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Leavenworth2014333%E2%80%93334-72) The prose poem "[Nyarlathotep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarlathotep_\(short_story\) "Nyarlathotep (short story)")" and the short story "[The Crawling Chaos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crawling_Chaos "The Crawling Chaos")", in collaboration with Winifred Virginia Jackson, were written in late 1920.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a369de_Camp1975138%E2%80%93139-73) Following in early 1921 came "[The Nameless City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nameless_City "The Nameless City")", the first story that falls definitively within the Cthulhu Mythos. In it is one of Lovecraft's most enduring phrases, a couplet recited by Abdul Alhazred; "That is not dead which can eternal lie; And with strange aeons even death may die."[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975149Burleson199049,_52%E2%80%9353-74) In the same year, he also wrote "[The Outsider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsider_\(short_story\) "The Outsider (short story)")", which has become one of Lovecraft's most heavily analyzed, and differently interpreted, stories.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson199058Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142-75) It has been variously interpreted as being autobiographical, an allegory of the psyche, a parody of the afterlife, a commentary on humanity's place in the universe, and a critique of progress.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosig200117%E2%80%9318,_33Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142-76)
On May 24, 1921, Susie died in Butler Hospital, due to complications from an operation on her [gallbladder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder "Gallbladder") five days earlier.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154Cannon19894%E2%80%935-77) Lovecraft's initial reaction, expressed in a letter written nine days after Susie's death, was a deep state of sadness that crippled him physically and emotionally. He again expressed a desire that his life might end.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Goodwin202419%E2%80%9320-78) Lovecraft's later response was relief, as he became able to live independently from his mother. His physical health also began to improve, although he was unaware of the exact cause.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001144%E2%80%93145de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Faig199167-79) Despite Lovecraft's reaction, he continued to attend amateur journalist conventions. Lovecraft met his future wife, [Sonia Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene"), at one such convention in July.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a400de_Camp1975152%E2%80%93154St._Armand19724-80)
### Marriage and New York
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Marriage and New York")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft_and_Sonia_Greene,_5_July_1921.png)
Lovecraft and Sonia Greene on July 5, 1921
Lovecraft's aunts disapproved of his relationship with Sonia. Lovecraft and Greene married on March 3, 1924, and relocated to her [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn") apartment at 259 Parkside Avenue; she thought he needed to leave Providence to flourish and was willing to support him financially.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Fooy2011de_Camp1975184-81) Greene, who had been married before, later said Lovecraft performed satisfactorily as a lover, but she had to take the initiative in all aspects of the relationship. She attributed Lovecraft's passive nature to a stultifying upbringing by his mother.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverts201219Joshi2001201%E2%80%93202-82) Lovecraft's weight increased to 200 lb (91 kg) on his wife's home cooking.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001202%E2%80%93203de_Camp1975202-83)
He was enthralled by New York City, and, in what was informally dubbed the Kalem Club, he acquired a group of encouraging intellectual and literary friends who urged him to submit stories to *Weird Tales*. Its editor, [Edwin Baird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Baird "Edwin Baird"), accepted many of Lovecraft's stories for the ailing publication, including "[Under the Pyramids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Pyramids "Under the Pyramids")", which was ghostwritten for [Harry Houdini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini "Harry Houdini").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001291%E2%80%93292de_Camp1975177%E2%80%93179,_219Cannon198955-84) Established informally some years before Lovecraft arrived in New York, the core Kalem Club members were boys' adventure novelist [Henry Everett McNeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Everett_McNeil "Henry Everett McNeil"), the lawyer and anarchist writer [James Ferdinand Morton Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ferdinand_Morton_Jr. "James Ferdinand Morton Jr."), and the poet Reinhardt Kleiner.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001136de_Camp1975219Goodwin202496%E2%80%9397-85)
On January 1, 1925, Sonia moved from Parkside to [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland") in response to a job opportunity, and Lovecraft left for a small first-floor apartment on 169 Clinton Street "at the edge of [Red Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn "Red Hook, Brooklyn")"—a location which came to discomfort him greatly.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFooy2011Cannon198955Joshi2001210-86) Later that year, the Kalem Club's four regular attendees were joined by Lovecraft along with his protégé [Frank Belknap Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long"), bookseller George Willard Kirk, and [Samuel Loveman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Loveman "Samuel Loveman").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001201%E2%80%93202Goodwin202497-87) Loveman was Jewish, but he and Lovecraft became close friends in spite of the latter's antisemitic attitudes.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b11de_Camp1975109%E2%80%93111GreeneScott19488-88) By the 1930s, writer and publisher [Herman Charles Koenig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Charles_Koenig "Herman Charles Koenig") was one of the last to become involved with the Kalem Club.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001112-89)
Not long after the marriage, Greene lost her business and her assets disappeared in a bank failure.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975224-90) Lovecraft made efforts to support his wife through regular jobs, but his lack of previous work experience meant he lacked proven marketable skills.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975207%E2%80%93213-91) The publisher of *Weird Tales* was attempting to make the loss-making magazine profitable and offered the job of editor to Lovecraft, who declined, citing his reluctance to relocate to Chicago on aesthetic grounds.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001St._Armand197210-92) Baird was succeeded by [Farnsworth Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnsworth_Wright "Farnsworth Wright"), whose writing Lovecraft criticized. Lovecraft's submissions were often rejected by Wright. This may have been partially due to censorship guidelines imposed in the aftermath of a *Weird Tales* story that hinted at [necrophilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia "Necrophilia"), although after Lovecraft's death, Wright accepted many of the stories he had originally rejected.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001225de_Camp1975183-93)
Sonia also became ill and immediately after recovering, relocated to [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), and then to Cleveland; her employment required constant travel.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001200%E2%80%93201de_Camp1975170%E2%80%93172-94) Added to his feelings of failure in a city with a large immigrant population, Lovecraft's single-room apartment was burgled, leaving him with only the clothes he was wearing.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001216%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975230%E2%80%93232-95) In August 1925, he wrote "[The Horror at Red Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook "The Horror at Red Hook")" and "[He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_\(short_story\) "He (short story)")".[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001219%E2%80%93224Goodwin2024137%E2%80%93141de_Camp1975240%E2%80%93241-96) In the latter, the narrator says "My coming to New York had been a mistake; for whereas I had looked for poignant wonder and inspiration \[...\] I had found instead only a sense of horror and oppression which threatened to master, paralyze, and annihilate me."[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009b-97) This was an expression of his despair at being in New York.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001223%E2%80%93224Norris2020217de_Camp1975242%E2%80%93243-98) It was at around this time he wrote the outline for "[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")", with its theme of the insignificance of all humanity.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Burleson199077-99) During this time, Lovecraft wrote "[Supernatural Horror in Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_Horror_in_Literature "Supernatural Horror in Literature")" on the eponymous subject. It later became one of the most influential essays on supernatural horror.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001227%E2%80%93228Moreland20181%E2%80%933Cannon198961%E2%80%9362-100) With a weekly allowance Greene sent, Lovecraft moved to a working-class area of [Brooklyn Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights "Brooklyn Heights"), where he resided in a tiny apartment. He lost approximately 40 pounds (18 kg) of body weight by 1926, when he left for Providence.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001214%E2%80%93215Goodwin2024122-101)
### Return to Providence and death
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Return to Providence and death")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg)
Lovecraft's final home, May 1933 until March 10, 1937
Back in Providence, Lovecraft lived with his aunts in a "spacious brown [Victorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture "Victorian architecture") wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinton2016St._Armand19724-102) He then moved to 66 Prospect Street, which became his final home.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-104)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724-103) The period beginning after his return to Providence contains some of his most prominent works, including *[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath")*, *[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_Charles_Dexter_Ward "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward")*, "The Call of Cthulhu", and *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")*.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Joshi2001351%E2%80%93354-105) The former two stories are partially autobiographical, as scholars have argued that *The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath* is about Lovecraft's return to Providence and *The Case of Charles Dexter Ward* is, in part, about the city itself.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93354St._Armand197210%E2%80%9314-106) The former story also represents a partial repudiation of Dunsany's influence, as Lovecraft decided that his style did not come to him naturally.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93353Goodrich200437%E2%80%9338-107) At this time, he frequently [revised work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_bibliography#Collaborations,_revisions,_and_ghost_writing "H. P. Lovecraft bibliography") for other authors and did a large amount of ghostwriting, including *[The Mound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mound_\(novella\) "The Mound (novella)")*, "Winged Death", and "The Diary of Alonzo Typer". Client [Harry Houdini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini "Harry Houdini") was laudatory, and attempted to help Lovecraft by introducing him to the head of a newspaper syndicate. Plans for a further project, a book titled *[The Cancer of Superstition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cancer_of_Superstition "The Cancer of Superstition")*, were ended by Houdini's death in 1926.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001117Flood2016Goodwin202487,_102-108) After returning, he also began to engage in antiquarian travels across the eastern seaboard during the summer months.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon19897%E2%80%938Evans2005102%E2%80%93105-109) During the spring–summer of 1930, Lovecraft visited, among other locations, New York City, [Brattleboro, Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont "Brattleboro, Vermont"), [Wilbraham, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbraham,_Massachusetts "Wilbraham, Massachusetts"), [Charleston, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), and [Quebec City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City").[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-111)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001272%E2%80%93273Cannon19897%E2%80%938-112)
Later, in August, [Robert E. Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard "Robert E. Howard") wrote a letter to *Weird Tales* praising a then-recent reprint of Lovecraft's "[The Rats in the Walls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rats_in_the_Walls "The Rats in the Walls")" and discussing some of the [Gaelic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_literature "Gaelic literature") references used within.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149,_184Vick202196%E2%80%93102-113) Its editor, Farnsworth Wright, forwarded the letter to Lovecraft, who responded positively to Howard, and soon the two writers were engaged in a vigorous correspondence that lasted for the rest of Howard's life.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149Vick202196%E2%80%93102-114) Howard quickly became a member of the Lovecraft Circle, a group of writers and friends all linked through Lovecraft's voluminous correspondence, as he introduced his many like-minded friends to one another and encouraged them to share their stories, utilize each other's fictional creations, and help each other succeed in the field of pulp fiction.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013150%E2%80%93151Vick202196%E2%80%93102-115)
Meanwhile, Lovecraft was increasingly producing work that brought him no remuneration.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001273-116) Affecting a calm indifference to the reception of his works, Lovecraft was in reality extremely sensitive to criticism and easily precipitated into withdrawal. He was known to give up trying to sell a story after it was rejected once.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353-117) Sometimes, as with *The Shadow over Innsmouth*, he wrote a story that might have been commercially viable but did not try to sell it. Lovecraft even ignored interested publishers. He failed to reply when one inquired about any novel Lovecraft might have ready: although he had completed such a work, *The Case of Charles Dexter Ward*, it was never typed up.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353Joshi2001255de_Camp1975192%E2%80%93194-118) A few years after Lovecraft moved to Providence, he and his wife Sonia Greene, having lived separately for so long, agreed to an amicable divorce. Greene moved to California in 1933 and remarried in 1936, unaware that Lovecraft, despite his assurances to the contrary, never officially signed the final decree.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Joshi1996b455-119)
As a result of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States "Great Depression in the United States"), he shifted towards [socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism "Socialism"), decrying both his prior political beliefs and the rising tide of [fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism "Fascism").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976bJoshi2001346%E2%80%93355Cannon198910%E2%80%9311-120) He thought that socialism was a workable middle ground between what he saw as the destructive impulses of both the capitalists and the Marxists of his day. This was based in a general opposition to cultural upheaval, as well as support for an ordered society. Electorally, he supported [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"), but he thought that the [New Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal") was not sufficiently leftist. Lovecraft's support for it was based in his view that no other set of reforms were possible at that time.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001346%E2%80%93355-121)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg)
H. P. Lovecraft's gravestone
In late 1936, he witnessed the publication of *The Shadow over Innsmouth* as a paperback book.[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-124) 400 copies were printed, and the work was advertised in *Weird Tales* and several fan magazines. However, Lovecraft was displeased, as this book was riddled with errors that required extensive editing. It sold slowly and only approximately 200 copies were bound. The remaining 200 copies were destroyed after the publisher went out of business seven years later. By this point, Lovecraft's literary career was reaching its end. Shortly after having written his last original short story, "[The Haunter of the Dark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunter_of_the_Dark "The Haunter of the Dark")", he stated that the hostile reception of *At the Mountains of Madness* had done "more than anything to end my effective fictional career". His declining psychological and physical states made it impossible for him to continue writing fiction.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001383%E2%80%93384-125)
On June 11, Robert E. Howard was informed that his chronically ill mother would not awaken from her coma. He walked out to his car and killed himself with a pistol that he had stored there. His mother died shortly thereafter.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001375%E2%80%93376Finn2013294%E2%80%93295Vick2021130%E2%80%93137-126) This deeply affected Lovecraft, who consoled Howard's father through correspondence. Almost immediately after hearing about Howard's death, Lovecraft wrote a brief memoir titled "In Memoriam: Robert Ervin Howard", which he distributed to his correspondents.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006b216%E2%80%93218Joshi2001375%E2%80%93376Vick2021143-127) Meanwhile, Lovecraft's physical health was deteriorating. He was suffering from an affliction that he referred to as "grippe".[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-129)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001370,_384%E2%80%93385Cannon198911de_Camp1975415%E2%80%93416-130)
Due to his fear of doctors, Lovecraft was not examined until a month before his death and was diagnosed with terminal [cancer of the small intestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine_cancer "Small intestine cancer").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001387%E2%80%93388de_Camp1975427%E2%80%93428-131) He was hospitalized in the Jane Brown Memorial Hospital and lived in constant pain until his death on March 15, 1937, in Providence. In accordance with his lifelong scientific curiosity, he kept a diary of his illness until he was physically incapable of holding a pen.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Boston_Globe''19372Joshi2001387%E2%80%93388-132) After a small funeral, Lovecraft was buried in [Swan Point Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Point_Cemetery "Swan Point Cemetery") and was listed alongside his parents on the Phillips family monument.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001389de_Camp1975428-133) In 1977, fans erected a headstone in the same cemetery, on which they inscribed his name, the dates of his birth and death, and the phrase "I AM PROVIDENCE"—a line from one of his personal letters.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosig1997114Lovecraft196850%E2%80%9351-134)
## Personal views
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Personal views")\]
| |
|---|
| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Category:Conservatism in the United States") on |
| [Conservatism in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg) |
| Schools [Compassionate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism "Compassionate conservatism") [Fiscal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism "Fiscal conservatism") [Fusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusionism "Fusionism") [Liberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism "Liberal conservatism") [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism "Libertarian conservatism") [Moderate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_conservatism#United_States "Moderate conservatism") [Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_conservatism "Movement conservatism") [Nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_nationalism "American nationalism") [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_nationalism_in_the_United_States "Christian nationalism in the United States") [Neo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism "Neoconservatism") [Paleo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism "Paleoconservatism") [Postliberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postliberalism "Postliberalism") [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_conservatism "Progressive conservatism") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Social conservatism in the United States") [Straussian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straussianism "Straussianism") [Traditionalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Traditionalist conservatism in the United States") [Western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_conservatism_\(United_States\) "Western conservatism (United States)") |
| Principles [American exceptionalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_exceptionalism "American exceptionalism") [Anti-communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States "Anti-communism") [Constitutionalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States "Constitutionalism in the United States") [Familialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familialism#United_States "Familialism") [Family values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_values#United_States_culture "Family values") [Federalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States "Federalism in the United States") [States' rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights "States' rights") [Subsidiarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity "Subsidiarity") [Gender essentialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_essentialism "Gender essentialism") [Judeo-Christian values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics "Judeo-Christian ethics") [Individualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism "Individualism") [Law and order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_\(politics\) "Law and order (politics)") [Limited government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_government "Limited government") [Meritocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy "Meritocracy") [Natural aristocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_aristocracy "Natural aristocracy") [Militarism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_militarism "United States militarism") [Peace through strength](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_through_strength "Peace through strength") [Moral absolutism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_absolutism "Moral absolutism") [Natalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalism "Natalism") [Pro-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement "United States anti-abortion movement") [Natural law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law "Natural law") [Ordered liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_liberty "Ordered liberty") [Patriotism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanism_\(ideology\) "Americanism (ideology)") [Property rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_property#Americas "Right to property") [Republicanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States "Republicanism in the United States") [Right to bear arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States "Right to keep and bear arms in the United States") [Rule of law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law "Rule of law") [Supply-side economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics "Supply-side economics") [Tradition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition "Tradition") [Zionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism "Zionism") [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism "Christian Zionism") |
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States "History of conservatism in the United States") [Loyalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_\(American_Revolution\) "Loyalist (American Revolution)") [Federalist Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Era "Federalist Era") [Southern chivalry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_chivalry "Southern chivalry") [Redeemers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemers "Redeemers") [Boston Brahmins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Brahmin "Boston Brahmin") [Solid South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South "Solid South") [New Humanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_humanism_\(literature\) "New humanism (literature)") [Dunning School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning_School "Dunning School") [Southern Agrarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Agrarians "Southern Agrarians") [Old Right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Right_\(United_States\) "Old Right (United States)") [Conservative Manifesto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto "Conservative Manifesto") [Conservative coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_coalition "Conservative coalition") [America First Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_Committee "America First Committee") [McCarthyism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism "McCarthyism") [Goldwater campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign "Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign") [New Right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Right#United_States "New Right") [Reagan era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_era "Reagan era") [Reagan Doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine "Reagan Doctrine") [Reaganomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics "Reaganomics") [Republican Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Revolution "Republican Revolution") [Tea Party movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement "Tea Party movement") [Neo- vs. paleoconservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism "Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism") [Agenda 47](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_47 "Agenda 47") |
| Intellectuals [Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Adams "Henry Adams") [Anton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anton "Michael Anton") [Babbitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Babbitt "Irving Babbitt") [Bacevich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich "Andrew Bacevich") [Bell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bell "Daniel Bell") [Bellow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Bellow "Saul Bellow") [Bloom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Bloom "Allan Bloom") [Boorstin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin "Daniel J. Boorstin") [Bradford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Bradford "Mel Bradford") [Buckley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr. "William F. Buckley Jr.") [Burgess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burgess_\(political_scientist\) "John Burgess (political scientist)") [Burnham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnham "James Burnham") [Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun") [Chambers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers "Whittaker Chambers") [Conquest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest "Robert Conquest") [Deneen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Deneen "Patrick Deneen") [Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot "T. S. Eliot") [Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Francis_\(writer\) "Sam Francis (writer)") [George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._George "Robert P. George") [Genovese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Genovese "Eugene Genovese") [Gottfried](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gottfried "Paul Gottfried") [Hanson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson "Victor Davis Hanson") [Hardin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hardin "Garrett Hardin") [Hazony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoram_Hazony "Yoram Hazony") [Himmelfarb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb "Gertrude Himmelfarb") [Hoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe "Hans-Hermann Hoppe") [Hurston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston "Zora Neale Hurston") [Jaffa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa "Harry V. Jaffa") [Kimball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Kimball "Roger Kimball") [Kirk (Russell)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Kirk "Russell Kirk") [Kirkpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick "Jeane Kirkpatrick") [Knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knight "Frank Knight") [Kristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol "Irving Kristol") [Laffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer "Arthur Laffer") [Kuehnelt-Leddihn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn "Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn") [Lind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lind "Michael Lind") [Lovecraft]() [Loury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Loury "Glenn Loury") [Lukacs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lukacs "John Lukacs") [Mansfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield "Harvey Mansfield") [Mencken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken "H. L. Mencken") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Meyer_\(political_philosopher\) "Frank Meyer (political philosopher)") [Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Murray_\(political_scientist\) "Charles Murray (political scientist)") [Nisbet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nisbet "Robert Nisbet") [Pangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pangle "Thomas Pangle") [Ransom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom "John Crowe Ransom") [Rieff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rieff "Philip Rieff") [Rushdoony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony "R. J. Rushdoony") [Santayana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana "George Santayana") [Schaeffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer "Francis Schaeffer") [Sowell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell "Thomas Sowell") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Strauss "Leo Strauss") [Vermeule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule "Adrian Vermeule") [Viereck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Viereck "Peter Viereck") [Voegelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Voegelin "Eric Voegelin") [Wattenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg "Ben Wattenberg") [Weaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver "Richard M. Weaver") [Wolfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wolfe "Tom Wolfe") |
| Politicians [Abbott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Abbott "Greg Abbott") [Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") [Bolton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bolton "John Bolton") [Buchanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Buchanan "Pat Buchanan") [Bush (George H. W.)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") [Bush (George W.)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") [Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun") [Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") [Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney") [Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge") [Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz "Ted Cruz") [DeSantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_DeSantis "Ron DeSantis") [Dirksen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Dirksen "Everett Dirksen") [Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") [Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") [Gingrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich "Newt Gingrich") [Goldwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater") [Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton "Alexander Hamilton") [Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding") [Helms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms "Jesse Helms") [Hoover (Herbert)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") [Huckabee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Huckabee "Mike Huckabee") [Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Johnson "Mike Johnson") [Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") [Lodge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge "Henry Cabot Lodge") [Luce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce "Clare Boothe Luce") [McCain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") [McCarthy (Joseph)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy "Joseph McCarthy") [McCarthy (Kevin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy "Kevin McCarthy") [McConnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell "Mitch McConnell") [McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley") [Meese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Meese "Edwin Meese") [Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") [Palin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin") [Paul (Rand)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul "Rand Paul") [Paul (Ron)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul "Ron Paul") [Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") [Randolph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke "John Randolph of Roanoke") [Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") [Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") [Roosevelt (Theodore)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") [Rubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio "Marco Rubio") [Rumsfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld "Donald Rumsfeld") [Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan "Paul Ryan") [Santorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Santorum "Rick Santorum") [Sessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions "Jeff Sessions") [Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman "John Sherman") [Taft (Robert)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Taft "Robert A. Taft") [Taft (William)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft") [Thune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thune "John Thune") [Thurmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") [Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") [Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance "JD Vance") [Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace") [Wolfowitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz "Paul Wolfowitz") [Quayle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle "Dan Quayle") |
| Jurists [Alito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito "Samuel Alito") [Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett "Amy Coney Barrett") [Bork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bork "Robert Bork") [Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Burger "Warren E. Burger") [Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Fuller "Melville Fuller") [Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch "Neil Gorsuch") [Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh "Brett Kavanaugh") [Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy "Anthony Kennedy") [O'Connor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor "Sandra Day O'Connor") [Rehnquist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rehnquist "William Rehnquist") [Roberts (John)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts "John Roberts") [Scalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia "Antonin Scalia") [Sutherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sutherland "George Sutherland") [Taft (William)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft") [Thomas (Clarence)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas "Clarence Thomas") |
| Commentators [Beck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Beck "Glenn Beck") [Bongino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bongino "Dan Bongino") [Breitbart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart "Andrew Breitbart") [Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brooks_\(commentator\) "David Brooks (commentator)") [Buckley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr. "William F. Buckley Jr.") [Caldwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_\(journalist\) "Christopher Caldwell (journalist)") [Carlson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Carlson "Tucker Carlson") [Cass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren_Cass "Oren Cass") [Coulter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Coulter "Ann Coulter") [D'Souza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza "Dinesh D'Souza") [Derbyshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Derbyshire "John Derbyshire") [Dreher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Dreher "Rod Dreher") [Elder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Elder "Larry Elder") [Goldberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg "Jonah Goldberg") [Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Grant_\(radio_host\) "Bob Grant (radio host)") [Van den Haag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag "Ernest van den Haag") [Hannity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity "Sean Hannity") [Hart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart "Jeffrey Hart") [Herberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Herberg "Will Herberg") [Ingraham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Ingraham "Laura Ingraham") [Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Jones "Alex Jones") [Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megyn_Kelly "Megyn Kelly") [Knowles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Knowles_\(political_commentator\) "Michael Knowles (political commentator)") [Krauthammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer "Charles Krauthammer") [Lahren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomi_Lahren "Tomi Lahren") [Levin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Levin "Mark Levin") [Limbaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh "Rush Limbaugh") [Mac Donald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald "Heather Mac Donald") [Neuhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus "Richard John Neuhaus") [Ngo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Ngo "Andy Ngo") [North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North "Oliver North") [Novak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Novak "Robert Novak") [O'Reilly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_\(political_commentator\) "Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)") [Owens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Owens "Candace Owens") [Podhoretz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz "Norman Podhoretz") [Pool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pool "Tim Pool") [Possony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Thomas_Possony "Stefan Thomas Possony") [Prager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Prager "Dennis Prager") [Robertson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson "Pat Robertson") [Shapiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shapiro "Ben Shapiro") [Shlaes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amity_Shlaes "Amity Shlaes") [Walsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Walsh_\(political_commentator\) "Matt Walsh (political commentator)") [Watters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Watters "Jesse Watters") [Weyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl "Nathaniel Weyl") [Wheeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Wheeler "Liz Wheeler") [Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Will "George Will") [Wintrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich "Lucian Wintrich") [Woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Woods "Tom Woods") |
| Activists [Abramoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Abramoff "Jack Abramoff") [Agostinelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli "Robert Agostinelli") [Andreessen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen "Marc Andreessen") [Atwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Atwater "Lee Atwater") [Bannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bannon "Steve Bannon") [Bennett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett "Kaitlin Bennett") [Bezmenov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov "Yuri Bezmenov") [Bozell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr. "L. Brent Bozell Jr.") [Cohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn "Roy Cohn") [Dans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dans "Paul Dans") [Dobson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dobson "James Dobson") [Falwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell "Jerry Falwell") [Feulner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Feulner "Edwin Feulner") [Flynn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Flynn "Michael Flynn") [Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel "Brigitte Gabriel") [Gaines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Gaines "Riley Gaines") [Hegseth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Hegseth "Pete Hegseth") [Horowitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horowitz "David Horowitz") [Kirk (Charlie)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Kirk "Charlie Kirk") [Krikorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_\(activist\) "Mark Krikorian (activist)") [Kristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kristol "Bill Kristol") [LaHaye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_LaHaye "Tim LaHaye") [Lindell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lindell "Mike Lindell") [Lindbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh "Charles Lindbergh") [Leo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Leo "Leonard Leo") [McEntee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEntee_\(political_aide\) "John McEntee (political aide)") [Mercer (Rebekah)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer "Rebekah Mercer") [Mercer (Robert)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mercer "Robert Mercer") [Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Miller "Stephen Miller") [Murdoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch "Rupert Murdoch") [Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") [political views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") [O'Keefe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Keefe "James O'Keefe") [Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeonmi_Park "Yeonmi Park") [Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_\(activist\) "Howard Phillips (activist)") [Posobiec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Posobiec "Jack Posobiec") [Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Powell "Sidney Powell") [Raichik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok "Libs of TikTok") [Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Reed "Ralph Reed") [Regnery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Regnery "Henry Regnery") [Roberts (Kevin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_\(political_strategist\) "Kevin Roberts (political strategist)") [Rove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove "Karl Rove") [Rufo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Rufo "Christopher Rufo") [Scaife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife "Richard Mellon Scaife") [Schlafly (Andrew)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly "Andrew Schlafly") [Schlafly (Phyllis)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly "Phyllis Schlafly") [Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stone "Roger Stone") [Thiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel "Peter Thiel") [Thomas (Ginni)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginni_Thomas "Ginni Thomas") [Weyrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weyrich "Paul Weyrich") [Wiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Wiles "Susie Wiles") [Wood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Wood "Robert E. Wood") |
| Literature *[The Federalist Papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers "The Federalist Papers")* (1788) *[Democracy in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_America "Democracy in America")* (1835–1840) *[Notes on Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy "Notes on Democracy")* (1926) *[I'll Take My Stand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand "Southern Agrarians")* (1930) *[The Managerial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution "The Managerial Revolution")* (1941) *[Ideas Have Consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences "Ideas Have Consequences")* (1948) *[God and Man at Yale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale "God and Man at Yale")* (1951) *[The Conservative Mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind "The Conservative Mind")* (1953) *[The Conscience of a Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative "The Conscience of a Conservative")* (1960) *[A Choice Not an Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo "A Choice Not an Echo")* (1964) *[A Conflict of Visions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions "A Conflict of Visions")* (1987) *[The Closing of the American Mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind "The Closing of the American Mind")* (1987) *[The Death of the West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West "The Death of the West")* (2001) *[Hillbilly Elegy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy "Hillbilly Elegy")* (2016) *[The Benedict Option](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Benedict_Option "The Benedict Option")* (2017) *[Why Liberalism Failed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed "Why Liberalism Failed")* (2018) |
| Parties Active [American Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Party_of_the_United_States "American Party of the United States") [American Independent Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(United_States\) "Conservative Party (United States)") [NY state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State "Conservative Party of New York State") [Constitution Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") [Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") Defunct [Anti-Masonic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party "Anti-Masonic Party") [Constitutional Union Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitutional Union Party (United States)") [Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") (*historically, factions*) [Boll weevils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_weevil_\(politics\) "Boll weevil (politics)") [Bourbon Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat "Bourbon Democrat") [Conservative Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Democrat "Conservative Democrat") [Dixiecrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") [Reagan Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Democrats "Reagan Democrats") [Southern Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democrat "Southern Democrat") [Rhode Island Suffrage Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion "Dorr Rebellion") [Federalist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") [National Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party") [Native American Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Party "Native American Party") [Whig Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") |
| Think tanks [Acton Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Institute "Acton Institute") [AdTI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution "Alexis de Tocqueville Institution") [AFPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_Policy_Institute "America First Policy Institute") [AEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute "American Enterprise Institute") [AFP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity "Americans for Prosperity") [CSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy "Center for Security Policy") [CfNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest "Center for the National Interest") [Claremont Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Institute "Claremont Institute") [CEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute "Competitive Enterprise Institute") [CSPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center "David Horowitz Freedom Center") [EPPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center "Ethics and Public Policy Center") [FRI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Institute "Family Research Institute") [Gatestone Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatestone_Institute "Gatestone Institute") [Heartland Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Institute "Heartland Institute") [The Heritage Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation "The Heritage Foundation") [Heritage Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Action "Heritage Action") *[Mandate for Leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership "Mandate for Leadership")* [Project Esther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Esther "Project Esther") [Project 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_2025 "Project 2025") [Hoover Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution "Hoover Institution") [Hudson Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute "Hudson Institute") [ISI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute "Intercollegiate Studies Institute") [James Madison Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions "James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions") [Leadership Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_Institute "Leadership Institute") [Manhattan Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research "Manhattan Institute for Policy Research") [Mises Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mises_Institute "Mises Institute") [PRI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute "Pacific Research Institute") [PNAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century "Project for the New American Century") (defunct) [Ripon Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_Society "Ripon Society") [R Street Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_Street_Institute "R Street Institute") [Rockford Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Institute "Rockford Institute") [SPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Policy_Network "State Policy Network") [Sutherland Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland_Institute "Sutherland Institute") [Tax Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Foundation "Tax Foundation") [Witherspoon Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute "Witherspoon Institute") |
| Media Newspapers *[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune")* *[The Epoch Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Epoch_Times "The Epoch Times")* *[New York Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post "New York Post")* *[The Remnant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remnant_\(newspaper\) "The Remnant (newspaper)")* *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* [(editorial board)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal "Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal") *[The Washington Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times")* Journals *[American Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Affairs "American Affairs")* *[The American Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Conservative "The American Conservative")* *[The American Spectator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Spectator "The American Spectator")* *[American Thinker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Thinker "American Thinker")* *[City Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Journal "City Journal")* *[Claremont Review of Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books "Claremont Review of Books")* *[Commentary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_\(magazine\) "Commentary (magazine)")* *[Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_\(American_magazine\) "Compact (American magazine)")* *[Chronicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicles_\(magazine\) "Chronicles (magazine)")* *[The Dispatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dispatch "The Dispatch")* *[First Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Things "First Things")* *[The Imaginative Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative "The Imaginative Conservative")* *[Jewish World Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_World_Review "Jewish World Review")* *[Modern Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Age_\(periodical\) "Modern Age (periodical)")* *[National Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Affairs "National Affairs")* *[The National Interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Interest "The National Interest")* *[National Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review "National Review")* *[The New American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_American "The New American")* *[The New Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_\(journal\) "The New Atlantis (journal)")* *[The New Criterion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Criterion "The New Criterion")* *[Policy Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_Review "Policy Review")* (defunct) *[Southern Partisan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Partisan "Southern Partisan")* *[Spectator USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator_USA "Spectator USA")* *[Tablet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_\(magazine\) "Tablet (magazine)")* *[Taki's Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine "Taki's Magazine")* *[Telos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telos_\(journal\) "Telos (journal)")* *[Washington Examiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner "Washington Examiner")* *[The Weekly Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard "The Weekly Standard")* (defunct) TV channels [CBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network "Christian Broadcasting Network") [Fox Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Business "Fox Business") [Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News "Fox News") [Newsmax TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmax_TV "Newsmax TV") [One America News Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_News_Network "One America News Network") [Real America's Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_America%27s_Voice "Real America's Voice") [VOZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOZ_\(media_company\) "VOZ (media company)") Websites *[1819 News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1819_News "1819 News")* *[Babylon Bee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee "The Babylon Bee")* *[Breitbart News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitbart_News "Breitbart News")* *[The Bulwark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulwark_\(website\) "The Bulwark (website)")* *[Campus Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Reform "Campus Reform")* *[The Center Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Center_Square "The Center Square")* *[Conservative Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Review "Conservative Review")* *[Daily Caller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Caller "The Daily Caller")* *[Daily Signal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Signal "The Daily Signal")* *[Daily Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Wire "The Daily Wire")* *[Discover the Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_the_Networks "Discover the Networks")* *[The Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federalist_\(website\) "The Federalist (website)")* *[Gateway Pundit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit "The Gateway Pundit")* *[Hot Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Air "Hot Air")* *[Human Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Events "Human Events")* *[Independent Journal Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review "Independent Journal Review")* *[InfoWars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWars "InfoWars")* *[Jihad Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad_Watch "Jihad Watch")* *[LifeZette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeZette "LifeZette")* *[RedState](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedState "RedState")* *[The Dispatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dispatch "The Dispatch")* *[Washington Examiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner "Washington Examiner")* *[The Washington Free Beacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon "The Washington Free Beacon")* *[The Western Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Western_Journal "The Western Journal")* *[WorldNetDaily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldNetDaily "WorldNetDaily")* Other [Blaze Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze_Media "Blaze Media") [Encounter Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter_Books "Encounter Books") *[Evie Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie_Magazine "Evie Magazine")* [The First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_TV "The First TV") *[Imprimis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimis "Imprimis")* *[The Political Cesspool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool "The Political Cesspool")* [PragerU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PragerU "PragerU") [RealClearPolitics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealClearPolitics "RealClearPolitics") [Regnery Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnery_Publishing "Regnery Publishing") [RSBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network "Right Side Broadcasting Network") *[The Rubin Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rubin_Report "The Rubin Report")* [Sinclair Broadcast Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group "Sinclair Broadcast Group") [White House Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Wire "White House Wire") |
| Other organizations Congressional caucuses [Second Amendment Caucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus "Second Amendment Caucus") [RSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee "Republican Study Committee") [Freedom Caucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Caucus "Freedom Caucus") [Republican Main Street Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership "Republican Main Street Partnership") Economics [ATR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform "Americans for Tax Reform") [Club for Growth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_for_Growth "Club for Growth") [FreedomWorks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreedomWorks "FreedomWorks") (defunct) [NFIB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business "National Federation of Independent Business") [NTU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union "National Taxpayers Union") [Tea Party Patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots "Tea Party Patriots") [USCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce "United States Chamber of Commerce") Gun rights [GOA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America "Gun Owners of America") [NAGR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights "National Association for Gun Rights") [NRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association "National Rifle Association") Identity politics [*ACT\!*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_for_America "ACT for America") [CWA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America "Concerned Women for America") [GAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers "Gays Against Groomers") [IWF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum "Independent Women's Forum") [LCR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans "Log Cabin Republicans") [Moms for Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty "Moms for Liberty") Nativist [CIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies "Center for Immigration Studies") [FAIR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform "Federation for American Immigration Reform") [Immigration Restriction League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League "Immigration Restriction League") [NumbersUSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NumbersUSA "NumbersUSA") [Oath Keepers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_Keepers "Oath Keepers") [Patriot Prayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Prayer "Patriot Prayer") [Proud Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proud_Boys "Proud Boys") [Three Percenters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Percenters "Three Percenters") Religion [ADF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom "Alliance Defending Freedom") [Court cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom "List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom") [ACLJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice "American Center for Law & Justice") [AFA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Association "American Family Association") [The American TFP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property "American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property") [Chalcedon Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation "Chalcedon Foundation") [CCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America "Christian Coalition of America") [Christian Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Voice_\(United_States\) "Christian Voice (United States)") [Eagle Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Forum "Eagle Forum") [FCR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Research_Council "Family Research Council") [The Fellowship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_\(Christian_organization\) "The Fellowship (Christian organization)") [FFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition "Faith and Freedom Coalition") [Focus on the Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family "Focus on the Family") [Foundation for Moral Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law "Foundation for Moral Law") [Liberty Counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Counsel "Liberty Counsel") [Moral Majority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_Majority "Moral Majority") (defunct) [NOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage "National Organization for Marriage") [NRLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee "National Right to Life Committee") [PTMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council "Parents Television and Media Council") [Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America "Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America") [Thomas More Law Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center "Thomas More Law Center") Watchdog groups [AIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media "Accuracy in Media") [Econ Journal Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch "Econ Journal Watch") [Franklin News Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation "Franklin News Foundation") [JW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Watch "Judicial Watch") [MRC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center "Media Research Center") [O'Keefe Media Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group "O'Keefe Media Group") [Project Veritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Veritas "Project Veritas") Youth/student groups [NJC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Journalism_Center "National Journalism Center") [TPUSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_USA "Turning Point USA") [Young Americans for Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom "Young Americans for Freedom") [Young America's Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation "Young America's Foundation") [YAL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty "Young Americans for Liberty") Social media [Gab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab_\(social_network\) "Gab (social network)") [Gettr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettr "Gettr") [Parler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler "Parler") [The Right Stuff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_\(app\) "The Right Stuff (app)") Miscellaneous [The 85 Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_85_Fund "The 85 Fund") [AHI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization "Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization") [ACU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservative_Union "American Conservative Union") [AFPAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_Political_Action_Conference "America First Political Action Conference") [Bradley Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Foundation "Bradley Foundation") [TCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus "The Conservative Caucus") [CNP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy "Council for National Policy") [CPAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference "Conservative Political Action Conference") [Hillsdale College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale_College "Hillsdale College") [IFF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation "Idaho Freedom Foundation") [JBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society "John Birch Society") [John M. Olin Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation "John M. Olin Foundation") (defunct) [Liberty Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Fund "Liberty Fund") [The Lincoln Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project "The Lincoln Project") [LU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_University "Liberty University") [NAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars "National Association of Scholars") [Philadelphia Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Society "Philadelphia Society") [Regent University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_University "Regent University") [Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal "Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal") [TPPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation "Texas Public Policy Foundation") Other [AFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_Legal "America First Legal") [Atlas Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Network "Atlas Network") [Bradley Impact Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Impact_Fund "Bradley Impact Fund") [CN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Network "Collegiate Network") [ConservAmerica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConservAmerica "ConservAmerica") [Donors Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donors_Trust "Donors Trust") [FedSoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Society "Federalist Society") [NCPAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee "National Conservative Political Action Committee") [PJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute "Pacific Justice Institute") [TPAction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_Action "Turning Point Action") [SACR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal "Society for American Civic Renewal") [YRNF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Republicans "Young Republicans") [Ziklag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziklag_\(organization\) "Ziklag (organization)") |
| Movements [Asian and Pacific Islander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States") [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Black conservatism in the United States") [Christian right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right "Christian right") [Female](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Women in conservatism in the United States") [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States "Green conservatism") [Hispanic and Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States") [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism_in_the_United_States "LGBTQ conservatism in the United States") [MAGA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGA_movement "MAGA movement") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Never Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Trump_movement "Never Trump movement") [Militia movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_militia_movement "American militia movement") [Monarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States "Monarchism in the United States") [Parental rights movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_rights_movement "Parental rights movement") [Fathers' rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement "Fathers' rights movement") [Patriot movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_movement "Patriot movement") [Radical right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_\(United_States\) "Radical right (United States)") [Right-libertarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States "Right-libertarianism") [Paleolibertarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolibertarianism "Paleolibertarianism") [Secessionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States "Secession in the United States") [Neo-Confederates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confederates "Neo-Confederates") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_secession_movements "Texas secession movements") |
| Related [Barstool conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstool_conservatism "Barstool conservatism") [Bibliography of US conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Bibliography of conservatism in the United States") [Conservative talk radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio "Conservative talk radio") [List of American conservatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives "List of American conservatives") [Timeline of modern American conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism "Timeline of modern American conservatism") |
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### Politics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Politics")\]
Lovecraft began his life as a [Tory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory "Tory"),[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi20018%E2%80%9316Cannon198910-135) which was likely the result of his conservative upbringing. His family supported the [Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") for the entirety of his life. While it is unclear how consistently he voted, he voted for [Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") in the [1928 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_U.S._presidential_election "1928 U.S. presidential election").[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001183%E2%80%93184-136) Rhode Island as a whole remained politically conservative and Republican into the 1930s.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi20019Joshi2016161-137) Lovecraft himself was an Anglophile who admired the [British monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom "Monarchy of the United Kingdom"). He opposed democracy and thought that the United States should be governed by an aristocracy. This viewpoint emerged during his youth and lasted until the end of the 1920s.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200116Joshi2001183%E2%80%93184-138) During World War I, his Anglophilia caused him to strongly support the [Allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") against the [Central Powers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers "Central Powers"). Many of his earlier poems were devoted to then-current political subjects, and he published several political essays in his amateur journal, *The Conservative*.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200194%E2%80%9396-139) He was a [teetotaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetotalism "Teetotalism") who supported the implementation of [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States"), which was one of the few reforms that he supported during the early part of his life.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001101%E2%80%93102Pedersen2019119%E2%80%93120-140) While remaining a teetotaler, he later became convinced that Prohibition was ineffectual in the 1930s.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351Pedersen2019141%E2%80%93143-141) His personal justification for his early political viewpoints was primarily based on tradition and aesthetics.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001346-142)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H.P.L._as_Eighteenth-Century_Gentleman.png)
H. P. Lovecraft as an eighteenth-century gentleman by [Virgil Finlay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Finlay "Virgil Finlay")
As a result of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), Lovecraft re-examined his political views.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%934Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348Cannon198910%E2%80%9311-143) Initially, he thought that affluent people would take on the characteristics of his ideal aristocracy and solve America's problems. When this did not occur, he became a socialist. This shift was caused by his observation that the Depression was harming American society. It was also influenced by the increase in socialism's political capital during the 1930s. One of the main points of Lovecraft's socialism was its opposition to [Soviet Marxism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Marxism "Soviet Marxism"), as he thought that a Marxist revolution would bring about the destruction of American civilization. Lovecraft thought that an intellectual aristocracy needed to be formed to preserve America.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9335Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348-144) His ideal political system is outlined in his 1933 essay "Some Repetitions on the Times". Lovecraft used this essay to echo the political proposals that were made over the course of the last few decades. In this essay, he advocates governmental control of resource distribution, fewer working hours and a higher wage, and unemployment insurance and old age pensions. He also outlines the need for an aristocracy of intellectuals. In his view, power needed to be restricted to those who are sufficiently intelligent and educated.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006d85%E2%80%9395Joshi2001349%E2%80%93352-145) He frequently used the term "[fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism "Fascism")" to describe this form of government, but, according to [S. T. Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi "S. T. Joshi"), it bore little resemblance to that ideology.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001349%E2%80%93352-146)
Lovecraft had varied views on the political figures of his day. He was an ardent supporter of [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354Cannon198910-147) He saw that Roosevelt was trying to steer a middle course between the conservatives and the revolutionaries, which he approved of. While he thought that Roosevelt should have enacted more progressive policies, he came to the conclusion that the New Deal was the only realistic option for reform. He thought that voting for his opponents on the political left was a wasted effort.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354-148) He initially expressed support for [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler"). More specifically, he thought that Hitler would preserve [German culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany "Culture of Germany"). However, he thought that [Hitler's racial policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany "Racial policy of Nazi Germany") should be based on culture rather than descent. There is evidence that, at the end of his life, Lovecraft began to oppose Hitler. Harry K. Brobst, Lovecraft's downstairs neighbor, went to [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and witnessed Jews being beaten. Lovecraft and his aunt were angered by this, and his discussions of Hitler dropped off after this point.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001360%E2%80%93361-149)
### Atheism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Atheism")\]
Lovecraft was an [atheist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist "Atheist"). His viewpoints on religion are outlined in his 1922 essay "A Confession of Unfaith". In this essay, he describes his shift away from the [Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") of his parents to the atheism of his adulthood. Lovecraft was raised by a conservative Protestant family. He was introduced to the Bible and [Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus") when he was two. He passively accepted both of them. Over the course of the next few years, he was introduced to *[Grimms' Fairy Tales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales "Grimms' Fairy Tales")* and *[One Thousand and One Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights")*, favoring the latter. In response, Lovecraft took on the identity of "Abdul Alhazred", a name he later used for the author of the *[Necronomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon "Necronomicon")*.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145Joshi2010a31%E2%80%9343H%C3%B6lzing2011182%E2%80%93183-150) Lovecraft experienced a brief period as a Greco-Roman pagan shortly thereafter.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323Zeller201918-151) According to this account, his first moment of skepticism occurred before his fifth birthday, when he questioned if God is a myth after learning that Santa Claus is not real. In 1896, he was introduced to Greco-Roman myths and became "a genuine pagan".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141-16)
This came to an end in 1902, when Lovecraft was introduced to space. He later described this event as the most poignant in his life. In response to this discovery, Lovecraft took to studying astronomy and described his observations in the local newspaper.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93174-152) Before his thirteenth birthday, he became convinced of humanity's impermanence. By the time he was seventeen, he had read detailed writings that agreed with his worldview. Lovecraft ceased writing positively about progress, instead developing his later [cosmic philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism"). Despite his interests in science, he had an aversion to realistic literature, so he became interested in fantastical fiction. Lovecraft became [pessimistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism#Philosophical_pessimism "Pessimism") when he entered amateur journalism in 1914. World War I seemed to confirm his viewpoints. He began to despise philosophical idealism. Lovecraft took to discussing and debating his pessimism with his peers, which allowed him to solidify his philosophy. His readings of [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") and [H. L. Mencken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken "H. L. Mencken"), among other writers, furthered this development. At the end of his essay, Lovecraft states that all he desired was oblivion. He was willing to cast aside any illusion that he may still have held.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a147%E2%80%93148Joshi200140,_130%E2%80%93133-153)
### Race
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Race")\]
Race is the most controversial aspect of Lovecraft's legacy, expressed in many disparaging remarks against non-Anglo-Saxon races and cultures in his works. Scholars have argued that these racial attitudes were common in the American society of his day, particularly in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005108%E2%80%93110Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110-154) As he grew older, his original racial worldview became classist and elitist, which regarded non-white members of the upper class as honorary members of the superior race. Lovecraft was a [white supremacist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist "White supremacist").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallaghan2011103Spencer2021603-155) Despite this, he did not hold all white people in uniform high regard, but rather esteemed English people and those of English descent.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Evans2005108%E2%80%93109Lovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93186-156) In his early published essays, private letters, and personal utterances, he argued for a strong [color line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_line_\(racism\) "Color line (racism)") to preserve race and culture.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Punter199640-157) He disparaged various races in his journalism and letters, and allegorically in some of his fictional works that depict miscegenation between humans and non-human creatures.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a162%E2%80%93163Hambly1996viiiKlein2012183%E2%80%93184-158) This is evident in his portrayal of the [Deep Ones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_One "Deep One") in *The Shadow over Innsmouth*. Their interbreeding with humanity is framed as being a type of [miscegenation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation "Miscegenation") that corrupts both the town of [Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Country#Innsmouth "Lovecraft Country") and the protagonist.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93187Evans2005123%E2%80%93125Klein2012183%E2%80%93184-159)
Initially, Lovecraft showed sympathy to minorities who adopted Western culture, even to the extent of marrying a Jewish woman he viewed as being "well assimilated".[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001221%E2%80%93223Steiner200554%E2%80%9355-160) By the 1930s, Lovecraft's views on ethnicity and race had moderated.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005125Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110-161) He supported ethnicities' preserving their native cultures; for example, he thought that "a real friend of civilisation wishes merely to make the Germans more German, the French more French, the Spaniards more Spanish, & so on".[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015109-162) This represented a shift from his previous support for cultural assimilation. His shift was partially the result of his exposure to different cultures through his travels and circle. The former resulted in him writing positively about [Québécois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people "Québécois people") and [First Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada "First Nations in Canada") cultural traditions in his travelogue of Quebec.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005109%E2%80%93110-163) However, this did not represent a complete elimination of his racial prejudices.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015108%E2%80%93109Evans2005109%E2%80%93110-164)
## Influences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Influences")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe,_circa_1849,_restored,_squared_off.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Plunkett,_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg)
Lovecraft was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe and Lord Dunsany.
His interest in [weird fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction "Weird fiction") began in his childhood when his grandfather, who preferred Gothic stories, told him stories of his own design.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318-13) Lovecraft's childhood home on Angell Street had a large library that contained classical literature, scientific works, and early weird fiction. At the age of five, Lovecraft enjoyed reading *[One Thousand and One Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights")*, and was reading [Nathaniel Hawthorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne "Nathaniel Hawthorne") a year later.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200121%E2%80%9324-165) He was also influenced by the travel literature of [John Mandeville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mandeville "John Mandeville") and [Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo "Marco Polo").[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348-166) This led to his discovery of [gaps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_problem "Open problem") in then-contemporary science, which prevented Lovecraft from committing suicide in response to the death of his grandfather and his family's declining financial situation during his adolescence.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348-166) These travelogues may have also influenced how Lovecraft's later works describe their characters and locations. For example, there is a resemblance between the powers of the [Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") enchanters in *[The Travels of Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo "The Travels of Marco Polo")* and the powers unleashed on Sentinel Hill in "[The Dunwich Horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dunwich_Horror "The Dunwich Horror")".[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348-166)
One of Lovecraft's most significant literary influences was [Edgar Allan Poe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe "Edgar Allan Poe"), whom he described as his "God of Fiction".[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen2018172%E2%80%93173Joshi2013263St._Armand1975129-167) Poe's fiction was introduced to Lovecraft when the latter was eight years old. His earlier works were significantly influenced by Poe's prose and writing style.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130-168) He also made extensive use of Poe's unity of effect in his fiction.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2017x%E2%80%93xi-169) Furthermore, *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")* directly quotes Poe and was influenced by *[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket")*.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009aJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151Cannon1989101%E2%80%93103-170) One of the main themes of the two stories is to discuss the unreliable nature of language as a method of expressing meaning.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151-171) In 1919, Lovecraft's discovery of the stories of [Lord Dunsany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dunsany "Lord Dunsany") moved his writing in a new direction, resulting in a series of fantasies. Throughout his life, Lovecraft referred to Dunsany as the author who had the greatest impact on his literary career. The initial result of this influence was the [Dream Cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle "Dream Cycle"), a series of fantasies that originally take place in prehistory, but later shift to a dreamworld setting.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001135%E2%80%93137Schweitzer2018139%E2%80%93143Joshi2013260%E2%80%93261-172) By 1930, Lovecraft decided that he would no longer write Dunsanian fantasies, arguing that the style did not come naturally to him.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001253-173) Additionally, he also read and cited [Arthur Machen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Machen "Arthur Machen") and [Algernon Blackwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Blackwood "Algernon Blackwood") as influences in the 1920s.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001168%E2%80%93169Joshi2001228%E2%80%93229St._Armand1975142-174)
Aside from horror authors, Lovecraft was significantly influenced by the [Decadents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadent_movement "Decadent movement"), the [Puritans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans "Puritans"), and the [Aesthetic movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism "Aestheticism").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128-175) In "H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent", [Barton Levi St. Armand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Levi_St._Armand "Barton Levi St. Armand"), a professor emeritus of English and American studies at [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University"), has argued that these three influences combined to define Lovecraft as a writer.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127-176) He traces this influence to both Lovecraft's stories and letters, noting that he actively cultivated the image of a New England gentleman in his letters.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128-175) Meanwhile, his influence from the Decadents and the Aesthetic Movement stems from his readings of Edgar Allan Poe. Lovecraft's aesthetic worldview and fixation on decline stems from these readings. The idea of cosmic decline is described as having been Lovecraft's response to both the Aesthetic Movement and the 19th century Decadents.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975129%E2%80%93131-177) St. Armand describes it as being a combination of non-theological Puritan thought and the Decadent worldview.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975133%E2%80%93137-178) This is used as a division in his stories, particularly in "[The Horror at Red Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook "The Horror at Red Hook")", "[Pickman's Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickman%27s_Model "Pickman's Model")", and "[The Music of Erich Zann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_of_Erich_Zann "The Music of Erich Zann")". The division between Puritanism and Decadence, St. Armand argues, represents a polarization between an artificial paradise and oneiriscopic visions of different worlds.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975145%E2%80%93150-179)
A non-literary inspiration came from then-contemporary scientific advances in biology, astronomy, geology, and physics.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93173Rottensteiner1992117%E2%80%93121-180) Lovecraft's study of science contributed to his view of the human race as insignificant, powerless, and doomed in a [materialistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism "Materialism") and [mechanistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_\(philosophy\) "Mechanism (philosophy)") universe.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard20116Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93173-181) Lovecraft was a keen amateur astronomer from his youth, often visiting the [Ladd Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladd_Observatory "Ladd Observatory") in Providence, and penning numerous astronomical articles for his personal journal and local newspapers.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b174-182) Lovecraft's materialist views led him to espouse his philosophical views through his fiction; these philosophical views came to be called [cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism"). Cosmicism took on a more pessimistic tone with his creation of what is now known as the Cthulhu Mythos, a fictional universe that contains alien deities and horrors. The term "Cthulhu Mythos" was likely coined by later writers after Lovecraft's death.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270-1) In his letters, Lovecraft jokingly called his fictional mythology "[Yog-Sothothery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yog-Sothoth "Yog-Sothoth")".[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft201097Pedersen201723de_Camp1975270-183)
Dreams had a major role in Lovecraft's literary career.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobert201534%E2%80%9339Burleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312-184) In 1991, as a result of his rising place in American literature, it was popularly thought that Lovecraft extensively transcribed his dreams when writing fiction. However, the majority of his stories are not transcribed dreams. Instead, many of them are directly influenced by dreams and dreamlike phenomena. In his letters, Lovecraft frequently compared his characters to dreamers. They are described as being as helpless as a real dreamer who is experiencing a nightmare. His stories also have dreamlike qualities. The [Randolph Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Carter "Randolph Carter") stories deconstruct the division between dreams and reality. The [dreamlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle#Geography "Dream Cycle") in *[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath")* are a shared dreamworld that can be accessed by a sensitive dreamer. Meanwhile, in "[The Silver Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silver_Key "The Silver Key")", Lovecraft mentions the concept of "inward dreams", which implies the existence of outward dreams. Burleson compares this deconstruction to [Carl Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung "Carl Jung")'s argument that dreams are the source of [archetypal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes "Jungian archetypes") myths. Lovecraft's way of writing fiction required both a level of realism and dreamlike elements. Citing Jung, Burleson argues that a writer may create realism by being inspired by dreams.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312-185)
## Themes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Themes")\]
### Cosmicism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Cosmicism")\]
Main article: [Cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism")
> Now all my tales are based on the fundamental premise that common human laws and interests and emotions have no validity or significance in the vast cosmos-at-large. To me there is nothing but puerility in a tale in which the human form—and the local human passions and conditions and standards—are depicted as native to other worlds or other universes. To achieve the essence of real externality, whether of time or space or dimension, one must forget that such things as organic life, good and evil, love and hate, and all such local attributes of a negligible and temporary race called mankind, have any existence at all. Only the human scenes and characters must have human qualities. *These* must be handled with unsparing *realism,* (*not* catch-penny *romanticism*) but when we cross the line to the boundless and hideous unknown—the shadow-haunted *Outside*—we must remember to leave our humanity and terrestrialism at the threshold.
— H. P. Lovecraft, in note to the editor of *Weird Tales*, on resubmission of "The Call of Cthulhu"[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft20147-186)
The central theme of Lovecraft's corpus is cosmicism. Cosmicism is a literary philosophy that argues that humanity is an insignificant force in the universe. Despite appearing pessimistic, Lovecraft thought of himself as being a cosmic indifferentist, which is expressed in his fiction. In it, human beings are often subject to powerful beings and other cosmic forces, but these forces are not so much malevolent as they are indifferent toward humanity. He believed in a meaningless, mechanical, and uncaring universe that human beings could never fully understand. There is no allowance for beliefs that could not be supported scientifically.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETouponce201362%E2%80%9363Matthews2018177Burleson1990156%E2%80%93160-187) Lovecraft first articulated this philosophy in 1921, but he did not fully incorporate it into his fiction until five years later. "[Dagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon_\(short_story\) "Dagon (short story)")", "Beyond the Wall of Sleep", and "[The Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temple_\(Lovecraft_short_story\) "The Temple (Lovecraft short story)")" contain early depictions of this concept, but the majority of his early tales do not analyze the concept. "Nyarlathotep" interprets the collapse of human civilization as being a corollary to the collapse of the universe. "The Call of Cthulhu" represents an intensification of this theme. In it, Lovecraft introduces the idea of alien influences on humanity, which came to dominate all subsequent works.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b186%E2%80%93187Burleson1990156%E2%80%93157-188) In these works, Lovecraft expresses cosmicism through the usage of confirmation rather than revelation. Lovecraftian protagonists do not learn that they are insignificant. Instead, they already know it and have it confirmed to them through an event.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiber20016LacyZani200770Burleson1990158%E2%80%93159-189)
### Knowledge
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Knowledge")\]
Lovecraft's fiction reflects his own ambivalent views regarding the nature of knowledge.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a124Pedersen201728%E2%80%9333-190) This expresses itself in the concept of forbidden knowledge. In Lovecraft's stories, happiness is only achievable through blissful ignorance. Trying to know things that are not meant to be known leads to harm and psychological danger. This concept intersects with several other ideas. This includes the idea that the visible reality is an illusion masking the horrific true reality. Similarly, there are also intersections with the concepts of ancient civilizations that exert a malign influence on humanity and the general philosophy of cosmicism.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158-191) According to Lovecraft, self-knowledge can bring ruin to those who seek it. Those seekers would become aware of their own insignificance in the wider cosmos and would be unable to bear the weight of this knowledge. Lovecraftian horror is not achieved through external phenomena. Instead, it is reached through the internalized psychological impact that knowledge has on its protagonists. "The Call of Cthulhu", *The Shadow over Innsmouth*, and *The Shadow Out of Time* feature protagonists who experience both external and internal horror through the acquisition of self-knowledge.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a262%E2%80%93263-192) *The Case of Charles Dexter Ward* also reflects this. One of its central themes is the danger of knowing too much about one's family history. Charles Dexter Ward, the protagonist, engages in historical and genealogical research that ultimately leads to both madness and his own self-destruction.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand197214%E2%80%9315Joshi1996a124Cannon198973-193)
### Decline of civilization
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Decline of civilization")\]
For much of his life, Lovecraft was fixated on the concepts of [decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declinism "Declinism") and [decadence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadence "Decadence"). More specifically, he thought that the West was in a state of terminal decline.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016320St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130-194) Starting in the 1920s, Lovecraft became familiar with the work of the German conservative-revolutionary theorist [Oswald Spengler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler "Oswald Spengler"), whose pessimistic thesis of the decadence of the modern West formed a crucial element in Lovecraft's overall [anti-modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-modernization "Anti-modernization") worldview.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320St._Armand1975131%E2%80%93132-195) Spenglerian imagery of cyclical decay is a central theme in *At the Mountains of Madness*. S. T. Joshi, in *H. P. Lovecraft: The Decline of the West*, places Spengler at the center of his discussion of Lovecraft's political and philosophical ideas. According to him, the idea of decline is the single idea that permeates and connects his personal philosophy. The main Spenglerian influence on Lovecraft was his view that politics, economics, science, and art are all interdependent aspects of civilization. This realization led him to shed his personal ignorance of then-current political and economic developments after 1927.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320-196) Lovecraft had developed his idea of Western decline independently, but Spengler gave it a clear framework.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016316-197)
### Science
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Science")\]
Lovecraft shifted supernatural horror away from its previous focus on human issues to a focus on cosmic ones. In this way, he merged the elements of supernatural fiction that he deemed to be scientifically viable with science fiction. This merge required an understanding of both supernatural horror and then-contemporary science.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93172-198) Lovecraft used this combined knowledge to create stories that extensively reference trends in scientific development. Beginning with "[The Shunned House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shunned_House "The Shunned House")", Lovecraft increasingly incorporated elements of both [Einsteinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") science and his own personal materialism into his stories. This intensified with the writing of "The Call of Cthulhu", where he depicted alien influences on humanity. This trend continued throughout the remainder of his literary career. "[The Colour Out of Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space "The Colour Out of Space")" represents what scholars have called the peak of this trend. It portrays an alien lifeform whose otherness prevents it from being defined by then-contemporary science.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b183%E2%80%93188Martin201299Burleson1990107%E2%80%93110-199)
Another part of this effort was the repeated usage of mathematics in an effort to make his creatures and settings appear more alien. [Tom Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hull_\(mathematician\) "Tom Hull (mathematician)"), a mathematician, regards this as enhancing his ability to invoke a sense of otherness and fear. He attributes this use of mathematics to Lovecraft's childhood interest in astronomy and his adulthood awareness of [non-Euclidean geometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry "Non-Euclidean geometry").[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull200610%E2%80%9312-200) Another reason for his use of mathematics was his reaction to the scientific developments of his day. These developments convinced him that humanity's primary means of understanding the world was no longer trustable. Lovecraft's usage of mathematics in his fiction serves to convert otherwise supernatural elements into things that have in-universe scientific explanations. "[The Dreams in the Witch House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreams_in_the_Witch_House "The Dreams in the Witch House")" and *[The Shadow Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time "The Shadow Out of Time")* both have elements of this. The former uses a [witch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft "Witchcraft") and her [familiar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar "Familiar"), while the latter uses the idea of [mind transference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_swap "Body swap"). These elements are explained using scientific theories that were prevalent during Lovecraft's lifetime.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELook2016101%E2%80%93103HalpurnLabossiere2009512%E2%80%93513-201)
### Lovecraft Country
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Lovecraft Country")\]
Main article: [Lovecraft Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Country "Lovecraft Country")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Principal_Parts_of_Arkham,_Massachusetts.png)
Lovecraft's hand-drawn map of Arkham
Setting plays a major role in Lovecraft's fiction. A fictionalized version of [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") serves as the central hub for his mythos, called "[Lovecraft Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Country "Lovecraft Country")" by later commentators. It represents the history, culture, and folklore of the region, as interpreted by Lovecraft. These attributes are exaggerated and altered to provide a suitable setting for his stories. The names of the locations in the region were directly influenced by the names of real locations in the region, which was done to increase their realism.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135St._Armand1975129-202) Lovecraft's stories use their connections with New England to imbue themselves with the ability to instill fear.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135-203) Lovecraft was primarily inspired by the cities and towns in [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"). However, the specific location of Lovecraft Country is variable, as it moved according to Lovecraft's literary needs. Starting with areas that he thought were evocative, Lovecraft redefined and exaggerated them under fictional names. For example, Lovecraft based [Arkham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham "Arkham") on the town of [Oakham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakham,_Massachusetts "Oakham, Massachusetts") and expanded it to include a nearby landmark.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198654%E2%80%9367-204) Its location was moved, as Lovecraft decided that it would have been destroyed by the recently built [Quabbin Reservoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir "Quabbin Reservoir"). This is alluded to in "The Colour Out of Space", as the "blasted heath" is submerged by the creation of a fictionalized version of the reservoir.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329Burleson1990106,_118-205) Similarly, Lovecraft's other towns were based on other locations in Massachusetts. Innsmouth was based on [Newburyport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts "Newburyport, Massachusetts"), and Dunwich was based on [Greenwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich,_Massachusetts "Greenwich, Massachusetts"). The vague locations of these towns also played into Lovecraft's desire to create a mood in his stories. In his view, a mood can only be evoked through reading.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329-206)
## Critical reception
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Critical reception")\]
### Literary
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Literary")\]
Early efforts to revise an established literary view of Lovecraft as an author of "pulp" were resisted by some eminent critics; in 1945, [Edmund Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wilson "Edmund Wilson") sneered: "the only real horror in most of these fictions is the horror of bad taste and bad art." However, Wilson praised Lovecraft's ability to write about his chosen field; he described him as having written about it "with much intelligence".[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1950286%E2%80%93290-207) According to [L. Sprague de Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp "L. Sprague de Camp"), Wilson later improved his opinion of Lovecraft, citing a report of [David Chavchavadze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chavchavadze "David Chavchavadze") that Wilson included a Lovecraftian reference in *Little Blue Light: A Play in Three Acts*. After Chavchavadze met with him to discuss this, Wilson revealed that he was reading a copy of Lovecraft's correspondence.[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-209)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795Cannon1989126-210) Two years before Wilson's critique, Lovecraft's works were reviewed by [Winfield Townley Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Townley_Scott "Winfield Townley Scott"), the literary editor of *[The Providence Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Providence_Journal "The Providence Journal")*. He argued that Lovecraft was one of the most significant Rhode Island authors and that it was regrettable that he received little attention from mainstream critics at the time.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott194341-211) *Mystery and Adventure* columnist [Will Cuppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Cuppy "Will Cuppy") of the *[New York Herald Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune "New York Herald Tribune")* recommended to readers a volume of Lovecraft's stories in 1944, asserting that "the literature of horror and macabre fantasy belongs with mystery in its broader sense."[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuppy194410-212)
By 1957, Floyd C. Gale of *[Galaxy Science Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction "Galaxy Science Fiction")* said that Lovecraft was comparable to Robert E. Howard, stating that "they appear more prolific than ever," noting L. Sprague de Camp, [Björn Nyberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Nyberg "Björn Nyberg"), and [August Derleth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth "August Derleth")'s usage of their creations. He said that "Lovecraft at his best could build a mood of horror unsurpassed; at his worst, he was laughable."[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale1960100%E2%80%93103-213) In 1962, [Colin Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Wilson "Colin Wilson"), in his survey of anti-realist trends in fiction *The Strength to Dream*, cited Lovecraft as one of the pioneers of the "assault on rationality" and included him with [M. R. James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._James "M. R. James"), [H. G. Wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells "H. G. Wells"), [Aldous Huxley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley "Aldous Huxley"), [J. R. R. Tolkien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien "J. R. R. Tolkien"), and others as one of the builders of mythicised realities contending against what he considered the failing project of literary realism.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19751%E2%80%9310-214) Subsequently, Lovecraft began to acquire the status of a cult writer in the [counterculture of the 1960s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s "Counterculture of the 1960s"), and reprints of his work proliferated.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2013xiii%E2%80%93xiv-215)
[Michael Dirda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dirda "Michael Dirda"), a reviewer for *[The Times Literary Supplement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement "The Times Literary Supplement")*, has described Lovecraft as being a "visionary" who is "rightly regarded as second only to Edgar Allan Poe in the annals of American supernatural literature." According to him, Lovecraft's works prove that mankind cannot bear the weight of reality, as the true nature of reality cannot be understood by either science or history. In addition, Dirda praises Lovecraft's ability to create an uncanny atmosphere. This atmosphere is created through the feeling of wrongness that pervades the objects, places, and people in Lovecraft's works. He also comments favorably on Lovecraft's correspondence, and compares him to [Horace Walpole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole "Horace Walpole"). Particular attention is given to his correspondence with August Derleth and Robert E. Howard. The Derleth letters are called "delightful", while the Howard letters are described as being an ideological debate. Overall, Dirda believes that Lovecraft's letters are equal to, or better than, his fictional output.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirda2012-216)
*[Los Angeles Review of Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books "Los Angeles Review of Books")* reviewer [Nick Mamatas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mamatas "Nick Mamatas") has stated that Lovecraft was a particularly difficult author, rather than a bad one. He described Lovecraft as being "perfectly capable" in the fields of story logic, pacing, innovation, and generating quotable phrases. However, Lovecraft's difficulty made him ill-suited to the pulps; he was unable to compete with the popular recurring protagonists and [damsel in distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress "Damsel in distress") stories. Furthermore, he compared a paragraph from *The Shadow Out of Time* to a paragraph from the introduction to *[The Economic Consequences of the Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace "The Economic Consequences of the Peace")*. In Mamatas' view, Lovecraft's quality is obscured by his difficulty, and his skill is what has allowed his following to outlive the followings of other then-prominent authors, such as [Seabury Quinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabury_Quinn "Seabury Quinn") and [Kenneth Patchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Patchen "Kenneth Patchen").[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamatas2014-217)
In 2005, the [Library of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America "Library of America") published a volume of Lovecraft's works. This volume was reviewed by many publications, including *[The New York Times Book Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review "The New York Times Book Review")* and *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, and sold 25,000 copies within a month of release. The overall critical reception of the volume was mixed.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lovecraft_Annual''2007160Eberhart200582Grant2005146-218) Several scholars, including S. T. Joshi and Alison Sperling, have said that this confirms H. P. Lovecraft's place in the western canon.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015105%E2%80%93116Sperling201675Hantke2013137%E2%80%93138-219) The editors of *The Age of Lovecraft*, Carl H. Sederholm and Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, attributed the rise of mainstream popular and academic interest in Lovecraft to this volume, along with the [Penguin Classics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics "Penguin Classics") volumes and the [Modern Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library "Modern Library") edition of *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")*. These volumes led to a proliferation of other volumes containing Lovecraft's works. According to the two authors, these volumes are part of a trend in Lovecraft's popular and academic reception: increased attention by one audience causes the other to also become more interested.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESederholmWeinstock20162,_8%E2%80%939-220)
Lovecraft's style has often been subject to criticism,[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2014Dirda2005-221) but scholars such as S. T. Joshi have argued that Lovecraft consciously utilized a variety of literary devices to form a unique style of his own—these include prose-poetic rhythm, stream of consciousness, [alliteration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliteration "Alliteration"), and conscious [archaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaism "Archaism").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a91,_252-222) According to [Joyce Carol Oates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates "Joyce Carol Oates"), Lovecraft and Edgar Allan Poe have exerted a significant influence on later writers in the horror genre.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1996-223) Horror author [Stephen King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") called Lovecraft "the twentieth century's greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale."[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995-224) King stated in his semi-autobiographical non-fiction book *[Danse Macabre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_Macabre_\(King_book\) "Danse Macabre (King book)")* that Lovecraft was responsible for his own fascination with horror and the macabre and was the largest influence on his writing.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198763-225)
### Philosophical
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Philosophical")\]
Lovecraft's writings have influenced the [speculative realist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_realism "Speculative realism") philosophical movement during the early twenty-first century. The four founders of the movement, [Ray Brassier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Brassier "Ray Brassier"), [Iain Hamilton Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Hamilton_Grant "Iain Hamilton Grant"), [Graham Harman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Harman "Graham Harman"), and [Quentin Meillassoux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Meillassoux "Quentin Meillassoux"), have cited Lovecraft as an inspiration for their worldviews.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeak2020169%E2%80%93172Elfren2016-226) Graham Harman wrote a monograph, *Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy*, about Lovecraft and philosophy. In it, he argues that Lovecraft was a "productionist" author. He describes Lovecraft as having been an author who was uniquely obsessed with gaps in human knowledge.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Elfren201688%E2%80%9389Peak2020177%E2%80%93178-227) He goes further and asserts Lovecraft's personal philosophy as being in opposition to both [idealism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism "Idealism") and [David Hume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume "David Hume"). In his view, Lovecraft resembles [Georges Braque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque "Georges Braque"), [Pablo Picasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso"), and [Edmund Husserl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl "Edmund Husserl") in his division of objects into different parts that do not exhaust the potential meanings of the whole. The anti-idealism of Lovecraft is represented through his commentary on the inability of language to describe his horrors.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Peak2020177%E2%80%93178-228) Harman also credits Lovecraft with inspiring parts of his own articulation of [object-oriented ontology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_ontology "Object-oriented ontology").[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Elfren201688%E2%80%9389-229) According to Lovecraft scholar Alison Sperling, this philosophical interpretation of Lovecraft's fiction has caused other philosophers in Harmon's tradition to write about Lovecraft. These philosophers seek to remove human [perception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception "Perception") and human life from the foundations of ethics. These scholars have used Lovecraft's works as the central example of their worldview. They base this usage in Lovecraft's arguments against [anthropocentrism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism "Anthropocentrism") and the ability of the human mind to truly understand the universe. They have also played a role in Lovecraft's improving literary reputation by focusing on his interpretation of ontology, which gives him a central position in [Anthropocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene "Anthropocene") studies.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperling201675%E2%80%9378-230)
## Legacy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Legacy")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg)
H. P. Lovecraft memorial plaque at 22 Prospect Street in [Providence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"). Portrait by silhouettist [E. J. Perry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry_\(artist\) "E. J. Perry (artist)").
Main articles: [Lovecraftian horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror "Lovecraftian horror"), [Lovecraft fandom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom "Lovecraft fandom"), and [Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_in_popular_culture "Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture")
Lovecraft was relatively unknown during his lifetime. While his stories appeared in prominent pulp magazines such as *Weird Tales*, not many people knew his name.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390Dirda2005Cannon19891-231) He did, however, correspond regularly with other contemporary writers such as [Clark Ashton Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith "Clark Ashton Smith") and August Derleth,[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoell20048%E2%80%9340-232) who became his friends, even though he never met them in person. This group became known as the "Lovecraft Circle", since their writings freely borrowed Lovecraft's motifs, with his encouragement. He borrowed from them as well. For example, he made use of Clark Ashton Smith's [Tsathoggua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsathoggua "Tsathoggua") in *[The Mound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mound_\(novella\) "The Mound (novella)")*.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a141%E2%80%93142-233)
After Lovecraft's death, the Lovecraft Circle carried on. August Derleth founded [Arkham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House "Arkham House") with [Donald Wandrei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wandrei "Donald Wandrei") to preserve Lovecraft's works and keep them in print.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390%E2%80%93391de_Camp1975132Hantke2013135%E2%80%93136-234) He added to and expanded on Lovecraft's vision, not without controversy.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152%E2%80%9353de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364-235) While Lovecraft considered his pantheon of alien gods a mere plot device, Derleth created an entire cosmology, complete with a war between the good Elder Gods and the evil Outer Gods, such as [Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu "Cthulhu") and his ilk. The forces of good were supposed to have won, locking Cthulhu and others beneath the earth, the ocean, and elsewhere. Derleth's Cthulhu Mythos stories went on to associate different gods with the traditional four [elements of fire, air, earth, and water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element "Classical element"), which did not line up with Lovecraft's original vision of his mythos. However, Derleth's ownership of Arkham House gave him a position of authority in Lovecraftiana that did not dissipate until his death, and through the efforts of Lovecraft scholars in the 1970s.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364-236)
Lovecraft's works have influenced many writers and other creators. [Stephen King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") has cited Lovecraft as a major influence on his works. As a child in the 1960s, he came across a volume of Lovecraft's works which inspired him to write his fiction. He goes on to argue that all works in the horror genre that were written after Lovecraft were influenced by him.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995-224) In the field of comics, [Alan Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore "Alan Moore") has described Lovecraft as having been a formative influence on his graphic novels.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2014-237) Film director [John Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter "John Carpenter")'s films include direct references and quotations of Lovecraft's fiction, in addition to their use of a Lovecraftian aesthetic and themes. [Guillermo del Toro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro "Guillermo del Toro") was similarly influenced by Lovecraft's corpus.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanicker2015473Norris2018158%E2%80%93159Nelson2012221%E2%80%93222-238)
The first [World Fantasy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award "World Fantasy Award") were held in Providence in 1975. The theme was "The Lovecraft Circle". Until 2015, winners were presented with an elongated bust of Lovecraft that was designed by the [cartoonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist "Cartoonist") [Gahan Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahan_Wilson "Gahan Wilson"), nicknamed the "Howard".[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz2015-239) In November 2015 it was announced that the World Fantasy Award trophy would no longer be modeled on H. P. Lovecraft in response to the author's views on race.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2015-240) After the World Fantasy Award dropped their connection to Lovecraft, *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")* commented that "In the end, Lovecraft still wins—people who've never read a page of his work will still know who Cthulhu is for years to come, and his legacy lives on in the work of [Stephen King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King"), [Guillermo del Toro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro "Guillermo del Toro"), and [Neil Gaiman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman "Neil Gaiman")."[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz2015-239)
In 2016, Lovecraft was inducted into the [Museum of Pop Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture "Museum of Pop Culture")'s Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Locus_Online''2017-241) Three years later, Lovecraft and the other Cthulhu Mythos authors were posthumously awarded the 1945 [Retro-Hugo Award for Best Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Series#Retro-Hugos "Hugo Award for Best Series") for their contributions to it.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Hugo_Awards''2020-242)
### Lovecraft studies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Lovecraft studies")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S._T._Joshi_\(2002_promotional_photo\).jpg)
S. T. Joshi in 2002
Main article: [Lovecraft studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_studies "Lovecraft studies")
Starting in the early 1970s, a body of scholarly work began to emerge around Lovecraft's life and works. Referred to as Lovecraft studies, its proponents sought to establish Lovecraft as a significant author in the American literary canon. This can be traced to Derleth's preservation and dissemination of Lovecraft's fiction, non-fiction, and letters through [Arkham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House "Arkham House"). Joshi credits the development of the field to this process. However, it was marred by low quality editions and misinterpretations of Lovecraft's worldview. After Derleth's death in 1971, the scholarship entered a new phase. There was a push to create a book-length biography of Lovecraft. L. Sprague de Camp, a science fiction scholar, wrote the first major one in 1975. This biography was criticized by early Lovecraft scholars for its lack of scholarly merit and its lack of sympathy for its subject. Despite this, it played a significant role in Lovecraft's literary rise. It exposed Lovecraft to the mainstream of American literary criticism. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a division in the field between the "Derlethian traditionalists" who wished to interpret Lovecraft through the lens of fantasy literature and the newer scholars who wished to place greater attention on the entirety of his corpus.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi1985b54%E2%80%9358-243)
The 1980s and 1990s saw a further proliferation of the field. The 1990 H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference and the republishing of older essays in *An Epicure in the Terrible* represented the publishing of many basic studies that were used as a base for then-future studies. The 1990 centennial also saw the installation of the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque" in a garden adjoining [John Hay Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Library "John Hay Library"), that features a portrait by silhouettist [E. J. Perry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry_\(artist\) "E. J. Perry (artist)").[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinton2016Joshi2001219-244) Following this, in 1996, S. T. Joshi wrote his own biography of Lovecraft. This biography was met with positive reviews and became the main biography in the field. It has since been superseded by his expanded edition of the book, *I am Providence* in 2010.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a5%E2%80%936Oates1996Mariconda2010208%E2%80%93209-245)
Lovecraft's improving literary reputation has caused his works to receive increased attention by both classics publishers and scholarly fans.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-246) His works have been published by several different series of literary classics. Penguin Classics published three volumes of Lovecraft's works between 1999 and 2004. These volumes were edited by S. T. Joshi.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-246) [Barnes & Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble "Barnes & Noble") published their own volume of Lovecraft's complete fiction in 2008. The [Library of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America "Library of America") published a volume of Lovecraft's works in 2005. The publishing of these volumes represented a reversal of the traditional judgment that Lovecraft was not part of the [Western canon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon "Western canon").[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziemianowicz2010Peak2020163Dirda2005-247) Meanwhile, the biannual [NecronomiCon Providence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NecronomiCon_Providence "NecronomiCon Providence") convention was first held in 2013. Its purpose is to serve as a fan and scholarly convention that discusses both Lovecraft and the wider field of weird fiction. It is organized by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization and is held on the weekend of Lovecraft's birth.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiclen2015Smith2017Dirda2019-248) That July, the Providence City Council designated the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Square" and installed a commemorative sign at the intersection of Angell and Prospect streets, near the author's former residences.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilow2013-249)
### Music
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Music")\]
Lovecraft's fictional mythos has influenced a number of musicians, particularly in [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music") and [heavy metal music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music").[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi20067Sederholm2016266%E2%80%93267-250) This began in the 1960s with the formation of the [psychedelic rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock "Psychedelic rock") band [H. P. Lovecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_\(band\) "H. P. Lovecraft (band)"), who released the albums *[H. P. Lovecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_\(album\) "H. P. Lovecraft (album)")* and *[H. P. Lovecraft II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_II "H. P. Lovecraft II")* in 1967 and 1968 respectively.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324Sederholm2016271-251) They broke up afterwards, but later songs were released. This included "The White Ship" and "At the Mountains of Madness", both titled after Lovecraft stories.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324-252) [Extreme metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal "Extreme metal") has also been influenced by Lovecraft.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194-253) This has expressed itself in both the names of bands and the contents of their albums. This began in 1970 with the release of [Black Sabbath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath "Black Sabbath")'s [eponymous first album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath_\(album\) "Black Sabbath (album)"), which contained a song titled "Behind the Wall of Sleep", deriving its name from the 1919 story "Beyond the Wall of Sleep".[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194-253) Heavy metal band [Metallica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica "Metallica") was also inspired by Lovecraft. They recorded an instrumental song inspired by "The Call of Cthulhu" titled "The Call of Ktulu" (1984), and a song based on *The Shadow over Innsmouth* titled "The Thing That Should Not Be" (1986)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriwkowsky2008Sederholm2016271%E2%80%93272Norman2013193%E2%80%93194-254) The latter contains direct quotations of Lovecraft's works.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESederholm2016271%E2%80%93272-255) Metallica's song "Dream No More" (2016) also has lyrics referencing Cthulhu.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-256) Joseph Norman, a [speculative scholar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_studies "Science fiction studies"), has argued that there are similarities between the music described in Lovecraft's fiction and the aesthetics and atmosphere of [black metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal "Black metal"). He argues that this is evident through the "animalistic" qualities of black metal vocals. The usage of occult elements is also cited as a thematic commonality. In terms of atmosphere, he asserts that both Lovecraft's works and extreme metal place heavy focus on creating a strong negative mood.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013197%E2%80%93202-257)
### Games
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Games")\]
Lovecraft has also influenced gaming, despite having personally disliked games during his lifetime.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976a13Carbonell2019137-258) [Chaosium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaosium "Chaosium")'s [tabletop role-playing game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game "Tabletop role-playing game") *[Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_\(role-playing_game\) "Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)")*, released in 1981 and currently in its seventh major edition, was one of the first games to draw heavily from Lovecraft.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonell2019160Gollop2017Garrad202125-259) It includes a Lovecraft-inspired [insanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity "Insanity") mechanic, which allowed for [player characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character "Player character") to go insane from contact with cosmic horrors. This mechanic went on to make appearances in subsequent tabletop and [video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game "Video game").[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-260) 1987 saw the release of another Lovecraftian [board game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game "Board game"), *[Arkham Horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_Horror "Arkham Horror")*, which was published by [Fantasy Flight Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Flight_Games "Fantasy Flight Games").[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017Silva2017Garrad202126%E2%80%9327-261) Though few subsequent Lovecraftian board games were released annually from 1987 to 2014, the years after 2014 saw a rapid increase in the number of Lovecraftian board games. According to Christina Silva, this revival may have been influenced by the entry of Lovecraft's works into the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain") and a revival of interest in board games.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2017-262) Few video games are direct adaptations of Lovecraft's works, but many video games have been inspired or heavily influenced by Lovecraft.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-260) *[Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_Dark_Corners_of_the_Earth "Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth")*, a Lovecraftian [first-person](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_\(video_games\) "First-person (video games)") video game, was released in 2005.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-260) It is a loose adaptation of *The Shadow over Innsmouth*, *The Shadow Out of Time*, and "The Thing on the Doorstep" that uses [noir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir") themes.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrad202127%E2%80%9328-263) These adaptations focus more on Lovecraft's monsters and gamification than they do on his themes, which represents a break from Lovecraft's core theme of human insignificance.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrad202128-264)
### Religion and occultism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Religion and occultism")\]
Several contemporary religions have been influenced by Lovecraft's works. [Kenneth Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Grant_\(occultist\) "Kenneth Grant (occultist)"), the founder of the [Typhonian Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhonian_Order "Typhonian Order"), incorporated the Cthulhu Mythos into his ritual and occult system. Grant combined his interest in Lovecraft's fiction with his adherence to [Aleister Crowley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley "Aleister Crowley")'s [Thelema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema "Thelema"). The Typhonian Order considers Lovecraftian entities to be symbols through which people may interact with something inhuman.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390Matthews2018178%E2%80%93179-265) Grant also argued that Crowley himself was influenced by Lovecraft's writings, particularly in the naming of characters in *[The Book of the Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law "The Book of the Law")*.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390-266) Similarly, *[The Satanic Rituals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Rituals "The Satanic Rituals")*, co-written by [Anton LaVey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_LaVey "Anton LaVey") and [Michael A. Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Aquino "Michael A. Aquino"), includes the "Ceremony of the Nine Angles", which is a ritual that was influenced by the descriptions in "The Dreams in the Witch House". It contains invocations of several of Lovecraft's fictional gods.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201491-267)
There have been several books that have claimed to be an authentic edition of Lovecraft's *[Necronomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon "Necronomicon")*.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClore200161%E2%80%9369-268) The *[Simon Necronomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Necronomicon "Simon Necronomicon")* is one such example. It was written by an unknown figure who identified themselves as "Simon". [Peter Levenda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Levenda "Peter Levenda"), an occult author who has written about the *Necronomicon*, claims that he and "Simon" came across a hidden Greek translation of the [grimoire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire "Grimoire") while looking through a collection of antiquities at a New York bookstore during the 1960s or 1970s.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda2014-269) This book was claimed to have borne the seal of the *Necronomicon*. Levenda went on to claim that Lovecraft had access to this purported scroll.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2018178%E2%80%93179-270) A textual analysis has determined that the contents of this book were derived from multiple documents that discuss [Mesopotamian myth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion "Ancient Mesopotamian religion") and magic. The finding of a magical text by monks is also a common theme in the history of grimoires.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009268-271) It was suggested that Levenda is the true author of the *Simon Necronomicon*.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlatley2013-272)
## Correspondence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Correspondence")\]
Although Lovecraft is known mostly for his works of weird fiction, the bulk of his writing consists of voluminous letters about a variety of topics, from weird fiction and art criticism to politics and history.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242Cannon198910de_Camp1975xii-273) Lovecraft biographers L. Sprague de Camp and S. T. Joshi have estimated that Lovecraft wrote 100,000 letters in his lifetime, a fifth of which are believed to survive.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975xiiJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93237-274) These letters were directed at fellow writers and members of the amateur press. His involvement in the latter was what caused him to begin writing them.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93239-275) He included comedic elements in these letters. This included posing as an eighteenth-century gentleman and signing them with pseudonyms, most commonly "Grandpa Theobald" and "E'ch-Pi-El."[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-277)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a245%E2%80%93246JoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975113%E2%80%93114-278) According to Joshi, the most important sets of letters were those written to [Frank Belknap Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long"), Clark Ashton Smith, and [James F. Morton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ferdinand_Morton_Jr. "James Ferdinand Morton Jr."). He attributes this importance to the contents of these letters. With Long, Lovecraft argued in support and in opposition to many of Long's viewpoints. The letters to Smith are characterized by their focus on weird fiction. Lovecraft and Morton debated many scholarly subjects in their letters, resulting in what Joshi has called the "single greatest correspondence Lovecraft ever wrote."[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242-279)
## Copyright and other legal issues
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Copyright and other legal issues")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August_Derleth_closeup.jpg)
August Derleth in 1962
Despite several claims to the contrary, there is currently no evidence that any company or individual owns the [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright "Copyright") to any of Lovecraft's works, and it is generally accepted that it has passed into the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198312Wallace202327%E2%80%9328-280) Lovecraft specified that [R. H. Barlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._H._Barlow "R. H. Barlow") would serve as the executor of his [literary estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_estate "Literary estate"),[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsJoshi1996b-281) but these instructions were not incorporated into his will. Nevertheless, his surviving aunt carried out his expressed wishes, and Barlow was given control of Lovecraft's literary estate upon his death. Barlow deposited the bulk of the papers, including the voluminous correspondence, in the [John Hay Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Library "John Hay Library"), and attempted to organize and maintain Lovecraft's other writings.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19833%E2%80%934-282) Lovecraft protégé [August Derleth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth "August Derleth"), an older and more established writer than Barlow, vied for control of the literary estate. He and [Donald Wandrei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wandrei "Donald Wandrei"), a fellow protégé and co-owner of [Arkham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House "Arkham House"), falsely claimed that Derleth was the true literary executor.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19834%E2%80%936-283) Barlow capitulated, and later committed suicide in 1951.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975432Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198310%E2%80%9312-284) This gave Derleth and Wandrei complete control over Lovecraft's corpus.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198311Wallace202335-285)
On October 9, 1947, Derleth purchased all rights to the stories that were published in *Weird Tales*. However, since April 1926 at the latest, Lovecraft reserved all second printing rights to stories published in *Weird Tales*. Therefore, *Weird Tales* only owned the rights to at most six of Lovecraft's tales. If Derleth legally obtained the copyrights to these tales, there is no evidence that they were renewed before the rights expired.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641Wallace202342-286) Following Derleth's death in 1971, Donald Wandrei sued his estate to challenge Derleth's will, which stated that he only held the copyrights and royalties to Lovecraft's works that were published under both his and Derleth's names. Arkham House's lawyer, Forrest D. Hartmann, argued that the rights to Lovecraft's works were never renewed. Wandrei won the case, but Arkham House's actions regarding copyright have damaged their ability to claim ownership of them.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_"Donald_Wandrei_v._The_Estate_of_August_Derleth"_HypothesisWallace202338%E2%80%9339-287)
In *[H. P. Lovecraft: A Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_A_Life "H. P. Lovecraft: A Life")*, S. T. Joshi concludes that Derleth's claims are "almost certainly fictitious" and argues that most of Lovecraft's works that were published in the amateur press are likely in the public domain. The copyright for Lovecraft's works would have been inherited by the only surviving heir named in his 1912 will, his aunt Annie Gamwell.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640Lovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_Copyrights-288) When she died in 1941, the copyrights passed to her remaining descendants, Ethel Phillips Morrish and Edna Lewis. They signed a document, sometimes referred to as the Morrish-Lewis gift, permitting Arkham House to republish Lovecraft's works while retaining their ownership of the copyrights.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b641Wetzel198324%E2%80%9325-289) Searches of the [Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress") have failed to find any evidence that these copyrights were renewed after the 28-year period, making it likely that these works are in the public domain.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198325-290) However, the Lovecraft literary estate, reconstituted in 1998 under Robert C. Harrall, has claimed that they own the rights. They have been based in Providence since 2009 and have been granting the rights to Lovecraft's works to several publishers. Their claims have been criticized by scholars, such as Chris J. Karr, who has argued that the rights had not been renewed.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202341-291) Joshi has withdrawn his support for his conclusion, and now supports the estate's copyright claims.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202342-292)
## Bibliography
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]
Main article: [H. P. Lovecraft bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_bibliography "H. P. Lovecraft bibliography")
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [H. P. Lovecraft scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:H._P._Lovecraft_scholars "Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars")
- [Lovecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_\(crater\) "Lovecraft (crater)"), a crater on Mercury named for the author
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-2)** Lovecraft did not coin the term "Cthulhu Mythos". Instead, this term was coined by later authors.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270-1)
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-104)** The house was later moved to 65 Prospect Street to accommodate the building of [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University")'s Art Building.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724-103)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-111)** He wrote several travelogues, including one on Quebec that was his longest singular work.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005104Joshi2001272%E2%80%93273-110)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-124)** This is the only one of Lovecraft's stories that was published as a book during his lifetime.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001382%E2%80%93383-122) [W. Paul Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Paul_Cook "W. Paul Cook") previously made an abortive attempt to publish "[The Shunned House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shunned_House "The Shunned House")" as a small book between 1927 and 1930.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001262%E2%80%93263-123)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-129)** "Grippe" is an archaic term for [influenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza "Influenza").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lexico_Dictionaries''2020-128)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-209)** L. Sprague de Camp also stated that the two men began calling each other "Monstro". This is a direct reference to the nicknames that Lovecraft gave to some of his correspondents.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795-208)
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-277)** Lewis Theobald, Jun., the full version of Grandpa Theobald, was derived from the name of [Lewis Theobald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Theobald "Lewis Theobald"), an eighteenth-century Shakespearean scholar who was fictionalized in [Alexander Pope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope "Alexander Pope")'s *[The Dunciad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dunciad "The Dunciad")*.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218Wetzel198319%E2%80%9320-276)
## Citations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Citations")\]
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270_1-1) [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), p. 186; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a16de_Camp197512Cannon19891%E2%80%932_3-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 16; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 12; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 1–2.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a8de_Camp197511Cannon19892_4-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 8; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 11; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26Faig199145_5-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 26; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 45.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26_6-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 26.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a22de_Camp197515%E2%80%9316Faig199149_7-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 22; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 15–16; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 49.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26de_Camp197516Cannon19891_8-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 26; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 16; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 1.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28de_Camp197517Cannon19892_9-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 28; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 17; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19752Cannon19893%E2%80%934_10-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 2; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 3–4.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28Cannon19892_11-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 28; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200125de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318_12-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 25; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 17–18.
12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318_13-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 33, 36; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 17–18.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a34de_Camp197530%E2%80%9331_14-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 34; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 30–31.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a38de_Camp197532Cannon19892_15-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 38; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 32; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141_16-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141_16-1) [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), pp. 145–146; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 20–23; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 140–141.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a42St._Armand19723%E2%80%934de_Camp197518_17-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 42; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), pp. 3–4; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 18.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a60de_Camp197532_18-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 60; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 32.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a84_19-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 84.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a90Cannon19894_20-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 90; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 4.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a97Faig199163_21-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 97; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 63.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a96de_Camp197537%E2%80%9339St._Armand19724_22-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 96; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 37–39; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a98Joshi200147%E2%80%9348Faig19914_23-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 98; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 47–48; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 4.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a99_24-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 99.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a102de_Camp197536_25-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 102; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 36.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a116de_Camp197543%E2%80%9345Cannon198915_26-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 116; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 43–45; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 15.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893_27-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 126; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 51–53; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 3.
27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126_28-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126_28-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 126.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126%E2%80%93127de_Camp197527_29-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 126–127; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 27.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a127_30-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 127.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128de_Camp197551%E2%80%9352_31-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 128; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 51–52.
31. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128_32-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128_32-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 128.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200166Faig199165_33-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 66; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 65.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200167%E2%80%9368de_Camp197566St._Armand19723_34-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 67–68; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 66; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 3.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp197564_35-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 64.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner201552%E2%80%9353_36-0)** [Bonner 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBonner2015), pp. 52–53.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001154_37-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 154.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a129de_Camp1975_38-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 129; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975).
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a137_39-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 137.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a138de_Camp197595_40-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 138; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 95.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a140de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377_41-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 140; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 76–77.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377_42-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 145; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 76–77.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197578%E2%80%9379_43-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 145; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 78–79.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145%E2%80%93155de_Camp197584_44-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 145–155; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 84.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a155de_Camp197584%E2%80%9384_45-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 155; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 84–84.
45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159_46-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159_46-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 159.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a164_47-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 164.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a165_48-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 165.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a168de_Camp1975153Cannon19895_49-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 168; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 153; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 5.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a169_50-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 169.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a180de_Camp1975121_51-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 180; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 121.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a182de_Camp1975121%E2%80%93122_52-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 182; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 121–122.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a210Cannon19896_53-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 210; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 6.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a273de_Camp1975125_54-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 273; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 125.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a239de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126_55-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 239; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 125–126.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a240Cannon198916_56-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 240; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 16.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a251de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126_57-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 251; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 125–126.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a260de_Camp1975137_58-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 260; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 137.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a284de_Camp1975122_59-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 284; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 122.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a303Faig199166_60-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 303; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 66.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a300Faig199166%E2%80%9367_61-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 300; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), pp. 66–67.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a23Cannon19893de_Camp1975118_62-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 23; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 3; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 118.
62. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125_63-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125_63-1) [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 125.
63. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366_64-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366_64-1) [Hess 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHess1971), p. 249; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 121–122; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 65–66.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2010a301de_Camp1975134%E2%80%93135_65-0)** [Hess 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHess1971), p. 249; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 301; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 134–135.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft200084_66-0)** [Lovecraft 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2000), p. 84.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaig199158%E2%80%9359de_Camp1975135_67-0)** [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), pp. 58–59; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 135.
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a306de_Camp1975139%E2%80%93141_68-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 306; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 139–141.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a308_69-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 308.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144_70-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 79; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 141–144.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144Burleson199039_71-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 79; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 141–144; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 39.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Leavenworth2014333%E2%80%93334_72-0)** [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52; [Leavenworth 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLeavenworth2014), pp. 333–334.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a369de_Camp1975138%E2%80%93139_73-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 369; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 138–139.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975149Burleson199049,_52%E2%80%9353_74-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 149; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 49, 52–53.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson199058Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142_75-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), p. 58; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 140–142.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosig200117%E2%80%9318,_33Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142_76-0)** [Mosig 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMosig2001), pp. 17–18, 33; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 140–142.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154Cannon19894%E2%80%935_77-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 390; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 154; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 4–5.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Goodwin202419%E2%80%9320_78-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 390; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 154–156; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 19–20.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001144%E2%80%93145de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Faig199167_79-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 144–145; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 154–156; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 67.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a400de_Camp1975152%E2%80%93154St._Armand19724_80-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 400; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 152–154; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Fooy2011de_Camp1975184_81-0)** [Greene & Scott 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGreeneScott1948), p. 8; [Fooy 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFooy2011); [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 184.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverts201219Joshi2001201%E2%80%93202_82-0)** [Everts 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEverts2012), p. 19; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 201–202.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001202%E2%80%93203de_Camp1975202_83-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 202–203; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 202.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001291%E2%80%93292de_Camp1975177%E2%80%93179,_219Cannon198955_84-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 291–292; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 177–179, 219; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 55.
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001136de_Camp1975219Goodwin202496%E2%80%9397_85-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 136; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 219; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 96–97.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFooy2011Cannon198955Joshi2001210_86-0)** [Fooy 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFooy2011); [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 55; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 210.
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001201%E2%80%93202Goodwin202497_87-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 201–202; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), p. 97.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b11de_Camp1975109%E2%80%93111GreeneScott19488_88-0)** [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 11; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 109–111; [Greene & Scott 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGreeneScott1948), p. 8.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001112_89-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 112.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975224_90-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 295–298; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 224.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975207%E2%80%93213_91-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 295–298; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 207–213.
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001St._Armand197210_92-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001); [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 10.
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001225de_Camp1975183_93-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 225; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 183.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001200%E2%80%93201de_Camp1975170%E2%80%93172_94-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 200–201; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 170–172.
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001216%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975230%E2%80%93232_95-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 216–218; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 230–232.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001219%E2%80%93224Goodwin2024137%E2%80%93141de_Camp1975240%E2%80%93241_96-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 219–224; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 137–141; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 240–241.
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009b_97-0)** [Lovecraft 2009b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2009b).
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001223%E2%80%93224Norris2020217de_Camp1975242%E2%80%93243_98-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 223–224; [Norris 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorris2020), p. 217; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 242–243.
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Burleson199077_99-0)** [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), p. 23; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), p. 77.
99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001227%E2%80%93228Moreland20181%E2%80%933Cannon198961%E2%80%9362_100-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 227–228; [Moreland 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMoreland2018), pp. 1–3; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 61–62.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001214%E2%80%93215Goodwin2024122_101-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 214–215; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), p. 122.
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinton2016St._Armand19724_102-0)** [Rubinton 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRubinton2016); [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
102. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724_103-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724_103-1) [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 26; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Joshi2001351%E2%80%93354_105-0)** [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), p. 23; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 351–354.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93354St._Armand197210%E2%80%9314_106-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 351–354; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), pp. 10–14.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93353Goodrich200437%E2%80%9338_107-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 351–353; [Goodrich 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodrich2004), pp. 37–38.
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001117Flood2016Goodwin202487,_102_108-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 117; [Flood 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFlood2016); [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 87, 102.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon19897%E2%80%938Evans2005102%E2%80%93105_109-0)** [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 7–8; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 102–105.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005104Joshi2001272%E2%80%93273_110-0)** [Ransom 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRansom2015), pp. 451–452; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), p. 104; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 272–273.
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001272%E2%80%93273Cannon19897%E2%80%938_112-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 272–273; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 7–8.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149,_184Vick202196%E2%80%93102_113-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 307–309; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 148–149, 184; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 96–102.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149Vick202196%E2%80%93102_114-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 307–309; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 148–149; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 96–102.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013150%E2%80%93151Vick202196%E2%80%93102_115-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 307–309; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 150–151; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 96–102.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001273_116-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 273.
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353_117-0)** [Schultz 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchultz2018), pp. 52–53.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353Joshi2001255de_Camp1975192%E2%80%93194_118-0)** [Schultz 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchultz2018), pp. 52–53; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 255; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 192–194.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Joshi1996b455_119-0)** [Greene & Scott 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGreeneScott1948), p. 8; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 455.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976bJoshi2001346%E2%80%93355Cannon198910%E2%80%9311_120-0)** [Lovecraft 1976b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft1976b); [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–355; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 10–11.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001346%E2%80%93355_121-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–12; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–355.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001382%E2%80%93383_122-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 382–383.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001262%E2%80%93263_123-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 262–263.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001383%E2%80%93384_125-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 383–384.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001375%E2%80%93376Finn2013294%E2%80%93295Vick2021130%E2%80%93137_126-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 375–376; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 294–295; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 130–137.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006b216%E2%80%93218Joshi2001375%E2%80%93376Vick2021143_127-0)** [Lovecraft 2006b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006b), pp. 216–218; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 375–376; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), p. 143.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Lexico_Dictionaries''2020_128-0)** [*Lexico Dictionaries* 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLexico_Dictionaries2020).
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001370,_384%E2%80%93385Cannon198911de_Camp1975415%E2%80%93416_130-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 370, 384–385; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 11; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 415–416.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001387%E2%80%93388de_Camp1975427%E2%80%93428_131-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 387–388; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 427–428.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Boston_Globe''19372Joshi2001387%E2%80%93388_132-0)** [*The Boston Globe* 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFThe_Boston_Globe1937), p. 2; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 387–388.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001389de_Camp1975428_133-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 389; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 428.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosig1997114Lovecraft196850%E2%80%9351_134-0)** [Mosig 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMosig1997), p. 114; [Lovecraft 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft1968), pp. 50–51.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi20018%E2%80%9316Cannon198910_135-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 8–16; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 10.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001183%E2%80%93184_136-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 183–184.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi20019Joshi2016161_137-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 9; [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 161.
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200116Joshi2001183%E2%80%93184_138-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 16; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 183–184.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200194%E2%80%9396_139-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 94–96.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001101%E2%80%93102Pedersen2019119%E2%80%93120_140-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 101–102; [Pedersen 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2019), pp. 119–120.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351Pedersen2019141%E2%80%93143_141-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 351; [Pedersen 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2019), pp. 141–143.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001346_142-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 346.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%934Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348Cannon198910%E2%80%9311_143-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–4; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–348; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 10–11.
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9335Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348_144-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–35; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–348.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006d85%E2%80%9395Joshi2001349%E2%80%93352_145-0)** [Lovecraft 2006d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006d), pp. 85–95; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 349–352.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001349%E2%80%93352_146-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 349–352.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354Cannon198910_147-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–12; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 354; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 10.
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354_148-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–12; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 354.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001360%E2%80%93361_149-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 360–361.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145Joshi2010a31%E2%80%9343H%C3%B6lzing2011182%E2%80%93183_150-0)** [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), p. 145; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 31–43; [Hölzing 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFH%C3%B6lzing2011), pp. 182–183.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323Zeller201918_151-0)** [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), pp. 145–146; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 20–23; [Zeller 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFZeller2019), p. 18.
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93174_152-0)** [Lubnow 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLubnow2019), pp. 3–5; [Livesey 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLivesey2008), pp. 3–21; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–174.
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a147%E2%80%93148Joshi200140,_130%E2%80%93133_153-0)** [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), pp. 147–148; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 40, 130–133.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005108%E2%80%93110Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110_154-0)** [Schweitzer 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchweitzer1998), pp. 94–95; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 108–110; [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), pp. 108–110.
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallaghan2011103Spencer2021603_155-0)** [Callaghan 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCallaghan2011), p. 103; [Spencer 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSpencer2021), p. 603.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Evans2005108%E2%80%93109Lovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93186_156-0)** [Steiner 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSteiner2005), pp. 54–55; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 108–109; [Lovett-Graff 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovett-Graff1997), pp. 183–186.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Punter199640_157-0)** [Steiner 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSteiner2005), pp. 54–55; [Punter 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPunter1996), p. 40.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a162%E2%80%93163Hambly1996viiiKlein2012183%E2%80%93184_158-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 162–163; [Hambly 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHambly1996), p. viii; [Klein 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKlein2012), pp. 183–184.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93187Evans2005123%E2%80%93125Klein2012183%E2%80%93184_159-0)** [Lovett-Graff 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovett-Graff1997), pp. 183–187; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 123–125; [Klein 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKlein2012), pp. 183–184.
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001221%E2%80%93223Steiner200554%E2%80%9355_160-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 221–223; [Steiner 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSteiner2005), pp. 54–55.
156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005125Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110_161-0)** [Schweitzer 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchweitzer1998), pp. 94–95; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), p. 125; [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), pp. 108–110.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015109_162-0)** [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), p. 109.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005109%E2%80%93110_163-0)** [Ransom 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRansom2015), pp. 451–452; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 109–110.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015108%E2%80%93109Evans2005109%E2%80%93110_164-0)** [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), p. 108–109; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 109–110.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200121%E2%80%9324_165-0)** [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), pp. 26–27; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 21–24.
161. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348_166-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348_166-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348_166-2) [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), pp. 26–27; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 47–48.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen2018172%E2%80%93173Joshi2013263St._Armand1975129_167-0)** [Pedersen 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2018), pp. 172–173; [Joshi 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2013), p. 263; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 129.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130_168-0)** [Jamneck 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJamneck2012), pp. 126–151; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 129–130.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2017x%E2%80%93xi_169-0)** [Joshi 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2017), pp. x–xi.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009aJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151Cannon1989101%E2%80%93103_170-0)** [Lovecraft 2009a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2009a); [Jamneck 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJamneck2012), pp. 126–151; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 101–103.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151_171-0)** [Jamneck 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJamneck2012), pp. 126–151.
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001135%E2%80%93137Schweitzer2018139%E2%80%93143Joshi2013260%E2%80%93261_172-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 135–137; [Schweitzer 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchweitzer2018), pp. 139–143; [Joshi 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2013), pp. 260–261.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001253_173-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 253.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001168%E2%80%93169Joshi2001228%E2%80%93229St._Armand1975142_174-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 168–169; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 228–229; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 142.
170. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128_175-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128_175-1) [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 127–128.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127_176-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 127.
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975129%E2%80%93131_177-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 129–131.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975133%E2%80%93137_178-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 133–137.
174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975145%E2%80%93150_179-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 145–150.
175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93173Rottensteiner1992117%E2%80%93121_180-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–173; [Rottensteiner 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRottensteiner1992), pp. 117–121.
176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard20116Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93173_181-0)** [Woodard 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWoodard2011), p. 6; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–173.
177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b174_182-0)** [Lubnow 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLubnow2019), pp. 3–5; [Livesey 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLivesey2008), pp. 3–21; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), p. 174.
178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft201097Pedersen201723de_Camp1975270_183-0)** [Lovecraft 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2010), p. 97; [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), p. 23; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270.
179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobert201534%E2%80%9339Burleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312_184-0)** [Macrobert 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMacrobert2015), pp. 34–39; [Burleson 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 7–12.
180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312_185-0)** [Burleson 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 7–12.
181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft20147_186-0)** [Lovecraft 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2014), p. 7.
182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETouponce201362%E2%80%9363Matthews2018177Burleson1990156%E2%80%93160_187-0)** [Touponce 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTouponce2013), pp. 62–63; [Matthews 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMatthews2018), p. 177; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–160.
183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b186%E2%80%93187Burleson1990156%E2%80%93157_188-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 186–187; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–157.
184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiber20016LacyZani200770Burleson1990158%E2%80%93159_189-0)** [Leiber 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLeiber2001), p. 6; [Lacy & Zani 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLacyZani2007), p. 70; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 158–159.
185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a124Pedersen201728%E2%80%9333_190-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–158; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 124; [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), pp. 28–33.
186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158_191-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–158.
187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a262%E2%80%93263_192-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–158; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 262–263.
188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand197214%E2%80%9315Joshi1996a124Cannon198973_193-0)** [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), pp. 14–15; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 124; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 73.
189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016320St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130_194-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 320; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 129–130.
190. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320St._Armand1975131%E2%80%93132_195-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 314–320; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 131–132.
191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320_196-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), pp. 314–320.
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016316_197-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 316.
193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93172_198-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–172.
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b183%E2%80%93188Martin201299Burleson1990107%E2%80%93110_199-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 183–188; [Martin 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMartin2012), p. 99; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 107–110.
195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull200610%E2%80%9312_200-0)** [Hull 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHull2006), pp. 10–12.
196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELook2016101%E2%80%93103HalpurnLabossiere2009512%E2%80%93513_201-0)** [Look 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLook2016), pp. 101–103; [Halpurn & Labossiere 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHalpurnLabossiere2009), pp. 512–513.
197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135St._Armand1975129_202-0)** [Butler 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFButler2014), pp. 131–135; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 129.
198. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135_203-0)** [Butler 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFButler2014), pp. 131–135.
199. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray198654%E2%80%9367_204-0)** [Murray 1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMurray1986), pp. 54–67.
200. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329Burleson1990106,_118_205-0)** [Murray 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMurray1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 19–29; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 106, 118.
201. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329_206-0)** [Murray 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMurray1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 19–29.
202. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1950286%E2%80%93290_207-0)** [Wilson 1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWilson1950), pp. 286–290.
203. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795_208-0)** [de Camp 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1979), p. 5.
204. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795Cannon1989126_210-0)** [de Camp 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1979), p. 5; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 126.
205. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott194341_211-0)** [Scott 1943](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFScott1943), p. 41.
206. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuppy194410_212-0)** [Cuppy 1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCuppy1944), p. 10.
207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGale1960100%E2%80%93103_213-0)** [Gale 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGale1960), pp. 100–103.
208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19751%E2%80%9310_214-0)** [Wilson 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWilson1975), pp. 1–10.
209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2013xiii%E2%80%93xiv_215-0)** [Lovecraft 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2013), pp. xiii–xiv.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirda2012_216-0)** [Dirda 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2012).
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamatas2014_217-0)** [Mamatas 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMamatas2014).
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Lovecraft_Annual''2007160Eberhart200582Grant2005146_218-0)** [*Lovecraft Annual* 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft_Annual2007), p. 160; [Eberhart 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEberhart2005), p. 82; [Grant 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGrant2005), p. 146.
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015105%E2%80%93116Sperling201675Hantke2013137%E2%80%93138_219-0)** [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), pp. 105–116; [Sperling 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSperling2016), p. 75; [Hantke 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHantke2013), pp. 137–138.
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESederholmWeinstock20162,_8%E2%80%939_220-0)** [Sederholm & Weinstock 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholmWeinstock2016), pp. 2, 8–9.
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2014Dirda2005_221-0)** [Gray 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGray2014); [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005).
216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a91,_252_222-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 91, 252.
217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1996_223-0)** [Oates 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFOates1996).
218. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995_224-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995_224-1) [Wohleber 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWohleber1995).
219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198763_225-0)** [King 1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKing1987), p. 63.
220. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeak2020169%E2%80%93172Elfren2016_226-0)** [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), pp. 169–172; [Elfren 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFElfren2016).
221. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Elfren201688%E2%80%9389Peak2020177%E2%80%93178_227-0)** [Harman 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHarman2012), pp. 3–4; [Elfren 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFElfren2016), pp. 88–89; [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), pp. 177–178.
222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Peak2020177%E2%80%93178_228-0)** [Harman 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHarman2012), pp. 3–4; [Powell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPowell2019), p. 263; [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), pp. 177–178.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Elfren201688%E2%80%9389_229-0)** [Harman 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHarman2012), pp. 3–4; [Powell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPowell2019), p. 263; [Elfren 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFElfren2016), pp. 88–89.
224. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperling201675%E2%80%9378_230-0)** [Sperling 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSperling2016), pp. 75–78.
225. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390Dirda2005Cannon19891_231-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 390; [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005); [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 1.
226. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoell20048%E2%80%9340_232-0)** [Schoell 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchoell2004), pp. 8–40.
227. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a141%E2%80%93142_233-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 141–142.
228. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390%E2%80%93391de_Camp1975132Hantke2013135%E2%80%93136_234-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 390–391; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 132; [Hantke 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHantke2013), p. 135–136.
229. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152%E2%80%9353de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364_235-0)** [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52–53; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 434–435; [Joshi 1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1984), pp. 62–64.
230. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364_236-0)** [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 434–435; [Joshi 1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1984), pp. 62–64.
231. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2014_237-0)** [Talbot 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTalbot2014).
232. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanicker2015473Norris2018158%E2%80%93159Nelson2012221%E2%80%93222_238-0)** [Janicker 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJanicker2015), pp. 473; [Norris 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorris2018), pp. 158–159; [Nelson 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNelson2012), pp. 221–222.
233. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz2015_239-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz2015_239-1) [Cruz 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCruz2015).
234. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2015_240-0)** [Flood 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFlood2015).
235. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Locus_Online''2017_241-0)** [*Locus Online* 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLocus_Online2017).
236. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Hugo_Awards''2020_242-0)** [*The Hugo Awards* 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFThe_Hugo_Awards2020).
237. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi1985b54%E2%80%9358_243-0)** [Joshi 1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1984), pp. 62–64; [Joshi 1985a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1985a), pp. 19–25; [Joshi 1985b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1985b), pp. 54–58.
238. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinton2016Joshi2001219_244-0)** [Rubinton 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRubinton2016); [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 219.
239. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a5%E2%80%936Oates1996Mariconda2010208%E2%80%93209_245-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 5–6; [Oates 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFOates1996); [Mariconda 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMariconda2010), pp. 208–209.
240. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005_246-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005_246-1) [Hantke 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHantke2013), p. 138; [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), p. 163; [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005).
241. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDziemianowicz2010Peak2020163Dirda2005_247-0)** [Dziemianowicz 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDziemianowicz2010); [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), p. 163; [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005).
242. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiclen2015Smith2017Dirda2019_248-0)** [Siclen 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSiclen2015); [Smith 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSmith2017); [Dirda 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2019).
243. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilow2013_249-0)** [Bilow 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBilow2013).
244. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi20067Sederholm2016266%E2%80%93267_250-0)** [Hill & Joshi 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHillJoshi2006), p. 7; [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), pp. 266–267.
245. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324Sederholm2016271_251-0)** [Hill & Joshi 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHillJoshi2006), pp. 19–24; [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), p. 271.
246. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324_252-0)** [Hill & Joshi 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHillJoshi2006), pp. 19–24.
247. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194_253-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194_253-1) [Norman 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorman2013), pp. 193–194.
248. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriwkowsky2008Sederholm2016271%E2%80%93272Norman2013193%E2%80%93194_254-0)** [Griwkowsky 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGriwkowsky2008); [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), pp. 271–272; [Norman 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorman2013), pp. 193–194.
249. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESederholm2016271%E2%80%93272_255-0)** [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), pp. 271–272.
250. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-256)**
["Metallica Dream No More lyrics"](https://genius.com/Metallica-dream-no-more-lyrics). *Genius*.
251. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2013197%E2%80%93202_257-0)** [Norman 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorman2013), pp. 197–202.
252. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976a13Carbonell2019137_258-0)** [Lovecraft 1976a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft1976a), p. 13; [Carbonell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCarbonell2019), p. 137.
253. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonell2019160Gollop2017Garrad202125_259-0)** [Carbonell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCarbonell2019), p. 160; [Gollop 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGollop2017); [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), p. 25.
254. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017_260-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017_260-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017_260-2) [Gollop 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGollop2017).
255. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017Silva2017Garrad202126%E2%80%9327_261-0)** [Gollop 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGollop2017); [Silva 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSilva2017); [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), pp. 26–27.
256. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2017_262-0)** [Silva 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSilva2017).
257. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrad202127%E2%80%9328_263-0)** [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), pp. 27–28.
258. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrad202128_264-0)** [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), p. 28.
259. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390Matthews2018178%E2%80%93179_265-0)** [Engle 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEngle2014), pp. 89–90; [Matthews 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMatthews2018), pp. 178–179.
260. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390_266-0)** [Engle 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEngle2014), p. 89–90.
261. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngle201491_267-0)** [Engle 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEngle2014), p. 91.
262. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClore200161%E2%80%9369_268-0)** [Clore 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFClore2001), pp. 61–69.
263. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda2014_269-0)** [Levenda 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLevenda2014).
264. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2018178%E2%80%93179_270-0)** [Matthews 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMatthews2018), pp. 178–179.
265. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009268_271-0)** [Davies 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDavies2009), p. 268.
266. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlatley2013_272-0)** [Flatley 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFlatley2013).
267. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242Cannon198910de_Camp1975xii_273-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–242; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 10; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. xii.
268. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975xiiJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93237_274-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. xii; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–237.
269. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93239_275-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–239.
270. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218Wetzel198319%E2%80%9320_276-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), pp. 217–218; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 19–20.
271. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a245%E2%80%93246JoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975113%E2%80%93114_278-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 245–246; [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), pp. 217–218; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 113–114.
272. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242_279-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–242.
273. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198312Wallace202327%E2%80%9328_280-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Conclusion; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), p. 12; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 27–28.
274. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsJoshi1996b_281-0)** [Lovecraft 2006c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006c), p. 237; [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b).
275. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19833%E2%80%934_282-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 390; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 430–432; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 3–4.
276. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19834%E2%80%936_283-0)** [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 640–641; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 430–432; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 4–6.
277. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975432Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198310%E2%80%9312_284-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 432; [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 10–12.
278. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198311Wallace202335_285-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), p. 11; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 35.
279. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641Wallace202342_286-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), The Arkham House Copyright Hypothesis; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 640–641; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 42.
280. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_"Donald_Wandrei_v._The_Estate_of_August_Derleth"_HypothesisWallace202338%E2%80%9339_287-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), The "Donald Wandrei v. The Estate of August Derleth" Hypothesis; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 38–39.
281. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640Lovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_Copyrights_288-0)** [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 640; [Lovecraft 2006c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006c), p. 237; [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights.
282. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b641Wetzel198324%E2%80%9325_289-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), The Arkham House Copyright Hypothesis; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 641; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 24–25.
283. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198325_290-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Conclusion; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), p. 25.
284. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202341_291-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Coda; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 41.
285. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202342_292-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Coda; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 42.
## General and cited sources
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: General and cited sources")\]
- ["1945 Retro-Hugo Awards"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801063449/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1945-retro-hugo-awards/). *The Hugo Awards*. 2020. Archived from [the original](http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1945-retro-hugo-awards/) on August 1, 2020.
- ["2016 SF\&F Hall of Fame Inductees"](https://locusmag.com/2017/01/2016-sff-hall-of-fame-inductees/). *Locus Online*. January 17, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191222001003/https://locusmag.com/2017/01/2016-sff-hall-of-fame-inductees/) from the original on December 22, 2019.
- Bilow, Michael (July 27, 2013). ["We are Providence: The H.P. Lovecraft Community"](http://motifri.com/we-are-providence-the-h-p-lovecraft-community/). *Motif Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017080819/http://motifri.com/we-are-providence-the-h-p-lovecraft-community/) from the original on October 17, 2013.
- Bonner, Marian F. (August 2015). "Miscellaneous Impressions of H.P.L.". *Lovecraft Annual* (9): 52–53\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868496](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868496).
- "Briefly Noted". *Lovecraft Annual* (1): 160. August 2007. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868367](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868367).
- Burleson, Donald R. (1990). [*Lovecraft: Disturbing the Universe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jYcfBgAAQBAJ) (First ed.). Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8131-9319-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9319-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9319-9")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt130jf9h](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130jf9h). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [895675279](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895675279).
- Burleson, Donald R. (1991–1992). ["Lovecraft: Dreams and Reality"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210420155022/https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/). *Books at Brown*. 38–39: 7–12\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0147-0787](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-0787). Archived from [the original](https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/) on April 20, 2021 – via Brown Digital Repository.
- Butler, James O. (August 2014). "Terror and Terrain: The Environmental Semantics of Lovecraft County". *Lovecraft Annual* (8): 131–149\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868485](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868485).
- Callaghan, Gavin (August 2011). "Blacks, Boxers, and Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual*. **5** (1): 102–111\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868430](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868430).
- [Cannon, Peter H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Cannon "Peter H. Cannon") (1989). [*H. P. Lovecraft*](https://archive.org/details/hplovecraft0549cann). Twayne's United States Authors Series. Vol. 549. Boston: Twayne. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8057-7539-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7539-0 "Special:BookSources/0-8057-7539-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [246440364](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246440364).
- Carbonell, Curtis D. (2019). ["Lovecraft's (Cthulhu) Mythos"](https://books.google.com/books?id=5NrBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137). *Dread Trident: Tabletop Role-Playing Games and the Modern Fantastic*. Liverpool University Press. pp. 137–165\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3828/liverpool/9781789620573.003.0005](https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fliverpool%2F9781789620573.003.0005). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78962-468-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-468-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-468-7")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctv12pntt4.8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv12pntt4.8). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1155494616](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1155494616). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [219891871](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219891871).
- Clore, Dan (n.d.) \[first published Fall 2001\]. ["The Lurker on the Threshold of Interpretation: Hoax *Necronomicons* and Paratextual Noise"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091026163759/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/9879/lurker.htm). *Lovecraft Studies* (42–43\): 61–69\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361). Archived from [the original](http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/9879/lurker.htm) on October 26, 2009 – via Yahoo! GeoCities.
- Cruz, Lenika (November 12, 2015). ["'Political Correctness' Won't Ruin H.P. Lovecraft's Legacy"](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/hp-lovecraft-world-fantasy-awards/415485/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151117085814/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/hp-lovecraft-world-fantasy-awards/415485/) from the original on November 17, 2015.
- [Cuppy, Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Cuppy "Will Cuppy") (January 2, 1944). ["Review of Beyond the Wall of Sleep"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ua8YAAAAIAAJ&q=the+literature+of+horror+and+macabre+fantasy+belongs+with+mystery+in+its+broader+sense.). *New York Herald Tribune*. p. 10. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1941-0646](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646).
- Davies, Owen (2009). [*Grimoires: A History of Magic Books*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_iaQDwAAQBAJ). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-150924-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150924-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150924-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [434863058](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/434863058).
- de Camp, L. Sprague (March 1979). "H. P. Lovecraft and Edmund Wilson". *Fantasy Mongers*. No. 1. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [8755-7479](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8755-7479).
- de Camp, L. Sprague (1975). [*Lovecraft: A Biography*](https://archive.org/details/lovecraftbiog00deca) (First ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-385-00578-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00578-4 "Special:BookSources/0-385-00578-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [979196](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/979196). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190754775](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190754775).
- Dirda, Michael (2012). ["Cthulhu for President"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200630185357/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/cthulhu-for-president-2/). *The Times Literary Supplement*. Archived from [the original](https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/cthulhu-for-president-2/) on June 30, 2020.
- Dirda, Michael (September 4, 2019). ["Dispatch from a 'Horror' Convention: It Began in a Dark, Candlelit Room . . "](https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/dispatch-from-a-horror-convention-it-began-in-a-dark-candlelit-room-/2019/09/04/a6f66ed8-ce5c-11e9-b29b-a528dc82154a_story.html). *The Washington Post*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [2284363189](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2284363189). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230307040536/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/dispatch-from-a-horror-convention-it-began-in-a-dark-candlelit-room-/2019/09/04/a6f66ed8-ce5c-11e9-b29b-a528dc82154a_story.html) from the original on March 7, 2023.
- Dirda, Michael (March 7, 2005). ["The Horror, the Horror!"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091105095444/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/285tmhfa.asp). *The Weekly Standard*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1083-3013](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1083-3013). Archived from [the original](http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/285tmhfa.asp) on November 5, 2009.
- Dziemianowicz, Stefan (July 12, 2010). ["Terror Eternal: The Enduring Popularity of H. P. Lovecraft"](https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/43793-terror-eternal-the-enduring-popularity-of-h-p-lovecraft.html). *Publishers Weekly*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0000-0019](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0000-0019).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [609957378](https://www.proquest.com/docview/609957378).
- Eberhart, John Mark (February 13, 2005). ["The Library of Lovecraft"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395548/the-library-of-lovecraft/). *The Kansas City Star*. p. 82. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0745-1067](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-1067). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216121455/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395548/the-library-of-lovecraft/) from the original on December 16, 2020 – via [Newspapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
- Elfren, Isabella van (2016). "Hyper-Cacophony: Lovecraft, Speculative Realism, and Sonic Materialism". In Sederholm, Carl H.; Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (eds.). *The Age of Lovecraft*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 79–96\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8166-9925-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-9925-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-9925-4")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.8). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [945632985](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945632985). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [194316992](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194316992).
- Engle, John (October 2014). ["Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. Lovecraft's Fiction on Contemporary Occult Practices"](https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol33/iss1/6/). *Mythlore*. **33** (125): 85–98\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26815942](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26815942). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [159074285](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159074285) – via SWOSU Digital Commons.
- Evans, Timothy H. (January–April 2005). "A Last Defense against the Dark: Folklore, Horror, and the Uses of Tradition in the Works of H. P. Lovecraft". *Journal of Folklore Research*. **42** (1): 99–135\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2979/JFR.2005.42.1.99](https://doi.org/10.2979%2FJFR.2005.42.1.99). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0737-7037](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-7037). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [3814792](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814792). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [162356996](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162356996).
- Everts, R. Alain (June 22, 2012) \[first published July 1974\]. ["Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Sex: or The Sex Life of a Gentleman"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191025204720/http://www.hplovecraft.com/study/articles/hpl-sex.aspx). *Nyctalops*. Vol. 2, no. 2. p. 19. Archived from [the original](http://www.hplovecraft.com/study/articles/hpl-sex.aspx) on October 25, 2019 – via The H. P. Lovecraft Archive.
- Faig, Kenneth W. Jr. (1991). ["The Parents of Howard Phillips Lovecraft"](https://books.google.com/books?id=S3oH_VdH3BcC&pg=PA45). In Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (eds.). *An Epicure in the Terrible: A Centennial Anthology of Essays in Honor of H. P. Lovecraft* (First ed.). Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 45–77\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8386-3415-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3415-X "Special:BookSources/0-8386-3415-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [22766987](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22766987).
- [Finn, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Finn "Mark Finn") (2013). [*Blood and Thunder: The Life and Art of Robert E. Howard*](https://books.google.com/books?id=SrygBQAAQBAJ) (Third ed.). Cross Plains, Texas: Robert E. Howard Foundation Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-304-03152-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-304-03152-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-304-03152-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [923870328](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923870328).
- Flatley, Joseph L. (November 12, 2013). ["The Cult of Cthulhu: Real Prayer for a Fake Tentacle"](https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/4849860/the-cult-of-cthulhu-real-prayer-for-a-fake-tentacle). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191029013156/https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/4849860/the-cult-of-cthulhu-real-prayer-for-a-fake-tentacle) from the original on October 29, 2019.
- Flood, Alison (March 16, 2016). ["Lost HP Lovecraft Work Commissioned by Houdini Escapes Shackles of History"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/16/hp-lovecraft-harry-houdini-manuscript-cancer-superstition-memorabilia). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161008115009/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/16/hp-lovecraft-harry-houdini-manuscript-cancer-superstition-memorabilia) from the original on October 8, 2016.
- Flood, Alison (November 9, 2015). ["World Fantasy Award Drops HP Lovecraft as Prize Image"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/09/world-fantasy-award-drops-hp-lovecraft-as-prize-image). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151118192211/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/09/world-fantasy-award-drops-hp-lovecraft-as-prize-image) from the original on November 18, 2015.
- Fooy, Frederick (October 27, 2011). ["Resident Horror Genius"](http://southbrooklynpost.com/2011/10/hp-lovecraft/). *South Brooklyn Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160802114048/http://southbrooklynpost.com/2011/10/hp-lovecraft/) from the original on August 2, 2016.
- Gale, Floyd C. (April 1960). ["Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf"](https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1957-12/Galaxy_1957_12#page/n101/mode/2up). *Galaxy Science Fiction*. pp. 100–103\.
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- [Gollop, Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gollop "Julian Gollop") (November 16, 2017). ["The Gollop Chamber: Where Are All the Lovecraftian Games?"](https://www.pcgamer.com/the-gollop-chamber-where-are-all-the-lovecraftian-games/). *[PC Gamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer "PC Gamer")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151043/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-gollop-chamber-where-are-all-the-lovecraftian-games/) from the original on March 7, 2018.
- Goodrich, Peter (Spring 2004). "Mannerism and the Macabre in H. P. Lovecraft's Dunsanian 'Dream-Quest'". *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*. **15** (1 (57)): 37–48\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0897-0521](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [43308683](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43308683).
- Goodwin, David J. (2024). [*Midnight Rambles: H. P. Lovecraft in Gotham*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gD7VEAAAQBAJ). Empire State Editions (First ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1515/9781531504434](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781531504434). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5315-0443-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0443-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0443-4")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [jj.6014260](https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.6014260). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1370486835](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1370486835).
[Project MUSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse "Project Muse") [111383](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/111383).
- Grant, Gavin J. (April 17, 2005). ["That Delicious Feeling of Dread"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395523/that-delicious-feeling-of-dread/). *The Los Angeles Times*. p. 146. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0458-3035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216121529/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395523/that-delicious-feeling-of-dread/) from the original on December 16, 2020 – via [Newspapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
- Gray, John (October 24, 2014). ["Weird Realism: John Gray on the Moral Universe of H P Lovecraft"](http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/10/weird-realism-john-gray-moral-universe-h-p-lovecraft). *New Statesman*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1758-924X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-924X). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160414140517/http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/10/weird-realism-john-gray-moral-universe-h-p-lovecraft) from the original on April 14, 2016.
- [Greene, Sonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene"); [Scott, Winfield Townley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Townley_Scott "Winfield Townley Scott") (August 22, 1948). ["Howard Phillips Lovecraft as His Wife Remembers Him"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003143/https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:425853/PDF/). *The Providence Journal*. p. 8. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Archived from [the original](https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:425853/PDF/) on May 12, 2022.
- Griwkowsky, Fish (December 8, 2008). ["Interview with James Hetfield"](http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/M/Metallica/2008/12/08/7668306-sun.html). *Jam\!*.
`{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
- ["Grippe"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200123080907/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/grippe). *Lexico Dictionaries*. Archived from [the original](https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/grippe) on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
- [Halpurn, Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halpern "Paul Halpern"); Labossiere, Michael C. (Fall 2009). "Mind Out of Time: Identity, Perception, and the Fourth Dimension in H. P. Lovecraft's 'The Shadow Out of Time' and 'The Dreams in the Witch House'". *Extrapolation*. **50** (3): 512–533, 375. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3828/extr.2009.50.3.8](https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fextr.2009.50.3.8). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0014-5483](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5483). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [162319821](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162319821).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [2152642098](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2152642098).
- Hambly, Barbara (1996). "Introduction: The Man Who Loved His Craft". *The Transition of H. P. Lovecraft: The Road to Madness* (First ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. pp. vii–x. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-345-38422-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-38422-9 "Special:BookSources/0-345-38422-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [34669226](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34669226).
- Hantke, Steffen (2013). "From the Library of America to the Mountains of Madness: Recent Discourse on H. P. Lovecraft". In Simmons, David (ed.). *New Critical Essays on H. P. Lovecraft*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 135–156\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/9781137320964\_9](https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137320964_9). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-137-32096-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [5576363673](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5576363673). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [163339940](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163339940).
- Harman, Graham (2012). [*Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ_tBAAAQBAJ). Winchester: John Hunt Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78099-907-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-907-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-907-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1058277738](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058277738).
- Hess, Clara (1971). "Addenda to 'H.P.L.: A Memoir'". In Derleth, August (ed.). [*Something about Cats, and Other Pieces*](https://books.google.com/books?id=c4TWAAAAMAAJ) (First ed.). Books for Libraries Press. pp. 247–277\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8369-2410-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-2410-X "Special:BookSources/0-8369-2410-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [222440](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222440).
- Hill, Gary; Joshi, S. T. (2006). [*The Strange Sound of Cthulhu: Music Inspired by the Writings of H. P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyFoBl6M6LEC). United States: Music Street Journal. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84728-776-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84728-776-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84728-776-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [128175889](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/128175889).
- Hölzing, Roland (August 2011). "Lovecraft: A Gentleman without Five Senses". *Lovecraft Annual* (5): 181–187\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868439](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868439).
- Hull, Thomas (2006). "H.P. Lovecraft: A Horror in Higher Dimensions". *Math Horizons*. Vol. 13, no. 3. pp. 10–12\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10724117.2006.11974625](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10724117.2006.11974625). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1072-4117](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-4117). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [25678597](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25678597). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [125320565](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125320565).
- Jamneck, Lynne (August 2012). "Tekeli-li! Disturbing Language in Edgar Allan Poe and H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (6): 126–151\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868454](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868454).
- Janicker, Rebecca (2015). "Visions of Monstrosity: Lovecraft, Adaptation and the Comics Arts". *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*. **26** (3 (94)): 469–488\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0897-0521](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26321171](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26321171).
- Joshi, S. T. (August 2015). "Charles Baxter on Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (9): 105–122\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868501](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868501).
- Joshi, S. T. (2013). ["Lovecraft's 'Dunsanian Studies'"](https://books.google.com/books?id=efmXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA241). In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany*. Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–264\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8108-9235-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1026953908](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026953908).
- Joshi, S. T. (1984). ["The Development of Lovecraftian Studies 1971–1982 (Part I)"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_09v03n02_1984-Fall_CosmicJukebox/page/n21/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **3** (2): 62–71\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- Joshi, S. T. (1985a). ["The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part II)"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_10v04n01_1985-Spring_CosmicJukebox/page/n17/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **4** (1): 18–28\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- Joshi, S. T. (1985b). ["The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part III)"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_11v04n02_1985-Fall_CosmicJukebox/page/n13/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **4** (2): 54–65\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- [Joshi, S. T.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi "S. T. Joshi") (2001). [*A Dreamer and a Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu89DwAAQBAJ). Liverpool Science Fiction Texts and Studies. Vol. 26 (First ed.). [Liverpool University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press "Liverpool University Press"). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.5949/upo9781846312991](https://doi.org/10.5949%2Fupo9781846312991). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84631-299-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-299-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-299-1")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5vjhg7](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjhg7). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [276177497](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276177497).
- Joshi, S. T. (1996b). *H. P. Lovecraft: A Life* (First ed.). West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-940884-89-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5 "Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [34906142](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34906142).
- Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (2001). [*An H.P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Myawoc_PbF4C) (First ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-313-01682-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-01682-8 "Special:BookSources/0-313-01682-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [608158798](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608158798).
- Joshi, S. T. (2016). [*H. P. Lovecraft: The Decline of the West*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KaklDwAAQBAJ) (First ed.). Wildside Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4794-2754-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-2754-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-2754-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [988396691](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988396691).
- Joshi, S. T. (2017). ["Foreword"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jnexDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10). In Moreland, Sean (ed.). *The Lovecraftian Poe: Essays on Influence, Reception, Interpretation, and Transformation*. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. pp. ix–xiv. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-61146-241-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [973481779](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973481779).
- Joshi, S. T. (2010a). *I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft* (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9824296-7-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9824296-7-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9824296-7-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [650504348](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650504348). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190428196](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190428196).
- Joshi, S. T. (1996a). [*A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H.P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YdO2XRYNUuQC) (Third ed.). Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Wildside Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-880448-61-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880448-61-0 "Special:BookSources/1-880448-61-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [4566934](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4566934). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [169172551](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169172551).
- Joshi, S. T. (August 2010b). "Time, Space, and Natural Law: Science and Pseudo-Science in Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (4): 171–201\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868421](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868421).
- Karr, Chris J. (July 10, 2018). ["The Black Seas of Copyright"](https://www.aetherial.net/lovecraft/index.html). *Aetherial*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200425125601/https://www.aetherial.net/lovecraft/index.html) from the original on April 25, 2020.
- [King, Stephen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") (1987). [*Danse Macabre*](https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222501/http://www.librosgratisweb.com/html/king-stephen/danse-macabre/index.htm). [Berkley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books "Berkley Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-425-06462-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-06462-X "Special:BookSources/0-425-06462-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [10242612](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10242612). Archived from [the original](http://www.librosgratisweb.com/html/king-stephen/danse-macabre/index.htm) on October 4, 2013.
- Klein, Anna (August 2012). "Misperceptions of Malignity: Narrative Form and the Threat to America's Modernity in 'The Shadow over Innsmouth'". *Lovecraft Annual* (6): 182–198\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868459](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868459).
- Lacy, Jeff; Zani, Steven J. (August 2007). "The Negative Mystics of the Mechanistic Sublime: Walter Benjamin and Lovecraft's Cosmicism". *Lovecraft Annual* (1): 65–83\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868355](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868355). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [11647892](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11647892).
- Leavenworth, Van (2014). "The Developing Storyworld of H. P. Lovecraft". In [Ryan, Marie-Laure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Laure_Ryan "Marie-Laure Ryan"); Thon, Jan-Noël (eds.). *Storyworlds Across Media: Toward a Media-Conscious Narratology*. Frontiers of Narrative. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 332–350\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/j.ctt1d9nkdg.20](https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1d9nkdg.20). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8032-5532-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5532-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5532-6")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt1d9nkdg.20](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1d9nkdg.20). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [880964681](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880964681). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190258640](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190258640).
- [Leiber, Fritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber "Fritz Leiber") (2001) \[first published 1949\]. ["A Literary Copernicus"](https://books.google.com/books?id=-PDksCTdmYMC&pg=PA7). In [Schweitzer, Darrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Schweitzer "Darrell Schweitzer") (ed.). *Discovering H. P. Lovecraft* (Revised ed.). Holicong, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 7–16\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-58715-470-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58715-470-6 "Special:BookSources/1-58715-470-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [48212283](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48212283).
- [Levenda, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Levenda "Peter Levenda") (November 30, 2014). ["Finding the Simon Necronomicon"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMMrqUS8-As). The Lip TV. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220206162615/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMMrqUS8-As) from the original on February 6, 2022 – via YouTube.
- Livesey, T. R. (August 2008). "Dispatches from the Providence Observatory: Astronomical Motifs and Sources in the Writings of H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (2): 3–87\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868370](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868370).
- Look, Daniel M. (August 2016). "Queer Geometry and Higher Dimensions: Mathematics in the Fiction of H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (10): 101–120\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868515](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868515).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2010) \[written November 22, 1930\]. ["Religion and Indeterminacy"](https://books.google.com/books?id=hdplAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87). In Joshi, S. T.; [Hitchens, Christopher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens "Christopher Hitchens") (eds.). *Against Religion: The Atheist Writings of H.P. Lovecraft*. New York: Sporting Gentlemen. pp. 87–99\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-578-05248-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-05248-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-578-05248-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [665081122](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/665081122).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (August 20, 2009a). ["At the Mountains of Madness"](http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx). *The H. P. Lovecraft Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170225184117/http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx) from the original on February 25, 2017.
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2013). Luckhurst, Roger (ed.). [*The Classic Horror Stories*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vQDDYhl057sC). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-164088-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164088-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164088-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [958573276](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958573276). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190969085](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190969085).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006a) \[first published February 1922\]. "A Confession of Unfaith". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 145–148\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0976159230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976159230 "Special:BookSources/978-0976159230")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [54350507](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54350507).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006b) \[first published 1936\]. "In Memoriam: Robert Ervin Howard". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 216–218\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0976159230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976159230 "Special:BookSources/978-0976159230")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [54350507](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54350507).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006c). "Instructions in Case of Decease". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 237–240\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9721644-1-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721644-1-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9721644-1-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [875361303](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875361303).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006d) \[written February 22, 1933\]. "Some Repetitions on the Times". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 85–95\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0976159230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976159230 "Special:BookSources/978-0976159230")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [54350507](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54350507).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (August 20, 2009b). ["He"](http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/he.aspx). *The H. P. Lovecraft Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210323215302/https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/he.aspx) from the original on March 23, 2021.
- Lovecraft, H. P. (August 2014). Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (eds.). "Letters to Farnsworth Wright". *Lovecraft Annual* (8): 5–59\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868482](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868482).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2000). "Amateur Journalism". In Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (eds.). *Lord of a Visible World: An Autobiography in Letters*. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. pp. 39–86\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8214-1332-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1332-5 "Special:BookSources/0-8214-1332-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [43567292](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43567292).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1968) \[sent May 16, 1926\]. "To James F. Morton". In Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). *Selected Letters*. Vol. II. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. pp. 50–51\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-034-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-034-3 "Special:BookSources/0-87054-034-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1152654519](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152654519).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1976a). Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). [*Selected Letters*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_H._P._Lovecraft_IV_\(1932%E2%80%931934\) "Selected Letters of H. P. Lovecraft IV (1932–1934)"). Vol. IV. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-035-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-035-1 "Special:BookSources/0-87054-035-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [20590805](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20590805).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1976b) \[sent February 7, 1937\]. "To Catherine L. Moore". In Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). *Selected Letters*. Vol. V. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. pp. 407–408\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-036-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-036-X "Special:BookSources/0-87054-036-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1000556488](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000556488).
- Lovett-Graff, Bennett (1997). "Shadows over Lovecraft: Reactionary Fantasy and Immigrant Eugenics". *Extrapolation*. **38** (3): 175–192\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3828/extr.1997.38.3.175](https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fextr.1997.38.3.175). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0014-5483](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5483). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [164434496](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164434496).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [234914041](https://www.proquest.com/docview/234914041).
- Lubnow, Fred S. (August 2019). "The Lovecraftian Solar System". *Lovecraft Annual* (13): 3–26\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868571](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868571).
- Macrobert, Franch A. (2015). "Cosmic Dread: The Astronomy of H. P. Lovecraft". *Sky & Telescope*. Vol. 129, no. 2. pp. 34–39\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0037-6604](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6604).
- Mamatas, Nick (November 24, 2014). ["The Real Mr. Difficult, or Why Cthulhu Threatens to Destroy the Canon, Self-Interested Literary Essayists, and the Universe Itself. Finally"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160615144133/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/real-mr-difficult-cthulhu-threatens-destroy-canon-self-interested-literary-essayists-universe-finally). *Los Angeles Review of Books*. Archived from [the original](https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/real-mr-difficult-cthulhu-threatens-destroy-canon-self-interested-literary-essayists-universe-finally/) on June 15, 2016.
- Mariconda, Steven J. (August 2010). "Review of *I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft*". *Lovecraft Annual* (4): 208–215\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868424](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868424).
- Martin, Sean Elliot (August 2012). "Lovecraft, Absurdity, and the Modernist Grotesque". *Lovecraft Annual* (6): 82–112\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868452](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868452).
- Matthews, Carol S. (April 2018). ["Letting Sleeping Abnormalities Lie: Lovecraft and the Futility of Divination"](https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol36/iss2/21/). *Mythlore*. **36** (2): 165–184\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26809310](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809310). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [165217534](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165217534).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [2036317509](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2036317509) – via SWOSU Digital Commons.
- Moreland, Sean (2018). ["Introduction: The Critical (After)Life of *Supernatural Horror in Literature*"](https://books.google.com/books?id=OaBtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1). *New Directions in Supernatural Horror Literature: The Critical Influence of H. P. Lovecraft*. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–9\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-3-319-95477-6\_1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-95477-6_1). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-319-95477-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95477-6 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95477-6")
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- Mosig, Yōzan Dirk W. (2001) \[first published 1974\]. ["The Four Faces of the Outsider"](https://books.google.com/books?id=dX30AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17). In Schweitzer, Darrell (ed.). *Discovering H. P. Lovecraft*. Holicog, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 17–34\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4344-4912-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [114786517](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/114786517).
- [Mosig, Yōzan Dirk W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_W._Mosig "Dirk W. Mosig") (1997). "Life After Lovecraft: Reminiscences of a Non-Entity". [*Mosig at Last: A Psychologist Looks at H.P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8LAQAAMAAJ). West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. pp. 111–116\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-940884-90-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940884-90-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-940884-90-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [681921217](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681921217).
- Murray, Eoin (2021). "Dreaming in Layers: Lovecraftian Storyworlds in Interactive Media". In Alcala Gonzalez, Antonio; Sederholm, Carl H. (eds.). *Lovecraft in the 21st Century: Dead, But Still Dreaming* (First ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 227–240\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4324/9780367713065-17](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780367713065-17). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-367-71306-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-71306-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-367-71306-5")
. [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [244827046](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244827046).
- [Murray, Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Murray "Will Murray") (October 1, 1986). ["In Search of Arkham Country"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_13v05n02_1986-Fall_CosmicJukebox/page/n13/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **5** (2): 54–67\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- Murray, Will (1991–1992). ["Lovecraft's Arkham Country"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210420155022/https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/). *Books at Brown*. 38–39: 19–29\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0147-0787](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-0787). Archived from [the original](https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/) on April 20, 2021 – via Brown Digital Repository.
- Nelson, Victoria (2012). "Cathedral Head: The Gothick Cosmos of Guillermo del Toro". *Gothicka*. Harvard University Press. pp. 219–237\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4159/harvard.9780674065406.c10](https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674065406.c10). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-674-05014-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05014-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05014-3")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt24hj8c.13](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hj8c.13). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [191845332](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191845332).
- Norman, Joseph (2013). "'Sounds Which Filled Me with an Indefinable Dread': The Cthulhu Mythopoeia of H. P. Lovecraft in 'Extreme' Metal". In Simmons, David (ed.). *New Critical Essays on H. P. Lovecraft*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 193–208\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/9781137320964\_11](https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137320964_11). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-137-32096-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [5576363673](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5576363673). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [192763998](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192763998).
- Norris, Duncan (August 2018). "The Void: A Lovecraftian Analysis". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 149–164\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868564](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868564).
- Norris, Duncan (August 2020). "*Zeitgeist* and *Untoten*: Lovecraft and the Walking Dead". *Lovecraft Annual* (14): 189–240\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26939817](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26939817).
- ["Notable Persons Interred at Swan Point Cemetery"](http://swanpointcemetery.com/notable-people.php). *Swan Point Cemetery*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160122114735/http://swanpointcemetery.com/notable-people.php) from the original on January 22, 2016.
- [Oates, Joyce Carol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates "Joyce Carol Oates") (October 31, 1996). ["The King of Weird"](http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1376). *The New York Review of Books*. Vol. 43, no. 17. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0028-7504](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090910081313/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1376) from the original on September 10, 2009.
- Peak, David (2020). "Horror of the Real: H.P. Lovecraft's Old Ones and Contemporary Speculative Philosophy". In Rosen, Matt (ed.). *Diseases of the Head: Essays on the Horrors of Speculative Philosophy*. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. pp. 163–180\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/j.ctv19cwdpb.7](https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv19cwdpb.7). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-953035-10-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953035-10-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-953035-10-3")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctv19cwdpb.7](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv19cwdpb.7). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1227264756](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1227264756). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [229019856](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229019856).
- Pedersen, Jan B. W. (August 2018). "Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Romantic on the Nightside". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 165–173\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868565](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868565).
- Pedersen, Jan B. W. (August 2019). "'Now Will You Be Good?': Lovecraft, Teetotalism, and Philosophy". *Lovecraft Annual* (13): 119–144\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868581](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868581).
- Pedersen, Jan B. W. (August 2017). "On Lovecraft's Lifelong Relationship with Wonder". *Lovecraft Annual* (11): 23–36\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868530](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868530).
- Powell, Anna (2019). "Thinking the Thing: The Outer Reaches of Knowledge in Lovecraft and Deleuze". In Hogle, Jerrold E.; Miles, Robert (eds.). *The Gothic and Theory: An Edinburgh Companion*. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 260–278\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3366/edinburgh/9781474427777.003.0014](https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474427777.003.0014). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4744-2777-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-2777-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-2777-7")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.3366/j.ctvggx38r.17](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvggx38r.17). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1145928444](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145928444). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [213917604](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213917604).
- [Punter, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Punter "David Punter") (1996). [*The Literature of Terror: A History of Gothic Fictions from 1765 to the Present Day*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1yesAgAAQBAJ). Vol. II. New York: Longman. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-582-23714-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-23714-9 "Special:BookSources/0-582-23714-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1072397754](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1072397754).
- Ransom, Amy J. (2015). "Lovecraft in Quebec: Transcultural Fertilization and Esther Rochon's Reevaluation of the Powers of Horror". *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*. **26** (3 (94)): 450–468\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0897-0521](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26321170](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26321170). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [165970090](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165970090).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [1861072902](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1861072902).
- [Rottensteiner, Franz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rottensteiner "Franz Rottensteiner") (1992). "Lovecraft as Philosopher". *Science Fiction Studies*. **19** (1): 117–121\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1525/sfs.19.1.117](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsfs.19.1.117). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0091-7729](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [4240129](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240129).
- Rubinton, Noel (August 10, 2016). ["How to Find the Spirit of H.P. Lovecraft in Providence"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/travel/hp-lovecraft-providence.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331).
[ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [1810306270](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1810306270). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181013213244/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/travel/hp-lovecraft-providence.html) from the original on October 13, 2018.
- Sederholm, Carl H.; Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (2016). "Introduction: Lovecraft Rising". *The Age of Lovecraft*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 1–42\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4529-5023-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5023-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5023-5")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.5](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.5). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [945632985](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945632985).
- Sederholm, Carl H. (2016). "H. P. Lovecraft, Heavy Metal, and Cosmicism". *Rock Music Studies*. **3** (3): 266–280\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/19401159.2015.1121644](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19401159.2015.1121644). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1940-1159](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-1159). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [194537597](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194537597).
- Schoell, William (2004). *H.P. Lovecraft: Master of Weird Fiction* (First ed.). Greensboro, North Carolina: Morgan Reynolds. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-931798-15-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931798-15-X "Special:BookSources/1-931798-15-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [903506614](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903506614).
- Schultz, David E. (August 2018). "'Whaddya Make Them Eyes at Me For?': Lovecraft and Book Publishers". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 51–65\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868555](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868555).
- Schweitzer, Darrell (August 2018). "Lovecraft, Aristeas, Dunsany, and the Dream Journey". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 136–143\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868561](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868561).
- Schweitzer, Darrell (1998). [*Windows of the Imagination: Essays on Fantastic Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6Uf0_uuAjs8C). Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Wildside Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-880448-60-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880448-60-2 "Special:BookSources/1-880448-60-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [48566644](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48566644). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190964524](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190964524).
- Scott, Winfield Townley (December 26, 1943). ["The Case of Howard Phillips Lovecraft of Providence, R.I."](https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/case-howard-phillips-lovecraft-providence-ri/fkrvngvdcjypddxylgqmvsyigyxexnle_s072_1629584077003) *The Providence Journal*. p. 41. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Retrieved August 23, 2021 – via [GenealogyBank.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenealogyBank.com "GenealogyBank.com").
- Siclen, Bill Van (August 16, 2015). ["NecronomiCon Providence to celebrate life and work of H. P. Lovecraft"](https://www.providencejournal.com/article/20150816/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE/150819592). *The Providence Journal*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- Silva, Christianna (June 7, 2017). ["H. P. Lovecraft's Monster Is Wrapping Family Game Night Up In Tentacles"](https://www.npr.org/2017/06/07/530186764/h-p-lovecrafts-monster-is-wrapping-family-game-night-up-in-tentacles). National Public Radio. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180228173021/https://www.npr.org/2017/06/07/530186764/h-p-lovecrafts-monster-is-wrapping-family-game-night-up-in-tentacles) from the original on February 28, 2018.
- Smith, Andy (August 16, 2017). ["NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence"](https://www.providencejournal.com/entertainmentlife/20170816/necronomicon-homage-to-hp-lovecraft-returns-to-providence). *The Providence Journal*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- Spencer, E. Mariah (2021). "Aliens, Robots & Virtual Reality Idols in the Science Fiction of H.P Lovecraft, Isaac Asimov and William Gibson". *[Science Fiction Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies "Science Fiction Studies")*. **48** (3): 600–604\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1353/sfs.2021.0055](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsfs.2021.0055). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0091-7729](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5621/sciefictstud.48.3.0600](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5621/sciefictstud.48.3.0600). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [245664184](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245664184).
- Sperling, Alison (August 2016). "H. P. Lovecraft's Weird Body". *Lovecraft Annual* (10): 75–100\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868514](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868514).
- [St. Armand, Barton Levi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Levi_St._Armand "Barton Levi St. Armand") (1972). ["Facts in the Case of H. P. Lovecraft"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210718012449/https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/1972_Jan.pdf) (PDF). *Rhode Island History*. **31** (1): 3–20\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0035-4619](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-4619). Archived from [the original](https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/1972_Jan.pdf) (PDF) on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021 – via Rhode Island Historical Society.
- St. Armand, Barton Levi (1975). ["H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent"](https://www.persee.fr/doc/calib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046). *Caliban*. **12** (1): 127–155\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3406/calib.1975.1046](https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcalib.1975.1046). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0575-2124](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0575-2124). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [220649713](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220649713).
- Steiner, Bernd (2005). *H. P. Lovecraft and the Literature of the Fantastic: Explorations in a Literary Genre*. Munich: GRIN Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-638-84462-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-84462-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-638-84462-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [724541939](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724541939).
- Talbot, Nick (August 31, 2014). ["All About Alienation: Alan Moore On Lovecraft And Providence"](https://thequietus.com/articles/16129-alan-moore-providence-cthulhu-philosophy-language-lovecraft). *The Quietus*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2634-2030](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2634-2030).
`{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
- [Tierney, Richard L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L._Tierney "Richard L. Tierney") (2001) \[first published 1972\]. ["The Derleth Mythos"](https://books.google.com/books?id=dX30AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52). In Schweitzer, Darrell (ed.). *Discovering H. P. Lovecraft*. Holicog, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 52–53\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4344-4912-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [114786517](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/114786517).
- Touponce, William F. (2013). *Lord Dunsany, H. P. Lovecraft, and Ray Bradbury: Spectral Journeys*. Studies in Supernatural Literature. Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8108-9220-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9220-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9220-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [873404866](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873404866).
- Vick, Todd B. (2021). [*Renegades and Rogues: The Life and Legacy of Robert E. Howard*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed4EEAAAQBAJ). Austin: University of Texas Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.7560/321959](https://doi.org/10.7560%2F321959). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4773-2195-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2195-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2195-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1159658615](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159658615). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [241275357](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241275357).
- Wallace, Nathaniel R. (2023). "Disseminating Lovecraft: The Proliferation of Unsanctioned Derivative Works in the Absence of an Operable Copyright Monopoly". In Lanzendörfer, Tim; Dreysse Passos de Carvalho, Max José (eds.). *The Medial Afterlives of H.P. Lovecraft*. Palgrave Studies in Adaptation and Visual Culture. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 27–44\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-3-031-13765-5\_2](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-13765-5_2). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-031-13764-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13764-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13764-8")
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[978-0-8371-6819-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6819-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6819-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [630646359](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630646359).
- Wilson, Edmund (1950) \[first published November 24, 1945\]. ["Tales of the Marvellous and the Ridiculous"](https://books.google.com/books?id=auPpqXw6bGQC&pg=PA286). *Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties*. New York: Macmillan. pp. 286–290\. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [964373](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964373).
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- Wolanin, Tyler L. (August 2013). "New Deal Politics in the Correspondence of H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (7): 3–35\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868464](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868464).
- Woodard, Ben (2011). ["Mad Speculation and Absolute Inhumanism: Lovecraft, Ligotti, and the Weirding of Philosophy"](https://continentcontinent.cc/archives/issues/issue-1-1-2011/mad-speculation-and-absolute-inhumanism). *Continent*. **1** (1): 3–13\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2159-9920](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-9920).
- ["Wrote of His Last Month Alive"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200228223254/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32716288/the-boston-globe/). *The Boston Globe*. March 15, 1937. p. 2. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0743-1791](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791). Archived from [the original](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32716288/the-boston-globe/) on February 28, 2020 – via [Newspapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
- [Zeller, Benjamin E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_E._Zeller "Benjamin E. Zeller") (December 2019). ["Altar Call of Cthulhu: Religion and Millennialism in H.P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11010018). *Religions*. **11** (1): 18. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3390/rel11010018](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11010018). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2077-1444](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [213736759](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213736759).
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- [Anderson, James Arthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur_Anderson "James Arthur Anderson"); Joshi, S. T. (2011). [*Out of the Shadows: A Structuralist Approach to Understanding the Fiction of H. P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9iKjDwAAQBAJ). Rockville, Maryland: Wildside Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.23860/diss-anderson-james-1992](https://doi.org/10.23860%2Fdiss-anderson-james-1992). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4794-0384-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-0384-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-0384-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1127558354](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1127558354). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [171675509](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171675509).
- Burleson, Donald R. (1983). [*H. P. Lovecraft: A Critical Study*](https://archive.org/details/hplovecraftcriti0000burl). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-313-23255-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23255-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23255-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [299389026](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299389026). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190394934](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190394934).
- Callaghan, Gavin (2013). [*H. P. Lovecraft's Dark Arcadia: The Satire, Symbology and Contradiction*](https://books.google.com/books?id=i7xPrPHTLjMC). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4766-0239-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0239-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0239-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [856844361](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856844361).
- Cannon, Peter, ed. (1998). [*Lovecraft Remembered*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Remembered "Lovecraft Remembered"). Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87054-173-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87054-173-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87054-173-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [260088015](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260088015).
- Carter, Lin (1972). [*Lovecraft: A Look Behind the "Cthulhu Mythos"*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Look_Behind_the_Cthulhu_Mythos "Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos"). New York: Ballantine Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-586-04166-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-04166-4 "Special:BookSources/0-586-04166-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [2213597](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2213597). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190363598](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190363598).
- Frierson, Meade; Frierson, Penny (March 1972). [*HPL: A Tribute to Howard Phillips Lovecraft*](https://www.fanac.org/fanzines/HPL/hpl_frierson_1979.pdf) (PDF). Birmingham, Alabama: Meade and Penny Frierson. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [315586](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/315586).
- González Grueso, Fernando Darío (2013). *La ficción científica. Género, Poética y sus relaciones con la literatura oral tradicional: El papel de H. P. Lovecraft como mediador*. Colección Estudios (in Spanish). Madrid: UAM Ediciones. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.15366/ficcion.cientif2013](https://doi.org/10.15366%2Fficcion.cientif2013). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-84-8344-376-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8344-376-7 "Special:BookSources/978-84-8344-376-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1026295184](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026295184). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [183258592](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183258592).
- Guimont, Edward; Smith, Horace A. (2023). [*When the Stars Are Right: H. P. Lovecraft and Astronomy*](https://www.hippocampuspress.com/other-authors/nonfiction/when-the-stars-are-right-h.-p.-lovecraft-and-astronomy) (First ed.). [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"): [Hippocampus Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus_Press "Hippocampus Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781614984078](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614984078 "Special:BookSources/9781614984078")
.
- Hegyi, Pál (2019). *Lovecraft Laughing: Uncanny Memes in the Weird*. AMERICANA eBooks. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.14232/americana.books.2019.hegyi.lovecraft](https://doi.org/10.14232%2Famericana.books.2019.hegyi.lovecraft). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-615-5423-56-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5423-56-7 "Special:BookSources/978-615-5423-56-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [8160851320](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8160851320). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [192043054](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192043054).
- [Houellebecq, Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq "Michel Houellebecq"); King, Stephen (2005). [*H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_Against_the_World,_Against_Life "H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life"). Translated by Khazeni, Dorna. Cernunnos. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-932416-18-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932416-18-8 "Special:BookSources/1-932416-18-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1151841813](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151841813). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190374730](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190374730).
- Joshi, S. T. (1980). *H. P. Lovecraft, Four Decades of Criticism* (First ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8214-0442-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-0442-3 "Special:BookSources/0-8214-0442-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [6085440](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6085440).
- Klinger, Leslie S. (2014). [*The New Annotated H. P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9rF-BAAAQBAJ) (First ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87140-453-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-453-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-453-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [884500241](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884500241). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [218735034](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218735034).
- Lévy, Maurice (1988) \[1972\]. [*Lovecraft: A Study in the Fantastic*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qGKxoVwGKNgC). Translated by Joshi, S. T. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8143-1956-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1956-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1956-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [491484555](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491484555). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190967971](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190967971).
- [Long, Frank Belknap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long") (1975). [*Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Nightside*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nDySDwAAQBAJ). Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-068-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-068-8 "Special:BookSources/0-87054-068-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [2034623](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2034623). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [160306366](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160306366).
- Ludueña, Fabián; de Acosta, Alejandro (2015). *H. P. Lovecraft: The Disjunction in Being*. Translated by de Acosta, Alejandro. United States: Schism. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5058-6600-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5058-6600-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5058-6600-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [935704008](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935704008).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2012). Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature* (Second ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-61498-028-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61498-028-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-61498-028-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [855115722](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855115722).
- Lovecraft, H. P.; [Conover, Willis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Conover "Willis Conover"); Joshi, S. T. (2002). *Lovecraft at Last: The Master of Horror in His Own Words* (Revised ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8154-1212-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8154-1212-6 "Special:BookSources/0-8154-1212-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [50212624](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50212624).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1999). Joshi, S. T.; Cannon, Peter (eds.). *More Annotated H. P. Lovecraft*. New York: Dell. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-440-50875-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50875-4 "Special:BookSources/0-440-50875-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [41231274](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41231274).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1997). Joshi, S. T. (ed.). [*The Annotated H. P. Lovecraft*](https://archive.org/details/annotatedhplovec00love). New York: Dell. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-440-50660-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50660-3 "Special:BookSources/0-440-50660-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [36165172](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36165172).
- Shapiro, Stephen; Philip, Barnard (2017). [*Pentecostal Modernism: Lovecraft, Los Angeles and World-Systems Culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=R6CvDQAAQBAJ). New Directions in Religion and Literature. Bloomsbury Publishing. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.5040/9781474238762](https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781474238762). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4742-3873-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3873-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3873-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1065524061](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065524061). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [148868506](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148868506).
- Martin, Sean Elliot (December 2008). [*H.P. Lovecraft and the Modernist Grotesque*](https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/881) (PhD thesis). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Duquesne University. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781448610167](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448610167 "Special:BookSources/9781448610167")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [601419113](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/601419113). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [191576874](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191576874).
- Migliore, Andrew; Strysik, John (2006). [*The Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H. P. Lovecraft*](http://archive.org/details/lurkerinlobbygui0000migl). Portland, Oregon: Night Shade Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-892389-35-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892389-35-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-892389-35-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1023313647](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023313647). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [152612871](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152612871).
- Montaclair, Florent; Picot, Jean-Pierre (1997). *Fantastique et événement : Étude comparée des œuvres de Jules Verne et Howard P. Lovecraft*. Annales littéraires (in French). Vol. 621. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4000/books.pufc.1726](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pufc.1726). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-2-84867-692-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-692-0 "Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-692-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1286480358](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1286480358). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [228019349](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228019349).
- Wilson, Eric (2016). *The Republic of Cthulhu: Lovecraft, the Weird Tale, and Conspiracy Theory*. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.21983/P3.0155.1.00](https://doi.org/10.21983%2FP3.0155.1.00). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9982375-6-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9982375-6-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9982375-6-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1135348793](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1135348793). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [165947887](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165947887).
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: External links")\]
**H. P. Lovecraft** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "c:H. P. Lovecraft") from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft "q:H. P. Lovecraft") from Wikiquote
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft "s:Author:Howard Phillips Lovecraft") from Wikisource
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566 "d:Q169566") from Wikidata
[Library resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library "Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library") about
**H. P. Lovecraft**
***
- [Online books](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=66470391&library=OLBP)
- [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=66470391)
- [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=66470391&library=0CHOOSE0)
**By H. P. Lovecraft**
- [Online books](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=66470391&library=OLBP)
- [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=66470391)
- [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=66470391&library=0CHOOSE0)
- [The H. P. Lovecraft Archive](http://www.hplovecraft.com/)
- [The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society](http://www.hplhs.org/)
- [H. P. Lovecraft Collection](https://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=73) in the Special Collections at the [John Hay Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Library "John Hay Library") ([Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University"))
- [*Lovecraft Annual*](https://www.jstor.org/journal/lovecraftannual), a scholarly journal
- [The Lovecraft Arts & Sciences Council](https://www.weirdprovidence.org/), a non-profit educational organization
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?165) at the [Internet Speculative Fiction Database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database "Internet Speculative Fiction Database") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566#P1233 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lovecraft_h_p) at the *[Encyclopedia of Science Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction")*
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522454/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)")
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://www.discogs.com/artist/H.P.+Lovecraft) discography at [Discogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs "Discogs")
### Online editions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Online editions")\]
- [Works by H. P. Lovecraft in eBook form](https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/h-p-lovecraft) at [Standard Ebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks "Standard Ebooks")
- [Works by Howard Phillips Lovecraft](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34724) at [Project Gutenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg "Project Gutenberg")
- [Works by H. P. Lovecraft](https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips) at [Faded Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada "Distributed Proofreaders Canada") (Canada)
- [Works by or about H. P. Lovecraft](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H.%20P.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H.%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H.%20P.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H.%20Phillips%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-1937%22%20AND%20Lovecraft%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive")
- [Works by H. P. Lovecraft](https://librivox.org/author/424) at [LibriVox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox "LibriVox") (public domain audiobooks) 
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:H._P._Lovecraft "Template:H. P. Lovecraft") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:H._P._Lovecraft "Template talk:H. P. Lovecraft") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:H._P._Lovecraft "Special:EditPage/Template:H. P. Lovecraft")[H. P. Lovecraft]() | |
|---|---|
| [Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_bibliography "H. P. Lovecraft bibliography") | |
| Short stories | "[The Beast in the Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_in_the_Cave "The Beast in the Cave")" "[The Alchemist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_\(short_story\) "The Alchemist (short story)")" "[The Tomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tomb_\(short_story\) "The Tomb (short story)")" "[Dagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon_\(short_story\) "Dagon (short story)")" "[A Reminiscence of Dr. Samuel Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Reminiscence_of_Dr._Samuel_Johnson "A Reminiscence of Dr. Samuel Johnson")" "[Polaris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_\(short_story\) "Polaris (short story)")" "[Beyond the Wall of Sleep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Wall_of_Sleep "Beyond the Wall of Sleep")" "[Memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_\(H._P._Lovecraft\) "Memory (H. P. Lovecraft)")" "[Old Bugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bugs "Old Bugs")" "[The Transition of Juan Romero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transition_of_Juan_Romero "The Transition of Juan Romero")" "[The White Ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Ship_\(story\) "The White Ship (story)")" "[The Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Street_\(short_story\) "The Street (short story)")" "[The Doom That Came to Sarnath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doom_That_Came_to_Sarnath "The Doom That Came to Sarnath")" "[The Statement of Randolph Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statement_of_Randolph_Carter "The Statement of Randolph Carter")" "[The Terrible Old Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terrible_Old_Man "The Terrible Old Man")" "[The Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tree_\(short_story\) "The Tree (short story)")" "[The Cats of Ulthar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cats_of_Ulthar "The Cats of Ulthar")" "[The Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temple_\(Lovecraft_short_story\) "The Temple (Lovecraft short story)")" "[Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facts_Concerning_the_Late_Arthur_Jermyn_and_His_Family "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family")" "[Celephaïs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celepha%C3%AFs "Celephaïs")" "[From Beyond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Beyond_\(short_story\) "From Beyond (short story)")" "[Nyarlathotep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarlathotep_\(short_story\) "Nyarlathotep (short story)")" "[The Picture in the House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Picture_in_the_House "The Picture in the House")" "[Ex Oblivione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Oblivione "Ex Oblivione")" "[Sweet Ermengarde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Ermengarde "Sweet Ermengarde")" "[The Nameless City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nameless_City "The Nameless City")" "[The Quest of Iranon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quest_of_Iranon "The Quest of Iranon")" "[The Moon-Bog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon-Bog "The Moon-Bog")" "[The Outsider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsider_\(short_story\) "The Outsider (short story)")" "[The Other Gods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Gods "The Other Gods")" "[The Music of Erich Zann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_of_Erich_Zann "The Music of Erich Zann")" "[Herbert West–Reanimator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_West%E2%80%93Reanimator "Herbert West–Reanimator")" "[Hypnos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnos_\(short_story\) "Hypnos (short story)")" "[What the Moon Brings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_the_Moon_Brings "What the Moon Brings")" "[Azathoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathoth_\(short_story\) "Azathoth (short story)")" "[The Hound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hound "The Hound")" "[The Lurking Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lurking_Fear "The Lurking Fear")" "[The Rats in the Walls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rats_in_the_Walls "The Rats in the Walls")" "[The Unnamable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unnamable_\(short_story\) "The Unnamable (short story)")" "[The Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Festival_\(short_story\) "The Festival (short story)")" "[The Shunned House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shunned_House "The Shunned House")" "[The Horror at Red Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook "The Horror at Red Hook")" "[He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_\(short_story\) "He (short story)")" "[In the Vault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Vault "In the Vault")" "[Cool Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Air "Cool Air")" "[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")" "[Pickman's Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickman%27s_Model "Pickman's Model")" "[The Silver Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silver_Key "The Silver Key")" "[The Strange High House in the Mist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strange_High_House_in_the_Mist "The Strange High House in the Mist")" "[The Colour Out of Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space "The Colour Out of Space")" "[The Descendant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descendant_\(short_story\) "The Descendant (short story)")" "[History of the *Necronomicon*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Necronomicon "History of the Necronomicon")" "[The Very Old Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Old_Folk "The Very Old Folk")" "[Ibid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibid_\(short_story\) "Ibid (short story)")" "[The Dunwich Horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dunwich_Horror "The Dunwich Horror")" "[The Dreams in the Witch House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreams_in_the_Witch_House "The Dreams in the Witch House")" "[The Thing on the Doorstep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thing_on_the_Doorstep "The Thing on the Doorstep")" "[The Evil Clergyman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Clergyman "The Evil Clergyman")" "[The Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_\(short_story\) "The Book (short story)")" "[The Haunter of the Dark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunter_of_the_Dark "The Haunter of the Dark")" |
| Novellas | *[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath")* *[The Whisperer in Darkness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whisperer_in_Darkness "The Whisperer in Darkness")* *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")* *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")* *[The Shadow Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time "The Shadow Out of Time")* |
| Novels | *[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_Charles_Dexter_Ward "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward")* |
| Collaborations | "[The Green Meadow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Meadow "The Green Meadow")" "[Poetry and the Gods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_and_the_Gods "Poetry and the Gods")" "[The Crawling Chaos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crawling_Chaos "The Crawling Chaos")" "[The Horror at Martin's Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_at_Martin%27s_Beach "The Horror at Martin's Beach")" "[Under the Pyramids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Pyramids "Under the Pyramids")" "[The Curse of Yig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_Yig "The Curse of Yig")" *[The Mound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mound_\(novella\) "The Mound (novella)")* "[Medusa's Coil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa%27s_Coil "Medusa's Coil")" "[The Horror in the Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_in_the_Museum "The Horror in the Museum")" "[Through the Gates of the Silver Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Gates_of_the_Silver_Key "Through the Gates of the Silver Key")" "[Out of the Aeons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Aeons "Out of the Aeons")" "[The Tree on the Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tree_on_the_Hill "The Tree on the Hill")" "[Till A' the Seas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_A%27_the_Seas "Till A' the Seas")" "[In the Walls of Eryx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Walls_of_Eryx "In the Walls of Eryx")" |
| Poetry | *[Fungi from Yuggoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi_from_Yuggoth "Fungi from Yuggoth")* |
| Essays | *[The Cancer of Superstition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cancer_of_Superstition "The Cancer of Superstition")* "[Supernatural Horror in Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_Horror_in_Literature "Supernatural Horror in Literature")" *[To Quebec and the Stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Quebec_and_the_Stars "To Quebec and the Stars")* *[Autobiography: Some Notes on a Nonentity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography:_Some_Notes_on_a_Nonentity "Autobiography: Some Notes on a Nonentity")* |
| Locations | [Arkham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham "Arkham") [Lovecraft Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Country "Lovecraft Country") [R'lyeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%27lyeh "R'lyeh") |
| Characters | [Randolph Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Carter "Randolph Carter") [Harley Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Warren "Harley Warren") |
| Deities | [Azathoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathoth "Azathoth") [Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu "Cthulhu") [Nyarlathotep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarlathotep "Nyarlathotep") [Shub-Niggurath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shub-Niggurath "Shub-Niggurath") [Hastur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastur "Hastur") |
| Books about | *[H. P. Lovecraft: A Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_A_Life "H. P. Lovecraft: A Life")* *[H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_Against_the_World,_Against_Life "H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life")* *[An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_H._P._Lovecraft_Encyclopedia "An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia")* *[Lovecraft: A Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Biography "Lovecraft: A Biography")* *[Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Look_Behind_the_Cthulhu_Mythos "Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos")* [*H. P. Lovecraft: He Who Wrote in the Darkness* (biographical comic)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_He_Who_Wrote_in_the_Darkness "H. P. Lovecraft: He Who Wrote in the Darkness") |
| Themes/concepts | [Cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism") [Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos "Cthulhu Mythos") [Lovecraftian horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror "Lovecraftian horror") *[Necronomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon "Necronomicon")* |
| Legacy | [Lovecraft fandom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom "Lovecraft fandom") [Lovecraft studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_studies "Lovecraft studies") [Works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_influenced_by_the_Cthulhu_Mythos "List of works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos") [H. P. Lovecraft (band)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_\(band\) "H. P. Lovecraft (band)") [H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_Historical_Society "H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society") [Lovecraft (crater)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_\(crater\) "Lovecraft (crater)") |
| Related | [Aklo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklo "Aklo") [Dream Cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle "Dream Cycle") [*Lovecraft: Fear of the Unknown* (documentary)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft:_Fear_of_the_Unknown "Lovecraft: Fear of the Unknown") [Sonia Greene (wife)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene") "[The Thing in the Moonlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thing_in_the_Moonlight "The Thing in the Moonlight")" |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:H._P._Lovecraft "Category:H. P. Lovecraft") | |
| Associated subjects | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cthulhu_Mythos "Template:Cthulhu Mythos") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cthulhu_Mythos "Template talk:Cthulhu Mythos") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cthulhu_Mythos "Special:EditPage/Template:Cthulhu Mythos")[Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos "Cthulhu Mythos") | |
| Writers | [H. P. Lovecraft]() [Robert Bloch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bloch "Robert Bloch") [Clark Ashton Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith "Clark Ashton Smith") [Robert E. Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard "Robert E. Howard") [Frank Belknap Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long") [August Derleth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth "August Derleth") [Fritz Leiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber "Fritz Leiber") |
| [Deities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_deities "Cthulhu Mythos deities") | [Azathoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathoth "Azathoth") [Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu "Cthulhu") [Hastur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastur "Hastur") [Nyarlathotep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarlathotep "Nyarlathotep") [Shub-Niggurath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shub-Niggurath "Shub-Niggurath") [Tsathoggua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsathoggua "Tsathoggua") |
| [Species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_species "Cthulhu Mythos species") | [Deep Ones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_One "Deep One") [Elder Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Thing "Elder Thing") [Hounds of Tindalos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounds_of_Tindalos "Hounds of Tindalos") [Mi-Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-Go "Mi-Go") [Serpent Men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Men "Serpent Men") [Shoggoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoggoth "Shoggoth") |
| Related | [Aklo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklo "Aklo") [Dream Cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle "Dream Cycle") *[Alan Moore's The Courtyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore%27s_The_Courtyard "Alan Moore's The Courtyard")* *[Neonomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonomicon "Neonomicon")* *[Providence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_\(Avatar_Press\) "Providence (Avatar Press)")* |
| Lists | [Anthologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_anthology "Cthulhu Mythos anthology") [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cthulhu_Mythos_books "List of Cthulhu Mythos books") [Characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cthulhu_Mythos_characters "List of Cthulhu Mythos characters") [Works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_influenced_by_the_Cthulhu_Mythos "List of works influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Call_of_Cthulhu "Template:The Call of Cthulhu") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Call_of_Cthulhu "Template talk:The Call of Cthulhu") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Call_of_Cthulhu "Special:EditPage/Template:The Call of Cthulhu")[H. P. Lovecraft]()'s "[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")" (1926) | |
| [List of deities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cthulhu_Mythos_deities "List of Cthulhu Mythos deities") [Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu "Cthulhu") | |
| Film | *[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu_\(film\) "The Call of Cthulhu (film)")* *[Call Girl of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Girl_of_Cthulhu "Call Girl of Cthulhu")* *[The Last Lovecraft: Relic of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Lovecraft:_Relic_of_Cthulhu "The Last Lovecraft: Relic of Cthulhu")* *[Underwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_\(film\) "Underwater (film)")* |
| TV | "The Coon and Friends Trilogy" "[The Coon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coon "The Coon")" "[Coon 2: Hindsight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon_2:_Hindsight "Coon 2: Hindsight")" "[Coon vs. Coon and Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon_vs._Coon_and_Friends "Coon vs. Coon and Friends")" "[Treehouse of Horror XXIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XXIX "Treehouse of Horror XXIX")" |
| Games | [Role-playing game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_\(role-playing_game\) "Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)") [*The Card Game*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_The_Card_Game "Call of Cthulhu: The Card Game") [*Dark Corners of the Earth*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_Dark_Corners_of_the_Earth "Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth") [*The Wasted Land*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_The_Wasted_Land "Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land") [*Call of Cthulhu*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_\(video_game\) "Call of Cthulhu (video game)") |
| Comics | *[Alan Moore's The Courtyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore%27s_The_Courtyard "Alan Moore's The Courtyard")* *[Neonomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonomicon "Neonomicon")* *[Providence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_\(Avatar_Press\) "Providence (Avatar Press)")* *[Fall of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Cthulhu "Fall of Cthulhu")* *[Rick and Morty vs. Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_and_Morty_vs._Cthulhu "Rick and Morty vs. Cthulhu")* *[Witch Creek Road: Infested](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_Creek_Road "Witch Creek Road")* |
| Related | |
| | |
| Mythos | [Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos "Cthulhu Mythos") [anthology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_anthology "Cthulhu Mythos anthology") [in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_in_popular_culture "Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture") |
| Other | [Lovecraftian horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror "Lovecraftian horror") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "Template:At the Mountains of Madness") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "Template talk:At the Mountains of Madness") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "Special:EditPage/Template:At the Mountains of Madness")[H. P. Lovecraft]()'s *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")* (1931) | |
| Characters | [Elder Thing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Thing "Elder Thing") [Shoggoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoggoth "Shoggoth") |
| Adaptations | *[The Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountains_of_Madness "The Mountains of Madness")* |
| Sequel works | *[Prisoner of Ice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_Ice "Prisoner of Ice")* *[A Colder War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Colder_War "A Colder War")* |
| Related | *[At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness_and_Other_Novels "At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels")* *[Necronomicon: The Best Weird Tales of H. P. Lovecraft: Commemorative Edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon:_The_Best_Weird_Tales_of_H._P._Lovecraft:_Commemorative_Edition "Necronomicon: The Best Weird Tales of H. P. Lovecraft: Commemorative Edition")* |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Shadow_Over_Innsmouth "Template:The Shadow Over Innsmouth") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Shadow_Over_Innsmouth "Template talk:The Shadow Over Innsmouth") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Shadow_Over_Innsmouth "Special:EditPage/Template:The Shadow Over Innsmouth")[H. P. Lovecraft]()'s *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")* (1931) | |
| Universe | [Deep One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_One "Deep One") |
| Film and TV | *[Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_\(2000_film\) "Cthulhu (2000 film)")* (2000) *[Dagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon_\(film\) "Dagon (film)")* (2001) *[Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_\(2007_film\) "Cthulhu (2007 film)")* (2007) *[Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsmouth_\(film\) "Innsmouth (film)")* (2015) *[Underwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_\(film\) "Underwater (film)")* (2020) *[The Deep Ones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_Ones "The Deep Ones")* (2020) *[Juvenile Inspektor: The Shadow Over Jõhvi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juvenile_Inspektor:_The_Shadow_Over_J%C3%B5hvi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Juvenile Inspektor: The Shadow Over Jõhvi (page does not exist)")* (upcoming) |
| Literature | *[Shadows over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_over_Innsmouth "Shadows over Innsmouth")* (1994) *[Escape from Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Innsmouth "Escape from Innsmouth")* (1997) *[Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Shadows_Over_Innsmouth "Weird Shadows Over Innsmouth")* (2005) *[The Litany of Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Litany_of_Earth "The Litany of Earth")* (2014) *[Winter Tide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Tide "Winter Tide")* (2017) *[Deep Roots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Roots_\(novel\) "Deep Roots (novel)")* (2018) |
| Video games | *[Shadow of the Comet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Comet "Shadow of the Comet")* (1993) *[The Mansion of Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mansion_of_Innsmouth "The Mansion of Innsmouth")* (1995) *[Anchorhead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorhead "Anchorhead")* (1998) *[Demonbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonbane "Demonbane")* (2003) *[Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_Dark_Corners_of_the_Earth "Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth")* (2005) *[Sucker for Love: Date to Die For](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucker_for_Love:_Date_to_Die_For "Sucker for Love: Date to Die For")* (2024) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Re-Animator "Template:Re-Animator") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Re-Animator "Template talk:Re-Animator") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Re-Animator "Special:EditPage/Template:Re-Animator")*[Re-Animator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Animator_\(film_series\) "Re-Animator (film series)")* | |
| Based on "[Herbert West–Reanimator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_West%E2%80%93Reanimator "Herbert West–Reanimator")" (1921–22) by [H. P. Lovecraft]() | |
| Film series | *[Re-Animator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Animator "Re-Animator")* (1985) *[Bride of Re-Animator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_of_Re-Animator "Bride of Re-Animator")* (1990) *[Beyond Re-Animator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Re-Animator "Beyond Re-Animator")* (2003) |
| Musical | *[Re-Animator: The Musical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Animator:_The_Musical "Re-Animator: The Musical")* (2011–present) |
| Related | *[Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_The_Wasted_Land "Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land")* |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Re-Animator_\(film_series\) "Category:Re-Animator (film series)") | |
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| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/026996405) [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL22161A?mode=all) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6290xpp) [2](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rj598c) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/6f981f4d-b91f-4c6a-98ad-73e888be59c5) |
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H. P. Lovecraft
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft) |
| Readable Markdown | | H. P. Lovecraft | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft,_June_1934.jpg "Lovecraft in 1934")Lovecraft in 1934 | |
| Born | Howard Phillips Lovecraft August 20, 1890 [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"), U.S. |
| Died | March 15, 1937 (aged 46)Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Resting place | [Swan Point Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Point_Cemetery "Swan Point Cemetery"), Providence [41°51′14″N 71°22′52″W / 41\.854021°N 71.381068°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H._P._Lovecraft¶ms=41.854021_N_71.381068_W_type:landmark_region:US-RI) |
| Pen name | Grandpa Theobald E'ch-Pi-El |
| Occupation | Short story writer editor novelist poet |
| Genre | [Lovecraftian horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror "Lovecraftian horror"), [dark fantasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fantasy "Dark fantasy"), [weird fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction "Weird fiction"), [horror fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction "Horror fiction"), [mythopoeia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeia "Mythopoeia"), [science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction"), [fantasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy") |
| Literary movement | [Cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism") [Aestheticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism "Aestheticism") |
| Years active | 1917–1937 |
| Notable works | "[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")" *[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath")* *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")* *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")* "[The Colour Out of Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space "The Colour Out of Space")" *[The Shadow Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time "The Shadow Out of Time")* |
| Spouse | [Sonia Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene") (m. ) |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft_signature.svg) | |
**Howard Phillips Lovecraft** (; August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of [weird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction "Weird fiction"), [horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction "Horror fiction"), [fantasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy"), and [science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction"). He is best known for his creation of the [Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos "Cthulhu Mythos"),[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-2) but his legacy is also apparent in terms like "[Lovecraftian horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror "Lovecraftian horror")" and an enduring [fandom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom "Lovecraft fandom").
Born in [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"), Lovecraft spent most of his life in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England"). Following the [institutionalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_commitment "Involuntary commitment") of his father in 1893, he lived affluently until his family's wealth dissipated after the death of his grandfather. Lovecraft then lived with his mother with reduced financial security until she too was institutionalized in 1919. He began to write essays for the [United Amateur Press Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_press_association#History "Amateur press association") and in 1913 wrote a critical letter to a [pulp magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine "Pulp magazine") that ultimately led to his involvement in pulp fiction. He became active in the [speculative fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_fiction "Speculative fiction") community and was published in several pulp magazines. Marrying [Sonia Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene") in 1924, Lovecraft moved to New York City and later became the center of a wider group of authors known as the "Lovecraft Circle". They introduced him to *[Weird Tales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales "Weird Tales")*, which became his most prominent publisher. Lovecraft's time in New York took a toll on his mental state and financial conditions. He returned to Providence in 1926 and remained active as a writer for 11 years, until his death at the age of 46. It was during this final period that Lovecraft produced some of his most popular works, including *[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")*, *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")*, *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")*, and *[The Shadow Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time "The Shadow Out of Time")*.
Lovecraft's literary corpus is rooted in [cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism"), which was simultaneously his personal philosophy and the main theme of his fiction. Cosmicism posits that humanity is an insignificant part of the [cosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos "Cosmos"). He incorporated fantasy and science fiction elements into his stories, representing the perceived fragility of [anthropocentrism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism "Anthropocentrism"). This was tied to his ambivalent views on knowledge. His works were largely set in a fictionalized version of New England. [Civilizational decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizational_decline "Civilizational decline") also plays a major role in his works, as he believed that the West was in decline during his lifetime. Lovecraft's early political views were conservative and traditionalist; additionally, he held a number of racist views for much of his adult life. Following the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States "Great Depression in the United States"), Lovecraft's political views became more socialist while still remaining elitist and aristocratic.
Throughout his adult life, Lovecraft was never able to support himself from his earnings as an author and editor. He was virtually unknown during his lifetime, and was almost exclusively published in pulp magazines before his death. A scholarly revival of Lovecraft's work began in the 1970s, and he is now regarded as one of the most significant 20th-century authors of supernatural horror fiction. Many direct adaptations and [spiritual successors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_successor "Spiritual successor") followed. Works inspired by Lovecraft, adaptations or original works, began to form the basis of the Cthulhu Mythos, which utilizes Lovecraft's characters, setting, and themes.
### Early life and family tragedies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Early life and family tragedies")\]
Lovecraft was born in his family home on August 20, 1890, in [Providence, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"). He was the only child of Winfield Scott Lovecraft and Sarah Susan ("Susie"; née Phillips) Lovecraft, who were both of English descent.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a16de_Camp197512Cannon19891%E2%80%932-3) Susie's family was of substantial means at the time of their marriage, as her father, Whipple Van Buren Phillips, was involved in business ventures.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a8de_Camp197511Cannon19892-4) In April 1893, after a [psychotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotic "Psychotic") episode in a [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") hotel, Winfield was committed to [Butler Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Hospital "Butler Hospital") in Providence. His medical records state that he was "doing and saying strange things at times" for a year before his commitment.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26Faig199145-5) The person who reported these symptoms is unknown.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26-6) Winfield spent five years in Butler before dying in 1898. His death certificate listed the cause of death as [general paresis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_paresis_of_the_insane "General paresis of the insane"), a term synonymous with late-stage [syphilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis "Syphilis").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a22de_Camp197515%E2%80%9316Faig199149-7) Throughout his life, Lovecraft maintained that his father fell into a paralytic state, due to insomnia and overwork, and remained that way until his death. It is not known whether Lovecraft was simply kept ignorant of his father's illness or whether his later statements were intentionally misleading.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26de_Camp197516Cannon19891-8)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft_Family,_1892.png)
Sarah, Howard (before being [breeched](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeching_\(boys\) "Breeching (boys)")), and Winfield Lovecraft in 1892
After his father's institutionalization, Lovecraft resided in the family home with his mother, his maternal aunts Lillian and Annie, and his maternal grandparents Whipple and Robie.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28de_Camp197517Cannon19892-9) According to family friends, Susie doted on the young Lovecraft excessively, pampering him and never letting him out of her sight.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19752Cannon19893%E2%80%934-10) Lovecraft later recollected that his mother was "permanently stricken with grief" after his father's illness. Whipple became a father figure to Lovecraft in this time, Lovecraft later noted that his grandfather became the "centre of my entire universe". Whipple, who often traveled to manage his business, maintained correspondence by letter with the young Lovecraft who, by the age of three, was already proficient at reading and writing.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28Cannon19892-11)
Whipple encouraged the young Lovecraft to have an appreciation of literature, especially classical literature and English poetry. In his old age, he helped raise the young H. P. Lovecraft and educated him not only in the classics, but also in original weird tales of "winged horrors" and "deep, low, moaning sounds" which he created for his grandchild's entertainment. The original sources of Phillips's weird tales are unidentified. Lovecraft himself guessed that they originated from [Gothic novelists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction") like [Ann Radcliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe "Ann Radcliffe"), [Matthew Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Gregory_Lewis "Matthew Gregory Lewis"), and [Charles Maturin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maturin "Charles Maturin").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200125de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318-12) It was during this period that Lovecraft was introduced to some of his earliest literary influences, such as *[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner")* illustrated by [Gustave Doré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9 "Gustave Doré"), *[One Thousand and One Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights")*, [Thomas Bulfinch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bulfinch "Thomas Bulfinch")'s *[Age of Fable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Fable "Age of Fable")*, and [Ovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid "Ovid")'s *[Metamorphoses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses "Metamorphoses")*.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318-13)
While there is no indication that Lovecraft was particularly close to his grandmother, Robie, her death in 1896 had a profound effect on him. According to him, it sent his family into "a gloom from which it never fully recovered". His mother and aunts wore black mourning dresses that "terrified" him. This was also the time when Lovecraft, approximately five-and-a-half years old, started having [nightmares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare "Nightmare") that later informed his fictional writings. Specifically, he began to have recurring nightmares of beings he referred to as "night-gaunts". He credited their appearance to the influence of Doré's illustrations, which would "whirl me through space at a sickening rate of speed, the while fretting & impelling me with their detestable [tridents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident "Trident")". Thirty years later, night-gaunts appeared in Lovecraft's fiction.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a34de_Camp197530%E2%80%9331-14)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft_-_circa_1900.jpg)
H. P. Lovecraft as a child, circa 1900
Lovecraft's earliest known literary works were written at the age of seven, and were poems restyling the *[Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey "Odyssey")* and other [Greco-Roman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_world "Greco-Roman world") mythological stories.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a38de_Camp197532Cannon19892-15) Lovecraft later wrote that during his childhood he was fixated on the Greco-Roman pantheon, and briefly accepted them as genuine expressions of divinity, foregoing his Christian upbringing.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141-16) He recalled being told, at five years old, that [Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus") did not exist and retorted by asking why "God is not equally a myth?"[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a42St._Armand19723%E2%80%934de_Camp197518-17) At the age of eight, he took a keen interest in the sciences, particularly astronomy and chemistry. He also examined the anatomical books that were held in the family library, which taught him the specifics of human reproduction that were not yet explained to him. As a result, he found that it "virtually killed my interest in the subject".[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a60de_Camp197532-18)
In 1902, according to Lovecraft's later correspondence, astronomy became a guiding influence on his worldview. He began publishing the periodical *Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy*, using the [hectograph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectograph "Hectograph") printing method.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a84-19) Lovecraft went in and out of elementary school repeatedly, oftentimes with home tutors making up for the lost years, missing time due to health concerns that have not been determined. In their written recollections, his peers described him as withdrawn but welcoming to those who shared his then-current fascination with astronomy, inviting them to look through his prized telescope.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a90Cannon19894-20)
### Education and financial decline
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Education and financial decline")\]
By 1900, Whipple's various business concerns were suffering a downturn, which resulted in the slow erosion of his family's wealth. He was forced to let his family's hired servants go, leaving Lovecraft, Whipple, and Susie, being the only unmarried sister, alone in the family home.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a97Faig199163-21) In the spring of 1904, Whipple's largest business venture suffered a catastrophic failure. Within months, he died at age 70 due to a [stroke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke "Stroke"). After Whipple's death, Susie was unable to financially support the upkeep of the expansive family home on what remained of the Phillips estate. Later that year, she was forced to move to a small [duplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_\(building\) "Duplex (building)") with her son.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a96de_Camp197537%E2%80%9339St._Armand19724-22)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wvbp.jpg)
Whipple Van Buren Phillips
Lovecraft called this time one of the darkest of his life, remarking in a 1934 letter that he saw no point in living anymore; he considered the possibility of committing suicide. His scientific curiosity and desire to know more about the world prevented him from doing so.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a98Joshi200147%E2%80%9348Faig19914-23) In fall 1904, he entered high school. Much like his earlier school years, Lovecraft was periodically removed from school for long periods for what he termed "near breakdowns". He did say, though, that while having some conflicts with teachers, he enjoyed high school, becoming close with a small circle of friends. Lovecraft also performed well academically, excelling in particular at chemistry and physics.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a99-24) Aside from a pause in 1904, he also resumed publishing the *Rhode Island Journal of Astronomy* as well as starting the *Scientific Gazette*, which dealt mostly with chemistry.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a102de_Camp197536-25) It was also during this period that Lovecraft produced the first of the fictional works that he was later known for, namely "[The Beast in the Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_in_the_Cave "The Beast in the Cave")" and "[The Alchemist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_\(short_story\) "The Alchemist (short story)")".[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a116de_Camp197543%E2%80%9345Cannon198915-26)
It was in 1908, prior to what would have been his high school graduation, that Lovecraft suffered another unidentified health crisis, though this instance was more severe than his prior illnesses.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893-27) The exact circumstances and causes remain unknown. The only direct records are Lovecraft's own correspondence wherein he retrospectively described it variously as a "nervous collapse" and "a sort of breakdown", in one letter blaming it on the stress of high school despite his enjoying it.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126-28) In another letter concerning the events of 1908, he notes, "I was and am prey to intense headaches, insomnia, and general nervous weakness which prevents my continuous application to any thing".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893-27)
Although Lovecraft maintained that he was going to attend [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University") after high school, he never graduated and never attended school again. Whether Lovecraft suffered from a physical ailment, a mental one, or some combination thereof has never been determined. An account from a high school classmate described Lovecraft as exhibiting "terrible tics" and that at times "he'd be sitting in his seat and he'd suddenly up and jump". Harry K. Brobst, a psychology professor, examined the account and claimed that [chorea minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham%27s_chorea "Sydenham's chorea") was the probable cause of Lovecraft's childhood symptoms, while noting that instances of chorea minor after adolescence are very rare.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126-28) In his letters, Lovecraft acknowledged that he suffered from bouts of chorea as a child.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126%E2%80%93127de_Camp197527-29) Brobst further ventured that Lovecraft's 1908 breakdown was attributed to a "hysteroid seizure", a term that has become synonymous with [atypical depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_depression "Atypical depression").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a127-30) In another letter concerning the events of 1908, Lovecraft stated that he "could hardly bear to see or speak to anyone, & liked to shut out the world by pulling down dark shades & using artificial light".[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128de_Camp197551%E2%80%9352-31)
### Earliest recognition
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Earliest recognition")\]
Few of Lovecraft and Susie's activities between late 1908 and 1913 were recorded.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128-32) Lovecraft described the steady continuation of their financial decline highlighted by his uncle's failed business that cost Susie a large portion of their already-dwindling wealth.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200166Faig199165-33) One of Susie's friends, Clara Hess, recalled a visit during which Susie spoke continuously about Lovecraft being "so hideous that he hid from everyone and did not like to walk upon the streets where people could gaze on him." Despite Hess's protests to the contrary, Susie maintained this stance.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200167%E2%80%9368de_Camp197566St._Armand19723-34) For his part, Lovecraft said he found his mother to be "a positive marvel of consideration".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp197564-35) A next-door neighbor later pointed out that what others in the neighborhood often assumed were loud, nocturnal quarrels between mother and son, were actually recitations of [William Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare"), an activity that seemed to delight them both.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner201552%E2%80%9353-36)
During this period, Lovecraft revived his earlier scientific periodicals.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128-32) He endeavored to commit himself to the study of [organic chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry "Organic chemistry"), Susie buying the expensive glass chemistry assemblage he wanted.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001154-37) Lovecraft found his studies were stymied by the mathematics involved, which he found boring and caused headaches that incapacitated him for the remainder of the day.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a129de_Camp1975-38) Lovecraft's first non-self-published poem appeared in a local newspaper in 1912. Called *Providence in 2000 A.D.*, it envisioned a future where Americans of English descent were displaced by Irish, Italian, Portuguese, and Jewish immigrants.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a137-39) In this period he also wrote racist poetry, including "New-England Fallen" and "On the Creation of Niggers", but there is no indication that either were published during his lifetime.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a138de_Camp197595-40)
In 1911, Lovecraft's letters to editors began appearing in pulp and weird-fiction magazines, most notably *[Argosy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_\(magazine\) "Argosy (magazine)")*.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a140de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377-41) A 1913 letter critical of [Fred Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_J._Jackson "Frederick J. Jackson"), one of *Argosy'*s more prominent writers, started Lovecraft down a path that defined the remainder of his career as a writer. In the following letters, Lovecraft described Jackson's stories as being "trivial, effeminate, and, in places, coarse". Continuing, Lovecraft argued that Jackson's characters exhibit the "delicate passions and emotions proper to negroes and anthropoid apes."[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377-42) This sparked a nearly year-long feud in the magazine's letters section between the two writers and their respective supporters. Lovecraft's most prominent opponent was John Russell, who often replied in verse, and to whom Lovecraft felt compelled to reply because he respected Russell's writing skills.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197578%E2%80%9379-43) The most immediate effect of this feud was the recognition garnered from [Edward F. Daas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_F._Daas "Edward F. Daas"), then head editor of the [United Amateur Press Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Amateur_Press_Association "United Amateur Press Association") (UAPA).[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145%E2%80%93155de_Camp197584-44) Daas invited Russell and Lovecraft to join the organization and both accepted. Lovecraft joined the UAPA in April 1914.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a155de_Camp197584%E2%80%9384-45)
### Rejuvenation and tragedy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Rejuvenation and tragedy")\]
> With the advent of United I obtained a renewed will to live; a renewed sense of existence as other than a superfluous weight; and found a sphere in which I could feel that my efforts were not wholly futile. For the first time I could imagine that my clumsy gropings after art were a little more than faint cries lost in the unlistening void.
—Lovecraft in 1921.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159-46)
Lovecraft immersed himself in the world of amateur journalism for most of the following decade.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159-46) During this period, he advocated for amateurism's superiority to commercialism.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a164-47) Lovecraft defined commercialism as writing for what he considered low-brow publications for pay. This was contrasted with his view of "professional publication", which was what he called writing for what he considered respectable journals and publishers. He thought of amateur journalism as serving as practice for a professional career.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a165-48)
Lovecraft was appointed chairman of the Department of Public Criticism of the UAPA in late 1914.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a168de_Camp1975153Cannon19895-49) He used this position to advocate for what he saw as the superiority of archaic English language usage. Emblematic of the [Anglophilic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophile "Anglophile") opinions he maintained throughout his life, he openly criticized other UAPA contributors for their "Americanisms" and "slang". Often, these criticisms were embedded in xenophobic and racist statements that the "national language" was being negatively changed by immigrants.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a169-50) In mid-1915, Lovecraft was elected vice-president of the UAPA.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a180de_Camp1975121-51) Two years later, he was elected president and appointed other board members who mostly shared his belief in the superiority of [British English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English "British English") over modern American English.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a182de_Camp1975121%E2%80%93122-52) Following the outbreak of [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Lovecraft published multiple criticisms of the American government and public's reluctance to join the war to protect England, which he viewed as America's ancestral homeland.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a210Cannon19896-53)
In 1916, Lovecraft published his first short story, "The Alchemist", in the main UAPA journal, which was a departure from his usual verse. Due to the encouragement of [W. Paul Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Paul_Cook "W. Paul Cook"), another UAPA member and future lifelong friend, Lovecraft began writing and publishing more prose fiction.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a273de_Camp1975125-54) Soon afterwards, he wrote "[The Tomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tomb_\(short_story\) "The Tomb (short story)")" and "[Dagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon_\(short_story\) "Dagon (short story)")".[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a239de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126-55) "The Tomb", by Lovecraft's own admission, was greatly influenced by the style and structure of [Edgar Allan Poe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe "Edgar Allan Poe")'s works.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a240Cannon198916-56) Meanwhile, "Dagon" is considered Lovecraft's first work that displays the concepts and themes that his writings later became known for.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a251de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126-57) Lovecraft published another short story, "[Beyond the Wall of Sleep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Wall_of_Sleep "Beyond the Wall of Sleep")" in 1919, which was his first [science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction") story.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a260de_Camp1975137-58)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft%27s_Official_United_Amateur_Press_Association_Photograph.png)
Lovecraft in 1915
Lovecraft's term as president of the UAPA ended in 1918, and he returned to his former post as chairman of the Department of Public Criticism.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a284de_Camp1975122-59) In 1917, as Lovecraft related to Kleiner, Lovecraft made an aborted attempt to enlist in the [United States Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army"). Though he passed the physical exam,[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a303Faig199166-60) he told Kleiner that his mother threatened to do anything, legal or otherwise, to prove that he was unfit for service.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a300Faig199166%E2%80%9367-61) After his failed attempt to serve in World War I, he attempted to enroll in the [Rhode Island Army National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Army_National_Guard "Rhode Island Army National Guard"), but his mother used her family connections to prevent it.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a23Cannon19893de_Camp1975118-62)
During the winter of 1918–1919, Susie, exhibiting the symptoms of a nervous breakdown, went to live with her elder sister, Lillian. The nature of Susie's illness is unclear, as her medical papers were later destroyed in a fire at Butler Hospital.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125-63) Winfield Townley Scott, who was able to read the papers before the fire, described Susie as having suffered a psychological collapse.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125-63) Neighbour and friend Clara Hess, interviewed in 1948, recalled instances of Susie describing "weird and fantastic creatures that rushed out from behind buildings and from corners at dark."[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366-64) In the same account, Hess described a time when they crossed paths in downtown Providence and Susie was unaware of where she was.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366-64) In March 1919, she was committed to Butler Hospital, like her husband before her.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2010a301de_Camp1975134%E2%80%93135-65) Lovecraft's immediate reaction to Susie's commitment was visceral, writing to Kleiner that "existence seems of little value", and that he wished "it might terminate".[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft200084-66) During Susie's time at Butler, Lovecraft periodically visited her and walked the large grounds with her.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaig199158%E2%80%9359de_Camp1975135-67)
Late 1919 saw Lovecraft become more outgoing. After a period of isolation, he began joining friends in trips to writer gatherings; the first being a talk in Boston presented by [Lord Dunsany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dunsany "Lord Dunsany"), whom Lovecraft had recently discovered and idolized.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a306de_Camp1975139%E2%80%93141-68) In early 1920, at an amateur writer convention, he met [Frank Belknap Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long"), who ended up being Lovecraft's most influential and closest confidant for the remainder of his life.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a308-69) The influence of Dunsany is apparent in his 1919 output, which is part of what was later called Lovecraft's [Dream Cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle "Dream Cycle"), including "[The White Ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Ship_\(story\) "The White Ship (story)")" and "[The Doom That Came to Sarnath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doom_That_Came_to_Sarnath "The Doom That Came to Sarnath")".[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144-70) In early 1920, he wrote "[The Cats of Ulthar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cats_of_Ulthar "The Cats of Ulthar")" and "[Celephaïs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celepha%C3%AFs "Celephaïs")", which were also strongly influenced by Dunsany.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144Burleson199039-71)
It was later in 1920 that Lovecraft began publishing the earliest [Cthulhu Mythos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos "Cthulhu Mythos") stories. The Cthulhu Mythos, a term coined by later authors, encompasses Lovecraft's stories that share a commonality in the revelation of cosmic insignificance, initially realistic settings, and recurring entities and texts.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Leavenworth2014333%E2%80%93334-72) The prose poem "[Nyarlathotep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarlathotep_\(short_story\) "Nyarlathotep (short story)")" and the short story "[The Crawling Chaos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crawling_Chaos "The Crawling Chaos")", in collaboration with Winifred Virginia Jackson, were written in late 1920.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a369de_Camp1975138%E2%80%93139-73) Following in early 1921 came "[The Nameless City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nameless_City "The Nameless City")", the first story that falls definitively within the Cthulhu Mythos. In it is one of Lovecraft's most enduring phrases, a couplet recited by Abdul Alhazred; "That is not dead which can eternal lie; And with strange aeons even death may die."[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975149Burleson199049,_52%E2%80%9353-74) In the same year, he also wrote "[The Outsider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outsider_\(short_story\) "The Outsider (short story)")", which has become one of Lovecraft's most heavily analyzed, and differently interpreted, stories.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson199058Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142-75) It has been variously interpreted as being autobiographical, an allegory of the psyche, a parody of the afterlife, a commentary on humanity's place in the universe, and a critique of progress.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosig200117%E2%80%9318,_33Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142-76)
On May 24, 1921, Susie died in Butler Hospital, due to complications from an operation on her [gallbladder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder "Gallbladder") five days earlier.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154Cannon19894%E2%80%935-77) Lovecraft's initial reaction, expressed in a letter written nine days after Susie's death, was a deep state of sadness that crippled him physically and emotionally. He again expressed a desire that his life might end.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Goodwin202419%E2%80%9320-78) Lovecraft's later response was relief, as he became able to live independently from his mother. His physical health also began to improve, although he was unaware of the exact cause.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001144%E2%80%93145de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Faig199167-79) Despite Lovecraft's reaction, he continued to attend amateur journalist conventions. Lovecraft met his future wife, [Sonia Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene"), at one such convention in July.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a400de_Camp1975152%E2%80%93154St._Armand19724-80)
### Marriage and New York
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Marriage and New York")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft_and_Sonia_Greene,_5_July_1921.png)
Lovecraft and Sonia Greene on July 5, 1921
Lovecraft's aunts disapproved of his relationship with Sonia. Lovecraft and Greene married on March 3, 1924, and relocated to her [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn") apartment at 259 Parkside Avenue; she thought he needed to leave Providence to flourish and was willing to support him financially.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Fooy2011de_Camp1975184-81) Greene, who had been married before, later said Lovecraft performed satisfactorily as a lover, but she had to take the initiative in all aspects of the relationship. She attributed Lovecraft's passive nature to a stultifying upbringing by his mother.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverts201219Joshi2001201%E2%80%93202-82) Lovecraft's weight increased to 200 lb (91 kg) on his wife's home cooking.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001202%E2%80%93203de_Camp1975202-83)
He was enthralled by New York City, and, in what was informally dubbed the Kalem Club, he acquired a group of encouraging intellectual and literary friends who urged him to submit stories to *Weird Tales*. Its editor, [Edwin Baird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Baird "Edwin Baird"), accepted many of Lovecraft's stories for the ailing publication, including "[Under the Pyramids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Pyramids "Under the Pyramids")", which was ghostwritten for [Harry Houdini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini "Harry Houdini").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001291%E2%80%93292de_Camp1975177%E2%80%93179,_219Cannon198955-84) Established informally some years before Lovecraft arrived in New York, the core Kalem Club members were boys' adventure novelist [Henry Everett McNeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Everett_McNeil "Henry Everett McNeil"), the lawyer and anarchist writer [James Ferdinand Morton Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ferdinand_Morton_Jr. "James Ferdinand Morton Jr."), and the poet Reinhardt Kleiner.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001136de_Camp1975219Goodwin202496%E2%80%9397-85)
On January 1, 1925, Sonia moved from Parkside to [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland") in response to a job opportunity, and Lovecraft left for a small first-floor apartment on 169 Clinton Street "at the edge of [Red Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn "Red Hook, Brooklyn")"—a location which came to discomfort him greatly.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFooy2011Cannon198955Joshi2001210-86) Later that year, the Kalem Club's four regular attendees were joined by Lovecraft along with his protégé [Frank Belknap Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long"), bookseller George Willard Kirk, and [Samuel Loveman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Loveman "Samuel Loveman").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001201%E2%80%93202Goodwin202497-87) Loveman was Jewish, but he and Lovecraft became close friends in spite of the latter's antisemitic attitudes.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b11de_Camp1975109%E2%80%93111GreeneScott19488-88) By the 1930s, writer and publisher [Herman Charles Koenig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Charles_Koenig "Herman Charles Koenig") was one of the last to become involved with the Kalem Club.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001112-89)
Not long after the marriage, Greene lost her business and her assets disappeared in a bank failure.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975224-90) Lovecraft made efforts to support his wife through regular jobs, but his lack of previous work experience meant he lacked proven marketable skills.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975207%E2%80%93213-91) The publisher of *Weird Tales* was attempting to make the loss-making magazine profitable and offered the job of editor to Lovecraft, who declined, citing his reluctance to relocate to Chicago on aesthetic grounds.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001St._Armand197210-92) Baird was succeeded by [Farnsworth Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnsworth_Wright "Farnsworth Wright"), whose writing Lovecraft criticized. Lovecraft's submissions were often rejected by Wright. This may have been partially due to censorship guidelines imposed in the aftermath of a *Weird Tales* story that hinted at [necrophilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia "Necrophilia"), although after Lovecraft's death, Wright accepted many of the stories he had originally rejected.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001225de_Camp1975183-93)
Sonia also became ill and immediately after recovering, relocated to [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), and then to Cleveland; her employment required constant travel.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001200%E2%80%93201de_Camp1975170%E2%80%93172-94) Added to his feelings of failure in a city with a large immigrant population, Lovecraft's single-room apartment was burgled, leaving him with only the clothes he was wearing.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001216%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975230%E2%80%93232-95) In August 1925, he wrote "[The Horror at Red Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook "The Horror at Red Hook")" and "[He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_\(short_story\) "He (short story)")".[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001219%E2%80%93224Goodwin2024137%E2%80%93141de_Camp1975240%E2%80%93241-96) In the latter, the narrator says "My coming to New York had been a mistake; for whereas I had looked for poignant wonder and inspiration \[...\] I had found instead only a sense of horror and oppression which threatened to master, paralyze, and annihilate me."[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009b-97) This was an expression of his despair at being in New York.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001223%E2%80%93224Norris2020217de_Camp1975242%E2%80%93243-98) It was at around this time he wrote the outline for "[The Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu "The Call of Cthulhu")", with its theme of the insignificance of all humanity.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Burleson199077-99) During this time, Lovecraft wrote "[Supernatural Horror in Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_Horror_in_Literature "Supernatural Horror in Literature")" on the eponymous subject. It later became one of the most influential essays on supernatural horror.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001227%E2%80%93228Moreland20181%E2%80%933Cannon198961%E2%80%9362-100) With a weekly allowance Greene sent, Lovecraft moved to a working-class area of [Brooklyn Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights "Brooklyn Heights"), where he resided in a tiny apartment. He lost approximately 40 pounds (18 kg) of body weight by 1926, when he left for Providence.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001214%E2%80%93215Goodwin2024122-101)
### Return to Providence and death
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Return to Providence and death")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Samuel_B._Mumford_House.jpg)
Lovecraft's final home, May 1933 until March 10, 1937
Back in Providence, Lovecraft lived with his aunts in a "spacious brown [Victorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture "Victorian architecture") wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinton2016St._Armand19724-102) He then moved to 66 Prospect Street, which became his final home.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-104)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724-103) The period beginning after his return to Providence contains some of his most prominent works, including *[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath")*, *[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_Charles_Dexter_Ward "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward")*, "The Call of Cthulhu", and *[The Shadow over Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth "The Shadow over Innsmouth")*.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Joshi2001351%E2%80%93354-105) The former two stories are partially autobiographical, as scholars have argued that *The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath* is about Lovecraft's return to Providence and *The Case of Charles Dexter Ward* is, in part, about the city itself.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93354St._Armand197210%E2%80%9314-106) The former story also represents a partial repudiation of Dunsany's influence, as Lovecraft decided that his style did not come to him naturally.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93353Goodrich200437%E2%80%9338-107) At this time, he frequently [revised work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_bibliography#Collaborations,_revisions,_and_ghost_writing "H. P. Lovecraft bibliography") for other authors and did a large amount of ghostwriting, including *[The Mound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mound_\(novella\) "The Mound (novella)")*, "Winged Death", and "The Diary of Alonzo Typer". Client [Harry Houdini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini "Harry Houdini") was laudatory, and attempted to help Lovecraft by introducing him to the head of a newspaper syndicate. Plans for a further project, a book titled *[The Cancer of Superstition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cancer_of_Superstition "The Cancer of Superstition")*, were ended by Houdini's death in 1926.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001117Flood2016Goodwin202487,_102-108) After returning, he also began to engage in antiquarian travels across the eastern seaboard during the summer months.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon19897%E2%80%938Evans2005102%E2%80%93105-109) During the spring–summer of 1930, Lovecraft visited, among other locations, New York City, [Brattleboro, Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont "Brattleboro, Vermont"), [Wilbraham, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbraham,_Massachusetts "Wilbraham, Massachusetts"), [Charleston, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), and [Quebec City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City").[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-111)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001272%E2%80%93273Cannon19897%E2%80%938-112)
Later, in August, [Robert E. Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard "Robert E. Howard") wrote a letter to *Weird Tales* praising a then-recent reprint of Lovecraft's "[The Rats in the Walls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rats_in_the_Walls "The Rats in the Walls")" and discussing some of the [Gaelic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_literature "Gaelic literature") references used within.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149,_184Vick202196%E2%80%93102-113) Its editor, Farnsworth Wright, forwarded the letter to Lovecraft, who responded positively to Howard, and soon the two writers were engaged in a vigorous correspondence that lasted for the rest of Howard's life.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149Vick202196%E2%80%93102-114) Howard quickly became a member of the Lovecraft Circle, a group of writers and friends all linked through Lovecraft's voluminous correspondence, as he introduced his many like-minded friends to one another and encouraged them to share their stories, utilize each other's fictional creations, and help each other succeed in the field of pulp fiction.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013150%E2%80%93151Vick202196%E2%80%93102-115)
Meanwhile, Lovecraft was increasingly producing work that brought him no remuneration.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001273-116) Affecting a calm indifference to the reception of his works, Lovecraft was in reality extremely sensitive to criticism and easily precipitated into withdrawal. He was known to give up trying to sell a story after it was rejected once.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353-117) Sometimes, as with *The Shadow over Innsmouth*, he wrote a story that might have been commercially viable but did not try to sell it. Lovecraft even ignored interested publishers. He failed to reply when one inquired about any novel Lovecraft might have ready: although he had completed such a work, *The Case of Charles Dexter Ward*, it was never typed up.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353Joshi2001255de_Camp1975192%E2%80%93194-118) A few years after Lovecraft moved to Providence, he and his wife Sonia Greene, having lived separately for so long, agreed to an amicable divorce. Greene moved to California in 1933 and remarried in 1936, unaware that Lovecraft, despite his assurances to the contrary, never officially signed the final decree.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Joshi1996b455-119)
As a result of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States "Great Depression in the United States"), he shifted towards [socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism "Socialism"), decrying both his prior political beliefs and the rising tide of [fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism "Fascism").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976bJoshi2001346%E2%80%93355Cannon198910%E2%80%9311-120) He thought that socialism was a workable middle ground between what he saw as the destructive impulses of both the capitalists and the Marxists of his day. This was based in a general opposition to cultural upheaval, as well as support for an ordered society. Electorally, he supported [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"), but he thought that the [New Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal") was not sufficiently leftist. Lovecraft's support for it was based in his view that no other set of reforms were possible at that time.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001346%E2%80%93355-121)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovecraft_tombstone.jpg)
H. P. Lovecraft's gravestone
In late 1936, he witnessed the publication of *The Shadow over Innsmouth* as a paperback book.[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-124) 400 copies were printed, and the work was advertised in *Weird Tales* and several fan magazines. However, Lovecraft was displeased, as this book was riddled with errors that required extensive editing. It sold slowly and only approximately 200 copies were bound. The remaining 200 copies were destroyed after the publisher went out of business seven years later. By this point, Lovecraft's literary career was reaching its end. Shortly after having written his last original short story, "[The Haunter of the Dark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunter_of_the_Dark "The Haunter of the Dark")", he stated that the hostile reception of *At the Mountains of Madness* had done "more than anything to end my effective fictional career". His declining psychological and physical states made it impossible for him to continue writing fiction.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001383%E2%80%93384-125)
On June 11, Robert E. Howard was informed that his chronically ill mother would not awaken from her coma. He walked out to his car and killed himself with a pistol that he had stored there. His mother died shortly thereafter.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001375%E2%80%93376Finn2013294%E2%80%93295Vick2021130%E2%80%93137-126) This deeply affected Lovecraft, who consoled Howard's father through correspondence. Almost immediately after hearing about Howard's death, Lovecraft wrote a brief memoir titled "In Memoriam: Robert Ervin Howard", which he distributed to his correspondents.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006b216%E2%80%93218Joshi2001375%E2%80%93376Vick2021143-127) Meanwhile, Lovecraft's physical health was deteriorating. He was suffering from an affliction that he referred to as "grippe".[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-129)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001370,_384%E2%80%93385Cannon198911de_Camp1975415%E2%80%93416-130)
Due to his fear of doctors, Lovecraft was not examined until a month before his death and was diagnosed with terminal [cancer of the small intestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine_cancer "Small intestine cancer").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001387%E2%80%93388de_Camp1975427%E2%80%93428-131) He was hospitalized in the Jane Brown Memorial Hospital and lived in constant pain until his death on March 15, 1937, in Providence. In accordance with his lifelong scientific curiosity, he kept a diary of his illness until he was physically incapable of holding a pen.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Boston_Globe''19372Joshi2001387%E2%80%93388-132) After a small funeral, Lovecraft was buried in [Swan Point Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Point_Cemetery "Swan Point Cemetery") and was listed alongside his parents on the Phillips family monument.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001389de_Camp1975428-133) In 1977, fans erected a headstone in the same cemetery, on which they inscribed his name, the dates of his birth and death, and the phrase "I AM PROVIDENCE"—a line from one of his personal letters.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosig1997114Lovecraft196850%E2%80%9351-134)
Lovecraft began his life as a [Tory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory "Tory"),[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi20018%E2%80%9316Cannon198910-135) which was likely the result of his conservative upbringing. His family supported the [Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") for the entirety of his life. While it is unclear how consistently he voted, he voted for [Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") in the [1928 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_U.S._presidential_election "1928 U.S. presidential election").[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001183%E2%80%93184-136) Rhode Island as a whole remained politically conservative and Republican into the 1930s.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi20019Joshi2016161-137) Lovecraft himself was an Anglophile who admired the [British monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom "Monarchy of the United Kingdom"). He opposed democracy and thought that the United States should be governed by an aristocracy. This viewpoint emerged during his youth and lasted until the end of the 1920s.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200116Joshi2001183%E2%80%93184-138) During World War I, his Anglophilia caused him to strongly support the [Allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I") against the [Central Powers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers "Central Powers"). Many of his earlier poems were devoted to then-current political subjects, and he published several political essays in his amateur journal, *The Conservative*.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi200194%E2%80%9396-139) He was a [teetotaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetotalism "Teetotalism") who supported the implementation of [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States"), which was one of the few reforms that he supported during the early part of his life.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001101%E2%80%93102Pedersen2019119%E2%80%93120-140) While remaining a teetotaler, he later became convinced that Prohibition was ineffectual in the 1930s.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351Pedersen2019141%E2%80%93143-141) His personal justification for his early political viewpoints was primarily based on tradition and aesthetics.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001346-142)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H.P.L._as_Eighteenth-Century_Gentleman.png)
H. P. Lovecraft as an eighteenth-century gentleman by [Virgil Finlay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Finlay "Virgil Finlay")
As a result of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), Lovecraft re-examined his political views.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%934Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348Cannon198910%E2%80%9311-143) Initially, he thought that affluent people would take on the characteristics of his ideal aristocracy and solve America's problems. When this did not occur, he became a socialist. This shift was caused by his observation that the Depression was harming American society. It was also influenced by the increase in socialism's political capital during the 1930s. One of the main points of Lovecraft's socialism was its opposition to [Soviet Marxism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Marxism "Soviet Marxism"), as he thought that a Marxist revolution would bring about the destruction of American civilization. Lovecraft thought that an intellectual aristocracy needed to be formed to preserve America.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9335Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348-144) His ideal political system is outlined in his 1933 essay "Some Repetitions on the Times". Lovecraft used this essay to echo the political proposals that were made over the course of the last few decades. In this essay, he advocates governmental control of resource distribution, fewer working hours and a higher wage, and unemployment insurance and old age pensions. He also outlines the need for an aristocracy of intellectuals. In his view, power needed to be restricted to those who are sufficiently intelligent and educated.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006d85%E2%80%9395Joshi2001349%E2%80%93352-145) He frequently used the term "[fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism "Fascism")" to describe this form of government, but, according to [S. T. Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi "S. T. Joshi"), it bore little resemblance to that ideology.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001349%E2%80%93352-146)
Lovecraft had varied views on the political figures of his day. He was an ardent supporter of [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354Cannon198910-147) He saw that Roosevelt was trying to steer a middle course between the conservatives and the revolutionaries, which he approved of. While he thought that Roosevelt should have enacted more progressive policies, he came to the conclusion that the New Deal was the only realistic option for reform. He thought that voting for his opponents on the political left was a wasted effort.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354-148) He initially expressed support for [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler"). More specifically, he thought that Hitler would preserve [German culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany "Culture of Germany"). However, he thought that [Hitler's racial policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany "Racial policy of Nazi Germany") should be based on culture rather than descent. There is evidence that, at the end of his life, Lovecraft began to oppose Hitler. Harry K. Brobst, Lovecraft's downstairs neighbor, went to [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and witnessed Jews being beaten. Lovecraft and his aunt were angered by this, and his discussions of Hitler dropped off after this point.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001360%E2%80%93361-149)
Lovecraft was an [atheist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist "Atheist"). His viewpoints on religion are outlined in his 1922 essay "A Confession of Unfaith". In this essay, he describes his shift away from the [Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") of his parents to the atheism of his adulthood. Lovecraft was raised by a conservative Protestant family. He was introduced to the Bible and [Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus") when he was two. He passively accepted both of them. Over the course of the next few years, he was introduced to *[Grimms' Fairy Tales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales "Grimms' Fairy Tales")* and *[One Thousand and One Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights")*, favoring the latter. In response, Lovecraft took on the identity of "Abdul Alhazred", a name he later used for the author of the *[Necronomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon "Necronomicon")*.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145Joshi2010a31%E2%80%9343H%C3%B6lzing2011182%E2%80%93183-150) Lovecraft experienced a brief period as a Greco-Roman pagan shortly thereafter.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323Zeller201918-151) According to this account, his first moment of skepticism occurred before his fifth birthday, when he questioned if God is a myth after learning that Santa Claus is not real. In 1896, he was introduced to Greco-Roman myths and became "a genuine pagan".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141-16)
This came to an end in 1902, when Lovecraft was introduced to space. He later described this event as the most poignant in his life. In response to this discovery, Lovecraft took to studying astronomy and described his observations in the local newspaper.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93174-152) Before his thirteenth birthday, he became convinced of humanity's impermanence. By the time he was seventeen, he had read detailed writings that agreed with his worldview. Lovecraft ceased writing positively about progress, instead developing his later [cosmic philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism"). Despite his interests in science, he had an aversion to realistic literature, so he became interested in fantastical fiction. Lovecraft became [pessimistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism#Philosophical_pessimism "Pessimism") when he entered amateur journalism in 1914. World War I seemed to confirm his viewpoints. He began to despise philosophical idealism. Lovecraft took to discussing and debating his pessimism with his peers, which allowed him to solidify his philosophy. His readings of [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") and [H. L. Mencken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken "H. L. Mencken"), among other writers, furthered this development. At the end of his essay, Lovecraft states that all he desired was oblivion. He was willing to cast aside any illusion that he may still have held.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a147%E2%80%93148Joshi200140,_130%E2%80%93133-153)
Race is the most controversial aspect of Lovecraft's legacy, expressed in many disparaging remarks against non-Anglo-Saxon races and cultures in his works. Scholars have argued that these racial attitudes were common in the American society of his day, particularly in [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005108%E2%80%93110Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110-154) As he grew older, his original racial worldview became classist and elitist, which regarded non-white members of the upper class as honorary members of the superior race. Lovecraft was a [white supremacist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist "White supremacist").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallaghan2011103Spencer2021603-155) Despite this, he did not hold all white people in uniform high regard, but rather esteemed English people and those of English descent.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Evans2005108%E2%80%93109Lovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93186-156) In his early published essays, private letters, and personal utterances, he argued for a strong [color line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_line_\(racism\) "Color line (racism)") to preserve race and culture.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Punter199640-157) He disparaged various races in his journalism and letters, and allegorically in some of his fictional works that depict miscegenation between humans and non-human creatures.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a162%E2%80%93163Hambly1996viiiKlein2012183%E2%80%93184-158) This is evident in his portrayal of the [Deep Ones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_One "Deep One") in *The Shadow over Innsmouth*. Their interbreeding with humanity is framed as being a type of [miscegenation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation "Miscegenation") that corrupts both the town of [Innsmouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Country#Innsmouth "Lovecraft Country") and the protagonist.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93187Evans2005123%E2%80%93125Klein2012183%E2%80%93184-159)
Initially, Lovecraft showed sympathy to minorities who adopted Western culture, even to the extent of marrying a Jewish woman he viewed as being "well assimilated".[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001221%E2%80%93223Steiner200554%E2%80%9355-160) By the 1930s, Lovecraft's views on ethnicity and race had moderated.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005125Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110-161) He supported ethnicities' preserving their native cultures; for example, he thought that "a real friend of civilisation wishes merely to make the Germans more German, the French more French, the Spaniards more Spanish, & so on".[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015109-162) This represented a shift from his previous support for cultural assimilation. His shift was partially the result of his exposure to different cultures through his travels and circle. The former resulted in him writing positively about [Québécois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people "Québécois people") and [First Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada "First Nations in Canada") cultural traditions in his travelogue of Quebec.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005109%E2%80%93110-163) However, this did not represent a complete elimination of his racial prejudices.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015108%E2%80%93109Evans2005109%E2%80%93110-164)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe,_circa_1849,_restored,_squared_off.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Plunkett,_18th_Baron_Dunsany.jpg)
Lovecraft was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe and Lord Dunsany.
His interest in [weird fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction "Weird fiction") began in his childhood when his grandfather, who preferred Gothic stories, told him stories of his own design.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318-13) Lovecraft's childhood home on Angell Street had a large library that contained classical literature, scientific works, and early weird fiction. At the age of five, Lovecraft enjoyed reading *[One Thousand and One Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights "One Thousand and One Nights")*, and was reading [Nathaniel Hawthorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne "Nathaniel Hawthorne") a year later.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200121%E2%80%9324-165) He was also influenced by the travel literature of [John Mandeville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mandeville "John Mandeville") and [Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo "Marco Polo").[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348-166) This led to his discovery of [gaps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_problem "Open problem") in then-contemporary science, which prevented Lovecraft from committing suicide in response to the death of his grandfather and his family's declining financial situation during his adolescence.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348-166) These travelogues may have also influenced how Lovecraft's later works describe their characters and locations. For example, there is a resemblance between the powers of the [Tibetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet "Tibet") enchanters in *[The Travels of Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo "The Travels of Marco Polo")* and the powers unleashed on Sentinel Hill in "[The Dunwich Horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dunwich_Horror "The Dunwich Horror")".[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348-166)
One of Lovecraft's most significant literary influences was [Edgar Allan Poe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe "Edgar Allan Poe"), whom he described as his "God of Fiction".[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen2018172%E2%80%93173Joshi2013263St._Armand1975129-167) Poe's fiction was introduced to Lovecraft when the latter was eight years old. His earlier works were significantly influenced by Poe's prose and writing style.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130-168) He also made extensive use of Poe's unity of effect in his fiction.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2017x%E2%80%93xi-169) Furthermore, *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")* directly quotes Poe and was influenced by *[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket")*.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009aJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151Cannon1989101%E2%80%93103-170) One of the main themes of the two stories is to discuss the unreliable nature of language as a method of expressing meaning.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151-171) In 1919, Lovecraft's discovery of the stories of [Lord Dunsany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dunsany "Lord Dunsany") moved his writing in a new direction, resulting in a series of fantasies. Throughout his life, Lovecraft referred to Dunsany as the author who had the greatest impact on his literary career. The initial result of this influence was the [Dream Cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle "Dream Cycle"), a series of fantasies that originally take place in prehistory, but later shift to a dreamworld setting.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001135%E2%80%93137Schweitzer2018139%E2%80%93143Joshi2013260%E2%80%93261-172) By 1930, Lovecraft decided that he would no longer write Dunsanian fantasies, arguing that the style did not come naturally to him.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001253-173) Additionally, he also read and cited [Arthur Machen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Machen "Arthur Machen") and [Algernon Blackwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Blackwood "Algernon Blackwood") as influences in the 1920s.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001168%E2%80%93169Joshi2001228%E2%80%93229St._Armand1975142-174)
Aside from horror authors, Lovecraft was significantly influenced by the [Decadents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadent_movement "Decadent movement"), the [Puritans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans "Puritans"), and the [Aesthetic movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism "Aestheticism").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128-175) In "H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent", [Barton Levi St. Armand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Levi_St._Armand "Barton Levi St. Armand"), a professor emeritus of English and American studies at [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University"), has argued that these three influences combined to define Lovecraft as a writer.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127-176) He traces this influence to both Lovecraft's stories and letters, noting that he actively cultivated the image of a New England gentleman in his letters.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128-175) Meanwhile, his influence from the Decadents and the Aesthetic Movement stems from his readings of Edgar Allan Poe. Lovecraft's aesthetic worldview and fixation on decline stems from these readings. The idea of cosmic decline is described as having been Lovecraft's response to both the Aesthetic Movement and the 19th century Decadents.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975129%E2%80%93131-177) St. Armand describes it as being a combination of non-theological Puritan thought and the Decadent worldview.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975133%E2%80%93137-178) This is used as a division in his stories, particularly in "[The Horror at Red Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_at_Red_Hook "The Horror at Red Hook")", "[Pickman's Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickman%27s_Model "Pickman's Model")", and "[The Music of Erich Zann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_of_Erich_Zann "The Music of Erich Zann")". The division between Puritanism and Decadence, St. Armand argues, represents a polarization between an artificial paradise and oneiriscopic visions of different worlds.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975145%E2%80%93150-179)
A non-literary inspiration came from then-contemporary scientific advances in biology, astronomy, geology, and physics.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93173Rottensteiner1992117%E2%80%93121-180) Lovecraft's study of science contributed to his view of the human race as insignificant, powerless, and doomed in a [materialistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism "Materialism") and [mechanistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_\(philosophy\) "Mechanism (philosophy)") universe.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard20116Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93173-181) Lovecraft was a keen amateur astronomer from his youth, often visiting the [Ladd Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladd_Observatory "Ladd Observatory") in Providence, and penning numerous astronomical articles for his personal journal and local newspapers.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b174-182) Lovecraft's materialist views led him to espouse his philosophical views through his fiction; these philosophical views came to be called [cosmicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmicism "Cosmicism"). Cosmicism took on a more pessimistic tone with his creation of what is now known as the Cthulhu Mythos, a fictional universe that contains alien deities and horrors. The term "Cthulhu Mythos" was likely coined by later writers after Lovecraft's death.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270-1) In his letters, Lovecraft jokingly called his fictional mythology "[Yog-Sothothery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yog-Sothoth "Yog-Sothoth")".[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft201097Pedersen201723de_Camp1975270-183)
Dreams had a major role in Lovecraft's literary career.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrobert201534%E2%80%9339Burleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312-184) In 1991, as a result of his rising place in American literature, it was popularly thought that Lovecraft extensively transcribed his dreams when writing fiction. However, the majority of his stories are not transcribed dreams. Instead, many of them are directly influenced by dreams and dreamlike phenomena. In his letters, Lovecraft frequently compared his characters to dreamers. They are described as being as helpless as a real dreamer who is experiencing a nightmare. His stories also have dreamlike qualities. The [Randolph Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Carter "Randolph Carter") stories deconstruct the division between dreams and reality. The [dreamlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Cycle#Geography "Dream Cycle") in *[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream-Quest_of_Unknown_Kadath "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath")* are a shared dreamworld that can be accessed by a sensitive dreamer. Meanwhile, in "[The Silver Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silver_Key "The Silver Key")", Lovecraft mentions the concept of "inward dreams", which implies the existence of outward dreams. Burleson compares this deconstruction to [Carl Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung "Carl Jung")'s argument that dreams are the source of [archetypal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes "Jungian archetypes") myths. Lovecraft's way of writing fiction required both a level of realism and dreamlike elements. Citing Jung, Burleson argues that a writer may create realism by being inspired by dreams.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312-185)
> Now all my tales are based on the fundamental premise that common human laws and interests and emotions have no validity or significance in the vast cosmos-at-large. To me there is nothing but puerility in a tale in which the human form—and the local human passions and conditions and standards—are depicted as native to other worlds or other universes. To achieve the essence of real externality, whether of time or space or dimension, one must forget that such things as organic life, good and evil, love and hate, and all such local attributes of a negligible and temporary race called mankind, have any existence at all. Only the human scenes and characters must have human qualities. *These* must be handled with unsparing *realism,* (*not* catch-penny *romanticism*) but when we cross the line to the boundless and hideous unknown—the shadow-haunted *Outside*—we must remember to leave our humanity and terrestrialism at the threshold.
— H. P. Lovecraft, in note to the editor of *Weird Tales*, on resubmission of "The Call of Cthulhu"[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft20147-186)
The central theme of Lovecraft's corpus is cosmicism. Cosmicism is a literary philosophy that argues that humanity is an insignificant force in the universe. Despite appearing pessimistic, Lovecraft thought of himself as being a cosmic indifferentist, which is expressed in his fiction. In it, human beings are often subject to powerful beings and other cosmic forces, but these forces are not so much malevolent as they are indifferent toward humanity. He believed in a meaningless, mechanical, and uncaring universe that human beings could never fully understand. There is no allowance for beliefs that could not be supported scientifically.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETouponce201362%E2%80%9363Matthews2018177Burleson1990156%E2%80%93160-187) Lovecraft first articulated this philosophy in 1921, but he did not fully incorporate it into his fiction until five years later. "[Dagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon_\(short_story\) "Dagon (short story)")", "Beyond the Wall of Sleep", and "[The Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temple_\(Lovecraft_short_story\) "The Temple (Lovecraft short story)")" contain early depictions of this concept, but the majority of his early tales do not analyze the concept. "Nyarlathotep" interprets the collapse of human civilization as being a corollary to the collapse of the universe. "The Call of Cthulhu" represents an intensification of this theme. In it, Lovecraft introduces the idea of alien influences on humanity, which came to dominate all subsequent works.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b186%E2%80%93187Burleson1990156%E2%80%93157-188) In these works, Lovecraft expresses cosmicism through the usage of confirmation rather than revelation. Lovecraftian protagonists do not learn that they are insignificant. Instead, they already know it and have it confirmed to them through an event.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiber20016LacyZani200770Burleson1990158%E2%80%93159-189)
Lovecraft's fiction reflects his own ambivalent views regarding the nature of knowledge.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a124Pedersen201728%E2%80%9333-190) This expresses itself in the concept of forbidden knowledge. In Lovecraft's stories, happiness is only achievable through blissful ignorance. Trying to know things that are not meant to be known leads to harm and psychological danger. This concept intersects with several other ideas. This includes the idea that the visible reality is an illusion masking the horrific true reality. Similarly, there are also intersections with the concepts of ancient civilizations that exert a malign influence on humanity and the general philosophy of cosmicism.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158-191) According to Lovecraft, self-knowledge can bring ruin to those who seek it. Those seekers would become aware of their own insignificance in the wider cosmos and would be unable to bear the weight of this knowledge. Lovecraftian horror is not achieved through external phenomena. Instead, it is reached through the internalized psychological impact that knowledge has on its protagonists. "The Call of Cthulhu", *The Shadow over Innsmouth*, and *The Shadow Out of Time* feature protagonists who experience both external and internal horror through the acquisition of self-knowledge.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a262%E2%80%93263-192) *The Case of Charles Dexter Ward* also reflects this. One of its central themes is the danger of knowing too much about one's family history. Charles Dexter Ward, the protagonist, engages in historical and genealogical research that ultimately leads to both madness and his own self-destruction.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Armand197214%E2%80%9315Joshi1996a124Cannon198973-193)
### Decline of civilization
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Decline of civilization")\]
For much of his life, Lovecraft was fixated on the concepts of [decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declinism "Declinism") and [decadence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadence "Decadence"). More specifically, he thought that the West was in a state of terminal decline.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016320St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130-194) Starting in the 1920s, Lovecraft became familiar with the work of the German conservative-revolutionary theorist [Oswald Spengler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler "Oswald Spengler"), whose pessimistic thesis of the decadence of the modern West formed a crucial element in Lovecraft's overall [anti-modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-modernization "Anti-modernization") worldview.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320St._Armand1975131%E2%80%93132-195) Spenglerian imagery of cyclical decay is a central theme in *At the Mountains of Madness*. S. T. Joshi, in *H. P. Lovecraft: The Decline of the West*, places Spengler at the center of his discussion of Lovecraft's political and philosophical ideas. According to him, the idea of decline is the single idea that permeates and connects his personal philosophy. The main Spenglerian influence on Lovecraft was his view that politics, economics, science, and art are all interdependent aspects of civilization. This realization led him to shed his personal ignorance of then-current political and economic developments after 1927.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320-196) Lovecraft had developed his idea of Western decline independently, but Spengler gave it a clear framework.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016316-197)
Lovecraft shifted supernatural horror away from its previous focus on human issues to a focus on cosmic ones. In this way, he merged the elements of supernatural fiction that he deemed to be scientifically viable with science fiction. This merge required an understanding of both supernatural horror and then-contemporary science.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93172-198) Lovecraft used this combined knowledge to create stories that extensively reference trends in scientific development. Beginning with "[The Shunned House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shunned_House "The Shunned House")", Lovecraft increasingly incorporated elements of both [Einsteinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") science and his own personal materialism into his stories. This intensified with the writing of "The Call of Cthulhu", where he depicted alien influences on humanity. This trend continued throughout the remainder of his literary career. "[The Colour Out of Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space "The Colour Out of Space")" represents what scholars have called the peak of this trend. It portrays an alien lifeform whose otherness prevents it from being defined by then-contemporary science.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b183%E2%80%93188Martin201299Burleson1990107%E2%80%93110-199)
Another part of this effort was the repeated usage of mathematics in an effort to make his creatures and settings appear more alien. [Tom Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hull_\(mathematician\) "Tom Hull (mathematician)"), a mathematician, regards this as enhancing his ability to invoke a sense of otherness and fear. He attributes this use of mathematics to Lovecraft's childhood interest in astronomy and his adulthood awareness of [non-Euclidean geometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry "Non-Euclidean geometry").[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull200610%E2%80%9312-200) Another reason for his use of mathematics was his reaction to the scientific developments of his day. These developments convinced him that humanity's primary means of understanding the world was no longer trustable. Lovecraft's usage of mathematics in his fiction serves to convert otherwise supernatural elements into things that have in-universe scientific explanations. "[The Dreams in the Witch House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreams_in_the_Witch_House "The Dreams in the Witch House")" and *[The Shadow Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time "The Shadow Out of Time")* both have elements of this. The former uses a [witch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft "Witchcraft") and her [familiar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar "Familiar"), while the latter uses the idea of [mind transference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_swap "Body swap"). These elements are explained using scientific theories that were prevalent during Lovecraft's lifetime.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELook2016101%E2%80%93103HalpurnLabossiere2009512%E2%80%93513-201)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Principal_Parts_of_Arkham,_Massachusetts.png)
Lovecraft's hand-drawn map of Arkham
Setting plays a major role in Lovecraft's fiction. A fictionalized version of [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England "New England") serves as the central hub for his mythos, called "[Lovecraft Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Country "Lovecraft Country")" by later commentators. It represents the history, culture, and folklore of the region, as interpreted by Lovecraft. These attributes are exaggerated and altered to provide a suitable setting for his stories. The names of the locations in the region were directly influenced by the names of real locations in the region, which was done to increase their realism.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135St._Armand1975129-202) Lovecraft's stories use their connections with New England to imbue themselves with the ability to instill fear.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135-203) Lovecraft was primarily inspired by the cities and towns in [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts"). However, the specific location of Lovecraft Country is variable, as it moved according to Lovecraft's literary needs. Starting with areas that he thought were evocative, Lovecraft redefined and exaggerated them under fictional names. For example, Lovecraft based [Arkham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham "Arkham") on the town of [Oakham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakham,_Massachusetts "Oakham, Massachusetts") and expanded it to include a nearby landmark.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198654%E2%80%9367-204) Its location was moved, as Lovecraft decided that it would have been destroyed by the recently built [Quabbin Reservoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir "Quabbin Reservoir"). This is alluded to in "The Colour Out of Space", as the "blasted heath" is submerged by the creation of a fictionalized version of the reservoir.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329Burleson1990106,_118-205) Similarly, Lovecraft's other towns were based on other locations in Massachusetts. Innsmouth was based on [Newburyport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts "Newburyport, Massachusetts"), and Dunwich was based on [Greenwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich,_Massachusetts "Greenwich, Massachusetts"). The vague locations of these towns also played into Lovecraft's desire to create a mood in his stories. In his view, a mood can only be evoked through reading.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329-206)
Early efforts to revise an established literary view of Lovecraft as an author of "pulp" were resisted by some eminent critics; in 1945, [Edmund Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wilson "Edmund Wilson") sneered: "the only real horror in most of these fictions is the horror of bad taste and bad art." However, Wilson praised Lovecraft's ability to write about his chosen field; he described him as having written about it "with much intelligence".[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1950286%E2%80%93290-207) According to [L. Sprague de Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp "L. Sprague de Camp"), Wilson later improved his opinion of Lovecraft, citing a report of [David Chavchavadze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chavchavadze "David Chavchavadze") that Wilson included a Lovecraftian reference in *Little Blue Light: A Play in Three Acts*. After Chavchavadze met with him to discuss this, Wilson revealed that he was reading a copy of Lovecraft's correspondence.[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-209)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795Cannon1989126-210) Two years before Wilson's critique, Lovecraft's works were reviewed by [Winfield Townley Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Townley_Scott "Winfield Townley Scott"), the literary editor of *[The Providence Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Providence_Journal "The Providence Journal")*. He argued that Lovecraft was one of the most significant Rhode Island authors and that it was regrettable that he received little attention from mainstream critics at the time.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott194341-211) *Mystery and Adventure* columnist [Will Cuppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Cuppy "Will Cuppy") of the *[New York Herald Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune "New York Herald Tribune")* recommended to readers a volume of Lovecraft's stories in 1944, asserting that "the literature of horror and macabre fantasy belongs with mystery in its broader sense."[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuppy194410-212)
By 1957, Floyd C. Gale of *[Galaxy Science Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction "Galaxy Science Fiction")* said that Lovecraft was comparable to Robert E. Howard, stating that "they appear more prolific than ever," noting L. Sprague de Camp, [Björn Nyberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Nyberg "Björn Nyberg"), and [August Derleth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth "August Derleth")'s usage of their creations. He said that "Lovecraft at his best could build a mood of horror unsurpassed; at his worst, he was laughable."[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale1960100%E2%80%93103-213) In 1962, [Colin Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Wilson "Colin Wilson"), in his survey of anti-realist trends in fiction *The Strength to Dream*, cited Lovecraft as one of the pioneers of the "assault on rationality" and included him with [M. R. James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._James "M. R. James"), [H. G. Wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells "H. G. Wells"), [Aldous Huxley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley "Aldous Huxley"), [J. R. R. Tolkien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien "J. R. R. Tolkien"), and others as one of the builders of mythicised realities contending against what he considered the failing project of literary realism.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19751%E2%80%9310-214) Subsequently, Lovecraft began to acquire the status of a cult writer in the [counterculture of the 1960s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s "Counterculture of the 1960s"), and reprints of his work proliferated.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2013xiii%E2%80%93xiv-215)
[Michael Dirda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dirda "Michael Dirda"), a reviewer for *[The Times Literary Supplement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement "The Times Literary Supplement")*, has described Lovecraft as being a "visionary" who is "rightly regarded as second only to Edgar Allan Poe in the annals of American supernatural literature." According to him, Lovecraft's works prove that mankind cannot bear the weight of reality, as the true nature of reality cannot be understood by either science or history. In addition, Dirda praises Lovecraft's ability to create an uncanny atmosphere. This atmosphere is created through the feeling of wrongness that pervades the objects, places, and people in Lovecraft's works. He also comments favorably on Lovecraft's correspondence, and compares him to [Horace Walpole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole "Horace Walpole"). Particular attention is given to his correspondence with August Derleth and Robert E. Howard. The Derleth letters are called "delightful", while the Howard letters are described as being an ideological debate. Overall, Dirda believes that Lovecraft's letters are equal to, or better than, his fictional output.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirda2012-216)
*[Los Angeles Review of Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books "Los Angeles Review of Books")* reviewer [Nick Mamatas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mamatas "Nick Mamatas") has stated that Lovecraft was a particularly difficult author, rather than a bad one. He described Lovecraft as being "perfectly capable" in the fields of story logic, pacing, innovation, and generating quotable phrases. However, Lovecraft's difficulty made him ill-suited to the pulps; he was unable to compete with the popular recurring protagonists and [damsel in distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress "Damsel in distress") stories. Furthermore, he compared a paragraph from *The Shadow Out of Time* to a paragraph from the introduction to *[The Economic Consequences of the Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace "The Economic Consequences of the Peace")*. In Mamatas' view, Lovecraft's quality is obscured by his difficulty, and his skill is what has allowed his following to outlive the followings of other then-prominent authors, such as [Seabury Quinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabury_Quinn "Seabury Quinn") and [Kenneth Patchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Patchen "Kenneth Patchen").[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamatas2014-217)
In 2005, the [Library of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America "Library of America") published a volume of Lovecraft's works. This volume was reviewed by many publications, including *[The New York Times Book Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review "The New York Times Book Review")* and *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, and sold 25,000 copies within a month of release. The overall critical reception of the volume was mixed.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lovecraft_Annual''2007160Eberhart200582Grant2005146-218) Several scholars, including S. T. Joshi and Alison Sperling, have said that this confirms H. P. Lovecraft's place in the western canon.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015105%E2%80%93116Sperling201675Hantke2013137%E2%80%93138-219) The editors of *The Age of Lovecraft*, Carl H. Sederholm and Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, attributed the rise of mainstream popular and academic interest in Lovecraft to this volume, along with the [Penguin Classics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics "Penguin Classics") volumes and the [Modern Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library "Modern Library") edition of *[At the Mountains of Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness "At the Mountains of Madness")*. These volumes led to a proliferation of other volumes containing Lovecraft's works. According to the two authors, these volumes are part of a trend in Lovecraft's popular and academic reception: increased attention by one audience causes the other to also become more interested.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESederholmWeinstock20162,_8%E2%80%939-220)
Lovecraft's style has often been subject to criticism,[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2014Dirda2005-221) but scholars such as S. T. Joshi have argued that Lovecraft consciously utilized a variety of literary devices to form a unique style of his own—these include prose-poetic rhythm, stream of consciousness, [alliteration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliteration "Alliteration"), and conscious [archaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaism "Archaism").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a91,_252-222) According to [Joyce Carol Oates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates "Joyce Carol Oates"), Lovecraft and Edgar Allan Poe have exerted a significant influence on later writers in the horror genre.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1996-223) Horror author [Stephen King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") called Lovecraft "the twentieth century's greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale."[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995-224) King stated in his semi-autobiographical non-fiction book *[Danse Macabre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_Macabre_\(King_book\) "Danse Macabre (King book)")* that Lovecraft was responsible for his own fascination with horror and the macabre and was the largest influence on his writing.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198763-225)
Lovecraft's writings have influenced the [speculative realist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_realism "Speculative realism") philosophical movement during the early twenty-first century. The four founders of the movement, [Ray Brassier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Brassier "Ray Brassier"), [Iain Hamilton Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Hamilton_Grant "Iain Hamilton Grant"), [Graham Harman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Harman "Graham Harman"), and [Quentin Meillassoux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Meillassoux "Quentin Meillassoux"), have cited Lovecraft as an inspiration for their worldviews.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeak2020169%E2%80%93172Elfren2016-226) Graham Harman wrote a monograph, *Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy*, about Lovecraft and philosophy. In it, he argues that Lovecraft was a "productionist" author. He describes Lovecraft as having been an author who was uniquely obsessed with gaps in human knowledge.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Elfren201688%E2%80%9389Peak2020177%E2%80%93178-227) He goes further and asserts Lovecraft's personal philosophy as being in opposition to both [idealism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism "Idealism") and [David Hume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume "David Hume"). In his view, Lovecraft resembles [Georges Braque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque "Georges Braque"), [Pablo Picasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso "Pablo Picasso"), and [Edmund Husserl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl "Edmund Husserl") in his division of objects into different parts that do not exhaust the potential meanings of the whole. The anti-idealism of Lovecraft is represented through his commentary on the inability of language to describe his horrors.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Peak2020177%E2%80%93178-228) Harman also credits Lovecraft with inspiring parts of his own articulation of [object-oriented ontology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_ontology "Object-oriented ontology").[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Elfren201688%E2%80%9389-229) According to Lovecraft scholar Alison Sperling, this philosophical interpretation of Lovecraft's fiction has caused other philosophers in Harmon's tradition to write about Lovecraft. These philosophers seek to remove human [perception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception "Perception") and human life from the foundations of ethics. These scholars have used Lovecraft's works as the central example of their worldview. They base this usage in Lovecraft's arguments against [anthropocentrism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism "Anthropocentrism") and the ability of the human mind to truly understand the universe. They have also played a role in Lovecraft's improving literary reputation by focusing on his interpretation of ontology, which gives him a central position in [Anthropocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene "Anthropocene") studies.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperling201675%E2%80%9378-230)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._P._Lovecraft_Memorial_Plaque_at_22_Prospect_Street.jpg)
H. P. Lovecraft memorial plaque at 22 Prospect Street in [Providence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island "Providence, Rhode Island"). Portrait by silhouettist [E. J. Perry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry_\(artist\) "E. J. Perry (artist)").
Lovecraft was relatively unknown during his lifetime. While his stories appeared in prominent pulp magazines such as *Weird Tales*, not many people knew his name.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390Dirda2005Cannon19891-231) He did, however, correspond regularly with other contemporary writers such as [Clark Ashton Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith "Clark Ashton Smith") and August Derleth,[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoell20048%E2%80%9340-232) who became his friends, even though he never met them in person. This group became known as the "Lovecraft Circle", since their writings freely borrowed Lovecraft's motifs, with his encouragement. He borrowed from them as well. For example, he made use of Clark Ashton Smith's [Tsathoggua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsathoggua "Tsathoggua") in *[The Mound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mound_\(novella\) "The Mound (novella)")*.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a141%E2%80%93142-233)
After Lovecraft's death, the Lovecraft Circle carried on. August Derleth founded [Arkham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House "Arkham House") with [Donald Wandrei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wandrei "Donald Wandrei") to preserve Lovecraft's works and keep them in print.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390%E2%80%93391de_Camp1975132Hantke2013135%E2%80%93136-234) He added to and expanded on Lovecraft's vision, not without controversy.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152%E2%80%9353de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364-235) While Lovecraft considered his pantheon of alien gods a mere plot device, Derleth created an entire cosmology, complete with a war between the good Elder Gods and the evil Outer Gods, such as [Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu "Cthulhu") and his ilk. The forces of good were supposed to have won, locking Cthulhu and others beneath the earth, the ocean, and elsewhere. Derleth's Cthulhu Mythos stories went on to associate different gods with the traditional four [elements of fire, air, earth, and water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element "Classical element"), which did not line up with Lovecraft's original vision of his mythos. However, Derleth's ownership of Arkham House gave him a position of authority in Lovecraftiana that did not dissipate until his death, and through the efforts of Lovecraft scholars in the 1970s.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364-236)
Lovecraft's works have influenced many writers and other creators. [Stephen King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") has cited Lovecraft as a major influence on his works. As a child in the 1960s, he came across a volume of Lovecraft's works which inspired him to write his fiction. He goes on to argue that all works in the horror genre that were written after Lovecraft were influenced by him.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995-224) In the field of comics, [Alan Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore "Alan Moore") has described Lovecraft as having been a formative influence on his graphic novels.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2014-237) Film director [John Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter "John Carpenter")'s films include direct references and quotations of Lovecraft's fiction, in addition to their use of a Lovecraftian aesthetic and themes. [Guillermo del Toro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro "Guillermo del Toro") was similarly influenced by Lovecraft's corpus.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanicker2015473Norris2018158%E2%80%93159Nelson2012221%E2%80%93222-238)
The first [World Fantasy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award "World Fantasy Award") were held in Providence in 1975. The theme was "The Lovecraft Circle". Until 2015, winners were presented with an elongated bust of Lovecraft that was designed by the [cartoonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist "Cartoonist") [Gahan Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahan_Wilson "Gahan Wilson"), nicknamed the "Howard".[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz2015-239) In November 2015 it was announced that the World Fantasy Award trophy would no longer be modeled on H. P. Lovecraft in response to the author's views on race.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2015-240) After the World Fantasy Award dropped their connection to Lovecraft, *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")* commented that "In the end, Lovecraft still wins—people who've never read a page of his work will still know who Cthulhu is for years to come, and his legacy lives on in the work of [Stephen King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King"), [Guillermo del Toro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro "Guillermo del Toro"), and [Neil Gaiman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman "Neil Gaiman")."[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz2015-239)
In 2016, Lovecraft was inducted into the [Museum of Pop Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture "Museum of Pop Culture")'s Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Locus_Online''2017-241) Three years later, Lovecraft and the other Cthulhu Mythos authors were posthumously awarded the 1945 [Retro-Hugo Award for Best Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Series#Retro-Hugos "Hugo Award for Best Series") for their contributions to it.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Hugo_Awards''2020-242)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S._T._Joshi_\(2002_promotional_photo\).jpg)
S. T. Joshi in 2002
Starting in the early 1970s, a body of scholarly work began to emerge around Lovecraft's life and works. Referred to as Lovecraft studies, its proponents sought to establish Lovecraft as a significant author in the American literary canon. This can be traced to Derleth's preservation and dissemination of Lovecraft's fiction, non-fiction, and letters through [Arkham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House "Arkham House"). Joshi credits the development of the field to this process. However, it was marred by low quality editions and misinterpretations of Lovecraft's worldview. After Derleth's death in 1971, the scholarship entered a new phase. There was a push to create a book-length biography of Lovecraft. L. Sprague de Camp, a science fiction scholar, wrote the first major one in 1975. This biography was criticized by early Lovecraft scholars for its lack of scholarly merit and its lack of sympathy for its subject. Despite this, it played a significant role in Lovecraft's literary rise. It exposed Lovecraft to the mainstream of American literary criticism. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a division in the field between the "Derlethian traditionalists" who wished to interpret Lovecraft through the lens of fantasy literature and the newer scholars who wished to place greater attention on the entirety of his corpus.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi1985b54%E2%80%9358-243)
The 1980s and 1990s saw a further proliferation of the field. The 1990 H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference and the republishing of older essays in *An Epicure in the Terrible* represented the publishing of many basic studies that were used as a base for then-future studies. The 1990 centennial also saw the installation of the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque" in a garden adjoining [John Hay Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Library "John Hay Library"), that features a portrait by silhouettist [E. J. Perry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry_\(artist\) "E. J. Perry (artist)").[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinton2016Joshi2001219-244) Following this, in 1996, S. T. Joshi wrote his own biography of Lovecraft. This biography was met with positive reviews and became the main biography in the field. It has since been superseded by his expanded edition of the book, *I am Providence* in 2010.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a5%E2%80%936Oates1996Mariconda2010208%E2%80%93209-245)
Lovecraft's improving literary reputation has caused his works to receive increased attention by both classics publishers and scholarly fans.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-246) His works have been published by several different series of literary classics. Penguin Classics published three volumes of Lovecraft's works between 1999 and 2004. These volumes were edited by S. T. Joshi.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-246) [Barnes & Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble "Barnes & Noble") published their own volume of Lovecraft's complete fiction in 2008. The [Library of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America "Library of America") published a volume of Lovecraft's works in 2005. The publishing of these volumes represented a reversal of the traditional judgment that Lovecraft was not part of the [Western canon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon "Western canon").[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziemianowicz2010Peak2020163Dirda2005-247) Meanwhile, the biannual [NecronomiCon Providence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NecronomiCon_Providence "NecronomiCon Providence") convention was first held in 2013. Its purpose is to serve as a fan and scholarly convention that discusses both Lovecraft and the wider field of weird fiction. It is organized by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization and is held on the weekend of Lovecraft's birth.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiclen2015Smith2017Dirda2019-248) That July, the Providence City Council designated the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Square" and installed a commemorative sign at the intersection of Angell and Prospect streets, near the author's former residences.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilow2013-249)
Lovecraft's fictional mythos has influenced a number of musicians, particularly in [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music") and [heavy metal music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music").[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi20067Sederholm2016266%E2%80%93267-250) This began in the 1960s with the formation of the [psychedelic rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock "Psychedelic rock") band [H. P. Lovecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_\(band\) "H. P. Lovecraft (band)"), who released the albums *[H. P. Lovecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_\(album\) "H. P. Lovecraft (album)")* and *[H. P. Lovecraft II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft_II "H. P. Lovecraft II")* in 1967 and 1968 respectively.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324Sederholm2016271-251) They broke up afterwards, but later songs were released. This included "The White Ship" and "At the Mountains of Madness", both titled after Lovecraft stories.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324-252) [Extreme metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal "Extreme metal") has also been influenced by Lovecraft.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194-253) This has expressed itself in both the names of bands and the contents of their albums. This began in 1970 with the release of [Black Sabbath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath "Black Sabbath")'s [eponymous first album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath_\(album\) "Black Sabbath (album)"), which contained a song titled "Behind the Wall of Sleep", deriving its name from the 1919 story "Beyond the Wall of Sleep".[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194-253) Heavy metal band [Metallica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica "Metallica") was also inspired by Lovecraft. They recorded an instrumental song inspired by "The Call of Cthulhu" titled "The Call of Ktulu" (1984), and a song based on *The Shadow over Innsmouth* titled "The Thing That Should Not Be" (1986)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriwkowsky2008Sederholm2016271%E2%80%93272Norman2013193%E2%80%93194-254) The latter contains direct quotations of Lovecraft's works.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESederholm2016271%E2%80%93272-255) Metallica's song "Dream No More" (2016) also has lyrics referencing Cthulhu.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-256) Joseph Norman, a [speculative scholar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_studies "Science fiction studies"), has argued that there are similarities between the music described in Lovecraft's fiction and the aesthetics and atmosphere of [black metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal "Black metal"). He argues that this is evident through the "animalistic" qualities of black metal vocals. The usage of occult elements is also cited as a thematic commonality. In terms of atmosphere, he asserts that both Lovecraft's works and extreme metal place heavy focus on creating a strong negative mood.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2013197%E2%80%93202-257)
Lovecraft has also influenced gaming, despite having personally disliked games during his lifetime.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976a13Carbonell2019137-258) [Chaosium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaosium "Chaosium")'s [tabletop role-playing game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game "Tabletop role-playing game") *[Call of Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu_\(role-playing_game\) "Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)")*, released in 1981 and currently in its seventh major edition, was one of the first games to draw heavily from Lovecraft.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonell2019160Gollop2017Garrad202125-259) It includes a Lovecraft-inspired [insanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity "Insanity") mechanic, which allowed for [player characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character "Player character") to go insane from contact with cosmic horrors. This mechanic went on to make appearances in subsequent tabletop and [video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game "Video game").[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-260) 1987 saw the release of another Lovecraftian [board game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game "Board game"), *[Arkham Horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_Horror "Arkham Horror")*, which was published by [Fantasy Flight Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Flight_Games "Fantasy Flight Games").[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017Silva2017Garrad202126%E2%80%9327-261) Though few subsequent Lovecraftian board games were released annually from 1987 to 2014, the years after 2014 saw a rapid increase in the number of Lovecraftian board games. According to Christina Silva, this revival may have been influenced by the entry of Lovecraft's works into the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain") and a revival of interest in board games.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2017-262) Few video games are direct adaptations of Lovecraft's works, but many video games have been inspired or heavily influenced by Lovecraft.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-260) *[Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Cthulhu:_Dark_Corners_of_the_Earth "Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth")*, a Lovecraftian [first-person](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_\(video_games\) "First-person (video games)") video game, was released in 2005.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGollop2017-260) It is a loose adaptation of *The Shadow over Innsmouth*, *The Shadow Out of Time*, and "The Thing on the Doorstep" that uses [noir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir") themes.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrad202127%E2%80%9328-263) These adaptations focus more on Lovecraft's monsters and gamification than they do on his themes, which represents a break from Lovecraft's core theme of human insignificance.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrad202128-264)
### Religion and occultism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Religion and occultism")\]
Several contemporary religions have been influenced by Lovecraft's works. [Kenneth Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Grant_\(occultist\) "Kenneth Grant (occultist)"), the founder of the [Typhonian Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhonian_Order "Typhonian Order"), incorporated the Cthulhu Mythos into his ritual and occult system. Grant combined his interest in Lovecraft's fiction with his adherence to [Aleister Crowley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley "Aleister Crowley")'s [Thelema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema "Thelema"). The Typhonian Order considers Lovecraftian entities to be symbols through which people may interact with something inhuman.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390Matthews2018178%E2%80%93179-265) Grant also argued that Crowley himself was influenced by Lovecraft's writings, particularly in the naming of characters in *[The Book of the Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law "The Book of the Law")*.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390-266) Similarly, *[The Satanic Rituals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Rituals "The Satanic Rituals")*, co-written by [Anton LaVey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_LaVey "Anton LaVey") and [Michael A. Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Aquino "Michael A. Aquino"), includes the "Ceremony of the Nine Angles", which is a ritual that was influenced by the descriptions in "The Dreams in the Witch House". It contains invocations of several of Lovecraft's fictional gods.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngle201491-267)
There have been several books that have claimed to be an authentic edition of Lovecraft's *[Necronomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon "Necronomicon")*.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClore200161%E2%80%9369-268) The *[Simon Necronomicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Necronomicon "Simon Necronomicon")* is one such example. It was written by an unknown figure who identified themselves as "Simon". [Peter Levenda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Levenda "Peter Levenda"), an occult author who has written about the *Necronomicon*, claims that he and "Simon" came across a hidden Greek translation of the [grimoire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire "Grimoire") while looking through a collection of antiquities at a New York bookstore during the 1960s or 1970s.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda2014-269) This book was claimed to have borne the seal of the *Necronomicon*. Levenda went on to claim that Lovecraft had access to this purported scroll.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2018178%E2%80%93179-270) A textual analysis has determined that the contents of this book were derived from multiple documents that discuss [Mesopotamian myth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion "Ancient Mesopotamian religion") and magic. The finding of a magical text by monks is also a common theme in the history of grimoires.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009268-271) It was suggested that Levenda is the true author of the *Simon Necronomicon*.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlatley2013-272)
Although Lovecraft is known mostly for his works of weird fiction, the bulk of his writing consists of voluminous letters about a variety of topics, from weird fiction and art criticism to politics and history.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242Cannon198910de_Camp1975xii-273) Lovecraft biographers L. Sprague de Camp and S. T. Joshi have estimated that Lovecraft wrote 100,000 letters in his lifetime, a fifth of which are believed to survive.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975xiiJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93237-274) These letters were directed at fellow writers and members of the amateur press. His involvement in the latter was what caused him to begin writing them.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93239-275) He included comedic elements in these letters. This included posing as an eighteenth-century gentleman and signing them with pseudonyms, most commonly "Grandpa Theobald" and "E'ch-Pi-El."[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-277)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a245%E2%80%93246JoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975113%E2%80%93114-278) According to Joshi, the most important sets of letters were those written to [Frank Belknap Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long"), Clark Ashton Smith, and [James F. Morton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ferdinand_Morton_Jr. "James Ferdinand Morton Jr."). He attributes this importance to the contents of these letters. With Long, Lovecraft argued in support and in opposition to many of Long's viewpoints. The letters to Smith are characterized by their focus on weird fiction. Lovecraft and Morton debated many scholarly subjects in their letters, resulting in what Joshi has called the "single greatest correspondence Lovecraft ever wrote."[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242-279)
## Copyright and other legal issues
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Copyright and other legal issues")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August_Derleth_closeup.jpg)
August Derleth in 1962
Despite several claims to the contrary, there is currently no evidence that any company or individual owns the [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright "Copyright") to any of Lovecraft's works, and it is generally accepted that it has passed into the [public domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain "Public domain").[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198312Wallace202327%E2%80%9328-280) Lovecraft specified that [R. H. Barlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._H._Barlow "R. H. Barlow") would serve as the executor of his [literary estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_estate "Literary estate"),[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsJoshi1996b-281) but these instructions were not incorporated into his will. Nevertheless, his surviving aunt carried out his expressed wishes, and Barlow was given control of Lovecraft's literary estate upon his death. Barlow deposited the bulk of the papers, including the voluminous correspondence, in the [John Hay Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Library "John Hay Library"), and attempted to organize and maintain Lovecraft's other writings.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19833%E2%80%934-282) Lovecraft protégé [August Derleth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth "August Derleth"), an older and more established writer than Barlow, vied for control of the literary estate. He and [Donald Wandrei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wandrei "Donald Wandrei"), a fellow protégé and co-owner of [Arkham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House "Arkham House"), falsely claimed that Derleth was the true literary executor.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19834%E2%80%936-283) Barlow capitulated, and later committed suicide in 1951.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975432Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198310%E2%80%9312-284) This gave Derleth and Wandrei complete control over Lovecraft's corpus.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198311Wallace202335-285)
On October 9, 1947, Derleth purchased all rights to the stories that were published in *Weird Tales*. However, since April 1926 at the latest, Lovecraft reserved all second printing rights to stories published in *Weird Tales*. Therefore, *Weird Tales* only owned the rights to at most six of Lovecraft's tales. If Derleth legally obtained the copyrights to these tales, there is no evidence that they were renewed before the rights expired.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641Wallace202342-286) Following Derleth's death in 1971, Donald Wandrei sued his estate to challenge Derleth's will, which stated that he only held the copyrights and royalties to Lovecraft's works that were published under both his and Derleth's names. Arkham House's lawyer, Forrest D. Hartmann, argued that the rights to Lovecraft's works were never renewed. Wandrei won the case, but Arkham House's actions regarding copyright have damaged their ability to claim ownership of them.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_"Donald_Wandrei_v._The_Estate_of_August_Derleth"_HypothesisWallace202338%E2%80%9339-287)
In *[H. P. Lovecraft: A Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_A_Life "H. P. Lovecraft: A Life")*, S. T. Joshi concludes that Derleth's claims are "almost certainly fictitious" and argues that most of Lovecraft's works that were published in the amateur press are likely in the public domain. The copyright for Lovecraft's works would have been inherited by the only surviving heir named in his 1912 will, his aunt Annie Gamwell.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640Lovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_Copyrights-288) When she died in 1941, the copyrights passed to her remaining descendants, Ethel Phillips Morrish and Edna Lewis. They signed a document, sometimes referred to as the Morrish-Lewis gift, permitting Arkham House to republish Lovecraft's works while retaining their ownership of the copyrights.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b641Wetzel198324%E2%80%9325-289) Searches of the [Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress") have failed to find any evidence that these copyrights were renewed after the 28-year period, making it likely that these works are in the public domain.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198325-290) However, the Lovecraft literary estate, reconstituted in 1998 under Robert C. Harrall, has claimed that they own the rights. They have been based in Providence since 2009 and have been granting the rights to Lovecraft's works to several publishers. Their claims have been criticized by scholars, such as Chris J. Karr, who has argued that the rights had not been renewed.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202341-291) Joshi has withdrawn his support for his conclusion, and now supports the estate's copyright claims.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202342-292)
- [H. P. Lovecraft scholars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:H._P._Lovecraft_scholars "Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars")
- [Lovecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_\(crater\) "Lovecraft (crater)"), a crater on Mercury named for the author
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-2)** Lovecraft did not coin the term "Cthulhu Mythos". Instead, this term was coined by later authors.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270-1)
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-104)** The house was later moved to 65 Prospect Street to accommodate the building of [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University")'s Art Building.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724-103)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-111)** He wrote several travelogues, including one on Quebec that was his longest singular work.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005104Joshi2001272%E2%80%93273-110)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-124)** This is the only one of Lovecraft's stories that was published as a book during his lifetime.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001382%E2%80%93383-122) [W. Paul Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Paul_Cook "W. Paul Cook") previously made an abortive attempt to publish "[The Shunned House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shunned_House "The Shunned House")" as a small book between 1927 and 1930.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001262%E2%80%93263-123)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-129)** "Grippe" is an archaic term for [influenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza "Influenza").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lexico_Dictionaries''2020-128)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-209)** L. Sprague de Camp also stated that the two men began calling each other "Monstro". This is a direct reference to the nicknames that Lovecraft gave to some of his correspondents.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795-208)
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-277)** Lewis Theobald, Jun., the full version of Grandpa Theobald, was derived from the name of [Lewis Theobald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Theobald "Lewis Theobald"), an eighteenth-century Shakespearean scholar who was fictionalized in [Alexander Pope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope "Alexander Pope")'s *[The Dunciad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dunciad "The Dunciad")*.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218Wetzel198319%E2%80%9320-276)
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Joshi2010b186de_Camp1975270_1-1) [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), p. 186; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a16de_Camp197512Cannon19891%E2%80%932_3-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 16; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 12; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 1–2.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a8de_Camp197511Cannon19892_4-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 8; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 11; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26Faig199145_5-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 26; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 45.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26_6-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 26.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a22de_Camp197515%E2%80%9316Faig199149_7-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 22; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 15–16; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 49.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a26de_Camp197516Cannon19891_8-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 26; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 16; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 1.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28de_Camp197517Cannon19892_9-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 28; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 17; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19752Cannon19893%E2%80%934_10-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 2; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 3–4.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a28Cannon19892_11-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 28; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200125de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318_12-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 25; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 17–18.
12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a33,_36de_Camp197517%E2%80%9318_13-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 33, 36; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 17–18.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a34de_Camp197530%E2%80%9331_14-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 34; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 30–31.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a38de_Camp197532Cannon19892_15-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 38; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 32; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 2.
15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141_16-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323St._Armand1975140%E2%80%93141_16-1) [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), pp. 145–146; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 20–23; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 140–141.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a42St._Armand19723%E2%80%934de_Camp197518_17-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 42; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), pp. 3–4; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 18.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a60de_Camp197532_18-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 60; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 32.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a84_19-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 84.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a90Cannon19894_20-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 90; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 4.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a97Faig199163_21-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 97; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 63.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a96de_Camp197537%E2%80%9339St._Armand19724_22-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 96; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 37–39; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a98Joshi200147%E2%80%9348Faig19914_23-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 98; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 47–48; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 4.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a99_24-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 99.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a102de_Camp197536_25-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 102; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 36.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a116de_Camp197543%E2%80%9345Cannon198915_26-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 116; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 43–45; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 15.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126de_Camp197551%E2%80%9353Cannon19893_27-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 126; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 51–53; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 3.
27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126_28-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126_28-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 126.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a126%E2%80%93127de_Camp197527_29-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 126–127; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 27.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a127_30-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 127.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128de_Camp197551%E2%80%9352_31-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 128; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 51–52.
31. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128_32-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a128_32-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 128.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200166Faig199165_33-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 66; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 65.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200167%E2%80%9368de_Camp197566St._Armand19723_34-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 67–68; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 66; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 3.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp197564_35-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 64.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner201552%E2%80%9353_36-0)** [Bonner 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBonner2015), pp. 52–53.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001154_37-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 154.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a129de_Camp1975_38-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 129; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975).
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a137_39-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 137.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a138de_Camp197595_40-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 138; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 95.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a140de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377_41-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 140; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 76–77.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197576%E2%80%9377_42-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 145; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 76–77.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145de_Camp197578%E2%80%9379_43-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 145; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 78–79.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a145%E2%80%93155de_Camp197584_44-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 145–155; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 84.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a155de_Camp197584%E2%80%9384_45-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 155; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 84–84.
45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159_46-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a159_46-1) [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 159.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a164_47-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 164.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a165_48-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 165.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a168de_Camp1975153Cannon19895_49-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 168; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 153; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 5.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a169_50-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 169.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a180de_Camp1975121_51-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 180; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 121.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a182de_Camp1975121%E2%80%93122_52-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 182; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 121–122.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a210Cannon19896_53-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 210; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 6.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a273de_Camp1975125_54-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 273; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 125.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a239de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126_55-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 239; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 125–126.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a240Cannon198916_56-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 240; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 16.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a251de_Camp1975125%E2%80%93126_57-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 251; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 125–126.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a260de_Camp1975137_58-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 260; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 137.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a284de_Camp1975122_59-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 284; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 122.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a303Faig199166_60-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 303; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 66.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a300Faig199166%E2%80%9367_61-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 300; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), pp. 66–67.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a23Cannon19893de_Camp1975118_62-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 23; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 3; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 118.
62. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125_63-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001125_63-1) [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 125.
63. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366_64-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2001121%E2%80%93122de_Camp197565%E2%80%9366_64-1) [Hess 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHess1971), p. 249; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 121–122; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 65–66.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess1971249Joshi2010a301de_Camp1975134%E2%80%93135_65-0)** [Hess 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHess1971), p. 249; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 301; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 134–135.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft200084_66-0)** [Lovecraft 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2000), p. 84.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaig199158%E2%80%9359de_Camp1975135_67-0)** [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), pp. 58–59; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 135.
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a306de_Camp1975139%E2%80%93141_68-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 306; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 139–141.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a308_69-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 308.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144_70-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 79; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 141–144.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a79de_Camp1975141%E2%80%93144Burleson199039_71-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 79; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 141–144; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 39.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152Leavenworth2014333%E2%80%93334_72-0)** [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52; [Leavenworth 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLeavenworth2014), pp. 333–334.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a369de_Camp1975138%E2%80%93139_73-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 369; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 138–139.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975149Burleson199049,_52%E2%80%9353_74-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 149; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 49, 52–53.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson199058Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142_75-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), p. 58; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 140–142.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosig200117%E2%80%9318,_33Joshi2010a140%E2%80%93142_76-0)** [Mosig 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMosig2001), pp. 17–18, 33; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 140–142.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154Cannon19894%E2%80%935_77-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 390; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 154; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 4–5.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a390de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Goodwin202419%E2%80%9320_78-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 390; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 154–156; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 19–20.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001144%E2%80%93145de_Camp1975154%E2%80%93156Faig199167_79-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 144–145; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 154–156; [Faig 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFaig1991), p. 67.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010a400de_Camp1975152%E2%80%93154St._Armand19724_80-0)** [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), p. 400; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 152–154; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Fooy2011de_Camp1975184_81-0)** [Greene & Scott 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGreeneScott1948), p. 8; [Fooy 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFooy2011); [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 184.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverts201219Joshi2001201%E2%80%93202_82-0)** [Everts 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEverts2012), p. 19; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 201–202.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001202%E2%80%93203de_Camp1975202_83-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 202–203; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 202.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001291%E2%80%93292de_Camp1975177%E2%80%93179,_219Cannon198955_84-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 291–292; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 177–179, 219; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 55.
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001136de_Camp1975219Goodwin202496%E2%80%9397_85-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 136; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 219; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 96–97.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFooy2011Cannon198955Joshi2001210_86-0)** [Fooy 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFooy2011); [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 55; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 210.
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001201%E2%80%93202Goodwin202497_87-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 201–202; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), p. 97.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b11de_Camp1975109%E2%80%93111GreeneScott19488_88-0)** [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 11; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 109–111; [Greene & Scott 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGreeneScott1948), p. 8.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001112_89-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 112.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975224_90-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 295–298; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 224.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001295%E2%80%93298de_Camp1975207%E2%80%93213_91-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 295–298; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 207–213.
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001St._Armand197210_92-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001); [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 10.
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001225de_Camp1975183_93-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 225; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 183.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001200%E2%80%93201de_Camp1975170%E2%80%93172_94-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 200–201; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 170–172.
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001216%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975230%E2%80%93232_95-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 216–218; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 230–232.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001219%E2%80%93224Goodwin2024137%E2%80%93141de_Camp1975240%E2%80%93241_96-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 219–224; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 137–141; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 240–241.
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009b_97-0)** [Lovecraft 2009b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2009b).
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001223%E2%80%93224Norris2020217de_Camp1975242%E2%80%93243_98-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 223–224; [Norris 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorris2020), p. 217; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 242–243.
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Burleson199077_99-0)** [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), p. 23; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), p. 77.
99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001227%E2%80%93228Moreland20181%E2%80%933Cannon198961%E2%80%9362_100-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 227–228; [Moreland 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMoreland2018), pp. 1–3; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 61–62.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001214%E2%80%93215Goodwin2024122_101-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 214–215; [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), p. 122.
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinton2016St._Armand19724_102-0)** [Rubinton 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRubinton2016); [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
102. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724_103-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a26St._Armand19724_103-1) [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 26; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), p. 4.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201723de_Camp1975270Joshi2001351%E2%80%93354_105-0)** [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), p. 23; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 351–354.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93354St._Armand197210%E2%80%9314_106-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 351–354; [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), pp. 10–14.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351%E2%80%93353Goodrich200437%E2%80%9338_107-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 351–353; [Goodrich 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodrich2004), pp. 37–38.
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001117Flood2016Goodwin202487,_102_108-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), p. 117; [Flood 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFlood2016); [Goodwin 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGoodwin2024), pp. 87, 102.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon19897%E2%80%938Evans2005102%E2%80%93105_109-0)** [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 7–8; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 102–105.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005104Joshi2001272%E2%80%93273_110-0)** [Ransom 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRansom2015), pp. 451–452; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), p. 104; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 272–273.
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001272%E2%80%93273Cannon19897%E2%80%938_112-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 272–273; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 7–8.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149,_184Vick202196%E2%80%93102_113-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 307–309; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 148–149, 184; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 96–102.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013148%E2%80%93149Vick202196%E2%80%93102_114-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 307–309; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 148–149; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 96–102.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001307%E2%80%93309Finn2013150%E2%80%93151Vick202196%E2%80%93102_115-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 307–309; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 150–151; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 96–102.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001273_116-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 273.
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353_117-0)** [Schultz 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchultz2018), pp. 52–53.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz201852%E2%80%9353Joshi2001255de_Camp1975192%E2%80%93194_118-0)** [Schultz 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchultz2018), pp. 52–53; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 255; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 192–194.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneScott19488Joshi1996b455_119-0)** [Greene & Scott 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGreeneScott1948), p. 8; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 455.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976bJoshi2001346%E2%80%93355Cannon198910%E2%80%9311_120-0)** [Lovecraft 1976b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft1976b); [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–355; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 10–11.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001346%E2%80%93355_121-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–12; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–355.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001382%E2%80%93383_122-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 382–383.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001262%E2%80%93263_123-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 262–263.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001383%E2%80%93384_125-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 383–384.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001375%E2%80%93376Finn2013294%E2%80%93295Vick2021130%E2%80%93137_126-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 375–376; [Finn 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFinn2013), pp. 294–295; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), pp. 130–137.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006b216%E2%80%93218Joshi2001375%E2%80%93376Vick2021143_127-0)** [Lovecraft 2006b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006b), pp. 216–218; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 375–376; [Vick 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFVick2021), p. 143.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Lexico_Dictionaries''2020_128-0)** [*Lexico Dictionaries* 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLexico_Dictionaries2020).
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001370,_384%E2%80%93385Cannon198911de_Camp1975415%E2%80%93416_130-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 370, 384–385; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 11; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 415–416.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001387%E2%80%93388de_Camp1975427%E2%80%93428_131-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 387–388; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 427–428.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Boston_Globe''19372Joshi2001387%E2%80%93388_132-0)** [*The Boston Globe* 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFThe_Boston_Globe1937), p. 2; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 387–388.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001389de_Camp1975428_133-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 389; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 428.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosig1997114Lovecraft196850%E2%80%9351_134-0)** [Mosig 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMosig1997), p. 114; [Lovecraft 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft1968), pp. 50–51.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi20018%E2%80%9316Cannon198910_135-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 8–16; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 10.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001183%E2%80%93184_136-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 183–184.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi20019Joshi2016161_137-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 9; [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 161.
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200116Joshi2001183%E2%80%93184_138-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 16; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 183–184.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi200194%E2%80%9396_139-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 94–96.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001101%E2%80%93102Pedersen2019119%E2%80%93120_140-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 101–102; [Pedersen 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2019), pp. 119–120.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001351Pedersen2019141%E2%80%93143_141-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 351; [Pedersen 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2019), pp. 141–143.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001346_142-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 346.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%934Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348Cannon198910%E2%80%9311_143-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–4; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–348; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 10–11.
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9335Joshi2001346%E2%80%93348_144-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–35; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 346–348.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006d85%E2%80%9395Joshi2001349%E2%80%93352_145-0)** [Lovecraft 2006d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006d), pp. 85–95; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 349–352.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001349%E2%80%93352_146-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 349–352.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354Cannon198910_147-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–12; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 354; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 10.
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolanin20133%E2%80%9312Joshi2001354_148-0)** [Wolanin 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWolanin2013), pp. 3–12; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 354.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001360%E2%80%93361_149-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 360–361.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145Joshi2010a31%E2%80%9343H%C3%B6lzing2011182%E2%80%93183_150-0)** [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), p. 145; [Joshi 2010a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010a), pp. 31–43; [Hölzing 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFH%C3%B6lzing2011), pp. 182–183.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a145%E2%80%93146Joshi200120%E2%80%9323Zeller201918_151-0)** [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), pp. 145–146; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 20–23; [Zeller 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFZeller2019), p. 18.
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93174_152-0)** [Lubnow 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLubnow2019), pp. 3–5; [Livesey 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLivesey2008), pp. 3–21; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–174.
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006a147%E2%80%93148Joshi200140,_130%E2%80%93133_153-0)** [Lovecraft 2006a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006a), pp. 147–148; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 40, 130–133.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005108%E2%80%93110Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110_154-0)** [Schweitzer 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchweitzer1998), pp. 94–95; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 108–110; [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), pp. 108–110.
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallaghan2011103Spencer2021603_155-0)** [Callaghan 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCallaghan2011), p. 103; [Spencer 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSpencer2021), p. 603.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Evans2005108%E2%80%93109Lovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93186_156-0)** [Steiner 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSteiner2005), pp. 54–55; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 108–109; [Lovett-Graff 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovett-Graff1997), pp. 183–186.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner200554%E2%80%9355Punter199640_157-0)** [Steiner 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSteiner2005), pp. 54–55; [Punter 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPunter1996), p. 40.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a162%E2%80%93163Hambly1996viiiKlein2012183%E2%80%93184_158-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 162–163; [Hambly 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHambly1996), p. viii; [Klein 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKlein2012), pp. 183–184.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovett-Graff1997183%E2%80%93187Evans2005123%E2%80%93125Klein2012183%E2%80%93184_159-0)** [Lovett-Graff 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovett-Graff1997), pp. 183–187; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 123–125; [Klein 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKlein2012), pp. 183–184.
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001221%E2%80%93223Steiner200554%E2%80%9355_160-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 221–223; [Steiner 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSteiner2005), pp. 54–55.
156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweitzer199894%E2%80%9395Evans2005125Joshi2015108%E2%80%93110_161-0)** [Schweitzer 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchweitzer1998), pp. 94–95; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), p. 125; [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), pp. 108–110.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015109_162-0)** [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), p. 109.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansom2015451%E2%80%93452Evans2005109%E2%80%93110_163-0)** [Ransom 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRansom2015), pp. 451–452; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 109–110.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015108%E2%80%93109Evans2005109%E2%80%93110_164-0)** [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), p. 108–109; [Evans 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEvans2005), pp. 109–110.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200121%E2%80%9324_165-0)** [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), pp. 26–27; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 21–24.
161. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348_166-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348_166-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen201726%E2%80%9327Joshi200147%E2%80%9348_166-2) [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), pp. 26–27; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 47–48.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen2018172%E2%80%93173Joshi2013263St._Armand1975129_167-0)** [Pedersen 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2018), pp. 172–173; [Joshi 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2013), p. 263; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 129.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130_168-0)** [Jamneck 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJamneck2012), pp. 126–151; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 129–130.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2017x%E2%80%93xi_169-0)** [Joshi 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2017), pp. x–xi.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2009aJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151Cannon1989101%E2%80%93103_170-0)** [Lovecraft 2009a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2009a); [Jamneck 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJamneck2012), pp. 126–151; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), pp. 101–103.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126%E2%80%93151_171-0)** [Jamneck 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJamneck2012), pp. 126–151.
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001135%E2%80%93137Schweitzer2018139%E2%80%93143Joshi2013260%E2%80%93261_172-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 135–137; [Schweitzer 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchweitzer2018), pp. 139–143; [Joshi 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2013), pp. 260–261.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001253_173-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 253.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001168%E2%80%93169Joshi2001228%E2%80%93229St._Armand1975142_174-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 168–169; [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 228–229; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 142.
170. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128_175-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127%E2%80%93128_175-1) [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 127–128.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975127_176-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 127.
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975129%E2%80%93131_177-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 129–131.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975133%E2%80%93137_178-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 133–137.
174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand1975145%E2%80%93150_179-0)** [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 145–150.
175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93173Rottensteiner1992117%E2%80%93121_180-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–173; [Rottensteiner 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRottensteiner1992), pp. 117–121.
176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard20116Joshi2010b171%E2%80%93173_181-0)** [Woodard 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWoodard2011), p. 6; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–173.
177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubnow20193%E2%80%935Livesey20083%E2%80%9321Joshi2010b174_182-0)** [Lubnow 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLubnow2019), pp. 3–5; [Livesey 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLivesey2008), pp. 3–21; [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), p. 174.
178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft201097Pedersen201723de_Camp1975270_183-0)** [Lovecraft 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2010), p. 97; [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), p. 23; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 270.
179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrobert201534%E2%80%9339Burleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312_184-0)** [Macrobert 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMacrobert2015), pp. 34–39; [Burleson 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 7–12.
180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1991%E2%80%9319927%E2%80%9312_185-0)** [Burleson 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 7–12.
181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft20147_186-0)** [Lovecraft 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2014), p. 7.
182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETouponce201362%E2%80%9363Matthews2018177Burleson1990156%E2%80%93160_187-0)** [Touponce 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTouponce2013), pp. 62–63; [Matthews 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMatthews2018), p. 177; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–160.
183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b186%E2%80%93187Burleson1990156%E2%80%93157_188-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 186–187; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–157.
184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiber20016LacyZani200770Burleson1990158%E2%80%93159_189-0)** [Leiber 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLeiber2001), p. 6; [Lacy & Zani 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLacyZani2007), p. 70; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 158–159.
185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a124Pedersen201728%E2%80%9333_190-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–158; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 124; [Pedersen 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPedersen2017), pp. 28–33.
186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158_191-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–158.
187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleson1990156%E2%80%93158Joshi1996a262%E2%80%93263_192-0)** [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 156–158; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 262–263.
188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Armand197214%E2%80%9315Joshi1996a124Cannon198973_193-0)** [St. Armand 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1972), pp. 14–15; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), p. 124; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 73.
189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016320St._Armand1975129%E2%80%93130_194-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 320; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 129–130.
190. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320St._Armand1975131%E2%80%93132_195-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 314–320; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), pp. 131–132.
191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016314%E2%80%93320_196-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), pp. 314–320.
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2016316_197-0)** [Joshi 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2016), p. 316.
193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b171%E2%80%93172_198-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 171–172.
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2010b183%E2%80%93188Martin201299Burleson1990107%E2%80%93110_199-0)** [Joshi 2010b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2010b), pp. 183–188; [Martin 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMartin2012), p. 99; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 107–110.
195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull200610%E2%80%9312_200-0)** [Hull 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHull2006), pp. 10–12.
196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELook2016101%E2%80%93103HalpurnLabossiere2009512%E2%80%93513_201-0)** [Look 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLook2016), pp. 101–103; [Halpurn & Labossiere 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHalpurnLabossiere2009), pp. 512–513.
197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135St._Armand1975129_202-0)** [Butler 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFButler2014), pp. 131–135; [St. Armand 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSt._Armand1975), p. 129.
198. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2014131%E2%80%93135_203-0)** [Butler 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFButler2014), pp. 131–135.
199. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray198654%E2%80%9367_204-0)** [Murray 1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMurray1986), pp. 54–67.
200. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329Burleson1990106,_118_205-0)** [Murray 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMurray1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 19–29; [Burleson 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBurleson1990), pp. 106, 118.
201. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1991%E2%80%93199219%E2%80%9329_206-0)** [Murray 1991–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMurray1991%E2%80%931992), pp. 19–29.
202. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1950286%E2%80%93290_207-0)** [Wilson 1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWilson1950), pp. 286–290.
203. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795_208-0)** [de Camp 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1979), p. 5.
204. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp19795Cannon1989126_210-0)** [de Camp 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1979), p. 5; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 126.
205. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott194341_211-0)** [Scott 1943](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFScott1943), p. 41.
206. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuppy194410_212-0)** [Cuppy 1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCuppy1944), p. 10.
207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGale1960100%E2%80%93103_213-0)** [Gale 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGale1960), pp. 100–103.
208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19751%E2%80%9310_214-0)** [Wilson 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWilson1975), pp. 1–10.
209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2013xiii%E2%80%93xiv_215-0)** [Lovecraft 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2013), pp. xiii–xiv.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirda2012_216-0)** [Dirda 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2012).
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamatas2014_217-0)** [Mamatas 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMamatas2014).
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Lovecraft_Annual''2007160Eberhart200582Grant2005146_218-0)** [*Lovecraft Annual* 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft_Annual2007), p. 160; [Eberhart 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEberhart2005), p. 82; [Grant 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGrant2005), p. 146.
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2015105%E2%80%93116Sperling201675Hantke2013137%E2%80%93138_219-0)** [Joshi 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2015), pp. 105–116; [Sperling 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSperling2016), p. 75; [Hantke 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHantke2013), pp. 137–138.
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESederholmWeinstock20162,_8%E2%80%939_220-0)** [Sederholm & Weinstock 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholmWeinstock2016), pp. 2, 8–9.
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2014Dirda2005_221-0)** [Gray 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGray2014); [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005).
216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a91,_252_222-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 91, 252.
217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1996_223-0)** [Oates 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFOates1996).
218. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995_224-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohleber1995_224-1) [Wohleber 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWohleber1995).
219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198763_225-0)** [King 1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKing1987), p. 63.
220. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeak2020169%E2%80%93172Elfren2016_226-0)** [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), pp. 169–172; [Elfren 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFElfren2016).
221. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Elfren201688%E2%80%9389Peak2020177%E2%80%93178_227-0)** [Harman 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHarman2012), pp. 3–4; [Elfren 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFElfren2016), pp. 88–89; [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), pp. 177–178.
222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Peak2020177%E2%80%93178_228-0)** [Harman 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHarman2012), pp. 3–4; [Powell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPowell2019), p. 263; [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), pp. 177–178.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman20123%E2%80%934Powell2019263Elfren201688%E2%80%9389_229-0)** [Harman 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHarman2012), pp. 3–4; [Powell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPowell2019), p. 263; [Elfren 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFElfren2016), pp. 88–89.
224. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperling201675%E2%80%9378_230-0)** [Sperling 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSperling2016), pp. 75–78.
225. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390Dirda2005Cannon19891_231-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 390; [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005); [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 1.
226. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoell20048%E2%80%9340_232-0)** [Schoell 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSchoell2004), pp. 8–40.
227. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a141%E2%80%93142_233-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 141–142.
228. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390%E2%80%93391de_Camp1975132Hantke2013135%E2%80%93136_234-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 390–391; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 132; [Hantke 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHantke2013), p. 135–136.
229. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152%E2%80%9353de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364_235-0)** [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52–53; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 434–435; [Joshi 1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1984), pp. 62–64.
230. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney200152de_Camp1975434%E2%80%93435Joshi198462%E2%80%9364_236-0)** [Tierney 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTierney2001), p. 52; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 434–435; [Joshi 1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1984), pp. 62–64.
231. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2014_237-0)** [Talbot 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFTalbot2014).
232. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanicker2015473Norris2018158%E2%80%93159Nelson2012221%E2%80%93222_238-0)** [Janicker 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJanicker2015), pp. 473; [Norris 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorris2018), pp. 158–159; [Nelson 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNelson2012), pp. 221–222.
233. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz2015_239-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz2015_239-1) [Cruz 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCruz2015).
234. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2015_240-0)** [Flood 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFlood2015).
235. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Locus_Online''2017_241-0)** [*Locus Online* 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLocus_Online2017).
236. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Hugo_Awards''2020_242-0)** [*The Hugo Awards* 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFThe_Hugo_Awards2020).
237. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi1985b54%E2%80%9358_243-0)** [Joshi 1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1984), pp. 62–64; [Joshi 1985a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1985a), pp. 19–25; [Joshi 1985b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1985b), pp. 54–58.
238. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinton2016Joshi2001219_244-0)** [Rubinton 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFRubinton2016); [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), pp. 219.
239. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a5%E2%80%936Oates1996Mariconda2010208%E2%80%93209_245-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 5–6; [Oates 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFOates1996); [Mariconda 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMariconda2010), pp. 208–209.
240. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005_246-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005_246-1) [Hantke 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHantke2013), p. 138; [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), p. 163; [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005).
241. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDziemianowicz2010Peak2020163Dirda2005_247-0)** [Dziemianowicz 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDziemianowicz2010); [Peak 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFPeak2020), p. 163; [Dirda 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2005).
242. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiclen2015Smith2017Dirda2019_248-0)** [Siclen 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSiclen2015); [Smith 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSmith2017); [Dirda 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDirda2019).
243. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilow2013_249-0)** [Bilow 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFBilow2013).
244. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi20067Sederholm2016266%E2%80%93267_250-0)** [Hill & Joshi 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHillJoshi2006), p. 7; [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), pp. 266–267.
245. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324Sederholm2016271_251-0)** [Hill & Joshi 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHillJoshi2006), pp. 19–24; [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), p. 271.
246. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillJoshi200619%E2%80%9324_252-0)** [Hill & Joshi 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFHillJoshi2006), pp. 19–24.
247. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194_253-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2013193%E2%80%93194_253-1) [Norman 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorman2013), pp. 193–194.
248. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriwkowsky2008Sederholm2016271%E2%80%93272Norman2013193%E2%80%93194_254-0)** [Griwkowsky 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGriwkowsky2008); [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), pp. 271–272; [Norman 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorman2013), pp. 193–194.
249. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESederholm2016271%E2%80%93272_255-0)** [Sederholm 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSederholm2016), pp. 271–272.
250. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-256)**
["Metallica Dream No More lyrics"](https://genius.com/Metallica-dream-no-more-lyrics). *Genius*.
251. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2013197%E2%80%93202_257-0)** [Norman 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFNorman2013), pp. 197–202.
252. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft1976a13Carbonell2019137_258-0)** [Lovecraft 1976a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft1976a), p. 13; [Carbonell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCarbonell2019), p. 137.
253. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonell2019160Gollop2017Garrad202125_259-0)** [Carbonell 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCarbonell2019), p. 160; [Gollop 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGollop2017); [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), p. 25.
254. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017_260-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017_260-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017_260-2) [Gollop 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGollop2017).
255. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGollop2017Silva2017Garrad202126%E2%80%9327_261-0)** [Gollop 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGollop2017); [Silva 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSilva2017); [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), pp. 26–27.
256. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2017_262-0)** [Silva 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFSilva2017).
257. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrad202127%E2%80%9328_263-0)** [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), pp. 27–28.
258. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrad202128_264-0)** [Garrad 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFGarrad2021), p. 28.
259. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390Matthews2018178%E2%80%93179_265-0)** [Engle 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEngle2014), pp. 89–90; [Matthews 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMatthews2018), pp. 178–179.
260. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngle201489%E2%80%9390_266-0)** [Engle 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEngle2014), p. 89–90.
261. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngle201491_267-0)** [Engle 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFEngle2014), p. 91.
262. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClore200161%E2%80%9369_268-0)** [Clore 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFClore2001), pp. 61–69.
263. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda2014_269-0)** [Levenda 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLevenda2014).
264. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2018178%E2%80%93179_270-0)** [Matthews 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFMatthews2018), pp. 178–179.
265. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009268_271-0)** [Davies 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFDavies2009), p. 268.
266. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlatley2013_272-0)** [Flatley 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFFlatley2013).
267. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242Cannon198910de_Camp1975xii_273-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–242; [Cannon 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFCannon1989), p. 10; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. xii.
268. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975xiiJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93237_274-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. xii; [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–237.
269. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93239_275-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–239.
270. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218Wetzel198319%E2%80%9320_276-0)** [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), pp. 217–218; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 19–20.
271. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a245%E2%80%93246JoshiSchultz2001217%E2%80%93218de_Camp1975113%E2%80%93114_278-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 245–246; [Joshi & Schultz 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshiSchultz2001), pp. 217–218; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), pp. 113–114.
272. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a236%E2%80%93242_279-0)** [Joshi 1996a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996a), pp. 236–242.
273. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198312Wallace202327%E2%80%9328_280-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Conclusion; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), p. 12; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 27–28.
274. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsJoshi1996b_281-0)** [Lovecraft 2006c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006c), p. 237; [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b).
275. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19833%E2%80%934_282-0)** [Joshi 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi2001), p. 390; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 430–432; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 3–4.
276. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641de_Camp1975430%E2%80%93432Wetzel19834%E2%80%936_283-0)** [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 640–641; [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 430–432; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 4–6.
277. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Camp1975432Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198310%E2%80%9312_284-0)** [de Camp 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFde_Camp1975), p. 432; [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 10–12.
278. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_CopyrightsWetzel198311Wallace202335_285-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), p. 11; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 35.
279. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b640%E2%80%93641Wallace202342_286-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), The Arkham House Copyright Hypothesis; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 640–641; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 42.
280. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_"Donald_Wandrei_v._The_Estate_of_August_Derleth"_HypothesisWallace202338%E2%80%9339_287-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), The "Donald Wandrei v. The Estate of August Derleth" Hypothesis; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 38–39.
281. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996b640Lovecraft2006c237Karr2018Arkham_House_Publishers_and_the_H.P._Lovecraft_Copyrights_288-0)** [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 640; [Lovecraft 2006c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFLovecraft2006c), p. 237; [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Arkham House Publishers and the H.P. Lovecraft Copyrights.
282. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018The_Arkham_House_Copyright_HypothesisJoshi1996b641Wetzel198324%E2%80%9325_289-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), The Arkham House Copyright Hypothesis; [Joshi 1996b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFJoshi1996b), p. 641; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), pp. 24–25.
283. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018ConclusionWetzel198325_290-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Conclusion; [Wetzel 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWetzel1983), p. 25.
284. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202341_291-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Coda; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 41.
285. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarr2018CodaWallace202342_292-0)** [Karr 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFKarr2018), Coda; [Wallace 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft#CITEREFWallace2023), p. 42.
## General and cited sources
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._P._Lovecraft&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: General and cited sources")\]
- ["1945 Retro-Hugo Awards"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801063449/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1945-retro-hugo-awards/). *The Hugo Awards*. 2020. Archived from [the original](http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1945-retro-hugo-awards/) on August 1, 2020.
- ["2016 SF\&F Hall of Fame Inductees"](https://locusmag.com/2017/01/2016-sff-hall-of-fame-inductees/). *Locus Online*. January 17, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191222001003/https://locusmag.com/2017/01/2016-sff-hall-of-fame-inductees/) from the original on December 22, 2019.
- Bilow, Michael (July 27, 2013). ["We are Providence: The H.P. Lovecraft Community"](http://motifri.com/we-are-providence-the-h-p-lovecraft-community/). *Motif Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017080819/http://motifri.com/we-are-providence-the-h-p-lovecraft-community/) from the original on October 17, 2013.
- Bonner, Marian F. (August 2015). "Miscellaneous Impressions of H.P.L.". *Lovecraft Annual* (9): 52–53\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868496](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868496).
- "Briefly Noted". *Lovecraft Annual* (1): 160. August 2007. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868367](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868367).
- Burleson, Donald R. (1990). [*Lovecraft: Disturbing the Universe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jYcfBgAAQBAJ) (First ed.). Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8131-9319-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9319-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9319-9")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt130jf9h](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130jf9h). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [895675279](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895675279).
- Burleson, Donald R. (1991–1992). ["Lovecraft: Dreams and Reality"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210420155022/https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/). *Books at Brown*. 38–39: 7–12\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0147-0787](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-0787). Archived from [the original](https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/) on April 20, 2021 – via Brown Digital Repository.
- Butler, James O. (August 2014). "Terror and Terrain: The Environmental Semantics of Lovecraft County". *Lovecraft Annual* (8): 131–149\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868485](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868485).
- Callaghan, Gavin (August 2011). "Blacks, Boxers, and Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual*. **5** (1): 102–111\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868430](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868430).
- [Cannon, Peter H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Cannon "Peter H. Cannon") (1989). [*H. P. Lovecraft*](https://archive.org/details/hplovecraft0549cann). Twayne's United States Authors Series. Vol. 549. Boston: Twayne. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8057-7539-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7539-0 "Special:BookSources/0-8057-7539-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [246440364](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246440364).
- Carbonell, Curtis D. (2019). ["Lovecraft's (Cthulhu) Mythos"](https://books.google.com/books?id=5NrBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137). *Dread Trident: Tabletop Role-Playing Games and the Modern Fantastic*. Liverpool University Press. pp. 137–165\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3828/liverpool/9781789620573.003.0005](https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fliverpool%2F9781789620573.003.0005). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78962-468-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-468-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-468-7")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctv12pntt4.8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv12pntt4.8). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1155494616](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1155494616). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [219891871](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219891871).
- Clore, Dan (n.d.) \[first published Fall 2001\]. ["The Lurker on the Threshold of Interpretation: Hoax *Necronomicons* and Paratextual Noise"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091026163759/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/9879/lurker.htm). *Lovecraft Studies* (42–43\): 61–69\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361). Archived from [the original](http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/9879/lurker.htm) on October 26, 2009 – via Yahoo! GeoCities.
- Cruz, Lenika (November 12, 2015). ["'Political Correctness' Won't Ruin H.P. Lovecraft's Legacy"](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/hp-lovecraft-world-fantasy-awards/415485/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151117085814/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/hp-lovecraft-world-fantasy-awards/415485/) from the original on November 17, 2015.
- [Cuppy, Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Cuppy "Will Cuppy") (January 2, 1944). ["Review of Beyond the Wall of Sleep"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ua8YAAAAIAAJ&q=the+literature+of+horror+and+macabre+fantasy+belongs+with+mystery+in+its+broader+sense.). *New York Herald Tribune*. p. 10. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1941-0646](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646).
- Davies, Owen (2009). [*Grimoires: A History of Magic Books*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_iaQDwAAQBAJ). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-150924-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150924-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150924-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [434863058](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/434863058).
- de Camp, L. Sprague (March 1979). "H. P. Lovecraft and Edmund Wilson". *Fantasy Mongers*. No. 1. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [8755-7479](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8755-7479).
- de Camp, L. Sprague (1975). [*Lovecraft: A Biography*](https://archive.org/details/lovecraftbiog00deca) (First ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-385-00578-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00578-4 "Special:BookSources/0-385-00578-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [979196](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/979196). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190754775](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190754775).
- Dirda, Michael (2012). ["Cthulhu for President"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200630185357/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/cthulhu-for-president-2/). *The Times Literary Supplement*. Archived from [the original](https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/cthulhu-for-president-2/) on June 30, 2020.
- Dirda, Michael (September 4, 2019). ["Dispatch from a 'Horror' Convention: It Began in a Dark, Candlelit Room . . "](https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/dispatch-from-a-horror-convention-it-began-in-a-dark-candlelit-room-/2019/09/04/a6f66ed8-ce5c-11e9-b29b-a528dc82154a_story.html). *The Washington Post*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). [ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [2284363189](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2284363189). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230307040536/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/dispatch-from-a-horror-convention-it-began-in-a-dark-candlelit-room-/2019/09/04/a6f66ed8-ce5c-11e9-b29b-a528dc82154a_story.html) from the original on March 7, 2023.
- Dirda, Michael (March 7, 2005). ["The Horror, the Horror!"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091105095444/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/285tmhfa.asp). *The Weekly Standard*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1083-3013](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1083-3013). Archived from [the original](http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/285tmhfa.asp) on November 5, 2009.
- Dziemianowicz, Stefan (July 12, 2010). ["Terror Eternal: The Enduring Popularity of H. P. Lovecraft"](https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/43793-terror-eternal-the-enduring-popularity-of-h-p-lovecraft.html). *Publishers Weekly*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0000-0019](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0000-0019). [ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [609957378](https://www.proquest.com/docview/609957378).
- Eberhart, John Mark (February 13, 2005). ["The Library of Lovecraft"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395548/the-library-of-lovecraft/). *The Kansas City Star*. p. 82. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0745-1067](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-1067). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216121455/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395548/the-library-of-lovecraft/) from the original on December 16, 2020 – via [Newspapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
- Elfren, Isabella van (2016). "Hyper-Cacophony: Lovecraft, Speculative Realism, and Sonic Materialism". In Sederholm, Carl H.; Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (eds.). *The Age of Lovecraft*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 79–96\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8166-9925-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-9925-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-9925-4")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.8). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [945632985](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945632985). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [194316992](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194316992).
- Engle, John (October 2014). ["Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. Lovecraft's Fiction on Contemporary Occult Practices"](https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol33/iss1/6/). *Mythlore*. **33** (125): 85–98\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26815942](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26815942). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [159074285](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159074285) – via SWOSU Digital Commons.
- Evans, Timothy H. (January–April 2005). "A Last Defense against the Dark: Folklore, Horror, and the Uses of Tradition in the Works of H. P. Lovecraft". *Journal of Folklore Research*. **42** (1): 99–135\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2979/JFR.2005.42.1.99](https://doi.org/10.2979%2FJFR.2005.42.1.99). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0737-7037](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-7037). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [3814792](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814792). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [162356996](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162356996).
- Everts, R. Alain (June 22, 2012) \[first published July 1974\]. ["Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Sex: or The Sex Life of a Gentleman"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191025204720/http://www.hplovecraft.com/study/articles/hpl-sex.aspx). *Nyctalops*. Vol. 2, no. 2. p. 19. Archived from [the original](http://www.hplovecraft.com/study/articles/hpl-sex.aspx) on October 25, 2019 – via The H. P. Lovecraft Archive.
- Faig, Kenneth W. Jr. (1991). ["The Parents of Howard Phillips Lovecraft"](https://books.google.com/books?id=S3oH_VdH3BcC&pg=PA45). In Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (eds.). *An Epicure in the Terrible: A Centennial Anthology of Essays in Honor of H. P. Lovecraft* (First ed.). Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 45–77\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8386-3415-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3415-X "Special:BookSources/0-8386-3415-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [22766987](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22766987).
- [Finn, Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Finn "Mark Finn") (2013). [*Blood and Thunder: The Life and Art of Robert E. Howard*](https://books.google.com/books?id=SrygBQAAQBAJ) (Third ed.). Cross Plains, Texas: Robert E. Howard Foundation Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-304-03152-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-304-03152-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-304-03152-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [923870328](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923870328).
- Flatley, Joseph L. (November 12, 2013). ["The Cult of Cthulhu: Real Prayer for a Fake Tentacle"](https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/4849860/the-cult-of-cthulhu-real-prayer-for-a-fake-tentacle). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191029013156/https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/4849860/the-cult-of-cthulhu-real-prayer-for-a-fake-tentacle) from the original on October 29, 2019.
- Flood, Alison (March 16, 2016). ["Lost HP Lovecraft Work Commissioned by Houdini Escapes Shackles of History"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/16/hp-lovecraft-harry-houdini-manuscript-cancer-superstition-memorabilia). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161008115009/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/16/hp-lovecraft-harry-houdini-manuscript-cancer-superstition-memorabilia) from the original on October 8, 2016.
- Flood, Alison (November 9, 2015). ["World Fantasy Award Drops HP Lovecraft as Prize Image"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/09/world-fantasy-award-drops-hp-lovecraft-as-prize-image). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151118192211/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/09/world-fantasy-award-drops-hp-lovecraft-as-prize-image) from the original on November 18, 2015.
- Fooy, Frederick (October 27, 2011). ["Resident Horror Genius"](http://southbrooklynpost.com/2011/10/hp-lovecraft/). *South Brooklyn Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160802114048/http://southbrooklynpost.com/2011/10/hp-lovecraft/) from the original on August 2, 2016.
- Gale, Floyd C. (April 1960). ["Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf"](https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1957-12/Galaxy_1957_12#page/n101/mode/2up). *Galaxy Science Fiction*. pp. 100–103\.
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- [Gollop, Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gollop "Julian Gollop") (November 16, 2017). ["The Gollop Chamber: Where Are All the Lovecraftian Games?"](https://www.pcgamer.com/the-gollop-chamber-where-are-all-the-lovecraftian-games/). *[PC Gamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer "PC Gamer")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151043/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-gollop-chamber-where-are-all-the-lovecraftian-games/) from the original on March 7, 2018.
- Goodrich, Peter (Spring 2004). "Mannerism and the Macabre in H. P. Lovecraft's Dunsanian 'Dream-Quest'". *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*. **15** (1 (57)): 37–48\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0897-0521](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [43308683](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43308683).
- Goodwin, David J. (2024). [*Midnight Rambles: H. P. Lovecraft in Gotham*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gD7VEAAAQBAJ). Empire State Editions (First ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1515/9781531504434](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781531504434). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5315-0443-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0443-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0443-4")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [jj.6014260](https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.6014260). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1370486835](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1370486835). [Project MUSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse "Project Muse") [111383](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/111383).
- Grant, Gavin J. (April 17, 2005). ["That Delicious Feeling of Dread"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395523/that-delicious-feeling-of-dread/). *The Los Angeles Times*. p. 146. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0458-3035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216121529/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65395523/that-delicious-feeling-of-dread/) from the original on December 16, 2020 – via [Newspapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
- Gray, John (October 24, 2014). ["Weird Realism: John Gray on the Moral Universe of H P Lovecraft"](http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/10/weird-realism-john-gray-moral-universe-h-p-lovecraft). *New Statesman*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1758-924X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-924X). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160414140517/http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/10/weird-realism-john-gray-moral-universe-h-p-lovecraft) from the original on April 14, 2016.
- [Greene, Sonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Greene "Sonia Greene"); [Scott, Winfield Townley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Townley_Scott "Winfield Townley Scott") (August 22, 1948). ["Howard Phillips Lovecraft as His Wife Remembers Him"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003143/https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:425853/PDF/). *The Providence Journal*. p. 8. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Archived from [the original](https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:425853/PDF/) on May 12, 2022.
- Griwkowsky, Fish (December 8, 2008). ["Interview with James Hetfield"](http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/M/Metallica/2008/12/08/7668306-sun.html). *Jam\!*.
`{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
- ["Grippe"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200123080907/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/grippe). *Lexico Dictionaries*. Archived from [the original](https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/grippe) on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
- [Halpurn, Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halpern "Paul Halpern"); Labossiere, Michael C. (Fall 2009). "Mind Out of Time: Identity, Perception, and the Fourth Dimension in H. P. Lovecraft's 'The Shadow Out of Time' and 'The Dreams in the Witch House'". *Extrapolation*. **50** (3): 512–533, 375. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3828/extr.2009.50.3.8](https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fextr.2009.50.3.8). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0014-5483](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5483). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [162319821](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162319821). [ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [2152642098](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2152642098).
- Hambly, Barbara (1996). "Introduction: The Man Who Loved His Craft". *The Transition of H. P. Lovecraft: The Road to Madness* (First ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. pp. vii–x. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-345-38422-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-38422-9 "Special:BookSources/0-345-38422-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [34669226](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34669226).
- Hantke, Steffen (2013). "From the Library of America to the Mountains of Madness: Recent Discourse on H. P. Lovecraft". In Simmons, David (ed.). *New Critical Essays on H. P. Lovecraft*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 135–156\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/9781137320964\_9](https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137320964_9). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-137-32096-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [5576363673](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5576363673). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [163339940](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163339940).
- Harman, Graham (2012). [*Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ_tBAAAQBAJ). Winchester: John Hunt Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78099-907-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-907-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-907-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1058277738](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058277738).
- Hess, Clara (1971). "Addenda to 'H.P.L.: A Memoir'". In Derleth, August (ed.). [*Something about Cats, and Other Pieces*](https://books.google.com/books?id=c4TWAAAAMAAJ) (First ed.). Books for Libraries Press. pp. 247–277\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8369-2410-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-2410-X "Special:BookSources/0-8369-2410-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [222440](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222440).
- Hill, Gary; Joshi, S. T. (2006). [*The Strange Sound of Cthulhu: Music Inspired by the Writings of H. P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyFoBl6M6LEC). United States: Music Street Journal. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84728-776-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84728-776-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84728-776-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [128175889](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/128175889).
- Hölzing, Roland (August 2011). "Lovecraft: A Gentleman without Five Senses". *Lovecraft Annual* (5): 181–187\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868439](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868439).
- Hull, Thomas (2006). "H.P. Lovecraft: A Horror in Higher Dimensions". *Math Horizons*. Vol. 13, no. 3. pp. 10–12\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10724117.2006.11974625](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10724117.2006.11974625). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1072-4117](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-4117). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [25678597](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25678597). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [125320565](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125320565).
- Jamneck, Lynne (August 2012). "Tekeli-li! Disturbing Language in Edgar Allan Poe and H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (6): 126–151\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868454](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868454).
- Janicker, Rebecca (2015). "Visions of Monstrosity: Lovecraft, Adaptation and the Comics Arts". *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*. **26** (3 (94)): 469–488\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0897-0521](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26321171](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26321171).
- Joshi, S. T. (August 2015). "Charles Baxter on Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (9): 105–122\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868501](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868501).
- Joshi, S. T. (2013). ["Lovecraft's 'Dunsanian Studies'"](https://books.google.com/books?id=efmXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA241). In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany*. Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–264\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8108-9235-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1026953908](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026953908).
- Joshi, S. T. (1984). ["The Development of Lovecraftian Studies 1971–1982 (Part I)"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_09v03n02_1984-Fall_CosmicJukebox/page/n21/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **3** (2): 62–71\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- Joshi, S. T. (1985a). ["The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part II)"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_10v04n01_1985-Spring_CosmicJukebox/page/n17/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **4** (1): 18–28\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- Joshi, S. T. (1985b). ["The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part III)"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_11v04n02_1985-Fall_CosmicJukebox/page/n13/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **4** (2): 54–65\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- [Joshi, S. T.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi "S. T. Joshi") (2001). [*A Dreamer and a Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu89DwAAQBAJ). Liverpool Science Fiction Texts and Studies. Vol. 26 (First ed.). [Liverpool University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press "Liverpool University Press"). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.5949/upo9781846312991](https://doi.org/10.5949%2Fupo9781846312991). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84631-299-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-299-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-299-1")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt5vjhg7](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjhg7). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [276177497](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276177497).
- Joshi, S. T. (1996b). *H. P. Lovecraft: A Life* (First ed.). West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-940884-89-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5 "Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [34906142](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34906142).
- Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (2001). [*An H.P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Myawoc_PbF4C) (First ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-313-01682-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-01682-8 "Special:BookSources/0-313-01682-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [608158798](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608158798).
- Joshi, S. T. (2016). [*H. P. Lovecraft: The Decline of the West*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KaklDwAAQBAJ) (First ed.). Wildside Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4794-2754-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-2754-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-2754-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [988396691](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988396691).
- Joshi, S. T. (2017). ["Foreword"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jnexDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10). In Moreland, Sean (ed.). *The Lovecraftian Poe: Essays on Influence, Reception, Interpretation, and Transformation*. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. pp. ix–xiv. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-61146-241-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [973481779](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973481779).
- Joshi, S. T. (2010a). *I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft* (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9824296-7-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9824296-7-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9824296-7-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [650504348](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650504348). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190428196](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190428196).
- Joshi, S. T. (1996a). [*A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H.P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YdO2XRYNUuQC) (Third ed.). Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Wildside Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-880448-61-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880448-61-0 "Special:BookSources/1-880448-61-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [4566934](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4566934). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [169172551](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169172551).
- Joshi, S. T. (August 2010b). "Time, Space, and Natural Law: Science and Pseudo-Science in Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (4): 171–201\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868421](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868421).
- Karr, Chris J. (July 10, 2018). ["The Black Seas of Copyright"](https://www.aetherial.net/lovecraft/index.html). *Aetherial*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200425125601/https://www.aetherial.net/lovecraft/index.html) from the original on April 25, 2020.
- [King, Stephen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King "Stephen King") (1987). [*Danse Macabre*](https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222501/http://www.librosgratisweb.com/html/king-stephen/danse-macabre/index.htm). [Berkley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books "Berkley Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-425-06462-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-06462-X "Special:BookSources/0-425-06462-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [10242612](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10242612). Archived from [the original](http://www.librosgratisweb.com/html/king-stephen/danse-macabre/index.htm) on October 4, 2013.
- Klein, Anna (August 2012). "Misperceptions of Malignity: Narrative Form and the Threat to America's Modernity in 'The Shadow over Innsmouth'". *Lovecraft Annual* (6): 182–198\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868459](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868459).
- Lacy, Jeff; Zani, Steven J. (August 2007). "The Negative Mystics of the Mechanistic Sublime: Walter Benjamin and Lovecraft's Cosmicism". *Lovecraft Annual* (1): 65–83\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868355](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868355). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [11647892](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11647892).
- Leavenworth, Van (2014). "The Developing Storyworld of H. P. Lovecraft". In [Ryan, Marie-Laure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Laure_Ryan "Marie-Laure Ryan"); Thon, Jan-Noël (eds.). *Storyworlds Across Media: Toward a Media-Conscious Narratology*. Frontiers of Narrative. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 332–350\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/j.ctt1d9nkdg.20](https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1d9nkdg.20). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8032-5532-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5532-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5532-6")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt1d9nkdg.20](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1d9nkdg.20). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [880964681](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880964681). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190258640](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190258640).
- [Leiber, Fritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber "Fritz Leiber") (2001) \[first published 1949\]. ["A Literary Copernicus"](https://books.google.com/books?id=-PDksCTdmYMC&pg=PA7). In [Schweitzer, Darrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Schweitzer "Darrell Schweitzer") (ed.). *Discovering H. P. Lovecraft* (Revised ed.). Holicong, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 7–16\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-58715-470-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58715-470-6 "Special:BookSources/1-58715-470-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [48212283](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48212283).
- [Levenda, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Levenda "Peter Levenda") (November 30, 2014). ["Finding the Simon Necronomicon"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMMrqUS8-As). The Lip TV. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220206162615/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMMrqUS8-As) from the original on February 6, 2022 – via YouTube.
- Livesey, T. R. (August 2008). "Dispatches from the Providence Observatory: Astronomical Motifs and Sources in the Writings of H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (2): 3–87\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868370](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868370).
- Look, Daniel M. (August 2016). "Queer Geometry and Higher Dimensions: Mathematics in the Fiction of H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (10): 101–120\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868515](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868515).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2010) \[written November 22, 1930\]. ["Religion and Indeterminacy"](https://books.google.com/books?id=hdplAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87). In Joshi, S. T.; [Hitchens, Christopher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens "Christopher Hitchens") (eds.). *Against Religion: The Atheist Writings of H.P. Lovecraft*. New York: Sporting Gentlemen. pp. 87–99\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-578-05248-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-05248-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-578-05248-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [665081122](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/665081122).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (August 20, 2009a). ["At the Mountains of Madness"](http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx). *The H. P. Lovecraft Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170225184117/http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx) from the original on February 25, 2017.
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2013). Luckhurst, Roger (ed.). [*The Classic Horror Stories*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vQDDYhl057sC). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-164088-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164088-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164088-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [958573276](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958573276). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190969085](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190969085).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006a) \[first published February 1922\]. "A Confession of Unfaith". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 145–148\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0976159230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976159230 "Special:BookSources/978-0976159230")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [54350507](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54350507).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006b) \[first published 1936\]. "In Memoriam: Robert Ervin Howard". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 216–218\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0976159230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976159230 "Special:BookSources/978-0976159230")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [54350507](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54350507).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006c). "Instructions in Case of Decease". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 237–240\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9721644-1-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721644-1-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9721644-1-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [875361303](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875361303).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2006d) \[written February 22, 1933\]. "Some Repetitions on the Times". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *Collected Essays*. Vol. 5 (First ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. pp. 85–95\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0976159230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976159230 "Special:BookSources/978-0976159230")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [54350507](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54350507).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (August 20, 2009b). ["He"](http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/he.aspx). *The H. P. Lovecraft Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210323215302/https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/he.aspx) from the original on March 23, 2021.
- Lovecraft, H. P. (August 2014). Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (eds.). "Letters to Farnsworth Wright". *Lovecraft Annual* (8): 5–59\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868482](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868482).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2000). "Amateur Journalism". In Joshi, S. T.; Schultz, David E. (eds.). *Lord of a Visible World: An Autobiography in Letters*. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. pp. 39–86\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8214-1332-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1332-5 "Special:BookSources/0-8214-1332-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [43567292](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43567292).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1968) \[sent May 16, 1926\]. "To James F. Morton". In Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). *Selected Letters*. Vol. II. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. pp. 50–51\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-034-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-034-3 "Special:BookSources/0-87054-034-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1152654519](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152654519).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1976a). Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). [*Selected Letters*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_H._P._Lovecraft_IV_\(1932%E2%80%931934\) "Selected Letters of H. P. Lovecraft IV (1932–1934)"). Vol. IV. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-035-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-035-1 "Special:BookSources/0-87054-035-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [20590805](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20590805).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1976b) \[sent February 7, 1937\]. "To Catherine L. Moore". In Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). *Selected Letters*. Vol. V. Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. pp. 407–408\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-036-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-036-X "Special:BookSources/0-87054-036-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1000556488](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000556488).
- Lovett-Graff, Bennett (1997). "Shadows over Lovecraft: Reactionary Fantasy and Immigrant Eugenics". *Extrapolation*. **38** (3): 175–192\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3828/extr.1997.38.3.175](https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fextr.1997.38.3.175). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0014-5483](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5483). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [164434496](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164434496). [ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [234914041](https://www.proquest.com/docview/234914041).
- Lubnow, Fred S. (August 2019). "The Lovecraftian Solar System". *Lovecraft Annual* (13): 3–26\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868571](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868571).
- Macrobert, Franch A. (2015). "Cosmic Dread: The Astronomy of H. P. Lovecraft". *Sky & Telescope*. Vol. 129, no. 2. pp. 34–39\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0037-6604](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6604).
- Mamatas, Nick (November 24, 2014). ["The Real Mr. Difficult, or Why Cthulhu Threatens to Destroy the Canon, Self-Interested Literary Essayists, and the Universe Itself. Finally"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160615144133/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/real-mr-difficult-cthulhu-threatens-destroy-canon-self-interested-literary-essayists-universe-finally). *Los Angeles Review of Books*. Archived from [the original](https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/real-mr-difficult-cthulhu-threatens-destroy-canon-self-interested-literary-essayists-universe-finally/) on June 15, 2016.
- Mariconda, Steven J. (August 2010). "Review of *I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft*". *Lovecraft Annual* (4): 208–215\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868424](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868424).
- Martin, Sean Elliot (August 2012). "Lovecraft, Absurdity, and the Modernist Grotesque". *Lovecraft Annual* (6): 82–112\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868452](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868452).
- Matthews, Carol S. (April 2018). ["Letting Sleeping Abnormalities Lie: Lovecraft and the Futility of Divination"](https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol36/iss2/21/). *Mythlore*. **36** (2): 165–184\. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26809310](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809310). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [165217534](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165217534). [ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [2036317509](https://www.proquest.com/docview/2036317509) – via SWOSU Digital Commons.
- Moreland, Sean (2018). ["Introduction: The Critical (After)Life of *Supernatural Horror in Literature*"](https://books.google.com/books?id=OaBtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1). *New Directions in Supernatural Horror Literature: The Critical Influence of H. P. Lovecraft*. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–9\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-3-319-95477-6\_1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-95477-6_1). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-319-95477-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95477-6 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95477-6")
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- Mosig, Yōzan Dirk W. (2001) \[first published 1974\]. ["The Four Faces of the Outsider"](https://books.google.com/books?id=dX30AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17). In Schweitzer, Darrell (ed.). *Discovering H. P. Lovecraft*. Holicog, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 17–34\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4344-4912-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [114786517](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/114786517).
- [Mosig, Yōzan Dirk W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_W._Mosig "Dirk W. Mosig") (1997). "Life After Lovecraft: Reminiscences of a Non-Entity". [*Mosig at Last: A Psychologist Looks at H.P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8LAQAAMAAJ). West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. pp. 111–116\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-940884-90-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940884-90-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-940884-90-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [681921217](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681921217).
- Murray, Eoin (2021). "Dreaming in Layers: Lovecraftian Storyworlds in Interactive Media". In Alcala Gonzalez, Antonio; Sederholm, Carl H. (eds.). *Lovecraft in the 21st Century: Dead, But Still Dreaming* (First ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 227–240\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4324/9780367713065-17](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780367713065-17). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-367-71306-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-71306-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-367-71306-5")
. [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [244827046](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244827046).
- [Murray, Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Murray "Will Murray") (October 1, 1986). ["In Search of Arkham Country"](https://archive.org/details/Lovecraft_Studies_13v05n02_1986-Fall_CosmicJukebox/page/n13/mode/2up). *Lovecraft Studies*. **5** (2): 54–67\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0899-8361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8361).
- Murray, Will (1991–1992). ["Lovecraft's Arkham Country"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210420155022/https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/). *Books at Brown*. 38–39: 19–29\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0147-0787](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-0787). Archived from [the original](https://repository.library.brown.edu/storage/bdr:9072/PDF/) on April 20, 2021 – via Brown Digital Repository.
- Nelson, Victoria (2012). "Cathedral Head: The Gothick Cosmos of Guillermo del Toro". *Gothicka*. Harvard University Press. pp. 219–237\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4159/harvard.9780674065406.c10](https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674065406.c10). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-674-05014-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05014-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05014-3")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctt24hj8c.13](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hj8c.13). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [191845332](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191845332).
- Norman, Joseph (2013). "'Sounds Which Filled Me with an Indefinable Dread': The Cthulhu Mythopoeia of H. P. Lovecraft in 'Extreme' Metal". In Simmons, David (ed.). *New Critical Essays on H. P. Lovecraft*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 193–208\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/9781137320964\_11](https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137320964_11). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-137-32096-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32096-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [5576363673](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5576363673). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [192763998](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192763998).
- Norris, Duncan (August 2018). "The Void: A Lovecraftian Analysis". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 149–164\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868564](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868564).
- Norris, Duncan (August 2020). "*Zeitgeist* and *Untoten*: Lovecraft and the Walking Dead". *Lovecraft Annual* (14): 189–240\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26939817](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26939817).
- ["Notable Persons Interred at Swan Point Cemetery"](http://swanpointcemetery.com/notable-people.php). *Swan Point Cemetery*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160122114735/http://swanpointcemetery.com/notable-people.php) from the original on January 22, 2016.
- [Oates, Joyce Carol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates "Joyce Carol Oates") (October 31, 1996). ["The King of Weird"](http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1376). *The New York Review of Books*. Vol. 43, no. 17. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0028-7504](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090910081313/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1376) from the original on September 10, 2009.
- Peak, David (2020). "Horror of the Real: H.P. Lovecraft's Old Ones and Contemporary Speculative Philosophy". In Rosen, Matt (ed.). *Diseases of the Head: Essays on the Horrors of Speculative Philosophy*. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. pp. 163–180\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/j.ctv19cwdpb.7](https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv19cwdpb.7). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-953035-10-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953035-10-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-953035-10-3")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [j.ctv19cwdpb.7](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv19cwdpb.7). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1227264756](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1227264756). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [229019856](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229019856).
- Pedersen, Jan B. W. (August 2018). "Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Romantic on the Nightside". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 165–173\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868565](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868565).
- Pedersen, Jan B. W. (August 2019). "'Now Will You Be Good?': Lovecraft, Teetotalism, and Philosophy". *Lovecraft Annual* (13): 119–144\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868581](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868581).
- Pedersen, Jan B. W. (August 2017). "On Lovecraft's Lifelong Relationship with Wonder". *Lovecraft Annual* (11): 23–36\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868530](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868530).
- Powell, Anna (2019). "Thinking the Thing: The Outer Reaches of Knowledge in Lovecraft and Deleuze". In Hogle, Jerrold E.; Miles, Robert (eds.). *The Gothic and Theory: An Edinburgh Companion*. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 260–278\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3366/edinburgh/9781474427777.003.0014](https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474427777.003.0014). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4744-2777-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-2777-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-2777-7")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.3366/j.ctvggx38r.17](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvggx38r.17). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1145928444](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145928444). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [213917604](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213917604).
- [Punter, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Punter "David Punter") (1996). [*The Literature of Terror: A History of Gothic Fictions from 1765 to the Present Day*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1yesAgAAQBAJ). Vol. II. New York: Longman. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-582-23714-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-23714-9 "Special:BookSources/0-582-23714-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1072397754](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1072397754).
- Ransom, Amy J. (2015). "Lovecraft in Quebec: Transcultural Fertilization and Esther Rochon's Reevaluation of the Powers of Horror". *Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts*. **26** (3 (94)): 450–468\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0897-0521](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-0521). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26321170](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26321170). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [165970090](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165970090). [ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [1861072902](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1861072902).
- [Rottensteiner, Franz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rottensteiner "Franz Rottensteiner") (1992). "Lovecraft as Philosopher". *Science Fiction Studies*. **19** (1): 117–121\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1525/sfs.19.1.117](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsfs.19.1.117). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0091-7729](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [4240129](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240129).
- Rubinton, Noel (August 10, 2016). ["How to Find the Spirit of H.P. Lovecraft in Providence"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/travel/hp-lovecraft-providence.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [ProQuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest "ProQuest") [1810306270](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1810306270). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181013213244/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/travel/hp-lovecraft-providence.html) from the original on October 13, 2018.
- Sederholm, Carl H.; Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (2016). "Introduction: Lovecraft Rising". *The Age of Lovecraft*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 1–42\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4529-5023-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5023-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5023-5")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.5](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctt1b9x1f3.5). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [945632985](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945632985).
- Sederholm, Carl H. (2016). "H. P. Lovecraft, Heavy Metal, and Cosmicism". *Rock Music Studies*. **3** (3): 266–280\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/19401159.2015.1121644](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19401159.2015.1121644). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1940-1159](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-1159). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [194537597](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194537597).
- Schoell, William (2004). *H.P. Lovecraft: Master of Weird Fiction* (First ed.). Greensboro, North Carolina: Morgan Reynolds. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-931798-15-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931798-15-X "Special:BookSources/1-931798-15-X")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [903506614](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903506614).
- Schultz, David E. (August 2018). "'Whaddya Make Them Eyes at Me For?': Lovecraft and Book Publishers". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 51–65\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868555](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868555).
- Schweitzer, Darrell (August 2018). "Lovecraft, Aristeas, Dunsany, and the Dream Journey". *Lovecraft Annual* (12): 136–143\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868561](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868561).
- Schweitzer, Darrell (1998). [*Windows of the Imagination: Essays on Fantastic Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6Uf0_uuAjs8C). Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Wildside Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-880448-60-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880448-60-2 "Special:BookSources/1-880448-60-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [48566644](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48566644). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190964524](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190964524).
- Scott, Winfield Townley (December 26, 1943). ["The Case of Howard Phillips Lovecraft of Providence, R.I."](https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/case-howard-phillips-lovecraft-providence-ri/fkrvngvdcjypddxylgqmvsyigyxexnle_s072_1629584077003) *The Providence Journal*. p. 41. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Retrieved August 23, 2021 – via [GenealogyBank.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenealogyBank.com "GenealogyBank.com").
- Siclen, Bill Van (August 16, 2015). ["NecronomiCon Providence to celebrate life and work of H. P. Lovecraft"](https://www.providencejournal.com/article/20150816/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE/150819592). *The Providence Journal*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- Silva, Christianna (June 7, 2017). ["H. P. Lovecraft's Monster Is Wrapping Family Game Night Up In Tentacles"](https://www.npr.org/2017/06/07/530186764/h-p-lovecrafts-monster-is-wrapping-family-game-night-up-in-tentacles). National Public Radio. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180228173021/https://www.npr.org/2017/06/07/530186764/h-p-lovecrafts-monster-is-wrapping-family-game-night-up-in-tentacles) from the original on February 28, 2018.
- Smith, Andy (August 16, 2017). ["NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence"](https://www.providencejournal.com/entertainmentlife/20170816/necronomicon-homage-to-hp-lovecraft-returns-to-providence). *The Providence Journal*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2574-3406](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406). Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- Spencer, E. Mariah (2021). "Aliens, Robots & Virtual Reality Idols in the Science Fiction of H.P Lovecraft, Isaac Asimov and William Gibson". *[Science Fiction Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies "Science Fiction Studies")*. **48** (3): 600–604\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1353/sfs.2021.0055](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsfs.2021.0055). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0091-7729](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5621/sciefictstud.48.3.0600](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5621/sciefictstud.48.3.0600). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [245664184](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245664184).
- Sperling, Alison (August 2016). "H. P. Lovecraft's Weird Body". *Lovecraft Annual* (10): 75–100\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868514](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868514).
- [St. Armand, Barton Levi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Levi_St._Armand "Barton Levi St. Armand") (1972). ["Facts in the Case of H. P. Lovecraft"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210718012449/https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/1972_Jan.pdf) (PDF). *Rhode Island History*. **31** (1): 3–20\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0035-4619](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-4619). Archived from [the original](https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/1972_Jan.pdf) (PDF) on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021 – via Rhode Island Historical Society.
- St. Armand, Barton Levi (1975). ["H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent"](https://www.persee.fr/doc/calib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046). *Caliban*. **12** (1): 127–155\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3406/calib.1975.1046](https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcalib.1975.1046). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0575-2124](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0575-2124). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [220649713](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220649713).
- Steiner, Bernd (2005). *H. P. Lovecraft and the Literature of the Fantastic: Explorations in a Literary Genre*. Munich: GRIN Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-638-84462-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-84462-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-638-84462-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [724541939](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/724541939).
- Talbot, Nick (August 31, 2014). ["All About Alienation: Alan Moore On Lovecraft And Providence"](https://thequietus.com/articles/16129-alan-moore-providence-cthulhu-philosophy-language-lovecraft). *The Quietus*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2634-2030](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2634-2030).
`{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
- [Tierney, Richard L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L._Tierney "Richard L. Tierney") (2001) \[first published 1972\]. ["The Derleth Mythos"](https://books.google.com/books?id=dX30AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52). In Schweitzer, Darrell (ed.). *Discovering H. P. Lovecraft*. Holicog, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 52–53\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4344-4912-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-4912-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [114786517](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/114786517).
- Touponce, William F. (2013). *Lord Dunsany, H. P. Lovecraft, and Ray Bradbury: Spectral Journeys*. Studies in Supernatural Literature. Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8108-9220-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9220-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9220-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [873404866](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873404866).
- Vick, Todd B. (2021). [*Renegades and Rogues: The Life and Legacy of Robert E. Howard*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed4EEAAAQBAJ). Austin: University of Texas Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.7560/321959](https://doi.org/10.7560%2F321959). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4773-2195-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2195-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2195-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1159658615](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159658615). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [241275357](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241275357).
- Wallace, Nathaniel R. (2023). "Disseminating Lovecraft: The Proliferation of Unsanctioned Derivative Works in the Absence of an Operable Copyright Monopoly". In Lanzendörfer, Tim; Dreysse Passos de Carvalho, Max José (eds.). *The Medial Afterlives of H.P. Lovecraft*. Palgrave Studies in Adaptation and Visual Culture. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 27–44\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-3-031-13765-5\_2](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-13765-5_2). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-031-13764-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13764-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13764-8")
.
- Wetzel, George T. (1983). [*The Lovecraft Scholar*](https://www.aetherial.net/static/lovecraft/Wetzel_The_Lovecraft_Scholar.pdf) (PDF). Darien, Connecticut: Hobgoblin Press.
- Wilson, Colin (1975). [*The Strength to Dream: Literature and the Imagination*](http://archive.org/details/strengthtodreaml00wils) (Second ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8371-6819-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6819-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6819-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [630646359](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630646359).
- Wilson, Edmund (1950) \[first published November 24, 1945\]. ["Tales of the Marvellous and the Ridiculous"](https://books.google.com/books?id=auPpqXw6bGQC&pg=PA286). *Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties*. New York: Macmillan. pp. 286–290\. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [964373](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964373).
- Wohleber, Curt (December 1995). ["The Man Who Can Scare Stephen King"](http://www.americanheritage.com/content/man-who-can-scare-stephen-king?page=show). *[American Heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_\(magazine\) "American Heritage (magazine)")*. Vol. 46, no. 8. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220300/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/man-who-can-scare-stephen-king?page=show) from the original on October 4, 2013.
- Wolanin, Tyler L. (August 2013). "New Deal Politics in the Correspondence of H. P. Lovecraft". *Lovecraft Annual* (7): 3–35\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1935-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [26868464](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868464).
- Woodard, Ben (2011). ["Mad Speculation and Absolute Inhumanism: Lovecraft, Ligotti, and the Weirding of Philosophy"](https://continentcontinent.cc/archives/issues/issue-1-1-2011/mad-speculation-and-absolute-inhumanism). *Continent*. **1** (1): 3–13\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2159-9920](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-9920).
- ["Wrote of His Last Month Alive"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200228223254/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32716288/the-boston-globe/). *The Boston Globe*. March 15, 1937. p. 2. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0743-1791](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791). Archived from [the original](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32716288/the-boston-globe/) on February 28, 2020 – via [Newspapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
- [Zeller, Benjamin E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_E._Zeller "Benjamin E. Zeller") (December 2019). ["Altar Call of Cthulhu: Religion and Millennialism in H.P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11010018). *Religions*. **11** (1): 18. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3390/rel11010018](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11010018). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2077-1444](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [213736759](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213736759).
- [Anderson, James Arthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur_Anderson "James Arthur Anderson"); Joshi, S. T. (2011). [*Out of the Shadows: A Structuralist Approach to Understanding the Fiction of H. P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9iKjDwAAQBAJ). Rockville, Maryland: Wildside Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.23860/diss-anderson-james-1992](https://doi.org/10.23860%2Fdiss-anderson-james-1992). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4794-0384-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-0384-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-0384-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1127558354](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1127558354). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [171675509](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171675509).
- Burleson, Donald R. (1983). [*H. P. Lovecraft: A Critical Study*](https://archive.org/details/hplovecraftcriti0000burl). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-313-23255-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23255-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23255-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [299389026](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299389026). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190394934](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190394934).
- Callaghan, Gavin (2013). [*H. P. Lovecraft's Dark Arcadia: The Satire, Symbology and Contradiction*](https://books.google.com/books?id=i7xPrPHTLjMC). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4766-0239-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0239-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0239-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [856844361](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856844361).
- Cannon, Peter, ed. (1998). [*Lovecraft Remembered*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Remembered "Lovecraft Remembered"). Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87054-173-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87054-173-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87054-173-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [260088015](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260088015).
- Carter, Lin (1972). [*Lovecraft: A Look Behind the "Cthulhu Mythos"*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Look_Behind_the_Cthulhu_Mythos "Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos"). New York: Ballantine Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-586-04166-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-04166-4 "Special:BookSources/0-586-04166-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [2213597](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2213597). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190363598](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190363598).
- Frierson, Meade; Frierson, Penny (March 1972). [*HPL: A Tribute to Howard Phillips Lovecraft*](https://www.fanac.org/fanzines/HPL/hpl_frierson_1979.pdf) (PDF). Birmingham, Alabama: Meade and Penny Frierson. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [315586](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/315586).
- González Grueso, Fernando Darío (2013). *La ficción científica. Género, Poética y sus relaciones con la literatura oral tradicional: El papel de H. P. Lovecraft como mediador*. Colección Estudios (in Spanish). Madrid: UAM Ediciones. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.15366/ficcion.cientif2013](https://doi.org/10.15366%2Fficcion.cientif2013). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-84-8344-376-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8344-376-7 "Special:BookSources/978-84-8344-376-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1026295184](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026295184). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [183258592](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183258592).
- Guimont, Edward; Smith, Horace A. (2023). [*When the Stars Are Right: H. P. Lovecraft and Astronomy*](https://www.hippocampuspress.com/other-authors/nonfiction/when-the-stars-are-right-h.-p.-lovecraft-and-astronomy) (First ed.). [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"): [Hippocampus Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus_Press "Hippocampus Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781614984078](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614984078 "Special:BookSources/9781614984078")
.
- Hegyi, Pál (2019). *Lovecraft Laughing: Uncanny Memes in the Weird*. AMERICANA eBooks. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.14232/americana.books.2019.hegyi.lovecraft](https://doi.org/10.14232%2Famericana.books.2019.hegyi.lovecraft). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-615-5423-56-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5423-56-7 "Special:BookSources/978-615-5423-56-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [8160851320](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8160851320). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [192043054](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192043054).
- [Houellebecq, Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq "Michel Houellebecq"); King, Stephen (2005). [*H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_Against_the_World,_Against_Life "H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life"). Translated by Khazeni, Dorna. Cernunnos. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-932416-18-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932416-18-8 "Special:BookSources/1-932416-18-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1151841813](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151841813). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190374730](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190374730).
- Joshi, S. T. (1980). *H. P. Lovecraft, Four Decades of Criticism* (First ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8214-0442-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-0442-3 "Special:BookSources/0-8214-0442-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [6085440](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6085440).
- Klinger, Leslie S. (2014). [*The New Annotated H. P. Lovecraft*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9rF-BAAAQBAJ) (First ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87140-453-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-453-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-453-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [884500241](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884500241). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [218735034](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218735034).
- Lévy, Maurice (1988) \[1972\]. [*Lovecraft: A Study in the Fantastic*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qGKxoVwGKNgC). Translated by Joshi, S. T. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8143-1956-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1956-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1956-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [491484555](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491484555). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [190967971](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190967971).
- [Long, Frank Belknap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long "Frank Belknap Long") (1975). [*Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Nightside*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nDySDwAAQBAJ). Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87054-068-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87054-068-8 "Special:BookSources/0-87054-068-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [2034623](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2034623). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [160306366](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160306366).
- Ludueña, Fabián; de Acosta, Alejandro (2015). *H. P. Lovecraft: The Disjunction in Being*. Translated by de Acosta, Alejandro. United States: Schism. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5058-6600-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5058-6600-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5058-6600-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [935704008](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935704008).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (2012). Joshi, S. T. (ed.). *The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature* (Second ed.). New York: Hippocampus Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-61498-028-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61498-028-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-61498-028-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [855115722](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855115722).
- Lovecraft, H. P.; [Conover, Willis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Conover "Willis Conover"); Joshi, S. T. (2002). *Lovecraft at Last: The Master of Horror in His Own Words* (Revised ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8154-1212-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8154-1212-6 "Special:BookSources/0-8154-1212-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [50212624](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50212624).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1999). Joshi, S. T.; Cannon, Peter (eds.). *More Annotated H. P. Lovecraft*. New York: Dell. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-440-50875-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50875-4 "Special:BookSources/0-440-50875-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [41231274](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41231274).
- Lovecraft, H. P. (1997). Joshi, S. T. (ed.). [*The Annotated H. P. Lovecraft*](https://archive.org/details/annotatedhplovec00love). New York: Dell. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-440-50660-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50660-3 "Special:BookSources/0-440-50660-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [36165172](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36165172).
- Shapiro, Stephen; Philip, Barnard (2017). [*Pentecostal Modernism: Lovecraft, Los Angeles and World-Systems Culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=R6CvDQAAQBAJ). New Directions in Religion and Literature. Bloomsbury Publishing. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.5040/9781474238762](https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781474238762). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4742-3873-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3873-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3873-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1065524061](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065524061). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [148868506](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148868506).
- Martin, Sean Elliot (December 2008). [*H.P. Lovecraft and the Modernist Grotesque*](https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/881) (PhD thesis). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Duquesne University. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781448610167](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448610167 "Special:BookSources/9781448610167")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [601419113](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/601419113). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [191576874](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191576874).
- Migliore, Andrew; Strysik, John (2006). [*The Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H. P. Lovecraft*](http://archive.org/details/lurkerinlobbygui0000migl). Portland, Oregon: Night Shade Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-892389-35-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892389-35-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-892389-35-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1023313647](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023313647). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [152612871](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152612871).
- Montaclair, Florent; Picot, Jean-Pierre (1997). *Fantastique et événement : Étude comparée des œuvres de Jules Verne et Howard P. Lovecraft*. Annales littéraires (in French). Vol. 621. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4000/books.pufc.1726](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pufc.1726). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-2-84867-692-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-692-0 "Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-692-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1286480358](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1286480358). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [228019349](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228019349).
- Wilson, Eric (2016). *The Republic of Cthulhu: Lovecraft, the Weird Tale, and Conspiracy Theory*. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.21983/P3.0155.1.00](https://doi.org/10.21983%2FP3.0155.1.00). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9982375-6-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9982375-6-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9982375-6-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1135348793](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1135348793). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [165947887](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165947887).
- [The H. P. Lovecraft Archive](http://www.hplovecraft.com/)
- [The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society](http://www.hplhs.org/)
- [H. P. Lovecraft Collection](https://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=73) in the Special Collections at the [John Hay Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Library "John Hay Library") ([Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University"))
- [*Lovecraft Annual*](https://www.jstor.org/journal/lovecraftannual), a scholarly journal
- [The Lovecraft Arts & Sciences Council](https://www.weirdprovidence.org/), a non-profit educational organization
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?165) at the [Internet Speculative Fiction Database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database "Internet Speculative Fiction Database") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169566#P1233 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lovecraft_h_p) at the *[Encyclopedia of Science Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction")*
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522454/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)")
- [H. P. Lovecraft](https://www.discogs.com/artist/H.P.+Lovecraft) discography at [Discogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs "Discogs")
- [Works by H. P. Lovecraft in eBook form](https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/h-p-lovecraft) at [Standard Ebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks "Standard Ebooks")
- [Works by Howard Phillips Lovecraft](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34724) at [Project Gutenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg "Project Gutenberg")
- [Works by H. P. Lovecraft](https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips) at [Faded Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada "Distributed Proofreaders Canada") (Canada)
- [Works by or about H. P. Lovecraft](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H.%20P.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H.%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H.%20P.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20H.%20Phillips%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20Phillips%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H.%20P.%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20Phillips%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%20P.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Howard%20Lovecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lovecraft%2C%20Howard%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-1937%22%20AND%20Lovecraft%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive")
- [Works by H. P. Lovecraft](https://librivox.org/author/424) at [LibriVox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox "LibriVox") (public domain audiobooks)  |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft s443 |