ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled
| Filter | Status | Condition | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTTP status | PASS | download_http_code = 200 | HTTP 200 |
| Age cutoff | PASS | download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH | 0.1 months ago (distributed domain, exempt) |
| History drop | PASS | isNull(history_drop_reason) | No drop reason |
| Spam/ban | PASS | fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0 | ml_spam_score=0 |
| Canonical | PASS | meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed | Not set |
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| URL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google |
| Last Crawled | 2026-04-04 10:47:28 (2 days ago) |
| First Indexed | 2013-08-08 16:24:58 (12 years ago) |
| HTTP Status Code | 200 |
| Meta Title | Google - Wikipedia |
| Meta Description | null |
| Meta Canonical | null |
| Boilerpipe Text | This article is about the company. For the search engine provided by the company, see
Google Search
. For the parent company with the stock tickers GOOG and GOOGL, see
Alphabet Inc.
For the number, see
Googol
. For other uses, see
Google (disambiguation)
.
Google LLC
The
Google logo
used since 2015
Google's headquarters, the
Googleplex
Formerly
Google Inc. (1998–2017)
Company type
Subsidiary
Traded as
Nasdaq
: GOOGL
Nasdaq
: GOOG
Industry
Internet
Cloud computing
Computer software
Computer hardware
Artificial intelligence
Advertising
Founded
September 4, 1998
; 27 years ago
[
a
]
in
Menlo Park
,
California
, United States
Founders
Larry Page
Sergey Brin
Headquarters
Googleplex
,
Mountain View, California
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
John L. Hennessy
(
Chairman
)
Sundar Pichai
(
CEO
)
Ruth Porat
(
President
and
CIO
)
Anat Ashkenazi
(
CFO
)
Products
Google Search
Android
Nest
Pixel
Workspace
Fitbit
Waze
YouTube
Gemini
Full list
Number of employees
187,000 (2022)
Parent
Alphabet Inc.
Subsidiaries
Adscape
Cameyo
Charleston Road Registry
Endoxon
FeedBurner
ImageAmerica
Kaltix
Nest Labs
reCAPTCHA
X Development
YouTube
ZipDash
ASN
15169
Website
about
.google
Footnotes / references
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
8
]
Google LLC
(
,
GOO
-gəl
) is an American multinational technology corporation focused on
information technology
,
online advertising
,
search engine
technology,
email
,
cloud computing
, software,
quantum computing
,
e-commerce
, consumer electronics, and
artificial intelligence
(AI).
[
9
]
It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" by the
BBC
,
[
10
]
and is one of the world's
most valuable brands
.
[
11
]
[
12
]
[
13
]
Google's parent company
Alphabet Inc.
has been described as a
Big Tech
company.
Google was founded in 1998 by American computer scientists
Larry Page
and
Sergey Brin
. Together, they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through
super-voting stock
. The company went
public
via an
initial public offering
(IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a
holding company
for Alphabet's internet properties and interests.
Sundar Pichai
was appointed CEO of Google in 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. In 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.
[
14
]
After the success of its original service,
Google Search
(often known simply as "Google"), the company has rapidly grown to offer
a multitude of products
and
services
. These products address a wide range of use cases, including email (
Gmail
), navigation and mapping (
Waze
,
Maps
, and
Earth
), cloud computing (
Cloud
),
web navigation
(
Chrome
), video sharing (
YouTube
), productivity (
Workspace
),
operating systems
(
Android
and
ChromeOS
),
cloud storage
(
Drive
), language translation (
Translate
), photo storage (
Photos
),
videotelephony
(
Meet
),
smart home
(
Nest
),
smartphones
(
Pixel
),
wearable technology
(
Pixel Watch
and
Fitbit
), music streaming (
YouTube Music
), video on demand (
YouTube TV
), AI (
Google Assistant
and
Gemini
),
machine learning
APIs (
TensorFlow
), AI chips (
TPU
), and more. Many of these products and services are dominant in their respective industries, as is Google Search.
Discontinued Google products
include
gaming
(
Stadia
),
[
15
]
Glass
,
Google+
,
Reader
,
Play Music
,
Nexus
,
Hangouts
, and
Inbox by Gmail
.
[
16
]
[
17
]
Google's other ventures outside of internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing (
Willow
,
Google Quantum AI
),
self-driving cars
(
Waymo
), and
transformer models
(
Google DeepMind
).
[
18
]
Google Search and YouTube are the two
most-visited websites
worldwide, followed by
Facebook
,
Instagram
, and
ChatGPT
. Google is the largest provider of search engines, mapping and navigation applications,
email services
,
office suites
,
online video platforms
, photo and
cloud storage
,
mobile operating systems
,
web browsers
, machine learning frameworks, and AI
virtual assistants
in the world as measured by market share.
[
19
]
Google was ranked the second most valuable brand by
Forbes
as of January 2022,
[
20
]
and fourth by Interbrand as of February 2022.
[
21
]
The company has received criticism
involving issues such as
privacy concerns
,
tax avoidance
,
censorship
,
search neutrality
,
antitrust
, and abuse of its
monopoly
position.
[
22
]
History
Early years
Larry Page
and
Sergey
Brin
in 2003
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by
Larry Page
and
Sergey Brin
while they were both
PhD
students at
Stanford University
in
California
, United States.
[
23
]
[
24
]
[
25
]
The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder",
Scott Hassan
, the original lead programmer who wrote much of the code for the original Google Search engine, but he left before Google was officially founded as a company;
[
26
]
[
27
]
Hassan went on to pursue a career in
robotics
and founded the company
Willow Garage
in 2006.
[
28
]
[
29
]
Then chairman and CEO
Eric Schmidt
(left) with co-founders
Sergey Brin
(center) and
Larry Page
(right) in 2008
While conventional
search engines
ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites.
They called this algorithm
PageRank
; it determined a website's
relevance
by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.
[
31
]
Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.
[
26
]
Page and Brin would also use their friend
Susan Wojcicki
's garage as their office when the search engine was set up in 1998.
[
32
]
Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.
[
23
]
[
33
]
[
34
]
Hassan, as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google.
Rajeev Motwani
and
Terry Winograd
later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998.
Héctor García-Molina
and
Jeffrey Ullman
were also cited as contributors to the project.
[
35
]
PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for
RankDex
, developed by
Robin Li
in 1996, with Page's PageRank patent including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine
Baidu
.
[
36
]
[
37
]
Eventually, they changed the name to
Google
; the name of the search engine was a misspelling of the word
googol
,
[
23
]
[
38
]
[
39
]
a very
large number
written
10
100
(1 followed by 100 zeros), picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.
[
40
]
Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of $100,000 from
Andy Bechtolsheim
,
[
23
]
co-founder of
Sun Microsystems
. This initial investment served as a motivation to incorporate the company to be able to use the funds.
[
41
]
[
42
]
Page and Brin initially approached
David Cheriton
for advice because he had a nearby office in Stanford, and they knew he had startup experience, having recently sold the company he co-founded, Granite Systems, to
Cisco
for $220 million. David arranged a meeting with Page and Brin and his Granite co-founder
Andy Bechtolsheim
. The meeting was set for 8 a.m. at the front porch of David's home in
Palo Alto
and it had to be brief because Andy had another meeting at
Cisco
, where he now worked after the acquisition, at 9 a.m. Andy briefly tested a demo of the website, liked what he saw, and then went back to his car to grab the check.
David Cheriton
later also joined in with around $200,000 investment.
[
43
]
[
44
]
Google's original homepage had a simplistic design because the company founders had little experience in
HTML
, the
markup language
used for designing web pages.
[
45
]
Google received money from two other
angel investors
in 1998, including
Amazon
founder
Jeff Bezos
, and entrepreneur
Ram Shriram
.
[
46
]
Page and Brin had first approached Shriram, who was a venture capitalist, for funding and counsel, and Shriram invested $250,000 in Google in February 1998. Shriram knew
Bezos
because Amazon had acquired Junglee, at which Shriram was the president. It was Shriram who told Bezos about Google. Bezos asked Shriram to meet Google's founders and they met six months after Shriram had made his investment when Bezos and his wife were on a vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google's initial funding round had already formally closed but Bezos' status as CEO of Amazon was enough to persuade Page and Brin to extend the round and accept his investment.
[
47
]
[
48
]
Between these initial investors, friends, and family, Google raised around $1,000,000, which is what allowed them to open up their original shop in
Menlo Park, California
.
[
49
]
Craig Silverstein
, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.
[
25
]
[
50
]
[
51
]
After some additional small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999,
[
46
]
a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,
[
52
]
with major investors including the
venture capital
firms
Kleiner Perkins
and
Sequoia Capital
.
[
42
]
Both firms were initially hesitant about investing jointly in Google, as each wanted to retain a larger percentage of control over the company to themselves. Page and Brin insisted on taking investments from both. Both venture companies finally agreed to investing jointly $12.5 million each due to their belief in Google's great potential and through the mediation of earlier angel investors
Ron Conway
and Shriram who had contacts in the venture companies.
[
53
]
In 1998, Page and Brin proposed to sell Google to
Yahoo
for $1 million, but Yahoo refused.
[
54
]
A more significant opportunity for Yahoo to acquire Google came in 2002.
Terry Semel
, Yahoo's then-CEO, offered $3 billion to purchase the company, but Page and Brin reportedly held firm on a $5 billion valuation. After Yahoo refused to raise its offer, the deal fell through, a move that would later be considered a major strategic misstep for Yahoo.
[
55
]
Growth
Google's first production server
[
56
]
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to
Palo Alto, California
,
[
57
]
which is home to several prominent
Silicon Valley
technology start-ups.
[
58
]
The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.
[
59
]
[
25
]
To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.
[
60
]
In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for
Yahoo!
, one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing
Inktomi
.
[
61
]
[
62
]
In 2001, Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and they agreed to hire
Eric Schmidt
as the chairman and CEO of Google.
[
49
]
Schmidt was proposed by
John Doerr
from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Page and Brin would accept for several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the company.
Michael Moritz
from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia's $12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive officer, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Schmidt was not initially enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company's full potential had not yet been widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his responsibilities at
Novell
where he was CEO. As part of him joining, Schmidt agreed to buy $1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to show his commitment and to provide funds Google needed.
[
63
]
In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from
Silicon Graphics
, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in
Mountain View, California
.
[
64
]
The complex became known as the
Googleplex
, a play on the word
googolplex
, the number one followed by a googol of zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.
[
65
]
By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "
google
" to be added to the
Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
and the
Oxford English Dictionary
, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".
[
66
]
[
67
]
The first use of the verb on television appeared in an October 2002 episode of
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
.
[
68
]
Initial public offering
Eric Schmidt
, CEO of Google from 2001 to 2011
On August 19, 2004, Google became a
public company
via an initial public offering. At that time Page, Brin and Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.
[
69
]
The company opened on the
NASDAQ National Market
under the five-letter ticker symbol GOOGL with an offering of 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.
[
70
]
[
71
]
Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by
Morgan Stanley
and
Credit Suisse
, underwriters for the deal.
[
72
]
[
73
]
The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a
market capitalization
of more than $23 billion.
[
74
]
On October 9, 2006, Google acquired
YouTube
for $1.65 billion in Google stock,
[
75
]
[
76
]
[
77
]
[
78
]
On July 20, 2007, Google bids $4.6 billion for the wireless-spectrum auction by the
FCC
.
[
79
]
On March 11, 2008, Google acquired
DoubleClick
for $3.1 billion, transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.
[
80
]
[
81
]
By 2011, Google was handling approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle this workload, Google built 11
data centers
around the world with several thousand servers in each. These data centers allowed Google to handle the ever-changing workload more efficiently.
[
49
]
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time.
[
82
]
[
83
]
In May 2012, Google acquired
Motorola Mobility
for $12.5 billion, in its largest acquisition to date.
[
84
]
[
85
]
[
86
]
This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,
[
87
]
mainly
Apple
and
Microsoft
,
[
88
]
and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android.
[
89
]
2012 onwards
Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary DeepMind are located at 6 Pancras Square, London
In June 2013, Google acquired
Waze
for $966 million.
[
90
]
While Waze would remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and
Google Maps
, Google's own mapping service.
[
91
]
Google announced the launch of a new company, called
Calico
, on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple Inc. chairman
Arthur Levinson
. In the official public statement, Page explained that the "health and well-being" company would focus on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".
[
92
]
On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire
DeepMind Technologies
, a privately held AI company from
London
.
[
93
]
Technology news website
Recode
reported that the company was purchased for $400 million, yet the source of the information was not disclosed. A Google spokesperson declined to comment on the price.
[
94
]
[
95
]
The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google's recent growth in the AI and robotics community.
[
96
]
In 2015, DeepMind's
AlphaGo
became the first computer program to
defeat a top human pro
at the game of Go. According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,
[
97
]
2014,
[
98
]
2015,
[
99
]
and 2016, with a valuation of $133 billion.
[
100
]
Google CEO
Sundar Pichai
with Indian prime minister
Narendra Modi
On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a
conglomerate
named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet's largest subsidiary and the
umbrella company
for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became
CEO
of Google, replacing Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.
[
101
]
[
102
]
[
103
]
On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee
James Damore
after he distributed a memo throughout the company that argued bias and "
Google's Ideological Echo Chamber
" clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions.
[
104
]
Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore of violating company policy by "advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace", and he was fired on the same day.
[
105
]
[
106
]
[
107
]
Between 2018 and 2019,
tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated
as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment,
Dragonfly
, a censored Chinese search engine, and
Project Maven
, a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.
[
108
]
[
109
]
On October 25, 2018,
The New York Times
published the
exposé
, "How Google Protected
Andy Rubin
, the 'Father of Android'". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.
[
110
]
On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints.
[
111
]
[
112
]
CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests.
[
113
]
Later in 2019, some workers accused the company of retaliating against internal activists.
[
109
]
On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a
cloud gaming
platform called
Google Stadia
.
[
114
]
On June 3, 2019, the
U.S. Department of Justice
reported that it would investigate Google for
antitrust
violations.
[
115
]
This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the
search
and
search advertising
markets.
[
116
]
In December 2019, former
PayPal
chief operating officer
Bill Ready
became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with
Google Pay
.
[
117
]
In April 2020, due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
, Google announced several cost-cutting measures. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.
[
118
]
Most employees were also working from home due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
and the success of it even led to Google announcing that they would be permanently converting some of their jobs to work from home
[
119
]
The
2020 Google services outages
disrupted Google services: one in August that affected
Google Drive
among others, another in November affecting
YouTube
, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.
[
120
]
[
121
]
[
122
]
In 2021, the
Alphabet Workers Union
was founded, composed mostly of Google employees.
[
123
]
In January 2021, the
Australian Government
proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.
[
124
]
In March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for
Ubisoft
ports on Google Stadia.
[
125
]
Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as
Ubisoft
and
Take-Two
to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.
[
126
]
In April 2021,
The Wall Street Journal
reported that Google ran a years-long program called "Project Bernanke" that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing for ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.
[
127
]
In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google's capability to sell targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the market harming publishers, advertisers, and consumers.
[
128
]
In 2022, Google began accepting requests for the removal of phone numbers, physical addresses and email addresses from its search results. It had previously accepted requests for removing confidential data only, such as Social Security numbers, bank account and credit card numbers, personal signatures, and medical records. Even with the new policy, Google may remove information from only certain but not all search queries. It would not remove content that is "broadly useful", such as news articles, or already part of the public record.
[
129
]
In May 2022, Google announced that the company had acquired California based, MicroLED display technology development and manufacturing Start-up company Raxium. Raxium is set to join Google's Devices and Services team to aid in the development of micro-optics, monolithic integration, and system integration.
[
130
]
[
131
]
In December 2022, Google debuted OSV-Scanner,
[
132
]
[
133
]
a
Go
tool for finding
security holes
in
open source software
, which pulls from the largest open source
vulnerability database
of its kind to defend against
supply chain
attacks. Following the success of
ChatGPT
and concerns that Google was falling behind in the AI race, Google's senior management issued a "code red"
[
134
]
and a "directive that all of its most important products—those with more than a billion users—must incorporate generative AI within months".
[
135
]
In March 2023, in direct response to the rapid rise of ChatGPT, Google released Bard (now
Gemini
), a
generative artificial intelligence
chatbot
.
[
136
]
In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data centers in Ohio. These centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster, will power up the company's tools, including AI technology. The said data hub will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing Google's total investment in Ohio to over $2 billion.
[
137
]
In August 2024, Google would lose a
lawsuit which started in 2020
in lower court, as it was found that the company had an illegal monopoly over Internet search.
[
138
]
D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit Mehta held that this monopoly was in violation of Section 2 of the
Sherman Act
.
[
139
]
In September 2024, the
Court of Justice of the European Union
(EU), based in Luxembourg, also found that Google held an illegal monopoly, in this case with regards to its shopping search, and could not avoid paying a €2.4 billion fine.
[
140
]
The EU Court of Justice found that Google's treatment of rival shopping searches, which the court referred to as "discriminatory", was in violation of the
Digital Markets Act
.
[
140
]
In October 2024, Google was fined by a local Russian court a symbolic 2.5 decillion dollars for allegedly blocking pro-Kremlin propaganda. No payment was made.
[
141
]
In November 2024, Google announced the establishment of a new AI hub in Saudi Arabia, aiming to support the Kingdom's economic growth and technological development as part of its Vision 2030 initiative. This AI hub is projected to contribute up to $71 billion to Saudi Arabia's economy by advancing AI-driven solutions tailored to the region's specific needs and training local talent.
[
142
]
The partnership between Google and Saudi Arabia includes collaboration with key stakeholders, such as the Public Investment Fund (PIF), to develop AI applications that will benefit sectors like healthcare, finance, oil and gas, and logistics. The initiative focuses on creating localized AI technologies, with an emphasis on integrating Arabic language capabilities and enabling widespread cloud adoption.
[
143
]
In March 2025, Google agreed to acquire
Wiz
, a New York-based
cybersecurity
startup focusing on cloud computing, for US$32 billion. This cash deal would be Google's biggest ever, as well as it currently being the most expensive deal of 2025. Alphabet reportedly tried to close a deal for only $23 billion in 2024, but this fell apart after concerns about regulatory hurdles, among other issues. Wiz, a company located in the U.S. and Israel, was cofounded in 2020 by
Assaf Rappaport
. The company is backed by a number of Silicon Valley venture capitalists, as well as notably being partnered with Amazon and Microsoft, as listed in their website. Google reportedly said "the deal would help artificial-intelligence companies get better security and use more than one cloud service."
[
144
]
In July 2025, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that Google had received a $200 million
contract
for AI in the military, along with
Anthropic
,
OpenAI
, and
xAI
.
[
145
]
In September 2025, federal judge Amit Mehta in the United States ruled that Google will not be required to divest Chrome or the Android operating system;
[
146
]
however, the ruling barred Google from having exclusive contracts for Google Search, Chrome, Google Assistant and Gemini app products, and ruled Google must share search data with competitors.
[
147
]
In March 2026, Google signed an energy pledge at the White House which required them to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.
[
148
]
Products and services
Search engine
Google
indexes
billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and
operators
.
[
149
]
According to
comScore
market research from November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a
market share
of 65.6%.
[
150
]
In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services, including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.
[
151
]
[
152
]
Google launched its
Google News
service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites.
[
153
]
Google also hosts
Google Books
, which allows users to search books in its database and shows limited previews, or the full book when allowed.
[
154
]
Google expanded its search services to include
shopping
(launched originally as Froogle in 2002),
[
155
]
finance
(launched 2006),
[
156
]
and
flights
(launched 2011).
[
157
]
Advertising
Google at ad-tech London, 2010
Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely
AdMob
,
AdSense
(such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and
DoubleClick
AdExchange.
[
158
]
In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses technology from its acquisition of
DoubleClick
, to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.
[
159
]
[
160
]
In 2007, Google launched "
AdSense for Mobile
", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.
[
161
]
Google Analytics
allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.
[
162
]
Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program.
Google Ads
allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.
[
163
]
The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.
[
164
]
One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of
click fraud
, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.
[
165
]
Google Search Console
(rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows
webmasters
to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website's visibility.
Generative artificial intelligence
Google had previously used
virtual assistants
and
chatbots
, such as Google Bard, prior to the announcement of
Gemini
in March 2024. None of them had been seen as legitimate competitors to
ChatGPT
, unlike Gemini.
[
166
]
An AI training program for Google employees was also introduced in April 2024.
[
167
]
Google has created the
text-to-image model
Imagen
,
[
168
]
and the
text-to-video model
Veo
.
[
169
]
Google integrated
AI Overviews
into Google Search, and added an AI mode where the search results page is AI-generated.
[
170
]
In 2025, Google announced SynthID Detector, a tool that uses
watermarking
to identify whether content such as text, images, audio, or video was generated using Google products.
[
171
]
In 2023, Google released
NotebookLM
, an online tool for synthesizing documents using Gemini. In September 2024, it gained attention for its "Audio Overview" feature, which generates podcast-like summaries of documents.
[
172
]
[
173
]
Google also developed LearnLM, a family of language models serving as personal
AI tutors
.
[
174
]
Consumer services
Web-based services
Google offers
Gmail
for
email
,
[
175
]
Google Calendar
for time-management and scheduling,
[
176
]
Google Maps
and Google Earth for mapping, navigation and
satellite imagery
,
[
177
]
Google Drive for
cloud storage
of files,
[
178
]
Google Docs
,
Sheets
and
Slides
for productivity,
[
178
]
Google Photos
for photo storage and sharing,
[
179
]
Google Keep
for
note-taking
,
[
180
]
Google Translate
for language translation,
[
181
]
YouTube
for video viewing and sharing,
[
182
]
Google My Business
for managing public business information,
[
183
]
Google Classroom
for managing assignments and communication in education,
[
184
]
and
Duo
for social interaction.
[
185
]
A job search product has also existed since before 2017,
[
186
]
[
187
]
[
188
]
Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from
job boards
and career sites.
[
189
]
Google Earth
, launched in 2005, allows users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their computers.
[
190
]
Software
Google develops the Android
mobile operating system
,
[
191
]
as well as its
smartwatch
,
[
192
]
television
,
[
193
]
car
,
[
194
]
and
Internet of things
-enabled
smart devices
variations.
[
195
]
It also develops the
Google Chrome
web browser,
[
196
]
ChromeOS
, an operating system based on Chrome,
[
197
]
and the AI-powered
integrated development environment
Google Antigravity
.
[
198
]
[
199
]
Hardware
Google Pixel smartphones on display in a store
In January 2010, Google released
Nexus One
, the first Android phone under its own brand.
[
200
]
It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "
Nexus
" branding
[
201
]
until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called
Pixel
.
[
202
]
In 2011, the
Chromebook
was introduced, which runs on
ChromeOS
.
[
203
]
In July 2013, Google introduced the
Chromecast
dongle, which allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions.
[
204
]
[
205
]
In June 2014, Google announced
Google Cardboard
, a simple cardboard viewer that lets the user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view
virtual reality
(VR) media.
[
206
]
In October 2016, Google announced
Daydream View
, a lightweight VR viewer which lets the user place their smartphone in the front hinge to view VR media.
[
207
]
[
208
]
Other hardware products include:
Nest
, a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original
Google Home
[
209
]
(later succeeded by the
Nest Audio
), the
Google Home Mini
(later succeeded by the
Nest Mini
), the
Google Home Max
, the
Google Home Hub
(later rebranded as the Nest Hub), and the
Nest Hub Max
.
Nest Wifi
(originally Google Wifi), a connected set of
Wi-Fi
routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.
[
210
]
Enterprise services
Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020
[
211
]
) is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and
Google Docs
,
Google Sheets
and
Google Slides
, with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.
[
212
]
On September 24, 2012,
[
213
]
Google launched
Google for Entrepreneurs
, a largely not-for-profit
business incubator
providing startups with
co-working spaces
known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.
[
214
]
There are seven Campus locations:
Berlin
,
London
,
Madrid
,
Seoul
,
São Paulo
,
Tel Aviv
, and
Warsaw
. On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be integrated with
BigQuery
on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete
customer journey
", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people".
[
215
]
Jack Marshall of
The Wall Street Journal
wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including
Adobe
,
Oracle
,
Salesforce
, and
IBM
.
[
216
]
Internet services
In February 2010, Google announced the
Google Fiber
project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.
[
217
]
[
218
]
Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company,
Google Fiber
was moved to Alphabet's Access division.
[
219
]
[
220
]
In April 2015, Google announced
Project Fi
, a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal.
[
221
]
[
222
]
Financial services
In August 2023, Google became the first major tech company to join the
OpenWallet Foundation
, launched earlier in the year, whose goal was creating open-source software for interoperable digital wallets.
[
223
]
Corporate affairs
Business trends
From the financial year of 2015, figures are published for Alphabet Inc. Until 2014, the key trends of Google were as follows (as at the financial year ending December 31):
[
224
]
[
225
]
FY
Revenue
Net income
Employees
[
226
]
[
227
]
References
in million USD
1999
0.22
−6.0
[
228
]
2000
19.1
−14.6
[
229
]
2001
86.4
6.9
284
[
229
]
2002
439
99.6
682
[
229
]
in billion USD
2003
1.4
0.10
1,628
[
229
]
2004
3.1
0.39
3,021
[
229
]
2005
6.1
1.4
5,680
2006
10.6
3.0
10,674
2007
16.5
4.2
16,805
2008
21.8
4.2
20,222
2009
23.6
6.5
19,835
2010
29,3
8.5
24,400
2011
37.9
9.7
32,467
2012
46.0
10.7
53,861
2013
55.5
12.7
47,756
2014
66.0
14.1
53,600
Google's
initial public offering
(IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.
[
70
]
[
71
]
The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a
market capitalization
of more than $23 billion.
[
74
]
The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,
[
230
]
primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the
online advertising
market.
[
231
]
The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and
mutual funds
.
[
231
]
GOOG shares split into GOOG
class C shares
and GOOGL
class A shares
.
[
232
]
The company is listed on the
NASDAQ
stock exchange under the
ticker symbols
GOOGL and GOOG, and on the
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.
[
233
]
In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.
[
234
]
[
235
]
[
236
]
For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.
[
237
]
In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.
[
238
]
Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating $38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."
[
239
]
Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.
[
240
]
Google's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on advertisements.
[
241
]
By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown to $397 billion.
[
242
]
Tax avoidance strategies
Google uses various
tax avoidance
strategies. On the
list of largest technology companies by revenue
, it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google saved $3.1 billion between 2007 and 2010 in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through
Ireland
and the
Netherlands
and then to
Bermuda
. Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.
[
243
]
This reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google's
transfer pricing
practices in 2012.
[
244
]
In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its intellectual property holdings back to the U.S.
[
245
]
Google Vice-president
Matt Brittin
testified to the
Public Accounts Committee
of the
UK House of Commons
that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.
[
246
]
In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.
[
247
]
In 2017, Google channeled $22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill.
[
248
]
In 2013, Google ranked 5th in
lobbying
spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.
[
249
]
Corporate identity
Google's logo from 2013 to 2015. The logo had been used with minor changes since 1999.
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "
googol
",
[
250
]
[
39
]
which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on
PageRank
:
[
35
]
"We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10
100
[,] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the
Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary
and the
Oxford English Dictionary
in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."
[
251
]
[
67
]
Google's
mission statement
, from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",
[
252
]
and its unofficial slogan is "
Don't be evil
".
[
253
]
In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".
[
254
]
The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.
The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.
[
255
]
Since 1998,
Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first
Google Doodle
was in honor of the
Burning Man Festival
of 1998.
[
256
]
[
257
]
The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-
intern
Dennis Hwang
to design a logo for
Bastille Day
in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".
[
258
]
Google has a tradition of creating
April Fools' Day
jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000, was
Google MentalPlex
which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.
[
259
]
In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called
TiSP
, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a
fiber-optic
cable down their toilet.
[
260
]
Google's services contain
easter eggs
, such as the
Swedish Chef
's "Bork bork bork",
Pig Latin
, "Hacker" or
leetspeak
,
Elmer Fudd
,
Pirate
, and
Klingon
as language selections for its search engine.
[
261
]
When searching for the word "
anagram
", meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"
[
262
]
Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan and author
technical documentation
better.
[
263
]
Workplace culture
Google employees marching in the
Pride in London
parade in 2016
On
Fortune
magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,
[
264
]
[
265
]
[
266
]
and fourth in 2009 and 2010.
[
267
]
[
268
]
Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.
[
269
]
Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "you can make money without doing evil", "you can be serious without a suit", and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun".
[
270
]
As of September 30, 2020,
Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,
[
271
]
of which more than 100,000 worked for Google.
[
8
]
Google's 2020
diversity report states that 32 percent of its workforce are women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).
[
272
]
Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of leadership roles were held by women.
[
273
]
In addition to its 100,000+ full-time employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, as of March 2019.
[
8
]
Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six".
[
274
]
As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as
Innovation Time Off
, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail,
Google News
,
Orkut
, and
AdSense
, originated from these independent endeavors.
[
275
]
In a talk at Stanford University,
Marissa Mayer
, Google's vice-president of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off.
[
276
]
In 2005, articles in
The New York Times
[
277
]
and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.
[
278
]
[
279
]
[
280
]
In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.
[
281
]
Google has also faced allegations of
sexism
and
ageism
from former employees.
[
282
]
[
283
]
In 2013, a
class action against
several
Silicon Valley
companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.
[
284
]
In a lawsuit filed January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google discriminated against a class defined by their "conservative political views[,] male gender[,] and/or ... Caucasian or Asian race".
[
285
]
On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google employees, Alpha Global, was announced.
[
286
]
The coalition is made up of "13 different unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United States, [the] United Kingdom, and Switzerland".
[
287
]
The group is affiliated with the
UNI Global Union
, which represents nearly 20 million international workers from various unions and federations. The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace culture.
[
287
]
[
288
]
[
285
]
Google had previously been accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a workers union.
[
289
]
In 2021, court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020, Google ran an anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees) that unions suck".
[
290
]
In February 2025, Google dropped their commitment to make "
diversity, equity, and inclusion
[DEI] part of everything we do" from their annual investor report. This action followed Meta, Amazon, Pepsi, McDonald's, Walmart, and others who all have rolled back their DEI programmes.
[
291
]
Office locations
Google's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team.
Google's
Toronto
office
Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the Googleplex", a play on words on the number
googolplex
and the headquarters itself being a
complex
of buildings. Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.
[
292
]
In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m
2
) of office space at
111 Eighth Avenue
in
Manhattan
,
New York City
. The office houses its largest advertising sales team.
[
293
]
In 2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarters, in a deal that valued the property at around $1.9 billion.
[
294
]
[
295
]
In March 2018, Google's parent company Alphabet bought the nearby
Chelsea Market
building for $2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York.
[
296
]
[
297
]
[
298
]
[
299
]
In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.
[
300
]
The same December, it was announced that a $1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m
2
) headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan's
Hudson Square
neighborhood.
[
301
]
[
302
]
Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York City.
[
303
]
By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in
Ann Arbor, Michigan
.
[
304
]
In November 2006, Google opened offices on
Carnegie Mellon
's campus in
Pittsburgh
, focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and
smartphone applications
and programs.
[
305
]
[
306
]
Other office locations in the U.S. include
Atlanta
;
Austin
;
Boulder, Colorado
;
Cambridge, Massachusetts
;
San Francisco
;
Seattle
and
Kirkland, Washington
;
Birmingham, Michigan
;
Reston, Virginia
,
Washington, D.C.
,
[
307
]
and
Madison, Wisconsin
.
[
308
]
Google's Dublin Ireland office, headquarters of Google Ads for Europe
It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely
Sydney
(birthplace location of Google Maps)
[
309
]
and London (part of Android development).
[
310
]
In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in January,
[
311
]
Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the
Camden Council
in June 2017.
[
312
]
[
313
]
In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own campus in
Hyderabad
, India. The new campus, reported to be the company's largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.
[
314
]
[
315
]
In September 2025 Google opened their £735m
AI
Centre in
Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire
and announced their plans for £5 bn investment in AI research, in the same month that
Alphabet
reached market capitalisation of $3
trillion
.
[
316
]
[
317
]
Google's Global Offices sum a total of 86 locations worldwide,
[
318
]
with 32 offices in North America, three of them in Canada and 29 in the United States, California being the state with the most Google's offices with 9 in total including the Googleplex. Google counts 6 offices in the
Latin America
region and 24 in Europe, 3 of them in United Kingdom. The
Asia-Pacific
region counts with 26 offices principally five in India and three in Australia, and three in China, while the Africa and
Middle East
region counts five offices.
North America
SN
City
Country or U.S. state
1.
Ann Arbor
Michigan
2.
Atlanta
Georgia
3.
Austin
Texas
4.
Boulder
Colorado
5.
Boulder – Pearl Place
Colorado
6.
Boulder – Walnut
Colorado
7.
Cambridge
Massachusetts
8.
Chapel Hill
North Carolina
9.
Chicago
– Carpenter
Illinois
10.
Chicago – Fulton Market
Illinois
11.
Chicago – Loop (2026)
[
319
]
Illinois
12.
Detroit
Michigan
13.
Irvine
California
14.
Kirkland
Washington
15.
Kitchener
Canada
16.
Los Angeles
California
17.
Madison
Wisconsin
18.
Miami
Florida
19.
Montreal
Canada
20.
Mountain View
–
HQ
California
21.
New York
New York
22.
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
23.
Playa Vista
California
24.
Portland
Oregon
25.
Redwood City
California
26.
Reston
Virginia
27.
San Bruno
California
28.
San Diego
California
29.
San Francisco
California
30.
Seattle
Washington
31.
Sunnyvale
California
32.
Toronto
Canada
33.
Washington DC
District of Columbia
Latin America
SN
City
Country
1.
Belo Horizonte
Brazil
2.
Bogotá
Colombia
3.
Buenos Aires
Argentina
4.
Mexico City
Mexico
5.
San Salvador
El Salvador
6.
Santiago
Chile
7.
São Paulo
Brazil
Europe
SN
City
Country
1.
Aarhus
Denmark
2.
Amsterdam
Netherlands
3.
Athens
Greece
4.
Berlin
Germany
5.
Brussels
Belgium
6.
Bucharest
Romania
7.
Copenhagen
Denmark
8.
Dublin
Ireland
9.
Hamburg
Germany
10.
Kraków
Poland
11.
Lisbon
Portugal
12.
London
– 6PS
United Kingdom
13.
London – BEL
United Kingdom
14.
London – CSG
United Kingdom
15.
Madrid
Spain
16.
Milan
Italy
17.
Munich
Germany
18.
Oslo
Norway
19.
Paris
France
20.
Prague
Czech Republic
21.
Stockholm
Sweden
22.
Vienna
Austria
23.
Vilnius
Lithuania
24.
Warsaw
Poland
25.
Wrocław
Poland
26.
Zürich
– BRA
Switzerland
27.
Zürich – EUR
Switzerland
Asia–Pacific
SN
City
Country
1.
Auckland
New Zealand
2.
Bangkok
Thailand
3.
Beijing
China
4.
Bengaluru
– Kyoto Campus
India
5.
Bengaluru – OMR
India
6.
Gurgaon
India
7.
Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam
8.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
9.
Hyderabad
India
10.
Jakarta
Indonesia
11.
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
12.
Manila
Philippines
13.
Melbourne
Australia
14.
Mumbai
India
15.
New Taipei City
Taiwan
16.
Pune
India
17.
Seoul
South Korea
18.
Shanghai
China
19.
Shenzhen
China
20.
Singapore
Singapore
21.
Sydney
– ODR
Australia
22.
Sydney – PIR
Australia
23.
Taipei
Taiwan
24.
Tokyo
– RPG
Japan
25.
Tokyo – STRM
Japan
26.
Zhubei
Taiwan
Africa and the Middle East
SN
City
Country
1.
Accra
Ghana
2.
Doha
Qatar
3.
Dubai
United Arab Emirates
4.
Haifa
Israel
5.
Istanbul
Turkey
6.
Johannesburg
South Africa
7.
Lagos
Nigeria
8.
Tel Aviv
Israel
Infrastructure
Google has data centers in
North
and
South America
,
Asia
, and
Europe
.
[
320
]
There is no official data on the number of
servers
in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm
Gartner
estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.
[
321
]
Traditionally, Google relied on
parallel computing
on commodity hardware like mainstream
x86
computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.
[
322
]
[
323
]
[
324
]
In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.
[
324
]
Google has built its own private
submarine communications cables
. The first cable, named Curie, connects California with
Chile
and was completed on November 15, 2019.
[
325
]
[
326
]
The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020.
[
327
]
Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect
Lisbon
(
Portugal
) with
Lagos
(
Nigeria
) and
Cape Town
(
South Africa
).
[
328
]
The company's fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in
New York
(US),
Bude
(
UK
) and
Bilbao
(
Spain
), and is expected to become operational in 2022.
[
329
]
Environment
In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of
solar panels
on its Mountain View campus to provide up to 1.6
Megawatt
of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.
[
330
]
[
331
]
The system is the largest
rooftop photovoltaic power station
constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.
[
330
]
Since 2007,
Google has aimed for
carbon neutrality
in regard to its operations.
[
332
]
In Spring 2009, Google hired a herd of 200
goats
for a week from California Grazing to mow their lawn. It was apparently more eco-friendly.
[
333
]
Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a
nuclear power plant
. Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google.
[
334
]
In 2010,
Google Energy
made its first investment in a
renewable energy
project, putting $38.8 million into two
wind farms
in
North Dakota
. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes.
[
335
]
In February 2010, the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.
[
336
]
The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm.
[
337
]
In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an
Iowa
wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of power for 20 years.
[
338
]
In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and offices. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy".
[
339
]
[
340
]
[
341
]
In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made the firm reach
100% renewable energy
. The wind energy comes from two power plants in
South Dakota
, one in Iowa and one in
Oklahoma
.
[
342
]
In September 2019, Google's chief executive announced plans for a $2 billion wind and solar investment, the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will grow their green energy profile by 40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the company said.
[
343
]
In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its carbon emissions since the company's foundation in 1998.
[
344
]
It also stated that it is committed to operating its data centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by 2030.
[
345
]
In October 2020, the company pledged to make the packaging for its hardware products 100% plastic-free and 100% recyclable by 2025. It also said that all its final assembly manufacturing sites will achieve a
UL
2799
Zero Waste to Landfill
certification by 2022 by ensuring that the vast majority of waste from the manufacturing process is recycled instead of ending up in a landfill.
[
346
]
In 2023 Google consumed 24 TWh of electricity, more than countries such as Iceland, Ghana, the Dominican Republic, or Tunisia.
[
347
]
Climate change denial and misinformation
Google donates to
climate change denial
political groups including the
State Policy Network
and the
Competitive Enterprise Institute
.
[
348
]
[
349
]
The company also actively funds and profits from climate
disinformation
by monetizing ad spaces on most of the largest climate disinformation sites.
[
350
]
Google continued to monetize and profit from sites propagating climate disinformation even after the company updated their policy to prohibit placing their ads on similar sites.
[
351
]
Philanthropy
In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.
[
352
]
The mission of the organization is to create
awareness about climate change
, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable
plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle
that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired
Larry Brilliant
as the program's executive director in 2004
[
353
]
and Megan Smith has since
replaced him as director.
[
354
]
In March 2007, in partnership with the
Mathematical Sciences Research Institute
(MSRI), Google hosted the first
Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival
at its headquarters in Mountain View.
[
355
]
In 2011, Google donated €1 million to
International Mathematical Olympiad
to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).
[
356
]
[
357
]
In July 2012, Google launched a "
Legalize Love
" campaign in support of
gay rights
.
[
358
]
In 2008, Google announced its "project 10
100
", which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.
[
359
]
After two years of no update, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,
[
360
]
Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.
[
361
]
Responding to the humanitarian crisis after the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
, Google announced a $15 million donation to support Ukrainian citizens.
[
362
]
The company also decided to transform its office in Warsaw into a help center for refugees.
[
363
]
Also in February 2022, Google announced a $100 million fund to expand skills training and job placement for low-income Americans, in conjunction with non-profits
Year Up
,
Social Finance
, and Merit America.
[
364
]
Lobbying and political influence
In 2025, Google was one of the donors who funded the White House's
East Wing demolition
, and planned building of a ballroom.
[
365
]
Criticism and controversies
San Francisco activists
protest privately owned shuttle buses
that transport workers for tech companies such as Google from their homes in San Francisco and Oakland to corporate campuses in Silicon Valley.
Google has had criticism over issues such as
aggressive tax avoidance
,
[
366
]
search neutrality
,
copyright
,
censorship
of search results and content,
[
367
]
and
privacy
.
[
368
]
[
369
]
Other criticisms are alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of other people's
intellectual property
, concerns that its
compilation of data
may violate
Internet privacy
, and the
energy consumption
of its servers, as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as
monopoly
,
restraint of trade
,
anti-competitive practices
, and
patent infringement
. When Google's parent company
Alphabet
announced in September 2025 that it would reinstate YouTube creators that were banned for spreading
misinformation about COVID-19
and the
2020 U.S. presidential election
,
[
370
]
it was criticized for prioritizing "free expression" over "facts" and placed within the context of the company's shift dating back to 2023.
[
371
]
Political controversies
United States
In a 2022
National Labor Relations Board
ruling, court documents suggested that Google sponsored a secretive project—
Project Vivian
—to counsel its employees and to discourage them from forming unions.
[
290
]
Brazil
On May 1, 2023, Google placed an ad against the
Brazilian Congressional Bill No. 2630
, an anti-
disinformation
law that was about to be approved, on its search homepage in Brazil, calling on its users to ask congressional representatives to oppose the legislation. The country's government and judiciary accused the company of undue interference in the congressional debate, saying it could amount to abuse of economic power and ordering the company to change the ad within two hours of notification or face fines of
R$
1 million (2023) (
US$
) per non-compliance hour. The company then promptly removed the ad.
[
372
]
[
373
]
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Google has a US$1.2 billion artificial intelligence and
surveillance
contract with the
Israeli military
known as
Project Nimbus
. According to Google employees, the Israeli military could use this technology to expand its surveillance of
Palestinians
living in the
occupied territories
.
[
374
]
Google relocated an outspoken employee overseas, and the employee claimed it was a "retaliation for publicly criticizing the contract".
[
375
]
Other Palestinian employees have described an "institutionalised bias" within the company.
[
376
]
In 2021, Google and Amazon engaged in negotiations for a substantial cloud computing agreement valued at $1.2 billion, during which Israel insisted on the inclusion of a confidential code referred to as the "blink mechanism". This stipulation compelled Google and Amazon to essentially disregard legal responsibilities in various nations. Israel expressed apprehension that the data transferred to the cloud services of these global corporations might be accessible to foreign law enforcement agencies. As per documents disclosed to The Guardian, both Google and Amazon consented to the blink mechanism in order to finalize the profitable agreement.
[
377
]
During 2025, Google engaged in a $45 million, six-month contract with Israel to run advertising campaigns. Some Youtube ads aimed to cast doubt on the existence of a famine in
Gaza
. Many complaints were filed against Israel's videos, but Google maintained that the ads did not violate its content policies.
[
378
]
Russia
On October 31, 2024, the
Russian government
imposed a "symbolic" fine of $20
decillion
on Google for blocking pro-Russian YouTube channels. In 2022, during the invasion of Ukraine, a Russian court had ordered Google to restore the channels, with penalties doubling every week according to
TASS
.
[
379
]
This comes alongside other large fines against social media companies accused of hosting content critical of the Kremlin or supportive of Ukraine.
[
380
]
Antitrust
In July 2018,
Mozilla
program manager Chris Peterson accused Google of intentionally slowing down YouTube performance on
Firefox
.
[
381
]
[
382
]
In April 2019, former Mozilla executive Jonathan Nightingale accused Google of intentionally and systematically sabotaging the Firefox browser over the past decade in order to boost adoption of Google Chrome.
[
382
]
In 2019, a hub for critics of Google dedicated to abstaining from using Google products coalesced in the
Reddit
online
community
/r/degoogle.
[
383
]
The
DeGoogle
grassroots campaign
continues to grow as privacy activists highlight information about Google products, and the associated incursion on personal privacy rights by the company. Google reportedly paid Apple $22 billion in 2022 to maintain its position as the default search engine on Safari. It marks one of the largest payments between two tech giants in recent years.
[
384
]
European Union
The European Commission, which imposed three fines on Google in 2017, 2018, and 2019
On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of
€
2.42 billion
from the
European Union
(EU) for "promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results".
[
385
]
On July 18, 2018, the
European Commissioner for Competition
fined Google €4.34 billion for breaching
European Union competition law
. The abuse of dominants position has been referred to as Google's constraint applied to Android device manufacturers and network operators to ensure that traffic on Android devices goes to the Google search engine.
[
386
]
On October 9, 2018, Google confirmed that it had appealed the fine to the
General Court
of the EU.
[
387
]
[
388
]
On March 20, 2019, the
European Commission
imposed a €1.49 billion ($1.69 billion) fine on Google for preventing rivals from being able to "compete and innovate fairly" in the online advertising market. EU competition commissioner
Margrethe Vestager
said Google had violated EU antitrust rules by "imposing anti-competitive contractual restrictions on third-party websites" that required them to exclude search results from Google's rivals.
[
389
]
[
390
]
On September 14, 2022, Google lost the appeal of a €4.125 billion (£3.5 billion) fine, which was ruled to be paid after it was proved by the European Commission that Google forced Android phone-makers to carry Google's search and web browser apps. Since the initial accusations, Google has changed its policy.
[
391
]
In March 2024, a former Google
software engineer
and Chinese national named Linwei Ding was accused of stealing confidential artificial intelligence information from the company and handing it to Chinese corporations.
[
392
]
Ding had allegedly stolen over 500 files from the company over the course of 5 years, having been hired in 2019.
[
393
]
Upon discovering Ding had been in contact with Chinese state-owned companies, Google notified the
FBI
, who carried on the investigation of the
data breach
.
[
394
]
On September 10, 2024, Europe's top court imposed a €2.4 billion fine on Google for abusing its dominance in the shopping comparison market, marking the conclusion of a case that began in 2009 with a complaint from British firm Foundem.
[
395
]
On September 18, 2024, Alphabet's Google won a €1.49 billion ($1.7 billion) antitrust fine from the EU, while Qualcomm's efforts to repeal a penalty were unsuccessful. The General Court agreed with many of the European Commission's findings but annulled the Google fine, stating that the Commission failed to consider all relevant factors and did not demonstrate harm to innovation or consumers. Google noted that it had already changed its contract practices in 2016. Meanwhile, Qualcomm saw its fine reduced slightly but failed to overturn the ruling regarding its predatory pricing against Icera. Both companies have options to appeal further.
[
396
]
On September 5, 2025, the European Commission fined Google €2.95 billion ($3.47 billion), for breaching EU antitrust rules. Regulators say Google abused its dominance by giving preferential treatment to its
ad exchange
within its publisher ad server and ad-buying tools.
[
397
]
United States
After U.S. Congressional hearings in July 2020,
[
398
]
and a report from the U.S. House of Representatives' Antitrust Subcommittee released in early October,
[
399
]
the
U.S. Department of Justice
filed an
antitrust lawsuit against Google
on October 20, 2020, asserting that it has illegally maintained its monopoly position in web search and search advertising.
[
400
]
[
401
]
The lawsuit alleged that Google engaged in anticompetitive behavior by paying Apple between $8 billion and $12 billion to be the default search engine on iPhones.
[
402
]
Later that month, both
Facebook
and Alphabet agreed to "cooperate and assist one another" in the face of investigation into their online advertising practices.
[
403
]
[
404
]
Another suit was brought against Google in 2023
for illegally monopolizing the advertising technology market.
[
405
]
In August 2024,
District of Columbia U.S. District Court
Judge
Amit Mehta
ruled that Google held a monopoly in online search and text advertising in violation of Section 2 of the
Sherman Antitrust Act
.
[
406
]
[
407
]
On October 8, 2024, The U.S. government suggested it could request Google to divest parts of its business, such as the Chrome browser and Android, due to its alleged monopoly in online search. The Justice Department aimed to limit Google's growing dominance in areas like AI. Google, which intended to appeal, argued that the proposals were too extreme, while also dealing with other antitrust cases involving its app store and advertising operations.
[
408
]
In November 2024, the Justice Department proposed major changes to curb Google's online search monopoly, including forcing the company to sell its Chrome browser, share search data with competitors, and end exclusive agreements that make Google the default search engine on devices like iPhones. The DoJ also sought a ban on Google re-entering the browser market for five years and restrictions on its investments in rival search or AI technologies. Google called these proposals excessive and harmful to consumers, pledging to appeal. A trial on the case was scheduled for April 2025, though the incoming administration and new DoJ leadership could potentially alter the course of the proceedings.
[
409
]
In September 2024,
Competition and Markets Authority
(CMA) provisionally found that Google engaged in anti-competitive practices in the online advertising technology market, potentially harming thousands of UK publishers and advertisers. The investigation claimed Google used its market power to prevent rivals from competing fairly, affecting billions spent on digital ads. Google rejected the findings as flawed, stating that its ad tech benefits businesses. If found guilty, Google could face penalties of up to 10% of its global turnover. Similar investigations are ongoing in the U.S. and EU, where regulators have suggested that Google may need to sell part of its ad-tech business.
[
410
]
It was ruled in 2025 by the Justice Department alongside 17 other states that Google operates a monopoly in online advertising technology. The case will now move to a remedies stage which may lead to Alphabet, the owner of Google, being broken up.
[
411
]
Gender discrimination lawsuit
In 2017, three women sued Google, accusing the company of violating California's Equal Pay Act by underpaying its female employees. The lawsuit cited the wage gap was around $17,000 and that Google locked women into lower career tracks, leading to smaller salaries and bonuses. In June 2022, Google agreed to pay a $118 million settlement to 15,550 female employees working in California since 2013. As a part of the settlement, Google also agreed to hire a third party to analyze its hiring and compensation practices.
[
412
]
[
413
]
[
414
]
Censorship
According to Ryan Gallagher of
The Intercept
in August 2018, Google was developing for the People's Republic of China a censored version of its search engine (known as
Dragonfly
) "that will blacklist websites and search terms about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful protest".
[
415
]
Google was grilled at a
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
hearing on the project one month later.
[
416
]
[
417
]
The project was canceled in December following the backlash it garnered both externally and internally within the company.
[
418
]
[
419
]
Data loss
In May 2024, a misconfiguration in Google Cloud led to the
accidental deletion
of
UniSuper
's $135 billion Australian pension fund account, affecting over half a million members who were unable to access their accounts for a week. The outage, attributed to a cloud service error and not a cyberattack, prompted a joint apology from UniSuper and Google Cloud executives, who assured members that no personal data was compromised and restoration efforts were underway.
[
420
]
Data privacy
On October 8, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due to "non-public"
Google+
account data being exposed as a result of a bug that allowed app developers to gain access to the private information of users. The litigation was settled in July 2020 for $7.5 million with a payout to claimants of at least $5 each, with a maximum of $12 each.
[
421
]
[
422
]
[
423
]
On January 21, 2019, French data regulator
CNIL
imposed a record €50 million fine on Google for breaching the European Union's
General Data Protection Regulation
. The judgment claimed Google had failed to sufficiently inform users of its methods for collecting data to personalize advertising. Google issued a statement saying it was "deeply committed" to transparency and was "studying the decision" before determining its response.
[
424
]
In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the
Department of Health and Human Services
began investigation into
Project Nightingale
, to assess whether the "mass collection of individuals' medical records" complied with the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
.
[
425
]
According to
The Wall Street Journal
, Google secretively began the project in 2018, with
St. Louis
-based
healthcare
company
Ascension
.
[
426
]
In early June 2020, a $5 billion class-action lawsuit was filed against Google by a group of consumers, alleging that Chrome's
Incognito browsing
mode still collects their user history.
[
427
]
[
428
]
The lawsuit became known in March 2021 when a federal judge denied Google's request to dismiss the case, ruling that they must face the group's charges.
[
429
]
[
430
]
Reuters
reported that the lawsuit alleged that Google's CEO
Sundar Pichai
sought to keep the users unaware of this issue.
[
431
]
In April 2024, it was announced that Google agreed to settle this lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement Google agreed to destroy billions of data records to settle a lawsuit claiming it secretly tracked the internet use of people who thought they were browsing privately.
[
432
]
On January 6, 2022, France's data privacy regulatory body CNIL fined Alphabet's Google 150 million euros (US$169 million) for not allowing its Internet users an easy refusal of
cookies
along with Facebook.
[
433
]
In August 2024, Google sent an email to users informing them of its legal obligation to disclose certain confidential information to U.S. government authorities. The company stated that when it receives valid requests from government agencies to produce documents without redacting confidential customer information, it may produce such documents even if they are confidential to users; however, it will request confidential treatment of such information from the government.
[
434
]
In January 2025, U.S. federal judge
Richard Seeborg
rejected Google's motion to dismiss a
class-action
lawsuit. The lawsuit claims Google collected data from users who had specifically opted out of tracking.
[
435
]
In September 2025, a federal jury decided that Google must pay $425 million. Google said it would appeal the decision.
[
436
]
Geolocation
Google has been criticized for continuing to
collect location data
from users who had turned off location-sharing settings.
[
437
]
In 2020, the
FBI
used a
geofence warrant
to request data from Google about Android devices near the Seattle Police Officers Guild building following an arson attempt during Black Lives Matter protests. Google provided anonymized location data from devices in the area, which raised privacy concerns due to the potential inclusion of unrelated protesters.
[
438
]
Copyright infringement
On March 20, 2024, Google was fined approximately $270 million by French regulators for using content from news outlets in France without proper disclosure to train its AI, Bard, now renamed Gemini, violating a previous commitment to negotiate content use transparently and fairly.
[
439
]
U.S. government contracts
Following media reports about
PRISM
, the
NSA
's massive electronic
surveillance program
, in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Google.
[
440
]
According to unnamed sources, Google joined the PRISM program in 2009, as
YouTube
in 2010.
[
441
]
Google has worked with the
U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) on drone software through the 2017
Project Maven
that could be used to improve the accuracy of
drone strikes
.
[
442
]
In April 2018, thousands of Google employees, including senior engineers, signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end this controversial contract with
the Pentagon
.
[
443
]
Google ultimately decided not to renew this DoD contract, which was set to expire in 2019.
[
444
]
In 2022 Google shared a $9 billion contract from the Pentagon for cloud computing with Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.
[
445
]
Google Nest hidden microphone incident
In February 2019, a
privacy
incident involving the Google Nest Guard system went public. The controversy stemmed from the fact that Nest Guard, a security device that was part of the Nest Secure system, contained a hidden microphone that was not disclosed in any product specifications. It resulted in a
public relations
failure.
[
446
]
See also
Google ATAP
– Skunkworks team and in-house technology incubator
Googlization
– Neologism
Outline of Google
– American multinational tech corporation
Notes
^
Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998; however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.
[
1
]
[
2
]
[
3
]
The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.
[
4
]
References
^
Fitzpatrick, Alex (September 4, 2014).
"Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search'
"
.
Time
.
Archived
from the original on October 16, 2019
. Retrieved
September 27,
2019
.
^
"When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused?"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. September 27, 2019.
Archived
from the original on January 10, 2022.
^
Griffin, Andrew (September 27, 2019).
"Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle"
.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on January 12, 2021
. Retrieved
September 27,
2019
.
^
Wray, Richard (September 5, 2008).
"Happy birthday Google"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on January 12, 2021
. Retrieved
September 27,
2019
.
^
"Company – Google"
. January 16, 2015. Archived from
the original
on January 16, 2015
. Retrieved
September 13,
2018
.
^
Claburn, Thomas (September 24, 2008).
"Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!?"
.
InformationWeek
.
UBM plc
.
Archived
from the original on June 28, 2011
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
^
"Locations – Google Jobs"
.
Archived
from the original on September 30, 2013
. Retrieved
September 27,
2013
.
^
a
b
c
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (May 28, 2019).
"Google's Shadow Work Force: Temps Who Outnumber Full-Time Employees (Published 2019)"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
.
Archived
from the original on December 18, 2020
. Retrieved
December 30,
2020
.
^
Condon, Stephanie (May 7, 2019).
"Google I/O: From 'AI first' to AI working for everyone"
.
ZDNet
.
Archived
from the original on April 2, 2022
. Retrieved
April 2,
2022
.
^
Jack, Simon (November 21, 2017).
"Google – powerful and responsible?"
.
BBC News
.
Archived
from the original on March 29, 2022
. Retrieved
March 29,
2022
.
^
McCormick, Rich (June 2, 2016).
"Elon Musk: There's only one AI company that worries me"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on March 29, 2022
. Retrieved
March 29,
2022
.
^
"Justice Department Sues Monopolist Google For Violating Antitrust Laws"
.
U.S. Department of Justice
. October 20, 2020.
Archived
from the original on January 20, 2021
. Retrieved
March 29,
2022
.
^
"Land of the Giants: The Titans of Tech"
.
CNN+
.
Archived
from the original on April 17, 2022
. Retrieved
April 18,
2022
.
^
Feiner, Lauren (December 3, 2019).
"Larry Page steps down as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over"
.
CNBC
.
Archived
from the original on August 24, 2020
. Retrieved
June 16,
2021
.
^
Peters, Jay; Cranz, Alex (September 30, 2022).
"Google is shutting down Stadia in January 2023 - The Verge"
. Archived from
the original
on October 10, 2024
. Retrieved
October 15,
2024
.
^
Brady, Heather; Kirk, Chris (March 15, 2013).
"The Google Graveyard"
.
Slate
.
Archived
from the original on March 16, 2013
. Retrieved
March 16,
2013
.
^
Booker, Logan (March 17, 2013).
"Google Graveyard Does Exist"
.
gizmodo
.
Archived
from the original on May 18, 2018
. Retrieved
May 17,
2018
.
^
"Inside X, Google's top-secret moonshot factory"
.
Wired UK
.
ISSN
1357-0978
.
Archived
from the original on May 19, 2022
. Retrieved
May 17,
2022
.
^
Hanief, Mohammad (April 7, 2023).
"How Google has made our life easy"
.
Greater Kashmir
.
Archived
from the original on December 23, 2023
. Retrieved
December 23,
2023
.
^
Swant, Marty.
"The World's Valuable Brands"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on October 18, 2020
. Retrieved
January 19,
2022
.
^
"Best Global Brands"
. Interbrand.
Archived
from the original on February 1, 2022
. Retrieved
March 7,
2011
.
^
Barakat, Matthew; Liedtke, Michale (August 5, 2024).
"Google illegally maintains monopoly over internet search, judge rules"
. Associated Press.
Archived
from the original on August 5, 2024
. Retrieved
August 6,
2024
.
^
a
b
c
d
"How we started and where we are today – Google"
.
about.google
.
Archived
from the original on May 7, 2020
. Retrieved
April 24,
2021
.
^
Brezina, Corona (2013).
Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, and Google
(1st ed.). New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 18.
ISBN
978-1-4488-6911-4
.
LCCN
2011039480
.
^
a
b
c
"Our history in depth"
.
Google Company
. Archived from
the original
on April 1, 2012
. Retrieved
July 15,
2017
.
^
a
b
Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018).
"Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything"
.
Vanity Fair
.
Archived
from the original on July 4, 2019
. Retrieved
August 23,
2019
.
^
McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003).
"Google vs. Evil"
.
Wired
.
Archived
from the original on June 2, 2019
. Retrieved
August 24,
2019
.
^
"Willow Garage Founder Scott Hassan Aims To Build A Startup Village"
.
IEEE Spectrum
. September 5, 2014.
Archived
from the original on August 24, 2019
. Retrieved
September 1,
2019
.
^
D'Onfro, Jillian (February 13, 2016).
"How a billionaire who wrote Google's original code created a robot revolution"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on August 24, 2019
. Retrieved
August 24,
2019
.
^
"Helpful products. For everyone"
.
Google, Inc
.
Archived
from the original on February 10, 2010.
^
Yoon, John; Isaac, Mike (August 10, 2024).
"Susan Wojcicki, Former Chief of YouTube, Dies at 56"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on August 27, 2024
. Retrieved
August 10,
2024
.
^
Battelle, John (August 2005).
"The Birth of Google"
.
Wired
.
Archived
from the original on November 7, 2012
. Retrieved
October 12,
2010
.
^
"Backrub search engine at Stanford University"
. Archived from
the original
on December 24, 1996
. Retrieved
March 12,
2011
.
^
a
b
Brin, Sergey
;
Page, Lawrence
(1998).
"The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine"
(PDF)
.
Computer Networks and ISDN Systems
.
30
(
1–
7):
107–
117.
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.115.5930
.
doi
:
10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X
.
ISSN
0169-7552
.
S2CID
7587743
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on September 27, 2015
. Retrieved
April 7,
2019
.
^
"About: RankDex"
. Archived from
the original
on January 20, 2012
. Retrieved
September 29,
2010
.
,
RankDex
^
"Method for node ranking in a linked database"
. Google Patents.
Archived
from the original on October 15, 2015
. Retrieved
October 19,
2015
.
^
Koller, David (January 2004).
"Origin of the name "Google"
"
.
Stanford University
.
Archived
from the original on June 27, 2012.
^
a
b
Hanley, Rachael (February 12, 2003).
"From Googol to Google"
.
The Stanford Daily
. Stanford University. Archived from
the original
on March 27, 2010
. Retrieved
February 15,
2010
.
^
"Google! Beta website"
.
Google, Inc
. Archived from
the original
on February 21, 1999
. Retrieved
October 12,
2010
.
^
Long, Tony (September 7, 2007).
"Sept. 7, 1998: If the Check Says 'Google Inc.,' We're 'Google Inc.'
"
.
Wired
.
Archived
from the original on May 2, 2021
. Retrieved
April 6,
2021
.
^
a
b
Kopytoff, Verne (April 29, 2004).
"For early Googlers, key word is $"
.
San Francisco Chronicle
.
Archived
from the original on September 19, 2009.
^
Jolis, Jacob (April 16, 2010).
"Frugal after Google"
.
The Stanford Daily
.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2022
. Retrieved
June 3,
2022
.
^
"The Invention And History Of Google | Silicon Valley: The Untold Story"
.
YouTube
. Discovery UK. June 10, 2018.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2022
. Retrieved
June 3,
2022
.
^
Williamson, Alan (January 12, 2005).
"An evening with Google's Marissa Mayer"
.
Alan Williamson
. Archived from
the original
on September 30, 2011
. Retrieved
July 5,
2010
.
^
a
b
Auletta, Ken
(2010).
Googled: The End of the World as We Know It
(Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Books.
ISBN
978-0-14-311804-6
.
OCLC
515456623
.
On September 7, 1998, the day Google officially incorporated, he [Shriram] wrote out a check for just over $250,000, one of four of this size the founders received.
^
Canales, Katie (April 13, 2018).
"The unlikely way Jeff Bezos became one of the first investors in Google, which probably made him a billionaire outside of Amazon"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2022
. Retrieved
June 3,
2022
.
^
Bhagat, Rasheeda (January 12, 2012).
"The sherpa who funded Google's ascent"
.
The Hindu Business Line
.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2022
. Retrieved
June 3,
2022
.
^
a
b
c
Hosch, William L.; Hall, Mark.
"Google Inc"
.
Britannica
.
Archived
from the original on February 20, 2019
. Retrieved
March 17,
2019
.
^
"Craig Silverstein's website"
.
Stanford University
. Archived from
the original
on October 2, 1999
. Retrieved
October 12,
2010
.
^
Kopytoff, Verne (September 7, 2008).
"Craig Silverstein grew a decade with Google"
.
San Francisco Chronicle
.
Archived
from the original on November 7, 2012.
^
"Google Receives $25 Million in Equity Funding"
(Press release). Palo Alto, Calif. June 7, 1999.
Archived
from the original on February 12, 2001
. Retrieved
February 16,
2009
.
^
Vise, David; Malseed, Mark (2005). "Chapter 5. Divide and Conquer".
The Google Story
.
^
"Remember When Yahoo Turned Down $1 Million To Buy Google?"
.
Yahoo Finance
. Benzinga. July 25, 2016.
Archived
from the original on July 29, 2025
. Retrieved
November 22,
2025
.
^
Schonfeld, Erick (November 3, 2009).
"Yahoo's Bumbling Rejection Of Google"
.
Forbes
. Retrieved
September 15,
2025
.
^
Google Server Assembly
. Computer History Museum. 1999.
Archived
from the original on July 22, 2010
. Retrieved
July 4,
2010
.
^
Weinberger, Matt (October 12, 2015).
"Google's cofounders are stepping down from their company. Here are 43 photos showing Google's rise from a Stanford dorm room to global internet superpower"
.
Business Insider
.
Axel Springer SE
.
Archived
from the original on August 19, 2017.
^
"A building blessed with tech success"
.
CNET
.
CBS Interactive
.
Archived
from the original on May 23, 2017
. Retrieved
July 15,
2017
.
^
Stross, Randall (September 2008).
"Introduction"
.
Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know
. New York: Free Press. pp.
3–
4.
ISBN
978-1-4165-4691-7
. Retrieved
February 14,
2010
.
^
"Google Launches Self-Service Advertising Program"
.
News from Google
. October 23, 2000. Archived from
the original
on April 1, 2012
. Retrieved
July 15,
2017
.
^
Naughton, John (July 2, 2000).
"Why's Yahoo gone to Google? Search me"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on January 31, 2019
. Retrieved
January 30,
2019
.
^
"Yahoo! Selects Google as its Default Search Engine Provider – News announcements – News from Google – Google"
.
googlepress.blogspot.com
.
Archived
from the original on January 31, 2019
. Retrieved
January 30,
2019
.
^
Vise, David; Malseed, Mark (2005). "Chapter 9. Hiring a Pilot".
The Google Story
.
^
Olsen, Stephanie (July 11, 2003).
"Google's movin' on up"
.
CNET
. CBS Interactive.
Archived
from the original on November 2, 2012
. Retrieved
February 15,
2010
.
^
"Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics"
.
American City Business Journals
. June 16, 2006.
Archived
from the original on April 18, 2010.
^
Krantz, Michael (October 25, 2006).
"Do You "Google"?"
.
Google, Inc
.
Archived
from the original on May 12, 2012
. Retrieved
February 17,
2010
.
^
a
b
Bylund, Anders (July 5, 2006).
"To Google or Not to Google"
.
MSNBC
. Archived from
the original
on July 7, 2006
. Retrieved
February 17,
2010
.
^
Meyer, Robinson (June 27, 2014).
"The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer"
.
The Atlantic
.
Archived
from the original on September 29, 2016
. Retrieved
June 30,
2021
.
^
Lashinsky, Adam (January 29, 2008).
"Google wins again"
.
Fortune
. Time Warner.
Archived
from the original on October 22, 2012
. Retrieved
January 22,
2011
.
^
a
b
"GOOG Stock"
.
Business Insider
. July 31, 2023.
Archived
from the original on April 10, 2021
. Retrieved
April 6,
2021
.
^
a
b
"2004 Annual Report"
(PDF)
.
Google, Inc
. Mountain View, California. 2004. p. 29.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on January 14, 2012
. Retrieved
February 19,
2010
.
^
La Monica, Paul R. (April 30, 2004).
"Google sets $2.7 billion IPO"
.
CNN
Money
.
Archived
from the original on October 22, 2012
. Retrieved
February 19,
2010
.
^
Kawamoto, Dawn (April 29, 2004).
"Want In on Google's IPO?"
.
ZDNet
.
Archived
from the original on December 28, 2011
. Retrieved
February 19,
2010
.
^
a
b
Webb, Cynthia L. (August 19, 2004).
"Google's IPO: Grate Expectations"
.
The Washington Post
. Washington, D.C.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2012
. Retrieved
February 19,
2010
.
^
Arrington, Michael (October 9, 2006).
"Google Has Acquired YouTube"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on March 16, 2017
. Retrieved
March 15,
2017
.
^
Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Peters, Jeremy W. (October 9, 2006).
"Google to Acquire YouTube for $1.65 Billion"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on June 9, 2017
. Retrieved
March 15,
2017
.
^
Arrington, Michael (November 13, 2006).
"Google Closes YouTube Acquisition"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on March 16, 2017
. Retrieved
March 15,
2017
.
^
Auchard, Eric (November 14, 2006).
"Google closes YouTube deal"
.
Reuters
.
Thomson Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on March 16, 2017
. Retrieved
March 15,
2017
.
^
Sarkar, Dibya (July 20, 2007).
"Google to bid $4.6 billion at wireless auction — with conditions"
.
The Seattle Times
.
Archived
from the original on March 26, 2024
. Retrieved
March 26,
2024
.
^
Lawsky, David (March 11, 2008).
"Google closes DoubleClick merger after EU approval"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on December 22, 2020
. Retrieved
April 8,
2021
.
^
Story, Louise; Helft, Miguel (April 14, 2007).
"Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on April 4, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Worstall, Tim (June 22, 2011).
"Google Hits One Billion Visitors in Only One Month"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on April 28, 2021
. Retrieved
April 8,
2021
.
^
Efrati, Amir (June 21, 2011).
"Google Notches One Billion Unique Visitors Per Month"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on April 16, 2021
. Retrieved
April 8,
2021
.
^
"Google Completes Takeover of Motorola Mobility"
.
IndustryWeek
.
Agence France-Presse
. May 22, 2012.
Archived
from the original on April 14, 2021
. Retrieved
April 6,
2021
.
^
Tsukayama, Hayley (August 15, 2011).
"Google agrees to acquire Motorola Mobility"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on November 13, 2012.
^
"Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility — Google Investor Relations"
.
Google
.
Archived
from the original on August 17, 2011
. Retrieved
August 17,
2011
.
^
Page, Larry
(August 15, 2011).
"Official Google Blog: Supercharging Android: Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility"
.
Official Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on September 21, 2011.
^
Hughes, Neil (August 15, 2011).
"Google CEO: 'Anticompetitive' Apple, Microsoft forced Motorola deal"
.
AppleInsider
.
Archived
from the original on December 10, 2011.
^
Cheng, Roger (August 15, 2011).
"Google to buy Motorola Mobility for $12.5B"
.
CNet News
.
Archived
from the original on October 6, 2011
. Retrieved
August 15,
2011
.
^
Kerr, Dara (July 25, 2013).
"Google reveals it spent $966 million in Waze acquisition"
.
CNET
. CBS Interactive.
Archived
from the original on February 16, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Lunden, Ingrid (June 11, 2013).
"Google Bought Waze For $1.1B, Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on July 6, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Wakefield, Jane (September 19, 2013).
"Google spin-off Calico to search for answers to ageing"
.
BBC News
.
Archived
from the original on September 19, 2013
. Retrieved
September 20,
2013
.
^
Chowdhry, Amit (January 27, 2014).
"Google To Acquire Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on January 29, 2014
. Retrieved
January 27,
2014
.
^
Helgren, Chris (January 27, 2014).
"Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on January 27, 2014
. Retrieved
January 27,
2014
.
^
Ribeiro, Jon (January 27, 2014).
"Google buys artificial intelligence company DeepMind"
.
PC World
.
Archived
from the original on January 30, 2014
. Retrieved
January 27,
2014
.
^
Opam, Kwame (January 26, 2014).
"Google buying AI startup DeepMind for a reported $400 million"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on July 8, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Interbrand.
"Rankings – 2013 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"
.
Interbrand
.
Archived
from the original on October 22, 2016
. Retrieved
October 23,
2016
.
^
Interbrand.
"Rankings – 2014 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"
.
Interbrand
.
Archived
from the original on November 3, 2016
. Retrieved
October 23,
2016
.
^
Interbrand.
"Rankings – 2015 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"
.
Interbrand
.
Archived
from the original on October 21, 2016
. Retrieved
October 23,
2016
.
^
Interbrand.
"Rankings – 2016 – Best Global Brands"
.
Interbrand
.
Archived
from the original on December 20, 2016
. Retrieved
October 23,
2016
.
^
Womack, Brian (August 10, 2015).
"Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet"
.
Bloomberg L.P.
Archived
from the original on November 23, 2016
. Retrieved
November 22,
2016
.
^
Barr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015).
"Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on November 28, 2016
. Retrieved
November 22,
2016
.
^
Dougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015).
"Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on October 19, 2016
. Retrieved
November 22,
2016
.
^
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017).
"Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech"
.
The New York Times
. Archived from
the original
on August 10, 2017
. Retrieved
August 10,
2017
.
.
The New York Times
, August 7, 2017
^
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017).
"Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out"
.
The New York Times
. Archived from
the original
on August 9, 2017
. Retrieved
August 10,
2017
.
.
The New York Times
, August 8, 2017
^
diversitymemo.com
^
Friedersdorf, Conor (August 8, 2017).
"The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo"
.
The Atlantic
.
Archived
from the original on August 8, 2017
. Retrieved
August 9,
2017
.
^
Bergen, Mark (November 22, 2019).
"Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'
"
.
Bloomberg.com
.
Archived
from the original on November 27, 2019
. Retrieved
November 27,
2019
.
^
a
b
Hollister, Sean (November 25, 2019).
"Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on November 26, 2019
. Retrieved
November 26,
2019
.
^
Welch, Chris (October 25, 2018).
"Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on October 31, 2018
. Retrieved
October 31,
2018
.
^
Hamilton, Isobel Asher; et al. (November 1, 2018).
"PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on November 2, 2018
. Retrieved
November 6,
2018
.
^
Segarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018).
"More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy"
.
Fortune
.
Archived
from the original on November 7, 2018
. Retrieved
November 6,
2018
.
^
Liedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018).
"Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct"
. San Francisco, Calf.: Akron Beacon/Journal.
Associated Press
.
Archived
from the original on November 7, 2018
. Retrieved
November 6,
2018
.
^
Warren, Tom (March 19, 2019).
"Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on March 19, 2019
. Retrieved
April 8,
2019
.
^
"Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe"
.
The Register
.
Archived
from the original on September 27, 2020
. Retrieved
September 27,
2020
.
^
"U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google"
.
NPR
.
Archived
from the original on October 25, 2020
. Retrieved
October 25,
2020
.
^
Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2019).
"PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce"
.
TechCrunch
.
Archived
from the original on May 13, 2021
. Retrieved
April 8,
2021
.
^
"Bloomberg – Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff"
.
Boomberg News
. April 15, 2020.
Archived
from the original on April 16, 2020
. Retrieved
April 16,
2020
.
^
Bonacini, Luca; Gallo, Giovanni; Scicchitano, Sergio (2021).
"Working from home and income inequality: risks of a 'new normal' with COVID-19"
.
Journal of Population Economics
.
34
(1):
303–
360.
doi
:
10.1007/s00148-020-00800-7
.
ISSN
0933-1433
.
PMC
7486597
.
PMID
32952308
.
^
"Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption"
.
Sky News
.
Archived
from the original on December 14, 2020
. Retrieved
December 14,
2020
.
^
Li, Abner (November 12, 2020).
"YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage"
.
9to5Google
.
Archived
from the original on December 23, 2020
. Retrieved
December 14,
2020
.
^
"YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage'
"
.
TechRadar
. December 14, 2020. Archived from
the original
on December 14, 2020
. Retrieved
February 23,
2022
.
^
"Google employees are forming a union"
.
Android Police
. January 4, 2021.
Archived
from the original on March 24, 2022
. Retrieved
March 26,
2022
.
^
Jose, Renju (January 22, 2021).
"Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on September 18, 2021
. Retrieved
January 22,
2021
.
^
"Google reportedly paid $20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia"
.
GamesIndustry.biz
. March 2021.
Archived
from the original on March 1, 2021
. Retrieved
March 1,
2021
.
^
Schreier, Jason (February 28, 2021).
"Google had big video game ambitions. Then reality hit"
.
Fortune
.
Archived
from the original on February 3, 2022
. Retrieved
February 3,
2022
.
^
"Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case"
.
The Wall Street Journal
. April 11, 2021.
Archived
from the original on April 13, 2021
. Retrieved
April 13,
2021
.
^
"Australian Government Plans to Curb Google's Capability to Sell Targeted Ads – September 28, 2021"
.
Daily News Brief
. September 28, 2021.
Archived
from the original on October 4, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
^
Picchi, Aimee (April 28, 2022).
"Google will now remove your phone number and other info from search results. Here's how to do it"
.
CBS News
.
Archived
from the original on May 4, 2022
. Retrieved
May 4,
2022
.
^
Osterloh, Rick (May 4, 2022).
"Google acquires Raxium"
.
Google
.
Archived
from the original on June 24, 2025
. Retrieved
October 8,
2025
.
^
Charlotte Trueman (July 6, 2022).
"Noteworthy tech acquisitions 2022"
.
Computer World
.
Archived
from the original on July 16, 2022
. Retrieved
July 24,
2022
.
^
Claburn, Thomas (December 15, 2022).
"Google debuts OSV-Scanner to find vulns in open source apps • The Register"
. Archived from
the original
on December 15, 2022
. Retrieved
October 15,
2024
.
^
Lakshmanan, Ravie (December 13, 2022).
"Google Launches OSV-Scanner Tool to Identify Open Source Vulnerabilities"
. Archived from
the original
on December 13, 2022
. Retrieved
October 15,
2024
.
^
Grant, Nico; Metz, Cade (December 21, 2022).
"A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
.
Archived
from the original on December 21, 2022
. Retrieved
February 2,
2025
.
^
Love, Julia; Alba, Davey (March 8, 2023).
"Google's Plan to Catch ChatGPT Is to Stuff AI Into Everything"
.
Bloomberg
Businessweek
.
Archived
from the original on March 12, 2023
. Retrieved
March 14,
2023
.
^
"Google just launched Bard, its answer to ChatGPT—and it wants you to make it better"
.
MIT Technology Review
.
Archived
from the original on February 12, 2025
. Retrieved
February 4,
2025
.
^
"Google to open two more data centers in Ohio"
.
ABC News
.
Archived
from the original on May 6, 2023
. Retrieved
May 6,
2023
.
^
Peters, Jay (August 6, 2024).
"Now that Google is a monopolist, what's next? / Reaching a decision on what to do about Google Search could take a very long time"
. The Verge
. Retrieved
August 6,
2024
.
^
Mallin, Alexander (August 5, 2024).
"Google violated antitrust laws to maintain dominance over online search, judge says"
. ABC News.
Archived
from the original on August 6, 2024
. Retrieved
August 6,
2024
.
^
a
b
Hancock, Edith (September 10, 2024).
"Google loses EU court battle over €2.4B antitrust fine"
. Politico.
Archived
from the original on September 10, 2024
. Retrieved
September 10,
2024
.
^
Anthony Cuthbertson (October 31, 2024).
"Russia fines Google $20 decillion (that's 2.5 trillion trillion trillion dollars)"
.
The Independent
. Retrieved
October 31,
2024
.
^
"Saudis Plan $100 Billion AI Powerhouse to Rival UAE Tech Hub"
.
Bloomberg.com
. November 6, 2024
. Retrieved
November 8,
2024
.
^
Kahil, Nadine (November 7, 2024).
"Google's new AI hub in Saudi Arabia aims to add $71 billion to local economy"
.
WIRED Middle East
. Archived from
the original
on November 9, 2024
. Retrieved
November 8,
2024
.
^
Jin, Lauren Thomas and Berber (March 17, 2025).
"Google Strikes $32 Billion Deal for Cybersecurity Startup Wiz"
.
The Wall Street Journal
. Retrieved
March 25,
2025
.
^
Brodkin, Jon (July 15, 2025).
"Grok's "MechaHitler" meltdown didn't stop xAI from winning $200M military deal"
.
Ars Technica
.
Archived
from the original on July 16, 2025
. Retrieved
July 16,
2025
.
^
Elias, Jennifer (September 2, 2025).
"Google stock jumps 8% after search giant avoids worst-case penalties in antitrust case"
.
CNBC
. Retrieved
September 2,
2025
.
^
Shamsian, Natalie Musumeci, Jacob.
"Google can't have exclusive search deals — but won't have to divest Chrome or Android, judge rules in antitrust case"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on September 2, 2025
. Retrieved
September 2,
2025
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
^
Renshaw, Jarrett; Kearney, Laila (March 4, 2026).
"Tech Giants sign energy pledge at white house ahead of midterms"
.
Reuters
.
^
Arrington, Michael (July 25, 2008).
"Google's Misleading Blog Post: The Size Of The Web And The Size Of Their Index Are Very Different"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on March 12, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
"comScore Releases November 2009 U.S. Search Engine Rankings"
. December 16, 2006.
Archived
from the original on February 25, 2010
. Retrieved
July 5,
2010
.
^
Schwartz, Barry (May 26, 2017).
"Google Adds Personal Tab To Search Filters"
.
Search Engine Roundtable
. RustyBrick.
Archived
from the original on May 27, 2017
. Retrieved
May 27,
2017
.
^
Gartenberg, Chaim (May 26, 2017).
"Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on May 26, 2017
. Retrieved
May 27,
2017
.
^
Macht, Joshua (September 30, 2002).
"Automatic for the People"
.
Time
. Archived from
the original
on October 22, 2010
. Retrieved
June 7,
2010
.
^
Martin, China (November 26, 2007).
"Google hit with second lawsuit over Library project"
.
InfoWorld
.
Archived
from the original on May 10, 2011
. Retrieved
July 5,
2010
.
^
Naughton, John (July 1, 2017).
"Challenges to Silicon Valley won't just come from Brussels"
.
The Observer
.
Archived
from the original on October 2, 2023
. Retrieved
September 19,
2023
.
^
Mills, Elinor (March 21, 2006).
"Google launches its own financial site"
.
CNET
.
Archived
from the original on October 2, 2023
. Retrieved
September 19,
2023
.
^
Pepitone, Julianne (September 13, 2011).
"Google launches Flight Search - with a cool feature rivals lack"
.
CNN Money
.
Archived
from the original on October 2, 2023
. Retrieved
September 19,
2023
.
^
Annualg report (Alphabet Inc.) – 2017
. Alphabet Inc. Investor relations. March 1, 2018.
Archived
from the original on February 3, 2016
. Retrieved
December 3,
2018
.
^
Nakashima, Ellen (August 12, 2008).
"Some Web Firms Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2012.
^
Helft, Miguel (March 11, 2009).
"Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on March 28, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
"Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market"
.
Google, Inc
. September 17, 2007.
Archived
from the original on June 20, 2012
. Retrieved
February 26,
2010
.
^
Bright, Peter (August 27, 2008).
"Surfing on the sly with IE8's new "InPrivate" Internet"
.
Ars Technica
.
Condé Nast
.
Archived
from the original on March 12, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Beal, Vangie (December 21, 2010).
"AdWords – Google AdWords"
.
Webopedia
. QuinStreet Inc.
Archived
from the original on June 29, 2017
. Retrieved
May 27,
2017
.
^
Beal, Vangie (December 20, 2010).
"AdSense – Google AdSense"
.
Webopedia
. QuinStreet Inc.
Archived
from the original on May 2, 2017
. Retrieved
May 27,
2017
.
^
Mills, Elinor (July 25, 2006).
"Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats"
.
news.cnet.com
.
CNET
.
Archived
from the original on May 10, 2011
. Retrieved
July 29,
2006
.
^
Metz, Cade (February 8, 2024).
"Google Releases Gemini, an A.I.-Driven Chatbot and Voice Assistant"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
.
Archived
from the original on February 8, 2024
. Retrieved
May 5,
2024
.
^
Nietzel, Michael T.
"Google Introduces New AI Training Course"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on May 5, 2024
. Retrieved
May 5,
2024
.
^
Roth, Emma (August 15, 2024).
"Google's upgraded AI image generator is now available"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on September 25, 2024
. Retrieved
September 25,
2024
.
^
Edwards, Benj (May 15, 2024).
"Google unveils Veo, a high-definition AI video generator that may rival Sora"
.
Ars Technica
. Retrieved
September 25,
2024
.
^
Whitwam, Ryan (March 5, 2025).
"You knew it was coming: Google begins testing AI-only search results"
.
Ars Technica
. Retrieved
March 1,
2026
.
^
Peters, Jay (May 21, 2025).
"Google has a new tool to help detect AI-generated content"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on May 22, 2025
. Retrieved
May 23,
2025
.
^
Orland, Kyle (September 23, 2024).
"Fake AI "podcasters" are reviewing my book and it's freaking me out"
.
Ars Technica
.
Archived
from the original on September 24, 2024
. Retrieved
September 25,
2024
.
^
Pierce, David (September 22, 2024).
"The chatbot becomes the teacher"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
September 25,
2024
.
^
Luna, Elizabeth de (May 14, 2024).
"How Google's LearnLM plans to supercharge education for students and teachers"
.
Mashable
.
Archived
from the original on December 20, 2024
. Retrieved
December 20,
2024
.
^
Gayomali, Chris (April 1, 2014).
"When Gmail Launched On April 1, 2004, People Thought It Was A Joke"
.
Fast Company
. Mansueto Ventures.
Archived
from the original on October 18, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Vincent, James (January 5, 2017).
"Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year's fitness goals"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on January 13, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Broussard, Mitchel (March 22, 2017).
"Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real-Time Friend Tracking"
.
MacRumors
.
Archived
from the original on March 27, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
a
b
Sottek, T.C. (April 24, 2012).
"Google Drive officially launches with 5 GB free storage, Google Docs integration"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on December 26, 2016
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Perez, Sarah (May 28, 2015).
"Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+, Now Offers Free, Unlimited Storage"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on July 6, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Graziano, Dan (March 20, 2013).
"Google launches Google Keep note-taking service [video]"
.
BGR
.
Penske Media Corporation
.
Archived
from the original on October 8, 2016
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Eadicicco, Lisa (November 16, 2016).
"Google's Translation App Is About To Get Much Better"
.
Time
.
Archived
from the original on April 1, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Hamedy, Saba (February 28, 2017).
"People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day"
.
Mashable
.
Archived
from the original on May 17, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
"Google My Business – Stand Out on Google for Free"
.
Google My Business
.
Archived
from the original on February 7, 2019
. Retrieved
February 6,
2019
.
^
Singer, Natasha (May 13, 2017).
"How Google Took Over the Classroom (Published 2017)"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on December 8, 2024
. Retrieved
December 20,
2024
.
^
Levy, Steven (June 28, 2011).
"Inside Google+ - How the search giant plans to go social"
.
Wired
.
Condé Nast
.
Archived
from the original on April 5, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Zakrasek, Nick (2017).
"Connecting more Americans with jobs"
.
blog.google
.
Archived
from the original on June 24, 2021
. Retrieved
June 21,
2021
.
^
"Job Search on Google – Get Your Job Postings on Google Today"
.
jobs.google.com
.
Archived
from the original on June 28, 2021
. Retrieved
June 28,
2021
.
^
"Search Job Opportunities & Expand Career Skills"
.
Grow With Google
.
Archived
from the original on June 19, 2021
. Retrieved
June 21,
2021
.
^
Ryan, Robin (2019).
"How To Use Google's Job Search Feature To Land A Job"
.
forbes.com
. Archived from
the original
on August 6, 2019.
^
Clarke, Philippa; Ailshire, Jennifer; Melendez, Robert; Bader, Michael; Morenoff, Jeffrey (2010).
"Using Google Earth to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit instrument"
.
Health & Place
.
16
(6):
1224–
1229.
Bibcode
:
2010HePla..16.1224C
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.007
.
ISSN
1353-8292
.
PMC
2952684
.
PMID
20797897
.
^
Schonfeld, Erick (November 5, 2007).
"Breaking: Google Announces Android and Open Handset Alliance"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on June 22, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
D'Orazio, Dante (March 18, 2014).
"Google reveals Android Wear, an operating system for smartwatches"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on February 10, 2017
. Retrieved
April 4,
2017
.
^
Ong, Josh (June 25, 2014).
"Google announces Android TV to bring 'voice input, user experience and content' to the living room"
.
The Next Web
.
Archived
from the original on March 13, 2017
. Retrieved
April 4,
2017
.
^
Wilhelm, Alex (June 25, 2014).
"Google Announces Android Auto, Promises Enabled Cars By The End Of 2014"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on June 22, 2017
. Retrieved
April 4,
2017
.
^
Kastrenakes, Jacob (December 13, 2016).
"Android Things is Google's new OS for smart devices"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on February 17, 2017
. Retrieved
April 4,
2017
.
^
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (September 1, 2008).
"A fresh take on the browser"
.
Official Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on March 15, 2016
. Retrieved
November 22,
2016
.
^
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (July 7, 2009).
"Introducing the Google Chrome OS"
.
Official Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on November 22, 2016
. Retrieved
November 22,
2016
.
^
"Gemini 3: Introducing the latest Gemini AI model from Google"
.
Google Blog
. November 18, 2025
. Retrieved
November 18,
2025
.
^
Heath, Alex (November 18, 2025).
"Google Antigravity is an 'agent-first' coding tool built for Gemini 3"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
. Retrieved
November 18,
2025
.
^
Siegler, MG (January 5, 2010).
"The Droid You're Looking For: Live From The Nexus One Event"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on November 23, 2016
. Retrieved
November 22,
2016
.
^
Ion, Florence (May 15, 2013).
"From Nexus One to Nexus 10: a brief history of Google's flagship devices"
.
Ars Technica
.
Condé Nast
.
Archived
from the original on June 24, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016).
"The Google Phone: The inside story of Google's bold bet on hardware"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on January 6, 2017
. Retrieved
June 12,
2017
.
^
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (May 11, 2011).
"A new kind of computer: Chromebook"
.
Official Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on November 22, 2016
. Retrieved
November 22,
2016
.
^
Robertson, Adi (July 24, 2013).
"Google reveals Chromecast: video streaming to your TV from any device for $35"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on December 26, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
"Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to TV"
.
BBC News
.
BBC
. July 31, 2013.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
O'Toole, James (June 26, 2014).
"Google's cardboard virtual-reality goggles"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
Kastrenakes, Jacob (October 4, 2016).
"Google's Daydream View VR headset goes on sale next month for $79"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on October 7, 2016
. Retrieved
May 16,
2024
.
^
"Daydream: Bringing high-quality VR to everyone"
.
Google
. October 4, 2016
. Retrieved
May 16,
2024
.
^
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016).
"Google Home is smart, loud, and kind of cute"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on October 7, 2016
. Retrieved
October 8,
2016
.
^
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016).
"The Google Wifi routers are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your house"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on October 7, 2016
. Retrieved
October 8,
2016
.
^
"Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to get it done, in one location"
.
Google Cloud Blog
.
Archived
from the original on January 28, 2022
. Retrieved
October 24,
2020
.
^
"Choose a Plan"
.
G Suite by Google Cloud
.
Archived
from the original on December 12, 2016
. Retrieved
December 2,
2016
.
^
"Celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship with the new Google for Entrepreneurs"
.
Official Google Blog
. September 24, 2012.
Archived
from the original on March 20, 2018
. Retrieved
March 20,
2018
.
^
Fell, Jason (September 27, 2012).
"How Google Wants to Make Starting Up Easier for Entrepreneurs"
.
Entrepreneur
.
Archived
from the original on March 20, 2018
. Retrieved
March 20,
2018
.
^
Muret, Paul (March 15, 2016).
"Introducing the Google Analytics 360 Suite"
.
Archived
from the original on January 12, 2017
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
^
Marshall, Jack (March 15, 2016).
"Google Launches New Data Tools for Marketers"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on November 13, 2016
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
^
Ingersoll, Minnie; Kelly, James (February 10, 2010).
"Think big with a gig: Our experimental fiber network"
.
Official Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
Schonfeld, Erick (February 10, 2010).
"Google Plans To Deliver 1Gb/sec Fiber-Optic Broadband Network To More Than 50,000 Homes"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
McLaughlin, Kevin (August 25, 2016).
"Inside the Battle Over Google Fiber"
.
The Information
.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
Statt, Nick (August 25, 2016).
"Alphabet is putting serious pressure on Google Fiber to cut costs"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
Fox, Nick (April 22, 2015).
"Say hi to Fi: A new way to say hello"
.
Official Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
Goldman, David (April 22, 2015).
"Google launches 'Project Fi' wireless service"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on November 29, 2016
. Retrieved
November 29,
2016
.
^
"Google joins OpenWallet Foundation"
.
Payments Dive
.
Archived
from the original on September 1, 2023
. Retrieved
September 1,
2023
.
^
"Financial Statements | GOOGL"
.
Macrotrends
.
Archived
from the original on July 29, 2025
. Retrieved
June 20,
2025
.
^
"Alphabet Income Statement"
.
Eulerpool
. Retrieved
June 20,
2025
.
^
"Google's Employee Headcount (2004 – 2021)"
.
GlobalData
.
Archived
from the original on June 21, 2024
. Retrieved
June 20,
2025
.
^
"Number of Google Employees"
.
Exploding Topics
. October 8, 2024.
Archived
from the original on May 16, 2025
. Retrieved
June 20,
2025
.
^
"Form S-1"
.
SEC.gov
. Retrieved
June 20,
2025
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
"Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004"
.
SEC.gov
.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2025
. Retrieved
June 20,
2025
.
^
Hancock, Jay (October 31, 2007).
"Google shares hit $700"
.
The Baltimore Sun
.
Archived
from the original on February 2, 2012
. Retrieved
November 27,
2010
.
^
a
b
La Monica, Paul R. (May 25, 2005).
"Bowling for Google"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on March 4, 2012
. Retrieved
February 28,
2007
.
^
"This could cost Google more than $500 million"
.
CNBC
. April 2, 2015.
Archived
from the original on December 26, 2015
. Retrieved
December 30,
2015
.
^
Pramuk, Jacob (August 10, 2015).
"Google to become part of new company, Alphabet"
.
CNBC
.
Archived
from the original on August 11, 2015
. Retrieved
August 11,
2015
.
^
Vise, David (October 21, 2005).
"Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on October 20, 2016
. Retrieved
November 27,
2016
.
^
La Monica, Paul R. (October 21, 2005).
"All signals go for Google"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on April 16, 2021
. Retrieved
April 6,
2021
.
^
"Google shares jump on big profit increase"
.
CBC News
. October 21, 2005.
Archived
from the original on April 14, 2021
. Retrieved
April 6,
2021
.
^
"Form 10-K
– Annual Report"
. SEC.
Archived
from the original on November 6, 2010
. Retrieved
July 5,
2010
.
^
"Google Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date January 26, 2012"
(PDF)
. secdatabase.com.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on May 2, 2013
. Retrieved
March 8,
2013
.
^
Fiegerman, Seth (January 22, 2013).
"Google Has Its First $50 Billion Year"
.
Mashable
.
Archived
from the original on December 1, 2016
. Retrieved
November 30,
2016
.
^
Whitwam, Ryan (October 18, 2013).
"Google Beats Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results, Stock Passes $1000 Per Share"
.
Android Police
.
Archived
from the original on March 16, 2017
. Retrieved
March 15,
2017
.
^
"Google earnings up 12% in third quarter even as Motorola losses deepen"
.
The Guardian
.
Reuters
. October 17, 2013. Archived from
the original
on October 17, 2013
. Retrieved
October 18,
2013
.
^
"Google Overview"
.
Marketwatch
.
Archived
from the original on February 2, 2014
. Retrieved
February 2,
2014
.
^
Metz, Cade (October 22, 2010).
"Google slips $3.1bn through 'Double Irish' tax loophole"
.
The Register
.
Archived
from the original on July 6, 2017
. Retrieved
August 10,
2017
.
^
Leach, Anna (October 31, 2012).
"French gov 'plans to hand Google €1bn tax bill' – report"
. The Register.
Archived
from the original on January 4, 2013
. Retrieved
January 2,
2013
.
^
Waters, Richard (January 2, 2020).
"Google to end use of 'double Irish' as tax loophole set to close"
.
Financial Times
.
Archived
from the original on January 2, 2020
. Retrieved
January 2,
2020
.
^
Parnell, Brid-Aine (May 17, 2013).
"I think you DO do evil, using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax"
. The Register.
Archived
from the original on December 26, 2013
. Retrieved
March 13,
2014
.
^
Gapper, John (January 23, 2016).
"Google strikes £130m back tax deal"
. Financial Times.
Archived
from the original on January 24, 2016
. Retrieved
January 24,
2016
.
^
Meijer, Bart (January 3, 2019).
"Google shifted $23 billion to tax haven Bermuda in 2017: filing"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on January 3, 2019
. Retrieved
January 3,
2019
.
Google moved 19.9 billion euros ($22.7 billion) through a Dutch shell company to Bermuda in 2017, as part of an arrangement that allows it to reduce its foreign tax bill
^
Hamburger, Tom; Gold, Matea (April 13, 2014).
"Google, once disdainful of lobbying, now a master of Washington influence"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on October 27, 2017
. Retrieved
August 22,
2017
.
^
Koller, David (January 2004).
"Origin of the name, "Google."
"
.
Stanford University
. Archived from
the original
on June 27, 2012
. Retrieved
May 28,
2006
.
^
Harris, Scott D. (July 7, 2006).
"Dictionary adds verb: to google"
.
San Jose Mercury News
. Archived from
the original
on February 6, 2007
. Retrieved
July 7,
2006
.
^
Gibbs, Samuel (November 3, 2014).
"Google has 'outgrown' its 14-year old mission statement, says Larry Page"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on March 26, 2017
. Retrieved
March 25,
2017
.
^
"Google Code of Conduct"
.
Alphabet Investor Relations
. Alphabet Inc. April 11, 2012.
Archived
from the original on February 11, 2017
. Retrieved
March 25,
2017
.
^
Lawler, Richard (October 2, 2015).
"Alphabet replaces Google's 'Don't be evil' with 'Do the right thing'
"
.
Engadget
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on July 1, 2017
. Retrieved
March 25,
2017
.
^
"Happy Birthday Google!"
. ndtv.com. NDTV Convergence Limited.
Archived
from the original on April 7, 2019
. Retrieved
April 28,
2016
.
^
"Doodle 4 Google"
.
Archived
from the original on April 27, 2014
. Retrieved
April 23,
2014
.
^
"Burning Man Festival"
. August 30, 1998.
Archived
from the original on April 25, 2014
. Retrieved
April 23,
2014
.
^
"Meet the people behind the Google Doodles"
.
The Guardian
. April 12, 2014.
Archived
from the original on October 6, 2014
. Retrieved
September 27,
2014
.
^
"Google MentalPlex"
. Google, Inc. April 1, 2000.
Archived
from the original on September 21, 2010
. Retrieved
July 5,
2010
.
^
"Welcome to Google TiSP"
. Google, Inc. April 1, 2007.
Archived
from the original on July 9, 2010
. Retrieved
July 5,
2010
.
^
"Language Tools"
. Google, Inc. Archived from
the original
on May 22, 2009
. Retrieved
July 4,
2010
.
^
"anagram search"
. Google, Inc.
Archived
from the original on June 24, 2013
. Retrieved
September 22,
2010
.
^
"Technical Writing Courses"
.
developers.google.com
.
Archived
from the original on March 26, 2023
. Retrieved
February 27,
2023
.
^
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (January 22, 2007).
Serwer, Andrew
(ed.).
"In good company"
.
Fortune Magazine
.
155
(1):
94–
6, 100, 102 passim.
PMID
17256628
.
Archived
from the original on March 1, 2010
. Retrieved
June 19,
2010
.
^
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 4, 2008).
Serwer, Andrew
(ed.).
"The 2008 list"
.
Fortune Magazine
.
157
(2).
Archived
from the original on July 23, 2010
. Retrieved
June 19,
2010
.
^
"The 2012 list"
.
Fortune Magazine
.
Archived
from the original on October 31, 2012
. Retrieved
February 26,
2012
.
^
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 2, 2009).
Serwer, Andrew
(ed.).
"The 2009 list"
.
Fortune Magazine
.
159
(2).
Archived
from the original on July 26, 2010
. Retrieved
June 19,
2010
.
^
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 8, 2010).
Serwer, Andrew
(ed.).
"The 2010 list"
.
Fortune Magazine
.
161
(2).
Archived
from the original on June 18, 2010
. Retrieved
June 19,
2010
.
^
"The World's Most Attractive Employers 2010"
. Universum Global. September 28, 2010. Archived from
the original
on November 12, 2010
. Retrieved
October 28,
2010
.
^
"Our Philosophy"
. Google, Inc.
Archived
from the original on July 9, 2010
. Retrieved
June 20,
2010
.
^
"Alphabet Q3 2020 10-Q Report"
(PDF)
.
Alphabet Inc
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on December 30, 2020
. Retrieved
December 30,
2020
.
^
Nieva, Richard; Carson, Erin (May 5, 2020).
"Google's diversity numbers show incremental progress"
.
CNET
.
Archived
from the original on December 30, 2020
. Retrieved
January 1,
2021
.
^
"Google Diversity Annual Report 2020"
.
Google
. 2020.
Archived
from the original on December 16, 2020
. Retrieved
January 1,
2021
.
^
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (September 8, 2017).
"Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women"
.
CNBC
.
Archived
from the original on September 26, 2017
. Retrieved
September 25,
2017
.
^
Mediratta, Bharat; Bick, Julie (October 21, 2007).
"The Google Way: Give Engineers Room"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on April 2, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Mayer, Marissa (speaker) (June 30, 2006).
Marissa Mayer at Stanford University
(Seminar). Martin Lafrance. Event occurs at 11:33.
Archived
from the original on August 16, 2010
. Retrieved
June 20,
2010
.
Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20% time.
^
Rivlin, Gary (August 24, 2005).
"Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on April 3, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Utz, Richard (2013). "The Good Corporation? Google's Medievalism and Why It Matters".
Studies in Medievalism
.
23
:
21–
28.
doi
:
10.1515/9781782041160-005
.
ISBN
978-1-78204-116-0
.
^
Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard (August 25, 2005).
"Search giant may outgrow its fans"
.
The Sydney Morning Herald
.
Archived
from the original on May 17, 2010
. Retrieved
November 27,
2010
.
^
Ranka, Mohit (May 17, 2007).
"Google – Don't Be Evil"
. OSNews.
Archived
from the original on July 6, 2010
. Retrieved
November 27,
2010
.
^
Mills, Elinor (April 30, 2007).
"Google's culture czar"
.
ZDNet
. Archived from
the original
on October 31, 2010
. Retrieved
November 27,
2010
.
^
Kawamoto, Dawn (July 27, 2005).
"Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit"
.
CNET
. CBS Interactive.
Archived
from the original on October 17, 2019
. Retrieved
November 27,
2010
.
^
"Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit"
.
ctv.ca
. October 6, 2007. Archived from
the original
on October 11, 2007
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
^
Rosenblatt, Seth (May 16, 2014).
"Judge approves first payout in antitrust wage-fixing lawsuit"
.
CNET
. CBS Interactive.
Archived
from the original on February 2, 2017
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
^
a
b
"Damore, et al. v. Google – FAC"
(PDF)
.
The Dhillon Law Group
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on July 6, 2018
. Retrieved
December 12,
2020
.
^
"Google Unions Announce Global Alliance: "Together, we will change Alphabet"
"
.
UNI Global Union
. Archived from
the original
on January 25, 2021
. Retrieved
January 25,
2021
.
^
a
b
Schiffer, Zoe (January 25, 2021).
"Exclusive: Google workers across the globe announce international union alliance to hold Alphabet accountable"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on January 25, 2021
. Retrieved
January 25,
2021
.
^
Ghaffary, Shirin (September 9, 2019).
"Dozens of Google employees say they were retaliated against for reporting harassment"
.
Vox
.
Archived
from the original on January 22, 2021
. Retrieved
January 25,
2021
.
^
Rahman, Rema (December 2, 2020).
"Google illegally surveilled and fired organizers, NLRB complaint alleges"
.
The Hill
.
Archived
from the original on January 25, 2021
. Retrieved
January 25,
2021
.
^
a
b
"Google Had Secret Project to 'Convince' Employees 'That Unions Suck'
"
.
Vice.com
. January 10, 2022.
Archived
from the original on January 10, 2022
. Retrieved
January 10,
2022
.
^
Kruppa, Miles (February 5, 2025).
"Exclusive | Google Kills Diversity Hiring Targets"
.
WSJ
. Retrieved
February 6,
2025
.
^
"Google: Our Offices"
.
Archived
from the original on July 26, 2018
. Retrieved
April 19,
2018
.
^
Reardon, Marguerite (October 11, 2006).
"Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple"
.
CNET
.
CBS Interactive
.
Archived
from the original on October 12, 2016
. Retrieved
June 13,
2017
.
^
Grant, Peter (December 3, 2010).
"Google to Buy New York Office Building"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Dow Jones & Company
.
Archived
from the original on October 10, 2016.
^
Gustin, Sam (December 22, 2010).
"Google buys giant New York building for $1.9 billion"
.
Wired
.
Condé Nast
.
Archived
from the original on January 2, 2017
. Retrieved
June 13,
2017
.
^
"Google buys NYC's Chelsea Market building for $2.4 bn"
.
Archived
from the original on June 13, 2018
. Retrieved
June 1,
2018
.
^
"Google bought Manhattan's Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion – TechCrunch"
.
techcrunch.com
. March 20, 2018.
Archived
from the original on June 8, 2018
. Retrieved
June 1,
2018
.
^
"Google closes $2.4 billion Chelsea Market deal to expand New York..."
Reuters
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on May 27, 2018
. Retrieved
June 1,
2018
.
^
"Report: Alphabet Is Buying Chelsea Market for Over $2B"
.
PCMag UK
. February 9, 2018.
Archived
from the original on June 13, 2018
. Retrieved
June 1,
2018
.
^
MacMillan, Douglas; Brown, Eliot; Grant, Peter.
"Google Plans Large New York City Expansion"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on November 8, 2018
. Retrieved
November 8,
2018
.
^
"Google To Build New $1 Billion Campus In NYC"
.
CBS New York
. December 17, 2018.
Archived
from the original on December 17, 2018
. Retrieved
December 17,
2018
.
^
Gartenberg, Chaim (December 17, 2018).
"Google announces a new $1 billion NYC campus in Hudson Square"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on December 17, 2018
. Retrieved
December 17,
2018
.
^
Chappell, Bill (December 17, 2018).
"Google Will Spend $1 Billion For New York City Campus On Hudson River"
.
NPR
.
Archived
from the original on December 17, 2018
. Retrieved
December 17,
2018
.
^
Weier, Mary Hayes (October 24, 2007).
"Inside Google's Michigan Office"
.
InformationWeek
.
UBM plc
. Archived from
the original
on May 3, 2008
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
^
"Google Completes Pittsburgh Office, Holds Open House"
.
WTAE
. November 17, 2006. Archived from
the original
on May 15, 2009
. Retrieved
January 13,
2008
.
^
Olson, Thomas (December 8, 2010).
"Google search: Tech-minded workers"
.
Trib Total Media
.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2013
. Retrieved
December 8,
2010
.
^
"Google locations"
.
Archived
from the original on August 15, 2013
. Retrieved
March 16,
2016
.
^
"Xconomy: Google's Madison Expansion to Triple Size of Local Offices"
.
Xconomy
. January 31, 2019. Archived from
the original
on November 20, 2022
. Retrieved
August 5,
2021
.
^
"Sydney"
.
Google Careers
.
Archived
from the original on May 5, 2017
. Retrieved
June 4,
2017
.
^
"London"
.
Google Careers
.
Archived
from the original on February 14, 2017
. Retrieved
June 4,
2017
.
^
Mirani, Leo (November 1, 2013).
"Inside Google's new 1-million-square-foot London office—three years before it's ready"
.
Quartz
.
Atlantic Media
.
Archived
from the original on March 16, 2017
. Retrieved
March 15,
2017
.
^
Vincent, James (June 1, 2017).
"Google's new London HQ is a 'landscraper' with a rooftop garden"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2017
. Retrieved
June 4,
2017
.
^
Brian, Matt (June 1, 2017).
"Google's 'innovative' new London HQ features giant moving blinds"
.
Engadget
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on June 4, 2017
. Retrieved
June 4,
2017
.
^
"Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad"
.
The Indian Express
. May 12, 2015.
Archived
from the original on November 18, 2015
. Retrieved
June 13,
2017
.
^
"Google's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US"
.
Firstpost
.
Network 18
. May 13, 2015.
Archived
from the original on November 18, 2016
. Retrieved
June 13,
2017
.
^
"Google owner reveals £5bn AI investment in UK ahead of Trump visit"
.
BBC News
. September 16, 2025
. Retrieved
September 17,
2025
.
^
Cherian, Johann M.; Chauhan, Shashwat (September 15, 2025).
"Alphabet enters $3 trillion market cap club as Big Tech's AI momentum builds"
.
Reuters
. Retrieved
September 17,
2025
.
^
"Google world office locations"
.
Google
.
Archived
from the original on May 28, 2021
. Retrieved
May 29,
2021
.
^
"Bringing Google to Chicago's Thompson Center"
.
Google
. July 27, 2022
. Retrieved
January 13,
2025
.
^
"Data center locations"
.
Archived
from the original on May 17, 2018
. Retrieved
May 17,
2018
.
^
"How Many Servers Does Google Have?"
.
Data Center Knowledge
. March 16, 2017.
Archived
from the original on February 17, 2019
. Retrieved
September 20,
2018
.
^
"Google's Secret: 'Cheap and Fast' Hardware"
(PDF)
.
PCWorld
. October 10, 2003.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on December 14, 2009
. Retrieved
May 26,
2018
.
^
Barroso, L.A.; Dean, J.; Holzle, U. (April 29, 2003). "Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture".
IEEE Micro
.
23
(2):
22–
28.
Bibcode
:
2003IMicr..23b..22B
.
doi
:
10.1109/mm.2003.1196112
.
ISSN
0272-1732
.
S2CID
15886858
.
We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.
^
a
b
"Google uncloaks once-secret server"
.
CNET
. April 1, 2009.
Archived
from the original on June 6, 2018
. Retrieved
May 26,
2018
.
Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option, he added. "Ten years ago...it was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can't run it on a
mainframe
. The margins just don't work out," he said.
^
"Home – Submarine Networks"
.
Submarine Networks
.
Archived
from the original on August 1, 2020
. Retrieved
July 14,
2020
.
^
"Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the most important part of the internet"
.
VentureBeat
. April 6, 2019.
Archived
from the original on April 25, 2019
. Retrieved
April 25,
2019
.
^
Sawers, Paul (April 24, 2019).
"How Google is building its huge subsea cable infrastructure"
.
VentureBeat
.
Archived
from the original on April 25, 2019
. Retrieved
April 26,
2019
.
^
Sawers, Paul (June 28, 2019).
"Google announces Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe with Africa"
.
VentureBeat
.
Archived
from the original on November 25, 2020
. Retrieved
December 31,
2020
.
^
Lardinois, Frederic (July 28, 2020).
"Google is building a new private subsea cable between Europe and the US"
.
TechCrunch
.
Archived
from the original on December 31, 2020
. Retrieved
December 31,
2020
.
^
a
b
Marshall, Matt (October 16, 2006).
"Google builds largest solar installation in U.S. — oh, and bigger than Microsoft's"
.
VentureBeat
.
Archived
from the original on May 6, 2021
. Retrieved
April 6,
2021
.
^
Thangham, Chris V. (June 19, 2007).
"Google Solar Panels Produced 9,810 Kilowatt-hours of Electricity in 24 Hours"
.
Digital Journal
.
Archived
from the original on January 26, 2021
. Retrieved
April 6,
2021
.
^
McGrath, Jack (May 18, 2011).
"Google's Green Initiative: Environmentally Conscious Technology"
.
TechnoBuffalo
.
Archived
from the original on October 12, 2016
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
^
"Google hires goats to cut grass"
.
The Telegraph
. May 8, 2009
. Retrieved
June 6,
2024
.
^
Glanz, James (September 8, 2011).
"Google Details, and Defends, Its Use of Electricity"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on March 12, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Morrison, Scott; Sweet, Cassandra (May 4, 2010).
"Google Invests in Two Wind Farms"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on February 13, 2015
. Retrieved
November 27,
2010
.
^
"Google Energy can now buy and sell energy"
.
Cnet.com
.
Archived
from the original on September 19, 2013
. Retrieved
September 23,
2013
.
^
Woody, Todd (September 18, 2013).
"Google is on the way to quietly becoming an electric utility"
.
Quartz
.
Archived
from the original on September 21, 2013
. Retrieved
September 23,
2013
.
^
"Google buys power from Iowa wind farm"
.
News.techworld.com
. July 21, 2010. Archived from
the original
on January 5, 2012
. Retrieved
October 26,
2010
.
^
Hölzle, Urs (December 6, 2016).
"We're set to reach 100% renewable energy — and it's just the beginning"
.
The Keyword Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on December 8, 2016
. Retrieved
December 28,
2020
.
^
Statt, Nick (December 6, 2016).
"Google just notched a big victory in the fight against climate change"
.
The Verge
.
Vox Media
.
Archived
from the original on December 8, 2016
. Retrieved
December 28,
2020
.
^
Etherington, Darrell (December 7, 2016).
"Google says it will hit 100% renewable energy by 2017"
.
TechCrunch
.
AOL
.
Archived
from the original on December 7, 2016
. Retrieved
December 28,
2020
.
^
Donnelly, Grace (November 30, 2017).
"Google Just Bought Enough Wind Power to Run 100% On Renewable Energy"
.
Fortune
.
Archived
from the original on December 1, 2017
. Retrieved
December 1,
2017
.
^
Ambrose, Jillian (September 20, 2019).
"Google signs up to $2bn wind and solar investment"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
.
Archived
from the original on September 25, 2019
. Retrieved
September 25,
2019
.
^
Hern, Alex (September 15, 2020).
"Facebook and Google announce plans to become carbon neutral"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on December 9, 2020
. Retrieved
December 28,
2020
.
^
"Google aims to run on carbon-free energy by 2030"
.
CNBC
. September 14, 2020.
Archived
from the original on December 10, 2020
. Retrieved
December 28,
2020
.
^
Schoon, Ben (October 26, 2020).
"Google will ditch plastic packaging by 2025"
.
9to5Google
.
Archived
from the original on November 4, 2020
. Retrieved
December 28,
2020
.
^
Hale, Craig (July 15, 2024).
"Google and Microsoft now each consume more power than some fairly big countries"
.
TechRadar
.
^
Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2019).
"Revealed: Google made large contributions to climate change deniers"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
February 7,
2020
.
^
Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2019).
"The obscure law that explains why Google backs climate deniers"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
February 7,
2020
.
^
"Major Ad Platforms Profit Off Climate Disinformation (And Fund It, Too)"
.
Friends of the Earth
. October 20, 2022
. Retrieved
November 2,
2022
.
^
"Briefing Note: Programmatic Digital Advertisements and Climate Disinformation"
(PDF)
. Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD). October 20, 2022.
[
dead link
]
^
"About the Foundation"
. Google, Inc. Archived from
the original
on July 14, 2010
. Retrieved
July 16,
2010
.
^
Hafner, Katie (September 14, 2006).
"Philanthropy Google's Way: Not the Usual"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on July 23, 2016
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Helft, Miguel (February 23, 2009).
"Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on April 22, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
"The 2007"
.
YouTube
. Archived from
the original
on November 20, 2018
. Retrieved
April 28,
2018
.
Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival
at Google was the founding of this event for middle school and high school students. video
^
Duffy, Jill (January 21, 2011).
"Mathletes Receive €1M Donation from Google"
.
PC Magazine
.
Ziff Davis
.
Archived
from the original on March 23, 2017
. Retrieved
March 23,
2017
.
^
"Google donating 1 million euros to IMO"
. January 20, 2011. Archived from
the original
on July 24, 2011
. Retrieved
February 4,
2011
.
^
"Google launches 'Legalise Love' gay rights campaign"
.
PinkNews.co.uk
. July 8, 2012.
Archived
from the original on August 19, 2014
. Retrieved
September 9,
2014
.
^
"Project 10 to the 100th"
. Google, Inc. Archived from
the original
on July 28, 2009
. Retrieved
July 16,
2010
.
^
Van Burskirk, Elliot (June 28, 2010).
"Google Struggles to Give Away $10 million"
.
Wired
.
Archived
from the original on August 31, 2010
. Retrieved
September 26,
2010
.
^
Twohill, Lorraine (September 24, 2010).
"$10 million for Project 10^100 winners"
. Google, Inc.
Archived
from the original on September 26, 2010
. Retrieved
September 26,
2010
.
^
"Google donates $15 mn in relief to Ukraine, blocks RT, Sputnik on YouTube"
.
Business Standard India
. Business Standard. March 2, 2022
. Retrieved
March 8,
2022
.
^
Amiah Taylor (March 7, 2022).
"Google transforms Poland office into help center for Ukrainian refugees"
. Fortune
. Retrieved
March 8,
2022
.
^
Lohr, Steve (February 17, 2022).
"Google Creates $100 Million Fund for Skills Training Program"
.
The New York Times
– via NYTimes.com.
^
Maher, Kit; Tapper, Jake; Jaramillo, Alejandra.
"White House releases list of donors for Trump's multi-million-dollar ballroom"
.
CNN
. Archived from
the original
on October 23, 2025
. Retrieved
October 23,
2025
.
^
Drucker, Jesse (October 21, 2010).
"Google 2.4% Rate Shows How $60 Billion Is Lost to Tax Loopholes"
.
Bloomberg News
.
Bloomberg L.P.
Archived
from the original on September 22, 2016.
^
"The Case Against Google"
.
The New York Times
. February 20, 2018.
Archived
from the original on March 19, 2018
. Retrieved
March 21,
2018
.
^
"Google ranked 'worst' on privacy"
.
BBC News
. June 11, 2007.
Archived
from the original on October 27, 2012
. Retrieved
April 30,
2010
.
^
Rosen, Jeffrey (November 28, 2008).
"Google's Gatekeepers"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on February 28, 2017
. Retrieved
March 9,
2017
.
^
Fields, Ashleigh (September 23, 2025).
"YouTube reinstating creators banned for COVID-19, election content"
.
The Hill
. Retrieved
September 30,
2025
.
^
Elias, Jennifer (September 26, 2025).
"How Google shifted from a bastion of accurate information to a steward of free expression"
.
CNBC
. Retrieved
September 20,
2025
.
^
"Brazil receives pushback from tech companies on 'fake news' bill"
.
The Guardian
. May 3, 2023
. Retrieved
May 10,
2023
.
^
"Brazil's 'fake news' bill sparks outcry from tech giants"
.
Al Jazeera
. May 2, 2023
. Retrieved
May 11,
2023
.
^
Harrington, Caitlin (September 9, 2022).
"Google and Amazon Want More Defense Contracts, Despite Worker Protests"
.
Wired
. Retrieved
September 11,
2022
.
Opponents of the deal worry the Israeli military could use the technology to expand surveillance of Palestinians living in occupied territories and violate human rights.
^
Nieva, Richard (September 9, 2022).
"Google And Amazon Workers Protest Their Companies' $1.2 Billion AI Contract With Israel"
.
Forbes
. Retrieved
September 11,
2022
.
^
"Google employee resigns saying company 'silences Palestinians'
"
.
Al Jazeera
. September 1, 2022
. Retrieved
September 11,
2022
.
^
Davies, Harry; Abraham, Yuval (October 29, 2025).
"Revealed: Israel demanded Google and Amazon use secret 'wink' to sidestep legal orders"
.
the guardian
.
^
"Google email shows it ruled Israel's ads claiming 'There is food in Gaza' aren't misleading"
.
The Washington Post
. October 15, 2025.
ISSN
0190-8286
. Retrieved
December 11,
2025
.
^
Ziady, Hanna (October 31, 2024).
"Russia fines Google $20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000"
.
CNN
. Retrieved
October 31,
2024
.
^
"Russia says $20 decillion fine against Google is 'symbolic'
"
.
The Guardian
. Agence France-Presse. October 31, 2024.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
October 31,
2024
.
^
Kan, Michael (July 25, 2018).
"Mozilla Developer Claims Google Is Slowing YouTube on Firefox"
.
PCMag
.
Archived
from the original on August 13, 2019.
^
a
b
Cimpanu, Catalin.
"Former Mozilla exec: Google has sabotaged Firefox for years"
.
ZDNet
.
Archived
from the original on August 19, 2019
. Retrieved
August 13,
2019
.
^
"Thousands of Reddit users are trying to delete Google from their lives, but they're finding it impossible because Google is everywhere"
.
Business Insider
. March 23, 2019.
Archived
from the original on March 25, 2019
. Retrieved
April 24,
2019
.
^
"Google's $22 Billion Payment to Apple for Safari Default Search Engine (2022)"
.
ABPLIVE
. May 6, 2024
. Retrieved
May 6,
2024
.
^
Kelion, Leo (June 27, 2017).
"Google hit with record EU fine over Shopping service"
. BBC.
Archived
from the original on June 27, 2017
. Retrieved
June 29,
2017
.
^
"Antitrust: Commission fines Google €4.34 billion for illegal practices regarding Android mobile devices to strengthen dominance of Google's search engine"
.
European Commission
. Bruxelles. July 18, 2018.
Archived
from the original on July 19, 2018.
^
Foo Yun Chee (May 13, 2014).
"Google challenges record $5 billion EU antitrust fine"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on December 22, 2018.
^
"Google appeals $5 billion EU fine in Android antitrust case"
.
APNews.com
. Bruxelles. October 10, 2018.
Archived
from the original on October 10, 2018.
^
Reid, David (March 20, 2019).
"EU regulators hit Google with $1.7 billion fine for blocking ad rivals"
.
CNBC
.
Archived
from the original on March 20, 2019
. Retrieved
March 20,
2019
.
^
"Europe hits Google with a third, $1.7 billion antitrust fine"
.
CNN
. March 20, 2019.
Archived
from the original on March 20, 2019
. Retrieved
March 21,
2019
.
^
"Google loses appeal over record EU anti-trust Android fine"
.
BBC News
. September 14, 2022
. Retrieved
September 14,
2022
.
^
"Ex-Google engineer charged with stealing AI trade secrets while working with Chinese companies"
.
AP News
. March 6, 2024
. Retrieved
May 5,
2024
.
^
Lucas, Ryan (March 6, 2024).
"Chinese national arrested and charged with stealing AI trade secrets from Google"
.
npr.org
.
^
Vlamis, Kelsey; Barr, Alistair.
"A Google engineer ran a secret startup in China while stealing AI technology, DOJ alleges"
.
Business Insider
. Retrieved
May 5,
2024
.
^
Gerken, Tom (September 10, 2024).
"EU court rules Google must pay €2.4bn fine"
.
BBC News
. Retrieved
September 10,
2024
.
^
Chee, Foo Yun (September 18, 2024).
"Google wins EU antitrust fine fight but setback for Qualcomm"
. Retrieved
September 18,
2024
.
^
Express, Khaleej (September 6, 2025).
"Google Hit With €2.95 bn by EU in Antitrust Fine"
.
Khaleej Express
. Retrieved
September 6,
2025
.
^
"Tech bosses grilled over claims of 'harmful' power"
.
BBC News
. July 30, 2020. Archived from
the original
on July 30, 2020
. Retrieved
July 30,
2020
.
^
Bond, Shannon; Selyukh, Alina; Allyn, Bobby (October 6, 2020).
"How Are Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google Monopolies? House Report Counts The Ways"
.
NPR
.
^
Allyn, Bobby (October 20, 2020).
"Case 1:20-cv-03010 Document 1 Filed 10/20/20"
. United States Department of Justice
. Retrieved
September 30,
2025
– via Document Cloud.
^
McCabe, David; Kang, Cecilia (October 20, 2020).
"U.S. Accuses Google of Illegally Protecting Monopoly"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on October 20, 2020
. Retrieved
October 20,
2020
.
^
Ngo, Keach Hagey and Vivien (November 7, 2019).
"How Google Edged Out Rivals and Built the World's Dominant Ad Machine: A Visual Guide"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
ISSN
0099-9660
. Retrieved
December 25,
2020
.
^
McKinnon, Ryan Tracy and John D. (December 22, 2020).
"WSJ News Exclusive | Google, Facebook Agreed to Team Up Against Possible Antitrust Action, Draft Lawsuit Says"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
ISSN
0099-9660
. Retrieved
December 25,
2020
.
^
Tracy, John D. McKinnon and Ryan (December 16, 2020).
"Ten States Sue Google, Alleging Deal With Facebook to Rig Online Ad Market"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
ISSN
0099-9660
. Retrieved
December 25,
2020
.
^
"Justice Department Sues Google for Monopolizing Digital Advertising Technologies"
.
United States Department of Justice
. January 24, 2023
. Retrieved
March 31,
2023
.
^
Goswami, Rohan; Elias, Jennifer (August 5, 2024).
"Google loses antitrust case over search"
. CNBC
. Retrieved
August 5,
2024
.
^
Kruppa, Miles; Wolfe, Jan (August 5, 2024).
"Google Loses Antitrust Case Over Search-Engine Dominance"
.
The Wall Street Journal
. News Corp
. Retrieved
August 5,
2024
.
^
"US considers breakup of Google in landmark search case"
.
Reuters
. October 8, 2024
. Retrieved
October 9,
2024
.
^
"Google must sell Chrome to end search monopoly, justice department argues in court filing"
.
The Guardian
. November 21, 2024
. Retrieved
November 21,
2024
.
^
Vallance, Chris (September 6, 2024).
"Google abusing ad tech dominance, UK competition watchdog finds"
.
BBC News
. Retrieved
September 9,
2024
.
^
"Google has illegal advertising monopoly, judge rules"
.
BBC News
. April 17, 2025
. Retrieved
April 17,
2025
.
^
Roth, Emma (June 12, 2022).
"Google to pay $118 million to settle gender discrimination lawsuit"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
June 14,
2022
.
^
Complex, Valerie (June 12, 2022).
"Google Agrees to Pay Out $118 Million To Former Employees In Gender Discrimination And Pay Equity Suit"
.
Deadline
. Retrieved
June 14,
2022
.
^
Grant, Nico (June 13, 2022).
"Google Agrees to Pay $118 Million to Settle Pay Discrimination Case"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
June 14,
2022
.
^
Gallagher, Ryan (August 1, 2018).
"Google Plans to Launch Censored Search Engine in China, Leaked Documents Reveal"
.
The Intercept
.
Archived
from the original on August 1, 2018
. Retrieved
August 4,
2018
.
^
Disis, Jill (September 26, 2018).
"Google grilled over 'Project Dragonfly' at Senate hearing on data privacy"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on September 26, 2018.
^
Gallagher, Ryan (September 26, 2018).
"Former Google Scientist Tells Senate to Act Over Company's "Unethical and Unaccountable" China Censorship Plan"
.
The Intercept
. Retrieved
December 9,
2024
.
^
Gallagher, Ryan (December 17, 2018).
"Google's Secret China Project "Effectively Ended" After Internal Confrontation"
.
The Intercept
.
Archived
from the original on March 21, 2019
. Retrieved
December 17,
2018
.
Leaks about the plan and the extraordinary backlash that ensued both internally and externally appear to have forced company executives to shelve it at least in the short term, two sources familiar with the project said.
^
"Google's Project Dragonfly 'terminated' in China"
.
BBC News
. July 17, 2019
. Retrieved
June 18,
2022
.
^
Ted Litchfield (May 18, 2024).
"Always keep backups: an 'unprecedented' Google Cloud debacle saw a $135 billion pension fund's entire account deleted and services knocked out for nearly two weeks"
.
PC Gamer
. Retrieved
May 21,
2024
.
^
Murdock, Jason (August 5, 2020).
"Google+ Settlement: How to Submit a Claim over Privacy Bug and Get a Payout"
.
Newsweek
. Archived from
the original
on August 6, 2020
. Retrieved
August 5,
2020
.
^
Graham, Jefferson (August 4, 2020).
"Did you use Google+? You may be owed some money from class-action privacy settlement"
.
USA Today
. Archived from
the original
on August 6, 2020
. Retrieved
August 5,
2020
.
^
"In re Google Plus Profile Litigation District Court ND of California"
.
courtlistener.com
.
Free Law Project
. July 22, 2020. Archived from
the original
on August 6, 2020
. Retrieved
August 5,
2020
.
^
Fox, Chris (January 21, 2019).
"Google hit with £44m GDPR fine"
.
BBC News
.
Archived
from the original on January 21, 2019
. Retrieved
January 22,
2019
.
^
Copeland, Rob (November 12, 2019).
"Google's 'Project Nightingale' Triggers Federal Inquiry"
. Retrieved
November 18,
2019
.
^
Copeland, Rob (November 11, 2019).
"Google's 'Project Nightingale' Gathers Personal Health Data on Millions of Americans"
. Retrieved
November 17,
2019
.
^
"$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"
.
The Verge
. March 13, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
^
"$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"
.
SearchEngineJournal
. March 15, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
^
"$5 billion class-action lawsuit"
.
Bloomberg
. March 13, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
^
"Google gets sued"
.
Ars Technica
. March 15, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
^
"$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"
.
Reuters
. September 24, 2021
. Retrieved
October 4,
2021
.
^
Liedtke, Michael (April 1, 2024).
"Google to purge billions of files containing personal data in settlement of Chrome privacy case"
. Associated Press
. Retrieved
April 3,
2024
.
^
Rosemain, Mathieu (January 6, 2022).
"Google hit with 150 mln euro French fine for cookie breaches"
.
Reuters
. Retrieved
January 6,
2022
.
^
"Google says it is obligated to disclose confidential information of users to U.S. government"
.
TargetTrend
. August 6, 2024
. Retrieved
August 7,
2024
.
^
Brodkin, Jon (January 9, 2025).
"Google loses in court, faces trial for collecting data on users who opted out"
.
Ars Technica
. Retrieved
April 4,
2025
.
^
"Google must pay $425 million in class action over privacy, jury rules"
.
Reuters
. September 4, 2025.
^
Sonnemaker, Tyler (May 28, 2021).
"
'Apple is eating our lunch': Google employees admit in lawsuit that the company made it nearly impossible for users to keep their location private"
.
Business Insider
. Retrieved
November 17,
2022
.
^
Faife, Corin (February 5, 2022).
"FBI used geofence warrant in Seattle after BLM protest attack, new documents show"
.
The Verge
. Retrieved
November 17,
2022
.
^
Squire, Paul.
"Google just got hit with a hefty fine, in part over how it trained its AI"
.
Business Insider
. Retrieved
March 21,
2024
.
^
"Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme"
.
BBC News
. January 17, 2014.
Archived
from the original on March 20, 2017
. Retrieved
March 25,
2017
.
^
Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 7, 2013).
"NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on August 18, 2006
. Retrieved
April 17,
2021
.
^
Amadeo, Ron (April 4, 2018).
"Google employees revolt, say company should shut down military drone project"
.
Ars Technica
.
Archived
from the original on February 2, 2021
. Retrieved
April 21,
2021
.
^
Chapman, Ben (April 3, 2018).
"Google staff protest company's involvement with Pentagon drones programme"
.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on February 14, 2021
. Retrieved
April 21,
2021
.
^
Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Shane, Scott (June 1, 2018).
"Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset Employees"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on October 16, 2018
. Retrieved
October 16,
2018
.
^
Farrell, Maureen (December 7, 2022).
"Pentagon Divides Big Cloud-Computing Deal Among 4 Firms"
.
The New York Times
.
^
"Nest has a secret microphone–Google just forgot to tell us"
.
Fast Company
. February 20, 2019.
Archived
from the original on August 19, 2022
. Retrieved
December 15,
2025
.
Further reading
Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld.
Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization
(Princeton University Press, 2023)
online book review
Saylor, Michael
(2012).
The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything
. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press.
ISBN
978-1-59315-720-3
.
Vaidhyanathan, Siya (2011).
The Googlization of Everything: (And Why We Should Worry)
(Updated ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
ISBN
978-0-520-94869-3
.
JSTOR
10.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8
.
OCLC
779828585
.
Yeo, ShinJoung (2023).
Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry
. U of Illinois Press.
ISBN
0252087127
.
JSTOR
10.5406/jj.4116455
.
External links
Official website
Official blog
The Keyword
Business data for Google, Inc.:
Reuters
SEC filings |
| Markdown | [Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#bodyContent)
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
- [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]")
- [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia")
- [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events")
- [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]")
- [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works")
- [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia")
Contribute
- [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia")
- [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia")
- [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors")
- [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]")
- [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia")
- [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]")
[  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page)
[Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]")
Appearance
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)
- [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Google "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Google "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")
Personal tools
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)
- [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Google "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Google "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")
## Contents
move to sidebar
hide
- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google)
- [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#History)
Toggle History subsection
- [1\.1 Early years](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Early_years)
- [1\.2 Growth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Growth)
- [1\.3 Initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Initial_public_offering)
- [1\.4 2012 onwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#2012_onwards)
- [2 Products and services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Products_and_services)
Toggle Products and services subsection
- [2\.1 Search engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Search_engine)
- [2\.2 Advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Advertising)
- [2\.3 Generative artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Generative_artificial_intelligence)
- [2\.4 Consumer services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Consumer_services)
- [2\.4.1 Web-based services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Web-based_services)
- [2\.4.2 Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Software)
- [2\.4.3 Hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Hardware)
- [2\.5 Enterprise services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Enterprise_services)
- [2\.6 Internet services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Internet_services)
- [2\.7 Financial services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Financial_services)
- [3 Corporate affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Corporate_affairs)
Toggle Corporate affairs subsection
- [3\.1 Business trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Business_trends)
- [3\.2 Tax avoidance strategies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Tax_avoidance_strategies)
- [3\.3 Corporate identity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Corporate_identity)
- [3\.4 Workplace culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Workplace_culture)
- [3\.5 Office locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Office_locations)
- [3\.5.1 North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#North_America)
- [3\.5.2 Latin America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Latin_America)
- [3\.5.3 Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Europe)
- [3\.5.4 Asia–Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Asia%E2%80%93Pacific)
- [3\.5.5 Africa and the Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Africa_and_the_Middle_East)
- [3\.6 Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Infrastructure)
- [3\.7 Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Environment)
- [3\.7.1 Climate change denial and misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Climate_change_denial_and_misinformation)
- [3\.8 Philanthropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Philanthropy)
- [3\.9 Lobbying and political influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Lobbying_and_political_influence)
- [4 Criticism and controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Criticism_and_controversies)
Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection
- [4\.1 Political controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Political_controversies)
- [4\.1.1 United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#United_States)
- [4\.1.2 Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Brazil)
- [4\.1.3 Israeli–Palestinian conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict)
- [4\.1.4 Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Russia)
- [4\.2 Antitrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Antitrust)
- [4\.2.1 European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#European_Union)
- [4\.2.2 United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#United_States_2)
- [4\.3 Gender discrimination lawsuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Gender_discrimination_lawsuit)
- [4\.4 Censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Censorship)
- [4\.5 Data loss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Data_loss)
- [4\.6 Data privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Data_privacy)
- [4\.6.1 Geolocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Geolocation)
- [4\.6.2 Copyright infringement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Copyright_infringement)
- [4\.6.3 U.S. government contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#U.S._government_contracts)
- [4\.6.4 Google Nest hidden microphone incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Google_Nest_hidden_microphone_incident)
- [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#See_also)
- [6 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Notes)
- [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#References)
- [8 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Further_reading)
- [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Google
186 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Afrikaans")
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8D "ጉግል – Amharic")
- [Pangcah](https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Amis")
- [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Old English")
- [Obolo](https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugulu "Gugulu – Obolo")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84 "جوجل – Arabic")
- [الدارجة](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%A3%D9%88%D9%88%DD%A3%D9%84 "ݣووݣل – Moroccan Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84 "جوجل – Egyptian Arabic")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2 "গুগল – Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Asturian")
- [अवधी](https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2 "गूगल – Awadhi")
- [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Aymara")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D9%84 "قوقل – South Azerbaijani")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Balinese")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Bavarian")
- [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Samogitian")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Central Bikol")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB "Гугл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Belarusian")
- [Betawi](https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugel_\(matskep%C3%A9\) "Gugel (matskepé) – Betawi")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB "Гугъл – Bulgarian")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2 "गूगल – Bhojpuri")
- [Banjar](https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Banjar")
- [ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ](https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Pa'O")
- [Bamanankan](https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugolu "Gugolu – Bambara")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2 "গুগল – Bangla")
- [བོད་ཡིག](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D_\(Google\) "ཀོ་ཀིའི་གླུ་དབྱངས། (Google) – Tibetan")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Catalan")
- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Mindong")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Cebuano")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%B5 "گووگڵ – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Czech")
- [Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ](https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8A "Гоѵглъ – Church Slavic")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8\) "Google (компани) – Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC "Google LLC – German")
- [Thuɔŋjäŋ](https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Dinka")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Dimli")
- [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Lower Sorbian")
- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2 "गुगल – Doteli")
- [ދިވެހިބަސް](https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AB%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%B0 "ގޫގްލް – Divehi")
- [Eʋegbe](https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Ewe")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84 "گوگل – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Irish")
- [贛語](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Gan")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Galician")
- [Bahasa Hulontalo](https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Gorontalo")
- [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B2 "ગૂગલ – Gujarati")
- [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Manx")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Hausa")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Hakka Chinese")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C_\(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94\) "גוגל (חברה) – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2 "गूगल – Hindi")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Fiji Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(tvrtka\) "Google (tvrtka) – Croatian")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Upper Sorbian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Haitian Creole")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC "Google LLC – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%AC_\(%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6\) "Գուգլ (ընկերություն) – Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Interlingua")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Indonesian")
- [Igbo](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Igbo")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(azienda\) "Google (azienda) – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Javanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Georgian")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Kara-Kalpak")
- [Kabɩyɛ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Kabiye")
- [Tyap](https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Tyap")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Kazakh")
- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9B "ហ្គូហ្គល – Khmer")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D "ಗೂಗಲ್ – Kannada")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80 "구글 – Korean")
- [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%97%DA%AF%D9%8F%D9%84 "گوٗگُل – Kashmiri")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Kurdish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\) "Google (компания) – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Latin")
- [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(azienda\) "Google (azienda) – Ligurian")
- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A5 "ກູເກິລ – Lao")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Latvian")
- [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2 "गुगल – Maithili")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Malagasy")
- [Олык марий](https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9\) "Google (компаний) – Eastern Mari")
- [Māori](https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Māori")
- [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Minangkabau")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB "Гугл – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE "ഗൂഗിൾ – Malayalam")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Mongolian")
- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%9C "ꯒꯨꯒꯜ – Manipuri")
- [ဘာသာမန်](https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA "ဂူဂလ် – Mon")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2 "गूगल – Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA "ဂူဂယ် – Burmese")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84 "گوگل – Mazanderani")
- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Low German")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2 "गुगल – Nepali")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC "Google LLC – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [ߒߞߏ](https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8E%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8E%DF%9F "ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߎߟ – N’Ko")
- [Nupe](https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Nupe")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Occitan")
- [Oromoo](https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Oromo")
- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B2 "ଗୁଗଲ – Odia")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2 "ਗੂਗਲ – Punjabi")
- [Pangasinan](https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Pangasinan")
- [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Papiamento")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Piedmontese")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84 "گوگل – Western Punjabi")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%84 "ګوګل – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Quechua")
- [ရခိုင်](https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%B2 "ဂူဂဲ – Arakanese")
- [Ikirundi](https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Rundi")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\) "Google (компания) – Russian")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Rusyn")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Yakut")
- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E "ᱜᱩᱜᱚᱞ – Santali")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Scots")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84 "گوگل – Sindhi")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Taclḥit](https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugl "Gugl – Tachelhit")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A "ගූගල් – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Slovenian")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Somali")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Serbian")
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Sundanese")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Swedish")
- [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Silesian")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D "கூகுள் – Tamil")
- [ತುಳು](https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D "ಗೂಗಲ್ – Tulu")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D "గూగుల్ – Telugu")
- [Tetun](https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Tetum")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Tajik")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5 "กูเกิล – Thai")
- [ትግርኛ](https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8D "ጉግል – Tigrinya")
- [Türkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Turkmen")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Tagalog")
- [Toki pona](https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulupu_Kuko "kulupu Kuko – Toki Pona")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Turkish")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Tatar")
- [Twi](https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Twi")
- [Удмурт](https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Udmurt")
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%87%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%84 "گۇگېل – Uyghur")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84 "گوگل – Urdu")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Uzbek")
- [Vèneto](https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(Dita\) "Google (Dita) – Venetian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Vietnamese")
- [West-Vlams](https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – West Flemish")
- [Walon](https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Walloon")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Wu")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Mingrelian")
- [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C "גוגל – Yiddish")
- [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Yoruba")
- [Vahcuengh](https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Zhuang")
- [Zeêuws](https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Zeelandic")
- [ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ](https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D "ⴳⵓⴳⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight")
- [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C "谷歌 – Literary Chinese")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Minnan")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Chinese")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google – Zulu")
[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q95#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")
- [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "View the content page [c]")
- [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Google "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]")
English
- [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google)
- [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit "This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]")
- [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]")
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
- [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google)
- [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit)
- [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=history)
General
- [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Google "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
- [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Google "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]")
- [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]")
- [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&oldid=1346698241 "Permanent link to this revision of this page")
- [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=info "More information about this page")
- [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Google&id=1346698241&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page")
- [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGoogle)
Print/export
- [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Google&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file")
- [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]")
In other projects
- [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Google)
- [Meta-Wiki](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Google)
- [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Google)
- [Wikiversity](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Google)
- [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q95 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]")
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi "This article is semi-protected due to vandalism")
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American multinational technology company
This article is about the company. For the search engine provided by the company, see [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search"). For the parent company with the stock tickers GOOG and GOOGL, see [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") For the number, see [Googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol"). For other uses, see [Google (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(disambiguation\) "Google (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_2015_logo.svg "Each letter of \"Google\" is colored (from left to right) in blue, red, yellow, blue, green, and red.")The [Google logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo "Google logo") used since 2015 | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplex_HQ_\(cropped\).jpg)Google's headquarters, the [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex") | |
| Formerly | Google Inc. (1998–2017) |
| Company type | [Subsidiary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") |
| [Traded as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") | [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): GOOGL [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): GOOG |
| Industry | [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet "Internet") [Cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing") [Computer software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software "Computer software") [Computer hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware "Computer hardware") [Artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") [Advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") |
| Founded | September 4, 1998; 27 years ago (1998-09-04)[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-5) in [Menlo Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"), [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), United States |
| Founders | [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") |
| Headquarters | [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex"), [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | [John L. Hennessy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy "John L. Hennessy") ([Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_\(officer\) "Chair (officer)")) [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") ([CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer")) [Ruth Porat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Porat "Ruth Porat") ([President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_\(corporate_title\) "President (corporate title)") and [CIO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_investment_officer "Chief investment officer")) [Anat Ashkenazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat_Ashkenazi "Anat Ashkenazi") ([CFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer")) |
| Products | [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") [Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\) "Android (operating system)") [Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest") [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel") [Workspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace "Google Workspace") [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit") [Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)") [Full list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products") |
| Number of employees | 187,000 (2022) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95?uselang=en#P1128 "Edit this on Wikidata") |
| [Parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_company "Parent company") | [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") |
| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") | [Adscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adscape "Adscape") [Cameyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameyo "Cameyo") [Charleston Road Registry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Road_Registry "Charleston Road Registry") [Endoxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoxon "Endoxon") [FeedBurner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeedBurner "FeedBurner") [ImageAmerica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageAmerica "ImageAmerica") [Kaltix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltix "Kaltix") [Nest Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest") [reCAPTCHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCAPTCHA "ReCAPTCHA") [X Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Development "X Development") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [ZipDash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZipDash "ZipDash") |
| [ASN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_System_Number "Autonomous System Number") | [15169](https://bgp.tools/as/15169) |
| Website | [about.google](https://about.google/) |
| **Footnotes / references** [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-8)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Wakabayashi2019-9) | |
**Google LLC** ([/ˈɡuː.ɡəl/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-googol.ogg "File:En-us-googol.ogg"), [*GOO\-gəl*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key")) is an American multinational technology corporation focused on [information technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology"), [online advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising"), [search engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine "Search engine") technology, [email](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email"), [cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing"), software, [quantum computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing "Quantum computing"), [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce"), consumer electronics, and [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI).[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-10) It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" by the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC"),[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-11) and is one of the world's [most valuable brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_brands "List of most valuable brands").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-13)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-14) Google's parent company [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") has been described as a [Big Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech "Big Tech") company.
Google was founded in 1998 by American computer scientists [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"). Together, they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through [super-voting stock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-voting_stock "Super-voting stock"). The company went [public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") via an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a [holding company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company") for Alphabet's internet properties and interests. [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") was appointed CEO of Google in 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. In 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-15)
After the success of its original service, [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") (often known simply as "Google"), the company has rapidly grown to offer [a multitude of products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products") and [services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_services "List of Google services"). These products address a wide range of use cases, including email ([Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail")), navigation and mapping ([Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze"), [Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps"), and [Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth")), cloud computing ([Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform")), [web navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_navigation "Web navigation") ([Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome")), video sharing ([YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")), productivity ([Workspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace "Google Workspace")), [operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") ([Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\) "Android (operating system)") and [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS")), [cloud storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage "Cloud storage") ([Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive "Google Drive")), language translation ([Translate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate "Google Translate")), photo storage ([Photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Photos "Google Photos")), [videotelephony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony "Videotelephony") ([Meet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Meet "Google Meet")), [smart home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation "Home automation") ([Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest")), [smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone") ([Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel")), [wearable technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology "Wearable technology") ([Pixel Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch "Pixel Watch") and [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit")), music streaming ([YouTube Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Music "YouTube Music")), video on demand ([YouTube TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_TV "YouTube TV")), AI ([Google Assistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant "Google Assistant") and [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)")), [machine learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning "Machine learning") APIs ([TensorFlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow "TensorFlow")), AI chips ([TPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit "Tensor Processing Unit")), and more. Many of these products and services are dominant in their respective industries, as is Google Search. [Discontinued Google products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services "List of Google products") include [gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game "Video game") ([Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia")),[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-16) [Glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass "Google Glass"), [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+"), [Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Reader "Google Reader"), [Play Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Music "Google Play Music"), [Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus "Google Nexus"), [Hangouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hangouts "Google Hangouts"), and [Inbox by Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail "Inbox by Gmail").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-18) Google's other ventures outside of internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing ([Willow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_processor "Willow processor"), [Google Quantum AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Quantum_AI "Google Quantum AI")), [self-driving cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") ([Waymo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo "Waymo")), and [transformer models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_\(deep_learning_architecture\) "Transformer (deep learning architecture)") ([Google DeepMind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind "Google DeepMind")).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-19)
Google Search and YouTube are the two [most-visited websites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites "List of most-visited websites") worldwide, followed by [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), [Instagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram "Instagram"), and [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT"). Google is the largest provider of search engines, mapping and navigation applications, [email services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailbox_provider "Mailbox provider"), [office suites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_software#Office_suite "Productivity software"), [online video platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_video_platform "Online video platform"), photo and [cloud storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage "Cloud storage"), [mobile operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system "Mobile operating system"), [web browsers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser"), machine learning frameworks, and AI [virtual assistants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant") in the world as measured by market share.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-20) Google was ranked the second most valuable brand by *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* as of January 2022,[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-21) and fourth by Interbrand as of February 2022.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-22) [The company has received criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google "Criticism of Google") involving issues such as [privacy concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Google "Privacy concerns with Google"), [tax avoidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_avoidance_by_Google "Tax avoidance by Google"), [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google "Censorship by Google"), [search neutrality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutrality "Search neutrality"), [antitrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law#United_States_antitrust "Competition law"), and abuse of its [monopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly "Monopoly") position.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-23)
## History
Main articles: [History of Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google "History of Google") and [List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet "List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet")
See also: [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.")
### Early years
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_page_brin.jpg)
[Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") [Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") in 2003
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") while they were both [PhD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD "PhD") students at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), United States.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Coronabook-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-26) The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", [Scott Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hassan "Scott Hassan"), the original lead programmer who wrote much of the code for the original Google Search engine, but he left before Google was officially founded as a company;[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-vanityfair-27)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-28) Hassan went on to pursue a career in [robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics "Robotics") and founded the company [Willow Garage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Garage "Willow Garage") in 2006.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-30)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg)
Then chairman and CEO [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") (left) with co-founders [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") (center) and [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (right) in 2008
While conventional [search engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines "Search engines") ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-pagerank-31) They called this algorithm [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank"); it determined a website's [relevance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_\(information_retrieval\) "Relevance (information retrieval)") by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-32)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-pagerank-31) Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-vanityfair-27) Page and Brin would also use their friend [Susan Wojcicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki "Susan Wojcicki")'s garage as their office when the search engine was set up in 1998.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-33)
Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-34)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-35) Hassan, as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google. [Rajeev Motwani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Motwani "Rajeev Motwani") and [Terry Winograd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd "Terry Winograd") later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. [Héctor García-Molina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina "Héctor García-Molina") and [Jeffrey Ullman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman "Jeffrey Ullman") were also cited as contributors to the project.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-originalpaper-36) PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for [RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu#History "Baidu"), developed by [Robin Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Li "Robin Li") in 1996, with Page's PageRank patent including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine [Baidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu "Baidu").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-37)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-38)
Eventually, they changed the name to *Google*; the name of the search engine was a misspelling of the word *[googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")*,[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Hanley,_Rachael-40) a very [large number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_number "Large number") written **10100** (1 followed by 100 zeros), picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-41) Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of \$100,000 from [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim"),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24) co-founder of [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems"). This initial investment served as a motivation to incorporate the company to be able to use the funds.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-43) Page and Brin initially approached [David Cheriton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cheriton "David Cheriton") for advice because he had a nearby office in Stanford, and they knew he had startup experience, having recently sold the company he co-founded, Granite Systems, to [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") for \$220 million. David arranged a meeting with Page and Brin and his Granite co-founder [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim"). The meeting was set for 8 a.m. at the front porch of David's home in [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto "Palo Alto") and it had to be brief because Andy had another meeting at [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco"), where he now worked after the acquisition, at 9 a.m. Andy briefly tested a demo of the website, liked what he saw, and then went back to his car to grab the check. [David Cheriton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cheriton "David Cheriton") later also joined in with around \$200,000 investment.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-45)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google1998.png)
Google's original homepage had a simplistic design because the company founders had little experience in [HTML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML "HTML"), the [markup language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language "Markup language") used for designing web pages.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-46)
Google received money from two other [angel investors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_investor "Angel investor") in 1998, including [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") founder [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos"), and entrepreneur [Ram Shriram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram "Ram Shriram").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-endofworld-47) Page and Brin had first approached Shriram, who was a venture capitalist, for funding and counsel, and Shriram invested \$250,000 in Google in February 1998. Shriram knew [Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezos "Bezos") because Amazon had acquired Junglee, at which Shriram was the president. It was Shriram who told Bezos about Google. Bezos asked Shriram to meet Google's founders and they met six months after Shriram had made his investment when Bezos and his wife were on a vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google's initial funding round had already formally closed but Bezos' status as CEO of Amazon was enough to persuade Page and Brin to extend the round and accept his investment.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-49) Between these initial investors, friends, and family, Google raised around \$1,000,000, which is what allowed them to open up their original shop in [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_Inc-50) [Craig Silverstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Silverstein "Craig Silverstein"), a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-26)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-52)
After some additional small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-endofworld-47) a new \$25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-53) with major investors including the [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital "Venture capital") firms [Kleiner Perkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins "Kleiner Perkins") and [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital").[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-43) Both firms were initially hesitant about investing jointly in Google, as each wanted to retain a larger percentage of control over the company to themselves. Page and Brin insisted on taking investments from both. Both venture companies finally agreed to investing jointly \$12.5 million each due to their belief in Google's great potential and through the mediation of earlier angel investors [Ron Conway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Conway "Ron Conway") and Shriram who had contacts in the venture companies.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-54) In 1998, Page and Brin proposed to sell Google to [Yahoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo "Yahoo") for \$1 million, but Yahoo refused.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-55) A more significant opportunity for Yahoo to acquire Google came in 2002. [Terry Semel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Semel "Terry Semel"), Yahoo's then-CEO, offered \$3 billion to purchase the company, but Page and Brin reportedly held firm on a \$5 billion valuation. After Yahoo refused to raise its offer, the deal fell through, a move that would later be considered a major strategic misstep for Yahoo.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-56)
### Growth
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)
Google's first production server[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-57)
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California"),[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-58) which is home to several prominent [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") technology start-ups.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-59) The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-60)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-26) To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-61) In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo! "Yahoo!"), one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing [Inktomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inktomi "Inktomi").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-63)
In 2001, Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and they agreed to hire [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") as the chairman and CEO of Google.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_Inc-50) Schmidt was proposed by [John Doerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr "John Doerr") from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Page and Brin would accept for several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the company. [Michael Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moritz "Michael Moritz") from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia's \$12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive officer, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Schmidt was not initially enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company's full potential had not yet been widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his responsibilities at [Novell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell "Novell") where he was CEO. As part of him joining, Schmidt agreed to buy \$1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to show his commitment and to provide funds Google needed.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-64)
In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from [Silicon Graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics "Silicon Graphics"), at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-sgibldg-65) The complex became known as the [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex"), a play on the word [googolplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex "Googolplex"), the number one followed by a googol of zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for \$319 million.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-googleplexpurchase-66) By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "[google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(verb\) "Google (verb)")" to be added to the *[Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Collegiate_Dictionary "Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary")* and the *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")*, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-google_or_not-68) The first use of the verb on television appeared in an October 2002 episode of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-69)
### Initial public offering
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Schmidt_at_the_37th_G8_Summit_in_Deauville_037.jpg)
[Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt"), CEO of Google from 2001 to 2011
On August 19, 2004, Google became a [public company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") via an initial public offering. At that time Page, Brin and Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-70) The company opened on the [NASDAQ National Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ_National_Market "NASDAQ National Market") under the five-letter ticker symbol GOOGL with an offering of 19,605,052 shares at a price of \$85 per share.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-IPO-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-GoogleAnnualReport2004-72) Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") and [Credit Suisse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse "Credit Suisse"), underwriters for the deal.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-74) The sale of \$1.67 billion gave Google a [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") of more than \$23 billion.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-washpost-75)
On October 9, 2006, Google acquired [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") for \$1.65 billion in Google stock,[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-77)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-78)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-79) On July 20, 2007, Google bids \$4.6 billion for the wireless-spectrum auction by the [FCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC "FCC").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-80) On March 11, 2008, Google acquired [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") for \$3.1 billion, transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-81)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-82) By 2011, Google was handling approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle this workload, Google built 11 [data centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_centers "Data centers") around the world with several thousand servers in each. These data centers allowed Google to handle the ever-changing workload more efficiently.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_Inc-50)
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-83)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-84) In May 2012, Google acquired [Motorola Mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility "Motorola Mobility") for \$12.5 billion, in its largest acquisition to date.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-85)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-87) This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-88) mainly [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") and [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"),[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-89) and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-cnet-90)
### 2012 onwards
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google-Deep_Mind_headquarters_in_London,_6_Pancras_Square.jpg)
Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary DeepMind are located at 6 Pancras Square, London
In June 2013, Google acquired [Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze") for \$966 million.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-91) While Waze would remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and [Google Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps"), Google's own mapping service.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-92) Google announced the launch of a new company, called [Calico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_\(company\) "Calico (company)"), on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple Inc. chairman [Arthur Levinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson "Arthur D. Levinson"). In the official public statement, Page explained that the "health and well-being" company would focus on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-93)
On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire [DeepMind Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepMind_Technologies "DeepMind Technologies"), a privately held AI company from [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-94) Technology news website *[Recode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recode "Recode")* reported that the company was purchased for \$400 million, yet the source of the information was not disclosed. A Google spokesperson declined to comment on the price.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Helgren-_DeepMind-95)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Ribeiro-_DeepMind-96) The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google's recent growth in the AI and robotics community.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-97) In 2015, DeepMind's [AlphaGo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo "AlphaGo") became the first computer program to [defeat a top human pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol "AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol") at the game of Go. According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-98) 2014,[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-99) 2015,[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-100) and 2016, with a valuation of \$133 billion.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-101)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_CEO_of_Google,_Mr._Sundar_Pichai_calls_on_the_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi,_in_New_Delhi_on_December_17,_2015_\(1\).jpg)
Google CEO [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") with Indian prime minister [Narendra Modi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi")
On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a [conglomerate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_\(company\) "Conglomerate (company)") named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet's largest subsidiary and the [umbrella company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_company "Umbrella company") for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became [CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO "CEO") of Google, replacing Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-103)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-104) On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee [James Damore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Damore "James Damore") after he distributed a memo throughout the company that argued bias and "[Google's Ideological Echo Chamber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber")" clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-105) Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore of violating company policy by "advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace", and he was fired on the same day.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-106)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-107)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-108)
Between 2018 and 2019, [tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_worker_organization "Google worker organization") as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, [Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_\(search_engine\) "Dragonfly (search engine)"), a censored Chinese search engine, and [Project Maven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Maven "Project Maven"), a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-110) On October 25, 2018, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* published the *exposé*, "How Google Protected [Andy Rubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin "Andy Rubin"), the 'Father of Android'". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-111) On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-112)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-113) CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-114) Later in 2019, some workers accused the company of retaliating against internal activists.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-110)
On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a [cloud gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming "Cloud gaming") platform called [Google Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-unveils-115) On June 3, 2019, the [U.S. Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice "U.S. Department of Justice") reported that it would investigate Google for [antitrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust "Antitrust") violations.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-116) This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the [search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine "Web search engine") and [search advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_advertising "Search advertising") markets.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-117) In December 2019, former [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [chief operating officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer "Chief operating officer") [Bill Ready](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ready "Bill Ready") became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with [Google Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_\(2018%E2%80%932022\) "Google Pay (2018–2022)").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-118) In April 2020, due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Google announced several cost-cutting measures. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-119) Most employees were also working from home due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and the success of it even led to Google announcing that they would be permanently converting some of their jobs to work from home [\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-120)
The [2020 Google services outages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Google_services_outages "2020 Google services outages") disrupted Google services: one in August that affected [Google Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive "Google Drive") among others, another in November affecting [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"), and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-122)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-123) In 2021, the [Alphabet Workers Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Workers_Union "Alphabet Workers Union") was founded, composed mostly of Google employees.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-124) In January 2021, the [Australian Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government") proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-125) In March 2021, Google reportedly paid \$20 million for [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") ports on Google Stadia.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-126) Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") and [Take-Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two "Take-Two") to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-127) In April 2021, *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* reported that Google ran a years-long program called "Project Bernanke" that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing for ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-128) In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google's capability to sell targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the market harming publishers, advertisers, and consumers.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-129)
In 2022, Google began accepting requests for the removal of phone numbers, physical addresses and email addresses from its search results. It had previously accepted requests for removing confidential data only, such as Social Security numbers, bank account and credit card numbers, personal signatures, and medical records. Even with the new policy, Google may remove information from only certain but not all search queries. It would not remove content that is "broadly useful", such as news articles, or already part of the public record.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-130) In May 2022, Google announced that the company had acquired California based, MicroLED display technology development and manufacturing Start-up company Raxium. Raxium is set to join Google's Devices and Services team to aid in the development of micro-optics, monolithic integration, and system integration.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-d065-131)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-132) In December 2022, Google debuted OSV-Scanner,[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-134) a [Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_\(programming_language\) "Go (programming language)") tool for finding [security holes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_hole "Security hole") in [open source software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software "Open source software"), which pulls from the largest open source [vulnerability database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_database "Vulnerability database") of its kind to defend against [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_supply_chain "Software supply chain") attacks. Following the success of [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT") and concerns that Google was falling behind in the AI race, Google's senior management issued a "code red"[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-135) and a "directive that all of its most important products—those with more than a billion users—must incorporate generative AI within months".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-136) In March 2023, in direct response to the rapid rise of ChatGPT, Google released Bard (now [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)")), a [generative artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") [chatbot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot").[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-137)
In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data centers in Ohio. These centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster, will power up the company's tools, including AI technology. The said data hub will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing Google's total investment in Ohio to over \$2 billion.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-138) In August 2024, Google would lose a [lawsuit which started in 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2020\) "United States v. Google LLC (2020)") in lower court, as it was found that the company had an illegal monopoly over Internet search.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-139) D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit Mehta held that this monopoly was in violation of Section 2 of the [Sherman Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act "Sherman Act").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-140) In September 2024, the [Court of Justice of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union "Court of Justice of the European Union") (EU), based in Luxembourg, also found that Google held an illegal monopoly, in this case with regards to its shopping search, and could not avoid paying a €2.4 billion fine.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-eushoppingruling-141) The EU Court of Justice found that Google's treatment of rival shopping searches, which the court referred to as "discriminatory", was in violation of the [Digital Markets Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act "Digital Markets Act").[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-eushoppingruling-141) In October 2024, Google was fined by a local Russian court a symbolic 2.5 decillion dollars for allegedly blocking pro-Kremlin propaganda. No payment was made.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-142)
In November 2024, Google announced the establishment of a new AI hub in Saudi Arabia, aiming to support the Kingdom's economic growth and technological development as part of its Vision 2030 initiative. This AI hub is projected to contribute up to \$71 billion to Saudi Arabia's economy by advancing AI-driven solutions tailored to the region's specific needs and training local talent.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-143) The partnership between Google and Saudi Arabia includes collaboration with key stakeholders, such as the Public Investment Fund (PIF), to develop AI applications that will benefit sectors like healthcare, finance, oil and gas, and logistics. The initiative focuses on creating localized AI technologies, with an emphasis on integrating Arabic language capabilities and enabling widespread cloud adoption.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-144)
In March 2025, Google agreed to acquire [Wiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz,_Inc. "Wiz, Inc."), a New York-based [cybersecurity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity "Cybersecurity") startup focusing on cloud computing, for US\$32 billion. This cash deal would be Google's biggest ever, as well as it currently being the most expensive deal of 2025. Alphabet reportedly tried to close a deal for only \$23 billion in 2024, but this fell apart after concerns about regulatory hurdles, among other issues. Wiz, a company located in the U.S. and Israel, was cofounded in 2020 by [Assaf Rappaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaf_Rappaport "Assaf Rappaport"). The company is backed by a number of Silicon Valley venture capitalists, as well as notably being partnered with Amazon and Microsoft, as listed in their website. Google reportedly said "the deal would help artificial-intelligence companies get better security and use more than one cloud service."[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-145)
In July 2025, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that Google had received a \$200 million [contract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract "Contract") for AI in the military, along with [Anthropic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic "Anthropic"), [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI"), and [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)").[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-146) In September 2025, federal judge Amit Mehta in the United States ruled that Google will not be required to divest Chrome or the Android operating system;[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-147) however, the ruling barred Google from having exclusive contracts for Google Search, Chrome, Google Assistant and Gemini app products, and ruled Google must share search data with competitors.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-148)
In March 2026, Google signed an energy pledge at the White House which required them to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-149)
## Products and services
Main article: [List of Google products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products")
### Search engine
Main articles: [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") and [Google Images](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Images "Google Images")
Google [indexes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing "Search engine indexing") billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and [operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_\(computer_programming\) "Operator (computer programming)").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-150) According to [comScore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore "ComScore") market research from November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a [market share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share "Market share") of 65.6%.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-comscore-151) In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services, including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-152)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-153)
Google launched its [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News") service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-154) Google also hosts [Google Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books"), which allows users to search books in its database and shows limited previews, or the full book when allowed.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-155) Google expanded its search services to include [shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Shopping "Google Shopping") (launched originally as Froogle in 2002),[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-156) [finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Finance "Google Finance") (launched 2006),[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-157) and [flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flights "Google Flights") (launched 2011).[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-158)
### Advertising
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ad-tech_London_2010_\(2\).JPG)
Google at ad-tech London, 2010
Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US\$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely [AdMob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdMob "AdMob"), [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense "AdSense") (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") AdExchange.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-agm2017-159) In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses technology from its acquisition of [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick"), to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-161) In 2007, Google launched "[AdSense for Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense_for_Mobile "AdSense for Mobile")", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-adsense_mobile-162)
[Google Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics "Google Analytics") allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-163) Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. [Google Ads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads "Google Ads") allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-164) The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-165) One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of [click fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud "Click fraud"), which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-166) [Google Search Console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Console "Google Search Console") (rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows [webmasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmasters "Webmasters") to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website's visibility.
### Generative artificial intelligence
Google had previously used [virtual assistants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant") and [chatbots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot"), such as Google Bard, prior to the announcement of [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)") in March 2024. None of them had been seen as legitimate competitors to [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT"), unlike Gemini.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-167) An AI training program for Google employees was also introduced in April 2024.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-168) Google has created the [text-to-image model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-to-image_model "Text-to-image model") [Imagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_\(text-to-image_model\) "Imagen (text-to-image model)"),[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-169) and the [text-to-video model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-to-video_model "Text-to-video model") [Veo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veo_\(text-to-video_model\) "Veo (text-to-video model)").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-170) Google integrated [AI Overviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Overviews "AI Overviews") into Google Search, and added an AI mode where the search results page is AI-generated.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-171) In 2025, Google announced SynthID Detector, a tool that uses [watermarking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_watermarking "Digital watermarking") to identify whether content such as text, images, audio, or video was generated using Google products.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-172) In 2023, Google released [NotebookLM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NotebookLM "NotebookLM"), an online tool for synthesizing documents using Gemini. In September 2024, it gained attention for its "Audio Overview" feature, which generates podcast-like summaries of documents.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-173)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-174) Google also developed LearnLM, a family of language models serving as personal [AI tutors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_tutor "AI tutor").[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-175)
### Consumer services
#### Web-based services
See also: [Firebase Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Studio "Firebase Studio"), [Google Colab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Colab "Google Colab"), [Kaggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaggle "Kaggle"), and [Google Docs Editors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs_Editors "Google Docs Editors")
Google offers [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail") for [email](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email"),[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-176) [Google Calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calendar "Google Calendar") for time-management and scheduling,[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-177) [Google Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps") and Google Earth for mapping, navigation and [satellite imagery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_imagery "Satellite imagery"),[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-178) Google Drive for [cloud storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_hosting_service "File hosting service") of files,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-verge-drive-announced-179) [Google Docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs "Google Docs"), [Sheets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets "Google Sheets") and [Slides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Slides "Google Slides") for productivity,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-verge-drive-announced-179) [Google Photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Photos "Google Photos") for photo storage and sharing,[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-180) [Google Keep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Keep "Google Keep") for [note-taking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note-taking "Note-taking"),[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-181) [Google Translate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate "Google Translate") for language translation,[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-182) [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") for video viewing and sharing,[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-183) [Google My Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_My_Business "Google My Business") for managing public business information,[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-184) [Google Classroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Classroom "Google Classroom") for managing assignments and communication in education,[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-185) and [Duo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Duo "Google Duo") for social interaction.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-186) A job search product has also existed since before 2017,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-187)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-188)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-189) Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from [job boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_board "Job board") and career sites.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-190) [Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth"), launched in 2005, allows users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their computers.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-191)
#### Software
Google develops the Android [mobile operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system "Mobile operating system"),[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-192) as well as its [smartwatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_OS "Wear OS"),[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-193) [television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV "Android TV"),[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-194) [car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Auto "Android Auto"),[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-195) and [Internet of things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things "Internet of things")\-enabled [smart devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Things "Android Things") variations.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-196) It also develops the [Google Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") web browser,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-197) [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS"), an operating system based on Chrome,[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-198) and the AI-powered [integrated development environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment "Integrated development environment") [Google Antigravity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Antigravity "Google Antigravity").[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-199)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-200)
#### Hardware
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pixel_3_%E3%81%A8_Pixel_3_XL_%E3%82%92%E5%88%9D%E8%A7%A6%E3%80%82%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E3%82%92%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%81%A8%E6%8F%A1%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A8_Google_Assistant_%E3%81%8C%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A1%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8C%E3%81%8A%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%E3%82%8D%E3%81%84%E3%80%82_%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3DC_\(44519013945\).jpg)
Google Pixel smartphones on display in a store
In January 2010, Google released [Nexus One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One "Nexus One"), the first Android phone under its own brand.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-201) It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "[Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus "Google Nexus")" branding[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-202) until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel").[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Pixel_inside_story-203) In 2011, the [Chromebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook "Chromebook") was introduced, which runs on [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS").[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-204) In July 2013, Google introduced the [Chromecast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast "Chromecast") dongle, which allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-205)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-206) In June 2014, Google announced [Google Cardboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cardboard "Google Cardboard"), a simple cardboard viewer that lets the user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view [virtual reality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality "Virtual reality") (VR) media.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-207) In October 2016, Google announced [Daydream View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream_View "Daydream View"), a lightweight VR viewer which lets the user place their smartphone in the front hinge to view VR media.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-209)
Other hardware products include:
- [Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest_\(smart_speakers\) "Google Nest (smart speakers)"), a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original [Google Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_\(smart_speaker\) "Google Home (smart speaker)")[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-210) (later succeeded by the [Nest Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Audio "Nest Audio")), the [Google Home Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_Mini "Google Home Mini") (later succeeded by the [Nest Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Mini "Nest Mini")), the [Google Home Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_Max "Google Home Max"), the [Google Home Hub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_Hub "Google Home Hub") (later rebranded as the Nest Hub), and the [Nest Hub Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Hub_Max "Nest Hub Max").
- [Nest Wifi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest_Wifi "Google Nest Wifi") (originally Google Wifi), a connected set of [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-211)
### Enterprise services
Main articles: [Google Workspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace "Google Workspace") and [Google Cloud Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform")
Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-212)) is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and [Google Docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs "Google Docs"), [Google Sheets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets "Google Sheets") and [Google Slides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Slides "Google Slides"), with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-213) On September 24, 2012,[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-214) Google launched [Google for Entrepreneurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_for_Entrepreneurs "Google for Entrepreneurs"), a largely not-for-profit [business incubator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_incubator "Business incubator") providing startups with [co-working spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coworking "Coworking") known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-215) There are seven Campus locations: [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo"), [Tel Aviv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), and [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"). On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be integrated with [BigQuery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigQuery "BigQuery") on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete [customer journey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_journey "Customer journey")", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people".[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-216) Jack Marshall of *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systems "Adobe Systems"), [Oracle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation"), [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.com "Salesforce.com"), and [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-217)
### Internet services
In February 2010, Google announced the [Google Fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber "Google Fiber") project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-218)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-219) Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, [Google Fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber "Google Fiber") was moved to Alphabet's Access division.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-220)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-221) In April 2015, Google announced [Project Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fi "Project Fi"), a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-222)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-223)
### Financial services
In August 2023, Google became the first major tech company to join the [OpenWallet Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWallet_Foundation "OpenWallet Foundation"), launched earlier in the year, whose goal was creating open-source software for interoperable digital wallets.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-224)
## Corporate affairs
### Business trends
See also: [Alphabet Inc. § Finances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc.#Finances "Alphabet Inc.")
From the financial year of 2015, figures are published for Alphabet Inc. Until 2014, the key trends of Google were as follows (as at the financial year ending December 31):[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-225)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-226)
| [FY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_year "Financial year") | Revenue | Net income | Employees [\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-227)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-228) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| in million USD | | | | |
| 1999 | 0\.22 | −6.0 | | [\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-229) |
| 2000 | 19\.1 | −14.6 | | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2001 | 86\.4 | 6\.9 | 284 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2002 | 439 | 99\.6 | 682 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| | in billion USD | | | |
| 2003 | 1\.4 | 0\.10 | 1,628 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2004 | 3\.1 | 0\.39 | 3,021 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2005 | 6\.1 | 1\.4 | 5,680 | |
| 2006 | 10\.6 | 3\.0 | 10,674 | |
| 2007 | 16\.5 | 4\.2 | 16,805 | |
| 2008 | 21\.8 | 4\.2 | 20,222 | |
| 2009 | 23\.6 | 6\.5 | 19,835 | |
| 2010 | 29,3 | 8\.5 | 24,400 | |
| 2011 | 37\.9 | 9\.7 | 32,467 | |
| 2012 | 46\.0 | 10\.7 | 53,861 | |
| 2013 | 55\.5 | 12\.7 | 47,756 | |
| 2014 | 66\.0 | 14\.1 | 53,600 | |
Google's [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of \$85 per share.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-IPO-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-GoogleAnnualReport2004-72) The sale of \$1.67 billion gave Google a [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") of more than \$23 billion.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-washpost-75) The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting \$350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-231) primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the [online advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising") market.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-bowlingforgoogle-232) The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and [mutual funds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund "Mutual fund").[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-bowlingforgoogle-232) GOOG shares split into GOOG [class C shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_C_share "Class C share") and GOOGL [class A shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_share "Class A share").[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-233) The company is listed on the [NASDAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ") stock exchange under the [ticker symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") GOOGL and GOOG, and on the [Frankfurt Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange "Frankfurt Stock Exchange") under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit)[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-234)
In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-235)[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-236)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-237) For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported \$10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only \$112 million in licensing and other revenues.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-10-K-238) In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google-Inc-Jan-2012-10-K-239) Google generated \$50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating \$38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit \$50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-240) Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as \$14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-241) Google's Internet business was responsible for \$10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on advertisements.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-242) By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown to \$397 billion.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Marketwatch-243)
### Tax avoidance strategies
Further information: [Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Multinational tax schemes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Multinational_tax_schemes "Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland"), and [Google tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_tax "Google tax")
Google uses various [tax avoidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_avoidance "Tax avoidance") strategies. On the [list of largest technology companies by revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue "List of largest technology companies by revenue"), it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google saved \$3.1 billion between 2007 and 2010 in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") and the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") and then to [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda"). Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-244) This reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google's [transfer pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_pricing "Transfer pricing") practices in 2012.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-245)
In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its intellectual property holdings back to the U.S.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-246) Google Vice-president [Matt Brittin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Brittin "Matt Brittin") testified to the [Public Accounts Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Accounts_Committee_\(United_Kingdom\) "Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)") of the [UK House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_House_of_Commons "UK House of Commons") that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-247) In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-248) In 2017, Google channeled \$22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-249) In 2013, Google ranked 5th in [lobbying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States "Lobbying in the United States") spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-lobby1-250)
### Corporate identity
Further information: [History of Google § Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Name "History of Google"), [Google (verb)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(verb\) "Google (verb)"), [Google logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo "Google logo"), [Google Doodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle "Google Doodle"), [List of Google April Fools' Day jokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_April_Fools%27_Day_jokes "List of Google April Fools' Day jokes"), and [List of Google Easter eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs "List of Google Easter eggs")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_logo_\(2013-2015\).svg)
Google's logo from 2013 to 2015. The logo had been used with minor changes since 1999.
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "[googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")",[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-251)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Hanley,_Rachael-40) which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank"):[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-originalpaper-36) "We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100\[,\] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the *[Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Collegiate_Dictionary "Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary")* and the *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")* in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-252)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-google_or_not-68) Google's [mission statement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_statement "Mission statement"), from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-253) and its unofficial slogan is "[Don't be evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil "Don't be evil")".[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-254) In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-255) The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.
The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-256) Since 1998,[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit) Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first [Google Doodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle "Google Doodle") was in honor of the [Burning Man Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Man "Burning Man") of 1998.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-257)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-258) The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-[intern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern "Intern") [Dennis Hwang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hwang "Dennis Hwang") to design a logo for [Bastille Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day "Bastille Day") in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-259)
Google has a tradition of creating [April Fools' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day "April Fools' Day") jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000, was [Google MentalPlex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_hoaxes#2000 "Google's hoaxes") which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-mentalplex-260) In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called [TiSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiSP "TiSP"), or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a [fiber-optic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber "Optical fiber") cable down their toilet.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-TiSP-261) Google's services contain [easter eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_\(media\) "Easter egg (media)"), such as the [Swedish Chef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Chef "Swedish Chef")'s "Bork bork bork", [Pig Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin "Pig Latin"), "Hacker" or [leetspeak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leet "Leet"), [Elmer Fudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Fudd "Elmer Fudd"), [Pirate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day "International Talk Like a Pirate Day"), and [Klingon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language "Klingon language") as language selections for its search engine.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-262) When searching for the word "[anagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagram "Anagram")", meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-263) Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan and author [technical documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_documentation "Technical documentation") better.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-264)
### Workplace culture
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pride_in_London_2016_-_Google_participating_in_the_parade.png)
Google employees marching in the [Pride in London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_London "Pride in London") parade in 2016
On *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")* magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-best_company-265)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-266)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-267) and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-268)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-269) Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-270) Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "you can make money without doing evil", "you can be serious without a suit", and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun".[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-271)
As of September 30, 2020,[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit) Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-272) of which more than 100,000 worked for Google.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Wakabayashi2019-9) Google's 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit) diversity report states that 32 percent of its workforce are women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-273) Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of leadership roles were held by women.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-274) In addition to its 100,000+ full-time employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, as of March 2019.[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Wakabayashi2019-9)
Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six".[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-275) As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as [Innovation Time Off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_Time_Off "Innovation Time Off"), where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News"), [Orkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut "Orkut"), and [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense "AdSense"), originated from these independent endeavors.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-276) In a talk at Stanford University, [Marissa Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Mayer "Marissa Mayer"), Google's vice-president of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-277)
In 2005, articles in *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-278) and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-279)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-280)[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-281) In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-CCO-282) Google has also faced allegations of [sexism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism "Sexism") and [ageism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism "Ageism") from former employees.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-284) In 2013, a [class action against](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation "High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation") several [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-285) In a lawsuit filed January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google discriminated against a class defined by their "conservative political views\[,\] male gender\[,\] and/or ... Caucasian or Asian race".[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-DhillonLaw-286)
On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google employees, Alpha Global, was announced.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-287) The coalition is made up of "13 different unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United States, \[the\] United Kingdom, and Switzerland".[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Schiffer2021-288) The group is affiliated with the [UNI Global Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNI_Global_Union "UNI Global Union"), which represents nearly 20 million international workers from various unions and federations. The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace culture.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Schiffer2021-288)[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-289)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-DhillonLaw-286) Google had previously been accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a workers union.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-290) In 2021, court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020, Google ran an anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees) that unions suck".[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-unions-291) In February 2025, Google dropped their commitment to make "[diversity, equity, and inclusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion "Diversity, equity, and inclusion") \[DEI\] part of everything we do" from their annual investor report. This action followed Meta, Amazon, Pepsi, McDonald's, Walmart, and others who all have rolled back their DEI programmes.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-292)
### Office locations
Further information: [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:111_Eighth_Avenue.jpg)
Google's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_at_111_Richmond_Street_West_in_Toronto_\(cropped\).jpg)
Google's [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") office
Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the Googleplex", a play on words on the number [googolplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex "Googolplex") and the headquarters itself being a *complex* of buildings. Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-293)
In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m2) of office space at [111 Eighth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue "111 Eighth Avenue") in [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). The office houses its largest advertising sales team.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-294) In 2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarters, in a deal that valued the property at around \$1.9 billion.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-295)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-296) In March 2018, Google's parent company Alphabet bought the nearby [Chelsea Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Market "Chelsea Market") building for \$2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-297)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-298)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-299)[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-300) In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-301) The same December, it was announced that a \$1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan's [Hudson Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Square "Hudson Square") neighborhood.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-302)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-303) Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York City.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-304)
By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan").[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-305) In November 2006, Google opened offices on [Carnegie Mellon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon "Carnegie Mellon")'s campus in [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh"), focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and [smartphone applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_applications "Smartphone applications") and programs.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-306)[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-307) Other office locations in the U.S. include [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"); [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"); [Boulder, Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado "Boulder, Colorado"); [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"); [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"); [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington "Seattle, Washington") and [Kirkland, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington "Kirkland, Washington"); [Birmingham, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan "Birmingham, Michigan"); [Reston, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia "Reston, Virginia"), [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."),[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-308) and [Madison, Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin").[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-309)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Headquarters_in_Ireland_Building_Sign.jpg)
Google's Dublin Ireland office, headquarters of Google Ads for Europe
It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") (birthplace location of Google Maps)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-310) and London (part of Android development).[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-311) In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in January,[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-312) Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the [Camden Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_London_Borough_Council "Camden London Borough Council") in June 2017.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-313)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-314)
In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own campus in [Hyderabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad"), India. The new campus, reported to be the company's largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-316) In September 2025 Google opened their £735m [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") Centre in [Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Cross "Waltham Cross") and announced their plans for £5 bn investment in AI research, in the same month that [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") reached market capitalisation of \$3 [trillion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillion "Trillion").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-317)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-318)
Google's Global Offices sum a total of 86 locations worldwide,[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_world_office_locations-319) with 32 offices in North America, three of them in Canada and 29 in the United States, California being the state with the most Google's offices with 9 in total including the Googleplex. Google counts 6 offices in the [Latin America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America") region and 24 in Europe, 3 of them in United Kingdom. The [Asia-Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific "Asia-Pacific") region counts with 26 offices principally five in India and three in Australia, and three in China, while the Africa and [Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") region counts five offices.
#### North America
| SN | City | Country or U.S. state |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Ann Arbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor "Ann Arbor") |  [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") |
| 2\. | [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") |  [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") |
| 3\. | [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas") |  [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas") |
| 4\. | [Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado "Boulder, Colorado") |  [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") |
| 5\. | Boulder – Pearl Place |  [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") |
| 6\. | Boulder – Walnut |  [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") |
| 7\. | [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge "Cambridge") |  [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") |
| 8\. | [Chapel Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina "Chapel Hill, North Carolina") |  [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") |
| 9\. | [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") – Carpenter |  [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") |
| 10\. | Chicago – Fulton Market |  [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") |
| 11\. | Chicago – Loop (2026)[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-320) |  [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") |
| 12\. | [Detroit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") |  [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") |
| 13\. | [Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_California "Irvine, California") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 14\. | [Kirkland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington "Kirkland, Washington") |  [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)") |
| 15\. | [Kitchener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario "Kitchener, Ontario") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") |
| 16\. | [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 17\. | [Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin") |  [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin") |
| 18\. | [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami "Miami") |  [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") |
| 19\. | [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") |
| 20\. | [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California") – **[HQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex")** |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 21\. | [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") |  [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") |
| 22\. | [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") |  [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") |
| 23\. | [Playa Vista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_Vista "Playa Vista") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 24\. | [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") |  [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") |
| 25\. | [Redwood City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City "Redwood City") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 26\. | [Reston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia "Reston, Virginia") |  [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") |
| 27\. | [San Bruno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno "San Bruno") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 28\. | [San Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 29\. | [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California "San Francisco, California") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 30\. | [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") |  [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)") |
| 31\. | [Sunnyvale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale "Sunnyvale") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 32\. | [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") |
| 33\. | [Washington DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC "Washington DC") |  [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") |
#### Latin America
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Belo Horizonte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte "Belo Horizonte") |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") |
| 2\. | [Bogotá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 "Bogotá") |  [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") |
| 3\. | [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") |  [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") |
| 4\. | [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") |  [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") |
| 5\. | [San Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador "San Salvador") |  [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador") |
| 6\. | [Santiago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago "Santiago") |  [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile") |
| 7\. | [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo") |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") |
#### Europe
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Aarhus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus") |  [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") |
| 2\. | [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") |  [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") |
| 3\. | [Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens "Athens") |  [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece "Greece") |
| 4\. | [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| 5\. | [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") |  [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") |
| 6\. | [Bucharest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest") |  [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") |
| 7\. | [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen") |  [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") |
| 8\. | [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") |  [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") |
| 9\. | [Hamburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| 10\. | [Kraków](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") |
| 11\. | [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon") |  [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") |
| 12\. | [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London") – 6PS |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| 13\. | London – BEL |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| 14\. | London – CSG |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| 15\. | [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid") |  [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") |
| 16\. | [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") |
| 17\. | [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich") |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| 18\. | [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo") |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") |
| 19\. | [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris "Paris") |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") |
| 20\. | [Prague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague "Prague") |  [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") |
| 21\. | [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") |  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") |
| 22\. | [Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") |
| 23\. | [Vilnius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius") |  [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") |
| 24\. | [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") |
| 25\. | [Wrocław](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław") |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") |
| 26\. | [Zürich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich") – BRA |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") |
| 27\. | Zürich – EUR |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") |
#### Asia–Pacific
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") |  [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") |
| 2\. | [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") |  [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") |
| 3\. | [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") |
| 4\. | [Bengaluru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru "Bengaluru") – Kyoto Campus |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 5\. | Bengaluru – OMR |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 6\. | [Gurgaon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon "Gurgaon") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 7\. | [Ho Chi Minh City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City "Ho Chi Minh City") |  [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") |
| 8\. | [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") |  [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") |
| 9\. | [Hyderabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 10\. | [Jakarta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta") |  [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") |
| 11\. | [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") |  [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") |
| 12\. | [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila "Manila") |  [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") |
| 13\. | [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") |
| 14\. | [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 15\. | [New Taipei City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City "New Taipei City") |  [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") |
| 16\. | [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune "Pune") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 17\. | [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul") |  [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") |
| 18\. | [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai") |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") |
| 19\. | [Shenzhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen "Shenzhen") |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") |
| 20\. | [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") |  [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") |
| 21\. | [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") – ODR |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") |
| 22\. | Sydney – PIR |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") |
| 23\. | [Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei "Taipei") |  [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") |
| 24\. | [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") – RPG |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") |
| 25\. | Tokyo – STRM |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") |
| 26\. | [Zhubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhubei "Zhubei") |  [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") |
#### Africa and the Middle East
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Accra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra "Accra") |  [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana "Ghana") |
| 2\. | [Doha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha "Doha") |  [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar "Qatar") |
| 3\. | [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") |  [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") |
| 4\. | [Haifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") |  [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel "Israel") |
| 5\. | [Istanbul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul") |  [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") |
| 6\. | [Johannesburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg") |  [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") |
| 7\. | [Lagos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos "Lagos") |  [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria") |
| 8\. | [Tel Aviv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") |  [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel "Israel") |
### Infrastructure
Further information: [Google data centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_data_centers "Google data centers")
Google has data centers in [North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America "North America") and [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America "South America"), [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia "Asia"), and [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe "Europe").[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-321) There is no official data on the number of [servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_\(computing\) "Server (computing)") in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm [Gartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-322) Traditionally, Google relied on [parallel computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing "Parallel computing") on commodity hardware like mainstream [x86](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86 "X86") computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-323)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-324)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-CNET2009-325) In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-CNET2009-325)
Google has built its own private [submarine communications cables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable "Submarine communications cable"). The first cable, named Curie, connects California with [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile") and was completed on November 15, 2019.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-326)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-327) The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-328) Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon") ([Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal")) with [Lagos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos "Lagos") ([Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria")) and [Cape Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") ([South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")).[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-329) The company's fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") (US), [Bude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bude "Bude") ([UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom")) and [Bilbao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao "Bilbao") ([Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain")), and is expected to become operational in 2022.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-330)
### Environment
In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") on its Mountain View campus to provide up to 1.6 [Megawatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaWatt "MegaWatt") of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-solar-331)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-332) The system is the largest [rooftop photovoltaic power station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_photovoltaic_power_station "Rooftop photovoltaic power station") constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-solar-331) Since 2007,[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit) Google has aimed for [carbon neutrality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality "Carbon neutrality") in regard to its operations.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-333) In Spring 2009, Google hired a herd of 200 [goats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat "Goat") for a week from California Grazing to mow their lawn. It was apparently more eco-friendly.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-334)
Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a [nuclear power plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant "Nuclear power plant"). Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-335)
In 2010, [Google Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Energy "Google Energy") made its first investment in a [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy") project, putting \$38.8 million into two [wind farms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm "Wind farm") in [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota "North Dakota"). The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-336) In February 2010, the [Federal Energy Regulatory Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission") granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-337) The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-338) In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of power for 20 years.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-wind_energy-339)
In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and offices. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy".[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-340)[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-341)[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-342) In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made the firm reach [100% renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy "100% renewable energy"). The wind energy comes from two power plants in [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota"), one in Iowa and one in [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma").[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-343) In September 2019, Google's chief executive announced plans for a \$2 billion wind and solar investment, the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will grow their green energy profile by 40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the company said.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-344)
In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its carbon emissions since the company's foundation in 1998.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-345) It also stated that it is committed to operating its data centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by 2030.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-346) In October 2020, the company pledged to make the packaging for its hardware products 100% plastic-free and 100% recyclable by 2025. It also said that all its final assembly manufacturing sites will achieve a [UL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UL_\(safety_organization\) "UL (safety organization)") 2799 [Zero Waste to Landfill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_waste#Corporate_initiatives "Zero waste") certification by 2022 by ensuring that the vast majority of waste from the manufacturing process is recycled instead of ending up in a landfill.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-347) In 2023 Google consumed 24 TWh of electricity, more than countries such as Iceland, Ghana, the Dominican Republic, or Tunisia.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-348)
#### Climate change denial and misinformation
Google donates to [climate change denial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial "Climate change denial") political groups including the [State Policy Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Policy_Network "State Policy Network") and the [Competitive Enterprise Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute "Competitive Enterprise Institute").[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-349)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-350) The company also actively funds and profits from climate [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation") by monetizing ad spaces on most of the largest climate disinformation sites.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-351) Google continued to monetize and profit from sites propagating climate disinformation even after the company updated their policy to prohibit placing their ads on similar sites.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-352)
### Philanthropy
Main article: [Google.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org "Google.org")
In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of \$1 billion.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-philanthropy-353) The mission of the organization is to create [awareness about climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_education "Climate change education"), global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable [plug-in hybrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid "Plug-in hybrid") [electric vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired [Larry Brilliant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Brilliant "Larry Brilliant") as the program's executive director in 2004[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-354) and Megan Smith has since[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&action=edit) replaced him as director.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-355)
In March 2007, in partnership with the [Mathematical Sciences Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute "Mathematical Sciences Research Institute") (MSRI), Google hosted the first [Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Robinson_Mathematics_Festival "Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival") at its headquarters in Mountain View.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-356) In 2011, Google donated €1 million to [International Mathematical Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad "International Mathematical Olympiad") to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-357)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-358) In July 2012, Google launched a "[Legalize Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalize_Love "Legalize Love")" campaign in support of [gay rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights "Gay rights").[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-359)
In 2008, Google announced its "project 10100", which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-360) After two years of no update, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-361) Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-362) Responding to the humanitarian crisis after the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), Google announced a \$15 million donation to support Ukrainian citizens.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-363) The company also decided to transform its office in Warsaw into a help center for refugees.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-364) Also in February 2022, Google announced a \$100 million fund to expand skills training and job placement for low-income Americans, in conjunction with non-profits [Year Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Up "Year Up"), [Social Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Finance_\(consultancy\) "Social Finance (consultancy)"), and Merit America.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-365)
### Lobbying and political influence
In 2025, Google was one of the donors who funded the White House's [East Wing demolition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wing#2025_demolition "East Wing"), and planned building of a ballroom.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-366)
## Criticism and controversies
Further information: [Criticism of Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google "Criticism of Google") and [Google litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_litigation "Google litigation")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_bus_protest.jpg)
San Francisco activists [protest privately owned shuttle buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests "San Francisco tech bus protests") that transport workers for tech companies such as Google from their homes in San Francisco and Oakland to corporate campuses in Silicon Valley.
Google has had criticism over issues such as [aggressive tax avoidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_tax_avoidance "Google tax avoidance"),[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-367) [search neutrality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutrality "Search neutrality"), [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright "Copyright"), [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google "Censorship by Google") of search results and content,[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-368) and [privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_privacy "Google privacy").[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-369)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-370) Other criticisms are alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of other people's [intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property"), concerns that its [compilation of data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection "Data collection") may violate [Internet privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_privacy "Internet privacy"), and the [energy consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_consumption "Energy consumption") of its servers, as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as [monopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly "Monopoly"), [restraint of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade "Restraint of trade"), [anti-competitive practices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices "Anti-competitive practices"), and [patent infringement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_infringement "Patent infringement"). When Google's parent company [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") announced in September 2025 that it would reinstate YouTube creators that were banned for spreading [misinformation about COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_about_COVID-19 "Misinformation about COVID-19") and the [2020 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_U.S._presidential_election "2020 U.S. presidential election"),[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-371) it was criticized for prioritizing "free expression" over "facts" and placed within the context of the company's shift dating back to 2023.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-372)
### Political controversies
#### United States
In a 2022 [National Labor Relations Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board "National Labor Relations Board") ruling, court documents suggested that Google sponsored a secretive project—*Project Vivian*—to counsel its employees and to discourage them from forming unions.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-unions-291)
#### Brazil
On May 1, 2023, Google placed an ad against the [Brazilian Congressional Bill No. 2630](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Congressional_Bill_No._2630 "Brazilian Congressional Bill No. 2630"), an anti-[disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation") law that was about to be approved, on its search homepage in Brazil, calling on its users to ask congressional representatives to oppose the legislation. The country's government and judiciary accused the company of undue interference in the congressional debate, saying it could amount to abuse of economic power and ordering the company to change the ad within two hours of notification or face fines of [R\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_real "Brazilian real")1 million (2023) ([US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD "USD")185,528.76) per non-compliance hour. The company then promptly removed the ad.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-373)[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-374)
#### Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Further information: [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict")
Google has a US\$1.2 billion artificial intelligence and [surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance "Surveillance") contract with the [Israeli military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_military "Israeli military") known as [Project Nimbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nimbus "Project Nimbus"). According to Google employees, the Israeli military could use this technology to expand its surveillance of [Palestinians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians "Palestinians") living in the [occupied territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories "Israeli-occupied territories").[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-375) Google relocated an outspoken employee overseas, and the employee claimed it was a "retaliation for publicly criticizing the contract".[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-376) Other Palestinian employees have described an "institutionalised bias" within the company.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-377)
In 2021, Google and Amazon engaged in negotiations for a substantial cloud computing agreement valued at \$1.2 billion, during which Israel insisted on the inclusion of a confidential code referred to as the "blink mechanism". This stipulation compelled Google and Amazon to essentially disregard legal responsibilities in various nations. Israel expressed apprehension that the data transferred to the cloud services of these global corporations might be accessible to foreign law enforcement agencies. As per documents disclosed to The Guardian, both Google and Amazon consented to the blink mechanism in order to finalize the profitable agreement.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-378)
During 2025, Google engaged in a \$45 million, six-month contract with Israel to run advertising campaigns. Some Youtube ads aimed to cast doubt on the existence of a famine in [Gaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"). Many complaints were filed against Israel's videos, but Google maintained that the ads did not violate its content policies.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-379)
#### Russia
On October 31, 2024, the [Russian government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government "Russian government") imposed a "symbolic" fine of \$20 [decillion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decillion "Decillion") on Google for blocking pro-Russian YouTube channels. In 2022, during the invasion of Ukraine, a Russian court had ordered Google to restore the channels, with penalties doubling every week according to [TASS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS "TASS").[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-380) This comes alongside other large fines against social media companies accused of hosting content critical of the Kremlin or supportive of Ukraine.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-381)
### Antitrust
See also: [List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet "List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet")
In July 2018, [Mozilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla "Mozilla") program manager Chris Peterson accused Google of intentionally slowing down YouTube performance on [Firefox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox "Firefox").[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-382)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-firefox-383) In April 2019, former Mozilla executive Jonathan Nightingale accused Google of intentionally and systematically sabotaging the Firefox browser over the past decade in order to boost adoption of Google Chrome.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-firefox-383) In 2019, a hub for critics of Google dedicated to abstaining from using Google products coalesced in the [Reddit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit "Reddit") online [community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subreddit "Subreddit") /r/degoogle.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-384) The [DeGoogle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeGoogle "DeGoogle") [grassroots campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_campaign "Grassroots campaign") continues to grow as privacy activists highlight information about Google products, and the associated incursion on personal privacy rights by the company. Google reportedly paid Apple \$22 billion in 2022 to maintain its position as the default search engine on Safari. It marks one of the largest payments between two tech giants in recent years.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-385)
#### European Union
Main article: [Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union "Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg)
The European Commission, which imposed three fines on Google in 2017, 2018, and 2019
On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of [€](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro "Euro")2\.42 billion from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) for "promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results".[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-386) On July 18, 2018, the [European Commissioner for Competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition "European Commissioner for Competition") fined Google €4.34 billion for breaching [European Union competition law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_competition_law "European Union competition law"). The abuse of dominants position has been referred to as Google's constraint applied to Android device manufacturers and network operators to ensure that traffic on Android devices goes to the Google search engine.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-387) On October 9, 2018, Google confirmed that it had appealed the fine to the [General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Court_\(European_Union\) "General Court (European Union)") of the EU.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-388)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-389)
On March 20, 2019, the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") imposed a €1.49 billion (\$1.69 billion) fine on Google for preventing rivals from being able to "compete and innovate fairly" in the online advertising market. EU competition commissioner [Margrethe Vestager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager "Margrethe Vestager") said Google had violated EU antitrust rules by "imposing anti-competitive contractual restrictions on third-party websites" that required them to exclude search results from Google's rivals.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-390)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-391) On September 14, 2022, Google lost the appeal of a €4.125 billion (£3.5 billion) fine, which was ruled to be paid after it was proved by the European Commission that Google forced Android phone-makers to carry Google's search and web browser apps. Since the initial accusations, Google has changed its policy.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-392)
In March 2024, a former Google [software engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineer "Software engineer") and Chinese national named Linwei Ding was accused of stealing confidential artificial intelligence information from the company and handing it to Chinese corporations.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-393) Ding had allegedly stolen over 500 files from the company over the course of 5 years, having been hired in 2019.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-394) Upon discovering Ding had been in contact with Chinese state-owned companies, Google notified the [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI"), who carried on the investigation of the [data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_breach "Data breach").[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-395) On September 10, 2024, Europe's top court imposed a €2.4 billion fine on Google for abusing its dominance in the shopping comparison market, marking the conclusion of a case that began in 2009 with a complaint from British firm Foundem.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-396)
On September 18, 2024, Alphabet's Google won a €1.49 billion (\$1.7 billion) antitrust fine from the EU, while Qualcomm's efforts to repeal a penalty were unsuccessful. The General Court agreed with many of the European Commission's findings but annulled the Google fine, stating that the Commission failed to consider all relevant factors and did not demonstrate harm to innovation or consumers. Google noted that it had already changed its contract practices in 2016. Meanwhile, Qualcomm saw its fine reduced slightly but failed to overturn the ruling regarding its predatory pricing against Icera. Both companies have options to appeal further.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-397) On September 5, 2025, the European Commission fined Google €2.95 billion (\$3.47 billion), for breaching EU antitrust rules. Regulators say Google abused its dominance by giving preferential treatment to its [ad exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_exchange "Ad exchange") within its publisher ad server and ad-buying tools.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-398)
#### United States
After U.S. Congressional hearings in July 2020,[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-399) and a report from the U.S. House of Representatives' Antitrust Subcommittee released in early October,[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-400) the [U.S. Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice "U.S. Department of Justice") filed an [antitrust lawsuit against Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2020\) "United States v. Google LLC (2020)") on October 20, 2020, asserting that it has illegally maintained its monopoly position in web search and search advertising.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-401)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-402) The lawsuit alleged that Google engaged in anticompetitive behavior by paying Apple between \$8 billion and \$12 billion to be the default search engine on iPhones.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-403) Later that month, both [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") and Alphabet agreed to "cooperate and assist one another" in the face of investigation into their online advertising practices.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-404)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-405) [Another suit was brought against Google in 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2023\) "United States v. Google LLC (2023)") for illegally monopolizing the advertising technology market.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-406) In August 2024, [District of Columbia U.S. District Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_U.S._District_Court "District of Columbia U.S. District Court") Judge [Amit Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Mehta "Amit Mehta") ruled that Google held a monopoly in online search and text advertising in violation of Section 2 of the [Sherman Antitrust Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act").[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-407)[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-408)
On October 8, 2024, The U.S. government suggested it could request Google to divest parts of its business, such as the Chrome browser and Android, due to its alleged monopoly in online search. The Justice Department aimed to limit Google's growing dominance in areas like AI. Google, which intended to appeal, argued that the proposals were too extreme, while also dealing with other antitrust cases involving its app store and advertising operations.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-409) In November 2024, the Justice Department proposed major changes to curb Google's online search monopoly, including forcing the company to sell its Chrome browser, share search data with competitors, and end exclusive agreements that make Google the default search engine on devices like iPhones. The DoJ also sought a ban on Google re-entering the browser market for five years and restrictions on its investments in rival search or AI technologies. Google called these proposals excessive and harmful to consumers, pledging to appeal. A trial on the case was scheduled for April 2025, though the incoming administration and new DoJ leadership could potentially alter the course of the proceedings.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-410)
In September 2024, [Competition and Markets Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority "Competition and Markets Authority") (CMA) provisionally found that Google engaged in anti-competitive practices in the online advertising technology market, potentially harming thousands of UK publishers and advertisers. The investigation claimed Google used its market power to prevent rivals from competing fairly, affecting billions spent on digital ads. Google rejected the findings as flawed, stating that its ad tech benefits businesses. If found guilty, Google could face penalties of up to 10% of its global turnover. Similar investigations are ongoing in the U.S. and EU, where regulators have suggested that Google may need to sell part of its ad-tech business.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-411) It was ruled in 2025 by the Justice Department alongside 17 other states that Google operates a monopoly in online advertising technology. The case will now move to a remedies stage which may lead to Alphabet, the owner of Google, being broken up.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-412)
### Gender discrimination lawsuit
In 2017, three women sued Google, accusing the company of violating California's Equal Pay Act by underpaying its female employees. The lawsuit cited the wage gap was around \$17,000 and that Google locked women into lower career tracks, leading to smaller salaries and bonuses. In June 2022, Google agreed to pay a \$118 million settlement to 15,550 female employees working in California since 2013. As a part of the settlement, Google also agreed to hire a third party to analyze its hiring and compensation practices.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-413)[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-414)[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-415)
### Censorship
Main articles: [Censorship by Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google "Censorship by Google") and [Google China § Censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_China#Censorship "Google China")
According to Ryan Gallagher of *[The Intercept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept "The Intercept")* in August 2018, Google was developing for the People's Republic of China a censored version of its search engine (known as [Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_\(search_engine\) "Dragonfly (search engine)")) "that will blacklist websites and search terms about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful protest".[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-416) Google was grilled at a [Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation "Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation") hearing on the project one month later.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-417)[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-418) The project was canceled in December following the backlash it garnered both externally and internally within the company.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-419)[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-420)
### Data loss
In May 2024, a misconfiguration in Google Cloud led to the [accidental deletion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_loss "Data loss") of [UniSuper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniSuper "UniSuper")'s \$135 billion Australian pension fund account, affecting over half a million members who were unable to access their accounts for a week. The outage, attributed to a cloud service error and not a cyberattack, prompted a joint apology from UniSuper and Google Cloud executives, who assured members that no personal data was compromised and restoration efforts were underway.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-421)
### Data privacy
Further information: [Privacy concerns regarding Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_concerns_regarding_Google "Privacy concerns regarding Google") and [Corporate surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_surveillance "Corporate surveillance")
On October 8, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due to "non-public" [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+") account data being exposed as a result of a bug that allowed app developers to gain access to the private information of users. The litigation was settled in July 2020 for \$7.5 million with a payout to claimants of at least \$5 each, with a maximum of \$12 each.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-422)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-423)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-424) On January 21, 2019, French data regulator [CNIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNIL "CNIL") imposed a record €50 million fine on Google for breaching the European Union's [General Data Protection Regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation "General Data Protection Regulation"). The judgment claimed Google had failed to sufficiently inform users of its methods for collecting data to personalize advertising. Google issued a statement saying it was "deeply committed" to transparency and was "studying the decision" before determining its response.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-425) In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the [Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Department of Health and Human Services") began investigation into [Project Nightingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nightingale "Project Nightingale"), to assess whether the "mass collection of individuals' medical records" complied with the [Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act").[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-426) According to *The Wall Street Journal*, Google secretively began the project in 2018, with [St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis")\-based [healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare "Healthcare") company [Ascension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_\(company\) "Ascension (company)").[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-427)
In early June 2020, a \$5 billion class-action lawsuit was filed against Google by a group of consumers, alleging that Chrome's [Incognito browsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_browsing "Private browsing") mode still collects their user history.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-428)[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-429) The lawsuit became known in March 2021 when a federal judge denied Google's request to dismiss the case, ruling that they must face the group's charges.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-430)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-431) [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") reported that the lawsuit alleged that Google's CEO [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") sought to keep the users unaware of this issue.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-432) In April 2024, it was announced that Google agreed to settle this lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement Google agreed to destroy billions of data records to settle a lawsuit claiming it secretly tracked the internet use of people who thought they were browsing privately.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-433) On January 6, 2022, France's data privacy regulatory body CNIL fined Alphabet's Google 150 million euros (US\$169 million) for not allowing its Internet users an easy refusal of [cookies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie "HTTP cookie") along with Facebook.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-434)
In August 2024, Google sent an email to users informing them of its legal obligation to disclose certain confidential information to U.S. government authorities. The company stated that when it receives valid requests from government agencies to produce documents without redacting confidential customer information, it may produce such documents even if they are confidential to users; however, it will request confidential treatment of such information from the government.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-435) In January 2025, U.S. federal judge [Richard Seeborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Seeborg "Richard Seeborg") rejected Google's motion to dismiss a [class-action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") lawsuit. The lawsuit claims Google collected data from users who had specifically opted out of tracking.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-436) In September 2025, a federal jury decided that Google must pay \$425 million. Google said it would appeal the decision.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-437)
#### Geolocation
Google has been criticized for continuing to [collect location data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location-based_service "Location-based service") from users who had turned off location-sharing settings.[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Sonnemaker2021-438) In 2020, the [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") used a [geofence warrant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofence_warrant "Geofence warrant") to request data from Google about Android devices near the Seattle Police Officers Guild building following an arson attempt during Black Lives Matter protests. Google provided anonymized location data from devices in the area, which raised privacy concerns due to the potential inclusion of unrelated protesters.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-439)
#### Copyright infringement
On March 20, 2024, Google was fined approximately \$270 million by French regulators for using content from news outlets in France without proper disclosure to train its AI, Bard, now renamed Gemini, violating a previous commitment to negotiate content use transparently and fairly.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-440)
#### U.S. government contracts
Following media reports about [PRISM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_\(surveillance_program\) "PRISM (surveillance program)"), the [NSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency")'s massive electronic [surveillance program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance "Mass surveillance"), in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Google.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-441) According to unnamed sources, Google joined the PRISM program in 2009, as [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in 2010.[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-442) Google has worked with the [U.S. Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense "U.S. Department of Defense") (DoD) on drone software through the 2017 [Project Maven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Maven "Project Maven") that could be used to improve the accuracy of [drone strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strike "Drone strike").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-443) In April 2018, thousands of Google employees, including senior engineers, signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end this controversial contract with [the Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon").[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-444) Google ultimately decided not to renew this DoD contract, which was set to expire in 2019.[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-445) In 2022 Google shared a \$9 billion contract from the Pentagon for cloud computing with Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-446)
#### Google Nest hidden microphone incident
Further information: [Google Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest")
In February 2019, a [privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_privacy "Digital privacy") incident involving the Google Nest Guard system went public. The controversy stemmed from the fact that Nest Guard, a security device that was part of the Nest Secure system, contained a hidden microphone that was not disclosed in any product specifications. It resulted in a [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") failure.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:02-447)
## See also
- [Google ATAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_ATAP "Google ATAP") – Skunkworks team and in-house technology incubator
- [Googlization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlization "Googlization") – NeologismPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
- [Outline of Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Google "Outline of Google") – American multinational tech corporation
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-5)** Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998; however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-3) The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-4)
## References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-1)**
Fitzpatrick, Alex (September 4, 2014). ["Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search'"](https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191016175103/https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/) from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-2)**
["When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused?"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/). *[The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*. September 27, 2019. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/) from the original on January 10, 2022.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-3)**
Griffin, Andrew (September 27, 2019). ["Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103548/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html) from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-4)**
Wray, Richard (September 5, 2008). ["Happy birthday Google"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103550/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness) from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-6)**
["Company – Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150116073513/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/). January 16, 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/) on January 16, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-7)**
Claburn, Thomas (September 24, 2008). ["Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!?"](https://www.informationweek.com/applications/google-founded-by-sergey-brin-larry-page-and-hubert-chang!/d/d-id/1072309). *[InformationWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek "InformationWeek")*. [UBM plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_plc "UBM plc"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231125/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678) from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-8)**
["Locations – Google Jobs"](https://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130930200600/http://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/) from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Wakabayashi2019_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Wakabayashi2019_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Wakabayashi2019_9-2)
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (May 28, 2019). ["Google's Shadow Work Force: Temps Who Outnumber Full-Time Employees (Published 2019)"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201218055115/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html) from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-10)**
Condon, Stephanie (May 7, 2019). ["Google I/O: From 'AI first' to AI working for everyone"](https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-io-from-ai-first-to-ai-working-for-everyone/). *ZDNet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220402134913/https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-io-from-ai-first-to-ai-working-for-everyone/) from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-11)**
Jack, Simon (November 21, 2017). ["Google – powerful and responsible?"](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42060091). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220329031631/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42060091) from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-12)**
McCormick, Rich (June 2, 2016). ["Elon Musk: There's only one AI company that worries me"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/2/11837566/elon-musk-one-ai-company-that-worries-me). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220329031133/https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/2/11837566/elon-musk-one-ai-company-that-worries-me) from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-13)**
["Justice Department Sues Monopolist Google For Violating Antitrust Laws"](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-monopolist-google-violating-antitrust-laws). *U.S. Department of Justice*. October 20, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170848/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-monopolist-google-violating-antitrust-laws) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-14)**
["Land of the Giants: The Titans of Tech"](https://plus.cnn.com/plus/title-2244411). *CNN+*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220417230628/https://plus.cnn.com/plus/title-2244411) from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-15)**
Feiner, Lauren (December 3, 2019). ["Larry Page steps down as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200824015937/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html) from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-16)**
Peters, Jay; Cranz, Alex (September 30, 2022). ["Google is shutting down Stadia in January 2023 - The Verge"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241010060211/https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/29/23378713/google-stadia-shutting-down-game-streaming-january-2023). Archived from [the original](https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/29/23378713/google-stadia-shutting-down-game-streaming-january-2023) on October 10, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-17)**
Brady, Heather; Kirk, Chris (March 15, 2013). ["The Google Graveyard"](http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/map_of_the_week/2013/03/google_reader_joins_graveyard_of_dead_google_products.html). *[Slate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_\(magazine\) "Slate (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085610/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/map_of_the_week/2013/03/google_reader_joins_graveyard_of_dead_google_products.html) from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-18)**
Booker, Logan (March 17, 2013). ["Google Graveyard Does Exist"](https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/03/google-graveyard-does-exist-you-can-even-place-flowers-on-your-deceased-favourites/). *gizmodo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055717/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/03/google-graveyard-does-exist-you-can-even-place-flowers-on-your-deceased-favourites/) from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-19)**
["Inside X, Google's top-secret moonshot factory"](https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ten-years-of-google-x). *Wired UK*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1357-0978](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-0978). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220519211935/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ten-years-of-google-x) from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-20)**
Hanief, Mohammad (April 7, 2023). ["How Google has made our life easy"](https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/how-google-has-made-our-life-easy/). *Greater Kashmir*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231223193822/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/how-google-has-made-our-life-easy/) from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-21)**
Swant, Marty. ["The World's Valuable Brands"](https://www.forbes.com/the-worlds-most-valuable-brands/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201018162839/https://www.forbes.com/the-worlds-most-valuable-brands/) from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-22)**
["Best Global Brands"](https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/). Interbrand. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220201213456/https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/) from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-23)**
Barakat, Matthew; Liedtke, Michale (August 5, 2024). ["Google illegally maintains monopoly over internet search, judge rules"](https://apnews.com/article/google-antitrust-search-engine-verdict-apple-319a61f20fb11510097845a30abaefd8). Associated Press. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240805235227/https://apnews.com/article/google-antitrust-search-engine-verdict-apple-319a61f20fb11510097845a30abaefd8) from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-3)
["How we started and where we are today – Google"](https://about.google/our-story/). *about.google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200507190211/https://about.google/our-story) from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Coronabook_25-0)**
Brezina, Corona (2013). *Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, and Google* (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 18. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4488-6911-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-6911-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-6911-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2011039480](https://lccn.loc.gov/2011039480).
25. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-milestones_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-milestones_26-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-milestones_26-2)
["Our history in depth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120401035737/http://www.google.com/about/company/history/). *Google Company*. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/about/company/history/) on April 1, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_27-1)
Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018). ["Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google). *[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\(magazine\) "Vanity Fair (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704184309/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google) from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-28)**
McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003). ["Google vs. Evil"](https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190602064540/https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/) from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-29)**
["Willow Garage Founder Scott Hassan Aims To Build A Startup Village"](https://spectrum.ieee.org/willow-garage-founder-scott-hassan-aims-to-build-a-startup-village). *[IEEE Spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum "IEEE Spectrum")*. September 5, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190824075356/https://spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/at-work/start-ups/willow-garage-founder-scott-hassan-aims-to-build-a-startup-village) from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-30)**
D'Onfro, Jillian (February 13, 2016). ["How a billionaire who wrote Google's original code created a robot revolution"](https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-back-at-willow-garage-2016-2). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190824075346/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-back-at-willow-garage-2016-2) from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-pagerank_31-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-pagerank_31-1)
[Page, Lawrence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page"); [Brin, Sergey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"); Motwani, Rajeev; Winograd, Terry (November 11, 1999). ["The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web"](http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/). *Stanford University*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091118014915/http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/) from the original on November 18, 2009.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-32)**
["Helpful products. For everyone"](https://about.google/products/). *Google, Inc*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100210175913/http://www.google.com/corporate/tech.html) from the original on February 10, 2010.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-33)**
Yoon, John; Isaac, Mike (August 10, 2024). ["Susan Wojcicki, Former Chief of YouTube, Dies at 56"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/10/business/susan-wojcicki-dead.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240827123051/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/10/business/susan-wojcicki-dead.html) from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-34)**
Battelle, John (August 2005). ["The Birth of Google"](https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html). *Wired*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121107160749/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html?tw=wn_tophead_4) from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-35)**
["Backrub search engine at Stanford University"](https://web.archive.org/web/19961224105215/http://huron.stanford.edu/). Archived from [the original](http://huron.stanford.edu/) on December 24, 1996. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_36-1)
[Brin, Sergey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"); [Page, Lawrence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (1998). ["The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine"](http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf) (PDF). *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **30** (1–7\): 107–117\. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_\(identifier\) "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.115.5930](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.5930). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0169-7552](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-7552). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [7587743](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7587743). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-37)**
["About: RankDex"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120120002301/http://www.rankdex.com/about.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.rankdex.com/about.html) on January 20, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
, *[RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex "RankDex")*
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-38)**
["Method for node ranking in a linked database"](https://patents.google.com/patent/US6285999). Google Patents. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185034/http://www.google.com/patents/US6285999) from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-39)**
Koller, David (January 2004). ["Origin of the name "Google""](http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html). *Stanford University*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) from the original on June 27, 2012.
39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Hanley,_Rachael_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Hanley,_Rachael_40-1)
Hanley, Rachael (February 12, 2003). ["From Googol to Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100327141327/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google). *The Stanford Daily*. Stanford University. Archived from [the original](http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-41)**
["Google! Beta website"](https://web.archive.org/web/19990221202430/https://www.google.com/company.html). *Google, Inc*. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/company.html) on February 21, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-42)**
Long, Tony (September 7, 2007). ["Sept. 7, 1998: If the Check Says 'Google Inc.,' We're 'Google Inc.'"](https://www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210502183045/https://www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/) from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
42. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_43-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_43-1)
Kopytoff, Verne (April 29, 2004). ["For early Googlers, key word is \$"](https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/For-early-Googlers-key-word-is-Founders-2786378.php). *[San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090919030812/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL) from the original on September 19, 2009.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-44)**
Jolis, Jacob (April 16, 2010). ["Frugal after Google"](https://stanforddaily.com/2010/04/16/frugal-after-google/). *The Stanford Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603050109/https://stanforddaily.com/2010/04/16/frugal-after-google/) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-45)**
["The Invention And History Of Google \| Silicon Valley: The Untold Story"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85Nyi4Xb9PY&t=262s). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. Discovery UK. June 10, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603050109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85Nyi4Xb9PY&t=262s) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-46)**
Williamson, Alan (January 12, 2005). ["An evening with Google's Marissa Mayer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110930021302/http://alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm). *Alan Williamson*. Archived from [the original](http://alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm) on September 30, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-endofworld_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-endofworld_47-1)
[Auletta, Ken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Auletta "Ken Auletta") (2010). *Googled: The End of the World as We Know It* (Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-14-311804-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311804-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311804-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [515456623](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/515456623). "On September 7, 1998, the day Google officially incorporated, he \[Shriram\] wrote out a check for just over \$250,000, one of four of this size the founders received."
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-48)**
Canales, Katie (April 13, 2018). ["The unlikely way Jeff Bezos became one of the first investors in Google, which probably made him a billionaire outside of Amazon"](https://www.businessinsider.com/how-jeff-bezos-became-first-investors-in-google-2018-4?r=US&IR=T). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603054945/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-jeff-bezos-became-first-investors-in-google-2018-4?r=US&IR=T) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-49)**
Bhagat, Rasheeda (January 12, 2012). ["The sherpa who funded Google's ascent"](https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-sherpa-who-funded-googles-ascent/article64554661.ece). *The Hindu Business Line*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603054946/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-sherpa-who-funded-googles-ascent/article64554661.ece) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
49. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_Inc_50-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_Inc_50-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_Inc_50-2)
Hosch, William L.; Hall, Mark. ["Google Inc"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc). *Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190220013941/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc) from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-51)**
["Craig Silverstein's website"](https://web.archive.org/web/19991002122809/http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/) on October 2, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-52)**
Kopytoff, Verne (September 7, 2008). ["Craig Silverstein grew a decade with Google"](https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php). *[San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121107075029/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php) from the original on November 7, 2012.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-53)**
["Google Receives \$25 Million in Equity Funding"](https://www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html) (Press release). Palo Alto, Calif. June 7, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20010212052759/http://www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html) from the original on February 12, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-54)**
Vise, David; Malseed, Mark (2005). "Chapter 5. Divide and Conquer". *The Google Story*.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-55)**
["Remember When Yahoo Turned Down \$1 Million To Buy Google?"](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/remember-yahoo-turned-down-1-132805083.html). *Yahoo Finance*. Benzinga. July 25, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250729021534/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/remember-yahoo-turned-down-1-132805083.html) from the original on July 29, 2025. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-56)**
Schonfeld, Erick (November 3, 2009). ["Yahoo's Bumbling Rejection Of Google"](https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/03/yahoo-google-microsoft-intelligent-investing-blunder.html). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-57)**
[*Google Server Assembly*](http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167). Computer History Museum. 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100722083804/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167) from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-58)**
Weinberger, Matt (October 12, 2015). ["Google's cofounders are stepping down from their company. Here are 43 photos showing Google's rise from a Stanford dorm room to global internet superpower"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Axel Springer SE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE "Axel Springer SE"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170819101107/http://www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10) from the original on August 19, 2017.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-59)**
["A building blessed with tech success"](https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170523115134/https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/) from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-60)**
Stross, Randall (September 2008). ["Introduction"](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). New York: Free Press. pp. 3–4\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4165-4691-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7")
. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-61)**
["Google Launches Self-Service Advertising Program"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120401005413/http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html). *News from Google*. October 23, 2000. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html) on April 1, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-62)**
Naughton, John (July 2, 2000). ["Why's Yahoo gone to Google? Search me"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040317/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists) from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-63)**
["Yahoo! Selects Google as its Default Search Engine Provider – News announcements – News from Google – Google"](https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html). *googlepress.blogspot.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190131041155/https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html) from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-64)**
Vise, David; Malseed, Mark (2005). "Chapter 9. Hiring a Pilot". *The Google Story*.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-sgibldg_65-0)**
Olsen, Stephanie (July 11, 2003). ["Google's movin' on up"](https://news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121102053103/http://news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html) from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-googleplexpurchase_66-0)**
["Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics"](https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html). *[American City Business Journals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals "American City Business Journals")*. June 16, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100418071152/http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html) from the original on April 18, 2010.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-67)**
Krantz, Michael (October 25, 2006). ["Do You "Google"?"](http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html). *Google, Inc*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120512104534/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html) from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
67. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-google_or_not_68-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-google_or_not_68-1)
Bylund, Anders (July 5, 2006). ["To Google or Not to Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060707062623/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/). *MSNBC*. Archived from [the original](https://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/) on July 7, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-69)**
Meyer, Robinson (June 27, 2014). ["The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer"](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160929140230/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/) from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-70)**
Lashinsky, Adam (January 29, 2008). ["Google wins again"](https://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm). *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. Time Warner. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200031/http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm) from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
70. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-IPO_71-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-IPO_71-1)
["GOOG Stock"](https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/goog-stock). [Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider"). July 31, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210410114859/https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/goog-stock) from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
71. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-GoogleAnnualReport2004_72-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-GoogleAnnualReport2004_72-1)
["2004 Annual Report"](http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf) (PDF). *Google, Inc*. Mountain View, California. 2004. p. 29. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120114064401/http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-73)**
La Monica, Paul R. (April 30, 2004). ["Google sets \$2.7 billion IPO"](https://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN") Money*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154717/http://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/) from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-74)**
Kawamoto, Dawn (April 29, 2004). ["Want In on Google's IPO?"](https://www.zdnet.com/article/want-in-on-googles-ipo/). *ZDNet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111228131306/http://www.zdnet.com/news/want-in-on-googles-ipo/135799) from the original on December 28, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
74. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-washpost_75-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-washpost_75-1)
Webb, Cynthia L. (August 19, 2004). ["Google's IPO: Grate Expectations"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14939-2004Aug19.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. Washington, D.C. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121112172750/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14939-2004Aug19.html) from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-76)**
Arrington, Michael (October 9, 2006). ["Google Has Acquired YouTube"](https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024815/https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-77)**
Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Peters, Jeremy W. (October 9, 2006). ["Google to Acquire YouTube for \$1.65 Billion"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/business/09cnd-deal.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170609080519/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/business/09cnd-deal.html) from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-78)**
Arrington, Michael (November 13, 2006). ["Google Closes YouTube Acquisition"](https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024500/https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-79)**
Auchard, Eric (November 14, 2006). ["Google closes YouTube deal"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-idUSWEN973120061114). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Thomson Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters "Thomson Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113147/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-idUSWEN973120061114) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-80)**
Sarkar, Dibya (July 20, 2007). ["Google to bid \$4.6 billion at wireless auction — with conditions"](https://www.seattletimes.com/business/google-to-bid-46-billion-at-wireless-auction-8212-with-conditions/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144446/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/google-to-bid-46-billion-at-wireless-auction-8212-with-conditions/) from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-81)**
Lawsky, David (March 11, 2008). ["Google closes DoubleClick merger after EU approval"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-doubleclick-eu-idUSBFA00058020080311). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201222191224/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-doubleclick-eu-idUSBFA00058020080311) from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-82)**
Story, Louise; Helft, Miguel (April 14, 2007). ["Google Buys DoubleClick for \$3.1 Billion"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/technology/14DoubleClick.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170404014741/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/technology/14DoubleClick.html) from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-83)**
Worstall, Tim (June 22, 2011). ["Google Hits One Billion Visitors in Only One Month"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/06/22/google-hits-one-billion-visitors-in-only-one-month/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210428202935/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/06/22/google-hits-one-billion-visitors-in-only-one-month/) from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-84)**
Efrati, Amir (June 21, 2011). ["Google Notches One Billion Unique Visitors Per Month"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-22656). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210416191216/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-22656) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-85)**
["Google Completes Takeover of Motorola Mobility"](https://www.industryweek.com/finance/governance-risk-compliance/article/21957658/google-completes-takeover-of-motorola-mobility). [IndustryWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndustryWeek "IndustryWeek"). [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse"). May 22, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225112/https://www.industryweek.com/finance/governance-risk-compliance/article/21957658/google-completes-takeover-of-motorola-mobility) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-86)**
Tsukayama, Hayley (August 15, 2011). ["Google agrees to acquire Motorola Mobility"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/faster-forward/post/google-agrees-to-acquire-motorola-mobility/2011/08/15/gIQABmTkGJ_blog.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121113035358/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/faster-forward/post/google-agrees-to-acquire-motorola-mobility/2011/08/15/gIQABmTkGJ_blog.html) from the original on November 13, 2012.
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-87)**
["Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility — Google Investor Relations"](http://investor.google.com/releases/2011/0815.html). *Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110817101741/http://investor.google.com/releases/2011/0815.html) from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-88)**
[Page, Larry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (August 15, 2011). ["Official Google Blog: Supercharging Android: Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility"](https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/supercharging-android-google-to-acquire.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110921134344/https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/supercharging-android-google-to-acquire.html) from the original on September 21, 2011.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-89)**
Hughes, Neil (August 15, 2011). ["Google CEO: 'Anticompetitive' Apple, Microsoft forced Motorola deal"](https://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/15/google_ceo_anticompetitive_apple_microsoft_forced_motorola_deal.html). *[AppleInsider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleInsider "AppleInsider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111210181127/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/15/google_ceo_anticompetitive_apple_microsoft_forced_motorola_deal.html) from the original on December 10, 2011.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-cnet_90-0)**
Cheng, Roger (August 15, 2011). ["Google to buy Motorola Mobility for \$12.5B"](https://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20092362-94/google-to-buy-motorola-mobility-for-$12.5b/). *CNet News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111006062539/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20092362-94/google-to-buy-motorola-mobility-for-$12.5b/) from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-91)**
Kerr, Dara (July 25, 2013). ["Google reveals it spent \$966 million in Waze acquisition"](https://www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170216011658/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/) from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-92)**
Lunden, Ingrid (June 11, 2013). ["Google Bought Waze For \$1.1B, Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business"](https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706051802/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-93)**
Wakefield, Jane (September 19, 2013). ["Google spin-off Calico to search for answers to ageing"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130919201510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924) from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-94)**
Chowdhry, Amit (January 27, 2014). ["Google To Acquire Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140129142153/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/) from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Helgren-_DeepMind_95-0)**
Helgren, Chris (January 27, 2014). ["Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140127042513/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/27/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127) from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Ribeiro-_DeepMind_96-0)**
Ribeiro, Jon (January 27, 2014). ["Google buys artificial intelligence company DeepMind"](http://www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html). *PC World*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140130042946/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html) from the original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-97)**
Opam, Kwame (January 26, 2014). ["Google buying AI startup DeepMind for a reported \$400 million"](https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170708161602/https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai) from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-98)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2013 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161022013506/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls) from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-99)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2014 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161103140119/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls) from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-100)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2015 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161021100708/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls) from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-101)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2016 – Best Global Brands"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092328/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking) from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-102)**
Womack, Brian (August 10, 2015). ["Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-). [Bloomberg L.P.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054841/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-) from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-103)**
Barr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015). ["Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161128112043/http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645) from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-104)**
Dougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015). ["Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161019164806/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html) from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-105)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017). ["Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170810185646/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html) on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
. *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, August 7, 2017
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-106)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017). ["Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170809012140/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html) on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
. *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, August 8, 2017
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-107)** diversitymemo.com
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-108)**
Friedersdorf, Conor (August 8, 2017). ["The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230220/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/) from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-109)**
Bergen, Mark (November 22, 2019). ["Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation). *[Bloomberg.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com "Bloomberg.com")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191127180949/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation) from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
109. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Verge_busting_110-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Verge_busting_110-1)
Hollister, Sean (November 25, 2019). ["Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees"](https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191126091658/https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout) from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-111)**
Welch, Chris (October 25, 2018). ["Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years"](https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133020/https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo) from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-112)**
Hamilton, Isobel Asher; et al. (November 1, 2018). ["PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181102174328/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11) from the original on November 2, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-113)**
Segarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018). ["More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy"](http://fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/). [Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181107013331/http://fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/) from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-114)**
Liedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018). ["Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct"](https://www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct). San Francisco, Calf.: Akron Beacon/Journal. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010412/https://www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct) from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-unveils_115-0)**
Warren, Tom (March 19, 2019). ["Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019"](https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190319173136/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019) from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-116)**
["Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe"](https://www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/). *The Register*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200927011823/https://www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/) from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-117)**
["U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google"](https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201025210439/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-118)**
Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2019). ["PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce"](https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210513124523/https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-119)**
["Bloomberg – Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff). *Boomberg News*. April 15, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200416050831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff) from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-120)**
Bonacini, Luca; Gallo, Giovanni; Scicchitano, Sergio (2021). ["Working from home and income inequality: risks of a 'new normal' with COVID-19"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7486597). *Journal of Population Economics*. **34** (1): 303–360\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s00148-020-00800-7](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00148-020-00800-7). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0933-1433](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-1433). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7486597](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7486597). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32952308](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32952308).
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-121)**
["Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption"](https://news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892). *Sky News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201214132214/https://news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892) from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-122)**
Li, Abner (November 12, 2020). ["YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage"](https://9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/). *9to5Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201223191848/https://9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/) from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-123)**
["YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201214235555/https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjT_qTet83tAhVJJzQIHcFXB-kQyM8BCCgwAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0HFBmVnTnarPXLRK7ok2jE%26ampcf%3D1). *TechRadar*. December 14, 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www.techradar.com/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down) on December 14, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-124)**
["Google employees are forming a union"](https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/01/04/google-employees-are-forming-a-union/). *Android Police*. January 4, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220324193401/https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/01/04/google-employees-are-forming-a-union/) from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-125)**
Jose, Renju (January 22, 2021). ["Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210918073029/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O) from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-126)**
["Google reportedly paid \$20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia"](https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia). *GamesIndustry.biz*. March 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210301103546/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia) from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-127)**
Schreier, Jason (February 28, 2021). ["Google had big video game ambitions. Then reality hit"](https://fortune.com/2021/02/27/google-stadia-video-game-streaming-reality-check-consoles/). *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220203054851/https://fortune.com/2021/02/27/google-stadia-video-game-streaming-reality-check-consoles/) from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-128)**
["Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. April 11, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210413012105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760) from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-129)**
["Australian Government Plans to Curb Google's Capability to Sell Targeted Ads – September 28, 2021"](https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/). *Daily News Brief*. September 28, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211004124647/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/) from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-130)**
Picchi, Aimee (April 28, 2022). ["Google will now remove your phone number and other info from search results. Here's how to do it"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/google-search-remove-phone-number-personal-information/). *[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220504084126/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/google-search-remove-phone-number-personal-information/) from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-d065_131-0)**
Osterloh, Rick (May 4, 2022). ["Google acquires Raxium"](https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/google-acquires-raxium/). *Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250624201916/https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/google-acquires-raxium/) from the original on June 24, 2025. Retrieved October 8, 2025.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-132)**
Charlotte Trueman (July 6, 2022). ["Noteworthy tech acquisitions 2022"](https://www.computerworld.com/article/3646533/noteworthy-tech-acquisitions-2022.html). *Computer World*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220716040142/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3646533/noteworthy-tech-acquisitions-2022.html) from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-133)**
Claburn, Thomas (December 15, 2022). ["Google debuts OSV-Scanner to find vulns in open source apps • The Register"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221215090350/https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/15/google_debuts_osvscanner_a_gobased/). Archived from [the original](https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/15/google_debuts_osvscanner_a_gobased/) on December 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-134)**
Lakshmanan, Ravie (December 13, 2022). ["Google Launches OSV-Scanner Tool to Identify Open Source Vulnerabilities"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191239/https://thehackernews.com/2022/12/google-launches-largest-distributed.html). Archived from [the original](https://thehackernews.com/2022/12/google-launches-largest-distributed.html) on December 13, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-135)**
Grant, Nico; Metz, Cade (December 21, 2022). ["A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221221100606/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html) from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-136)**
Love, Julia; Alba, Davey (March 8, 2023). ["Google's Plan to Catch ChatGPT Is to Stuff AI Into Everything"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products). *[Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News") Businessweek*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312010416/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products) from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-137)**
["Google just launched Bard, its answer to ChatGPT—and it wants you to make it better"](https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/21/1070111/google-bard-chatgpt-openai-microsoft-bing-search/). *MIT Technology Review*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250212011644/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/21/1070111/google-bard-chatgpt-openai-microsoft-bing-search/) from the original on February 12, 2025. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-138)**
["Google to open two more data centers in Ohio"](https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576). *[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\(United_States\) "ABC News (United States)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230506082230/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576) from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-139)**
Peters, Jay (August 6, 2024). ["Now that Google is a monopolist, what's next? / Reaching a decision on what to do about Google Search could take a very long time"](https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/6/24214641/google-us-monopoly-ruling-what-happens). The Verge. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-140)**
Mallin, Alexander (August 5, 2024). ["Google violated antitrust laws to maintain dominance over online search, judge says"](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/google-violated-antitrust-laws-maintain-dominance-online-search/story?id=112591120). ABC News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240806015225/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/google-violated-antitrust-laws-maintain-dominance-online-search/story?id=112591120) from the original on August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
140. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-eushoppingruling_141-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-eushoppingruling_141-1)
Hancock, Edith (September 10, 2024). ["Google loses EU court battle over €2.4B antitrust fine"](https://www.politico.eu/article/google-loses-court-battle-over-first-eu-antitrust-fine/). Politico. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082418/https://www.politico.eu/article/google-loses-court-battle-over-first-eu-antitrust-fine/) from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-142)**
Anthony Cuthbertson (October 31, 2024). ["Russia fines Google \$20 decillion (that's 2.5 trillion trillion trillion dollars)"](https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/russia-fines-google-decillion-youtube-lawsuit-b2638752.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-143)**
["Saudis Plan \$100 Billion AI Powerhouse to Rival UAE Tech Hub"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-06/saudis-plan-100-billion-ai-powerhouse-to-rival-uae-s-tech-hub?embedded-checkout=true). *Bloomberg.com*. November 6, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-144)**
Kahil, Nadine (November 7, 2024). ["Google's new AI hub in Saudi Arabia aims to add \$71 billion to local economy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241109174639/https://wired.me/technology/googles-ai-hub-saudi-arabia/). *WIRED Middle East*. Archived from [the original](https://wired.me/technology/googles-ai-hub-saudi-arabia/) on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-145)**
Jin, Lauren Thomas and Berber (March 17, 2025). ["Google Strikes \$32 Billion Deal for Cybersecurity Startup Wiz"](https://www.wsj.com/business/deals/alphabet-back-in-deal-talks-for-cybersecurity-startup-wiz-41cd3090?mod=tech_more_article_pos25). *The Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-146)**
Brodkin, Jon (July 15, 2025). ["Grok's "MechaHitler" meltdown didn't stop xAI from winning \$200M military deal"](https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/07/groks-mechahitler-meltdown-didnt-stop-xai-from-winning-200m-military-deal/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250716044148/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/07/groks-mechahitler-meltdown-didnt-stop-xai-from-winning-200m-military-deal/) from the original on July 16, 2025. Retrieved July 16, 2025.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-147)**
Elias, Jennifer (September 2, 2025). ["Google stock jumps 8% after search giant avoids worst-case penalties in antitrust case"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/02/google-antitrust-search-ruling.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-148)**
Shamsian, Natalie Musumeci, Jacob. ["Google can't have exclusive search deals — but won't have to divest Chrome or Android, judge rules in antitrust case"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-antitrust-monopoly-doj-ruling-decision-chrome-2025-8). *Business Insider*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250902212445/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-antitrust-monopoly-doj-ruling-decision-chrome-2025-8) from the original on September 2, 2025. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"))
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-149)**
Renshaw, Jarrett; Kearney, Laila (March 4, 2026). ["Tech Giants sign energy pledge at white house ahead of midterms"](https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/trump-meet-tech-giants-energy-pledge-ahead-midterms-2026-03-04/). *Reuters*.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-150)**
Arrington, Michael (July 25, 2008). ["Google's Misleading Blog Post: The Size Of The Web And The Size Of Their Index Are Very Different"](https://techcrunch.com/2008/07/25/googles-misleading-blog-post-on-the-size-of-the-web/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170312042335/https://techcrunch.com/2008/07/25/googles-misleading-blog-post-on-the-size-of-the-web/) from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-comscore_151-0)**
["comScore Releases November 2009 U.S. Search Engine Rankings"](http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2009/12/comScore_Releases_November_2009_U.S._Search_Engine_Rankings). December 16, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100225142724/http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2009/12/comScore_Releases_November_2009_U.S._Search_Engine_Rankings) from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-152)**
Schwartz, Barry (May 26, 2017). ["Google Adds Personal Tab To Search Filters"](https://www.seroundtable.com/google-personal-tab-search-23912.html). *Search Engine Roundtable*. RustyBrick. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170527140309/https://www.seroundtable.com/google-personal-tab-search-23912.html) from the original on May 27, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-153)**
Gartenberg, Chaim (May 26, 2017). ["Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/26/15701778/google-personal-tab-search-results-gmail-photos-images-maps-news-filter). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170526215945/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/26/15701778/google-personal-tab-search-results-gmail-photos-images-maps-news-filter) from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-154)**
Macht, Joshua (September 30, 2002). ["Automatic for the People"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101022094519/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,356152,00.html). *Time*. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,356152,00.html) on October 22, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-155)**
Martin, China (November 26, 2007). ["Google hit with second lawsuit over Library project"](http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/google-hit-second-lawsuit-over-library-project-722). [InfoWorld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld "InfoWorld"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022853/http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/google-hit-second-lawsuit-over-library-project-722) from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-156)**
Naughton, John (July 1, 2017). ["Challenges to Silicon Valley won't just come from Brussels"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/google-fine-challenges-to-silicon-valley). *[The Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124625/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/google-fine-challenges-to-silicon-valley) from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-157)**
Mills, Elinor (March 21, 2006). ["Google launches its own financial site"](https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/google-launches-its-own-financial-site/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124623/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/google-launches-its-own-financial-site/) from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-158)**
Pepitone, Julianne (September 13, 2011). ["Google launches Flight Search - with a cool feature rivals lack"](https://money.cnn.com/2011/09/13/technology/google_flight_search/index.htm). *[CNN Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money "CNN Money")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124624/https://money.cnn.com/2011/09/13/technology/google_flight_search/index.htm) from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-agm2017_159-0)**
[*Annualg report (Alphabet Inc.) – 2017*](https://abc.xyz/investor). Alphabet Inc. Investor relations. March 1, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160203091612/https://abc.xyz/investor/) from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-160)**
Nakashima, Ellen (August 12, 2008). ["Some Web Firms Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121112172756/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html) from the original on November 12, 2012.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-161)**
Helft, Miguel (March 11, 2009). ["Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170328214358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html) from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-adsense_mobile_162-0)**
["Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market"](https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html). *Google, Inc*. September 17, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120620042233/https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html) from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-163)**
Bright, Peter (August 27, 2008). ["Surfing on the sly with IE8's new "InPrivate" Internet"](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/). *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170312040931/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/) from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-164)**
Beal, Vangie (December 21, 2010). ["AdWords – Google AdWords"](http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html). *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170629163240/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html) from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-165)**
Beal, Vangie (December 20, 2010). ["AdSense – Google AdSense"](http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html). *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170502044751/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html) from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-166)**
Mills, Elinor (July 25, 2006). ["Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats"](https://news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html). *news.cnet.com*. [CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075216/http://news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html) from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2006.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-167)**
Metz, Cade (February 8, 2024). ["Google Releases Gemini, an A.I.-Driven Chatbot and Voice Assistant"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/technology/google-gemini-ai-app.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240208132803/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/technology/google-gemini-ai-app.html) from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-168)**
Nietzel, Michael T. ["Google Introduces New AI Training Course"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2024/04/26/google-introduces-new-ai-training-course/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240505213021/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2024/04/26/google-introduces-new-ai-training-course/) from the original on May 5, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-169)**
Roth, Emma (August 15, 2024). ["Google's upgraded AI image generator is now available"](https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/15/24221218/google-ai-image-generator-imagen-3-available). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240925172148/https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/15/24221218/google-ai-image-generator-imagen-3-available) from the original on September 25, 2024. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-170)**
Edwards, Benj (May 15, 2024). ["Google unveils Veo, a high-definition AI video generator that may rival Sora"](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/05/google-unveils-veo-a-high-definition-ai-video-generator-that-may-rival-sora/). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-171)**
Whitwam, Ryan (March 5, 2025). ["You knew it was coming: Google begins testing AI-only search results"](https://arstechnica.com/google/2025/03/google-is-expanding-ai-overviews-and-testing-ai-only-search-results/). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved March 1, 2026.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-172)**
Peters, Jay (May 21, 2025). ["Google has a new tool to help detect AI-generated content"](https://www.theverge.com/news/672013/google-synthid-detector-ai-generated-content-watermark-i-o-2025). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250522134233/https://www.theverge.com/news/672013/google-synthid-detector-ai-generated-content-watermark-i-o-2025) from the original on May 22, 2025. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-173)**
Orland, Kyle (September 23, 2024). ["Fake AI "podcasters" are reviewing my book and it's freaking me out"](https://arstechnica.com/ai/2024/09/fake-ai-podcasters-are-reviewing-my-book-and-its-freaking-me-out/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240924144943/https://arstechnica.com/ai/2024/09/fake-ai-podcasters-are-reviewing-my-book-and-its-freaking-me-out/) from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-174)**
Pierce, David (September 22, 2024). ["The chatbot becomes the teacher"](https://www.theverge.com/24249388/notebooklm-google-steven-johnson-vergecast). *The Verge*. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-175)**
Luna, Elizabeth de (May 14, 2024). ["How Google's LearnLM plans to supercharge education for students and teachers"](https://mashable.com/article/google-io-2024-learnlm). *Mashable*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241220022620/https://mashable.com/article/google-io-2024-learnlm) from the original on December 20, 2024. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-176)**
Gayomali, Chris (April 1, 2014). ["When Gmail Launched On April 1, 2004, People Thought It Was A Joke"](https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke). *[Fast Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_\(magazine\) "Fast Company (magazine)")*. Mansueto Ventures. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171018201644/https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke) from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-177)**
Vincent, James (January 5, 2017). ["Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year's fitness goals"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170113025213/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data) from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-178)**
Broussard, Mitchel (March 22, 2017). ["Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real-Time Friend Tracking"](https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/). *[MacRumors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacRumors "MacRumors")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170327173708/https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/) from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
178. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-verge-drive-announced_179-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-verge-drive-announced_179-1)
Sottek, T.C. (April 24, 2012). ["Google Drive officially launches with 5 GB free storage, Google Docs integration"](https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161226161807/http://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features) from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-180)**
Perez, Sarah (May 28, 2015). ["Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+, Now Offers Free, Unlimited Storage"](https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706135643/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-181)**
Graziano, Dan (March 20, 2013). ["Google launches Google Keep note-taking service \[video\]"](http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/). *[BGR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Genius_Report "Boy Genius Report")*. [Penske Media Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation "Penske Media Corporation"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154306/http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/) from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-182)**
Eadicicco, Lisa (November 16, 2016). ["Google's Translation App Is About To Get Much Better"](https://time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170401152526/http://time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/) from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-183)**
Hamedy, Saba (February 28, 2017). ["People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day"](http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/). *[Mashable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable "Mashable")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170517233015/http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/) from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-184)**
["Google My Business – Stand Out on Google for Free"](https://www.google.com/business/). *Google My Business*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190207151521/https://www.google.com/business/) from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-185)**
Singer, Natasha (May 13, 2017). ["How Google Took Over the Classroom (Published 2017)"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/technology/google-education-chromebooks-schools.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241208020154/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/technology/google-education-chromebooks-schools.html) from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-186)**
Levy, Steven (June 28, 2011). ["Inside Google+ - How the search giant plans to go social"](https://www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(website\) "Wired (website)")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170405130052/https://www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/) from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-187)**
Zakrasek, Nick (2017). ["Connecting more Americans with jobs"](https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/). *blog.google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204109/https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-188)**
["Job Search on Google – Get Your Job Postings on Google Today"](https://jobs.google.com/about). *jobs.google.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210628200911/https://jobs.google.com/about/) from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-189)**
["Search Job Opportunities & Expand Career Skills"](https://grow.google/job-seekers/). *Grow With Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210619224906/https://grow.google/job-seekers/) from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-190)**
Ryan, Robin (2019). ["How To Use Google's Job Search Feature To Land A Job"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190806144615/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job/). *forbes.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job) on August 6, 2019.
190. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-191)**
Clarke, Philippa; Ailshire, Jennifer; Melendez, Robert; Bader, Michael; Morenoff, Jeffrey (2010). ["Using Google Earth to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit instrument"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952684). *Health & Place*. **16** (6): 1224–1229\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2010HePla..16.1224C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010HePla..16.1224C). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.007](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healthplace.2010.08.007). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1353-8292](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-8292). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2952684](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952684). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [20797897](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20797897).
191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-192)**
Schonfeld, Erick (November 5, 2007). ["Breaking: Google Announces Android and Open Handset Alliance"](https://techcrunch.com/2007/11/05/breaking-google-announces-android-and-open-handset-alliance/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170622140334/https://techcrunch.com/2007/11/05/breaking-google-announces-android-and-open-handset-alliance/) from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-193)**
D'Orazio, Dante (March 18, 2014). ["Google reveals Android Wear, an operating system for smartwatches"](https://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/google-reveals-android-wear-an-operating-system-designed-for). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034323/http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/google-reveals-android-wear-an-operating-system-designed-for) from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-194)**
Ong, Josh (June 25, 2014). ["Google announces Android TV to bring 'voice input, user experience and content' to the living room"](https://thenextweb.com/google/2014/06/25/android-tv-google-io-2014/). *The Next Web*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170313130445/https://thenextweb.com/google/2014/06/25/android-tv-google-io-2014/) from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-195)**
Wilhelm, Alex (June 25, 2014). ["Google Announces Android Auto, Promises Enabled Cars By The End Of 2014"](https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/25/google-announces-android-auto-promises-enabled-cars-by-end-of-2014/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170622135917/https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/25/google-announces-android-auto-promises-enabled-cars-by-end-of-2014/) from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-196)**
Kastrenakes, Jacob (December 13, 2016). ["Android Things is Google's new OS for smart devices"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/13/13924996/android-things-announced-smart-home-iot-operating-system). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170217131058/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/13/13924996/android-things-announced-smart-home-iot-operating-system) from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-197)**
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (September 1, 2008). ["A fresh take on the browser"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160315022315/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html) from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-198)**
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (July 7, 2009). ["Introducing the Google Chrome OS"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222918/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html) from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
198. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-199)**
["Gemini 3: Introducing the latest Gemini AI model from Google"](https://blog.google/products/gemini/gemini-3/). *Google Blog*. November 18, 2025. Retrieved November 18, 2025.
199. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-200)**
Heath, Alex (November 18, 2025). ["Google Antigravity is an 'agent-first' coding tool built for Gemini 3"](https://www.theverge.com/news/822833/google-antigravity-ide-coding-agent-gemini-3-pro). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). Retrieved November 18, 2025.
200. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-201)**
Siegler, MG (January 5, 2010). ["The Droid You're Looking For: Live From The Nexus One Event"](https://techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054909/https://techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/) from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
201. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-202)**
Ion, Florence (May 15, 2013). ["From Nexus One to Nexus 10: a brief history of Google's flagship devices"](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/). *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170624004245/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
202. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Pixel_inside_story_203-0)**
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). ["The Google Phone: The inside story of Google's bold bet on hardware"](https://www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170106213353/http://www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016) from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
203. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-204)**
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (May 11, 2011). ["A new kind of computer: Chromebook"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222651/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html) from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
204. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-205)**
Robertson, Adi (July 24, 2013). ["Google reveals Chromecast: video streaming to your TV from any device for \$35"](https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161226065215/http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming) from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
205. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-206)**
["Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to TV"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC"). July 31, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129205929/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
206. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-207)**
O'Toole, James (June 26, 2014). ["Google's cardboard virtual-reality goggles"](https://money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145138/http://money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-208)**
Kastrenakes, Jacob (October 4, 2016). ["Google's Daydream View VR headset goes on sale next month for \$79"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13161506/google-vr-headset-photos-daydream-view-virtual-reality). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161007203651/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13161506/google-vr-headset-photos-daydream-view-virtual-reality) from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-209)**
["Daydream: Bringing high-quality VR to everyone"](https://blog.google/products/google-ar-vr/daydream-bringing-high-quality-vr-everyone/). *Google*. October 4, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-210)**
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). ["Google Home is smart, loud, and kind of cute"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161007204916/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on) from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-211)**
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). ["The Google Wifi routers are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your house"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161007180430/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on) from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-212)**
["Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to get it done, in one location"](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace/). *Google Cloud Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220128010314/https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace) from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-213)**
["Choose a Plan"](https://gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html). *G Suite by Google Cloud*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161212231639/https://gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html) from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-214)**
["Celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship with the new Google for Entrepreneurs"](https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/celebrating-spirit-of-entrepreneurship.html). *Official Google Blog*. September 24, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171207/https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/celebrating-spirit-of-entrepreneurship.html) from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-215)**
Fell, Jason (September 27, 2012). ["How Google Wants to Make Starting Up Easier for Entrepreneurs"](https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224522). *Entrepreneur*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230407/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224522) from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-216)**
Muret, Paul (March 15, 2016). ["Introducing the Google Analytics 360 Suite"](https://analytics.googleblog.com/2016/03/introducing-google-analytics-360-suite.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170112142850/https://analytics.googleblog.com/2016/03/introducing-google-analytics-360-suite.html) from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-217)**
Marshall, Jack (March 15, 2016). ["Google Launches New Data Tools for Marketers"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161113150024/http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217) from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-218)**
Ingersoll, Minnie; Kelly, James (February 10, 2010). ["Think big with a gig: Our experimental fiber network"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2010/02/think-big-with-gig-our-experimental.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150926/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2010/02/think-big-with-gig-our-experimental.html) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
218. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-219)**
Schonfeld, Erick (February 10, 2010). ["Google Plans To Deliver 1Gb/sec Fiber-Optic Broadband Network To More Than 50,000 Homes"](https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/10/google-fiber-optic-network-home/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145628/https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/10/google-fiber-optic-network-home/) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-220)**
McLaughlin, Kevin (August 25, 2016). ["Inside the Battle Over Google Fiber"](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/inside-the-battle-over-google-fiber). *The Information*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144256/https://www.theinformation.com/articles/inside-the-battle-over-google-fiber) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
220. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-221)**
Statt, Nick (August 25, 2016). ["Alphabet is putting serious pressure on Google Fiber to cut costs"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145849/http://www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
221. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-222)**
Fox, Nick (April 22, 2015). ["Say hi to Fi: A new way to say hello"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2015/04/project-fi.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150714/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2015/04/project-fi.html) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-223)**
Goldman, David (April 22, 2015). ["Google launches 'Project Fi' wireless service"](https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150255/http://money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-224)**
["Google joins OpenWallet Foundation"](https://www.paymentsdive.com/news/google-open-wallet-foundation-owf-digital-wallet-jenny-cheng-daniel-goldscheider/692368/). *Payments Dive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230901160500/https://www.paymentsdive.com/news/google-open-wallet-foundation-owf-digital-wallet-jenny-cheng-daniel-goldscheider/692368/) from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
224. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-225)**
["Financial Statements \| GOOGL"](https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/GOOGL/alphabet/financial-statements). *Macrotrends*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250729064505/https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/GOOGL/alphabet/financial-statements) from the original on July 29, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
225. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-226)**
["Alphabet Income Statement"](https://eulerpool.com/en/stock/Alphabet-Stock-US02079K3059/). *Eulerpool*. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
226. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-227)**
["Google's Employee Headcount (2004 – 2021)"](https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/technology--media-and-telecom/googles-employee-headcount/). *GlobalData*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240621070655/https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/technology--media-and-telecom/googles-employee-headcount/) from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
227. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-228)**
["Number of Google Employees"](https://explodingtopics.com/blog/how-many-people-work-at-google). *Exploding Topics*. October 8, 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250516210028/https://explodingtopics.com/blog/how-many-people-work-at-google) from the original on May 16, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
228. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-229)**
["Form S-1"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312504073639/ds1.htm). *SEC.gov*. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
229. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-4)
["Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312505065298/d10k.htm). *SEC.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250603062906/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312505065298/d10k.htm) from the original on June 3, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
230. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-231)**
Hancock, Jay (October 31, 2007). ["Google shares hit \$700"](http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html). *The Baltimore Sun*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120202214534/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html) from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
231. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-bowlingforgoogle_232-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-bowlingforgoogle_232-1)
La Monica, Paul R. (May 25, 2005). ["Bowling for Google"](https://money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120304043014/http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm) from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
232. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-233)**
["This could cost Google more than \$500 million"](https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. April 2, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151226080454/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html) from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
233. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-234)**
Pramuk, Jacob (August 10, 2015). ["Google to become part of new company, Alphabet"](https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150811000128/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html) from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
234. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-235)**
Vise, David (October 21, 2005). ["Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161020134416/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html) from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
235. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-236)**
La Monica, Paul R. (October 21, 2005). ["All signals go for Google"](https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210416051657/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
236. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-237)**
["Google shares jump on big profit increase"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/google-shares-jump-on-big-profit-increase-1.558678). *[CBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News "CBC News")*. October 21, 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223654/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.558678) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
237. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-10-K_238-0)**
["Form 10-K – Annual Report"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm). SEC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101106152355/http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm) from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
238. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google-Inc-Jan-2012-10-K_239-0)**
["Google Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date January 26, 2012"](http://pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf) (PDF). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130502193637/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
239. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-240)**
Fiegerman, Seth (January 22, 2013). ["Google Has Its First \$50 Billion Year"](http://mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH). *[Mashable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable "Mashable")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161201014741/http://mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH) from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
240. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-241)**
Whitwam, Ryan (October 18, 2013). ["Google Beats Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results, Stock Passes \$1000 Per Share"](http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/). *Android Police*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025733/http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
241. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-242)**
["Google earnings up 12% in third quarter even as Motorola losses deepen"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017221536/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). October 17, 2013. Archived from [the original](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
242. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Marketwatch_243-0)**
["Google Overview"](http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/goog). *Marketwatch*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202073406/http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/GOOG) from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
243. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-244)**
Metz, Cade (October 22, 2010). ["Google slips \$3.1bn through 'Double Irish' tax loophole"](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/). *The Register*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706132414/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
244. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-245)**
Leach, Anna (October 31, 2012). ["French gov 'plans to hand Google €1bn tax bill' – report"](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/). The Register. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130104002014/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/) from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
245. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-246)**
Waters, Richard (January 2, 2020). ["Google to end use of 'double Irish' as tax loophole set to close"](https://www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551). *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200102131057/https://www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551) from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
246. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-247)**
Parnell, Brid-Aine (May 17, 2013). ["I think you DO do evil, using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax"](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/). The Register. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131226090028/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/) from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
247. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-248)**
Gapper, John (January 23, 2016). ["Google strikes £130m back tax deal"](https://www.ft.com/content/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2). Financial Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160124195612/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html) from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
248. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-249)**
Meijer, Bart (January 3, 2019). ["Google shifted \$23 billion to tax haven Bermuda in 2017: filing"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190103215930/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9) from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019. "Google moved 19.9 billion euros (\$22.7 billion) through a Dutch shell company to Bermuda in 2017, as part of an arrangement that allows it to reduce its foreign tax bill"
249. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-lobby1_250-0)**
Hamburger, Tom; Gold, Matea (April 13, 2014). ["Google, once disdainful of lobbying, now a master of Washington influence"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171027124925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html) from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
250. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-251)**
Koller, David (January 2004). ["Origin of the name, "Google.""](https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html). *[Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University")*. Archived from [the original](http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) on June 27, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2006.
251. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-252)**
Harris, Scott D. (July 7, 2006). ["Dictionary adds verb: to google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070206065348/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm). *San Jose Mercury News*. Archived from [the original](http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm) on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2006.
252. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-253)**
Gibbs, Samuel (November 3, 2014). ["Google has 'outgrown' its 14-year old mission statement, says Larry Page"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170326053031/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin) from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
253. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-254)**
["Google Code of Conduct"](https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html). *Alphabet Investor Relations*. Alphabet Inc. April 11, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170211223917/https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html) from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
254. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-255)**
Lawler, Richard (October 2, 2015). ["Alphabet replaces Google's 'Don't be evil' with 'Do the right thing'"](https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/). *[Engadget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget "Engadget")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170701225925/https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/) from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
255. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-256)**
["Happy Birthday Google!"](http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345). ndtv.com. NDTV Convergence Limited. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190407042748/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345) from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
256. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-257)**
["Doodle 4 Google"](https://www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140427143948/http://www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html) from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
257. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-258)**
["Burning Man Festival"](https://doodles.google/doodle/burning-man-festival/). August 30, 1998. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140425051111/https://www.google.com/doodles/burning-man-festival) from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
258. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-259)**
["Meet the people behind the Google Doodles"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. April 12, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006222909/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo) from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
259. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-mentalplex_260-0)**
["Google MentalPlex"](https://www.google.com/mentalplex/). Google, Inc. April 1, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100921223048/http://www.google.com/mentalplex/) from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
260. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-TiSP_261-0)**
["Welcome to Google TiSP"](https://www.google.com/tisp/). Google, Inc. April 1, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100709034300/http://www.google.com/tisp/) from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
261. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-262)**
["Language Tools"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090522220537/http://www.google.com/language_tools). Google, Inc. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/language_tools) on May 22, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
262. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-263)**
["anagram search"](https://www.google.com/search?q=anagram). Google, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130624205429/http://www.google.com/search?q=anagram) from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
263. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-264)**
["Technical Writing Courses"](https://developers.google.com/tech-writing). *developers.google.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326074732/https://developers.google.com/tech-writing) from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
264. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-best_company_265-0)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (January 22, 2007). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["In good company"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm). *Fortune Magazine*. **155** (1): 94–6, 100, 102 passim. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [17256628](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17256628). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100301175257/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm) from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
265. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-266)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 4, 2008). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["The 2008 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html). *Fortune Magazine*. **157** (2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223729/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html) from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
266. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-267)**
["The 2012 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/). *Fortune Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121031135647/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/) from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
267. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-268)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 2, 2009). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["The 2009 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html). *Fortune Magazine*. **159** (2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100726042849/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html) from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
268. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-269)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 8, 2010). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["The 2010 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/). *Fortune Magazine*. **161** (2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100618125312/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/) from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
269. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-270)**
["The World's Most Attractive Employers 2010"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101112131208/http://www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50). Universum Global. September 28, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50) on November 12, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
270. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-271)**
["Our Philosophy"](https://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html). Google, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100709041157/http://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html) from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
271. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-272)**
["Alphabet Q3 2020 10-Q Report"](https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf) (PDF). *Alphabet Inc*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201230042518/https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
272. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-273)**
Nieva, Richard; Carson, Erin (May 5, 2020). ["Google's diversity numbers show incremental progress"](https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/). *CNET*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201230195450/https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/) from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
273. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-274)**
["Google Diversity Annual Report 2020"](https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866). *Google*. 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216005455/https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866) from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
274. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-275)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (September 8, 2017). ["Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women"](https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170926095602/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html) from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
275. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-276)**
Mediratta, Bharat; Bick, Julie (October 21, 2007). ["The Google Way: Give Engineers Room"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170402201354/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html) from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
276. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-277)**
Mayer, Marissa (speaker) (June 30, 2006). [*Marissa Mayer at Stanford University*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg) (Seminar). Martin Lafrance. Event occurs at 11:33. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100816150501/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg) from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010. "Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20% time."
277. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-278)**
Rivlin, Gary (August 24, 2005). ["Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170403014314/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html) from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
278. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-279)**
Utz, Richard (2013). "The Good Corporation? Google's Medievalism and Why It Matters". *Studies in Medievalism*. **23**: 21–28\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1515/9781782041160-005](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781782041160-005). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78204-116-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78204-116-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78204-116-0")
.
279. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-280)**
Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard (August 25, 2005). ["Search giant may outgrow its fans"](https://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp). *The Sydney Morning Herald*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100517075346/http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp) from the original on May 17, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
280. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-281)**
Ranka, Mohit (May 17, 2007). ["Google – Don't Be Evil"](http://www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil). OSNews. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100706224751/http://www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil) from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
281. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-CCO_282-0)**
Mills, Elinor (April 30, 2007). ["Google's culture czar"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101031155723/http://www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm). *ZDNet*. Archived from [the original](http://www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm) on October 31, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
282. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-283)**
Kawamoto, Dawn (July 27, 2005). ["Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit"](https://news.cnet.com/Google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/2100-1030_3-5807158.html?tag=nl). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191017004134/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/) from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
283. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-284)**
["Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011205140/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071006/google_old_071006/20071006). *ctv.ca*. October 6, 2007. Archived from [the original](https://www.ctvnews.ca/google-accused-of-ageism-in-reinstated-lawsuit-1.259152) on October 11, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
284. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-285)**
Rosenblatt, Seth (May 16, 2014). ["Judge approves first payout in antitrust wage-fixing lawsuit"](https://www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202030937/https://www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
285. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-DhillonLaw_286-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-DhillonLaw_286-1)
["Damore, et al. v. Google – FAC"](https://www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf) (PDF). *The Dhillon Law Group*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180706181339/https://www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
286. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-287)**
["Google Unions Announce Global Alliance: "Together, we will change Alphabet""](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125135902/https://www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal). *UNI Global Union*. Archived from [the original](https://www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal) on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
287. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Schiffer2021_288-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Schiffer2021_288-1)
Schiffer, Zoe (January 25, 2021). ["Exclusive: Google workers across the globe announce international union alliance to hold Alphabet accountable"](https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125114814/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance) from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
288. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-289)**
Ghaffary, Shirin (September 9, 2019). ["Dozens of Google employees say they were retaliated against for reporting harassment"](https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive). *[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212540/https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive) from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
289. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-290)**
Rahman, Rema (December 2, 2020). ["Google illegally surveilled and fired organizers, NLRB complaint alleges"](https://thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint). *[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\(newspaper\) "The Hill (newspaper)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125153854/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint) from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
290. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-unions_291-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-unions_291-1)
["Google Had Secret Project to 'Convince' Employees 'That Unions Suck'"](https://www.vice.com/en/article/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck/). *Vice.com*. January 10, 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220110150222/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck) from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
291. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-292)**
Kruppa, Miles (February 5, 2025). ["Exclusive \| Google Kills Diversity Hiring Targets"](https://www.wsj.com/tech/google-kills-diversity-hiring-targets-04433d7c). *WSJ*. Retrieved February 6, 2025.
292. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-293)**
["Google: Our Offices"](https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726014216/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america) from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
293. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-294)**
Reardon, Marguerite (October 11, 2006). ["Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple"](https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161012171317/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/) from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
294. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-295)**
Grant, Peter (December 3, 2010). ["Google to Buy New York Office Building"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Dow Jones & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company "Dow Jones & Company"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161010041640/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418) from the original on October 10, 2016.
295. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-296)**
Gustin, Sam (December 22, 2010). ["Google buys giant New York building for \$1.9 billion"](https://www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(website\) "Wired (website)")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170102101149/https://www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/) from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
296. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-297)**
["Google buys NYC's Chelsea Market building for \$2.4 bn"](https://phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184159/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html) from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
297. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-298)**
["Google bought Manhattan's Chelsea Market building for \$2.4 billion – TechCrunch"](https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/). *techcrunch.com*. March 20, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180608214250/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/) from the original on June 8, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
298. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-299)**
["Google closes \$2.4 billion Chelsea Market deal to expand New York..."](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U) *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180527003159/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U) from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
299. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-300)**
["Report: Alphabet Is Buying Chelsea Market for Over \$2B"](http://uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b). *PCMag UK*. February 9, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210609/http://uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b) from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
300. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-301)**
MacMillan, Douglas; Brown, Eliot; Grant, Peter. ["Google Plans Large New York City Expansion"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181108182715/https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579) from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
301. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-302)**
["Google To Build New \$1 Billion Campus In NYC"](https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/). *CBS New York*. December 17, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181217165433/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/) from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
302. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-303)**
Gartenberg, Chaim (December 17, 2018). ["Google announces a new \$1 billion NYC campus in Hudson Square"](https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181217203157/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date) from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
303. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-304)**
Chappell, Bill (December 17, 2018). ["Google Will Spend \$1 Billion For New York City Campus On Hudson River"](https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181217211911/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river) from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
304. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-305)**
Weier, Mary Hayes (October 24, 2007). ["Inside Google's Michigan Office"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080503233009/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809). *[InformationWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek "InformationWeek")*. [UBM plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_plc "UBM plc"). Archived from [the original](http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809) on May 3, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
305. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-306)**
["Google Completes Pittsburgh Office, Holds Open House"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090515115505/http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html). [WTAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAE_TV "WTAE TV"). November 17, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html) on May 15, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
306. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-307)**
Olson, Thomas (December 8, 2010). ["Google search: Tech-minded workers"](http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html). [Trib Total Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trib_Total_Media "Trib Total Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130603080308/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html) from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
307. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-308)**
["Google locations"](https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130815024220/https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/) from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
308. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-309)**
["Xconomy: Google's Madison Expansion to Triple Size of Local Offices"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221120194600/https://xconomy.com/wisconsin/2019/01/31/googles-madison-expansion-to-triple-size-of-local-offices/). *Xconomy*. January 31, 2019. Archived from [the original](https://xconomy.com/wisconsin/2019/01/31/googles-madison-expansion-to-triple-size-of-local-offices/) on November 20, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
309. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-310)**
["Sydney"](https://careers.google.com/locations/sydney/). *Google Careers*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170505110757/https://careers.google.com/locations/sydney/) from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
310. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-311)**
["London"](https://careers.google.com/locations/london/). *Google Careers*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170214074855/https://careers.google.com/locations/london/) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
311. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-312)**
Mirani, Leo (November 1, 2013). ["Inside Google's new 1-million-square-foot London office—three years before it's ready"](https://qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/). *[Quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_\(publication\) "Quartz (publication)")*. [Atlantic Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Media "Atlantic Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025208/https://qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
312. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-313)**
Vincent, James (June 1, 2017). ["Google's new London HQ is a 'landscraper' with a rooftop garden"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170603164958/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross) from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
313. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-314)**
Brian, Matt (June 1, 2017). ["Google's 'innovative' new London HQ features giant moving blinds"](https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/). *[Engadget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget "Engadget")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170604003356/https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/) from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
314. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-315)**
["Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad"](http://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/). *[The Indian Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express "The Indian Express")*. May 12, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151118040601/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/) from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
315. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-316)**
["Google's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US"](http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html). *[Firstpost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstpost "Firstpost")*. [Network 18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_18 "Network 18"). May 13, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161118003932/http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html) from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
316. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-317)**
["Google owner reveals £5bn AI investment in UK ahead of Trump visit"](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmek723dz9o). *BBC News*. September 16, 2025. Retrieved September 17, 2025.
317. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-318)**
Cherian, Johann M.; Chauhan, Shashwat (September 15, 2025). ["Alphabet enters \$3 trillion market cap club as Big Tech's AI momentum builds"](https://www.reuters.com/business/alphabet-enters-3-trillion-market-cap-club-big-techs-ai-momentum-builds-2025-09-15/). *Reuters*. Retrieved September 17, 2025.
318. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_world_office_locations_319-0)**
["Google world office locations"](https://about.google/locations/). *Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210528153612/https://about.google/locations/) from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
319. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-320)**
["Bringing Google to Chicago's Thompson Center"](https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/chicago-thompson-center/). *Google*. July 27, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
320. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-321)**
["Data center locations"](https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517162154/https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html) from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
321. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-322)**
["How Many Servers Does Google Have?"](https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq). *Data Center Knowledge*. March 16, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190217073018/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq) from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
322. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-323)**
["Google's Secret: 'Cheap and Fast' Hardware"](https://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf) (PDF). *PCWorld*. October 10, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182753/http://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
323. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-324)**
Barroso, L.A.; Dean, J.; Holzle, U. (April 29, 2003). "Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture". *IEEE Micro*. **23** (2): 22–28\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2003IMicr..23b..22B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IMicr..23b..22B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1109/mm.2003.1196112](https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmm.2003.1196112). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0272-1732](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-1732). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [15886858](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15886858). "We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs."
324. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-CNET2009_325-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-CNET2009_325-1)
["Google uncloaks once-secret server"](https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/). *CNET*. April 1, 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180606105133/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/) from the original on June 6, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018. "Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option, he added. "Ten years ago...it was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can't run it on a [mainframe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_server "Mainframe server"). The margins just don't work out," he said."
325. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-326)**
["Home – Submarine Networks"](https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie). *Submarine Networks*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041348/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie) from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
326. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-327)**
["Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the most important part of the internet"](https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/). *VentureBeat*. April 6, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425024849/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/) from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
327. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-328)**
Sawers, Paul (April 24, 2019). ["How Google is building its huge subsea cable infrastructure"](https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/). *VentureBeat*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163121/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/) from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
328. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-329)**
Sawers, Paul (June 28, 2019). ["Google announces Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe with Africa"](https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/). *VentureBeat*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201125060941/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/) from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
329. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-330)**
Lardinois, Frederic (July 28, 2020). ["Google is building a new private subsea cable between Europe and the US"](https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/). *TechCrunch*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201231052511/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/) from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
330. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-solar_331-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-solar_331-1)
Marshall, Matt (October 16, 2006). ["Google builds largest solar installation in U.S. — oh, and bigger than Microsoft's"](https://venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/). *[VentureBeat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat "VentureBeat")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210506164701/https://venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/) from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
331. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-332)**
Thangham, Chris V. (June 19, 2007). ["Google Solar Panels Produced 9,810 Kilowatt-hours of Electricity in 24 Hours"](http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545). *Digital Journal*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126000251/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545) from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
332. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-333)**
McGrath, Jack (May 18, 2011). ["Google's Green Initiative: Environmentally Conscious Technology"](http://www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/). *TechnoBuffalo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161012172247/http://www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/) from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
333. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-334)**
["Google hires goats to cut grass"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/5297097/Google-hires-goats-to-cut-grass.html). *The Telegraph*. May 8, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
334. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-335)**
Glanz, James (September 8, 2011). ["Google Details, and Defends, Its Use of Electricity"](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053616/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html) from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
335. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-336)**
Morrison, Scott; Sweet, Cassandra (May 4, 2010). ["Google Invests in Two Wind Farms"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150213232857/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394) from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
336. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-337)**
["Google Energy can now buy and sell energy"](https://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html). *Cnet.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130919091407/http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html) from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
337. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-338)**
Woody, Todd (September 18, 2013). ["Google is on the way to quietly becoming an electric utility"](http://qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/). *Quartz*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130921050811/http://qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/) from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
338. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-wind_energy_339-0)**
["Google buys power from Iowa wind farm"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120105061730/http://news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss). *News.techworld.com*. July 21, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss) on January 5, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
339. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-340)**
Hölzle, Urs (December 6, 2016). ["We're set to reach 100% renewable energy — and it's just the beginning"](https://blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/). *The Keyword Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161208102229/https://www.blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/) from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
340. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-341)**
Statt, Nick (December 6, 2016). ["Google just notched a big victory in the fight against climate change"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161208001307/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change) from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
341. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-342)**
Etherington, Darrell (December 7, 2016). ["Google says it will hit 100% renewable energy by 2017"](https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164915/https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/) from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
342. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-343)**
Donnelly, Grace (November 30, 2017). ["Google Just Bought Enough Wind Power to Run 100% On Renewable Energy"](http://fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/). *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171201172833/http://fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
343. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-344)**
Ambrose, Jillian (September 20, 2019). ["Google signs up to \$2bn wind and solar investment"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190925001424/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment) from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
344. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-345)**
Hern, Alex (September 15, 2020). ["Facebook and Google announce plans to become carbon neutral"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201209182453/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral) from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
345. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-346)**
["Google aims to run on carbon-free energy by 2030"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. September 14, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201210191711/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html) from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
346. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-347)**
Schoon, Ben (October 26, 2020). ["Google will ditch plastic packaging by 2025"](https://9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/). *[9to5Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9to5Google "9to5Google")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201104130117/https://9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/) from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
347. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-348)**
Hale, Craig (July 15, 2024). ["Google and Microsoft now each consume more power than some fairly big countries"](https://www.techradar.com/pro/google-and-microsoft-now-each-consume-more-power-than-some-fairly-big-countries). *TechRadar*.
348. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-349)**
Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2019). ["Revealed: Google made large contributions to climate change deniers"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/google-contributions-climate-change-deniers). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved February 7, 2020.
349. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-350)**
Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2019). ["The obscure law that explains why Google backs climate deniers"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/obscure-law-google-climate-deniers-section-230). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved February 7, 2020.
350. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-351)**
["Major Ad Platforms Profit Off Climate Disinformation (And Fund It, Too)"](https://foe.org/news/dewey-ad-report/). *Friends of the Earth*. October 20, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
351. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-352)**
["Briefing Note: Programmatic Digital Advertisements and Climate Disinformation"](https://foeus.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Briefing-Note-Programmatic-Digital-Ads-and-Disinfo.pdf) (PDF). Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD). October 20, 2022.
\[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
352. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-philanthropy_353-0)**
["About the Foundation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100714080922/http://www.google.org/about.html). Google, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.google.org/about.html) on July 14, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
353. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-354)**
Hafner, Katie (September 14, 2006). ["Philanthropy Google's Way: Not the Usual"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160723065526/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html) from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
354. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-355)**
Helft, Miguel (February 23, 2009). ["Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170422112540/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html) from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
355. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-356)**
["The 2007"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181120090220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ) on November 20, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
[Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Robinson_Mathematics_Festival "Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival") at Google was the founding of this event for middle school and high school students. video
356. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-357)**
Duffy, Jill (January 21, 2011). ["Mathletes Receive €1M Donation from Google"](https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp). *[PC Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine "PC Magazine")*. [Ziff Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis "Ziff Davis"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234649/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp) from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
357. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-358)**
["Google donating 1 million euros to IMO"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724154518/https://www.imo2011.nl/node/39). January 20, 2011. Archived from [the original](https://www.imo2011.nl/node/39) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
358. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-359)**
["Google launches 'Legalise Love' gay rights campaign"](http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/). *PinkNews.co.uk*. July 8, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140819044558/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/) from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
359. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-360)**
["Project 10 to the 100th"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090728234553/http://www.project10tothe100.com/). Google, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.project10tothe100.com/) on July 28, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
360. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-361)**
Van Burskirk, Elliot (June 28, 2010). ["Google Struggles to Give Away \$10 million"](https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(website\) "Wired (website)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100831172215/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/) from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
361. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-362)**
Twohill, Lorraine (September 24, 2010). ["\$10 million for Project 10^100 winners"](http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html). Google, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100926020623/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html) from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
362. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-363)**
["Google donates \$15 mn in relief to Ukraine, blocks RT, Sputnik on YouTube"](https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/google-donates-15-mn-in-relief-to-ukraine-blocks-rt-sputnik-on-youtube-122030200492_1.html). *Business Standard India*. Business Standard. March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
363. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-364)**
Amiah Taylor (March 7, 2022). ["Google transforms Poland office into help center for Ukrainian refugees"](https://fortune.com/2022/03/07/google-poland-office-ukraine-aid-russia-invasion/). Fortune. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
364. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-365)**
Lohr, Steve (February 17, 2022). ["Google Creates \$100 Million Fund for Skills Training Program"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/business/google-training-program.html). *The New York Times* – via NYTimes.com.
365. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-366)**
Maher, Kit; Tapper, Jake; Jaramillo, Alejandra. ["White House releases list of donors for Trump's multi-million-dollar ballroom"](https://web.archive.org/web/20251023104311/https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump). *CNN*. Archived from [the original](https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump) on October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
366. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-367)**
Drucker, Jesse (October 21, 2010). ["Google 2.4% Rate Shows How \$60 Billion Is Lost to Tax Loopholes"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes). *[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News")*. [Bloomberg L.P.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160922035532/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes) from the original on September 22, 2016.
367. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-368)**
["The Case Against Google"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-case-against-google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. February 20, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180319192049/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-case-against-google.html) from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
368. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-369)**
["Google ranked 'worst' on privacy"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. June 11, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121027120902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm) from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
369. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-370)**
Rosen, Jeffrey (November 28, 2008). ["Google's Gatekeepers"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170228140546/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html) from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
370. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-371)**
Fields, Ashleigh (September 23, 2025). ["YouTube reinstating creators banned for COVID-19, election content"](https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5517922-youtube-reinstates-banned-creators/). *The Hill*. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
371. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-372)**
Elias, Jennifer (September 26, 2025). ["How Google shifted from a bastion of accurate information to a steward of free expression"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/26/how-google-abandoned-facts-for-free-expression.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 20, 2025.
372. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-373)**
["Brazil receives pushback from tech companies on 'fake news' bill"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/03/alphabet-google-fake-news-law). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
373. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-374)**
["Brazil's 'fake news' bill sparks outcry from tech giants"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/2/brazil-fake-news-bill-sparks-outcry-from-tech-giants). *[Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English")*. May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
374. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-375)**
Harrington, Caitlin (September 9, 2022). ["Google and Amazon Want More Defense Contracts, Despite Worker Protests"](https://www.wired.com/story/google-and-amazon-want-more-defense-contracts-despite-worker-protests/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*. Retrieved September 11, 2022. "Opponents of the deal worry the Israeli military could use the technology to expand surveillance of Palestinians living in occupied territories and violate human rights."
375. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-376)**
Nieva, Richard (September 9, 2022). ["Google And Amazon Workers Protest Their Companies' \$1.2 Billion AI Contract With Israel"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2022/09/09/google-and-amazon-protest-project-nimbus-ai-contract-israel/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
376. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-377)**
["Google employee resigns saying company 'silences Palestinians'"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/1/google-employee-resigns-in-protest-over-israel-contract). *[Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English")*. September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
377. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-378)**
Davies, Harry; Abraham, Yuval (October 29, 2025). ["Revealed: Israel demanded Google and Amazon use secret 'wink' to sidestep legal orders"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/29/google-amazon-israel-contract-secret-code). *the guardian*.
378. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-379)**
["Google email shows it ruled Israel's ads claiming 'There is food in Gaza' aren't misleading"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/10/15/israel-ads-youtube-famine-gaza/). *The Washington Post*. October 15, 2025. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). Retrieved December 11, 2025.
379. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-380)**
Ziady, Hanna (October 31, 2024). ["Russia fines Google \$20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000"](https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/31/tech/google-fines-russia/index.html). *CNN*. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
380. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-381)**
["Russia says \$20 decillion fine against Google is 'symbolic'"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/31/russia-20-decillion-fine-against-google-symbolic-youtube-ban-pro-kremlin-media). *The Guardian*. Agence France-Presse. October 31, 2024. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved October 31, 2024.
381. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-382)**
Kan, Michael (July 25, 2018). ["Mozilla Developer Claims Google Is Slowing YouTube on Firefox"](https://www.pcmag.com/news/mozilla-developer-claims-google-is-slowing-youtube-on-firefox). *[PCMag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMag "PCMag")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190813134744/https://www.pcmag.com/news/362696/mozilla-developer-claims-google-is-slowing-youtube-on-firefo) from the original on August 13, 2019.
382. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-firefox_383-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-firefox_383-1)
Cimpanu, Catalin. ["Former Mozilla exec: Google has sabotaged Firefox for years"](https://www.zdnet.com/article/former-mozilla-exec-google-has-sabotaged-firefox-for-years/). *ZDNet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190819235446/https://www.zdnet.com/article/former-mozilla-exec-google-has-sabotaged-firefox-for-years/) from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
383. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-384)**
["Thousands of Reddit users are trying to delete Google from their lives, but they're finding it impossible because Google is everywhere"](https://www.businessinsider.com/profile-reddit-de-google-community-2019-3). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. March 23, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190325123426/https://www.businessinsider.com/profile-reddit-de-google-community-2019-3/) from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
384. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-385)**
["Google's \$22 Billion Payment to Apple for Safari Default Search Engine (2022)"](https://news.abplive.com/technology/google-paid-apple-22-billion-safari-default-search-engine-2022-1684636). *ABPLIVE*. May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
385. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-386)**
Kelion, Leo (June 27, 2017). ["Google hit with record EU fine over Shopping service"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40406542). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170627100311/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40406542) from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
386. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-387)**
["Antitrust: Commission fines Google €4.34 billion for illegal practices regarding Android mobile devices to strengthen dominance of Google's search engine"](http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm). *European Commission*. Bruxelles. July 18, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180719000119/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm) from the original on July 19, 2018.
387. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-388)**
Foo Yun Chee (May 13, 2014). ["Google challenges record \$5 billion EU antitrust fine"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-alphabet-inc-antitrust/google-challenges-record-5-billion-eu-antitrust-fine-idUSKCN1MJ2CA). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181222061539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-google-dataprotection/european-court-says-google-must-respect-right-to-be-forgotten-idUSBREA4C07120140513) from the original on December 22, 2018.
388. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-389)**
["Google appeals \$5 billion EU fine in Android antitrust case"](https://apnews.com/f9797e4935c1464f8f6010793ded7c1d). *[APNews.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APNews.com "APNews.com")*. Bruxelles. October 10, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181010101238/https://apnews.com/f9797e4935c1464f8f6010793ded7c1d) from the original on October 10, 2018.
389. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-390)**
Reid, David (March 20, 2019). ["EU regulators hit Google with \$1.7 billion fine for blocking ad rivals"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/20/eu-vestager-hits-google-with-fine-for.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190320155204/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/20/eu-vestager-hits-google-with-fine-for.html) from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
390. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-391)**
["Europe hits Google with a third, \$1.7 billion antitrust fine"](https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/tech/google-eu-antitrust/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. March 20, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190320133734/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/tech/google-eu-antitrust/index.html) from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
391. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-392)**
["Google loses appeal over record EU anti-trust Android fine"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-62888137). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
392. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-393)**
["Ex-Google engineer charged with stealing AI trade secrets while working with Chinese companies"](https://apnews.com/article/china-google-justice-department-63156ade1e564d15d92adbef91e9c5da). *AP News*. March 6, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
393. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-394)**
Lucas, Ryan (March 6, 2024). ["Chinese national arrested and charged with stealing AI trade secrets from Google"](https://www.npr.org/2024/03/06/1236380984/china-google-fbi-ai). *npr.org*.
394. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-395)**
Vlamis, Kelsey; Barr, Alistair. ["A Google engineer ran a secret startup in China while stealing AI technology, DOJ alleges"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-engineer-ran-secret-startup-china-stealing-ai-tech-doj-2024-3). *Business Insider*. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
395. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-396)**
Gerken, Tom (September 10, 2024). ["EU court rules Google must pay €2.4bn fine"](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjw3e1pn741o). *BBC News*. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
396. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-397)**
Chee, Foo Yun (September 18, 2024). ["Google wins EU antitrust fine fight but setback for Qualcomm"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-wins-challenge-against-149-bln-euro-eu-antitrust-fine-2024-09-18/). Retrieved September 18, 2024.
397. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-398)**
Express, Khaleej (September 6, 2025). ["Google Hit With €2.95 bn by EU in Antitrust Fine"](https://www.khaleejexpress.com/2025/09/06/google-hit-with-e2-95-bn-by-eu-in-antitrust-fine/). *Khaleej Express*. Retrieved September 6, 2025.
398. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-399)**
["Tech bosses grilled over claims of 'harmful' power"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200730020044/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. July 30, 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941) on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
399. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-400)**
Bond, Shannon; Selyukh, Alina; Allyn, Bobby (October 6, 2020). ["How Are Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google Monopolies? House Report Counts The Ways"](https://www.npr.org/2020/10/06/920882893/how-are-apple-amazon-facebook-google-monopolies-house-report-counts-the-ways). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*.
400. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-401)**
Allyn, Bobby (October 20, 2020). ["Case 1:20-cv-03010 Document 1 Filed 10/20/20"](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/7273448-DOC.html). United States Department of Justice. Retrieved September 30, 2025 – via Document Cloud.
401. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-402)**
McCabe, David; Kang, Cecilia (October 20, 2020). ["U.S. Accuses Google of Illegally Protecting Monopoly"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/google-antitrust.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/google-antitrust.html) from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
402. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-403)**
Ngo, Keach Hagey and Vivien (November 7, 2019). ["How Google Edged Out Rivals and Built the World's Dominant Ad Machine: A Visual Guide"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-google-edged-out-rivals-and-built-the-worlds-dominant-ad-machine-a-visual-guide-11573142071). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
403. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-404)**
McKinnon, Ryan Tracy and John D. (December 22, 2020). ["WSJ News Exclusive \| Google, Facebook Agreed to Team Up Against Possible Antitrust Action, Draft Lawsuit Says"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-facebook-agreed-to-team-up-against-possible-antitrust-action-draft-lawsuit-says-11608612219). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
404. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-405)**
Tracy, John D. McKinnon and Ryan (December 16, 2020). ["Ten States Sue Google, Alleging Deal With Facebook to Rig Online Ad Market"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/states-sue-google-over-digital-ad-practices-11608146817). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
405. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-406)**
["Justice Department Sues Google for Monopolizing Digital Advertising Technologies"](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-google-monopolizing-digital-advertising-technologies). *[United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice")*. January 24, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
406. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-407)**
Goswami, Rohan; Elias, Jennifer (August 5, 2024). ["Google loses antitrust case over search"](https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/05/google-loses-antitrust-case-over-search.html). CNBC. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
407. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-408)**
Kruppa, Miles; Wolfe, Jan (August 5, 2024). ["Google Loses Antitrust Case Over Search-Engine Dominance"](https://www.wsj.com/tech/google-loses-federal-antitrust-case-27810c43). *The Wall Street Journal*. News Corp. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
408. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-409)**
["US considers breakup of Google in landmark search case"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-propose-how-google-should-boost-online-search-competition-2024-10-08/). *Reuters*. October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
409. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-410)**
["Google must sell Chrome to end search monopoly, justice department argues in court filing"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/nov/21/google-sell-chrome-us-court-filing-demand-competition-laws). *The Guardian*. November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
410. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-411)**
Vallance, Chris (September 6, 2024). ["Google abusing ad tech dominance, UK competition watchdog finds"](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80en9nvlp9o). *BBC News*. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
411. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-412)**
["Google has illegal advertising monopoly, judge rules"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3674nl7g74o). *BBC News*. April 17, 2025. Retrieved April 17, 2025.
412. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-413)**
Roth, Emma (June 12, 2022). ["Google to pay \$118 million to settle gender discrimination lawsuit"](https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/12/23164678/google-pay-118-million-settle-gender-discrimination-lawsuit). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
413. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-414)**
Complex, Valerie (June 12, 2022). ["Google Agrees to Pay Out \$118 Million To Former Employees In Gender Discrimination And Pay Equity Suit"](https://deadline.com/2022/06/google-agrees-to-pay-out-118-million-to-former-1235043474/). *[Deadline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood "Deadline Hollywood")*. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
414. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-415)**
Grant, Nico (June 13, 2022). ["Google Agrees to Pay \$118 Million to Settle Pay Discrimination Case"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/business/google-discrimination-settlement-women.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved June 14, 2022.
415. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-416)**
Gallagher, Ryan (August 1, 2018). ["Google Plans to Launch Censored Search Engine in China, Leaked Documents Reveal"](https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/). *The Intercept*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180801120009/https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/) from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
416. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-417)**
Disis, Jill (September 26, 2018). ["Google grilled over 'Project Dragonfly' at Senate hearing on data privacy"](https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/26/technology/google-dragonfly-senate-hearing/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180926222719/https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/26/technology/google-dragonfly-senate-hearing/index.html) from the original on September 26, 2018.
417. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-418)**
Gallagher, Ryan (September 26, 2018). ["Former Google Scientist Tells Senate to Act Over Company's "Unethical and Unaccountable" China Censorship Plan"](https://theintercept.com/2018/09/26/former-google-scientist-tells-senate-to-act-over-companys-unethical-and-unaccountable-china-censorship-plan/). *The Intercept*. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
418. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-419)**
Gallagher, Ryan (December 17, 2018). ["Google's Secret China Project "Effectively Ended" After Internal Confrontation"](https://theintercept.com/2018/12/17/google-china-censored-search-engine-2/). *The Intercept*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190321020856/https://theintercept.com/2018/12/17/google-china-censored-search-engine-2/) from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2018. "Leaks about the plan and the extraordinary backlash that ensued both internally and externally appear to have forced company executives to shelve it at least in the short term, two sources familiar with the project said."
419. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-420)**
["Google's Project Dragonfly 'terminated' in China"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49015516). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. July 17, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
420. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-421)**
Ted Litchfield (May 18, 2024). ["Always keep backups: an 'unprecedented' Google Cloud debacle saw a \$135 billion pension fund's entire account deleted and services knocked out for nearly two weeks"](https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/always-keep-backups-an-unprecedented-google-cloud-debacle-saw-a-dollar135-billion-pension-funds-entire-account-deleted-and-services-knocked-out-for-nearly-two-weeks/). *PC Gamer*. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
421. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-422)**
Murdock, Jason (August 5, 2020). ["Google+ Settlement: How to Submit a Claim over Privacy Bug and Get a Payout"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806080428/https://www.newsweek.com/google-plus-privacy-bug-settlement-claim-money-1522967). *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.newsweek.com/google-plus-privacy-bug-settlement-claim-money-1522967) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
422. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-423)**
Graham, Jefferson (August 4, 2020). ["Did you use Google+? You may be owed some money from class-action privacy settlement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806014134/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/08/04/google-privacy-settlement-how-much-money-how-to-get/3290508001/). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/08/04/google-privacy-settlement-how-much-money-how-to-get/3290508001/) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
423. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-424)**
["In re Google Plus Profile Litigation District Court ND of California"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806003928/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7999009/in-re-google-plus-profile-litigation/). *courtlistener.com*. [Free Law Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Law_Project "Free Law Project"). July 22, 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7999009/in-re-google-plus-profile-litigation/) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
424. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-425)**
Fox, Chris (January 21, 2019). ["Google hit with £44m GDPR fine"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46944696). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190121231240/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46944696) from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
425. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-426)**
Copeland, Rob (November 12, 2019). ["Google's 'Project Nightingale' Triggers Federal Inquiry"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-googles-project-nightingale-a-health-data-gold-mine-of-50-million-patients-11573571867). Retrieved November 18, 2019.
426. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-427)**
Copeland, Rob (November 11, 2019). ["Google's 'Project Nightingale' Gathers Personal Health Data on Millions of Americans"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-s-secret-project-nightingale-gathers-personal-health-data-on-millions-of-americans-11573496790). Retrieved November 17, 2019.
427. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-428)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"](https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/13/22329240/judge-rules-google-5-billion-lawsuit-tracking-chrome-incognito-privacy). [The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge"). March 13, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
428. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-429)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"](https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-to-face-5b-lawsuit-over-tracking-users-in-incognito-mode/399113/#close). *SearchEngineJournal*. March 15, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
429. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-430)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-13/google-must-face-suit-over-snooping-on-incognito-browsing). [Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News"). March 13, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
430. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-431)**
["Google gets sued"](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/03/judge-rules-5-billion-google-chrome-incognito-mode-lawsuit-can-go-forward/). [Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica"). March 15, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
431. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-432)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-ceo-sought-keep-incognito-mode-issues-out-spotlight-lawsuit-alleges-2021-09-24/). [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). September 24, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
432. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-433)**
Liedtke, Michael (April 1, 2024). ["Google to purge billions of files containing personal data in settlement of Chrome privacy case"](https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/google-to-purge-billions-of-files-containing-personal-data-in-settlement-of-chrome-privacy-case/ar-BB1kTLBe). Associated Press. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
433. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-434)**
Rosemain, Mathieu (January 6, 2022). ["Google hit with 150 mln euro French fine for cookie breaches"](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-imposes-fines-facebook-ireland-google-2022-01-06/). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
434. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-435)**
["Google says it is obligated to disclose confidential information of users to U.S. government"](https://targettrend.com/google-says-it-is-obligated-to-disclose-confidential-information-of-users-to-u-s-government/). *TargetTrend*. August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
435. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-436)**
Brodkin, Jon (January 9, 2025). ["Google loses in court, faces trial for collecting data on users who opted out"](https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/01/google-loses-in-court-faces-trial-for-collecting-data-on-users-who-opted-out/). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
436. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-437)**
["Google must pay \$425 million in class action over privacy, jury rules"](https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/google-must-pay-425-million-class-action-over-privacy-jury-rules-2025-09-03/). *Reuters*. September 4, 2025.
437. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Sonnemaker2021_438-0)**
Sonnemaker, Tyler (May 28, 2021). ["'Apple is eating our lunch': Google employees admit in lawsuit that the company made it nearly impossible for users to keep their location private"](https://www.businessinsider.com/unredacted-google-lawsuit-docs-detail-efforts-to-collect-user-location-2021-5). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
438. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-439)**
Faife, Corin (February 5, 2022). ["FBI used geofence warrant in Seattle after BLM protest attack, new documents show"](https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/5/22918487/fbi-geofence-seattle-blm-protest-police-guild-attack). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
439. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-440)**
Squire, Paul. ["Google just got hit with a hefty fine, in part over how it trained its AI"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-fined-270-million-trained-ai-news-outlets-france-2024-3). *Business Insider*. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
440. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-441)**
["Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. January 17, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170320171345/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964) from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
441. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-442)**
Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 7, 2013). ["NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060818114650/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data) from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
442. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-443)**
Amadeo, Ron (April 4, 2018). ["Google employees revolt, say company should shut down military drone project"](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/google-should-not-be-in-the-business-of-war-googlers-decry-pentagon-project/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210202043739/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/google-should-not-be-in-the-business-of-war-googlers-decry-pentagon-project/) from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
443. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-444)**
Chapman, Ben (April 3, 2018). ["Google staff protest company's involvement with Pentagon drones programme"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/google-protest-pentagon-drones-programme-company-sundar-pichai-department-defense-a8290111.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235047/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/google-protest-pentagon-drones-programme-company-sundar-pichai-department-defense-a8290111.html) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
444. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-445)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Shane, Scott (June 1, 2018). ["Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset Employees"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/technology/google-pentagon-project-maven.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181016004020/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/technology/google-pentagon-project-maven.html) from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
445. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-446)**
Farrell, Maureen (December 7, 2022). ["Pentagon Divides Big Cloud-Computing Deal Among 4 Firms"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/07/business/pentagon-cloud-contracts-jwcc.html). *The New York Times*.
446. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:02_447-0)**
["Nest has a secret microphone–Google just forgot to tell us"](https://www.fastcompany.com/90309781/nest-has-a-secret-microphone-google-just-forgot-to-tell-us). *Fast Company*. February 20, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220819053523/https://www.fastcompany.com/90309781/nest-has-a-secret-microphone-google-just-forgot-to-tell-us) from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
## Further reading
- Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. *Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization* (Princeton University Press, 2023) [online book review](http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59892)
- [Saylor, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saylor "Michael J. Saylor") (2012). *The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything*. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-59315-720-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-720-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-720-3")
.
- Vaidhyanathan, Siya (2011). *The Googlization of Everything: (And Why We Should Worry)* (Updated ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-520-94869-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94869-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94869-3")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [779828585](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779828585).
- Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). *Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry*. U of Illinois Press.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0252087127](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252087127 "Special:BookSources/0252087127")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5406/jj.4116455](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.4116455).
## External links
**Google** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Google "wikt:Special:Search/Google") from Wiktionary
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Google "c:Google") from Commons
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg)[News](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Google "n:Category:Google") from Wikinews
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Google "q:Google") from Wikiquote
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)[Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Google_Services_And_Products "b:Google Services And Products") from Wikibooks
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg)[Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Google "v:Google") from Wikiversity
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95 "d:Q95") from Wikidata
- [Discussions](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Google "m:Google") from Meta-Wiki
- [Official website](https://about.google/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Official blog *The Keyword*](https://blog.google/)
- Business data for Google, Inc.:
- [Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/GOOG.OQ)
- [SEC filings](https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1288776)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Google_LLC "Template:Google LLC") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Google_LLC "Template talk:Google LLC") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_LLC "Special:EditPage/Template:Google LLC")[Google]() | |
|---|---|
| a subsidiary of [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") | |
| Company | |
| | |
| Divisions | [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AI "Google AI") *[Area 120](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_120 "Area 120")* [ATAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_ATAP "Google ATAP") *[Brain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Brain "Google Brain")* [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_China "Google China") [Cloud Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Energy "Google Energy") [Google.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org "Google.org") [Crisis Response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Crisis_Response "Google Crisis Response") *[Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Health "Google Health")* [Registry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Registry "Google Registry") |
| Subsidiaries | |
| | |
| Active | [DeepMind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind "Google DeepMind") [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit") [ITA Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITA_Software "ITA Software") [Jigsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_\(company\) "Jigsaw (company)") [Looker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looker_\(company\) "Looker (company)") [Mandiant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandiant "Mandiant") [Security Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Security_Operations "Google Security Operations") [Owlchemy Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owlchemy_Labs "Owlchemy Labs") |
| Defunct | [Actifio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actifio "Actifio") [Adscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adscape "Adscape") [Akwan Information Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwan_Information_Technologies "Akwan Information Technologies") [Anvato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvato "Anvato") [Apigee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigee "Apigee") [BandPage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BandPage "BandPage") [Bitium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitium "Bitium") [BufferBox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BufferBox "BufferBox") [Crashlytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashlytics "Crashlytics") [Dodgeball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgeball_\(service\) "Dodgeball (service)") [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") [Dropcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropcam "Dropcam") [Endoxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoxon "Endoxon") [Flutter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutter_\(American_company\) "Flutter (American company)") [Global IP Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_IP_Solutions "Global IP Solutions") [Green Throttle Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Throttle_Games "Green Throttle Games") [GreenBorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GreenBorder "GreenBorder") [Gridcentric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridcentric "Gridcentric") [ImageAmerica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageAmerica "ImageAmerica") [Impermium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impermium "Impermium") [Invite Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invite_Media "Invite Media") [Kaltix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltix "Kaltix") [Marratech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marratech "Marratech") [Meebo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meebo "Meebo") [Metaweb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaweb "Metaweb") [Neotonic Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotonic_Software "Neotonic Software") [Neverware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverware "Neverware") [Nik Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Software "Nik Software") [Orbitera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitera "Orbitera") [Pyra Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs "Pyra Labs") [Quest Visual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Visual "Quest Visual") [Reqwireless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reqwireless "Reqwireless") [RightsFlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RightsFlow "RightsFlow") [Sidewalk Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs "Sidewalk Labs") [SlickLogin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlickLogin "SlickLogin") [Titan Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Aerospace "Titan Aerospace") [Typhoon Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Studios "Typhoon Studios") [Urban Engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Engines "Urban Engines") [Vicarious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_\(company\) "Vicarious (company)") [Viewdle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewdle "Viewdle") [Wavii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavii "Wavii") [Wildfire Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire_Interactive "Wildfire Interactive") [YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Next_Lab_and_Audience_Development_Group "YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group") |
| Programs | *[Business Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Business_Groups "Google Business Groups")* *[Computing University Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM/Google_Cloud_Computing_University_Initiative "IBM/Google Cloud Computing University Initiative")* *[Contact Lens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Contact_Lens "Google Contact Lens")* [Content ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_ID "Content ID") *[CrossCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossCheck_\(project\) "CrossCheck (project)")* *[Data Liberation Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Data_Liberation_Front "Google Data Liberation Front")* [Data Transfer Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Transfer_Project "Data Transfer Project") [Developer Expert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developer_Expert "Google Developer Expert") [DigiKavach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiKavach "DigiKavach") *[DigiPivot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiPivot "DigiPivot")* [Digital Garage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Digital_Garage "Google Digital Garage") [Digital News Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_News_Initiative "Digital News Initiative") *[Digital Unlocked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Unlocked "Digital Unlocked")* *[Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_\(search_engine\) "Dragonfly (search engine)")* *[Founders' Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Founders%27_Award "Google Founders' Award")* *[Free Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Free_Zone "Google Free Zone")* [Get Your Business Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Get_Your_Business_Online "Google Get Your Business Online") [Google for Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_for_Education "Google for Education") [Google for Startups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_for_Startups "Google for Startups") *[Living Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Stories "Living Stories")* *[Made with Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_with_Code "Made with Code")* *[News Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Lab "Google News Lab")* *[PowerMeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_PowerMeter "Google PowerMeter")* [Privacy Sandbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Sandbox "Privacy Sandbox") [Project Nightingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nightingale "Project Nightingale") [Project Nimbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nimbus "Project Nimbus") [Project Sunroof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sunroof "Project Sunroof") [Project Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Zero "Project Zero") [Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Artificial_Intelligence_Lab "Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab") [RechargeIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RechargeIT "RechargeIT") [Sensorvault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorvault "Sensorvault") [Silicon Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Silicon_Initiative "Google Silicon Initiative") *[Solve for X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solve_for_X "Solve for X")* [Street View Trusted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_View_Trusted "Street View Trusted") *[Student Ambassador Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Student_Ambassador_Program "Google Student Ambassador Program")* [Vevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo "Vevo") [YouTube BrandConnect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect "YouTube BrandConnect") [YouTube Creator Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards "YouTube Creator Awards") [YouTube Select](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Select "YouTube Select") *[YouTube Original Channel Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative "YouTube Original Channel Initiative")* [Year in Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Year_in_Search_top_searches "List of Year in Search top searches") *[YouTube Rewind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Rewind "YouTube Rewind")* [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind "YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2019:_For_the_Record "YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record") |
| [Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_events "Category:Google events") | [AlphaGo versus Fan Hui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui "AlphaGo versus Fan Hui") [AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol "AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol") [AlphaGo versus Ke Jie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie "AlphaGo versus Ke Jie") [Android Developer Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge "Android Developer Challenge") [Android Developer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Developer_Day "Android Developer Day") [Android Developer Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab "Android Developer Lab") [CNN/YouTube presidential debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates "CNN/YouTube presidential debates") [Code-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code-in "Google Code-in") [Code Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code_Jam "Google Code Jam") [Developer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developer_Day "Google Developer Day") [Developers Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developers_Live "Google Developers Live") [Doodle4Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle4Google "Doodle4Google") [Future of Go Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Go_Summit "Future of Go Summit") [G-Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Day "G-Day") *[Hash Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_Code_\(programming_competition\) "Hash Code (programming competition)")* [I/O](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O "Google I/O") [Lunar X Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize "Google Lunar X Prize") [Mapathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mapathon "Google Mapathon") [Science Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Science_Fair "Google Science Fair") [Summer of Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code "Google Summer of Code") [World Chess Championship 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2024 "World Chess Championship 2024") [YouTube Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Awards "YouTube Awards") [YouTube Comedy Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week "YouTube Comedy Week") [YouTube Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Live "YouTube Live") [YouTube Music Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards "YouTube Music Awards") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_YouTube_Music_Awards "2013 YouTube Music Awards") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_YouTube_Music_Awards "2015 YouTube Music Awards") [YouTube Space Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab "YouTube Space Lab") [YouTube Symphony Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra "YouTube Symphony Orchestra") |
| [Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_buildings_and_structures "Category:Google buildings and structures") | [111 Eighth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue "111 Eighth Avenue") [Android lawn statues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_lawn_statues "Android lawn statues") *[Androidland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androidland "Androidland")* *[Barges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_barges "Google barges")* [Binoculars Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars_Building "Binoculars Building") [Central Saint Giles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Saint_Giles "Central Saint Giles") [Chelsea Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Market "Chelsea Market") *[Chrome Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Zone "Chrome Zone")* [Data centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_data_centers "Google data centers") [GeoEye-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoEye-1 "GeoEye-1") [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex") [Ivanpah Solar Power Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility "Ivanpah Solar Power Facility") [James R. Thompson Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Thompson_Center "James R. Thompson Center") [King's Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_King%27s_Cross "Google King's Cross") [Mayfield Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_Mall "Mayfield Mall") [Pier 57](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_57 "Pier 57") [Sidewalk Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Toronto "Sidewalk Toronto") [St. John's Terminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Terminal "St. John's Terminal") Submarine cables [Dunant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunant_\(submarine_communications_cable\) "Dunant (submarine communications cable)") [Grace Hopper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper_\(submarine_communications_cable\) "Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)") [Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_\(cable_system\) "Unity (cable system)") [WiFi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_WiFi "Google WiFi") [YouTube Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Space "YouTube Space") [YouTube Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Theater "YouTube Theater") |
| [People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_employees "Category:Google employees") | |
| | |
| Current | [Krishna Bharat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Bharat "Krishna Bharat") [Vint Cerf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf "Vint Cerf") [Jeff Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Dean "Jeff Dean") [John Doerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr "John Doerr") [Sanjay Ghemawat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Ghemawat "Sanjay Ghemawat") [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore") [John L. Hennessy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy "John L. Hennessy") [Urs Hölzle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle "Urs Hölzle") [Salar Kamangar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_Kamangar "Salar Kamangar") [Ray Kurzweil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil "Ray Kurzweil") [Ann Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Mather "Ann Mather") [Alan Mulally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mulally "Alan Mulally") [Rick Osterloh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Osterloh "Rick Osterloh") [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") (CEO) [Ruth Porat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Porat "Ruth Porat") (CFO) [Rajen Sheth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajen_Sheth "Rajen Sheth") [Hal Varian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Varian "Hal Varian") [Neal Mohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Mohan "Neal Mohan") |
| Former | [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim") [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") (co-founder) [David Cheriton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cheriton "David Cheriton") [Matt Cutts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cutts "Matt Cutts") [David Drummond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Drummond_\(businessman\) "David Drummond (businessman)") [Alan Eustace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Eustace "Alan Eustace") [Timnit Gebru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timnit_Gebru "Timnit Gebru") [Omid Kordestani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omid_Kordestani "Omid Kordestani") [Paul Otellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otellini "Paul Otellini") [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (co-founder) [Patrick Pichette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pichette "Patrick Pichette") [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") [Ram Shriram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram "Ram Shriram") [Amit Singhal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Singhal "Amit Singhal") [Shirley M. Tilghman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman "Shirley M. Tilghman") [Rachel Whetstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Whetstone "Rachel Whetstone") [Susan Wojcicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki "Susan Wojcicki") |
| [Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google "Criticism of Google") | |
| | |
| General | [Censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google "Censorship by Google") [DeGoogle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeGoogle "DeGoogle") [FairSearch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairSearch "FairSearch") "[Google's Ideological Echo Chamber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber")" [No Tech for Apartheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Tech_for_Apartheid "No Tech for Apartheid") [Privacy concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Google "Privacy concerns with Google") [Street View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns "Google Street View privacy concerns") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy "YouTube and privacy") [Trade unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_and_trade_unions "Google and trade unions") [Alphabet Workers Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Workers_Union "Alphabet Workers Union") [YouTube copyright issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues "YouTube copyright issues") |
| Incidents | [Backdoor advertisement controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy "2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy") [Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany "Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany") [Data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Google_data_breach "2018 Google data breach") [Elsagate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsagate "Elsagate") [Fantastic Adventures scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal "Fantastic Adventures scandal") [Kohistan video case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case "2012 Kohistan video case") [Reactions to *Innocence of Muslims*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims "Reactions to Innocence of Muslims") [San Francisco tech bus protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests "San Francisco tech bus protests") [Services outages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_services_outages "Google services outages") [Slovenian government incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident "2011 Slovenian YouTube incident") [Walkouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Google_walkouts "2018 Google walkouts") [YouTube headquarters shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting "YouTube headquarters shooting") |
| Other | [Android apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google "List of Android apps by Google") [April Fools' Day jokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_April_Fools%27_Day_jokes "List of Google April Fools' Day jokes") [Doodles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle "Google Doodle") *[Doodle Champion Island Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle_Champion_Island_Games "Doodle Champion Island Games")* *[Magic Cat Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Cat_Academy "Magic Cat Academy")* *[Pac-Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man_Google_Doodle "Pac-Man Google Doodle")* [Easter eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs "List of Google Easter eggs") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google "History of Google") [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gmail "History of Gmail") [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Search "Timeline of Google Search") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_YouTube "History of YouTube") [Logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo "Google logo") [Material Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_Design "Material Design") [Mergers and acquisitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet "List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet") |
| [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Developers "Google Developers") | |
| | |
| Software | |
| | |
| A–C | [Accelerated Linear Algebra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Linear_Algebra "Accelerated Linear Algebra") [AMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages "Accelerated Mobile Pages") *[Actions on Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_on_Google "Actions on Google")* [ALTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALTS "ALTS") [American Fuzzy Lop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fuzzy_Lop_\(software\) "American Fuzzy Lop (software)") *[Android Cloud to Device Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging "Android Cloud to Device Messaging")* [Android Debug Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge "Android Debug Bridge") [Android NDK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_NDK "Android NDK") [Android Runtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Runtime "Android Runtime") [Android SDK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_SDK "Android SDK") [Android Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Studio "Android Studio") [Angular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_\(web_framework\) "Angular (web framework)") *[AngularJS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AngularJS "AngularJS")* [Apache Beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Beam "Apache Beam") [APIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_APIs "Google APIs") [App Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Engine "Google App Engine") [App Inventor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_App_Inventor "MIT App Inventor") *[App Maker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Maker "Google App Maker")* [App Runtime for Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome "Google App Runtime for Chrome") *[AppJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppJet "AppJet")* [Apps Script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Apps_Script "Google Apps Script") [AppSheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppSheet "AppSheet") [ARCore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCore "ARCore") *[Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Base "Google Base")* [Bazel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazel_\(software\) "Bazel (software)") [BeyondCorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeyondCorp "BeyondCorp") [Bigtable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtable "Bigtable") [BigQuery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigQuery "BigQuery") [Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_\(software\) "Bionic (software)") [Blockly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockly "Blockly") *[Borg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_\(cluster_manager\) "Borg (cluster manager)")* *[Caja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_project "Caja project")* [Cameyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameyo "Cameyo") [Chart API](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chart_API "Google Chart API") [Charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Charts "Google Charts") *[Chrome Frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_Frame "Google Chrome Frame")* [Chromium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_\(web_browser\) "Chromium (web browser)") [Blink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_\(browser_engine\) "Blink (browser engine)") [Closure Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Closure_Tools "Google Closure Tools") *[Cloud Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Connect "Google Cloud Connect")* [Cloud Dataflow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Dataflow "Google Cloud Dataflow") [Cloud Datastore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Datastore "Google Cloud Datastore") *[Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging "Google Cloud Messaging")* [Cloud Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Shell "Google Cloud Shell") [Cloud Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Storage "Google Cloud Storage") *[Code Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code_Search "Google Code Search")* [Compute Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine "Google Compute Engine") [Cpplint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpplint "Cpplint") |
| D–N | *[Dalvik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_\(software\) "Dalvik (software)")* [Data Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Data_Protocol "Google Data Protocol") [Dialogflow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogflow "Dialogflow") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Fast Pair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Pair "Fast Pair") [Fastboot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastboot "Fastboot") [Federated Learning of Cohorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Learning_of_Cohorts "Federated Learning of Cohorts") [File System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_File_System "Google File System") [Firebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase "Firebase") [Firebase Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Studio "Firebase Studio") [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging "Firebase Cloud Messaging") [FlatBuffers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlatBuffers "FlatBuffers") [Flutter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutter_\(software\) "Flutter (software)") *[Freebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freebase_\(database\) "Freebase (database)")* [Gadgets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gadgets "Google Gadgets") [Ganeti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganeti "Ganeti") *[Gears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_\(software\) "Gears (software)")* [Gerrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_\(software\) "Gerrit (software)") [Global Cache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Global_Cache "Google Global Cache") [GLOP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOP "GLOP") [gRPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRPC "GRPC") [Gson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gson "Gson") [Guava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Guava "Google Guava") [Guetzli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guetzli "Guetzli") [Guice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Guice "Google Guice") [gVisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GVisor "GVisor") [GYP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYP_\(software\) "GYP (software)") [JAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAX_\(software\) "JAX (software)") [Jetpack Compose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetpack_Compose "Jetpack Compose") [Keyhole Markup Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language "Keyhole Markup Language") [Kubernetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes "Kubernetes") [Kythe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Kythe "Google Kythe") [LevelDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LevelDB "LevelDB") [Lighthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_\(software\) "Lighthouse (software)") [Looker Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looker_Studio "Looker Studio") *[lmctfy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lmctfy "Lmctfy")* [MapReduce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce "MapReduce") *[Mashup Editor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mashup_Editor "Google Mashup Editor")* [Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_\(standard\) "Matter (standard)") [Mobile Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services "Google Mobile Services") [Namebench](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namebench "Namebench") [Native Client](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client "Google Native Client") [Neatx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neatx "Neatx") [Neural Machine Translation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation "Google Neural Machine Translation") [Nomulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomulus "Nomulus") |
| O–Z | [Open Location Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Location_Code "Open Location Code") [OpenRefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRefine "OpenRefine") [OpenSocial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSocial "OpenSocial") *[Optimize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Optimize "Google Optimize")* [OR-Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR-Tools "OR-Tools") *[Pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pack "Google Pack")* [PageSpeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_PageSpeed_Tools "Google PageSpeed Tools") [Piper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_\(source_control_system\) "Piper (source control system)") *[Plugin for Eclipse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Plugin_for_Eclipse "Google Plugin for Eclipse")* [Polymer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_\(library\) "Polymer (library)") [Programmable Search Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Programmable_Search_Engine "Google Programmable Search Engine") [Project Shield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield "Project Shield") [Public DNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Public_DNS "Google Public DNS") [reCAPTCHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCAPTCHA "ReCAPTCHA") *[RenderScript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RenderScript "RenderScript")* [SafetyNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafetyNet "SafetyNet") *[SageTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageTV "SageTV")* [Schema.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org "Schema.org") [Search Console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Console "Google Search Console") [Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Shell "Google Shell") [Sitemaps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitemaps "Sitemaps") [Skia Graphics Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine "Skia Graphics Engine") [Spanner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanner_\(database\) "Spanner (database)") *[Sputnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_\(JavaScript_conformance_test\) "Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)")* *[Stackdriver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackdriver "Stackdriver")* *[Swiffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Swiffy "Google Swiffy")* *[Tango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_\(platform\) "Tango (platform)")* [TensorFlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow "TensorFlow") [Tesseract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract_\(software\) "Tesseract (software)") [Test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Test "Google Test") *[Translator Toolkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translator_Toolkit "Google Translator Toolkit")* *[Urchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urchin_\(software\) "Urchin (software)")* [UTM parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTM_parameters "UTM parameters") [V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_\(JavaScript_engine\) "V8 (JavaScript engine)") [VirusTotal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirusTotal "VirusTotal") [VisBug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisBug "VisBug") [Wave Federation Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol "Google Wave Federation Protocol") [Weave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weave_\(protocol\) "Weave (protocol)") *[Web Accelerator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator "Google Web Accelerator")* [Web Designer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Designer "Google Web Designer") [Web Server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Server "Google Web Server") [Web Toolkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit "Google Web Toolkit") [Webdriver Torso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webdriver_Torso "Webdriver Torso") [WebRTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC "WebRTC") |
| Operating systems | [Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\) "Android (operating system)") [Cupcake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Cupcake "Android Cupcake") [Donut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Donut "Android Donut") [Eclair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Eclair "Android Eclair") [Froyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo "Android Froyo") [Gingerbread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Gingerbread "Android Gingerbread") [Honeycomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Honeycomb "Android Honeycomb") [Ice Cream Sandwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich "Android Ice Cream Sandwich") [Jelly Bean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean "Android Jelly Bean") [KitKat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_KitKat "Android KitKat") [Lollipop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Lollipop "Android Lollipop") [Marshmallow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Marshmallow "Android Marshmallow") [Nougat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Nougat "Android Nougat") [Oreo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Oreo "Android Oreo") [Pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Pie "Android Pie") [10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_10 "Android 10") [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_11 "Android 11") [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_12 "Android 12") [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_13 "Android 13") [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_14 "Android 14") [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_15 "Android 15") [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_16 "Android 16") [version history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history "Android version history") [smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Android_smartphones "List of Android smartphones") [Android Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Automotive "Android Automotive") [Android Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Go "Android Go") [devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_Go_products "Comparison of Android Go products") *[Android Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Things "Android Things")* [Android TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV "Android TV") [devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Android_TV_devices "List of Android TV devices") [Android XR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_XR "Android XR") [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS") [ChromeOS Flex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS_Flex "ChromeOS Flex") [ChromiumOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromiumOS "ChromiumOS") [Fuchsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsia_\(operating_system\) "Fuchsia (operating system)") *[Glass OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_OS "Glass OS")* [gLinux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLinux "GLinux") *[Goobuntu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goobuntu "Goobuntu")* TV *[2010–2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV_\(2010%E2%80%932014\) "Google TV (2010–2014)")* [2020–present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV_\(interface\) "Google TV (interface)") [Wear OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_OS "Wear OS") |
| Machine learning models | [BERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_\(language_model\) "BERT (language model)") [Chinchilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla_\(language_model\) "Chinchilla (language model)") [DreamBooth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamBooth "DreamBooth") [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(language_model\) "Gemini (language model)") [Gemma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_\(language_model\) "Gemma (language model)") [Imagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_\(text-to-image_model\) "Imagen (text-to-image model)") (2023) [LaMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaMDA "LaMDA") [PaLM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaLM "PaLM") [T5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T5_\(language_model\) "T5 (language model)") [Veo (text-to-video model)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veo_\(text-to-video_model\) "Veo (text-to-video model)") [VideoPoet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoPoet "VideoPoet") *[XLNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLNet "XLNet")* |
| Neural networks | [EfficientNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EfficientNet "EfficientNet") [Gato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato_\(DeepMind\) "Gato (DeepMind)") [Inception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception_\(deep_learning_architecture\) "Inception (deep learning architecture)") [MobileNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobileNet "MobileNet") [Transformer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_\(deep_learning_architecture\) "Transformer (deep learning architecture)") [WaveNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveNet "WaveNet") |
| Computer programs | [AlphaDev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaDev "AlphaDev") [AlphaFold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaFold "AlphaFold") [AlphaGeometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGeometry "AlphaGeometry") [AlphaGo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo "AlphaGo") [AlphaGo Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_Zero "AlphaGo Zero") [AlphaStar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaStar_\(software\) "AlphaStar (software)") [AlphaZero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaZero "AlphaZero") [Master](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_\(software\) "Master (software)") [MuZero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuZero "MuZero") |
| Formats and codecs | [AAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_App_Bundle "Android App Bundle") [APK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apk_\(file_format\) "Apk (file format)") [AV1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV1 "AV1") [iLBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec "Internet Low Bitrate Codec") [iSAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec "Internet Speech Audio Codec") [libvpx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvpx "Libvpx") [Lyra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra_\(codec\) "Lyra (codec)") [Protocol Buffers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_Buffers "Protocol Buffers") [Ultra HDR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HDR "Ultra HDR") [VP3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP3 "VP3") [VP6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP6 "VP6") [VP8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP8 "VP8") [VP9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP9 "VP9") [WebM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebM "WebM") [WebP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebP "WebP") [WOFF2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format "Web Open Font Format") |
| Programming languages | [Carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_\(programming_language\) "Carbon (programming language)") [Dart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_\(programming_language\) "Dart (programming language)") [Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_\(programming_language\) "Go (programming language)") *[Sawzall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawzall_\(programming_language\) "Sawzall (programming language)")* |
| Search algorithms | [Googlebot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlebot "Googlebot") [Hummingbird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hummingbird "Google Hummingbird") [Mobilegeddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilegeddon "Mobilegeddon") [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank") [matrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_matrix "Google matrix") [Panda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Panda "Google Panda") [Penguin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Penguin "Google Penguin") [Pigeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pigeon "Google Pigeon") [RankBrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankBrain "RankBrain") |
| [Domain names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_domain_names "Category:Google domain names") | [.app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.app_\(top-level_domain\) ".app (top-level domain)") [.dev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dev ".dev") [.google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.google ".google") [.zip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zip_\(top-level_domain\) ".zip (top-level domain)") [g.co](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.co "G.co") [google.by](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.by "Google.by") |
| Typefaces | [Croscore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croscore_fonts "Croscore fonts") [Noto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto_fonts "Noto fonts") [Product Sans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Sans "Product Sans") [Roboto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboto "Roboto") |
| [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products") | |
| | |
| A | *[Aardvark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark_\(search_engine\) "Aardvark (search engine)")* [Account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Account "Google Account") [Dashboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Dashboard "Google Dashboard") [Takeout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Takeout "Google Takeout") [Ad Manager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ad_Manager "Google Ad Manager") [AdMob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdMob "AdMob") [Ads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads "Google Ads") [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AdSense "Google AdSense") *[Affiliate Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Affiliate_Network "Google Affiliate Network")* [Alerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Alerts "Google Alerts") *[Allo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Allo "Google Allo")* [Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics "Google Analytics") [Antigravity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Antigravity "Google Antigravity") [Android Auto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Auto "Android Auto") *[Android Beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Beam "Android Beam")* *[Answers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Answers "Google Answers")* *[Apture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apture "Apture")* [Arts & Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture "Google Arts & Culture") [Assistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant "Google Assistant") *[Attribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Attribution "Google Attribution")* [Authenticator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Authenticator "Google Authenticator") |
| B | *[BebaPay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BebaPay "BebaPay")* *[BeatThatQuote.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeatThatQuote.com "BeatThatQuote.com")* [Beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Beam "Google Beam") *[Blog Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Blog_Search "Google Blog Search")* [Blogger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_\(service\) "Blogger (service)") *[Body](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZygoteBody "ZygoteBody")* *[Bookmarks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookmarks "Google Bookmarks")* [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books") [Ngram Viewer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer "Google Books Ngram Viewer") *[Browser Sync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync "Google Browser Sync")* *[Building Maker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Building_Maker "Google Building Maker")* *[Bump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_\(application\) "Bump (application)")* *[BumpTop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BumpTop "BumpTop")* *[Buzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz "Google Buzz")* |
| C | [Calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calendar "Google Calendar") [Cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cast "Google Cast") *[Catalogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Catalogs "Google Catalogs")* [Chat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chat "Google Chat") *[Checkout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Checkout "Google Checkout")* [Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") *[Chrome Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_App "Google Chrome App")* [Chrome Experiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_Experiments "Google Chrome Experiments") [Chrome Remote Desktop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Remote_Desktop "Chrome Remote Desktop") [Chrome Web Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store "Chrome Web Store") [Classroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Classroom "Google Classroom") *[Cloud Print](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Print "Google Cloud Print")* [Cloud Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Search "Google Cloud Search") [Contacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Contacts "Google Contacts") *[Contributor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Contributor "Google Contributor")* [Crowdsource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsource_\(app\) "Crowdsource (app)") *[Currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Currents_\(social_app\) "Google Currents (social app)")* (social app) *[Currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Currents_\(news_app\) "Google Currents (news app)")* (news app) |
| D | [Data Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Commons "Data Commons") [Dataset Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Dataset_Search "Google Dataset Search") *[Desktop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Desktop "Google Desktop")* [Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Dictionary "Google Dictionary") [Dinosaur Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Game "Dinosaur Game") *[Directory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Directory "Google Directory")* [Docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs "Google Docs") [Docs Editors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs_Editors "Google Docs Editors") *[Domains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Domains "Google Domains")* [Drawings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drawings "Google Drawings") [Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive "Google Drive") *[Duo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Duo "Google Duo")* |
| E | [Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth") [Etherpad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherpad "Etherpad") *[Expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Expeditions "Google Expeditions")* *[Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Express "Google Express")* |
| F | [Family Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Family_Link "Google Family Link") *[Fast Flip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fast_Flip "Google Fast Flip")* [FeedBurner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeedBurner "FeedBurner") *[fflick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fflick "Fflick")* [Fi Wireless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fi_Wireless "Google Fi Wireless") [Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Finance "Google Finance") [Files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_\(Google\) "Files (Google)") [Find Hub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_Hub "Find Hub") [Fit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fit "Google Fit") [Flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flights "Google Flights") *[Flu Trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flu_Trends "Google Flu Trends")* [Fonts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fonts "Google Fonts") [Forms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Forms "Google Forms") *[Friend Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect "Google Friend Connect")* *[Fusion Tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fusion_Tables "Google Fusion Tables")* |
| G | [Gboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gboard "Gboard") [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gemini "Google Gemini") [Nano Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_Banana "Nano Banana") *[Gesture Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gesture_Search "Google Gesture Search")* *[Gizmo5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmo5 "Gizmo5")* *[Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+")* [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail") *[Goggles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Goggles "Google Goggles")* *[GOOG-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOOG-411 "GOOG-411")* *[Grasshopper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_\(mobile_app\) "Grasshopper (mobile app)")* [Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups "Google Groups") |
| H | *[Hangouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hangouts "Google Hangouts")* *[Helpouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Helpouts "Google Helpouts")* [Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_\(platform\) "Google Home (platform)") |
| I | *[iGoogle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGoogle "IGoogle")* [Images](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Images "Google Images") *[Image Labeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler "Google Image Labeler")* *[Image Swirl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Image_Swirl "Google Image Swirl")* *[Inbox by Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail "Inbox by Gmail")* [Input Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Input_Tools "Google Input Tools") [Japanese Input](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input "Google Japanese Input") *[Pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pinyin "Google Pinyin")* *[Insights for Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search "Google Insights for Search")* |
| J | *[Jaiku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiku "Jaiku")* *[Jamboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamboard "Jamboard")* |
| K | [Kaggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaggle "Kaggle") [Keep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Keep "Google Keep") *[Knol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knol "Knol")* |
| L | [Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Labs "Google Labs") *[Latitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude "Google Latitude")* [Lens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lens "Google Lens") *[Like.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like.com "Like.com")* [Live Transcribe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Transcribe "Live Transcribe") *[Lively](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lively "Google Lively")* |
| M | *[Map Maker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Map_Maker "Google Map Maker")* [Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps") *[Maps Navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_Navigation "Google Maps Navigation")* [Marketing Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Marketing_Platform "Google Marketing Platform") [Meet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Meet "Google Meet") [Messages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Messages "Google Messages") *[Moderator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Moderator "Google Moderator")* *[My Tracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Tracks "My Tracks")* |
| N | *[Nearby Share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearby_Share "Nearby Share")* [News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News") *[News & Weather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_%26_Weather "Google News & Weather")* [News Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Archive "Google News Archive") *[Notebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Notebook "Google Notebook")* [NotebookLM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NotebookLM "NotebookLM") *[Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Now "Google Now")* |
| O | *[Offers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Offers "Google Offers")* [One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_One "Google One") *[One Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_One_Pass "Google One Pass")* [Opinion Rewards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Opinion_Rewards "Google Opinion Rewards") *[Orkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut "Orkut")* *[Oyster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_\(company\) "Oyster (company)")* |
| P | *[Panoramio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramio "Panoramio")* *[PaperofRecord.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaperofRecord.com "PaperofRecord.com")* [Patents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Patents "Google Patents") *[Page Creator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Page_Creator "Google Page Creator")* *[Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_\(mobile_app\) "Google Pay (mobile app)")* (mobile app) [Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_\(payment_method\) "Google Pay (payment method)") (payment method) *[Pay Send](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_Send "Google Pay Send")* [People Cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Cards "People Cards") [Person Finder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Person_Finder "Google Person Finder") *[Personalized Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search "Google Personalized Search")* [Photomath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomath "Photomath") [Photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Photos "Google Photos") *[Picasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa "Picasa")* *[Picasa Web Albums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa_Web_Albums "Picasa Web Albums")* *[Picnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnik "Picnik")* [Pixel Camera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Camera "Pixel Camera") [Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play "Google Play") [Play Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Books "Google Play Books") [Play Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Games "Google Play Games") *[Play Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Music "Google Play Music")* *[Play Newsstand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Newsstand "Google Play Newsstand")* [Play Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Pass "Google Play Pass") [Play Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Services "Google Play Services") *[Podcasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Podcasts "Google Podcasts")* *[Poly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_\(website\) "Poly (website)")* *[Postini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postini "Postini")* *[PostRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostRank "PostRank")* *[Primer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Primer "Google Primer")* [Public Alerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Public_Alerts "Google Public Alerts") *[Public Data Explorer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Public_Data_Explorer "Google Public Data Explorer")* |
| Q | [Question Hub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Question_Hub "Google Question Hub") [Quick, Draw\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick,_Draw! "Quick, Draw!") *[Quick Search Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Quick_Search_Box "Google Quick Search Box")* [Quick Share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Share "Quick Share") *[Quickoffice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickoffice "Quickoffice")* |
| R | [Read Along](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_Along "Read Along") *[Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Reader "Google Reader")* *[Reply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_\(Google\) "Reply (Google)")* |
| S | [Safe Browsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Safe_Browsing "Google Safe Browsing") [SageTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageTV "SageTV") [Santa Tracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker "Google Santa Tracker") *[Schemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Schemer "Google Schemer")* [Scholar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar "Google Scholar") [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") [AI Overviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Overviews "AI Overviews") [Knowledge Graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Graph_\(Google\) "Knowledge Graph (Google)") [SafeSearch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeSearch "SafeSearch") *[Searchwiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_SearchWiki "Google SearchWiki")* [Sheets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets "Google Sheets") *[Shoploop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoploop "Shoploop")* [Shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Shopping "Google Shopping") *[Sidewiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sidewiki "Google Sidewiki")* [Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sites "Google Sites") [Slides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Slides "Google Slides") [Snapseed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapseed "Snapseed") *[Socratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_\(Google\) "Socratic (Google)")* *[Softcard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softcard "Softcard")* *[Songza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songza "Songza")* [Sound Amplifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Amplifier "Sound Amplifier") *[Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Spaces "Google Spaces")* [Sparrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_\(chatbot\) "Sparrow (chatbot)") (chatbot) *[Sparrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_\(email_client\) "Sparrow (email client)")* (email client) [Speech Recognition & Synthesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_Recognition_%26_Synthesis "Speech Recognition & Synthesis") *[Squared](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Squared "Google Squared")* *[Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia")* *[Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Station "Google Station")* [Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Store "Google Store") [Street View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View "Google Street View") *[Surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Surveys "Google Surveys")* *[Sync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sync "Google Sync")* |
| T | *[Tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tables_\(Google\) "Tables (Google)")* *[Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk "Google Talk")* [TalkBack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkBack "TalkBack") [Tasks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Tasks "Google Tasks") [Tenor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_\(website\) "Tenor (website)") *[Tez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tez_\(software\) "Tez (software)")* *[Tilt Brush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_Brush "Tilt Brush")* *[Toolbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Toolbar "Google Toolbar")* [Toontastic 3D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toontastic_3D "Toontastic 3D") [Translate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate "Google Translate") [Travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Travel "Google Travel") *[Trendalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trendalyzer "Trendalyzer")* [Trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Trends "Google Trends") [TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV_\(service\) "Google TV (service)") |
| U | *[URL Shortener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_URL_Shortener "Google URL Shortener")* |
| V | *[Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video "Google Video")* [Vids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Vids "Google Vids") [Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice "Google Voice") [Voice Access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_Access "Voice Access") [Voice Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Search "Google Voice Search") |
| W | [Wallet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wallet "Google Wallet") *[Wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wave "Google Wave")* [Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze") *[WDYL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDYL_\(search_engine\) "WDYL (search engine)")* *[Web Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Light "Google Web Light")* [Where Is My Train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Is_My_Train "Where Is My Train") [Widevine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widevine "Widevine") [Wiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz,_Inc. "Wiz, Inc.") *[Word Lens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Lens "Word Lens")* [Workspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace "Google Workspace") [Workspace Marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace_Marketplace "Google Workspace Marketplace") |
| Y | [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [YouTube Kids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Kids "YouTube Kids") [YouTube Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Music "YouTube Music") [YouTube Premium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Premium "YouTube Premium") [YouTube Shorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Shorts "YouTube Shorts") [YouTube Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Studio "YouTube Studio") [YouTube TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_TV "YouTube TV") [YouTube VR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_VR "YouTube VR") |
| Hardware | |
| | |
| [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel") | |
| | |
| [Smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Pixel_smartphones "Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones") | [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_\(1st_generation\) "Pixel (1st generation)") (2016) [Pixel 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_2 "Pixel 2") (2017) [Pixel 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_3 "Pixel 3") (2018) [Pixel 3a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_3a "Pixel 3a") (2019) [Pixel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_4 "Pixel 4") (2019) [Pixel 4a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_4a "Pixel 4a") (2020) [Pixel 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_5 "Pixel 5") (2020) [Pixel 5a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_5a "Pixel 5a") (2021) [Pixel 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_6 "Pixel 6") (2021) [Pixel 6a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_6a "Pixel 6a") (2022) [Pixel 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_7 "Pixel 7") (2022) [Pixel 7a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_7a "Pixel 7a") (2023) [Pixel Fold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Fold "Pixel Fold") (2023) [Pixel 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_8 "Pixel 8") (2023) [Pixel 8a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_8a "Pixel 8a") (2024) [Pixel 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9 "Pixel 9") (2024) [Pixel 9 Pro Fold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold "Pixel 9 Pro Fold") (2024) [Pixel 9a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_9a "Pixel 9a") (2025) [Pixel 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_10 "Pixel 10") (2025) [Pixel 10 Pro Fold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_10_Pro_Fold "Pixel 10 Pro Fold") (2025) |
| Smartwatches | [Pixel Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch "Pixel Watch") (2022) [Pixel Watch 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_2 "Pixel Watch 2") (2023) [Pixel Watch 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_3 "Pixel Watch 3") (2024) [Pixel Watch 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch_4 "Pixel Watch 4") (2025) |
| Tablets | [Pixel C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_C "Pixel C") (2015) [Pixel Slate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Slate "Pixel Slate") (2018) [Pixel Tablet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Tablet "Pixel Tablet") (2023) |
| Laptops | [Chromebook Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook_Pixel "Chromebook Pixel") (2013–2015) [Pixelbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelbook "Pixelbook") (2017) [Pixelbook Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelbook_Go "Pixelbook Go") (2019) |
| Other | [Pixel Buds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Buds "Pixel Buds") (2017–present) |
| [Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus "Google Nexus") | |
| | |
| [Smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_smartphones "Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones") | [Nexus One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One "Nexus One") (2010) [Nexus S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S "Nexus S") (2010) [Galaxy Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus "Galaxy Nexus") (2011) [Nexus 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4 "Nexus 4") (2012) [Nexus 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5 "Nexus 5") (2013) [Nexus 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_6 "Nexus 6") (2014) [Nexus 5X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5X "Nexus 5X") (2015) [Nexus 6P](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_6P "Nexus 6P") (2015) |
| [Tablets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_tablets "Comparison of Google Nexus tablets") | [Nexus 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7_\(2012\) "Nexus 7 (2012)") (2012) [Nexus 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10 "Nexus 10") (2012) [Nexus 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7_\(2013\) "Nexus 7 (2013)") (2013) [Nexus 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_9 "Nexus 9") (2014) |
| Other | [Nexus Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Q "Nexus Q") (2012) [Nexus Player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Player "Nexus Player") (2014) |
| Other | *[Android Dev Phone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Dev_Phone "Android Dev Phone")* [Android One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_One "Android One") *[Cardboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cardboard "Google Cardboard")* [Chromebit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebit "Chromebit") [Chromebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook "Chromebook") [Chromebox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebox "Chromebox") [Chromecast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast "Chromecast") [Clips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Clips "Google Clips") [Daydream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Daydream "Google Daydream") [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fitbit_products "List of Fitbit products") [Glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass "Google Glass") [Liftware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftware "Liftware") [Liquid Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Galaxy "Liquid Galaxy") [Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest") [smart speakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest_\(smart_speakers\) "Google Nest (smart speakers)") [Thermostat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Thermostat "Nest Thermostat") [Wifi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Wifi "Nest Wifi") *[Play Edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices "List of Google Play edition devices")* *[Project Ara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ara "Project Ara")* *[OnHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_OnHub "Google OnHub")* *[Pixel Visual Core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core "Pixel Visual Core")* [Project Iris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Iris "Project Iris") *[Search Appliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance "Google Search Appliance")* [Sycamore processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_processor "Sycamore processor") [Tensor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Tensor "Google Tensor") [Tensor Processing Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit "Tensor Processing Unit") [Titan Security Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Security_Key "Titan Security Key") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Google_litigation "Template:Google litigation") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Google_litigation "Template talk:Google litigation") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_litigation "Special:EditPage/Template:Google litigation")[Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_litigation "Google litigation") | |
| Advertising | *[Feldman v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc. "Feldman v. Google, Inc.")* (2007) *[Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc. "Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.")* (2009) *[Goddard v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc. "Goddard v. Google, Inc.")* (2009) *[Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc. "Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.")* (2012) *[Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc. "Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.")* (2017) [Jedi Blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_Blue "Jedi Blue") |
| Antitrust | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union "Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union") (2010–present) *[United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation "High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation")* (2011) *[Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors. "Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.")* (2019) *[United States v. Google LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2020\) "United States v. Google LLC (2020)")* (2020) *[Epic Games v. Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google "Epic Games v. Google")* (2021) *[United States v. Google LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2023\) "United States v. Google LLC (2023)")* (2023) |
| Intellectual property | *[Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc. "Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.")* (2007) *[Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_International,_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc. "Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.")* (2010) *[Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp. "Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.")*(2015) *[Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc. "Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.")* (2015) *[Field v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc. "Field v. Google, Inc.")* (2016) *[Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc. "Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.")* (2021) [Smartphone patent wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars "Smartphone patent wars") |
| Privacy | *[Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc. "Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.")* (2009) *[Hibnick v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc. "Hibnick v. Google, Inc.")* (2010) *[United States v. Google Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc. "United States v. Google Inc.")* (2012) [Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function "Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function") (2013) *[Joffe v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc. "Joffe v. Google, Inc.")* (2013) *[Mosley v SARL Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google "Mosley v SARL Google")* (2013) *[Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González")* (2014) *[Frank v. Gaos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos "Frank v. Gaos")* (2019) |
| Other | *[Garcia v. Google, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc. "Garcia v. Google, Inc.")* (2015) *[Google LLC v Defteros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros "Google LLC v Defteros")* (2020) *[Gonzalez v. Google LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC "Gonzalez v. Google LLC")* (2022) |
| Related | |
| | |
| Concepts | [Beauty YouTuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_YouTuber "Beauty YouTuber") [BookTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookTube "BookTube") [BreadTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BreadTube "BreadTube") "[Don't be evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil "Don't be evil")" [Gayglers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayglers "Gayglers") [*Google* as a verb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(verb\) "Google (verb)") [Google bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_bombing "Google bombing") [2004 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Google_bombs_in_the_2004_U.S._presidential_election "Political Google bombs in the 2004 U.S. presidential election") [Google effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_effect "Google effect") [Googlefight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlefight "Googlefight") [Google hacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_hacking "Google hacking") [Googleshare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleshare "Googleshare") [Google tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_tax "Google tax") [Googlewhack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlewhack "Googlewhack") [Googlization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlization "Googlization") [Illegal flower tribute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_flower_tribute "Illegal flower tribute") [Objectives and key results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectives_and_key_results "Objectives and key results") [Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_\(Android\) "Rooting (Android)") [Search engine manipulation effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_manipulation_effect "Search engine manipulation effect") [Side project time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_project_time "Side project time") [Sitelink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitelink "Sitelink") [Site reliability engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering "Site reliability engineering") [StudyTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudyTube "StudyTube") [VTuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTuber "VTuber") [YouTube Poop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop "YouTube Poop") [YouTuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber "YouTuber") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_YouTubers "List of YouTubers") |
| Products | |
| | |
| Android | [Booting process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices "Booting process of Android devices") [Custom distributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions "List of custom Android distributions") [Features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android "List of features in Android") [Recovery mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_recovery_mode "Android recovery mode") [Software development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development "Android software development") |
| [Street View coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_coverage "Google Street View coverage") | [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Africa "Google Street View in Africa") [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Antarctica "Google Street View in Antarctica") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Asia "Google Street View in Asia") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Israel "Google Street View in Israel") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Europe "Google Street View in Europe") [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_North_America "Google Street View in North America") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Canada "Google Street View in Canada") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_the_United_States "Google Street View in the United States") [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Oceania "Google Street View in Oceania") [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_South_America "Google Street View in South America") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Argentina "Google Street View in Argentina") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Chile "Google Street View in Chile") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Colombia "Google Street View in Colombia") |
| YouTube | [Copyright strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike "YouTube copyright strike") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_in_education "YouTube in education") [Features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_YouTube_features "List of YouTube features") [Moderation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_moderation "YouTube moderation") [Most-disliked videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos "List of most-disliked YouTube videos") [Most-liked videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos "List of most-liked YouTube videos") [Most-subscribed channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels "List of most-subscribed YouTube channels") [Most-viewed channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels "List of most-viewed YouTube channels") [Most-viewed videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos "List of most-viewed YouTube videos") [Official channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_\(YouTube_channel\) "YouTube (YouTube channel)") [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube "Social impact of YouTube") [YouTube Premium original programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming "List of YouTube Premium original programming") |
| Other | [Gmail interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail_interface "Gmail interface") [Maps pin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_pin "Google Maps pin") [Most downloaded Google Play applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications "List of most-downloaded Google Play applications") [Stadia games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stadia_games "List of Stadia games") |
| [Documentaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_Google "Category:Documentary films about Google") | *[AlphaGo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_\(film\) "AlphaGo (film)")* *[Google: Behind the Screen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Behind_the_Screen "Google Behind the Screen")* *[Google Maps Road Trip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_Road_Trip "Google Maps Road Trip")* *[Google and the World Brain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_and_the_World_Brain "Google and the World Brain")* *[The Creepy Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creepy_Line "The Creepy Line")* |
| [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_about_Google "Category:Books about Google") | *[Google Hacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hacks "Google Hacks")* *[The Google Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Google_Story "The Google Story")* *[Googled: The End of the World as We Know It](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googled:_The_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It "Googled: The End of the World as We Know It")* *[How Google Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Google_Works "How Google Works")* *[I'm Feeling Lucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Feeling_Lucky_\(book\) "I'm Feeling Lucky (book)")* *[In the Plex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Plex "In the Plex")* *[The MANIAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MANIAC "The MANIAC")* |
| Popular culture | *[Google Feud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Feud "Google Feud")* *[Google Me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Me_\(film\) "Google Me (film)")* (film) "[Google Me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Me_\(Kim_Zolciak_song\) "Google Me (Kim Zolciak song)")" (Kim Zolciak song) "[Google Me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Me_\(Teyana_Taylor_song\) "Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)")" (Teyana Taylor song) *[Is Google Making Us Stupid?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F "Is Google Making Us Stupid?")* *[Proceratium google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceratium_google "Proceratium google")* *[Matt Nathanson: Live at Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Nathanson:_Live_at_Google "Matt Nathanson: Live at Google")* *[The Billion Dollar Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billion_Dollar_Code "The Billion Dollar Code")* *[The Internship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internship "The Internship")* *[Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_on_Google_Earth_is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F "Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?")* |
| Other | "[Attention Is All You Need](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need "Attention Is All You Need")" [elgooG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElgooG "ElgooG") [Generative pre-trained transformer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer "Generative pre-trained transformer") "[Me at the zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo "Me at the zoo")" [Predictions of the end](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Google "Predictions of the end of Google") [Relationship with Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia "Relationship between Google and Wikipedia") "[Reunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion_\(advertisement\) "Reunion (advertisement)")" [Robot Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Constitution "Robot Constitution") |
| *Italics* denote [discontinued products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services "List of Google products").  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google "Category:Google")  [Outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Google "Outline of Google") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alphabet_Inc. "Template:Alphabet Inc.") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alphabet_Inc. "Template talk:Alphabet Inc.") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alphabet_Inc. "Special:EditPage/Template:Alphabet Inc.")[Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") | |
|---|---|
| Subsidiaries | |
| | |
| Current | Access [Google Fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber "Google Fiber") [Calico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_\(company\) "Calico (company)") [CapitalG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapitalG "CapitalG") [Google]() [DeepMind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind "Google DeepMind") [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") [Firebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase "Firebase") [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit") [Tenor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_\(website\) "Tenor (website)") [Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [GV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GV_\(company\) "GV (company)") [Isomorphic Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic_Labs "Isomorphic Labs") [Verily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verily "Verily") [Baseline Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_Study "Baseline Study") [X Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Development "X Development") [Waymo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo "Waymo") [Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Aviation "Wing Aviation") |
| Former | [Boston Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics "Boston Dynamics") [Chronicle Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_Security "Chronicle Security") [Jigsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_\(company\) "Jigsaw (company)") [Loon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon_LLC "Loon LLC") [Makani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makani_\(company\) "Makani (company)") [Meka Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka_Robotics "Meka Robotics") [Nest Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest") [Sidewalk Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs "Sidewalk Labs") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk_Toronto "Sidewalk Toronto") [Vicarious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_\(company\) "Vicarious (company)") |
| People | |
| | |
| Executives | |
| | |
| Current | [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") ([CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer")) [Ruth Porat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Porat "Ruth Porat") (president and [CIO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_investment_officer "Chief investment officer")) [Anat Ashkenazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat_Ashkenazi "Anat Ashkenazi") ([CFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer")) |
| Former | [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") ([CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer")) [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") ([President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_\(corporate_title\) "President (corporate title)")) [David Drummond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Drummond_\(businessman\) "David Drummond (businessman)") ([CLO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_legal_officer "Chief legal officer")) |
| Board of directors | |
| | |
| Current | [Frances Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold "Frances Arnold") [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") [R. Martin Chavez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Martin_Chavez "R. Martin Chavez") [John Doerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr "John Doerr") [John L. Hennessy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy "John L. Hennessy") [Ann Mather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Mather "Ann Mather") [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") [Ram Shriram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram "Ram Shriram") [Roger W. Ferguson Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_W._Ferguson_Jr. "Roger W. Ferguson Jr.") |
| Former | [Diane Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Greene "Diane Greene") [Alan Mulally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mulally "Alan Mulally") [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") |
| Others | [Andrew Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Conrad "Andrew Conrad") [Tony Fadell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fadell "Tony Fadell") [Arthur D. Levinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson "Arthur D. Levinson") [David Krane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Krane "David Krane") [Astro Teller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Teller "Astro Teller") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alphabet_Inc. "Category:Alphabet Inc.")  [Companies portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies "Portal:Companies") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg) [Internet portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet "Portal:Internet") | |
| Links to related articles | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Open_Handset_Alliance_Members "Template:Open Handset Alliance Members") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Open_Handset_Alliance_Members "Template talk:Open Handset Alliance Members") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Open_Handset_Alliance_Members "Special:EditPage/Template:Open Handset Alliance Members")[Open Handset Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance "Open Handset Alliance") | |
| [Mobile operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator "Mobile network operator") | [Bouygues Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouygues_Telecom "Bouygues Telecom") [China Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobile "China Mobile") [China Telecommunications Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Telecommunications_Corporation "China Telecommunications Corporation") [China Unicom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Unicom "China Unicom") [Gruppo TIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_TIM "Gruppo TIM") [KDDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDDI "KDDI") [Nepal Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Telecom "Nepal Telecom") [NTT Docomo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_Docomo "NTT Docomo") [SoftBank Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Group "SoftBank Group") [Deutsche Telekom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom "Deutsche Telekom") [Telefónica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica "Telefónica") [Telus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telus_Communications "Telus Communications") [Vodafone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone "Vodafone") |
| [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software "Software") companies | [Access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_\(company\) "Access (company)") [Ascender Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascender_Corporation "Ascender Corporation") [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") [Google]() [Myriad Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriad_Group "Myriad Group") [Nuance Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuance_Communications "Nuance Communications") [NXP Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors "NXP Semiconductors") [Omron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omron "Omron") [PacketVideo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PacketVideo "PacketVideo") SVOX [VisualOn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisualOn "VisualOn") |
| [Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor "Semiconductor") companies | [AKM Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKM_Semiconductor "AKM Semiconductor") [Arm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_\(company\) "Arm (company)") [Audience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_\(company\) "Audience (company)") [Broadcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation "Broadcom Corporation") [CSR plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR_plc "CSR plc") (joined as [SiRF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRF "SiRF")) [Cypress Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor "Cypress Semiconductor") [Freescale Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor "Freescale Semiconductor") [Gemalto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemalto "Gemalto") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Marvell Technology Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group "Marvell Technology Group") [MediaTek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaTek "MediaTek") [MIPS Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_Technologies "MIPS Technologies") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm") [Qualcomm Atheros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Atheros "Qualcomm Atheros") [Renesas Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics "Renesas Electronics") [ST-Ericsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST-Ericsson "ST-Ericsson") (joined as [Ericsson Mobile Platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson_Mobile_Platforms "Ericsson Mobile Platforms")) [Synaptics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptics "Synaptics") [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments") |
| [Handset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone") makers | [Acer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_Inc "Acer Inc") [Alcatel Mobile Phones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile_Phones "Alcatel Mobile Phones") [Asus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus "Asus") [Chaudhary Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhary_Group "Chaudhary Group") (with association of [LG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG "LG")) [CCI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compal_Electronics "Compal Electronics") [Dell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell "Dell") [Foxconn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn "Foxconn") [Garmin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin "Garmin") [HTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC "HTC") [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei "Huawei") (banned 2019) [Kyocera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera "Kyocera") [Lenovo Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo "Lenovo") [LG Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronics "LG Electronics") [Motorola Mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility "Motorola Mobility") [NEC Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC "NEC") [Samsung Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics "Samsung Electronics") [Sharp Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation "Sharp Corporation") [Sony Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile "Sony Mobile") [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") [ZTE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTE "ZTE") |
| [Commercialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing "Marketing") companies | [Accenture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenture "Accenture") [Borqs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borqs "Borqs") [Sasken Communication Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasken_Communication_Technologies "Sasken Communication Technologies") [Teleca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleca "Teleca") [The Astonishing Tribe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astonishing_Tribe "The Astonishing Tribe") [Wind River Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systems "Wind River Systems") [Wipro Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipro_Technologies "Wipro Technologies") |
| See also | [Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\) "Android (operating system)") [Dalvik virtual machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_\(software\) "Dalvik (software)") [Google Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus "Google Nexus") [T-Mobile G1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream "HTC Dream") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Google_Lunar_X_Prize "Template:Google Lunar X Prize") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Google_Lunar_X_Prize "Template talk:Google Lunar X Prize") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_Lunar_X_Prize "Special:EditPage/Template:Google Lunar X Prize")[Google Lunar X Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize "Google Lunar X Prize") | |
| Organizers | [Google]() [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") [X Prize Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation "X Prize Foundation") [Peter Diamandis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Diamandis "Peter Diamandis") |
| Finalist teams | [Hakuto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto "Hakuto") [Moon Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Express "Moon Express") [SpaceIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceIL "SpaceIL") [Synergy Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy_Moon "Synergy Moon") [TeamIndus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeamIndus "TeamIndus") |
| Withdrawn teams | Advaeros [AngelicvM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_AngelicvM "Team AngelicvM") [ARCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCA_Space_Corporation "ARCA Space Corporation") [Astrobotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology "Astrobotic Technology") [Barcelona Moon Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Moon_Team "Barcelona Moon Team") C-Base Open Moon [Euroluna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroluna "Euroluna") [FREDNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_FREDNET "Team FREDNET") [Independence-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence-X_Aerospace "Independence-X Aerospace") JURBAN LunaTrex [Micro-Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-Space "Micro-Space") Mystical Moon Next Giant Leap [Odyssey Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_Moon "Odyssey Moon") Omega Envoy [Part-Time Scientists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTScientists "PTScientists") [Penn State Lunar Lion Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Lunar_Lion_Team "Penn State Lunar Lion Team") [Team Puli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puli_Space_Technologies "Puli Space Technologies") Quantum3 [Rocket City Space Pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_City_Space_Pioneers "Rocket City Space Pioneers") SCSG [Selenokhod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenokhod "Selenokhod") [SpaceMETA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceMETA "SpaceMETA") STELLAR Team Italia Team Phoenicia Team Plan B Team SELENE |
| Spacecraft | [ALINA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTScientists "PTScientists") (Part-Time Scientists) *[Beresheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet "Beresheet")* (SpaceIL) [HHK-1 / ECA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeamIndus "TeamIndus") (TeamIndus) [MX-1E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX-1E "MX-1E") (Moon Express) [Peregrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotic "Astrobotic") (Astrobotic) [SORATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto "Hakuto") (Hakuto) [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy_Moon "Synergy Moon") (Synergy Moon) [*Unity*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_AngelicvM "Team AngelicvM") (AngelicvM) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies "Template:Major mobile device companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Major_mobile_device_companies "Template talk:Major mobile device companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:Major mobile device companies")Major [mobile device](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device "Mobile device") companies | |
| Companies with an annual revenue of over US\$3 billion | |
| [Advan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advan_\(brand\) "Advan (brand)") [Alba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_\(brand\) "Alba (brand)") [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Asus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus "Asus") [BlackBerry Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited "BlackBerry Limited") [BLU Products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU_Products "BLU Products") [Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_\(brand\) "Bush (brand)") [Dell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell "Dell") [Foxconn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn "Foxconn") [Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation "Sharp Corporation") [InFocus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InFocus "InFocus") [Nokia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia "Nokia") [Fujitsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu "Fujitsu") [Gionee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gionee "Gionee") [Google]() ([Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit")) [Haier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haier "Haier") [Hisense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisense "Hisense") [Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_\(brand\) "Honor (brand)") [HTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC "HTC") [HP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc.") [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei "Huawei") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Kyocera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera "Kyocera") [Lenovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo "Lenovo") [Motorola Mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility "Motorola Mobility") [LG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronics "LG Electronics") [Meizu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meizu "Meizu") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Lumia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Lumia "Microsoft Lumia") [HMD Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMD_Global "HMD Global") [Nokia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia "Nokia") [Nubia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia_Technology "Nubia Technology") [Onyx Boox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_Boox "Onyx Boox") [Oppo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppo "Oppo") [OnePlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnePlus "OnePlus") [Realme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realme "Realme") [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony "Sony") [TCL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Technology "TCL Technology") [Alcatel Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile "Alcatel Mobile") [BlackBerry Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Mobile "BlackBerry Mobile") [RCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Corporation "RCA Corporation") [Palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc. "Palm, Inc.") [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") [Transsion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsion "Transsion") [Tecno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecno_Mobile "Tecno Mobile") [Infinix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinix_Mobile "Infinix Mobile") [Itel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itel_Mobile "Itel Mobile") [Tinno Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinno_Mobile "Tinno Mobile") [Wiko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiko "Wiko") [True](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Corporation "True Corporation") [Vaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaio "Vaio") [VinSmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinSmart "VinSmart") [Vivo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo_\(technology_company\) "Vivo (technology company)") [iQOO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQOO "IQOO") [Xiaomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi "Xiaomi") [Redmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmi "Redmi") [POCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_\(company\) "POCO (company)") [ZTE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTE "ZTE") Zoostorm | |
| See also [Largest IT companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue "List of largest technology companies by revenue") [Category:Mobile technology companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_technology_companies "Category:Mobile technology companies") [Category:Mobile phone manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers "Category:Mobile phone manufacturers") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Major_Internet_companies "Template:Major Internet companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Major_Internet_companies "Template talk:Major Internet companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_Internet_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:Major Internet companies")Major [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet "Internet") companies | |
| Companies with an annual revenue of over US\$4 billion | |
| [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Internet_companies "List of largest Internet companies") | [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [Alibaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group") [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") [Google]() [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Baidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu "Baidu") [IAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAC_\(company\) "IAC (company)") [Kakao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao "Kakao") [Meituan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meituan "Meituan") [Meta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Naver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Corporation "Naver Corporation") [NetEase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetEase "NetEase") [Tencent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent "Tencent") [Yandex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandex "Yandex") |
| Cloud computing | [Akamai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") [Alibaba Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud "Alibaba Cloud") [AWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [Apple iCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud "ICloud") [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform") [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Cloud "IBM Cloud") [Microsoft Azure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure "Microsoft Azure") [Oracle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation") [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce "Salesforce") [SAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP "SAP") [ServiceNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ServiceNow "ServiceNow") |
| E-commerce | [Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Booking Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking_Holdings "Booking Holdings") [Coupang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupang "Coupang") [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") [Expedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia "Expedia") [Flipkart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipkart "Flipkart") [Groupon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupon "Groupon") [JD.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD.com "JD.com") [Lazada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazada_Group "Lazada Group") [Mercado Libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercado_Libre "Mercado Libre") [PDD Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo "Pinduoduo") [Rakuten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuten "Rakuten") [Shopee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopee "Shopee") [Shopify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopify "Shopify") [Suning.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suning.com "Suning.com") [Trip.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip.com "Trip.com") [Uber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber "Uber") [Wayfair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayfair "Wayfair") [Zalando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalando "Zalando") |
| Media | [Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") [BuzzFeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed "BuzzFeed") [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance") [Disney Streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Streaming "Disney Streaming") [Kuaishou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaishou "Kuaishou") [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix,_Inc. "Netflix, Inc.") [Paramount Streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Streaming "Paramount Streaming") [Spotify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify "Spotify") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery "Warner Bros. Discovery") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Major_software_companies "Template:Major software companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Major_software_companies "Template talk:Major software companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_software_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:Major software companies")Major [software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software "Software") companies | |
| Companies with annual software revenue of over US\$3 billion | |
| [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [Amadeus IT Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_IT_Group "Amadeus IT Group") [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Autodesk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") [Citrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrix_Systems "Citrix Systems") [FIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_\(company\) "FIS (company)") [Google]() [HPE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise "Hewlett Packard Enterprise") [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM") [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") [Infor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infor "Infor") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Oracle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation") [Quest Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Software "Quest Software") [Sage Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Group "Sage Group") [SAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP "SAP") [SAS Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Institute "SAS Institute") [Tencent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent "Tencent") | |
| See also [Largest IT companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue "List of largest technology companies by revenue") [Largest software companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies "List of the largest software companies") [Category:Software companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_companies "Category:Software companies") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities "Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities "Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities "Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities")Laureates of the [Prince or Princess of Asturias Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards "Princess of Asturias Awards") for Communication and Humanities | |
| Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities | |
| 1981: [María Zambrano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano "María Zambrano") 1982: [Mario Bunge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Bunge "Mario Bunge") 1983: *[El País](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs "El País")* newspaper 1984: [Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_S%C3%A1nchez-Albornoz "Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz") 1985: [José Ferrater Mora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora "José Ferrater Mora") 1986: [Grupo Globo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Globo "Grupo Globo") 1987: *[El Espectador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espectador "El Espectador")* and *[El Tiempo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_\(Colombia\) "El Tiempo (Colombia)")* newspapers 1988: [Horacio Sáenz Guerrero](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horacio_S%C3%A1enz_Guerrero&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horacio Sáenz Guerrero (page does not exist)") 1989: [Pedro Laín Entralgo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo "Pedro Laín Entralgo") and [Fondo de Cultura Económica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica "Fondo de Cultura Económica") 1990: [José Simeón Cañas Central American University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_University,_San_Salvador "Central American University, San Salvador") 1991: [Luis María Anson](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Anson&action=edit&redlink=1 "Luis María Anson (page does not exist)") 1992: [Emilio García Gómez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Garc%C3%ADa_G%C3%B3mez "Emilio García Gómez") 1993: *[Vuelta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_\(magazine\) "Vuelta (magazine)")* magazine by Octavio Paz 1994: Spanish [Missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission "Christian mission") in Rwanda and Burundi 1995: [EFE Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFE "EFE") and [José Luis López Aranguren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_L%C3%B3pez_Aranguren "José Luis López Aranguren") 1996: [Indro Montanelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indro_Montanelli "Indro Montanelli") and [Julián Marías](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Mar%C3%ADas "Julián Marías") 1997: [Václav Havel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel "Václav Havel") and [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN") 1998: [Reinhard Mohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Mohn "Reinhard Mohn") 1999: [Caro and Cuervo Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro_and_Cuervo_Institute "Caro and Cuervo Institute") 2000: [Umberto Eco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco "Umberto Eco") 2001: [George Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steiner "George Steiner") 2002: [Hans Magnus Enzensberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger "Hans Magnus Enzensberger") 2003: [Ryszard Kapuściński](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski "Ryszard Kapuściński") and [Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez "Gustavo Gutiérrez") 2004: [Jean Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Daniel "Jean Daniel") 2005: [Alliance française](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise "Alliance française"), [Società Dante Alighieri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society "Dante Alighieri Society"), [British Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council "British Council"), [Goethe-Institut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe-Institut "Goethe-Institut"), [Instituto Cervantes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes "Instituto Cervantes") and [Instituto Camões](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es "Instituto Camões") 2006: [National Geographic Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society") 2007: *[Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_\(journal\) "Nature (journal)")* and *[Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_\(journal\) "Science (journal)")* journals 2008: [Google]() 2009: [National Autonomous University of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico "National Autonomous University of Mexico") 2010: [Alain Touraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Touraine "Alain Touraine") and [Zygmunt Bauman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman "Zygmunt Bauman") 2011: [Royal Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society "Royal Society") 2012: [Shigeru Miyamoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto "Shigeru Miyamoto") 2013: [Annie Leibovitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz "Annie Leibovitz") 2014: [Quino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quino "Quino") | |
| Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities | |
| 2015: [Emilio Lledó Íñigo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Lled%C3%B3 "Emilio Lledó") 2016: [James Nachtwey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nachtwey "James Nachtwey") 2017: [Les Luthiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Luthiers "Les Luthiers") 2018: [Alma Guillermoprieto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Guillermoprieto "Alma Guillermoprieto") 2019: [Museo del Prado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado "Museo del Prado") 2020: [Guadalajara International Book Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Book_Fair "Guadalajara International Book Fair") and [Hay Festival of Literature & Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Festival "Hay Festival") 2021: [Gloria Steinem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem "Gloria Steinem") 2022: [Adam Michnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Michnik "Adam Michnik") 2023: [Nuccio Ordine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuccio_Ordine "Nuccio Ordine") 2024: [Marjane Satrapi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi "Marjane Satrapi") 2025: [Byung-Chul Han](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han "Byung-Chul Han") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States "Template:Electronics industry in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Electronics industry in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics industry in the United States")[Electronics industry in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States "Electronics industry in the United States") | |
| Companies | |
| | |
| [Home appliances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance "Home appliance") | [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Bose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Corporation "Bose Corporation") [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") [Corsair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsair_Gaming "Corsair Gaming") [Dell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell "Dell") [Element Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_Electronics "Element Electronics") [Emerson Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Radio "Emerson Radio") [Harman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harman_International "Harman International") [Honeywell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell "Honeywell") [HP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc.") [InFocus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InFocus "InFocus") [Jensen Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen_Electronics "Jensen Electronics") [Kenmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenmore_\(brand\) "Kenmore (brand)") [Kingston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Technology "Kingston Technology") [Kimball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimball_International "Kimball International") [Koss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koss_Corporation "Koss Corporation") [Lexmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexmark "Lexmark") [Logitech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logitech "Logitech") [Magnavox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox "Magnavox") [Marantz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marantz "Marantz") [Memorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorex "Memorex") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Monster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Cable "Monster Cable") [Plantronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantronics "Plantronics") [Planar Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_Systems "Planar Systems") [Razer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razer_Inc. "Razer Inc.") [Sandisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandisk "Sandisk") [Seagate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate_Technology "Seagate Technology") [Seiki Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiki_Digital "Seiki Digital") [Skullcandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skullcandy "Skullcandy") [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America "Sony Corporation of America") [Turtle Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Beach_Corporation "Turtle Beach Corporation") [ViewSonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViewSonic "ViewSonic") [Vizio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizio "Vizio") [Western Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital "Western Digital") [Westinghouse Electric Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company "Westinghouse Electric Company") [Westinghouse Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electronics "Westinghouse Electronics") [Xerox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox "Xerox") |
| [Electronic components](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component "Electronic component") | [3M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M "3M") [Achronix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achronix "Achronix") [Analog Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices "Analog Devices") [Maxim Integrated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Integrated "Maxim Integrated") [Amphenol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphenol "Amphenol") [Applied Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Materials "Applied Materials") [Altera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera "Altera") [AVX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVX_Corporation "AVX Corporation") [Cirque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_Corporation "Cirque Corporation") [Diodes Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodes_Incorporated "Diodes Incorporated") [Flex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_Ltd. "Flex Ltd.") [Jabil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabil "Jabil") [KEMET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEMET_Corporation "KEMET Corporation") [Maxwell Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Technologies "Maxwell Technologies") [Sanmina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanmina_Corporation "Sanmina Corporation") [Vishay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishay_Intertechnology "Vishay Intertechnology") |
| [Semiconductor devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device "Semiconductor device") | [AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") [Ampere Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere_Computing "Ampere Computing") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_silicon "Apple silicon") [Broadcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom "Broadcom") [Cypress Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor "Cypress Semiconductor") [GlobalFoundries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalFoundries "GlobalFoundries") [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Interlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlink_Electronics "Interlink Electronics") [KLA Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLA_Corporation "KLA Corporation") [Lam Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Research "Lam Research") [Lattice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_Semiconductor "Lattice Semiconductor") [Marvell Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell_Technology "Marvell Technology") [Microchip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology "Microchip Technology") ([Atmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel "Atmel")) [Micron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology "Micron Technology") [NetApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetApp "NetApp") [Nimbus Data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Data "Nimbus Data") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [Mellanox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellanox_Technologies "Mellanox Technologies") [NXP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors "NXP Semiconductors") [onsemi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsemi "Onsemi") [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm") [Silicon Image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Image "Silicon Image") [Synaptics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptics "Synaptics") [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments") [Xilinx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx "Xilinx") [Zilog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog "Zilog") |
| [Mobile devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device "Mobile device") | [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [BLU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU_Products "BLU Products") [Google]() [Lenovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo "Lenovo") ([Motorola Mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility "Motorola Mobility")) |
| Other | [Cadence Design Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems "Cadence Design Systems") [Cray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray "Cray") [GE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric") [RCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_\(trademark\) "RCA (trademark)") [Oracle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation") [Synopsys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsys "Synopsys") |
| Defunct | [Actel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actel "Actel") [Atari Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Corporation "Atari Corporation") [Commodore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_International "Commodore International") [Compaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq "Compaq") [Fairchild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor "Fairchild Semiconductor") [Freescale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor "Freescale Semiconductor") [HGST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGST "HGST") [LSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSI_Corporation "LSI Corporation") [Microsemi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsemi "Microsemi") [National Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Semiconductor "National Semiconductor") [Palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc. "Palm, Inc.") [Philco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philco "Philco") [RCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Corporation "RCA Corporation") [Signetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signetics "Signetics") [Silicon Graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics "Silicon Graphics") [Solectron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solectron "Solectron") [Tabula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula,_Inc. "Tabula, Inc.") [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") [Zenith Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Electronics "Zenith Electronics") |
[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):
-  [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies "Portal:Companies")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg) [Computer programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming "Portal:Computer programming")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg) [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet "Portal:Internet")
-  [Telecommunication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication "Portal:Telecommunication")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png) [Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics "Portal:Electronics")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg) [Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology "Portal:Technology")
-  [San Francisco Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area "Portal:San Francisco Bay Area")
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000406356729) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/124291214) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/10122609-3) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00095539) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15026135n) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15026135n) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050213003&CON_LNG=ENG) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4092379) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/75knrlmr1lk1wsg) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007311977205171) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614824906706) |
| Artists | [Museum of Modern Art](https://www.moma.org/artists/33342) |
| People | [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1521844) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/110886259) [Te Papa (New Zealand)](https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/46293) [ELMCIP](https://elmcip.net/node/11258) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/f8acfe5c-7696-45d1-8ee2-edd5781b4452) |
Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&oldid=1346698241>"
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):
- [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google "Category:Google")
- [1998 establishments in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1998_establishments_in_California "Category:1998 establishments in California")
- [2004 initial public offerings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2004_initial_public_offerings "Category:2004 initial public offerings")
- [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alphabet_Inc. "Category:Alphabet Inc.")
- [Artificial intelligence companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Artificial_intelligence_companies "Category:Artificial intelligence companies")
- [American corporate subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_corporate_subsidiaries "Category:American corporate subsidiaries")
- [Brands that became generic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brands_that_became_generic "Category:Brands that became generic")
- [Cloud computing providers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cloud_computing_providers "Category:Cloud computing providers")
- [Companies based in Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Mountain_View,_California "Category:Companies based in Mountain View, California")
- [Companies in the PRISM network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_in_the_PRISM_network "Category:Companies in the PRISM network")
- [Companies involved in the Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_involved_in_the_Gaza_war "Category:Companies involved in the Gaza war")
- [Computer companies established in 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_established_in_1998 "Category:Computer companies established in 1998")
- [Computer companies of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_of_the_United_States "Category:Computer companies of the United States")
- [Computer hardware companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_hardware_companies "Category:Computer hardware companies")
- [Computer systems companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_systems_companies "Category:Computer systems companies")
- [Defense companies of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Defense_companies_of_the_United_States "Category:Defense companies of the United States")
- [Internet properties established in 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_properties_established_in_1998 "Category:Internet properties established in 1998")
- [Mobile phone manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers "Category:Mobile phone manufacturers")
- [Multinational companies headquartered in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_the_United_States "Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States")
- [Software companies based in Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_companies_based_in_Mountain_View,_California "Category:Software companies based in Mountain View, California")
- [Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_companies_based_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "Category:Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area")
- [Technology companies established in 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_companies_established_in_1998 "Category:Technology companies established in 1998")
- [University spin-offs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:University_spin-offs "Category:University spin-offs")
- [Virtual reality companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_companies "Category:Virtual reality companies")
- [Web portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Web_portals "Category:Web portals")
- [Web service providers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Web_service_providers "Category:Web service providers")
Hidden categories:
- [Pages using the Phonos extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension "Category:Pages using the Phonos extension")
- [Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments "Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments")
- [CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")
- [All articles with dead external links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links "Category:All articles with dead external links")
- [Articles with dead external links from February 2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2026 "Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2026")
- [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages "Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages")
- [Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism "Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism")
- [Use American English from July 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2022 "Category:Use American English from July 2022")
- [All Wikipedia articles written in American English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English "Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English")
- [Use mdy dates from April 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2025 "Category:Use mdy dates from April 2025")
- [Infobox network service provider ASN same as Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Infobox_network_service_provider_ASN_same_as_Wikidata "Category:Infobox network service provider ASN same as Wikidata")
- [Pages including recorded pronunciations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations "Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations")
- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_August_2015 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015")
- [All articles containing potentially dated statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements "Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements")
- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_1998 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998")
- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2020 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020")
- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020")
- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_March_2019 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2019")
- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007")
- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_February_2009 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2009")
- [Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces via Module:Annotated link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_with_no_spaces_via_Module:Annotated_link "Category:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces via Module:Annotated link")
- [Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata "Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata")
- [Pages using Sister project links with default search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search "Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search")
- This page was last edited on 2 April 2026, at 09:30 (UTC).
- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License "Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use") and [Privacy Policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https://wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization.
- [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy)
- [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About)
- [Disclaimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)
- [Contact Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us)
- [Legal & safety contacts](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)
- [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)
- [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org/)
- [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org)
- [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement)
- [Mobile view](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)
- [](https://www.wikimedia.org/)
- [](https://www.mediawiki.org/)
Search
Toggle the table of contents
Google
186 languages
[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google) |
| Readable Markdown | This article is about the company. For the search engine provided by the company, see [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search"). For the parent company with the stock tickers GOOG and GOOGL, see [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") For the number, see [Googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol"). For other uses, see [Google (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(disambiguation\) "Google (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_2015_logo.svg "Each letter of \"Google\" is colored (from left to right) in blue, red, yellow, blue, green, and red.")The [Google logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo "Google logo") used since 2015 | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplex_HQ_\(cropped\).jpg)Google's headquarters, the [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex") | |
| Formerly | Google Inc. (1998–2017) |
| Company type | [Subsidiary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") |
| [Traded as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") | [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): GOOGL [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): GOOG |
| Industry | [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet "Internet") [Cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing") [Computer software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software "Computer software") [Computer hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware "Computer hardware") [Artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") [Advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") |
| Founded | September 4, 1998; 27 years ago[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-5) in [Menlo Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"), [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), United States |
| Founders | [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") |
| Headquarters | [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex"), [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California"), U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | [John L. Hennessy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy "John L. Hennessy") ([Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_\(officer\) "Chair (officer)")) [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") ([CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer")) [Ruth Porat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Porat "Ruth Porat") ([President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_\(corporate_title\) "President (corporate title)") and [CIO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_investment_officer "Chief investment officer")) [Anat Ashkenazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat_Ashkenazi "Anat Ashkenazi") ([CFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer")) |
| Products | [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") [Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\) "Android (operating system)") [Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest") [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel") [Workspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace "Google Workspace") [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit") [Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)") [Full list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products") |
| Number of employees | 187,000 (2022) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95?uselang=en#P1128 "Edit this on Wikidata") |
| [Parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_company "Parent company") | [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") |
| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") | [Adscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adscape "Adscape") [Cameyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameyo "Cameyo") [Charleston Road Registry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Road_Registry "Charleston Road Registry") [Endoxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoxon "Endoxon") [FeedBurner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeedBurner "FeedBurner") [ImageAmerica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageAmerica "ImageAmerica") [Kaltix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltix "Kaltix") [Nest Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest") [reCAPTCHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCAPTCHA "ReCAPTCHA") [X Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Development "X Development") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [ZipDash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZipDash "ZipDash") |
| [ASN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_System_Number "Autonomous System Number") | [15169](https://bgp.tools/as/15169) |
| Website | [about.google](https://about.google/) |
| **Footnotes / references** [\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-8)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Wakabayashi2019-9) | |
**Google LLC** (, [*GOO\-gəl*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key")) is an American multinational technology corporation focused on [information technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology"), [online advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising"), [search engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine "Search engine") technology, [email](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email"), [cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing"), software, [quantum computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing "Quantum computing"), [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce"), consumer electronics, and [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI).[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-10) It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" by the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC"),[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-11) and is one of the world's [most valuable brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_brands "List of most valuable brands").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-13)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-14) Google's parent company [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") has been described as a [Big Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech "Big Tech") company.
Google was founded in 1998 by American computer scientists [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"). Together, they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through [super-voting stock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-voting_stock "Super-voting stock"). The company went [public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") via an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a [holding company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company") for Alphabet's internet properties and interests. [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") was appointed CEO of Google in 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. In 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-15)
After the success of its original service, [Google Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search "Google Search") (often known simply as "Google"), the company has rapidly grown to offer [a multitude of products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products "List of Google products") and [services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_services "List of Google services"). These products address a wide range of use cases, including email ([Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail")), navigation and mapping ([Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze"), [Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps"), and [Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth")), cloud computing ([Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform")), [web navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_navigation "Web navigation") ([Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome")), video sharing ([YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")), productivity ([Workspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Workspace "Google Workspace")), [operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system") ([Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\) "Android (operating system)") and [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS")), [cloud storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage "Cloud storage") ([Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive "Google Drive")), language translation ([Translate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate "Google Translate")), photo storage ([Photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Photos "Google Photos")), [videotelephony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony "Videotelephony") ([Meet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Meet "Google Meet")), [smart home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation "Home automation") ([Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest "Google Nest")), [smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone") ([Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel")), [wearable technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology "Wearable technology") ([Pixel Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Watch "Pixel Watch") and [Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit")), music streaming ([YouTube Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Music "YouTube Music")), video on demand ([YouTube TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_TV "YouTube TV")), AI ([Google Assistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant "Google Assistant") and [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)")), [machine learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning "Machine learning") APIs ([TensorFlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow "TensorFlow")), AI chips ([TPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit "Tensor Processing Unit")), and more. Many of these products and services are dominant in their respective industries, as is Google Search. [Discontinued Google products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services "List of Google products") include [gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game "Video game") ([Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia")),[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-16) [Glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass "Google Glass"), [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+"), [Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Reader "Google Reader"), [Play Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Music "Google Play Music"), [Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus "Google Nexus"), [Hangouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hangouts "Google Hangouts"), and [Inbox by Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail "Inbox by Gmail").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-18) Google's other ventures outside of internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing ([Willow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_processor "Willow processor"), [Google Quantum AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Quantum_AI "Google Quantum AI")), [self-driving cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") ([Waymo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo "Waymo")), and [transformer models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_\(deep_learning_architecture\) "Transformer (deep learning architecture)") ([Google DeepMind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind "Google DeepMind")).[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-19)
Google Search and YouTube are the two [most-visited websites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites "List of most-visited websites") worldwide, followed by [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), [Instagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram "Instagram"), and [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT"). Google is the largest provider of search engines, mapping and navigation applications, [email services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailbox_provider "Mailbox provider"), [office suites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_software#Office_suite "Productivity software"), [online video platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_video_platform "Online video platform"), photo and [cloud storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage "Cloud storage"), [mobile operating systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system "Mobile operating system"), [web browsers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser"), machine learning frameworks, and AI [virtual assistants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant") in the world as measured by market share.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-20) Google was ranked the second most valuable brand by *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* as of January 2022,[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-21) and fourth by Interbrand as of February 2022.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-22) [The company has received criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google "Criticism of Google") involving issues such as [privacy concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Google "Privacy concerns with Google"), [tax avoidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_avoidance_by_Google "Tax avoidance by Google"), [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google "Censorship by Google"), [search neutrality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutrality "Search neutrality"), [antitrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law#United_States_antitrust "Competition law"), and abuse of its [monopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly "Monopoly") position.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-23)
History
Early years
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_page_brin.jpg)
[Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") [Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") in 2003
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") and [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") while they were both [PhD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD "PhD") students at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), United States.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Coronabook-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-26) The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", [Scott Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hassan "Scott Hassan"), the original lead programmer who wrote much of the code for the original Google Search engine, but he left before Google was officially founded as a company;[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-vanityfair-27)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-28) Hassan went on to pursue a career in [robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics "Robotics") and founded the company [Willow Garage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Garage "Willow Garage") in 2006.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-30)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg)
Then chairman and CEO [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") (left) with co-founders [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") (center) and [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (right) in 2008
While conventional [search engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines "Search engines") ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites. They called this algorithm [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank"); it determined a website's [relevance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_\(information_retrieval\) "Relevance (information retrieval)") by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-32) Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-vanityfair-27) Page and Brin would also use their friend [Susan Wojcicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki "Susan Wojcicki")'s garage as their office when the search engine was set up in 1998.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-33)
Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-34)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-35) Hassan, as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google. [Rajeev Motwani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Motwani "Rajeev Motwani") and [Terry Winograd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd "Terry Winograd") later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. [Héctor García-Molina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina "Héctor García-Molina") and [Jeffrey Ullman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman "Jeffrey Ullman") were also cited as contributors to the project.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-originalpaper-36) PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for [RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu#History "Baidu"), developed by [Robin Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Li "Robin Li") in 1996, with Page's PageRank patent including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine [Baidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu "Baidu").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-37)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-38)
Eventually, they changed the name to *Google*; the name of the search engine was a misspelling of the word *[googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")*,[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Hanley,_Rachael-40) a very [large number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_number "Large number") written **10100** (1 followed by 100 zeros), picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-41) Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of \$100,000 from [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim"),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-howwestarted-24) co-founder of [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems"). This initial investment served as a motivation to incorporate the company to be able to use the funds.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-43) Page and Brin initially approached [David Cheriton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cheriton "David Cheriton") for advice because he had a nearby office in Stanford, and they knew he had startup experience, having recently sold the company he co-founded, Granite Systems, to [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") for \$220 million. David arranged a meeting with Page and Brin and his Granite co-founder [Andy Bechtolsheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim "Andy Bechtolsheim"). The meeting was set for 8 a.m. at the front porch of David's home in [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto "Palo Alto") and it had to be brief because Andy had another meeting at [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco"), where he now worked after the acquisition, at 9 a.m. Andy briefly tested a demo of the website, liked what he saw, and then went back to his car to grab the check. [David Cheriton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cheriton "David Cheriton") later also joined in with around \$200,000 investment.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-45)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google1998.png)
Google's original homepage had a simplistic design because the company founders had little experience in [HTML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML "HTML"), the [markup language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language "Markup language") used for designing web pages.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-46)
Google received money from two other [angel investors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_investor "Angel investor") in 1998, including [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") founder [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos"), and entrepreneur [Ram Shriram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram "Ram Shriram").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-endofworld-47) Page and Brin had first approached Shriram, who was a venture capitalist, for funding and counsel, and Shriram invested \$250,000 in Google in February 1998. Shriram knew [Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezos "Bezos") because Amazon had acquired Junglee, at which Shriram was the president. It was Shriram who told Bezos about Google. Bezos asked Shriram to meet Google's founders and they met six months after Shriram had made his investment when Bezos and his wife were on a vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google's initial funding round had already formally closed but Bezos' status as CEO of Amazon was enough to persuade Page and Brin to extend the round and accept his investment.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-49) Between these initial investors, friends, and family, Google raised around \$1,000,000, which is what allowed them to open up their original shop in [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_Inc-50) [Craig Silverstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Silverstein "Craig Silverstein"), a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-26)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-52)
After some additional small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-endofworld-47) a new \$25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-53) with major investors including the [venture capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital "Venture capital") firms [Kleiner Perkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins "Kleiner Perkins") and [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital").[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-43) Both firms were initially hesitant about investing jointly in Google, as each wanted to retain a larger percentage of control over the company to themselves. Page and Brin insisted on taking investments from both. Both venture companies finally agreed to investing jointly \$12.5 million each due to their belief in Google's great potential and through the mediation of earlier angel investors [Ron Conway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Conway "Ron Conway") and Shriram who had contacts in the venture companies.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-54) In 1998, Page and Brin proposed to sell Google to [Yahoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo "Yahoo") for \$1 million, but Yahoo refused.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-55) A more significant opportunity for Yahoo to acquire Google came in 2002. [Terry Semel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Semel "Terry Semel"), Yahoo's then-CEO, offered \$3 billion to purchase the company, but Page and Brin reportedly held firm on a \$5 billion valuation. After Yahoo refused to raise its offer, the deal fell through, a move that would later be considered a major strategic misstep for Yahoo.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-56)
Growth
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg)
Google's first production server[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-57)
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to [Palo Alto, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California"),[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-58) which is home to several prominent [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") technology start-ups.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-59) The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-60)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-26) To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-61) In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo! "Yahoo!"), one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing [Inktomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inktomi "Inktomi").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-63)
In 2001, Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and they agreed to hire [Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt") as the chairman and CEO of Google.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_Inc-50) Schmidt was proposed by [John Doerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr "John Doerr") from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Page and Brin would accept for several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the company. [Michael Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moritz "Michael Moritz") from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia's \$12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive officer, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Schmidt was not initially enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company's full potential had not yet been widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his responsibilities at [Novell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell "Novell") where he was CEO. As part of him joining, Schmidt agreed to buy \$1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to show his commitment and to provide funds Google needed.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-64)
In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from [Silicon Graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics "Silicon Graphics"), at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in [Mountain View, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-sgibldg-65) The complex became known as the [Googleplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex"), a play on the word [googolplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex "Googolplex"), the number one followed by a googol of zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for \$319 million.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-googleplexpurchase-66) By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "[google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_\(verb\) "Google (verb)")" to be added to the *[Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Collegiate_Dictionary "Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary")* and the *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")*, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-google_or_not-68) The first use of the verb on television appeared in an October 2002 episode of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-69)
Initial public offering
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Schmidt_at_the_37th_G8_Summit_in_Deauville_037.jpg)
[Eric Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt "Eric Schmidt"), CEO of Google from 2001 to 2011
On August 19, 2004, Google became a [public company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") via an initial public offering. At that time Page, Brin and Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-70) The company opened on the [NASDAQ National Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ_National_Market "NASDAQ National Market") under the five-letter ticker symbol GOOGL with an offering of 19,605,052 shares at a price of \$85 per share.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-IPO-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-GoogleAnnualReport2004-72) Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") and [Credit Suisse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse "Credit Suisse"), underwriters for the deal.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-74) The sale of \$1.67 billion gave Google a [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") of more than \$23 billion.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-washpost-75)
On October 9, 2006, Google acquired [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") for \$1.65 billion in Google stock,[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-77)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-78)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-79) On July 20, 2007, Google bids \$4.6 billion for the wireless-spectrum auction by the [FCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC "FCC").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-80) On March 11, 2008, Google acquired [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") for \$3.1 billion, transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-81)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-82) By 2011, Google was handling approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle this workload, Google built 11 [data centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_centers "Data centers") around the world with several thousand servers in each. These data centers allowed Google to handle the ever-changing workload more efficiently.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_Inc-50)
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-83)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-84) In May 2012, Google acquired [Motorola Mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility "Motorola Mobility") for \$12.5 billion, in its largest acquisition to date.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-85)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-87) This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-88) mainly [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") and [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"),[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-89) and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-cnet-90)
2012 onwards
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google-Deep_Mind_headquarters_in_London,_6_Pancras_Square.jpg)
Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary DeepMind are located at 6 Pancras Square, London
In June 2013, Google acquired [Waze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze "Waze") for \$966 million.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-91) While Waze would remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and [Google Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps"), Google's own mapping service.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-92) Google announced the launch of a new company, called [Calico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_\(company\) "Calico (company)"), on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple Inc. chairman [Arthur Levinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson "Arthur D. Levinson"). In the official public statement, Page explained that the "health and well-being" company would focus on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-93)
On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire [DeepMind Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepMind_Technologies "DeepMind Technologies"), a privately held AI company from [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-94) Technology news website *[Recode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recode "Recode")* reported that the company was purchased for \$400 million, yet the source of the information was not disclosed. A Google spokesperson declined to comment on the price.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Helgren-_DeepMind-95)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Ribeiro-_DeepMind-96) The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google's recent growth in the AI and robotics community.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-97) In 2015, DeepMind's [AlphaGo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo "AlphaGo") became the first computer program to [defeat a top human pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol "AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol") at the game of Go. According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-98) 2014,[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-99) 2015,[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-100) and 2016, with a valuation of \$133 billion.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-101)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_CEO_of_Google,_Mr._Sundar_Pichai_calls_on_the_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi,_in_New_Delhi_on_December_17,_2015_\(1\).jpg)
Google CEO [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") with Indian prime minister [Narendra Modi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi")
On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a [conglomerate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_\(company\) "Conglomerate (company)") named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet's largest subsidiary and the [umbrella company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_company "Umbrella company") for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became [CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO "CEO") of Google, replacing Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-103)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-104) On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee [James Damore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Damore "James Damore") after he distributed a memo throughout the company that argued bias and "[Google's Ideological Echo Chamber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber")" clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-105) Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore of violating company policy by "advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace", and he was fired on the same day.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-106)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-107)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-108)
Between 2018 and 2019, [tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_worker_organization "Google worker organization") as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, [Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_\(search_engine\) "Dragonfly (search engine)"), a censored Chinese search engine, and [Project Maven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Maven "Project Maven"), a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-110) On October 25, 2018, *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* published the *exposé*, "How Google Protected [Andy Rubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin "Andy Rubin"), the 'Father of Android'". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-111) On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-112)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-113) CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-114) Later in 2019, some workers accused the company of retaliating against internal activists.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Verge_busting-110)
On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a [cloud gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_gaming "Cloud gaming") platform called [Google Stadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Stadia "Google Stadia").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-unveils-115) On June 3, 2019, the [U.S. Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice "U.S. Department of Justice") reported that it would investigate Google for [antitrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust "Antitrust") violations.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-116) This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the [search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine "Web search engine") and [search advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_advertising "Search advertising") markets.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-117) In December 2019, former [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [chief operating officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer "Chief operating officer") [Bill Ready](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ready "Bill Ready") became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with [Google Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_\(2018%E2%80%932022\) "Google Pay (2018–2022)").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-118) In April 2020, due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Google announced several cost-cutting measures. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-119) Most employees were also working from home due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") and the success of it even led to Google announcing that they would be permanently converting some of their jobs to work from home [\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-120)
The [2020 Google services outages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Google_services_outages "2020 Google services outages") disrupted Google services: one in August that affected [Google Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive "Google Drive") among others, another in November affecting [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"), and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-122)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-123) In 2021, the [Alphabet Workers Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Workers_Union "Alphabet Workers Union") was founded, composed mostly of Google employees.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-124) In January 2021, the [Australian Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government") proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-125) In March 2021, Google reportedly paid \$20 million for [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") ports on Google Stadia.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-126) Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") and [Take-Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two "Take-Two") to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-127) In April 2021, *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* reported that Google ran a years-long program called "Project Bernanke" that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing for ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-128) In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google's capability to sell targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the market harming publishers, advertisers, and consumers.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-129)
In 2022, Google began accepting requests for the removal of phone numbers, physical addresses and email addresses from its search results. It had previously accepted requests for removing confidential data only, such as Social Security numbers, bank account and credit card numbers, personal signatures, and medical records. Even with the new policy, Google may remove information from only certain but not all search queries. It would not remove content that is "broadly useful", such as news articles, or already part of the public record.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-130) In May 2022, Google announced that the company had acquired California based, MicroLED display technology development and manufacturing Start-up company Raxium. Raxium is set to join Google's Devices and Services team to aid in the development of micro-optics, monolithic integration, and system integration.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-d065-131)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-132) In December 2022, Google debuted OSV-Scanner,[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-134) a [Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_\(programming_language\) "Go (programming language)") tool for finding [security holes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_hole "Security hole") in [open source software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software "Open source software"), which pulls from the largest open source [vulnerability database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_database "Vulnerability database") of its kind to defend against [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_supply_chain "Software supply chain") attacks. Following the success of [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT") and concerns that Google was falling behind in the AI race, Google's senior management issued a "code red"[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-135) and a "directive that all of its most important products—those with more than a billion users—must incorporate generative AI within months".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-136) In March 2023, in direct response to the rapid rise of ChatGPT, Google released Bard (now [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)")), a [generative artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") [chatbot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot").[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-137)
In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data centers in Ohio. These centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster, will power up the company's tools, including AI technology. The said data hub will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing Google's total investment in Ohio to over \$2 billion.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-138) In August 2024, Google would lose a [lawsuit which started in 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2020\) "United States v. Google LLC (2020)") in lower court, as it was found that the company had an illegal monopoly over Internet search.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-139) D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit Mehta held that this monopoly was in violation of Section 2 of the [Sherman Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act "Sherman Act").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-140) In September 2024, the [Court of Justice of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union "Court of Justice of the European Union") (EU), based in Luxembourg, also found that Google held an illegal monopoly, in this case with regards to its shopping search, and could not avoid paying a €2.4 billion fine.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-eushoppingruling-141) The EU Court of Justice found that Google's treatment of rival shopping searches, which the court referred to as "discriminatory", was in violation of the [Digital Markets Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act "Digital Markets Act").[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-eushoppingruling-141) In October 2024, Google was fined by a local Russian court a symbolic 2.5 decillion dollars for allegedly blocking pro-Kremlin propaganda. No payment was made.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-142)
In November 2024, Google announced the establishment of a new AI hub in Saudi Arabia, aiming to support the Kingdom's economic growth and technological development as part of its Vision 2030 initiative. This AI hub is projected to contribute up to \$71 billion to Saudi Arabia's economy by advancing AI-driven solutions tailored to the region's specific needs and training local talent.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-143) The partnership between Google and Saudi Arabia includes collaboration with key stakeholders, such as the Public Investment Fund (PIF), to develop AI applications that will benefit sectors like healthcare, finance, oil and gas, and logistics. The initiative focuses on creating localized AI technologies, with an emphasis on integrating Arabic language capabilities and enabling widespread cloud adoption.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-144)
In March 2025, Google agreed to acquire [Wiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz,_Inc. "Wiz, Inc."), a New York-based [cybersecurity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity "Cybersecurity") startup focusing on cloud computing, for US\$32 billion. This cash deal would be Google's biggest ever, as well as it currently being the most expensive deal of 2025. Alphabet reportedly tried to close a deal for only \$23 billion in 2024, but this fell apart after concerns about regulatory hurdles, among other issues. Wiz, a company located in the U.S. and Israel, was cofounded in 2020 by [Assaf Rappaport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaf_Rappaport "Assaf Rappaport"). The company is backed by a number of Silicon Valley venture capitalists, as well as notably being partnered with Amazon and Microsoft, as listed in their website. Google reportedly said "the deal would help artificial-intelligence companies get better security and use more than one cloud service."[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-145)
In July 2025, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that Google had received a \$200 million [contract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract "Contract") for AI in the military, along with [Anthropic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic "Anthropic"), [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI"), and [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)").[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-146) In September 2025, federal judge Amit Mehta in the United States ruled that Google will not be required to divest Chrome or the Android operating system;[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-147) however, the ruling barred Google from having exclusive contracts for Google Search, Chrome, Google Assistant and Gemini app products, and ruled Google must share search data with competitors.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-148)
In March 2026, Google signed an energy pledge at the White House which required them to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-149)
Products and services
Search engine
Google [indexes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing "Search engine indexing") billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and [operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_\(computer_programming\) "Operator (computer programming)").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-150) According to [comScore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore "ComScore") market research from November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a [market share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share "Market share") of 65.6%.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-comscore-151) In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services, including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-152)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-153)
Google launched its [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News") service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-154) Google also hosts [Google Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books"), which allows users to search books in its database and shows limited previews, or the full book when allowed.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-155) Google expanded its search services to include [shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Shopping "Google Shopping") (launched originally as Froogle in 2002),[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-156) [finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Finance "Google Finance") (launched 2006),[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-157) and [flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flights "Google Flights") (launched 2011).[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-158)
Advertising
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ad-tech_London_2010_\(2\).JPG)
Google at ad-tech London, 2010
Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US\$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely [AdMob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdMob "AdMob"), [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense "AdSense") (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") AdExchange.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-agm2017-159) In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses technology from its acquisition of [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick"), to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-161) In 2007, Google launched "[AdSense for Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense_for_Mobile "AdSense for Mobile")", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-adsense_mobile-162)
[Google Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics "Google Analytics") allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-163) Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. [Google Ads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads "Google Ads") allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-164) The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-165) One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of [click fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud "Click fraud"), which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-166) [Google Search Console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Console "Google Search Console") (rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows [webmasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmasters "Webmasters") to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website's visibility.
Generative artificial intelligence
Google had previously used [virtual assistants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant") and [chatbots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot"), such as Google Bard, prior to the announcement of [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_\(chatbot\) "Gemini (chatbot)") in March 2024. None of them had been seen as legitimate competitors to [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT"), unlike Gemini.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-167) An AI training program for Google employees was also introduced in April 2024.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-168) Google has created the [text-to-image model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-to-image_model "Text-to-image model") [Imagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_\(text-to-image_model\) "Imagen (text-to-image model)"),[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-169) and the [text-to-video model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-to-video_model "Text-to-video model") [Veo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veo_\(text-to-video_model\) "Veo (text-to-video model)").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-170) Google integrated [AI Overviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Overviews "AI Overviews") into Google Search, and added an AI mode where the search results page is AI-generated.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-171) In 2025, Google announced SynthID Detector, a tool that uses [watermarking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_watermarking "Digital watermarking") to identify whether content such as text, images, audio, or video was generated using Google products.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-172) In 2023, Google released [NotebookLM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NotebookLM "NotebookLM"), an online tool for synthesizing documents using Gemini. In September 2024, it gained attention for its "Audio Overview" feature, which generates podcast-like summaries of documents.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-173)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-174) Google also developed LearnLM, a family of language models serving as personal [AI tutors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_tutor "AI tutor").[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-175)
Consumer services
Web-based services
Google offers [Gmail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail "Gmail") for [email](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email"),[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-176) [Google Calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calendar "Google Calendar") for time-management and scheduling,[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-177) [Google Maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps "Google Maps") and Google Earth for mapping, navigation and [satellite imagery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_imagery "Satellite imagery"),[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-178) Google Drive for [cloud storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_hosting_service "File hosting service") of files,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-verge-drive-announced-179) [Google Docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs "Google Docs"), [Sheets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets "Google Sheets") and [Slides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Slides "Google Slides") for productivity,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-verge-drive-announced-179) [Google Photos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Photos "Google Photos") for photo storage and sharing,[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-180) [Google Keep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Keep "Google Keep") for [note-taking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note-taking "Note-taking"),[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-181) [Google Translate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate "Google Translate") for language translation,[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-182) [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") for video viewing and sharing,[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-183) [Google My Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_My_Business "Google My Business") for managing public business information,[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-184) [Google Classroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Classroom "Google Classroom") for managing assignments and communication in education,[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-185) and [Duo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Duo "Google Duo") for social interaction.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-186) A job search product has also existed since before 2017,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-187)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-188)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-189) Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from [job boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_board "Job board") and career sites.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-190) [Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth "Google Earth"), launched in 2005, allows users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their computers.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-191)
Software
Google develops the Android [mobile operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system "Mobile operating system"),[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-192) as well as its [smartwatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_OS "Wear OS"),[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-193) [television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV "Android TV"),[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-194) [car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Auto "Android Auto"),[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-195) and [Internet of things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things "Internet of things")\-enabled [smart devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Things "Android Things") variations.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-196) It also develops the [Google Chrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome "Google Chrome") web browser,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-197) [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS"), an operating system based on Chrome,[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-198) and the AI-powered [integrated development environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment "Integrated development environment") [Google Antigravity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Antigravity "Google Antigravity").[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-199)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-200)
Hardware
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pixel_3_%E3%81%A8_Pixel_3_XL_%E3%82%92%E5%88%9D%E8%A7%A6%E3%80%82%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E3%82%92%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%81%A8%E6%8F%A1%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A8_Google_Assistant_%E3%81%8C%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A1%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8C%E3%81%8A%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%E3%82%8D%E3%81%84%E3%80%82_%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3DC_\(44519013945\).jpg)
Google Pixel smartphones on display in a store
In January 2010, Google released [Nexus One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One "Nexus One"), the first Android phone under its own brand.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-201) It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "[Nexus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus "Google Nexus")" branding[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-202) until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called [Pixel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel "Google Pixel").[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Pixel_inside_story-203) In 2011, the [Chromebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook "Chromebook") was introduced, which runs on [ChromeOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS "ChromeOS").[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-204) In July 2013, Google introduced the [Chromecast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast "Chromecast") dongle, which allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-205)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-206) In June 2014, Google announced [Google Cardboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cardboard "Google Cardboard"), a simple cardboard viewer that lets the user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view [virtual reality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality "Virtual reality") (VR) media.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-207) In October 2016, Google announced [Daydream View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream_View "Daydream View"), a lightweight VR viewer which lets the user place their smartphone in the front hinge to view VR media.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-209)
Other hardware products include:
- [Nest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest_\(smart_speakers\) "Google Nest (smart speakers)"), a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original [Google Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_\(smart_speaker\) "Google Home (smart speaker)")[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-210) (later succeeded by the [Nest Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Audio "Nest Audio")), the [Google Home Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_Mini "Google Home Mini") (later succeeded by the [Nest Mini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Mini "Nest Mini")), the [Google Home Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_Max "Google Home Max"), the [Google Home Hub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Home_Hub "Google Home Hub") (later rebranded as the Nest Hub), and the [Nest Hub Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_Hub_Max "Nest Hub Max").
- [Nest Wifi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nest_Wifi "Google Nest Wifi") (originally Google Wifi), a connected set of [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-211)
Enterprise services
Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-212)) is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and [Google Docs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs "Google Docs"), [Google Sheets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets "Google Sheets") and [Google Slides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Slides "Google Slides"), with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-213) On September 24, 2012,[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-214) Google launched [Google for Entrepreneurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_for_Entrepreneurs "Google for Entrepreneurs"), a largely not-for-profit [business incubator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_incubator "Business incubator") providing startups with [co-working spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coworking "Coworking") known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-215) There are seven Campus locations: [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo"), [Tel Aviv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), and [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"). On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be integrated with [BigQuery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigQuery "BigQuery") on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete [customer journey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_journey "Customer journey")", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people".[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-216) Jack Marshall of *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systems "Adobe Systems"), [Oracle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation"), [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.com "Salesforce.com"), and [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-217)
Internet services
In February 2010, Google announced the [Google Fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber "Google Fiber") project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-218)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-219) Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, [Google Fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber "Google Fiber") was moved to Alphabet's Access division.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-220)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-221) In April 2015, Google announced [Project Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fi "Project Fi"), a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-222)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-223)
Financial services
In August 2023, Google became the first major tech company to join the [OpenWallet Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWallet_Foundation "OpenWallet Foundation"), launched earlier in the year, whose goal was creating open-source software for interoperable digital wallets.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-224)
Corporate affairs
Business trends
From the financial year of 2015, figures are published for Alphabet Inc. Until 2014, the key trends of Google were as follows (as at the financial year ending December 31):[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-225)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-226)
| [FY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_year "Financial year") | Revenue | Net income | Employees [\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-227)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-228) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| in million USD | | | | |
| 1999 | 0\.22 | −6.0 | | [\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-229) |
| 2000 | 19\.1 | −14.6 | | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2001 | 86\.4 | 6\.9 | 284 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2002 | 439 | 99\.6 | 682 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| | in billion USD | | | |
| 2003 | 1\.4 | 0\.10 | 1,628 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2004 | 3\.1 | 0\.39 | 3,021 | [\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:0-230) |
| 2005 | 6\.1 | 1\.4 | 5,680 | |
| 2006 | 10\.6 | 3\.0 | 10,674 | |
| 2007 | 16\.5 | 4\.2 | 16,805 | |
| 2008 | 21\.8 | 4\.2 | 20,222 | |
| 2009 | 23\.6 | 6\.5 | 19,835 | |
| 2010 | 29,3 | 8\.5 | 24,400 | |
| 2011 | 37\.9 | 9\.7 | 32,467 | |
| 2012 | 46\.0 | 10\.7 | 53,861 | |
| 2013 | 55\.5 | 12\.7 | 47,756 | |
| 2014 | 66\.0 | 14\.1 | 53,600 | |
Google's [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of \$85 per share.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-IPO-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-GoogleAnnualReport2004-72) The sale of \$1.67 billion gave Google a [market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization") of more than \$23 billion.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-washpost-75) The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting \$350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-231) primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the [online advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising") market.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-bowlingforgoogle-232) The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and [mutual funds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund "Mutual fund").[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-bowlingforgoogle-232) GOOG shares split into GOOG [class C shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_C_share "Class C share") and GOOGL [class A shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_share "Class A share").[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-233) The company is listed on the [NASDAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ") stock exchange under the [ticker symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") GOOGL and GOOG, and on the [Frankfurt Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange "Frankfurt Stock Exchange") under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-234)
In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-235)[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-236)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-237) For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported \$10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only \$112 million in licensing and other revenues.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-10-K-238) In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google-Inc-Jan-2012-10-K-239) Google generated \$50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating \$38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit \$50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-240) Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as \$14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-241) Google's Internet business was responsible for \$10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on advertisements.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-242) By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown to \$397 billion.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Marketwatch-243)
Tax avoidance strategies
Google uses various [tax avoidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_avoidance "Tax avoidance") strategies. On the [list of largest technology companies by revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue "List of largest technology companies by revenue"), it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google saved \$3.1 billion between 2007 and 2010 in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") and the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") and then to [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda"). Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-244) This reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google's [transfer pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_pricing "Transfer pricing") practices in 2012.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-245)
In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its intellectual property holdings back to the U.S.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-246) Google Vice-president [Matt Brittin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Brittin "Matt Brittin") testified to the [Public Accounts Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Accounts_Committee_\(United_Kingdom\) "Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)") of the [UK House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_House_of_Commons "UK House of Commons") that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-247) In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-248) In 2017, Google channeled \$22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-249) In 2013, Google ranked 5th in [lobbying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States "Lobbying in the United States") spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-lobby1-250)
Corporate identity
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_logo_\(2013-2015\).svg)
Google's logo from 2013 to 2015. The logo had been used with minor changes since 1999.
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "[googol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol "Googol")",[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-251)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Hanley,_Rachael-40) which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on [PageRank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank "PageRank"):[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-originalpaper-36) "We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100\[,\] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the *[Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Collegiate_Dictionary "Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary")* and the *[Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")* in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-252)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-google_or_not-68) Google's [mission statement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_statement "Mission statement"), from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-253) and its unofficial slogan is "[Don't be evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil "Don't be evil")".[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-254) In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-255) The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.
The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-256) Since 1998, Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first [Google Doodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle "Google Doodle") was in honor of the [Burning Man Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Man "Burning Man") of 1998.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-257)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-258) The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-[intern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern "Intern") [Dennis Hwang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hwang "Dennis Hwang") to design a logo for [Bastille Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day "Bastille Day") in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-259)
Google has a tradition of creating [April Fools' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day "April Fools' Day") jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000, was [Google MentalPlex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_hoaxes#2000 "Google's hoaxes") which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-mentalplex-260) In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called [TiSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiSP "TiSP"), or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a [fiber-optic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber "Optical fiber") cable down their toilet.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-TiSP-261) Google's services contain [easter eggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_\(media\) "Easter egg (media)"), such as the [Swedish Chef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Chef "Swedish Chef")'s "Bork bork bork", [Pig Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin "Pig Latin"), "Hacker" or [leetspeak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leet "Leet"), [Elmer Fudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Fudd "Elmer Fudd"), [Pirate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day "International Talk Like a Pirate Day"), and [Klingon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language "Klingon language") as language selections for its search engine.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-262) When searching for the word "[anagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagram "Anagram")", meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-263) Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan and author [technical documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_documentation "Technical documentation") better.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-264)
Workplace culture
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pride_in_London_2016_-_Google_participating_in_the_parade.png)
Google employees marching in the [Pride in London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_in_London "Pride in London") parade in 2016
On *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")* magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-best_company-265)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-266)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-267) and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-268)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-269) Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-270) Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "you can make money without doing evil", "you can be serious without a suit", and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun".[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-271)
As of September 30, 2020, Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-272) of which more than 100,000 worked for Google.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Wakabayashi2019-9) Google's 2020 diversity report states that 32 percent of its workforce are women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-273) Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of leadership roles were held by women.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-274) In addition to its 100,000+ full-time employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, as of March 2019.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Wakabayashi2019-9)
Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six".[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-275) As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as [Innovation Time Off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_Time_Off "Innovation Time Off"), where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, [Google News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News "Google News"), [Orkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut "Orkut"), and [AdSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense "AdSense"), originated from these independent endeavors.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-276) In a talk at Stanford University, [Marissa Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Mayer "Marissa Mayer"), Google's vice-president of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-277)
In 2005, articles in *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-278) and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-279)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-280)[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-281) In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-CCO-282) Google has also faced allegations of [sexism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism "Sexism") and [ageism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism "Ageism") from former employees.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-284) In 2013, a [class action against](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation "High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation") several [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-285) In a lawsuit filed January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google discriminated against a class defined by their "conservative political views\[,\] male gender\[,\] and/or ... Caucasian or Asian race".[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-DhillonLaw-286)
On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google employees, Alpha Global, was announced.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-287) The coalition is made up of "13 different unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United States, \[the\] United Kingdom, and Switzerland".[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Schiffer2021-288) The group is affiliated with the [UNI Global Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNI_Global_Union "UNI Global Union"), which represents nearly 20 million international workers from various unions and federations. The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace culture.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Schiffer2021-288)[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-289)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-DhillonLaw-286) Google had previously been accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a workers union.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-290) In 2021, court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020, Google ran an anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees) that unions suck".[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-unions-291) In February 2025, Google dropped their commitment to make "[diversity, equity, and inclusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion "Diversity, equity, and inclusion") \[DEI\] part of everything we do" from their annual investor report. This action followed Meta, Amazon, Pepsi, McDonald's, Walmart, and others who all have rolled back their DEI programmes.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-292)
Office locations
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:111_Eighth_Avenue.jpg)
Google's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_at_111_Richmond_Street_West_in_Toronto_\(cropped\).jpg)
Google's [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") office
Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the Googleplex", a play on words on the number [googolplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex "Googolplex") and the headquarters itself being a *complex* of buildings. Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-293)
In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m2) of office space at [111 Eighth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue "111 Eighth Avenue") in [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). The office houses its largest advertising sales team.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-294) In 2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarters, in a deal that valued the property at around \$1.9 billion.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-295)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-296) In March 2018, Google's parent company Alphabet bought the nearby [Chelsea Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Market "Chelsea Market") building for \$2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-297)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-298)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-299)[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-300) In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-301) The same December, it was announced that a \$1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan's [Hudson Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Square "Hudson Square") neighborhood.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-302)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-303) Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York City.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-304)
By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan").[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-305) In November 2006, Google opened offices on [Carnegie Mellon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon "Carnegie Mellon")'s campus in [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh"), focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and [smartphone applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_applications "Smartphone applications") and programs.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-306)[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-307) Other office locations in the U.S. include [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia "Atlanta, Georgia"); [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"); [Boulder, Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado "Boulder, Colorado"); [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts "Cambridge, Massachusetts"); [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"); [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington "Seattle, Washington") and [Kirkland, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington "Kirkland, Washington"); [Birmingham, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan "Birmingham, Michigan"); [Reston, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia "Reston, Virginia"), [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."),[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-308) and [Madison, Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin").[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-309)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Headquarters_in_Ireland_Building_Sign.jpg)
Google's Dublin Ireland office, headquarters of Google Ads for Europe
It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") (birthplace location of Google Maps)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-310) and London (part of Android development).[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-311) In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in January,[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-312) Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the [Camden Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_London_Borough_Council "Camden London Borough Council") in June 2017.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-313)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-314)
In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own campus in [Hyderabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad"), India. The new campus, reported to be the company's largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-316) In September 2025 Google opened their £735m [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") Centre in [Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Cross "Waltham Cross") and announced their plans for £5 bn investment in AI research, in the same month that [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") reached market capitalisation of \$3 [trillion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillion "Trillion").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-317)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-318)
Google's Global Offices sum a total of 86 locations worldwide,[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_world_office_locations-319) with 32 offices in North America, three of them in Canada and 29 in the United States, California being the state with the most Google's offices with 9 in total including the Googleplex. Google counts 6 offices in the [Latin America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America") region and 24 in Europe, 3 of them in United Kingdom. The [Asia-Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific "Asia-Pacific") region counts with 26 offices principally five in India and three in Australia, and three in China, while the Africa and [Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") region counts five offices.
North America
| SN | City | Country or U.S. state |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Ann Arbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor "Ann Arbor") |  [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") |
| 2\. | [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") |  [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") |
| 3\. | [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas") |  [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas") |
| 4\. | [Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado "Boulder, Colorado") |  [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") |
| 5\. | Boulder – Pearl Place |  [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") |
| 6\. | Boulder – Walnut |  [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") |
| 7\. | [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge "Cambridge") |  [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") |
| 8\. | [Chapel Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina "Chapel Hill, North Carolina") |  [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") |
| 9\. | [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") – Carpenter |  [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") |
| 10\. | Chicago – Fulton Market |  [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") |
| 11\. | Chicago – Loop (2026)[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-320) |  [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") |
| 12\. | [Detroit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") |  [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan "Michigan") |
| 13\. | [Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_California "Irvine, California") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 14\. | [Kirkland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington "Kirkland, Washington") |  [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)") |
| 15\. | [Kitchener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario "Kitchener, Ontario") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") |
| 16\. | [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 17\. | [Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin") |  [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin") |
| 18\. | [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami "Miami") |  [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") |
| 19\. | [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") |
| 20\. | [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California") – **[HQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex "Googleplex")** |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 21\. | [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") |  [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") |
| 22\. | [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") |  [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") |
| 23\. | [Playa Vista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_Vista "Playa Vista") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 24\. | [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon") |  [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") |
| 25\. | [Redwood City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City "Redwood City") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 26\. | [Reston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia "Reston, Virginia") |  [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") |
| 27\. | [San Bruno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno "San Bruno") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 28\. | [San Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 29\. | [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California "San Francisco, California") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 30\. | [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") |  [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)") |
| 31\. | [Sunnyvale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale "Sunnyvale") |  [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") |
| 32\. | [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") |
| 33\. | [Washington DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC "Washington DC") |  [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") |
Latin America
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Belo Horizonte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte "Belo Horizonte") |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") |
| 2\. | [Bogotá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 "Bogotá") |  [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") |
| 3\. | [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires") |  [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") |
| 4\. | [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") |  [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") |
| 5\. | [San Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador "San Salvador") |  [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador") |
| 6\. | [Santiago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago "Santiago") |  [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile") |
| 7\. | [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo") |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") |
Europe
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Aarhus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus") |  [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") |
| 2\. | [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") |  [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") |
| 3\. | [Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens "Athens") |  [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece "Greece") |
| 4\. | [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| 5\. | [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") |  [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") |
| 6\. | [Bucharest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest") |  [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") |
| 7\. | [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen") |  [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") |
| 8\. | [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin "Dublin") |  [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") |
| 9\. | [Hamburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| 10\. | [Kraków](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków") |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") |
| 11\. | [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon") |  [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") |
| 12\. | [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London") – 6PS |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| 13\. | London – BEL |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| 14\. | London – CSG |  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") |
| 15\. | [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid") |  [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") |
| 16\. | [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") |
| 17\. | [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich") |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") |
| 18\. | [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo") |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") |
| 19\. | [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris "Paris") |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") |
| 20\. | [Prague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague "Prague") |  [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") |
| 21\. | [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") |  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") |
| 22\. | [Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") |
| 23\. | [Vilnius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius") |  [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") |
| 24\. | [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") |
| 25\. | [Wrocław](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław") |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") |
| 26\. | [Zürich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zürich") – BRA |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") |
| 27\. | Zürich – EUR |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") |
Asia–Pacific
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland") |  [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") |
| 2\. | [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok") |  [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") |
| 3\. | [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") |
| 4\. | [Bengaluru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru "Bengaluru") – Kyoto Campus |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 5\. | Bengaluru – OMR |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 6\. | [Gurgaon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon "Gurgaon") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 7\. | [Ho Chi Minh City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City "Ho Chi Minh City") |  [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") |
| 8\. | [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") |  [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") |
| 9\. | [Hyderabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad "Hyderabad") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 10\. | [Jakarta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta "Jakarta") |  [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") |
| 11\. | [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur") |  [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") |
| 12\. | [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila "Manila") |  [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") |
| 13\. | [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") |
| 14\. | [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 15\. | [New Taipei City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City "New Taipei City") |  [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") |
| 16\. | [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune "Pune") |  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") |
| 17\. | [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul") |  [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") |
| 18\. | [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai") |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") |
| 19\. | [Shenzhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen "Shenzhen") |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") |
| 20\. | [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") |  [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") |
| 21\. | [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") – ODR |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") |
| 22\. | Sydney – PIR |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") |
| 23\. | [Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei "Taipei") |  [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") |
| 24\. | [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") – RPG |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") |
| 25\. | Tokyo – STRM |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") |
| 26\. | [Zhubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhubei "Zhubei") |  [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") |
Africa and the Middle East
| SN | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1\. | [Accra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra "Accra") |  [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana "Ghana") |
| 2\. | [Doha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha "Doha") |  [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar "Qatar") |
| 3\. | [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") |  [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") |
| 4\. | [Haifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") |  [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel "Israel") |
| 5\. | [Istanbul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul") |  [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") |
| 6\. | [Johannesburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg") |  [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") |
| 7\. | [Lagos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos "Lagos") |  [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria") |
| 8\. | [Tel Aviv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv") |  [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel "Israel") |
Infrastructure
Google has data centers in [North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America "North America") and [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America "South America"), [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia "Asia"), and [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe "Europe").[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-321) There is no official data on the number of [servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_\(computing\) "Server (computing)") in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm [Gartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-322) Traditionally, Google relied on [parallel computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing "Parallel computing") on commodity hardware like mainstream [x86](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86 "X86") computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-323)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-324)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-CNET2009-325) In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-CNET2009-325)
Google has built its own private [submarine communications cables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable "Submarine communications cable"). The first cable, named Curie, connects California with [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile") and was completed on November 15, 2019.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-326)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-327) The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-328) Google's third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon "Lisbon") ([Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal")) with [Lagos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos "Lagos") ([Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria")) and [Cape Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") ([South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa")).[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-329) The company's fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") (US), [Bude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bude "Bude") ([UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom")) and [Bilbao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao "Bilbao") ([Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain")), and is expected to become operational in 2022.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-330)
Environment
In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") on its Mountain View campus to provide up to 1.6 [Megawatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaWatt "MegaWatt") of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-solar-331)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-332) The system is the largest [rooftop photovoltaic power station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_photovoltaic_power_station "Rooftop photovoltaic power station") constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-solar-331) Since 2007, Google has aimed for [carbon neutrality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality "Carbon neutrality") in regard to its operations.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-333) In Spring 2009, Google hired a herd of 200 [goats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat "Goat") for a week from California Grazing to mow their lawn. It was apparently more eco-friendly.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-334)
Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a [nuclear power plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant "Nuclear power plant"). Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-335)
In 2010, [Google Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Energy "Google Energy") made its first investment in a [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy") project, putting \$38.8 million into two [wind farms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm "Wind farm") in [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota "North Dakota"). The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-336) In February 2010, the [Federal Energy Regulatory Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission") granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-337) The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-338) In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of power for 20 years.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-wind_energy-339)
In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and offices. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy".[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-340)[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-341)[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-342) In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made the firm reach [100% renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy "100% renewable energy"). The wind energy comes from two power plants in [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota "South Dakota"), one in Iowa and one in [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma").[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-343) In September 2019, Google's chief executive announced plans for a \$2 billion wind and solar investment, the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will grow their green energy profile by 40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the company said.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-344)
In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its carbon emissions since the company's foundation in 1998.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-345) It also stated that it is committed to operating its data centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by 2030.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-346) In October 2020, the company pledged to make the packaging for its hardware products 100% plastic-free and 100% recyclable by 2025. It also said that all its final assembly manufacturing sites will achieve a [UL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UL_\(safety_organization\) "UL (safety organization)") 2799 [Zero Waste to Landfill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_waste#Corporate_initiatives "Zero waste") certification by 2022 by ensuring that the vast majority of waste from the manufacturing process is recycled instead of ending up in a landfill.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-347) In 2023 Google consumed 24 TWh of electricity, more than countries such as Iceland, Ghana, the Dominican Republic, or Tunisia.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-348)
Climate change denial and misinformation
Google donates to [climate change denial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial "Climate change denial") political groups including the [State Policy Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Policy_Network "State Policy Network") and the [Competitive Enterprise Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute "Competitive Enterprise Institute").[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-349)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-350) The company also actively funds and profits from climate [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation") by monetizing ad spaces on most of the largest climate disinformation sites.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-351) Google continued to monetize and profit from sites propagating climate disinformation even after the company updated their policy to prohibit placing their ads on similar sites.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-352)
Philanthropy
In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of \$1 billion.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-philanthropy-353) The mission of the organization is to create [awareness about climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_education "Climate change education"), global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable [plug-in hybrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid "Plug-in hybrid") [electric vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired [Larry Brilliant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Brilliant "Larry Brilliant") as the program's executive director in 2004[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-354) and Megan Smith has since replaced him as director.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-355)
In March 2007, in partnership with the [Mathematical Sciences Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute "Mathematical Sciences Research Institute") (MSRI), Google hosted the first [Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Robinson_Mathematics_Festival "Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival") at its headquarters in Mountain View.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-356) In 2011, Google donated €1 million to [International Mathematical Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad "International Mathematical Olympiad") to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-357)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-358) In July 2012, Google launched a "[Legalize Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalize_Love "Legalize Love")" campaign in support of [gay rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights "Gay rights").[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-359)
In 2008, Google announced its "project 10100", which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-360) After two years of no update, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-361) Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-362) Responding to the humanitarian crisis after the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), Google announced a \$15 million donation to support Ukrainian citizens.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-363) The company also decided to transform its office in Warsaw into a help center for refugees.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-364) Also in February 2022, Google announced a \$100 million fund to expand skills training and job placement for low-income Americans, in conjunction with non-profits [Year Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Up "Year Up"), [Social Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Finance_\(consultancy\) "Social Finance (consultancy)"), and Merit America.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-365)
Lobbying and political influence
In 2025, Google was one of the donors who funded the White House's [East Wing demolition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wing#2025_demolition "East Wing"), and planned building of a ballroom.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-366)
Criticism and controversies
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_bus_protest.jpg)
San Francisco activists [protest privately owned shuttle buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests "San Francisco tech bus protests") that transport workers for tech companies such as Google from their homes in San Francisco and Oakland to corporate campuses in Silicon Valley.
Google has had criticism over issues such as [aggressive tax avoidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_tax_avoidance "Google tax avoidance"),[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-367) [search neutrality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutrality "Search neutrality"), [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright "Copyright"), [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google "Censorship by Google") of search results and content,[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-368) and [privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_privacy "Google privacy").[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-369)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-370) Other criticisms are alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of other people's [intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property"), concerns that its [compilation of data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection "Data collection") may violate [Internet privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_privacy "Internet privacy"), and the [energy consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_consumption "Energy consumption") of its servers, as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as [monopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly "Monopoly"), [restraint of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade "Restraint of trade"), [anti-competitive practices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices "Anti-competitive practices"), and [patent infringement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_infringement "Patent infringement"). When Google's parent company [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") announced in September 2025 that it would reinstate YouTube creators that were banned for spreading [misinformation about COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_about_COVID-19 "Misinformation about COVID-19") and the [2020 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_U.S._presidential_election "2020 U.S. presidential election"),[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-371) it was criticized for prioritizing "free expression" over "facts" and placed within the context of the company's shift dating back to 2023.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-372)
Political controversies
United States
In a 2022 [National Labor Relations Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board "National Labor Relations Board") ruling, court documents suggested that Google sponsored a secretive project—*Project Vivian*—to counsel its employees and to discourage them from forming unions.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-unions-291)
Brazil
On May 1, 2023, Google placed an ad against the [Brazilian Congressional Bill No. 2630](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Congressional_Bill_No._2630 "Brazilian Congressional Bill No. 2630"), an anti-[disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation") law that was about to be approved, on its search homepage in Brazil, calling on its users to ask congressional representatives to oppose the legislation. The country's government and judiciary accused the company of undue interference in the congressional debate, saying it could amount to abuse of economic power and ordering the company to change the ad within two hours of notification or face fines of [R\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_real "Brazilian real")1 million (2023) ([US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD "USD")) per non-compliance hour. The company then promptly removed the ad.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-373)[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-374)
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Google has a US\$1.2 billion artificial intelligence and [surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance "Surveillance") contract with the [Israeli military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_military "Israeli military") known as [Project Nimbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nimbus "Project Nimbus"). According to Google employees, the Israeli military could use this technology to expand its surveillance of [Palestinians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians "Palestinians") living in the [occupied territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories "Israeli-occupied territories").[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-375) Google relocated an outspoken employee overseas, and the employee claimed it was a "retaliation for publicly criticizing the contract".[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-376) Other Palestinian employees have described an "institutionalised bias" within the company.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-377)
In 2021, Google and Amazon engaged in negotiations for a substantial cloud computing agreement valued at \$1.2 billion, during which Israel insisted on the inclusion of a confidential code referred to as the "blink mechanism". This stipulation compelled Google and Amazon to essentially disregard legal responsibilities in various nations. Israel expressed apprehension that the data transferred to the cloud services of these global corporations might be accessible to foreign law enforcement agencies. As per documents disclosed to The Guardian, both Google and Amazon consented to the blink mechanism in order to finalize the profitable agreement.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-378)
During 2025, Google engaged in a \$45 million, six-month contract with Israel to run advertising campaigns. Some Youtube ads aimed to cast doubt on the existence of a famine in [Gaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"). Many complaints were filed against Israel's videos, but Google maintained that the ads did not violate its content policies.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-379)
Russia
On October 31, 2024, the [Russian government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government "Russian government") imposed a "symbolic" fine of \$20 [decillion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decillion "Decillion") on Google for blocking pro-Russian YouTube channels. In 2022, during the invasion of Ukraine, a Russian court had ordered Google to restore the channels, with penalties doubling every week according to [TASS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS "TASS").[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-380) This comes alongside other large fines against social media companies accused of hosting content critical of the Kremlin or supportive of Ukraine.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-381)
Antitrust
In July 2018, [Mozilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla "Mozilla") program manager Chris Peterson accused Google of intentionally slowing down YouTube performance on [Firefox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox "Firefox").[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-382)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-firefox-383) In April 2019, former Mozilla executive Jonathan Nightingale accused Google of intentionally and systematically sabotaging the Firefox browser over the past decade in order to boost adoption of Google Chrome.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-firefox-383) In 2019, a hub for critics of Google dedicated to abstaining from using Google products coalesced in the [Reddit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit "Reddit") online [community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subreddit "Subreddit") /r/degoogle.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-384) The [DeGoogle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeGoogle "DeGoogle") [grassroots campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_campaign "Grassroots campaign") continues to grow as privacy activists highlight information about Google products, and the associated incursion on personal privacy rights by the company. Google reportedly paid Apple \$22 billion in 2022 to maintain its position as the default search engine on Safari. It marks one of the largest payments between two tech giants in recent years.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-385)
European Union
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg)
The European Commission, which imposed three fines on Google in 2017, 2018, and 2019
On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of [€](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro "Euro")2\.42 billion from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) for "promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results".[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-386) On July 18, 2018, the [European Commissioner for Competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition "European Commissioner for Competition") fined Google €4.34 billion for breaching [European Union competition law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_competition_law "European Union competition law"). The abuse of dominants position has been referred to as Google's constraint applied to Android device manufacturers and network operators to ensure that traffic on Android devices goes to the Google search engine.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-387) On October 9, 2018, Google confirmed that it had appealed the fine to the [General Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Court_\(European_Union\) "General Court (European Union)") of the EU.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-388)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-389)
On March 20, 2019, the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") imposed a €1.49 billion (\$1.69 billion) fine on Google for preventing rivals from being able to "compete and innovate fairly" in the online advertising market. EU competition commissioner [Margrethe Vestager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager "Margrethe Vestager") said Google had violated EU antitrust rules by "imposing anti-competitive contractual restrictions on third-party websites" that required them to exclude search results from Google's rivals.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-390)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-391) On September 14, 2022, Google lost the appeal of a €4.125 billion (£3.5 billion) fine, which was ruled to be paid after it was proved by the European Commission that Google forced Android phone-makers to carry Google's search and web browser apps. Since the initial accusations, Google has changed its policy.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-392)
In March 2024, a former Google [software engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineer "Software engineer") and Chinese national named Linwei Ding was accused of stealing confidential artificial intelligence information from the company and handing it to Chinese corporations.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-393) Ding had allegedly stolen over 500 files from the company over the course of 5 years, having been hired in 2019.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-394) Upon discovering Ding had been in contact with Chinese state-owned companies, Google notified the [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI"), who carried on the investigation of the [data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_breach "Data breach").[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-395) On September 10, 2024, Europe's top court imposed a €2.4 billion fine on Google for abusing its dominance in the shopping comparison market, marking the conclusion of a case that began in 2009 with a complaint from British firm Foundem.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-396)
On September 18, 2024, Alphabet's Google won a €1.49 billion (\$1.7 billion) antitrust fine from the EU, while Qualcomm's efforts to repeal a penalty were unsuccessful. The General Court agreed with many of the European Commission's findings but annulled the Google fine, stating that the Commission failed to consider all relevant factors and did not demonstrate harm to innovation or consumers. Google noted that it had already changed its contract practices in 2016. Meanwhile, Qualcomm saw its fine reduced slightly but failed to overturn the ruling regarding its predatory pricing against Icera. Both companies have options to appeal further.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-397) On September 5, 2025, the European Commission fined Google €2.95 billion (\$3.47 billion), for breaching EU antitrust rules. Regulators say Google abused its dominance by giving preferential treatment to its [ad exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_exchange "Ad exchange") within its publisher ad server and ad-buying tools.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-398)
United States
After U.S. Congressional hearings in July 2020,[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-399) and a report from the U.S. House of Representatives' Antitrust Subcommittee released in early October,[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-400) the [U.S. Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice "U.S. Department of Justice") filed an [antitrust lawsuit against Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2020\) "United States v. Google LLC (2020)") on October 20, 2020, asserting that it has illegally maintained its monopoly position in web search and search advertising.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-401)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-402) The lawsuit alleged that Google engaged in anticompetitive behavior by paying Apple between \$8 billion and \$12 billion to be the default search engine on iPhones.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-403) Later that month, both [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") and Alphabet agreed to "cooperate and assist one another" in the face of investigation into their online advertising practices.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-404)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-405) [Another suit was brought against Google in 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_\(2023\) "United States v. Google LLC (2023)") for illegally monopolizing the advertising technology market.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-406) In August 2024, [District of Columbia U.S. District Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_U.S._District_Court "District of Columbia U.S. District Court") Judge [Amit Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Mehta "Amit Mehta") ruled that Google held a monopoly in online search and text advertising in violation of Section 2 of the [Sherman Antitrust Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act "Sherman Antitrust Act").[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-407)[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-408)
On October 8, 2024, The U.S. government suggested it could request Google to divest parts of its business, such as the Chrome browser and Android, due to its alleged monopoly in online search. The Justice Department aimed to limit Google's growing dominance in areas like AI. Google, which intended to appeal, argued that the proposals were too extreme, while also dealing with other antitrust cases involving its app store and advertising operations.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-409) In November 2024, the Justice Department proposed major changes to curb Google's online search monopoly, including forcing the company to sell its Chrome browser, share search data with competitors, and end exclusive agreements that make Google the default search engine on devices like iPhones. The DoJ also sought a ban on Google re-entering the browser market for five years and restrictions on its investments in rival search or AI technologies. Google called these proposals excessive and harmful to consumers, pledging to appeal. A trial on the case was scheduled for April 2025, though the incoming administration and new DoJ leadership could potentially alter the course of the proceedings.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-410)
In September 2024, [Competition and Markets Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority "Competition and Markets Authority") (CMA) provisionally found that Google engaged in anti-competitive practices in the online advertising technology market, potentially harming thousands of UK publishers and advertisers. The investigation claimed Google used its market power to prevent rivals from competing fairly, affecting billions spent on digital ads. Google rejected the findings as flawed, stating that its ad tech benefits businesses. If found guilty, Google could face penalties of up to 10% of its global turnover. Similar investigations are ongoing in the U.S. and EU, where regulators have suggested that Google may need to sell part of its ad-tech business.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-411) It was ruled in 2025 by the Justice Department alongside 17 other states that Google operates a monopoly in online advertising technology. The case will now move to a remedies stage which may lead to Alphabet, the owner of Google, being broken up.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-412)
Gender discrimination lawsuit
In 2017, three women sued Google, accusing the company of violating California's Equal Pay Act by underpaying its female employees. The lawsuit cited the wage gap was around \$17,000 and that Google locked women into lower career tracks, leading to smaller salaries and bonuses. In June 2022, Google agreed to pay a \$118 million settlement to 15,550 female employees working in California since 2013. As a part of the settlement, Google also agreed to hire a third party to analyze its hiring and compensation practices.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-413)[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-414)[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-415)
Censorship
According to Ryan Gallagher of *[The Intercept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept "The Intercept")* in August 2018, Google was developing for the People's Republic of China a censored version of its search engine (known as [Dragonfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_\(search_engine\) "Dragonfly (search engine)")) "that will blacklist websites and search terms about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful protest".[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-416) Google was grilled at a [Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation "Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation") hearing on the project one month later.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-417)[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-418) The project was canceled in December following the backlash it garnered both externally and internally within the company.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-419)[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-420)
Data loss
In May 2024, a misconfiguration in Google Cloud led to the [accidental deletion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_loss "Data loss") of [UniSuper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniSuper "UniSuper")'s \$135 billion Australian pension fund account, affecting over half a million members who were unable to access their accounts for a week. The outage, attributed to a cloud service error and not a cyberattack, prompted a joint apology from UniSuper and Google Cloud executives, who assured members that no personal data was compromised and restoration efforts were underway.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-421)
Data privacy
On October 8, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due to "non-public" [Google+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B "Google+") account data being exposed as a result of a bug that allowed app developers to gain access to the private information of users. The litigation was settled in July 2020 for \$7.5 million with a payout to claimants of at least \$5 each, with a maximum of \$12 each.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-422)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-423)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-424) On January 21, 2019, French data regulator [CNIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNIL "CNIL") imposed a record €50 million fine on Google for breaching the European Union's [General Data Protection Regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation "General Data Protection Regulation"). The judgment claimed Google had failed to sufficiently inform users of its methods for collecting data to personalize advertising. Google issued a statement saying it was "deeply committed" to transparency and was "studying the decision" before determining its response.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-425) In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the [Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Department of Health and Human Services") began investigation into [Project Nightingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nightingale "Project Nightingale"), to assess whether the "mass collection of individuals' medical records" complied with the [Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act").[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-426) According to *The Wall Street Journal*, Google secretively began the project in 2018, with [St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis")\-based [healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare "Healthcare") company [Ascension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_\(company\) "Ascension (company)").[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-427)
In early June 2020, a \$5 billion class-action lawsuit was filed against Google by a group of consumers, alleging that Chrome's [Incognito browsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_browsing "Private browsing") mode still collects their user history.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-428)[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-429) The lawsuit became known in March 2021 when a federal judge denied Google's request to dismiss the case, ruling that they must face the group's charges.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-430)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-431) [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") reported that the lawsuit alleged that Google's CEO [Sundar Pichai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai "Sundar Pichai") sought to keep the users unaware of this issue.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-432) In April 2024, it was announced that Google agreed to settle this lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement Google agreed to destroy billions of data records to settle a lawsuit claiming it secretly tracked the internet use of people who thought they were browsing privately.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-433) On January 6, 2022, France's data privacy regulatory body CNIL fined Alphabet's Google 150 million euros (US\$169 million) for not allowing its Internet users an easy refusal of [cookies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie "HTTP cookie") along with Facebook.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-434)
In August 2024, Google sent an email to users informing them of its legal obligation to disclose certain confidential information to U.S. government authorities. The company stated that when it receives valid requests from government agencies to produce documents without redacting confidential customer information, it may produce such documents even if they are confidential to users; however, it will request confidential treatment of such information from the government.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-435) In January 2025, U.S. federal judge [Richard Seeborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Seeborg "Richard Seeborg") rejected Google's motion to dismiss a [class-action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") lawsuit. The lawsuit claims Google collected data from users who had specifically opted out of tracking.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-436) In September 2025, a federal jury decided that Google must pay \$425 million. Google said it would appeal the decision.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-437)
Geolocation
Google has been criticized for continuing to [collect location data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location-based_service "Location-based service") from users who had turned off location-sharing settings.[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Sonnemaker2021-438) In 2020, the [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") used a [geofence warrant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofence_warrant "Geofence warrant") to request data from Google about Android devices near the Seattle Police Officers Guild building following an arson attempt during Black Lives Matter protests. Google provided anonymized location data from devices in the area, which raised privacy concerns due to the potential inclusion of unrelated protesters.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-439)
Copyright infringement
On March 20, 2024, Google was fined approximately \$270 million by French regulators for using content from news outlets in France without proper disclosure to train its AI, Bard, now renamed Gemini, violating a previous commitment to negotiate content use transparently and fairly.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-440)
U.S. government contracts
Following media reports about [PRISM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_\(surveillance_program\) "PRISM (surveillance program)"), the [NSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency")'s massive electronic [surveillance program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance "Mass surveillance"), in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Google.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-441) According to unnamed sources, Google joined the PRISM program in 2009, as [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") in 2010.[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-442) Google has worked with the [U.S. Department of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense "U.S. Department of Defense") (DoD) on drone software through the 2017 [Project Maven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Maven "Project Maven") that could be used to improve the accuracy of [drone strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strike "Drone strike").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-443) In April 2018, thousands of Google employees, including senior engineers, signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end this controversial contract with [the Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon").[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-444) Google ultimately decided not to renew this DoD contract, which was set to expire in 2019.[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-445) In 2022 Google shared a \$9 billion contract from the Pentagon for cloud computing with Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-446)
Google Nest hidden microphone incident
In February 2019, a [privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_privacy "Digital privacy") incident involving the Google Nest Guard system went public. The controversy stemmed from the fact that Nest Guard, a security device that was part of the Nest Secure system, contained a hidden microphone that was not disclosed in any product specifications. It resulted in a [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") failure.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-:02-447)
See also
- [Google ATAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_ATAP "Google ATAP") – Skunkworks team and in-house technology incubator
- [Googlization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlization "Googlization") – Neologism
- [Outline of Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Google "Outline of Google") – American multinational tech corporation
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-5)** Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998; however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-3) The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-4)
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-1)**
Fitzpatrick, Alex (September 4, 2014). ["Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search'"](https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191016175103/https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/) from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-2)**
["When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused?"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/). *[The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*. September 27, 2019. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/) from the original on January 10, 2022.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-3)**
Griffin, Andrew (September 27, 2019). ["Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103548/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html) from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-4)**
Wray, Richard (September 5, 2008). ["Happy birthday Google"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103550/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness) from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-6)**
["Company – Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150116073513/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/). January 16, 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/) on January 16, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-7)**
Claburn, Thomas (September 24, 2008). ["Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!?"](https://www.informationweek.com/applications/google-founded-by-sergey-brin-larry-page-and-hubert-chang!/d/d-id/1072309). *[InformationWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek "InformationWeek")*. [UBM plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_plc "UBM plc"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231125/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678) from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-8)**
["Locations – Google Jobs"](https://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130930200600/http://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/) from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Wakabayashi2019_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Wakabayashi2019_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Wakabayashi2019_9-2)
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (May 28, 2019). ["Google's Shadow Work Force: Temps Who Outnumber Full-Time Employees (Published 2019)"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201218055115/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html) from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-10)**
Condon, Stephanie (May 7, 2019). ["Google I/O: From 'AI first' to AI working for everyone"](https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-io-from-ai-first-to-ai-working-for-everyone/). *ZDNet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220402134913/https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-io-from-ai-first-to-ai-working-for-everyone/) from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-11)**
Jack, Simon (November 21, 2017). ["Google – powerful and responsible?"](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42060091). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220329031631/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42060091) from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-12)**
McCormick, Rich (June 2, 2016). ["Elon Musk: There's only one AI company that worries me"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/2/11837566/elon-musk-one-ai-company-that-worries-me). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220329031133/https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/2/11837566/elon-musk-one-ai-company-that-worries-me) from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-13)**
["Justice Department Sues Monopolist Google For Violating Antitrust Laws"](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-monopolist-google-violating-antitrust-laws). *U.S. Department of Justice*. October 20, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170848/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-monopolist-google-violating-antitrust-laws) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-14)**
["Land of the Giants: The Titans of Tech"](https://plus.cnn.com/plus/title-2244411). *CNN+*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220417230628/https://plus.cnn.com/plus/title-2244411) from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-15)**
Feiner, Lauren (December 3, 2019). ["Larry Page steps down as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200824015937/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html) from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-16)**
Peters, Jay; Cranz, Alex (September 30, 2022). ["Google is shutting down Stadia in January 2023 - The Verge"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241010060211/https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/29/23378713/google-stadia-shutting-down-game-streaming-january-2023). Archived from [the original](https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/29/23378713/google-stadia-shutting-down-game-streaming-january-2023) on October 10, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-17)**
Brady, Heather; Kirk, Chris (March 15, 2013). ["The Google Graveyard"](http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/map_of_the_week/2013/03/google_reader_joins_graveyard_of_dead_google_products.html). *[Slate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_\(magazine\) "Slate (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085610/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/map_of_the_week/2013/03/google_reader_joins_graveyard_of_dead_google_products.html) from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-18)**
Booker, Logan (March 17, 2013). ["Google Graveyard Does Exist"](https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/03/google-graveyard-does-exist-you-can-even-place-flowers-on-your-deceased-favourites/). *gizmodo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055717/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/03/google-graveyard-does-exist-you-can-even-place-flowers-on-your-deceased-favourites/) from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-19)**
["Inside X, Google's top-secret moonshot factory"](https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ten-years-of-google-x). *Wired UK*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1357-0978](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-0978). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220519211935/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ten-years-of-google-x) from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-20)**
Hanief, Mohammad (April 7, 2023). ["How Google has made our life easy"](https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/how-google-has-made-our-life-easy/). *Greater Kashmir*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231223193822/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/how-google-has-made-our-life-easy/) from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-21)**
Swant, Marty. ["The World's Valuable Brands"](https://www.forbes.com/the-worlds-most-valuable-brands/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201018162839/https://www.forbes.com/the-worlds-most-valuable-brands/) from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-22)**
["Best Global Brands"](https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/). Interbrand. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220201213456/https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/) from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-23)**
Barakat, Matthew; Liedtke, Michale (August 5, 2024). ["Google illegally maintains monopoly over internet search, judge rules"](https://apnews.com/article/google-antitrust-search-engine-verdict-apple-319a61f20fb11510097845a30abaefd8). Associated Press. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240805235227/https://apnews.com/article/google-antitrust-search-engine-verdict-apple-319a61f20fb11510097845a30abaefd8) from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-howwestarted_24-3)
["How we started and where we are today – Google"](https://about.google/our-story/). *about.google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200507190211/https://about.google/our-story) from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Coronabook_25-0)**
Brezina, Corona (2013). *Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, and Google* (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 18. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4488-6911-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-6911-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-6911-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2011039480](https://lccn.loc.gov/2011039480).
25. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-milestones_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-milestones_26-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-milestones_26-2)
["Our history in depth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120401035737/http://www.google.com/about/company/history/). *Google Company*. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/about/company/history/) on April 1, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-vanityfair_27-1)
Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018). ["Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything"](https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google). *[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\(magazine\) "Vanity Fair (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704184309/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google) from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-28)**
McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003). ["Google vs. Evil"](https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190602064540/https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/) from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-29)**
["Willow Garage Founder Scott Hassan Aims To Build A Startup Village"](https://spectrum.ieee.org/willow-garage-founder-scott-hassan-aims-to-build-a-startup-village). *[IEEE Spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum "IEEE Spectrum")*. September 5, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190824075356/https://spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/at-work/start-ups/willow-garage-founder-scott-hassan-aims-to-build-a-startup-village) from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-30)**
D'Onfro, Jillian (February 13, 2016). ["How a billionaire who wrote Google's original code created a robot revolution"](https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-back-at-willow-garage-2016-2). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190824075346/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-back-at-willow-garage-2016-2) from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-32)**
["Helpful products. For everyone"](https://about.google/products/). *Google, Inc*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100210175913/http://www.google.com/corporate/tech.html) from the original on February 10, 2010.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-33)**
Yoon, John; Isaac, Mike (August 10, 2024). ["Susan Wojcicki, Former Chief of YouTube, Dies at 56"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/10/business/susan-wojcicki-dead.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240827123051/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/10/business/susan-wojcicki-dead.html) from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-34)**
Battelle, John (August 2005). ["The Birth of Google"](https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html). *Wired*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121107160749/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html?tw=wn_tophead_4) from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-35)**
["Backrub search engine at Stanford University"](https://web.archive.org/web/19961224105215/http://huron.stanford.edu/). Archived from [the original](http://huron.stanford.edu/) on December 24, 1996. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-originalpaper_36-1)
[Brin, Sergey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"); [Page, Lawrence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (1998). ["The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine"](http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf) (PDF). *Computer Networks and ISDN Systems*. **30** (1–7\): 107–117\. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_\(identifier\) "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.115.5930](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.5930). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-7552%2898%2900110-X). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0169-7552](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-7552). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [7587743](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7587743). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-37)**
["About: RankDex"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120120002301/http://www.rankdex.com/about.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.rankdex.com/about.html) on January 20, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
, *[RankDex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex "RankDex")*
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-38)**
["Method for node ranking in a linked database"](https://patents.google.com/patent/US6285999). Google Patents. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185034/http://www.google.com/patents/US6285999) from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-39)**
Koller, David (January 2004). ["Origin of the name "Google""](http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html). *Stanford University*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) from the original on June 27, 2012.
38. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Hanley,_Rachael_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Hanley,_Rachael_40-1)
Hanley, Rachael (February 12, 2003). ["From Googol to Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100327141327/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google). *The Stanford Daily*. Stanford University. Archived from [the original](http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-41)**
["Google! Beta website"](https://web.archive.org/web/19990221202430/https://www.google.com/company.html). *Google, Inc*. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/company.html) on February 21, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-42)**
Long, Tony (September 7, 2007). ["Sept. 7, 1998: If the Check Says 'Google Inc.,' We're 'Google Inc.'"](https://www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210502183045/https://www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/) from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
41. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_43-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_43-1)
Kopytoff, Verne (April 29, 2004). ["For early Googlers, key word is \$"](https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/For-early-Googlers-key-word-is-Founders-2786378.php). *[San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090919030812/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL) from the original on September 19, 2009.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-44)**
Jolis, Jacob (April 16, 2010). ["Frugal after Google"](https://stanforddaily.com/2010/04/16/frugal-after-google/). *The Stanford Daily*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603050109/https://stanforddaily.com/2010/04/16/frugal-after-google/) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-45)**
["The Invention And History Of Google \| Silicon Valley: The Untold Story"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85Nyi4Xb9PY&t=262s). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. Discovery UK. June 10, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603050109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85Nyi4Xb9PY&t=262s) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-46)**
Williamson, Alan (January 12, 2005). ["An evening with Google's Marissa Mayer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110930021302/http://alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm). *Alan Williamson*. Archived from [the original](http://alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm) on September 30, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-endofworld_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-endofworld_47-1)
[Auletta, Ken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Auletta "Ken Auletta") (2010). *Googled: The End of the World as We Know It* (Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-14-311804-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311804-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311804-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [515456623](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/515456623). "On September 7, 1998, the day Google officially incorporated, he \[Shriram\] wrote out a check for just over \$250,000, one of four of this size the founders received."
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-48)**
Canales, Katie (April 13, 2018). ["The unlikely way Jeff Bezos became one of the first investors in Google, which probably made him a billionaire outside of Amazon"](https://www.businessinsider.com/how-jeff-bezos-became-first-investors-in-google-2018-4?r=US&IR=T). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603054945/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-jeff-bezos-became-first-investors-in-google-2018-4?r=US&IR=T) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-49)**
Bhagat, Rasheeda (January 12, 2012). ["The sherpa who funded Google's ascent"](https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-sherpa-who-funded-googles-ascent/article64554661.ece). *The Hindu Business Line*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220603054946/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-sherpa-who-funded-googles-ascent/article64554661.ece) from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
48. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_Inc_50-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_Inc_50-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_Inc_50-2)
Hosch, William L.; Hall, Mark. ["Google Inc"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc). *Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190220013941/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc) from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-51)**
["Craig Silverstein's website"](https://web.archive.org/web/19991002122809/http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/). *Stanford University*. Archived from [the original](http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/) on October 2, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-52)**
Kopytoff, Verne (September 7, 2008). ["Craig Silverstein grew a decade with Google"](https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php). *[San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121107075029/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php) from the original on November 7, 2012.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-53)**
["Google Receives \$25 Million in Equity Funding"](https://www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html) (Press release). Palo Alto, Calif. June 7, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20010212052759/http://www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html) from the original on February 12, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-54)**
Vise, David; Malseed, Mark (2005). "Chapter 5. Divide and Conquer". *The Google Story*.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-55)**
["Remember When Yahoo Turned Down \$1 Million To Buy Google?"](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/remember-yahoo-turned-down-1-132805083.html). *Yahoo Finance*. Benzinga. July 25, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250729021534/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/remember-yahoo-turned-down-1-132805083.html) from the original on July 29, 2025. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-56)**
Schonfeld, Erick (November 3, 2009). ["Yahoo's Bumbling Rejection Of Google"](https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/03/yahoo-google-microsoft-intelligent-investing-blunder.html). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-57)**
[*Google Server Assembly*](http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167). Computer History Museum. 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100722083804/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167) from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-58)**
Weinberger, Matt (October 12, 2015). ["Google's cofounders are stepping down from their company. Here are 43 photos showing Google's rise from a Stanford dorm room to global internet superpower"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Axel Springer SE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE "Axel Springer SE"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170819101107/http://www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10) from the original on August 19, 2017.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-59)**
["A building blessed with tech success"](https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170523115134/https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/) from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-60)**
Stross, Randall (September 2008). ["Introduction"](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). [*Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC). New York: Free Press. pp. 3–4\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4165-4691-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4691-7")
. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-61)**
["Google Launches Self-Service Advertising Program"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120401005413/http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html). *News from Google*. October 23, 2000. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html) on April 1, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-62)**
Naughton, John (July 2, 2000). ["Why's Yahoo gone to Google? Search me"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040317/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists) from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-63)**
["Yahoo! Selects Google as its Default Search Engine Provider – News announcements – News from Google – Google"](https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html). *googlepress.blogspot.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190131041155/https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html) from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-64)**
Vise, David; Malseed, Mark (2005). "Chapter 9. Hiring a Pilot". *The Google Story*.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-sgibldg_65-0)**
Olsen, Stephanie (July 11, 2003). ["Google's movin' on up"](https://news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121102053103/http://news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html) from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-googleplexpurchase_66-0)**
["Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics"](https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html). *[American City Business Journals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals "American City Business Journals")*. June 16, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100418071152/http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html) from the original on April 18, 2010.
65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-67)**
Krantz, Michael (October 25, 2006). ["Do You "Google"?"](http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html). *Google, Inc*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120512104534/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html) from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
66. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-google_or_not_68-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-google_or_not_68-1)
Bylund, Anders (July 5, 2006). ["To Google or Not to Google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060707062623/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/). *MSNBC*. Archived from [the original](https://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/) on July 7, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-69)**
Meyer, Robinson (June 27, 2014). ["The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer"](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160929140230/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/) from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-70)**
Lashinsky, Adam (January 29, 2008). ["Google wins again"](https://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm). *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. Time Warner. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200031/http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm) from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
69. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-IPO_71-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-IPO_71-1)
["GOOG Stock"](https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/goog-stock). [Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider"). July 31, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210410114859/https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/goog-stock) from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
70. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-GoogleAnnualReport2004_72-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-GoogleAnnualReport2004_72-1)
["2004 Annual Report"](http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf) (PDF). *Google, Inc*. Mountain View, California. 2004. p. 29. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120114064401/http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-73)**
La Monica, Paul R. (April 30, 2004). ["Google sets \$2.7 billion IPO"](https://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN") Money*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154717/http://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/) from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-74)**
Kawamoto, Dawn (April 29, 2004). ["Want In on Google's IPO?"](https://www.zdnet.com/article/want-in-on-googles-ipo/). *ZDNet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111228131306/http://www.zdnet.com/news/want-in-on-googles-ipo/135799) from the original on December 28, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-washpost_75-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-washpost_75-1)
Webb, Cynthia L. (August 19, 2004). ["Google's IPO: Grate Expectations"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14939-2004Aug19.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. Washington, D.C. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121112172750/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14939-2004Aug19.html) from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-76)**
Arrington, Michael (October 9, 2006). ["Google Has Acquired YouTube"](https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024815/https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-77)**
Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Peters, Jeremy W. (October 9, 2006). ["Google to Acquire YouTube for \$1.65 Billion"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/business/09cnd-deal.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170609080519/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/business/09cnd-deal.html) from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-78)**
Arrington, Michael (November 13, 2006). ["Google Closes YouTube Acquisition"](https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024500/https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-79)**
Auchard, Eric (November 14, 2006). ["Google closes YouTube deal"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-idUSWEN973120061114). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Thomson Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters "Thomson Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113147/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-idUSWEN973120061114) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-80)**
Sarkar, Dibya (July 20, 2007). ["Google to bid \$4.6 billion at wireless auction — with conditions"](https://www.seattletimes.com/business/google-to-bid-46-billion-at-wireless-auction-8212-with-conditions/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240326144446/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/google-to-bid-46-billion-at-wireless-auction-8212-with-conditions/) from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-81)**
Lawsky, David (March 11, 2008). ["Google closes DoubleClick merger after EU approval"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-doubleclick-eu-idUSBFA00058020080311). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201222191224/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-doubleclick-eu-idUSBFA00058020080311) from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-82)**
Story, Louise; Helft, Miguel (April 14, 2007). ["Google Buys DoubleClick for \$3.1 Billion"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/technology/14DoubleClick.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170404014741/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/technology/14DoubleClick.html) from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-83)**
Worstall, Tim (June 22, 2011). ["Google Hits One Billion Visitors in Only One Month"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/06/22/google-hits-one-billion-visitors-in-only-one-month/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210428202935/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/06/22/google-hits-one-billion-visitors-in-only-one-month/) from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-84)**
Efrati, Amir (June 21, 2011). ["Google Notches One Billion Unique Visitors Per Month"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-22656). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210416191216/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-22656) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-85)**
["Google Completes Takeover of Motorola Mobility"](https://www.industryweek.com/finance/governance-risk-compliance/article/21957658/google-completes-takeover-of-motorola-mobility). [IndustryWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndustryWeek "IndustryWeek"). [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse"). May 22, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225112/https://www.industryweek.com/finance/governance-risk-compliance/article/21957658/google-completes-takeover-of-motorola-mobility) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-86)**
Tsukayama, Hayley (August 15, 2011). ["Google agrees to acquire Motorola Mobility"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/faster-forward/post/google-agrees-to-acquire-motorola-mobility/2011/08/15/gIQABmTkGJ_blog.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121113035358/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/faster-forward/post/google-agrees-to-acquire-motorola-mobility/2011/08/15/gIQABmTkGJ_blog.html) from the original on November 13, 2012.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-87)**
["Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility — Google Investor Relations"](http://investor.google.com/releases/2011/0815.html). *Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110817101741/http://investor.google.com/releases/2011/0815.html) from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-88)**
[Page, Larry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page") (August 15, 2011). ["Official Google Blog: Supercharging Android: Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility"](https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/supercharging-android-google-to-acquire.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110921134344/https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/supercharging-android-google-to-acquire.html) from the original on September 21, 2011.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-89)**
Hughes, Neil (August 15, 2011). ["Google CEO: 'Anticompetitive' Apple, Microsoft forced Motorola deal"](https://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/15/google_ceo_anticompetitive_apple_microsoft_forced_motorola_deal.html). *[AppleInsider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleInsider "AppleInsider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111210181127/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/15/google_ceo_anticompetitive_apple_microsoft_forced_motorola_deal.html) from the original on December 10, 2011.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-cnet_90-0)**
Cheng, Roger (August 15, 2011). ["Google to buy Motorola Mobility for \$12.5B"](https://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20092362-94/google-to-buy-motorola-mobility-for-$12.5b/). *CNet News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111006062539/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20092362-94/google-to-buy-motorola-mobility-for-$12.5b/) from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-91)**
Kerr, Dara (July 25, 2013). ["Google reveals it spent \$966 million in Waze acquisition"](https://www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170216011658/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/) from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-92)**
Lunden, Ingrid (June 11, 2013). ["Google Bought Waze For \$1.1B, Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business"](https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706051802/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-93)**
Wakefield, Jane (September 19, 2013). ["Google spin-off Calico to search for answers to ageing"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130919201510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924) from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-94)**
Chowdhry, Amit (January 27, 2014). ["Google To Acquire Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140129142153/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/) from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Helgren-_DeepMind_95-0)**
Helgren, Chris (January 27, 2014). ["Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140127042513/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/27/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127) from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Ribeiro-_DeepMind_96-0)**
Ribeiro, Jon (January 27, 2014). ["Google buys artificial intelligence company DeepMind"](http://www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html). *PC World*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140130042946/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html) from the original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-97)**
Opam, Kwame (January 26, 2014). ["Google buying AI startup DeepMind for a reported \$400 million"](https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170708161602/https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai) from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-98)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2013 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161022013506/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls) from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-99)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2014 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161103140119/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls) from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-100)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2015 – Best Global Brands – Interbrand"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161021100708/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls) from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-101)**
Interbrand. ["Rankings – 2016 – Best Global Brands"](http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls). *Interbrand*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092328/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking) from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-102)**
Womack, Brian (August 10, 2015). ["Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-). [Bloomberg L.P.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054841/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-) from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-103)**
Barr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015). ["Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161128112043/http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645) from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-104)**
Dougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015). ["Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161019164806/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html) from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-105)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017). ["Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170810185646/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html) on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
. *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, August 7, 2017
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-106)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017). ["Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170809012140/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html) on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
. *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, August 8, 2017
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-107)** diversitymemo.com
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-108)**
Friedersdorf, Conor (August 8, 2017). ["The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230220/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/) from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-109)**
Bergen, Mark (November 22, 2019). ["Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation). *[Bloomberg.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com "Bloomberg.com")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191127180949/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation) from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
108. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Verge_busting_110-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Verge_busting_110-1)
Hollister, Sean (November 25, 2019). ["Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees"](https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191126091658/https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout) from the original on November 26, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-111)**
Welch, Chris (October 25, 2018). ["Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years"](https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133020/https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo) from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-112)**
Hamilton, Isobel Asher; et al. (November 1, 2018). ["PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181102174328/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11) from the original on November 2, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-113)**
Segarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018). ["More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy"](http://fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/). [Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181107013331/http://fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/) from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-114)**
Liedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018). ["Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct"](https://www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct). San Francisco, Calf.: Akron Beacon/Journal. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010412/https://www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct) from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-unveils_115-0)**
Warren, Tom (March 19, 2019). ["Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019"](https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190319173136/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019) from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-116)**
["Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe"](https://www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/). *The Register*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200927011823/https://www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/) from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-117)**
["U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google"](https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201025210439/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-118)**
Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2019). ["PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce"](https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210513124523/https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-119)**
["Bloomberg – Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff). *Boomberg News*. April 15, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200416050831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff) from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-120)**
Bonacini, Luca; Gallo, Giovanni; Scicchitano, Sergio (2021). ["Working from home and income inequality: risks of a 'new normal' with COVID-19"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7486597). *Journal of Population Economics*. **34** (1): 303–360\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s00148-020-00800-7](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00148-020-00800-7). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0933-1433](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-1433). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7486597](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7486597). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32952308](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32952308).
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-121)**
["Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption"](https://news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892). *Sky News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201214132214/https://news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892) from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-122)**
Li, Abner (November 12, 2020). ["YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage"](https://9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/). *9to5Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201223191848/https://9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/) from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-123)**
["YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201214235555/https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjT_qTet83tAhVJJzQIHcFXB-kQyM8BCCgwAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0HFBmVnTnarPXLRK7ok2jE%26ampcf%3D1). *TechRadar*. December 14, 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www.techradar.com/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down) on December 14, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-124)**
["Google employees are forming a union"](https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/01/04/google-employees-are-forming-a-union/). *Android Police*. January 4, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220324193401/https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/01/04/google-employees-are-forming-a-union/) from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-125)**
Jose, Renju (January 22, 2021). ["Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210918073029/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O) from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-126)**
["Google reportedly paid \$20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia"](https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia). *GamesIndustry.biz*. March 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210301103546/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia) from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-127)**
Schreier, Jason (February 28, 2021). ["Google had big video game ambitions. Then reality hit"](https://fortune.com/2021/02/27/google-stadia-video-game-streaming-reality-check-consoles/). *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220203054851/https://fortune.com/2021/02/27/google-stadia-video-game-streaming-reality-check-consoles/) from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-128)**
["Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. April 11, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210413012105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760) from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-129)**
["Australian Government Plans to Curb Google's Capability to Sell Targeted Ads – September 28, 2021"](https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/). *Daily News Brief*. September 28, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211004124647/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/) from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-130)**
Picchi, Aimee (April 28, 2022). ["Google will now remove your phone number and other info from search results. Here's how to do it"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/google-search-remove-phone-number-personal-information/). *[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220504084126/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/google-search-remove-phone-number-personal-information/) from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-d065_131-0)**
Osterloh, Rick (May 4, 2022). ["Google acquires Raxium"](https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/google-acquires-raxium/). *Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250624201916/https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/google-acquires-raxium/) from the original on June 24, 2025. Retrieved October 8, 2025.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-132)**
Charlotte Trueman (July 6, 2022). ["Noteworthy tech acquisitions 2022"](https://www.computerworld.com/article/3646533/noteworthy-tech-acquisitions-2022.html). *Computer World*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220716040142/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3646533/noteworthy-tech-acquisitions-2022.html) from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-133)**
Claburn, Thomas (December 15, 2022). ["Google debuts OSV-Scanner to find vulns in open source apps • The Register"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221215090350/https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/15/google_debuts_osvscanner_a_gobased/). Archived from [the original](https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/15/google_debuts_osvscanner_a_gobased/) on December 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-134)**
Lakshmanan, Ravie (December 13, 2022). ["Google Launches OSV-Scanner Tool to Identify Open Source Vulnerabilities"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191239/https://thehackernews.com/2022/12/google-launches-largest-distributed.html). Archived from [the original](https://thehackernews.com/2022/12/google-launches-largest-distributed.html) on December 13, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-135)**
Grant, Nico; Metz, Cade (December 21, 2022). ["A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221221100606/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html) from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-136)**
Love, Julia; Alba, Davey (March 8, 2023). ["Google's Plan to Catch ChatGPT Is to Stuff AI Into Everything"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products). *[Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News") Businessweek*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230312010416/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products) from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-137)**
["Google just launched Bard, its answer to ChatGPT—and it wants you to make it better"](https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/21/1070111/google-bard-chatgpt-openai-microsoft-bing-search/). *MIT Technology Review*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250212011644/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/21/1070111/google-bard-chatgpt-openai-microsoft-bing-search/) from the original on February 12, 2025. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-138)**
["Google to open two more data centers in Ohio"](https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576). *[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\(United_States\) "ABC News (United States)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230506082230/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576) from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-139)**
Peters, Jay (August 6, 2024). ["Now that Google is a monopolist, what's next? / Reaching a decision on what to do about Google Search could take a very long time"](https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/6/24214641/google-us-monopoly-ruling-what-happens). The Verge. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-140)**
Mallin, Alexander (August 5, 2024). ["Google violated antitrust laws to maintain dominance over online search, judge says"](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/google-violated-antitrust-laws-maintain-dominance-online-search/story?id=112591120). ABC News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240806015225/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/google-violated-antitrust-laws-maintain-dominance-online-search/story?id=112591120) from the original on August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
139. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-eushoppingruling_141-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-eushoppingruling_141-1)
Hancock, Edith (September 10, 2024). ["Google loses EU court battle over €2.4B antitrust fine"](https://www.politico.eu/article/google-loses-court-battle-over-first-eu-antitrust-fine/). Politico. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082418/https://www.politico.eu/article/google-loses-court-battle-over-first-eu-antitrust-fine/) from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-142)**
Anthony Cuthbertson (October 31, 2024). ["Russia fines Google \$20 decillion (that's 2.5 trillion trillion trillion dollars)"](https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/russia-fines-google-decillion-youtube-lawsuit-b2638752.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-143)**
["Saudis Plan \$100 Billion AI Powerhouse to Rival UAE Tech Hub"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-06/saudis-plan-100-billion-ai-powerhouse-to-rival-uae-s-tech-hub?embedded-checkout=true). *Bloomberg.com*. November 6, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-144)**
Kahil, Nadine (November 7, 2024). ["Google's new AI hub in Saudi Arabia aims to add \$71 billion to local economy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241109174639/https://wired.me/technology/googles-ai-hub-saudi-arabia/). *WIRED Middle East*. Archived from [the original](https://wired.me/technology/googles-ai-hub-saudi-arabia/) on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-145)**
Jin, Lauren Thomas and Berber (March 17, 2025). ["Google Strikes \$32 Billion Deal for Cybersecurity Startup Wiz"](https://www.wsj.com/business/deals/alphabet-back-in-deal-talks-for-cybersecurity-startup-wiz-41cd3090?mod=tech_more_article_pos25). *The Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-146)**
Brodkin, Jon (July 15, 2025). ["Grok's "MechaHitler" meltdown didn't stop xAI from winning \$200M military deal"](https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/07/groks-mechahitler-meltdown-didnt-stop-xai-from-winning-200m-military-deal/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250716044148/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/07/groks-mechahitler-meltdown-didnt-stop-xai-from-winning-200m-military-deal/) from the original on July 16, 2025. Retrieved July 16, 2025.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-147)**
Elias, Jennifer (September 2, 2025). ["Google stock jumps 8% after search giant avoids worst-case penalties in antitrust case"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/02/google-antitrust-search-ruling.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-148)**
Shamsian, Natalie Musumeci, Jacob. ["Google can't have exclusive search deals — but won't have to divest Chrome or Android, judge rules in antitrust case"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-antitrust-monopoly-doj-ruling-decision-chrome-2025-8). *Business Insider*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250902212445/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-antitrust-monopoly-doj-ruling-decision-chrome-2025-8) from the original on September 2, 2025. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"))
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-149)**
Renshaw, Jarrett; Kearney, Laila (March 4, 2026). ["Tech Giants sign energy pledge at white house ahead of midterms"](https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/trump-meet-tech-giants-energy-pledge-ahead-midterms-2026-03-04/). *Reuters*.
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-150)**
Arrington, Michael (July 25, 2008). ["Google's Misleading Blog Post: The Size Of The Web And The Size Of Their Index Are Very Different"](https://techcrunch.com/2008/07/25/googles-misleading-blog-post-on-the-size-of-the-web/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170312042335/https://techcrunch.com/2008/07/25/googles-misleading-blog-post-on-the-size-of-the-web/) from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-comscore_151-0)**
["comScore Releases November 2009 U.S. Search Engine Rankings"](http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2009/12/comScore_Releases_November_2009_U.S._Search_Engine_Rankings). December 16, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100225142724/http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2009/12/comScore_Releases_November_2009_U.S._Search_Engine_Rankings) from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-152)**
Schwartz, Barry (May 26, 2017). ["Google Adds Personal Tab To Search Filters"](https://www.seroundtable.com/google-personal-tab-search-23912.html). *Search Engine Roundtable*. RustyBrick. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170527140309/https://www.seroundtable.com/google-personal-tab-search-23912.html) from the original on May 27, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-153)**
Gartenberg, Chaim (May 26, 2017). ["Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/26/15701778/google-personal-tab-search-results-gmail-photos-images-maps-news-filter). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170526215945/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/26/15701778/google-personal-tab-search-results-gmail-photos-images-maps-news-filter) from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-154)**
Macht, Joshua (September 30, 2002). ["Automatic for the People"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101022094519/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,356152,00.html). *Time*. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,356152,00.html) on October 22, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-155)**
Martin, China (November 26, 2007). ["Google hit with second lawsuit over Library project"](http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/google-hit-second-lawsuit-over-library-project-722). [InfoWorld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld "InfoWorld"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022853/http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/google-hit-second-lawsuit-over-library-project-722) from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-156)**
Naughton, John (July 1, 2017). ["Challenges to Silicon Valley won't just come from Brussels"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/google-fine-challenges-to-silicon-valley). *[The Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124625/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/01/google-fine-challenges-to-silicon-valley) from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-157)**
Mills, Elinor (March 21, 2006). ["Google launches its own financial site"](https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/google-launches-its-own-financial-site/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124623/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/google-launches-its-own-financial-site/) from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-158)**
Pepitone, Julianne (September 13, 2011). ["Google launches Flight Search - with a cool feature rivals lack"](https://money.cnn.com/2011/09/13/technology/google_flight_search/index.htm). *[CNN Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money "CNN Money")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124624/https://money.cnn.com/2011/09/13/technology/google_flight_search/index.htm) from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-agm2017_159-0)**
[*Annualg report (Alphabet Inc.) – 2017*](https://abc.xyz/investor). Alphabet Inc. Investor relations. March 1, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160203091612/https://abc.xyz/investor/) from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-160)**
Nakashima, Ellen (August 12, 2008). ["Some Web Firms Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121112172756/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html) from the original on November 12, 2012.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-161)**
Helft, Miguel (March 11, 2009). ["Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170328214358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html) from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-adsense_mobile_162-0)**
["Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market"](https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html). *Google, Inc*. September 17, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120620042233/https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html) from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-163)**
Bright, Peter (August 27, 2008). ["Surfing on the sly with IE8's new "InPrivate" Internet"](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/). *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170312040931/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/) from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-164)**
Beal, Vangie (December 21, 2010). ["AdWords – Google AdWords"](http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html). *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170629163240/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html) from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-165)**
Beal, Vangie (December 20, 2010). ["AdSense – Google AdSense"](http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html). *Webopedia*. QuinStreet Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170502044751/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html) from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-166)**
Mills, Elinor (July 25, 2006). ["Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats"](https://news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html). *news.cnet.com*. [CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075216/http://news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html) from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2006.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-167)**
Metz, Cade (February 8, 2024). ["Google Releases Gemini, an A.I.-Driven Chatbot and Voice Assistant"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/technology/google-gemini-ai-app.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240208132803/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/technology/google-gemini-ai-app.html) from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-168)**
Nietzel, Michael T. ["Google Introduces New AI Training Course"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2024/04/26/google-introduces-new-ai-training-course/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240505213021/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2024/04/26/google-introduces-new-ai-training-course/) from the original on May 5, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-169)**
Roth, Emma (August 15, 2024). ["Google's upgraded AI image generator is now available"](https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/15/24221218/google-ai-image-generator-imagen-3-available). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240925172148/https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/15/24221218/google-ai-image-generator-imagen-3-available) from the original on September 25, 2024. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-170)**
Edwards, Benj (May 15, 2024). ["Google unveils Veo, a high-definition AI video generator that may rival Sora"](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/05/google-unveils-veo-a-high-definition-ai-video-generator-that-may-rival-sora/). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-171)**
Whitwam, Ryan (March 5, 2025). ["You knew it was coming: Google begins testing AI-only search results"](https://arstechnica.com/google/2025/03/google-is-expanding-ai-overviews-and-testing-ai-only-search-results/). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved March 1, 2026.
170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-172)**
Peters, Jay (May 21, 2025). ["Google has a new tool to help detect AI-generated content"](https://www.theverge.com/news/672013/google-synthid-detector-ai-generated-content-watermark-i-o-2025). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250522134233/https://www.theverge.com/news/672013/google-synthid-detector-ai-generated-content-watermark-i-o-2025) from the original on May 22, 2025. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-173)**
Orland, Kyle (September 23, 2024). ["Fake AI "podcasters" are reviewing my book and it's freaking me out"](https://arstechnica.com/ai/2024/09/fake-ai-podcasters-are-reviewing-my-book-and-its-freaking-me-out/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240924144943/https://arstechnica.com/ai/2024/09/fake-ai-podcasters-are-reviewing-my-book-and-its-freaking-me-out/) from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-174)**
Pierce, David (September 22, 2024). ["The chatbot becomes the teacher"](https://www.theverge.com/24249388/notebooklm-google-steven-johnson-vergecast). *The Verge*. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-175)**
Luna, Elizabeth de (May 14, 2024). ["How Google's LearnLM plans to supercharge education for students and teachers"](https://mashable.com/article/google-io-2024-learnlm). *Mashable*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241220022620/https://mashable.com/article/google-io-2024-learnlm) from the original on December 20, 2024. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-176)**
Gayomali, Chris (April 1, 2014). ["When Gmail Launched On April 1, 2004, People Thought It Was A Joke"](https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke). *[Fast Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_\(magazine\) "Fast Company (magazine)")*. Mansueto Ventures. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171018201644/https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke) from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-177)**
Vincent, James (January 5, 2017). ["Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year's fitness goals"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170113025213/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data) from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-178)**
Broussard, Mitchel (March 22, 2017). ["Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real-Time Friend Tracking"](https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/). *[MacRumors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacRumors "MacRumors")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170327173708/https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/) from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
177. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-verge-drive-announced_179-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-verge-drive-announced_179-1)
Sottek, T.C. (April 24, 2012). ["Google Drive officially launches with 5 GB free storage, Google Docs integration"](https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161226161807/http://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features) from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-180)**
Perez, Sarah (May 28, 2015). ["Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+, Now Offers Free, Unlimited Storage"](https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706135643/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-181)**
Graziano, Dan (March 20, 2013). ["Google launches Google Keep note-taking service \[video\]"](http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/). *[BGR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Genius_Report "Boy Genius Report")*. [Penske Media Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation "Penske Media Corporation"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154306/http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/) from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-182)**
Eadicicco, Lisa (November 16, 2016). ["Google's Translation App Is About To Get Much Better"](https://time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170401152526/http://time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/) from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-183)**
Hamedy, Saba (February 28, 2017). ["People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day"](http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/). *[Mashable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable "Mashable")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170517233015/http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/) from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-184)**
["Google My Business – Stand Out on Google for Free"](https://www.google.com/business/). *Google My Business*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190207151521/https://www.google.com/business/) from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-185)**
Singer, Natasha (May 13, 2017). ["How Google Took Over the Classroom (Published 2017)"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/technology/google-education-chromebooks-schools.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241208020154/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/technology/google-education-chromebooks-schools.html) from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-186)**
Levy, Steven (June 28, 2011). ["Inside Google+ - How the search giant plans to go social"](https://www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(website\) "Wired (website)")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170405130052/https://www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/) from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-187)**
Zakrasek, Nick (2017). ["Connecting more Americans with jobs"](https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/). *blog.google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204109/https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-188)**
["Job Search on Google – Get Your Job Postings on Google Today"](https://jobs.google.com/about). *jobs.google.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210628200911/https://jobs.google.com/about/) from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-189)**
["Search Job Opportunities & Expand Career Skills"](https://grow.google/job-seekers/). *Grow With Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210619224906/https://grow.google/job-seekers/) from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-190)**
Ryan, Robin (2019). ["How To Use Google's Job Search Feature To Land A Job"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190806144615/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job/). *forbes.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job) on August 6, 2019.
189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-191)**
Clarke, Philippa; Ailshire, Jennifer; Melendez, Robert; Bader, Michael; Morenoff, Jeffrey (2010). ["Using Google Earth to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit instrument"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952684). *Health & Place*. **16** (6): 1224–1229\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2010HePla..16.1224C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010HePla..16.1224C). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.007](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healthplace.2010.08.007). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1353-8292](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-8292). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2952684](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952684). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [20797897](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20797897).
190. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-192)**
Schonfeld, Erick (November 5, 2007). ["Breaking: Google Announces Android and Open Handset Alliance"](https://techcrunch.com/2007/11/05/breaking-google-announces-android-and-open-handset-alliance/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170622140334/https://techcrunch.com/2007/11/05/breaking-google-announces-android-and-open-handset-alliance/) from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-193)**
D'Orazio, Dante (March 18, 2014). ["Google reveals Android Wear, an operating system for smartwatches"](https://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/google-reveals-android-wear-an-operating-system-designed-for). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034323/http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/google-reveals-android-wear-an-operating-system-designed-for) from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-194)**
Ong, Josh (June 25, 2014). ["Google announces Android TV to bring 'voice input, user experience and content' to the living room"](https://thenextweb.com/google/2014/06/25/android-tv-google-io-2014/). *The Next Web*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170313130445/https://thenextweb.com/google/2014/06/25/android-tv-google-io-2014/) from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-195)**
Wilhelm, Alex (June 25, 2014). ["Google Announces Android Auto, Promises Enabled Cars By The End Of 2014"](https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/25/google-announces-android-auto-promises-enabled-cars-by-end-of-2014/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170622135917/https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/25/google-announces-android-auto-promises-enabled-cars-by-end-of-2014/) from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-196)**
Kastrenakes, Jacob (December 13, 2016). ["Android Things is Google's new OS for smart devices"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/13/13924996/android-things-announced-smart-home-iot-operating-system). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170217131058/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/13/13924996/android-things-announced-smart-home-iot-operating-system) from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-197)**
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (September 1, 2008). ["A fresh take on the browser"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160315022315/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html) from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-198)**
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (July 7, 2009). ["Introducing the Google Chrome OS"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222918/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html) from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-199)**
["Gemini 3: Introducing the latest Gemini AI model from Google"](https://blog.google/products/gemini/gemini-3/). *Google Blog*. November 18, 2025. Retrieved November 18, 2025.
198. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-200)**
Heath, Alex (November 18, 2025). ["Google Antigravity is an 'agent-first' coding tool built for Gemini 3"](https://www.theverge.com/news/822833/google-antigravity-ide-coding-agent-gemini-3-pro). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). Retrieved November 18, 2025.
199. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-201)**
Siegler, MG (January 5, 2010). ["The Droid You're Looking For: Live From The Nexus One Event"](https://techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054909/https://techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/) from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
200. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-202)**
Ion, Florence (May 15, 2013). ["From Nexus One to Nexus 10: a brief history of Google's flagship devices"](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/). *[Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170624004245/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
201. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Pixel_inside_story_203-0)**
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). ["The Google Phone: The inside story of Google's bold bet on hardware"](https://www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170106213353/http://www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016) from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
202. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-204)**
Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (May 11, 2011). ["A new kind of computer: Chromebook"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222651/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html) from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
203. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-205)**
Robertson, Adi (July 24, 2013). ["Google reveals Chromecast: video streaming to your TV from any device for \$35"](https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161226065215/http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming) from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
204. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-206)**
["Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to TV"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC"). July 31, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129205929/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
205. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-207)**
O'Toole, James (June 26, 2014). ["Google's cardboard virtual-reality goggles"](https://money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145138/http://money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
206. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-208)**
Kastrenakes, Jacob (October 4, 2016). ["Google's Daydream View VR headset goes on sale next month for \$79"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13161506/google-vr-headset-photos-daydream-view-virtual-reality). *The Verge*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161007203651/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13161506/google-vr-headset-photos-daydream-view-virtual-reality) from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-209)**
["Daydream: Bringing high-quality VR to everyone"](https://blog.google/products/google-ar-vr/daydream-bringing-high-quality-vr-everyone/). *Google*. October 4, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-210)**
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). ["Google Home is smart, loud, and kind of cute"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161007204916/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on) from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-211)**
Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). ["The Google Wifi routers are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your house"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161007180430/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on) from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-212)**
["Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to get it done, in one location"](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace/). *Google Cloud Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220128010314/https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace) from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-213)**
["Choose a Plan"](https://gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html). *G Suite by Google Cloud*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161212231639/https://gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html) from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-214)**
["Celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship with the new Google for Entrepreneurs"](https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/celebrating-spirit-of-entrepreneurship.html). *Official Google Blog*. September 24, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171207/https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/celebrating-spirit-of-entrepreneurship.html) from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-215)**
Fell, Jason (September 27, 2012). ["How Google Wants to Make Starting Up Easier for Entrepreneurs"](https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224522). *Entrepreneur*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230407/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224522) from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-216)**
Muret, Paul (March 15, 2016). ["Introducing the Google Analytics 360 Suite"](https://analytics.googleblog.com/2016/03/introducing-google-analytics-360-suite.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170112142850/https://analytics.googleblog.com/2016/03/introducing-google-analytics-360-suite.html) from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-217)**
Marshall, Jack (March 15, 2016). ["Google Launches New Data Tools for Marketers"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161113150024/http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217) from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-218)**
Ingersoll, Minnie; Kelly, James (February 10, 2010). ["Think big with a gig: Our experimental fiber network"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2010/02/think-big-with-gig-our-experimental.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150926/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2010/02/think-big-with-gig-our-experimental.html) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-219)**
Schonfeld, Erick (February 10, 2010). ["Google Plans To Deliver 1Gb/sec Fiber-Optic Broadband Network To More Than 50,000 Homes"](https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/10/google-fiber-optic-network-home/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145628/https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/10/google-fiber-optic-network-home/) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
218. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-220)**
McLaughlin, Kevin (August 25, 2016). ["Inside the Battle Over Google Fiber"](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/inside-the-battle-over-google-fiber). *The Information*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144256/https://www.theinformation.com/articles/inside-the-battle-over-google-fiber) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-221)**
Statt, Nick (August 25, 2016). ["Alphabet is putting serious pressure on Google Fiber to cut costs"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145849/http://www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
220. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-222)**
Fox, Nick (April 22, 2015). ["Say hi to Fi: A new way to say hello"](https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2015/04/project-fi.html). *Official Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150714/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2015/04/project-fi.html) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
221. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-223)**
Goldman, David (April 22, 2015). ["Google launches 'Project Fi' wireless service"](https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150255/http://money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/) from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-224)**
["Google joins OpenWallet Foundation"](https://www.paymentsdive.com/news/google-open-wallet-foundation-owf-digital-wallet-jenny-cheng-daniel-goldscheider/692368/). *Payments Dive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230901160500/https://www.paymentsdive.com/news/google-open-wallet-foundation-owf-digital-wallet-jenny-cheng-daniel-goldscheider/692368/) from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-225)**
["Financial Statements \| GOOGL"](https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/GOOGL/alphabet/financial-statements). *Macrotrends*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250729064505/https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/GOOGL/alphabet/financial-statements) from the original on July 29, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
224. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-226)**
["Alphabet Income Statement"](https://eulerpool.com/en/stock/Alphabet-Stock-US02079K3059/). *Eulerpool*. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
225. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-227)**
["Google's Employee Headcount (2004 – 2021)"](https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/technology--media-and-telecom/googles-employee-headcount/). *GlobalData*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240621070655/https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/technology--media-and-telecom/googles-employee-headcount/) from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
226. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-228)**
["Number of Google Employees"](https://explodingtopics.com/blog/how-many-people-work-at-google). *Exploding Topics*. October 8, 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250516210028/https://explodingtopics.com/blog/how-many-people-work-at-google) from the original on May 16, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
227. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-229)**
["Form S-1"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312504073639/ds1.htm). *SEC.gov*. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
228. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:0_230-4)
["Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312505065298/d10k.htm). *SEC.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250603062906/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312505065298/d10k.htm) from the original on June 3, 2025. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
229. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-231)**
Hancock, Jay (October 31, 2007). ["Google shares hit \$700"](http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html). *The Baltimore Sun*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120202214534/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html) from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
230. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-bowlingforgoogle_232-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-bowlingforgoogle_232-1)
La Monica, Paul R. (May 25, 2005). ["Bowling for Google"](https://money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120304043014/http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm) from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
231. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-233)**
["This could cost Google more than \$500 million"](https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. April 2, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151226080454/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html) from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
232. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-234)**
Pramuk, Jacob (August 10, 2015). ["Google to become part of new company, Alphabet"](https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150811000128/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html) from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
233. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-235)**
Vise, David (October 21, 2005). ["Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161020134416/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html) from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
234. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-236)**
La Monica, Paul R. (October 21, 2005). ["All signals go for Google"](https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210416051657/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
235. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-237)**
["Google shares jump on big profit increase"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/google-shares-jump-on-big-profit-increase-1.558678). *[CBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News "CBC News")*. October 21, 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223654/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.558678) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
236. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-10-K_238-0)**
["Form 10-K – Annual Report"](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm). SEC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101106152355/http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm) from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
237. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google-Inc-Jan-2012-10-K_239-0)**
["Google Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date January 26, 2012"](http://pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf) (PDF). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130502193637/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
238. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-240)**
Fiegerman, Seth (January 22, 2013). ["Google Has Its First \$50 Billion Year"](http://mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH). *[Mashable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable "Mashable")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161201014741/http://mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH) from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
239. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-241)**
Whitwam, Ryan (October 18, 2013). ["Google Beats Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results, Stock Passes \$1000 Per Share"](http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/). *Android Police*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025733/http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
240. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-242)**
["Google earnings up 12% in third quarter even as Motorola losses deepen"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017221536/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). October 17, 2013. Archived from [the original](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
241. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Marketwatch_243-0)**
["Google Overview"](http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/goog). *Marketwatch*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202073406/http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/GOOG) from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
242. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-244)**
Metz, Cade (October 22, 2010). ["Google slips \$3.1bn through 'Double Irish' tax loophole"](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/). *The Register*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706132414/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
243. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-245)**
Leach, Anna (October 31, 2012). ["French gov 'plans to hand Google €1bn tax bill' – report"](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/). The Register. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130104002014/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/) from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
244. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-246)**
Waters, Richard (January 2, 2020). ["Google to end use of 'double Irish' as tax loophole set to close"](https://www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551). *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200102131057/https://www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551) from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
245. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-247)**
Parnell, Brid-Aine (May 17, 2013). ["I think you DO do evil, using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax"](https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/). The Register. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131226090028/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/) from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
246. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-248)**
Gapper, John (January 23, 2016). ["Google strikes £130m back tax deal"](https://www.ft.com/content/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2). Financial Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160124195612/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html) from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
247. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-249)**
Meijer, Bart (January 3, 2019). ["Google shifted \$23 billion to tax haven Bermuda in 2017: filing"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190103215930/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9) from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019. "Google moved 19.9 billion euros (\$22.7 billion) through a Dutch shell company to Bermuda in 2017, as part of an arrangement that allows it to reduce its foreign tax bill"
248. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-lobby1_250-0)**
Hamburger, Tom; Gold, Matea (April 13, 2014). ["Google, once disdainful of lobbying, now a master of Washington influence"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171027124925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html) from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
249. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-251)**
Koller, David (January 2004). ["Origin of the name, "Google.""](https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html). *[Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University")*. Archived from [the original](http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html) on June 27, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2006.
250. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-252)**
Harris, Scott D. (July 7, 2006). ["Dictionary adds verb: to google"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070206065348/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm). *San Jose Mercury News*. Archived from [the original](http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm) on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2006.
251. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-253)**
Gibbs, Samuel (November 3, 2014). ["Google has 'outgrown' its 14-year old mission statement, says Larry Page"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170326053031/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin) from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
252. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-254)**
["Google Code of Conduct"](https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html). *Alphabet Investor Relations*. Alphabet Inc. April 11, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170211223917/https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html) from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
253. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-255)**
Lawler, Richard (October 2, 2015). ["Alphabet replaces Google's 'Don't be evil' with 'Do the right thing'"](https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/). *[Engadget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget "Engadget")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170701225925/https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/) from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
254. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-256)**
["Happy Birthday Google!"](http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345). ndtv.com. NDTV Convergence Limited. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190407042748/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345) from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
255. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-257)**
["Doodle 4 Google"](https://www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140427143948/http://www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html) from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
256. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-258)**
["Burning Man Festival"](https://doodles.google/doodle/burning-man-festival/). August 30, 1998. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140425051111/https://www.google.com/doodles/burning-man-festival) from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
257. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-259)**
["Meet the people behind the Google Doodles"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. April 12, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006222909/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo) from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
258. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-mentalplex_260-0)**
["Google MentalPlex"](https://www.google.com/mentalplex/). Google, Inc. April 1, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100921223048/http://www.google.com/mentalplex/) from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
259. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-TiSP_261-0)**
["Welcome to Google TiSP"](https://www.google.com/tisp/). Google, Inc. April 1, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100709034300/http://www.google.com/tisp/) from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
260. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-262)**
["Language Tools"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090522220537/http://www.google.com/language_tools). Google, Inc. Archived from [the original](https://www.google.com/language_tools) on May 22, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
261. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-263)**
["anagram search"](https://www.google.com/search?q=anagram). Google, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130624205429/http://www.google.com/search?q=anagram) from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
262. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-264)**
["Technical Writing Courses"](https://developers.google.com/tech-writing). *developers.google.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326074732/https://developers.google.com/tech-writing) from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
263. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-best_company_265-0)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (January 22, 2007). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["In good company"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm). *Fortune Magazine*. **155** (1): 94–6, 100, 102 passim. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [17256628](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17256628). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100301175257/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm) from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
264. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-266)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 4, 2008). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["The 2008 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html). *Fortune Magazine*. **157** (2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223729/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html) from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
265. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-267)**
["The 2012 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/). *Fortune Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121031135647/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/) from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
266. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-268)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 2, 2009). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["The 2009 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html). *Fortune Magazine*. **159** (2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100726042849/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html) from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
267. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-269)**
Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 8, 2010). [Serwer, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Serwer "Andrew Serwer") (ed.). ["The 2010 list"](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/). *Fortune Magazine*. **161** (2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100618125312/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/) from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
268. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-270)**
["The World's Most Attractive Employers 2010"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101112131208/http://www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50). Universum Global. September 28, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50) on November 12, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
269. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-271)**
["Our Philosophy"](https://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html). Google, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100709041157/http://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html) from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
270. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-272)**
["Alphabet Q3 2020 10-Q Report"](https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf) (PDF). *Alphabet Inc*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201230042518/https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
271. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-273)**
Nieva, Richard; Carson, Erin (May 5, 2020). ["Google's diversity numbers show incremental progress"](https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/). *CNET*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201230195450/https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/) from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
272. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-274)**
["Google Diversity Annual Report 2020"](https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866). *Google*. 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216005455/https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866) from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
273. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-275)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke (September 8, 2017). ["Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women"](https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170926095602/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html) from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
274. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-276)**
Mediratta, Bharat; Bick, Julie (October 21, 2007). ["The Google Way: Give Engineers Room"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170402201354/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html) from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
275. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-277)**
Mayer, Marissa (speaker) (June 30, 2006). [*Marissa Mayer at Stanford University*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg) (Seminar). Martin Lafrance. Event occurs at 11:33. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100816150501/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg) from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010. "Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20% time."
276. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-278)**
Rivlin, Gary (August 24, 2005). ["Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170403014314/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html) from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
277. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-279)**
Utz, Richard (2013). "The Good Corporation? Google's Medievalism and Why It Matters". *Studies in Medievalism*. **23**: 21–28\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1515/9781782041160-005](https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781782041160-005). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-78204-116-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78204-116-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78204-116-0")
.
278. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-280)**
Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard (August 25, 2005). ["Search giant may outgrow its fans"](https://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp). *The Sydney Morning Herald*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100517075346/http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp) from the original on May 17, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
279. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-281)**
Ranka, Mohit (May 17, 2007). ["Google – Don't Be Evil"](http://www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil). OSNews. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100706224751/http://www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil) from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
280. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-CCO_282-0)**
Mills, Elinor (April 30, 2007). ["Google's culture czar"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101031155723/http://www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm). *ZDNet*. Archived from [the original](http://www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm) on October 31, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
281. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-283)**
Kawamoto, Dawn (July 27, 2005). ["Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit"](https://news.cnet.com/Google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/2100-1030_3-5807158.html?tag=nl). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191017004134/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/) from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
282. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-284)**
["Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011205140/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071006/google_old_071006/20071006). *ctv.ca*. October 6, 2007. Archived from [the original](https://www.ctvnews.ca/google-accused-of-ageism-in-reinstated-lawsuit-1.259152) on October 11, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
283. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-285)**
Rosenblatt, Seth (May 16, 2014). ["Judge approves first payout in antitrust wage-fixing lawsuit"](https://www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. CBS Interactive. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202030937/https://www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
284. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-DhillonLaw_286-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-DhillonLaw_286-1)
["Damore, et al. v. Google – FAC"](https://www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf) (PDF). *The Dhillon Law Group*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180706181339/https://www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
285. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-287)**
["Google Unions Announce Global Alliance: "Together, we will change Alphabet""](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125135902/https://www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal). *UNI Global Union*. Archived from [the original](https://www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal) on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
286. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Schiffer2021_288-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Schiffer2021_288-1)
Schiffer, Zoe (January 25, 2021). ["Exclusive: Google workers across the globe announce international union alliance to hold Alphabet accountable"](https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125114814/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance) from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
287. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-289)**
Ghaffary, Shirin (September 9, 2019). ["Dozens of Google employees say they were retaliated against for reporting harassment"](https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive). *[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212540/https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive) from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
288. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-290)**
Rahman, Rema (December 2, 2020). ["Google illegally surveilled and fired organizers, NLRB complaint alleges"](https://thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint). *[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\(newspaper\) "The Hill (newspaper)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125153854/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint) from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
289. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-unions_291-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-unions_291-1)
["Google Had Secret Project to 'Convince' Employees 'That Unions Suck'"](https://www.vice.com/en/article/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck/). *Vice.com*. January 10, 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220110150222/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck) from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
290. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-292)**
Kruppa, Miles (February 5, 2025). ["Exclusive \| Google Kills Diversity Hiring Targets"](https://www.wsj.com/tech/google-kills-diversity-hiring-targets-04433d7c). *WSJ*. Retrieved February 6, 2025.
291. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-293)**
["Google: Our Offices"](https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180726014216/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america) from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
292. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-294)**
Reardon, Marguerite (October 11, 2006). ["Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple"](https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/). *[CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET")*. [CBS Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive "CBS Interactive"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161012171317/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/) from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
293. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-295)**
Grant, Peter (December 3, 2010). ["Google to Buy New York Office Building"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Dow Jones & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company "Dow Jones & Company"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161010041640/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418) from the original on October 10, 2016.
294. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-296)**
Gustin, Sam (December 22, 2010). ["Google buys giant New York building for \$1.9 billion"](https://www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(website\) "Wired (website)")*. [Condé Nast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast "Condé Nast"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170102101149/https://www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/) from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
295. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-297)**
["Google buys NYC's Chelsea Market building for \$2.4 bn"](https://phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184159/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html) from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
296. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-298)**
["Google bought Manhattan's Chelsea Market building for \$2.4 billion – TechCrunch"](https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/). *techcrunch.com*. March 20, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180608214250/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/) from the original on June 8, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
297. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-299)**
["Google closes \$2.4 billion Chelsea Market deal to expand New York..."](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U) *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180527003159/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U) from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
298. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-300)**
["Report: Alphabet Is Buying Chelsea Market for Over \$2B"](http://uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b). *PCMag UK*. February 9, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210609/http://uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b) from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
299. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-301)**
MacMillan, Douglas; Brown, Eliot; Grant, Peter. ["Google Plans Large New York City Expansion"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181108182715/https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579) from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
300. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-302)**
["Google To Build New \$1 Billion Campus In NYC"](https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/). *CBS New York*. December 17, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181217165433/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/) from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
301. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-303)**
Gartenberg, Chaim (December 17, 2018). ["Google announces a new \$1 billion NYC campus in Hudson Square"](https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181217203157/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date) from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
302. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-304)**
Chappell, Bill (December 17, 2018). ["Google Will Spend \$1 Billion For New York City Campus On Hudson River"](https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181217211911/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river) from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
303. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-305)**
Weier, Mary Hayes (October 24, 2007). ["Inside Google's Michigan Office"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080503233009/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809). *[InformationWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek "InformationWeek")*. [UBM plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_plc "UBM plc"). Archived from [the original](http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809) on May 3, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
304. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-306)**
["Google Completes Pittsburgh Office, Holds Open House"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090515115505/http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html). [WTAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAE_TV "WTAE TV"). November 17, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html) on May 15, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
305. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-307)**
Olson, Thomas (December 8, 2010). ["Google search: Tech-minded workers"](http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html). [Trib Total Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trib_Total_Media "Trib Total Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130603080308/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html) from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
306. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-308)**
["Google locations"](https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130815024220/https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/) from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
307. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-309)**
["Xconomy: Google's Madison Expansion to Triple Size of Local Offices"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221120194600/https://xconomy.com/wisconsin/2019/01/31/googles-madison-expansion-to-triple-size-of-local-offices/). *Xconomy*. January 31, 2019. Archived from [the original](https://xconomy.com/wisconsin/2019/01/31/googles-madison-expansion-to-triple-size-of-local-offices/) on November 20, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
308. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-310)**
["Sydney"](https://careers.google.com/locations/sydney/). *Google Careers*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170505110757/https://careers.google.com/locations/sydney/) from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
309. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-311)**
["London"](https://careers.google.com/locations/london/). *Google Careers*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170214074855/https://careers.google.com/locations/london/) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
310. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-312)**
Mirani, Leo (November 1, 2013). ["Inside Google's new 1-million-square-foot London office—three years before it's ready"](https://qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/). *[Quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_\(publication\) "Quartz (publication)")*. [Atlantic Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Media "Atlantic Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025208/https://qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
311. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-313)**
Vincent, James (June 1, 2017). ["Google's new London HQ is a 'landscraper' with a rooftop garden"](https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170603164958/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross) from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
312. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-314)**
Brian, Matt (June 1, 2017). ["Google's 'innovative' new London HQ features giant moving blinds"](https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/). *[Engadget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget "Engadget")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170604003356/https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/) from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
313. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-315)**
["Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad"](http://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/). *[The Indian Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express "The Indian Express")*. May 12, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151118040601/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/) from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
314. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-316)**
["Google's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US"](http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html). *[Firstpost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstpost "Firstpost")*. [Network 18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_18 "Network 18"). May 13, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161118003932/http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html) from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
315. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-317)**
["Google owner reveals £5bn AI investment in UK ahead of Trump visit"](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmek723dz9o). *BBC News*. September 16, 2025. Retrieved September 17, 2025.
316. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-318)**
Cherian, Johann M.; Chauhan, Shashwat (September 15, 2025). ["Alphabet enters \$3 trillion market cap club as Big Tech's AI momentum builds"](https://www.reuters.com/business/alphabet-enters-3-trillion-market-cap-club-big-techs-ai-momentum-builds-2025-09-15/). *Reuters*. Retrieved September 17, 2025.
317. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Google_world_office_locations_319-0)**
["Google world office locations"](https://about.google/locations/). *Google*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210528153612/https://about.google/locations/) from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
318. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-320)**
["Bringing Google to Chicago's Thompson Center"](https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/chicago-thompson-center/). *Google*. July 27, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
319. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-321)**
["Data center locations"](https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517162154/https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html) from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
320. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-322)**
["How Many Servers Does Google Have?"](https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq). *Data Center Knowledge*. March 16, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190217073018/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq) from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
321. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-323)**
["Google's Secret: 'Cheap and Fast' Hardware"](https://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf) (PDF). *PCWorld*. October 10, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182753/http://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
322. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-324)**
Barroso, L.A.; Dean, J.; Holzle, U. (April 29, 2003). "Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture". *IEEE Micro*. **23** (2): 22–28\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2003IMicr..23b..22B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IMicr..23b..22B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1109/mm.2003.1196112](https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmm.2003.1196112). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0272-1732](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-1732). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [15886858](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15886858). "We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs."
323. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-CNET2009_325-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-CNET2009_325-1)
["Google uncloaks once-secret server"](https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/). *CNET*. April 1, 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180606105133/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/) from the original on June 6, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018. "Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option, he added. "Ten years ago...it was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can't run it on a [mainframe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_server "Mainframe server"). The margins just don't work out," he said."
324. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-326)**
["Home – Submarine Networks"](https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie). *Submarine Networks*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041348/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie) from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
325. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-327)**
["Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the most important part of the internet"](https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/). *VentureBeat*. April 6, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425024849/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/) from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
326. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-328)**
Sawers, Paul (April 24, 2019). ["How Google is building its huge subsea cable infrastructure"](https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/). *VentureBeat*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163121/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/) from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
327. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-329)**
Sawers, Paul (June 28, 2019). ["Google announces Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe with Africa"](https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/). *VentureBeat*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201125060941/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/) from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
328. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-330)**
Lardinois, Frederic (July 28, 2020). ["Google is building a new private subsea cable between Europe and the US"](https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/). *TechCrunch*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201231052511/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/) from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
329. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-solar_331-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-solar_331-1)
Marshall, Matt (October 16, 2006). ["Google builds largest solar installation in U.S. — oh, and bigger than Microsoft's"](https://venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/). *[VentureBeat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat "VentureBeat")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210506164701/https://venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/) from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
330. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-332)**
Thangham, Chris V. (June 19, 2007). ["Google Solar Panels Produced 9,810 Kilowatt-hours of Electricity in 24 Hours"](http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545). *Digital Journal*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126000251/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545) from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
331. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-333)**
McGrath, Jack (May 18, 2011). ["Google's Green Initiative: Environmentally Conscious Technology"](http://www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/). *TechnoBuffalo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161012172247/http://www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/) from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
332. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-334)**
["Google hires goats to cut grass"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/5297097/Google-hires-goats-to-cut-grass.html). *The Telegraph*. May 8, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
333. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-335)**
Glanz, James (September 8, 2011). ["Google Details, and Defends, Its Use of Electricity"](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053616/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html) from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
334. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-336)**
Morrison, Scott; Sweet, Cassandra (May 4, 2010). ["Google Invests in Two Wind Farms"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150213232857/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394) from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
335. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-337)**
["Google Energy can now buy and sell energy"](https://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html). *Cnet.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130919091407/http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html) from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
336. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-338)**
Woody, Todd (September 18, 2013). ["Google is on the way to quietly becoming an electric utility"](http://qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/). *Quartz*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130921050811/http://qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/) from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
337. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-wind_energy_339-0)**
["Google buys power from Iowa wind farm"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120105061730/http://news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss). *News.techworld.com*. July 21, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss) on January 5, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
338. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-340)**
Hölzle, Urs (December 6, 2016). ["We're set to reach 100% renewable energy — and it's just the beginning"](https://blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/). *The Keyword Google Blog*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161208102229/https://www.blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/) from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
339. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-341)**
Statt, Nick (December 6, 2016). ["Google just notched a big victory in the fight against climate change"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. [Vox Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media "Vox Media"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161208001307/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change) from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
340. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-342)**
Etherington, Darrell (December 7, 2016). ["Google says it will hit 100% renewable energy by 2017"](https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164915/https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/) from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
341. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-343)**
Donnelly, Grace (November 30, 2017). ["Google Just Bought Enough Wind Power to Run 100% On Renewable Energy"](http://fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/). *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171201172833/http://fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
342. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-344)**
Ambrose, Jillian (September 20, 2019). ["Google signs up to \$2bn wind and solar investment"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190925001424/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment) from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
343. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-345)**
Hern, Alex (September 15, 2020). ["Facebook and Google announce plans to become carbon neutral"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201209182453/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral) from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
344. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-346)**
["Google aims to run on carbon-free energy by 2030"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. September 14, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201210191711/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html) from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
345. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-347)**
Schoon, Ben (October 26, 2020). ["Google will ditch plastic packaging by 2025"](https://9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/). *[9to5Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9to5Google "9to5Google")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201104130117/https://9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/) from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
346. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-348)**
Hale, Craig (July 15, 2024). ["Google and Microsoft now each consume more power than some fairly big countries"](https://www.techradar.com/pro/google-and-microsoft-now-each-consume-more-power-than-some-fairly-big-countries). *TechRadar*.
347. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-349)**
Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2019). ["Revealed: Google made large contributions to climate change deniers"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/google-contributions-climate-change-deniers). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved February 7, 2020.
348. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-350)**
Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2019). ["The obscure law that explains why Google backs climate deniers"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/obscure-law-google-climate-deniers-section-230). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved February 7, 2020.
349. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-351)**
["Major Ad Platforms Profit Off Climate Disinformation (And Fund It, Too)"](https://foe.org/news/dewey-ad-report/). *Friends of the Earth*. October 20, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
350. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-352)**
["Briefing Note: Programmatic Digital Advertisements and Climate Disinformation"](https://foeus.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Briefing-Note-Programmatic-Digital-Ads-and-Disinfo.pdf) (PDF). Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD). October 20, 2022.
\[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
351. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-philanthropy_353-0)**
["About the Foundation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100714080922/http://www.google.org/about.html). Google, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.google.org/about.html) on July 14, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
352. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-354)**
Hafner, Katie (September 14, 2006). ["Philanthropy Google's Way: Not the Usual"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160723065526/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html) from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
353. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-355)**
Helft, Miguel (February 23, 2009). ["Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170422112540/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html) from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
354. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-356)**
["The 2007"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181120090220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ) on November 20, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
[Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Robinson_Mathematics_Festival "Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival") at Google was the founding of this event for middle school and high school students. video
355. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-357)**
Duffy, Jill (January 21, 2011). ["Mathletes Receive €1M Donation from Google"](https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp). *[PC Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine "PC Magazine")*. [Ziff Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis "Ziff Davis"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234649/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp) from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
356. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-358)**
["Google donating 1 million euros to IMO"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724154518/https://www.imo2011.nl/node/39). January 20, 2011. Archived from [the original](https://www.imo2011.nl/node/39) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
357. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-359)**
["Google launches 'Legalise Love' gay rights campaign"](http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/). *PinkNews.co.uk*. July 8, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140819044558/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/) from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
358. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-360)**
["Project 10 to the 100th"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090728234553/http://www.project10tothe100.com/). Google, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.project10tothe100.com/) on July 28, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
359. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-361)**
Van Burskirk, Elliot (June 28, 2010). ["Google Struggles to Give Away \$10 million"](https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(website\) "Wired (website)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100831172215/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/) from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
360. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-362)**
Twohill, Lorraine (September 24, 2010). ["\$10 million for Project 10^100 winners"](http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html). Google, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100926020623/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html) from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
361. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-363)**
["Google donates \$15 mn in relief to Ukraine, blocks RT, Sputnik on YouTube"](https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/google-donates-15-mn-in-relief-to-ukraine-blocks-rt-sputnik-on-youtube-122030200492_1.html). *Business Standard India*. Business Standard. March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
362. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-364)**
Amiah Taylor (March 7, 2022). ["Google transforms Poland office into help center for Ukrainian refugees"](https://fortune.com/2022/03/07/google-poland-office-ukraine-aid-russia-invasion/). Fortune. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
363. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-365)**
Lohr, Steve (February 17, 2022). ["Google Creates \$100 Million Fund for Skills Training Program"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/business/google-training-program.html). *The New York Times* – via NYTimes.com.
364. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-366)**
Maher, Kit; Tapper, Jake; Jaramillo, Alejandra. ["White House releases list of donors for Trump's multi-million-dollar ballroom"](https://web.archive.org/web/20251023104311/https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump). *CNN*. Archived from [the original](https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump) on October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
365. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-367)**
Drucker, Jesse (October 21, 2010). ["Google 2.4% Rate Shows How \$60 Billion Is Lost to Tax Loopholes"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes). *[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News")*. [Bloomberg L.P.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160922035532/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes) from the original on September 22, 2016.
366. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-368)**
["The Case Against Google"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-case-against-google.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. February 20, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180319192049/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-case-against-google.html) from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
367. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-369)**
["Google ranked 'worst' on privacy"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. June 11, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121027120902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm) from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
368. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-370)**
Rosen, Jeffrey (November 28, 2008). ["Google's Gatekeepers"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170228140546/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html) from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
369. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-371)**
Fields, Ashleigh (September 23, 2025). ["YouTube reinstating creators banned for COVID-19, election content"](https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5517922-youtube-reinstates-banned-creators/). *The Hill*. Retrieved September 30, 2025.
370. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-372)**
Elias, Jennifer (September 26, 2025). ["How Google shifted from a bastion of accurate information to a steward of free expression"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/26/how-google-abandoned-facts-for-free-expression.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved September 20, 2025.
371. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-373)**
["Brazil receives pushback from tech companies on 'fake news' bill"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/03/alphabet-google-fake-news-law). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
372. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-374)**
["Brazil's 'fake news' bill sparks outcry from tech giants"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/2/brazil-fake-news-bill-sparks-outcry-from-tech-giants). *[Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English")*. May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
373. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-375)**
Harrington, Caitlin (September 9, 2022). ["Google and Amazon Want More Defense Contracts, Despite Worker Protests"](https://www.wired.com/story/google-and-amazon-want-more-defense-contracts-despite-worker-protests/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*. Retrieved September 11, 2022. "Opponents of the deal worry the Israeli military could use the technology to expand surveillance of Palestinians living in occupied territories and violate human rights."
374. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-376)**
Nieva, Richard (September 9, 2022). ["Google And Amazon Workers Protest Their Companies' \$1.2 Billion AI Contract With Israel"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2022/09/09/google-and-amazon-protest-project-nimbus-ai-contract-israel/). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
375. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-377)**
["Google employee resigns saying company 'silences Palestinians'"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/1/google-employee-resigns-in-protest-over-israel-contract). *[Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English")*. September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
376. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-378)**
Davies, Harry; Abraham, Yuval (October 29, 2025). ["Revealed: Israel demanded Google and Amazon use secret 'wink' to sidestep legal orders"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/29/google-amazon-israel-contract-secret-code). *the guardian*.
377. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-379)**
["Google email shows it ruled Israel's ads claiming 'There is food in Gaza' aren't misleading"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/10/15/israel-ads-youtube-famine-gaza/). *The Washington Post*. October 15, 2025. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). Retrieved December 11, 2025.
378. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-380)**
Ziady, Hanna (October 31, 2024). ["Russia fines Google \$20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000"](https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/31/tech/google-fines-russia/index.html). *CNN*. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
379. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-381)**
["Russia says \$20 decillion fine against Google is 'symbolic'"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/31/russia-20-decillion-fine-against-google-symbolic-youtube-ban-pro-kremlin-media). *The Guardian*. Agence France-Presse. October 31, 2024. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved October 31, 2024.
380. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-382)**
Kan, Michael (July 25, 2018). ["Mozilla Developer Claims Google Is Slowing YouTube on Firefox"](https://www.pcmag.com/news/mozilla-developer-claims-google-is-slowing-youtube-on-firefox). *[PCMag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMag "PCMag")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190813134744/https://www.pcmag.com/news/362696/mozilla-developer-claims-google-is-slowing-youtube-on-firefo) from the original on August 13, 2019.
381. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-firefox_383-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-firefox_383-1)
Cimpanu, Catalin. ["Former Mozilla exec: Google has sabotaged Firefox for years"](https://www.zdnet.com/article/former-mozilla-exec-google-has-sabotaged-firefox-for-years/). *ZDNet*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190819235446/https://www.zdnet.com/article/former-mozilla-exec-google-has-sabotaged-firefox-for-years/) from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
382. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-384)**
["Thousands of Reddit users are trying to delete Google from their lives, but they're finding it impossible because Google is everywhere"](https://www.businessinsider.com/profile-reddit-de-google-community-2019-3). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. March 23, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190325123426/https://www.businessinsider.com/profile-reddit-de-google-community-2019-3/) from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
383. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-385)**
["Google's \$22 Billion Payment to Apple for Safari Default Search Engine (2022)"](https://news.abplive.com/technology/google-paid-apple-22-billion-safari-default-search-engine-2022-1684636). *ABPLIVE*. May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
384. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-386)**
Kelion, Leo (June 27, 2017). ["Google hit with record EU fine over Shopping service"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40406542). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170627100311/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40406542) from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
385. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-387)**
["Antitrust: Commission fines Google €4.34 billion for illegal practices regarding Android mobile devices to strengthen dominance of Google's search engine"](http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm). *European Commission*. Bruxelles. July 18, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180719000119/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm) from the original on July 19, 2018.
386. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-388)**
Foo Yun Chee (May 13, 2014). ["Google challenges record \$5 billion EU antitrust fine"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-alphabet-inc-antitrust/google-challenges-record-5-billion-eu-antitrust-fine-idUSKCN1MJ2CA). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181222061539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-google-dataprotection/european-court-says-google-must-respect-right-to-be-forgotten-idUSBREA4C07120140513) from the original on December 22, 2018.
387. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-389)**
["Google appeals \$5 billion EU fine in Android antitrust case"](https://apnews.com/f9797e4935c1464f8f6010793ded7c1d). *[APNews.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APNews.com "APNews.com")*. Bruxelles. October 10, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181010101238/https://apnews.com/f9797e4935c1464f8f6010793ded7c1d) from the original on October 10, 2018.
388. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-390)**
Reid, David (March 20, 2019). ["EU regulators hit Google with \$1.7 billion fine for blocking ad rivals"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/20/eu-vestager-hits-google-with-fine-for.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190320155204/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/20/eu-vestager-hits-google-with-fine-for.html) from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
389. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-391)**
["Europe hits Google with a third, \$1.7 billion antitrust fine"](https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/tech/google-eu-antitrust/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. March 20, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190320133734/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/tech/google-eu-antitrust/index.html) from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
390. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-392)**
["Google loses appeal over record EU anti-trust Android fine"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-62888137). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
391. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-393)**
["Ex-Google engineer charged with stealing AI trade secrets while working with Chinese companies"](https://apnews.com/article/china-google-justice-department-63156ade1e564d15d92adbef91e9c5da). *AP News*. March 6, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
392. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-394)**
Lucas, Ryan (March 6, 2024). ["Chinese national arrested and charged with stealing AI trade secrets from Google"](https://www.npr.org/2024/03/06/1236380984/china-google-fbi-ai). *npr.org*.
393. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-395)**
Vlamis, Kelsey; Barr, Alistair. ["A Google engineer ran a secret startup in China while stealing AI technology, DOJ alleges"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-engineer-ran-secret-startup-china-stealing-ai-tech-doj-2024-3). *Business Insider*. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
394. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-396)**
Gerken, Tom (September 10, 2024). ["EU court rules Google must pay €2.4bn fine"](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjw3e1pn741o). *BBC News*. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
395. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-397)**
Chee, Foo Yun (September 18, 2024). ["Google wins EU antitrust fine fight but setback for Qualcomm"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-wins-challenge-against-149-bln-euro-eu-antitrust-fine-2024-09-18/). Retrieved September 18, 2024.
396. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-398)**
Express, Khaleej (September 6, 2025). ["Google Hit With €2.95 bn by EU in Antitrust Fine"](https://www.khaleejexpress.com/2025/09/06/google-hit-with-e2-95-bn-by-eu-in-antitrust-fine/). *Khaleej Express*. Retrieved September 6, 2025.
397. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-399)**
["Tech bosses grilled over claims of 'harmful' power"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200730020044/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. July 30, 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941) on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
398. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-400)**
Bond, Shannon; Selyukh, Alina; Allyn, Bobby (October 6, 2020). ["How Are Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google Monopolies? House Report Counts The Ways"](https://www.npr.org/2020/10/06/920882893/how-are-apple-amazon-facebook-google-monopolies-house-report-counts-the-ways). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*.
399. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-401)**
Allyn, Bobby (October 20, 2020). ["Case 1:20-cv-03010 Document 1 Filed 10/20/20"](https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/7273448-DOC.html). United States Department of Justice. Retrieved September 30, 2025 – via Document Cloud.
400. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-402)**
McCabe, David; Kang, Cecilia (October 20, 2020). ["U.S. Accuses Google of Illegally Protecting Monopoly"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/google-antitrust.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/google-antitrust.html) from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
401. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-403)**
Ngo, Keach Hagey and Vivien (November 7, 2019). ["How Google Edged Out Rivals and Built the World's Dominant Ad Machine: A Visual Guide"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-google-edged-out-rivals-and-built-the-worlds-dominant-ad-machine-a-visual-guide-11573142071). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
402. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-404)**
McKinnon, Ryan Tracy and John D. (December 22, 2020). ["WSJ News Exclusive \| Google, Facebook Agreed to Team Up Against Possible Antitrust Action, Draft Lawsuit Says"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-facebook-agreed-to-team-up-against-possible-antitrust-action-draft-lawsuit-says-11608612219). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
403. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-405)**
Tracy, John D. McKinnon and Ryan (December 16, 2020). ["Ten States Sue Google, Alleging Deal With Facebook to Rig Online Ad Market"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/states-sue-google-over-digital-ad-practices-11608146817). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
404. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-406)**
["Justice Department Sues Google for Monopolizing Digital Advertising Technologies"](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-google-monopolizing-digital-advertising-technologies). *[United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice")*. January 24, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
405. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-407)**
Goswami, Rohan; Elias, Jennifer (August 5, 2024). ["Google loses antitrust case over search"](https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/05/google-loses-antitrust-case-over-search.html). CNBC. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
406. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-408)**
Kruppa, Miles; Wolfe, Jan (August 5, 2024). ["Google Loses Antitrust Case Over Search-Engine Dominance"](https://www.wsj.com/tech/google-loses-federal-antitrust-case-27810c43). *The Wall Street Journal*. News Corp. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
407. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-409)**
["US considers breakup of Google in landmark search case"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-propose-how-google-should-boost-online-search-competition-2024-10-08/). *Reuters*. October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
408. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-410)**
["Google must sell Chrome to end search monopoly, justice department argues in court filing"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/nov/21/google-sell-chrome-us-court-filing-demand-competition-laws). *The Guardian*. November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
409. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-411)**
Vallance, Chris (September 6, 2024). ["Google abusing ad tech dominance, UK competition watchdog finds"](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80en9nvlp9o). *BBC News*. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
410. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-412)**
["Google has illegal advertising monopoly, judge rules"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3674nl7g74o). *BBC News*. April 17, 2025. Retrieved April 17, 2025.
411. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-413)**
Roth, Emma (June 12, 2022). ["Google to pay \$118 million to settle gender discrimination lawsuit"](https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/12/23164678/google-pay-118-million-settle-gender-discrimination-lawsuit). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
412. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-414)**
Complex, Valerie (June 12, 2022). ["Google Agrees to Pay Out \$118 Million To Former Employees In Gender Discrimination And Pay Equity Suit"](https://deadline.com/2022/06/google-agrees-to-pay-out-118-million-to-former-1235043474/). *[Deadline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood "Deadline Hollywood")*. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
413. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-415)**
Grant, Nico (June 13, 2022). ["Google Agrees to Pay \$118 Million to Settle Pay Discrimination Case"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/business/google-discrimination-settlement-women.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved June 14, 2022.
414. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-416)**
Gallagher, Ryan (August 1, 2018). ["Google Plans to Launch Censored Search Engine in China, Leaked Documents Reveal"](https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/). *The Intercept*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180801120009/https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/) from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
415. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-417)**
Disis, Jill (September 26, 2018). ["Google grilled over 'Project Dragonfly' at Senate hearing on data privacy"](https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/26/technology/google-dragonfly-senate-hearing/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180926222719/https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/26/technology/google-dragonfly-senate-hearing/index.html) from the original on September 26, 2018.
416. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-418)**
Gallagher, Ryan (September 26, 2018). ["Former Google Scientist Tells Senate to Act Over Company's "Unethical and Unaccountable" China Censorship Plan"](https://theintercept.com/2018/09/26/former-google-scientist-tells-senate-to-act-over-companys-unethical-and-unaccountable-china-censorship-plan/). *The Intercept*. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
417. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-419)**
Gallagher, Ryan (December 17, 2018). ["Google's Secret China Project "Effectively Ended" After Internal Confrontation"](https://theintercept.com/2018/12/17/google-china-censored-search-engine-2/). *The Intercept*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190321020856/https://theintercept.com/2018/12/17/google-china-censored-search-engine-2/) from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2018. "Leaks about the plan and the extraordinary backlash that ensued both internally and externally appear to have forced company executives to shelve it at least in the short term, two sources familiar with the project said."
418. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-420)**
["Google's Project Dragonfly 'terminated' in China"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49015516). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. July 17, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
419. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-421)**
Ted Litchfield (May 18, 2024). ["Always keep backups: an 'unprecedented' Google Cloud debacle saw a \$135 billion pension fund's entire account deleted and services knocked out for nearly two weeks"](https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/always-keep-backups-an-unprecedented-google-cloud-debacle-saw-a-dollar135-billion-pension-funds-entire-account-deleted-and-services-knocked-out-for-nearly-two-weeks/). *PC Gamer*. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
420. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-422)**
Murdock, Jason (August 5, 2020). ["Google+ Settlement: How to Submit a Claim over Privacy Bug and Get a Payout"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806080428/https://www.newsweek.com/google-plus-privacy-bug-settlement-claim-money-1522967). *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.newsweek.com/google-plus-privacy-bug-settlement-claim-money-1522967) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
421. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-423)**
Graham, Jefferson (August 4, 2020). ["Did you use Google+? You may be owed some money from class-action privacy settlement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806014134/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/08/04/google-privacy-settlement-how-much-money-how-to-get/3290508001/). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/08/04/google-privacy-settlement-how-much-money-how-to-get/3290508001/) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
422. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-424)**
["In re Google Plus Profile Litigation District Court ND of California"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806003928/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7999009/in-re-google-plus-profile-litigation/). *courtlistener.com*. [Free Law Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Law_Project "Free Law Project"). July 22, 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7999009/in-re-google-plus-profile-litigation/) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
423. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-425)**
Fox, Chris (January 21, 2019). ["Google hit with £44m GDPR fine"](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46944696). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190121231240/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46944696) from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
424. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-426)**
Copeland, Rob (November 12, 2019). ["Google's 'Project Nightingale' Triggers Federal Inquiry"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-googles-project-nightingale-a-health-data-gold-mine-of-50-million-patients-11573571867). Retrieved November 18, 2019.
425. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-427)**
Copeland, Rob (November 11, 2019). ["Google's 'Project Nightingale' Gathers Personal Health Data on Millions of Americans"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-s-secret-project-nightingale-gathers-personal-health-data-on-millions-of-americans-11573496790). Retrieved November 17, 2019.
426. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-428)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"](https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/13/22329240/judge-rules-google-5-billion-lawsuit-tracking-chrome-incognito-privacy). [The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge"). March 13, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
427. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-429)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"](https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-to-face-5b-lawsuit-over-tracking-users-in-incognito-mode/399113/#close). *SearchEngineJournal*. March 15, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
428. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-430)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-13/google-must-face-suit-over-snooping-on-incognito-browsing). [Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News"). March 13, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
429. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-431)**
["Google gets sued"](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/03/judge-rules-5-billion-google-chrome-incognito-mode-lawsuit-can-go-forward/). [Ars Technica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica "Ars Technica"). March 15, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
430. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-432)**
["\$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-ceo-sought-keep-incognito-mode-issues-out-spotlight-lawsuit-alleges-2021-09-24/). [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). September 24, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
431. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-433)**
Liedtke, Michael (April 1, 2024). ["Google to purge billions of files containing personal data in settlement of Chrome privacy case"](https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/google-to-purge-billions-of-files-containing-personal-data-in-settlement-of-chrome-privacy-case/ar-BB1kTLBe). Associated Press. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
432. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-434)**
Rosemain, Mathieu (January 6, 2022). ["Google hit with 150 mln euro French fine for cookie breaches"](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-imposes-fines-facebook-ireland-google-2022-01-06/). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
433. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-435)**
["Google says it is obligated to disclose confidential information of users to U.S. government"](https://targettrend.com/google-says-it-is-obligated-to-disclose-confidential-information-of-users-to-u-s-government/). *TargetTrend*. August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
434. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-436)**
Brodkin, Jon (January 9, 2025). ["Google loses in court, faces trial for collecting data on users who opted out"](https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/01/google-loses-in-court-faces-trial-for-collecting-data-on-users-who-opted-out/). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
435. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-437)**
["Google must pay \$425 million in class action over privacy, jury rules"](https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/google-must-pay-425-million-class-action-over-privacy-jury-rules-2025-09-03/). *Reuters*. September 4, 2025.
436. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-Sonnemaker2021_438-0)**
Sonnemaker, Tyler (May 28, 2021). ["'Apple is eating our lunch': Google employees admit in lawsuit that the company made it nearly impossible for users to keep their location private"](https://www.businessinsider.com/unredacted-google-lawsuit-docs-detail-efforts-to-collect-user-location-2021-5). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
437. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-439)**
Faife, Corin (February 5, 2022). ["FBI used geofence warrant in Seattle after BLM protest attack, new documents show"](https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/5/22918487/fbi-geofence-seattle-blm-protest-police-guild-attack). *[The Verge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge "The Verge")*. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
438. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-440)**
Squire, Paul. ["Google just got hit with a hefty fine, in part over how it trained its AI"](https://www.businessinsider.com/google-fined-270-million-trained-ai-news-outlets-france-2024-3). *Business Insider*. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
439. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-441)**
["Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. January 17, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170320171345/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964) from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
440. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-442)**
Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 7, 2013). ["NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060818114650/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data) from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
441. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-443)**
Amadeo, Ron (April 4, 2018). ["Google employees revolt, say company should shut down military drone project"](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/google-should-not-be-in-the-business-of-war-googlers-decry-pentagon-project/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210202043739/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/google-should-not-be-in-the-business-of-war-googlers-decry-pentagon-project/) from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
442. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-444)**
Chapman, Ben (April 3, 2018). ["Google staff protest company's involvement with Pentagon drones programme"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/google-protest-pentagon-drones-programme-company-sundar-pichai-department-defense-a8290111.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235047/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/google-protest-pentagon-drones-programme-company-sundar-pichai-department-defense-a8290111.html) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
443. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-445)**
Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Shane, Scott (June 1, 2018). ["Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset Employees"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/technology/google-pentagon-project-maven.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181016004020/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/technology/google-pentagon-project-maven.html) from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
444. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-446)**
Farrell, Maureen (December 7, 2022). ["Pentagon Divides Big Cloud-Computing Deal Among 4 Firms"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/07/business/pentagon-cloud-contracts-jwcc.html). *The New York Times*.
445. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_ref-:02_447-0)**
["Nest has a secret microphone–Google just forgot to tell us"](https://www.fastcompany.com/90309781/nest-has-a-secret-microphone-google-just-forgot-to-tell-us). *Fast Company*. February 20, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220819053523/https://www.fastcompany.com/90309781/nest-has-a-secret-microphone-google-just-forgot-to-tell-us) from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2025.
Further reading
- Marcum, Deanna, and Roger C. Schonfeld. *Along Came Google: A History of Library Digitization* (Princeton University Press, 2023) [online book review](http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59892)
- [Saylor, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saylor "Michael J. Saylor") (2012). *The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything*. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-59315-720-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-720-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-720-3")
.
- Vaidhyanathan, Siya (2011). *The Googlization of Everything: (And Why We Should Worry)* (Updated ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-520-94869-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94869-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94869-3")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pn9z8). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [779828585](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779828585).
- Yeo, ShinJoung (2023). *Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry*. U of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0252087127](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252087127 "Special:BookSources/0252087127")
. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [10\.5406/jj.4116455](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.4116455).
External links
- [Official website](https://about.google/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Official blog *The Keyword*](https://blog.google/)
- Business data for Google, Inc.:
- [Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/GOOG.OQ)
- [SEC filings](https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1288776) |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Google s443 |