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| Boilerpipe Text | Fyodor Dostoevsky
Portrait by
Vasily Perov
,
c.
1872
Native name
Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій
Born
11 November 1821
Moscow, Russia
Died
9 February 1881
(aged 59)
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Resting place
Tikhvin Cemetery
Occupation
Writer
journalist
military engineer
Education
Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute
Period
Modern (
19th century
)
Genres
Psychological fiction
(
novel
novella
short story
)
opinion journalism
(
polemic
essay
sketch
feuilleton
epistle
memoir
)
literary criticism
diary
poetry
translation
oration
Subjects
List
Literary movement
Realism
,
naturalism
Years active
1844–1880
Notable works
Notes from Underground
(1864)
Crime and Punishment
(1866)
The Idiot
(1868–1869)
Demons
(1871–1872)
The Brothers Karamazov
(1879–1880)
A Writer's Diary
(1873–1881)
Spouse
Maria Dmitriyevna Isaeva
(
m.
; died
)
Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina
(
m.
)
Children
4, including
Lyubov Dostoevskaya
Signature
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
[
a
]
[
b
]
(11 November [
O.S.
30 October] 1821 – 9 February [
O.S.
28 January] 1881)
[
3
]
was a Russian philosopher, novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both
Russian
and world literature,
[
3
]
and many of his works are considered highly influential masterpieces.
[
4
]
[
5
]
Dostoevsky's literary works explore the
human condition
in the troubled political, social and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include
Crime and Punishment
(1866),
The Idiot
(1869),
Demons
(1872),
The Adolescent
(1875) and
The Brothers Karamazov
(1880). His
Notes from Underground
, a
novella
published in 1864, is considered one of the first works of
existentialist
literature.
[
6
]
Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837, and around the same time, he left school to enter the
Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute (later renamed the Military Engineering-Technical University)
. After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, translating books to earn extra money. In the mid-1840s, he wrote his first novel,
Poor Folk
, which gained him entry into
Saint Petersburg
's literary circles. However, he was arrested in 1849 for belonging to a literary group, the
Petrashevsky Circle
, that discussed banned books critical of
Tsarist Russia
. Dostoevsky was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted at the last moment. He spent four years in a
Siberian
prison camp, followed by six years of compulsory military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later
A Writer's Diary
, a collection of his writings. He began to travel around Western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. For a time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers.
Dostoevsky's body of work consists of thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen short stories, and numerous other works. His writings were widely read both within and beyond his native Russia, influencing an equally great number of later writers, including Russians such as
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
and
Anton Chekhov
, the philosophers
Albert Camus
and
Jean-Paul Sartre
, and the emergence of
Existentialism
and
Freudianism
.
Friedrich Nietzsche
called him "the only psychologist from whom I (Nietzsche) had something to learn" in
Twilight of the Idols
, one of his final works before suffering a mental collapse.
[
3
]
His books have been translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration for many films.
Maria Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya
Mikhail Andreyevich Dostoevsky
Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part of a Russian noble family of
Russian Orthodox
Christians. The family traced its roots back to Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, a
Tatar
warlord who defected from the
Golden Horde
and joined the Russian side in 1389, eventually converting to Christianity from Islam.
[
7
]
A few centuries later, another ancestor of Dostoyevsky, Danilo Irtishch, was granted lands in the
Pinsk
region (for centuries part of the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
, now in
Belarus
) in 1509 for his services under a local prince, his progeny then taking the name "Dostoevsky" based on a village there called
Dostojewo
[
pl
]
(derived from
Old Polish
dostojnik
– dignitary).
[
8
]
Dostoevsky's immediate ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on his father's side were priests.
[
9
]
[
10
]
In 1809, the 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there, he was assigned to a Moscow hospital, where he served as a military doctor, and in 1818 he was appointed a senior physician. In 1819, he married Maria Nechayeva. The following year, he took up a post at the Mariinsky Hospital for the poor. In 1828, when his two sons, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight and seven respectively, he was promoted to collegiate assessor, a position which raised his legal status to that of the nobility and enabled him to acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family usually spent the summers.
[
11
]
Dostoevsky's parents subsequently had seven more children: Varvara (1822–1893) – Married a civil servant and lived a quiet life, Andrei (1825–1897) – Memoirist and wrote about family history, Lyubov (born and died 1829), Vera (1829–1896) – Married a doctor and maintained family ties, Nikolai (1831–1883) – Struggled with alcoholism and had a troubled life, Aleksandra (1835–1889) – Married a military officer and lived privately, and Yelizaveta (born and died 1837).
[
12
]
[
9
]
[
10
]
Childhood (1821–1836)
[
edit
]
Fyodor Dostoevsky, born on 11 November [
O.S.
30 October] 1821 in Moscow, was the second child of Dr Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya (
née
Nechayeva). He was raised in the family home in the grounds of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, which was in a lower class district on the edges of Moscow.
[
13
]
Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of the Russian social scale, when playing in the hospital gardens.
[
14
]
Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age. From the age of three, he was read heroic sagas, fairy tales and legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in his upbringing and his love for fictional stories.
[
15
]
When he was four, his mother used the Bible to teach him to read and write. His parents introduced him to a wide range of literature, including the Russian writers
Nikolai Karamzin
,
Alexander Pushkin
and
Gavrila Derzhavin
;
Gothic fiction
such as the works from the English novelist
Ann Radcliffe
;
romantic
works by
Friedrich Schiller
and
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
; heroic tales by
Miguel de Cervantes
and
Walter Scott
; and
Homer
's
epics
, the
Iliad
and the
Odyssey
.
[
16
]
[
17
]
Dostoevsky was greatly influenced by the work of
Nikolai Gogol
.
[
18
]
Although his father's approach to education has been described as strict and harsh,
[
19
]
Dostoevsky himself reported that his imagination was brought alive by nightly readings by his parents.
[
14
]
Some of his childhood experiences found their way into his writings. When a nine-year-old girl had been raped by a drunk, he was asked to fetch his father to attend to her. The incident haunted him, and the theme of the desire of a mature man for a young girl appears in
The Devils
,
The Brothers Karamazov
,
Crime and Punishment
, and other writings.
[
20
]
An incident involving a family servant, or
serf
, in the estate in Darovoye, is described in "
The Peasant Marey
": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the forest, Marey, who is working nearby, comforts him.
[
21
]
Another memory that Dostoyevsky referred to in his prose was summer trips to his father's estate in the
Kashirsky District
of the
Tula Governorate
, which was purchased between 1831 and 1833.
[
22
]
Although Dostoevsky had a delicate physical constitution, his parents described him as hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky.
[
23
]
In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly religious, sent him to a French boarding school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described as a pale, introverted dreamer and an over-excitable romantic.
[
24
]
To pay the school fees, his father borrowed money and extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among his aristocratic classmates at the Moscow school, and the experience was later reflected in some of his works, notably
The Adolescent
.
[
25
]
[
17
]
On 27 February 1837 Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis. The previous May, Dostoevsky’s parents sent him and his elder brother
Mikhail
(the two eldest Dostoevsky children) to Saint Petersburg to attend the
Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute (later renamed the Military Engineering-Technical University)
, forcing the brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered the academy in January 1838, but only with the help of family members. Mikhail was refused admission on health grounds and was sent to an academy in
Reval
(now
Tallinn
, Estonia).
[
26
]
[
27
]
Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because of his lack of interest in science, mathematics, and military engineering and his preference for drawing and architecture. As his friend
Konstantin Trutovsky
once said, "There was no student in the entire institution with less of a military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. He moved clumsily and jerkily; his uniform hung awkwardly on him; and his knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter he had been forced to wear for a time and which lay heavily on him."
[
28
]
Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among his 120 classmates: he showed bravery and a strong sense of justice, protected newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped poor farmers. Although he was solitary and inhabited his own literary world, he was respected by his classmates. His reclusiveness and interest in religion earned him the nickname "Monk Photius".
[
29
]
[
30
]
Signs of Dostoevsky's
epilepsy
may have first appeared at 17 years old on learning of the death of his father on 16 June 1839,
[
31
]
although the reports of a
seizure
originated from accounts written by his daughter (later expanded by
Sigmund Freud
[
32
]
) which are now considered to be unreliable. His father's official cause of death was an
apoplectic
stroke, but a neighbor, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused the father's serfs of murder. Had the serfs been found guilty and sent to Siberia, Khotiaintsev would have been in a position to buy the vacated land. The serfs were acquitted in a trial in
Tula
, but Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the story.
[
33
]
After his father's death, Dostoevsky continued his studies, passed his exams and obtained the rank of engineer cadet, entitling him to live away from the academy. He visited Mikhail in Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During this time, two of his friends introduced him to gambling.
[
34
]
[
30
]
On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took a job as a lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned by Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no less good-natured and no less courteous than his brother, but when not in a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and sometimes was carried away to the point of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness".
[
35
]
Dostoevsky's first completed literary work, a translation of
Honoré de Balzac
's novel
Eugénie Grandet
, was published in June and July 1843 in the 6th and 7th volumes of the journal
Repertoire and Pantheon
,
[
36
]
[
37
]
followed by several other translations. None were successful, and his financial difficulties led him to write a novel.
[
38
]
[
30
]
Early career (1844–1849)
[
edit
]
Dostoevsky, 1847
Dostoevsky completed his first novel,
Poor Folk
, in May 1845. His friend
Dmitry Grigorovich
, with whom he was sharing an apartment at the time, took the manuscript to the poet
Nikolay Nekrasov
, who in turn showed it to the influential literary critic
Vissarion Belinsky
. Belinsky described it as Russia's first "
social novel
".
[
39
]
Poor Folk
was released on 15 January 1846 in the
St Petersburg Collection
almanac and became a commercial success.
[
40
]
[
41
]
Dostoevsky felt that his military career would endanger his now flourishing literary career, so he wrote a letter asking to resign his post. Shortly thereafter, he wrote his second novel,
The Double
, which appeared in the journal
Notes of the Fatherland
on 30 January 1846, before being published in February. Around the same time, Dostoevsky discovered
socialism
through the writings of the French thinkers
Charles Fourier
,
Étienne Cabet
,
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
and
Henri de Saint-Simon
. Through his relationship with Belinsky he expanded his knowledge of the philosophy of socialism. However, his Russian Orthodox faith and religious sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of
atheism
,
utilitarianism
and
scientific materialism
, leading to increasing friction between them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates.
[
42
]
[
43
]
After
The Double
received negative reviews (including a particularly scathing one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more frequent, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several short stories in the magazine
Notes of the Fatherland
, including "
Mr. Prokharchin
", "
The Landlady
", "A Weak Heart", and "
White Nights
". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health problems and Belinsky's attacks, caused him distress and financial difficulty, but this was greatly alleviated when he joined the
utopian socialist
Beketov circle, a tightly knit community which helped him to survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended
Apollon Maykov
and his brother
Valerian
. In 1846, on the recommendation of the poet
Aleksey Pleshcheyev
,
[
44
]
he joined the
Petrashevsky Circle
, founded by
Mikhail Petrashevsky
, who had proposed social reforms in Russia.
Mikhail Bakunin
once wrote to
Alexander Herzen
that the group was "the most innocent and harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means".
[
45
]
Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays and occasionally participated in their discussions on freedom from censorship and the abolition of
serfdom
.
[
46
]
[
47
]
Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat
Nikolay Speshnev
, who joined the circle in 1848 and set about creating a secret revolutionary society from amongst its members. Dostoevsky himself became a member of this society, was aware of its aims, and actively participated, although he harbored significant doubts about their actions and intentions.
[
48
]
In 1849, the first parts of
Netochka Nezvanova
, a novel Dostoevsky had been planning since 1846, were published in
Notes of the Fatherland
, but his banishment ended the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue of the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted to complete it leaving only a sketch of the novel behind.
[
49
]
Siberian exile (1849–1854)
[
edit
]
A sketch of the Petrashevsky Circle
mock execution
The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to an official at the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
Ivan Liprandi
. Dostoevsky was accused of reading works by Belinsky, including the banned
Letter to Gogol
,
[
50
]
and of circulating copies of these and other works. Antonelli, the government agent who had reported the group, wrote in his statement that at least one of the papers criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by declaring that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke of "personality and human egoism" rather than of politics. Even so, he and his fellow "conspirators" were arrested on 23 April 1849 at the request of Count
Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov
and
Tsar Nicholas I
, who feared a revolution like the
Decembrist revolt
of 1825 in Russia and the
Revolutions of 1848
in Europe. The members were held in the well-defended
Peter and Paul Fortress
, which housed the most dangerous convicts.
[
51
]
[
52
]
[
53
]
The case was discussed for four months by an investigative commission headed by the Tsar, with Adjutant General
Ivan Nabokov
, senator Prince
Pavel Gagarin
, Prince
Vasili Dolgorukov
, General
Yakov Rostovtsev
and General Leonty Dubelt, head of the secret police. They sentenced the members of the circle to death by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place in Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man groups and the first group was taken in front of the firing squad. Dostoevsky was the third in the second row; next to him stood
Pleshcheyev
and
Durov
. The execution was stayed when a cart delivered a letter from the tsar commuting the sentence. Dostoevsky later described the experience of what he believed to be the last moments of his life in his novel
The Idiot
; the main character, Prince Myshkin, tells the story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad but reprieved at the last moment. Prince Myshkin describes the experience from the point of view of the victim, and considers the philosophical and spiritual implications.
Dostoevsky served four years of exile with hard labour at a
katorga
prison camp in
Omsk
, Siberia, followed by a term of compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day
sleigh ride
, the prisoners reached
Tobolsk
, a prisoner way station. Despite the circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's kindness and eventually abandoned his decision to kill himself. In Tobolsk, they received food and clothes from the
Decembrist
women, as well as several copies of the New Testament with a ten-rouble banknote inside each copy. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached Omsk
[
52
]
[
54
]
together with just one other member of the Petrashevsky Circle, the writer Sergei Durov.
[
55
]
Dostoevsky described his barracks:
In summer, intolerable closeness; in winter, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors an inch thick; one could slip and fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was no room to turn around. From dusk to dawn it was impossible not to behave like pigs ... Fleas, lice, and black beetles by the bushel ...
[
56
]
[
missing long citation
]
Classified as "one of the most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had his hands and feet shackled until his release. He was only permitted to read his copy of the New Testament. In addition to his seizures, he had hemorrhoids, lost weight and was "burned by some fever, trembling and feeling too hot or too cold every night". The smell of the privy pervaded the entire building, and the small bathroom had to suffice for more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military hospital, where he read newspapers and Dickens novels. He was respected by most of the other prisoners, but despised by some Polish political prisoners because of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments.
[
57
]
[
58
]
Release from prison and first marriage (1854–1866)
[
edit
]
Dostoevsky as a
military engineer
in 1858 or -59,
[
59
]
portrait by
Solomon Leibin
(Соломон Лейбин)
After his release on 14 February 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to help him financially and to send him books by
Giambattista Vico
,
François Guizot
,
Leopold von Ranke
,
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
and
Immanuel Kant
.
[
60
]
The House of the Dead
, based on his experience in prison, was published in 1861 in the journal
Vremya
("Time") – it was the first published novel about Russian prisons.
[
61
]
Before moving in mid-March to
Semipalatinsk
, where he was forced to serve in the Siberian Army Corps of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met the geographer
Pyotr Semyonov
and the ethnographer
Shoqan Walikhanov
. Around November 1854, he met
Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel
, an admirer of his books, who had attended the aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Garden outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale face was covered with freckles, and his blond hair was cut short. He was a little over average height and looked at me intensely with his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying to look into my soul and discover what kind of man I was."
[
62
]
[
63
]
[
64
]
In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren and came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to read passages from newspapers and magazines. During a visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky met Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and fell in love with her; Isaeva and her son later moved with Dostoevsky to
Barnaul
. In 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter through Wrangel to General
Eduard Totleben
, apologising for his activity in several utopian circles. As a result, he obtained the right to publish books and to marry, although he remained under police surveillance for the rest of his life. Isaeva and Dostoevsky married in Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, even though she had initially refused his marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other and that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was unhappy and she found it difficult to cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of her strange, suspicious and fantastic character, we were definitely not happy together, but we could not stop loving each other; and the more unhappy we were, the more attached to each other we became". They mostly lived apart.
[
65
]
In 1859 he was released from military service because of deteriorating health and was granted permission to return to European Russia, first to
Tver
, where he met his brother for the first time in ten years, and then to Saint Petersburg.
[
66
]
[
67
]
Dostoevsky in Paris, 1863
The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) appeared in a journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860.
Notes from the House of the Dead
was released in
Russky Mir
(Russian World) in September 1860.
Humiliated and Insulted
was published in the new
Vremya
magazine,
[
c
]
which had been created with the help of funds from his brother's cigarette factory.
[
69
]
[
70
]
[
71
]
Dostoevsky travelled to western Europe for the first time on 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Berlin, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium and Paris. In London he met
Alexander Herzen
and visited
the Crystal Palace
. He travelled with
Nikolay Strakhov
through Switzerland and several North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and the central Italian city of Florence. He recorded his impressions of those trips in the essay "
Winter Notes on Summer Impressions
", in which he also criticised capitalism, social modernisation,
materialism
, Catholicism and Protestantism.
[
72
]
[
73
]
Dostoevsky viewed the Crystal Palace as a monument to soulless modern society, the myth of progress, and the worship of empty materialism.
[
74
]
From August to October 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip to western Europe. He met his second love,
Polina Suslova
, in Paris and lost nearly all his money gambling in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his brother Mikhail died; Dostoevsky then became the lone parent of his stepson Pasha and the sole supporter of his brother's family. The failure of
Epoch
, the magazine he had founded with Mikhail after the suppression of
Vremya
, worsened his financial situation, although the continued help of his relatives and friends averted bankruptcy.
[
75
]
[
76
]
Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)
[
edit
]
The first two parts of
Crime and Punishment
were published in January and February 1866 in the periodical
The Russian Messenger
,
[
77
]
attracting at least 500 new subscribers to the magazine.
[
78
]
Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor,
Fyodor Stellovsky
, that he would complete a novel titled
The Gambler
by November, although he had not yet begun writing it. One of Dostoevsky's friends,
Aleksandr Milyukov
, advised him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Saint Petersburg, who recommended his pupil, the twenty-year-old
Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina
. Her shorthand helped Dostoevsky to complete
The Gambler
on 30 October, after 26 days' work.
[
79
]
[
80
]
She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always tried to carry himself erect. "He had light brown, slightly reddish hair, he used some hair conditioner, and he combed his hair in a diligent way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in the other, the pupil was so big that you could not see its color, [this was caused by an injury]. The strangeness of his eyes gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. His face was pale, and it looked unhealthy."
[
81
]
Memorial plaque to Dostoevsky in Baden-Baden
On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky and Snitkina married in
Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
. On 14 April 1867, they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany; the 7,000 rubles he had earned from
Crime and Punishment
did not cover their debts, forcing Anna to sell her valuables to finance their trip. They stayed in Berlin, visited the
Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
in
Dresden
, where he sought inspiration for his writing, and also stopped in
Frankfurt
,
Darmstadt
,
Heidelberg
and
Karlsruhe
. They spent five weeks in
Baden-Baden
, where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with
Ivan Turgenev
and again lost much money at the roulette table.
[
82
]
At one point, his wife was reportedly forced to pawn her underwear.
[
83
]
In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on
The Idiot
, and after a prolonged planning process that bore little resemblance to the published novel, he eventually managed to write the first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialization began in
The Russian Messenger
in January 1868.
Plaque for baby Sofya
By 1868, the couple had moved on to
Geneva
.
[
84
]
Their first child, Sofya, had been conceived in Baden-Baden, and was born in Geneva on 5 March 1868. The baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a woman in despair".
[
85
]
Sofya was buried at the
Cimetière des Rois
in Geneva; her grave was later dissolved, but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque in her honor.
[
86
]
After Sofya's death, the couple continued their travels through Europe. They first went to
Vevey
and then Milan before continuing to Florence
,
where Dostoevsky completed
The Idiot
in January 1869; its final part appeared in
The Russian Messenger
in the following month.
[
87
]
[
88
]
Later that year, in Dresden, Anna gave birth to their second daughter,
Lyubov
, on 26 September. After hearing news that the socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" had murdered one of its own members, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing
Demons
.
[
89
]
In April 1871, Dostoevsky made a final visit to a gambling hall in Wiesbaden. Anna claimed that he stopped gambling after the birth of their second daughter, but this is a subject of debate.
[
d
]
During a train trip to Berlin, he burnt several manuscripts, including those of
The Idiot
, because he was concerned about potential problems with customs. The Dostoevsky family finally arrived back in Saint Petersburg on 8 July, marking the end of a honeymoon (originally planned for three months) that had lasted over four years.
[
92
]
[
93
]
Back in Russia (1871–1875)
[
edit
]
Dostoevsky (left) in the Haymarket, 21/22 March 1874
Back in Russia in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and had to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to an apartment near the
Institute of Technology
soon after. They hoped to cancel their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but difficulties with the tenant resulted in a relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna proposed that they raise money on her husband's copyrights and negotiate with the creditors to pay off their debts in installments.
[
94
]
[
95
]
Dostoevsky revived his friendships with Maykov and Strakhov and made new acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers
Vsevolod
and
Vladimir Solovyov
.
Konstantin Pobedonostsev
, future Imperial High Commissioner of the
Most Holy Synod
, influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to conservatism.
Around early 1872 the family spent several months in
Staraya Russa
, a town known for its
mineral spa
. Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either
typhus
or
malaria
,
[
96
]
and Anna developed an abscess on her throat.
[
94
]
[
97
]
The family returned to Saint Petersburg in September.
Demons
was finished on 26 November 1872 and released in the following January by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which the Dostoevskys had just established. Anna managed the company's finances, sold the book out of their apartment and only accepted cash payments; but
Demons
was a success, selling around 3,000 copies. Dostoevsky proposed that they establish a new periodical called
A Writer's Diary
, to include a collection of essays, but funds were lacking. The
Diary
was instead published in
Vladimir Meshchersky
's magazine
The Citizen
, beginning on 1 January 1873, in return for a salary of 3,000 rubles per year. That summer, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with the children, while Dostoevsky stayed in Saint Petersburg to continue with his
Diary
.
[
98
]
[
99
]
In March 1874, Dostoevsky left
The Citizen
because of the stressful work and interference from the Russian bureaucracy. In his fifteen months with
The Citizen
, he had been taken to court twice: on 11 June 1873 for citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to sell a new novel he had not yet begun to write to
The Russian Messenger
, but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov then suggested that he publish in another periodical,
Notes of the Fatherland
, which offered Dostoevsky 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – 100 more than he would have earned with
The Russian Messenger
. Dostoevsky accepted.
That year, his health began to decline. Dostoevsky consulted several doctors in Saint Petersburg and was advised to take a cure outside Russia. In July, he traveled to
Bad Ems
, where a physician diagnosed him with acute
catarrh
. During his stay there he began writing
The Adolescent
, and he returned to Saint Petersburg in late July.
[
100
]
[
101
]
Anna proposed that they spend the winter in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had suggested a second visit to Ems because his health had previously improved there.
On 10 August 1875 his son Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family returned to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished
The Adolescent
at the end of 1875, although passages of it had been serialized in
Notes of the Fatherland
since January.
The Adolescent
chronicles the life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the illegitimate child of the landowner Versilov and a peasant mother. It deals primarily with the relationship between father and son, which became a frequent theme in Dostoevsky's subsequent works.
[
102
]
[
103
]
Last years (1876–1881)
[
edit
]
Dostoevsky, 1879
In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work on his
Diary
, compiling pieces from the periodical into a book. The book, titled
A Writer's Diary
, is a collection of numerous essays and a few short stories about society, religion, politics and ethics, and it sold more than twice as many copies as his previous books. Dostoevsky began to receive more letters from readers than ever before, and people of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's brother, the family bought a
dacha
in Staraya Russa. In the summer of 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness of breath again. He visited Ems for the third time and was told that he might live for another 15 years if he moved to a healthier climate. Upon returning to Russia, Tsar
Alexander II
ordered Dostoevsky to visit his palace to present the
Diary
to him, and he asked him to educate his sons,
Sergey
and
Paul
. This visit further increased Dostoevsky's circle of acquaintances. He was a frequent guest in several salons in Saint Petersburg and met many famous people, including Countess
Sophia Tolstaya
,
Yakov Polonsky
,
Sergei Witte
,
Alexey Suvorin
,
Anton Rubinstein
and
Ilya Repin
.
[
104
]
[
105
]
Dostoevsky's health declined further, and in March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a manor near
Kursk
. While returning to St Petersburg to finalise his
Diary
, he visited Darovoye, where he had spent much of his childhood. In December he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave a speech. He was appointed an honorary member of the
Russian Academy of Sciences
, from which he received an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to an international congress on copyright in Paris after his son Alyosha had a severe epileptic seizure and died on 16 May.
The family later moved to the apartment where Dostoevsky had written his first works. Around this time, he was elected to the board of directors of the Slavic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg, and that summer he was elected to the honorary committee of the
Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale
, whose members included
Victor Hugo
,
Ivan Turgenev
,
Paul Heyse
,
Alfred Tennyson
,
Anthony Trollope
,
Henry Longfellow
,
Ralph Waldo Emerson
and
Leo Tolstoy
.
Dostoevsky made his fourth and final visit to Ems in early August 1879. He was diagnosed with early-stage
pulmonary emphysema
, which his doctor believed could be successfully managed, but not cured.
[
106
]
[
107
]
Dostoevsky's funeral
On 3 February 1880 Dostoevsky was elected vice-president of the Slavic Benevolent Society, and was invited to speak at the unveiling of the Pushkin memorial in Moscow. On 8 June he delivered
his speech
, giving an impressive performance that had a significant emotional impact on his audience. His speech was met with thunderous applause, and even his long-time rival Turgenev embraced him.
Konstantin Staniukovich
praised the speech in his essay "The Pushkin Anniversary and Dostoevsky's Speech" in
The Business
, writing that "the language of Dostoevsky's [Pushkin Speech] really looks like a sermon. He speaks with the tone of a prophet. He makes a sermon like a pastor; it is very deep, sincere, and we understand that he wants to impress the emotions of his listeners."
[
108
]
The speech was criticised by liberal political scientist Alexander Gradovsky, who thought that Dostoevsky idolized "the people",
[
109
]
and by the conservative thinker
Konstantin Leontiev
, who, in his essay "On Universal Love", compared the speech to French utopian socialism.
[
110
]
The attacks led to a further deterioration in his health.
[
111
]
[
112
]
Dostoevsky on his
bier
, drawing by
Ivan Kramskoi
, 1881
Dostoevsky's grave in Saint Petersburg
On 6 February [
O.S.
25 January] 1881, while searching for members of the terrorist organisation
Narodnaya Volya
("The People's Will") who would soon assassinate
Tsar Alexander II
, the Tsar's secret police executed a search warrant in the apartment of
Alexander Barannikov
, one of Dostoevsky's neighbors.
[
113
]
[
page needed
]
On the following day, Dostoevsky suffered a
pulmonary hemorrhage
. Anna denied that the search had caused it, saying that the hemorrhage had occurred after her husband had been looking for a dropped pen-holder.
[
e
]
After he suffered another hemorrhage, Anna called the doctors, who gave a poor prognosis. A third hemorrhage followed shortly afterwards.
[
117
]
[
118
]
While seeing his children before dying, Dostoevsky requested the
parable of the Prodigal Son
to be read to his children. The profound meaning of this request is pointed out by
Joseph Frank
:
It was this parable of transgression, repentance, and forgiveness that he wished to leave as a last heritage to his children, and it may well be seen as his own ultimate understanding of the meaning of his life and the message of his work.
[
119
]
Among Dostoevsky's last words was his quotation of
Matthew 3:14–15
: "But John forbad him, saying, I have a need to be baptised of thee, and comest thou to me? And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness", and he finished with "Hear now—permit it. Do not restrain me!".
[
120
]
His last words to his wife Anna were: "Remember, Anya, I have always loved you passionately and have never been unfaithful to you ever, even in my thoughts!"
[
121
]
When he died, his body was placed on a table, following Russian custom.
Dostoevsky was interred in the
Tikhvin Cemetery
at the
Alexander Nevsky Convent
,
[
122
]
near his favourite poets,
Nikolay Karamzin
and
Vasily Zhukovsky
. It is unclear how many attended his funeral. According to one reporter, more than 100,000 mourners were present, while others describe attendance between 40,000 and 50,000. His tombstone is inscribed with lines from the New Testament:
[
117
]
[
123
]
Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it dies, it bringeth forth much fruit.
Pre-marriage romantic relationships
[
edit
]
Dostoevsky was romantically involved with several women before his marriage to
Anna Snitkina
in 1867. He had his first known affair with
Avdotya Panaeva
, whom he met in
Ivan Panaev
's circle in the early 1840s. He described her as educated, interested in literature, and a
femme fatale
.
[
124
]
He admitted later that he was uncertain about their relationship.
[
125
]
According to Anna Dostoevskaya's memoirs, Dostoevsky once asked his sister's sister-in-law, Yelena Ivanova, whether she would marry him, hoping to replace her mortally ill husband after he died, but she rejected his proposal.
[
126
]
Dostoevsky and
Polina Suslova
had a short but intimate affair, which peaked in the winter of 1862–1863. Suslova's dalliance with a Spaniard in late spring and Dostoevsky's gambling addiction and age ended their relationship. He later described her in a letter to
Nadezhda Suslova
as a "great egoist. Her egoism and her vanity are colossal. She demands
everything
of other people, all the perfections, and does not pardon the slightest imperfection in the light of other qualities that one may possess", and later stated "I still love her, but I do not want to love her any more. She doesn't deserve this love ..."
[
65
]
In 1858 Dostoevsky had a romance with comic actress Aleksandra Ivanovna Schubert. Although she divorced Dostoevsky's friend
Stepan Yanovsky
, she would not live with him. Dostoevsky did not love her either, but they were probably good friends. She wrote that he "became very attracted to me".
[
127
]
[
128
]
Through a worker in
Epoch
, Dostoevsky learned of the Russian-born Martha Brown (née Elizaveta Andreyevna Chlebnikova), who had had affairs with several westerners. Her relationship with Dostoevsky is known only through letters written between November 1864 and January 1865.
[
129
]
[
130
]
In 1865 Dostoevsky met
Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya
. Their relationship is not verified; Anna Dostoevskaya spoke of a good affair, but Korvin-Krukovskaya's sister, the mathematician
Sofia Kovalevskaya
, thought that Korvin-Krukovskaya had rejected him.
[
131
]
In his youth, Dostoevsky enjoyed reading
Nikolai Karamzin
's
History of the Russian State
(published 1818–1829), which praised conservatism and Russian independence, ideas that Dostoevsky would embrace later in life. Before his arrest for participating in the Petrashevsky Circle in 1849, Dostoevsky remarked, "As far as I am concerned, nothing was ever more ridiculous than the idea of a
republican
government in Russia." In an 1881 edition of his
Diaries
, Dostoevsky stated that the Tsar and the people should form a unity: "For the people, the tsar is not an external power, not the power of some conqueror ... but a power of all the people, an all-unifying power the people themselves desired."
[
132
]
While critical of serfdom, Dostoevsky was skeptical about the creation of a
constitution
, a concept he viewed as unrelated to Russia's history. He described it as a mere "gentleman's rule" and believed that "a constitution would simply enslave the people".
[
citation needed
]
He advocated social change instead, for example removal of the feudal system and a weakening of the divisions between the peasantry and the affluent classes. His ideal was a utopian, Christianized Russia where "if everyone were actively Christian, not a single social question would come up ... If they were Christians they would settle everything".
[
133
]
He thought democracy and
oligarchy
were poor systems; of France he wrote, "the oligarchs are only concerned with the interest of the wealthy; the democrats, only with the interest of the poor; but the interests of society, the interest of all and the future of France as a whole—no one there bothers about these things."
[
133
]
He maintained that political parties ultimately led to social discord. In the 1860s, he discovered
Pochvennichestvo
, a movement similar to
Slavophilism
in that it
rejected Europe's culture
and contemporary philosophical movements, such as
nihilism
and materialism.
Pochvennichestvo
differed from Slavophilism in aiming to establish, not an isolated Russia, but a more open state modelled on the Russia of
Peter the Great
.
[
133
]
In his incomplete article "Socialism and Christianity", Dostoevsky claimed that civilization ("the second stage in human history") had become degraded, and that it was moving towards liberalism and losing its faith in God. He asserted that the traditional concept of Christianity should be recovered. He thought that contemporary western Europe had "rejected the single formula for their salvation that came from God and was proclaimed through revelation, 'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself', and replaced it with practical conclusions such as,
'
Chacun pour soi et Dieu pour tous
'
[Every man for himself and God for all], or "scientific" slogans like '
the struggle for survival
.
'
"
[
132
]
He considered this crisis to be the consequence of the collision between communal and individual interests, brought about by a decline in religious and moral principles.
Dostoevsky distinguished three "enormous world ideas" prevalent in his time:
Roman Catholicism
,
Protestantism
and
(Russian) Orthodoxy
. He claimed that Catholicism had continued the tradition of
Imperial Rome
and had thus become anti-Christian and proto-socialist,
[
134
]
inasmuch as the Church's interest in political and mundane affairs led it to abandon the idea of Christ. For Dostoevsky,
socialism
was "the latest incarnation of the Catholic idea" and its "natural ally".
[
135
]
He found Protestantism self-contradictory and claimed that it would ultimately lose power and spirituality. He deemed (Russian) Orthodoxy to be the ideal form of Christianity.
For all that, to place Dostoevsky politically is not simple: as a Christian, he rejected atheistic socialism; as a traditionalist, he rejected the destruction of the institutions; and, as a pacifist, he rejected any violent method or upheaval led by either progressives or reactionaries. He supported private property and business rights, and did not agree with many criticisms of the free market from the socialist utopians of his time.
[
136
]
[
need quotation to verify
]
[
137
]
[
page needed
]
During the
Russo-Turkish War
of 1877–1878, Dostoevsky asserted that war might be necessary if salvation were to be granted. He wanted the Muslim
Ottoman Empire
eliminated and the Christian
Byzantine Empire
restored, and he hoped for the liberation of
Balkan
Slavs and their unification with the Russian Empire.
[
132
]
Historian
Richard Pipes
placed Dostoevsky as being firmly in the tradition of
Russian Conservatism
describing
Crime and Punishment
,
The Brothers Karamazov
, and
Demons
as political novels. Pipes was critical of Dostoevsky's politics, saying that in the ordinary sense, the author "knew little and understood less" and his political analysis going little beyond xenophobia and "crude" jingoism. Instead it was in Dostoevsky's understanding of the "psychological implications of radicalism" that his greatness lay.
[
138
]
Many characters in Dostoevsky's works, including
Jews
, have been described as displaying negative stereotypes.
[
139
]
In an 1877 letter to Arkady Kovner, a Jew who had accused Dostoevsky of antisemitism, he replied with the following:
"I am not an enemy of the Jews at all and never have been. But as you say, its 40-century existence proves that this tribe has exceptional vitality, which would not help, during the course of its history, taking the form of various Status in Statu ... how can they fail to find themselves, even if only partially, at variance with the indigenous population – the Russian tribe?"
[
140
]
Dostoevsky held to a
Pan-Slavic
ideology that was conditioned by the Ottoman occupations of Eastern Europe. In 1876, the Slavic populations of modern-day South-Eastern
Serbia
outside of the Principality of Serbia (independent since 1868) and of the region of Bulgaria rose up against their Ottoman overlords, but the
rebellion
was put down. In the process, an estimated 12,000 people were killed. In his diaries, he scorned Westerners and those who were against the Pan-Slavic movement. This ideology was motivated in part by the desire to promote a common Orthodox Christian heritage, which he saw as both unifying as well as a force for liberation.
[
141
]
The New Testament that Dostoevsky took with him to prison in Siberia
Dostoevsky was an
Orthodox Christian
[
142
]
who was raised in a religious family and knew the
Gospel
from a very young age.
[
143
]
He was influenced by the Russian translation of Johannes Hübner's
One Hundred and Four Sacred Stories from the Old and New Testaments Selected for Children
(partly a German bible for children and partly a
catechism
).
[
144
]
[
143
]
[
145
]
He attended Sunday liturgies from an early age and took part in annual pilgrimages to the
St. Sergius Trinity Monastery
.
[
146
]
A deacon at the hospital gave him religious instruction.
[
145
]
Among his most cherished childhood memories were reciting prayers in front of guests and reading passages from the
Book of Job
that impressed him while "still almost a child."
[
147
]
According to an officer at the military academy, Dostoevsky was profoundly religious, followed Orthodox practice, and regularly read the Gospels and
Heinrich Zschokke
's
Die Stunden der Andacht
("Hours of Devotion"), which "preached a sentimental version of Christianity entirely free from dogmatic content and with a strong emphasis on giving Christian love a social application." This book may have prompted his later interest in
Christian socialism
.
[
148
]
Through the literature of
E T. A. Hoffmann
, Balzac,
Eugène Sue
, and Goethe, Dostoevsky created his own belief system, similar to
Russian sectarianism
and the
Old Belief
.
[
148
]
After his arrest, aborted execution, and subsequent imprisonment, he focused intensely on the figure of Christ and on the New Testament, the only book allowed in prison.
[
149
]
In a January 1854 letter to the woman who had sent him the New Testament, Dostoevsky wrote that he was a "child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and I am certain that I shall remain so to the grave." He also wrote that "even if someone were to prove to me that the truth lay outside Christ, I should choose to remain with Christ rather than with the truth."
[
150
]
In
Semipalatinsk
, Dostoevsky revived his faith by looking frequently at the stars. Wrangel said that he was "rather pious, but did not often go to church, and disliked priests, especially the Siberian ones. But he spoke about Christ ecstatically." Two pilgrimages and two works by
Dmitri Rostovsky
, an archbishop who influenced Ukrainian and Russian literature by composing groundbreaking religious plays, strengthened his beliefs.
[
151
]
Through his visits to western Europe and discussions with Herzen,
Grigoriev
, and
Strakhov
, Dostoevsky discovered the
Pochvennichestvo
movement and the theory that the
Catholic Church
had adopted the principles of
rationalism
,
legalism
,
materialism
, and
individualism
from
ancient Rome
and had passed on its philosophy to
Protestantism
and consequently to atheistic socialism.
[
152
]
Manuscript of
Demons
Dostoevsky's canon includes novels, novellas,
novelettes
, short stories, essays, pamphlets,
limericks
,
epigrams
and poems. He wrote more than 700 letters, a dozen of which are lost.
[
153
]
Dostoevsky expressed religious, psychological, and philosophical ideas in his writings. His works explore such themes as suicide, poverty, human manipulation, and morality. Psychological themes include dreaming, first seen in "White Nights",
[
154
]
and the father-son relationship, beginning in
The Adolescent
.
[
155
]
Most of his works demonstrate a vision of the chaotic sociopolitical structure of contemporary Russia.
[
156
]
His early works viewed society (for example, the differences between poor and rich) through the lens of
literary realism
and
naturalism
. The influences of other writers, particularly evident in his early works, led to accusations of plagiarism,
[
157
]
[
158
]
but his style gradually became more individual. After his release from prison, Dostoevsky incorporated religious themes, especially those of Russian Orthodoxy, into his writing. Elements of
gothic fiction
,
[
159
]
romanticism
,
[
160
]
and satire
[
161
]
are observable in some of his books. He frequently used autobiographical or semi-autobiographical details.
An important stylistic element in Dostoevsky's writing is
polyphony
, the simultaneous presence of multiple narrative voices and perspectives.
[
162
]
[
page needed
]
Kornelije Kvas wrote that Bakhtin's theory of "the polyphonic novel and Dostoevsky's dialogicness of narration postulates the non-existence of the 'final' word, which is why the thoughts, emotions and experiences of the world of the narrator and his/her characters are reflected through the words of another, with which they can never fully blend."
[
163
]
Reception and influence
[
edit
]
Dostoevsky monument in
Dresden
(Germany)
Dostoevsky is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential novelists of the
Golden Age of Russian literature
.
[
164
]
Leo Tolstoy
admired some of Dostoevsky's works, particularly
The House of the Dead
, which he saw as exalted religious art, inspired by deep faith and love of humanity.
[
165
]
[
166
]
Albert Einstein
called Dostoevsky a "great religious writer" who explores "the mystery of spiritual existence".
[
167
]
Sigmund Freud
ranked Dostoevsky second only to
William Shakespeare
as a creative writer,
[
168
]
and called
The Brothers Karamazov
"the most magnificent novel ever written".
[
169
]
Friedrich Nietzsche
called Dostoevsky "the only psychologist from whom I had something to learn" and described him as being "among the most beautiful strokes of fortune in my life."
[
170
]
[
171
]
[
missing long citation
]
The Russian literary theorist
Mikhail Bakhtin
's analysis of Dostoevsky came to be at the foundation of his theory of the novel. Bakhtin argued that Dostoevsky's use of
polyphony
was a major advancement in the development of the novel as a genre.
[
162
]
In his posthumous collection of sketches
A Moveable Feast
,
Ernest Hemingway
stated that in Dostoevsky "there were things believable and not to be believed, but some so true that they changed you as you read them; frailty and madness, wickedness and saintliness, and the insanity of gambling were there to know".
[
172
]
James Joyce
praised Dostoevsky's prose: "... he is the man more than any other who has created modern prose, and intensified it to its present-day pitch. It was his explosive power which shattered the Victorian novel with its simpering maidens and ordered commonplaces; books which were without imagination or violence."
[
173
]
In her essay
The Russian Point of View
,
Virginia Woolf
said, "Out of
Shakespeare
there is no more exciting reading".
[
174
]
Franz Kafka
called Dostoevsky his "blood-relative"
[
175
]
and was heavily influenced by his works, particularly
The Brothers Karamazov
and
Crime and Punishment
, both of which profoundly influenced
The Trial
.
[
176
]
Hermann Hesse
enjoyed Dostoevsky's work and said that to read him is like a "glimpse into the havoc".
[
177
]
The Norwegian novelist
Knut Hamsun
wrote that "no one has analyzed the complicated human structure as Dostoyevsky. His psychologic sense is overwhelming and visionary."
[
178
]
Writers associated with cultural movements such as
surrealism
,
existentialism
and the
Beats
cite Dostoevsky as an influence,
[
179
]
and he is regarded as a forerunner to
Russian symbolism
,
[
180
]
expressionism
[
181
]
and psychoanalysis.
[
182
]
J. M. Coetzee
featured Dostoevsky as the protagonist in his 1997 novel
The Master of Petersburg
. The famous
Malayalam
novel
Oru Sankeerthanam Pole
by
Perumbadavam Sreedharan
deals with the life of Dostoevsky and his love affair with
Anna
.
[
183
]
Soviet Union stamp, 1971
In 1956 an olive-green postage stamp dedicated to Dostoevsky was released in the Soviet Union, with a print run of 1,000 copies.
[
184
]
The
Dostoevsky Museum
was opened on 12 November 1971 in the apartment where he wrote his first and final novels.
[
185
]
A crater on Mercury
was named after him in 1979, and a minor planet discovered in 1981 by
Lyudmila Karachkina
was named
3453 Dostoevsky
. Music critic and broadcaster
Artemy Troitsky
has hosted the radio show "FM Достоевский" (FM Dostoevsky) since 1997.
[
186
]
Viewers of the TV show
Name of Russia
voted him the ninth greatest Russian of all time, just after
Dmitry Mendeleev
, and just ahead of ruler
Ivan IV
.
[
187
]
An
Eagle Award
-winning TV series directed by
Vladimir Khotinenko
about Dostoevsky's life was screened in 2011.
Numerous memorials were inaugurated in cities and regions such as Moscow, Saint Petersburg,
Novosibirsk
, Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Kusnetsk, Darovoye, Staraya Russa,
Lyublino
,
Tallinn
,
Dresden
, Baden-Baden and
Wiesbaden
. The
Dostoyevskaya metro station in Saint Petersburg
was opened on 30 December 1991, and the
station of the same name in Moscow
was opened on 19 June 2010, the 75th anniversary of the
Moscow Metro
. The Moscow station is decorated with murals by artist
Ivan Nikolaev
depicting scenes from Dostoevsky's works, such as controversial suicides.
[
188
]
[
189
]
In 2021,
Kazakhstan
celebrated the 200th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.
[
190
]
Dostoevsky's work did not always gain a positive reception. Some critics, such as
Nikolay Dobrolyubov
,
Ivan Bunin
and
Vladimir Nabokov
, viewed his writing as excessively psychological and philosophical rather than artistic. Others found fault with chaotic and disorganized plots, and others, like Turgenev, objected to "excessive psychologizing" and too-detailed naturalism. His style was deemed "prolix, repetitious and lacking in polish, balance, restraint and good taste".
Saltykov-Shchedrin
,
Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
and others criticised his puppet-like characters, most prominently in
The Idiot
,
Demons
(
The Possessed
,
The Devils
)
[
191
]
and
The Brothers Karamazov
. These characters were compared to those of Hoffmann, an author whom Dostoevsky admired.
[
192
]
Basing his estimation on stated criteria of enduring art and individual genius, Nabokov judges Dostoevsky "not a great writer, but rather a mediocre one—with flashes of excellent humour but, alas, with wastelands of literary platitudes in between." Nabokov complains that the novels are peopled by "neurotics and lunatics" and states that Dostoevsky's characters do not develop: "We get them all complete at the beginning of the tale and so they remain." He finds the novels full of contrived "surprises and complications of plot", which are effective when first read, but on second reading, without the shock and benefit of these surprises, appear loaded with "glorified cliché".
[
193
]
The Scottish poet and critic
Edwin Muir
, however, addressed criticism regarding the quality of Dostoevsky's characters, noting that "regarding the 'oddness' of Dostoevsky's characters, it has been pointed out that they perhaps only seem 'pathological', whereas in reality they are 'only visualized more clearly than any figures in imaginative literature'."
[
194
]
Dostoevsky's books have been translated into more than 170 languages.
[
195
]
The German translator Wilhelm Wolfsohn published one of the first translations, parts of
Poor Folk
, in an 1846–1847 magazine,
[
196
]
and a French translation followed. French, German and Italian translations usually came directly from the original, while English translations were second-hand and of poor quality.
[
197
]
The first English translations were by Marie von Thilo in 1881, but the first highly regarded ones were produced between 1912 and 1920 by
Constance Garnett
.
[
198
]
Her flowing and easy translations helped popularise Dostoevsky's novels in anglophone countries, and Bakhtin's
Problems of Dostoevsky's Creative Art
(1929) (republished and revised as
Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics
in 1963) provided further understanding of his style.
[
199
]
Dostoevsky's works have been interpreted in film and on stage in many different countries. Princess Varvara Dmitrevna Obolenskaya was among the first to propose staging
Crime and Punishment
. Dostoevsky did not refuse permission, but he advised against it, as he believed that "each art corresponds to a series of poetic thoughts, so that one idea cannot be expressed in another non-corresponding form". His extensive explanations in opposition to the transposition of his works into other media were groundbreaking in fidelity criticism. He thought that just one episode should be dramatized, or an idea should be taken and incorporated into a separate plot.
[
200
]
According to critic Alexander Burry, some of the most effective adaptions are
Sergei Prokofiev
's opera
The Gambler
,
Leoš Janáček
's opera
From the House of the Dead
,
Akira Kurosawa
's film
The Idiot
and
Andrzej Wajda
's film
The Possessed
.
[
201
]
After the
1917 Russian Revolution
, passages of Dostoevsky books were sometimes shortened, although only two books were censored:
Demons
[
202
]
and
Diary of a Writer
.
[
203
]
His philosophy, particularly in
Demons
, was deemed anti-capitalist but also anti-Communist and reactionary.
[
204
]
[
205
]
According to historian Boris Ilizarov, Stalin read Dostoevsky's
The Brothers Karamazov
several times.
[
206
]
Dostoevsky's works of fiction include 16 novels and novellas, 16 short stories, and 5 translations. Many of his longer novels were first published in
serialized form
in literary magazines and journals. The years given below indicate the year in which the novel's final part or first complete book edition was published. In English many of his novels and stories are known by different titles.
Poor Folk
is an
epistolary novel
that depicts the relationship between the small, elderly official Makar Devushkin and the young seamstress Varvara Dobroselova, remote relatives who write letters to each other. Makar's tender, sentimental adoration for Varvara and her confident, warm friendship for him explain their evident preference for a simple life, although it keeps them in humiliating poverty. An unscrupulous merchant finds the inexperienced girl and hires her as his housewife and guarantor. He sends her to a manor somewhere on a steppe, while Makar alleviates his misery and pain with alcohol.
The story focuses on poor people who struggle with their lack of self-esteem. Their misery leads to the loss of their inner freedom, to dependence on the social authorities, and to the extinction of their individuality. Dostoevsky shows how poverty and dependence are indissolubly aligned with deflection and deformation of self-esteem, combining inward and outward suffering.
[
207
]
Notes from Underground
[
edit
]
Notes from Underground
is split into two stylistically different parts, the first essay-like, the second in narrative style. The protagonist and first-person narrator is an unnamed 40-year-old civil servant known as The Underground Man. The only known facts about his situation are that he has quit the service, lives in a basement flat on the outskirts of Saint Petersburg and finances his livelihood from a modest inheritance.
The first part is a record of his thoughts about society and his character. He describes himself as vicious, squalid and ugly; the chief focuses of his polemic are the "modern human" and his vision of the world, which he attacks severely and cynically, and towards which he develops aggression and vengefulness. He considers his own decline natural and necessary. Although he emphasizes that he does not intend to publish his notes for the public, the narrator appeals repeatedly to an ill-described audience, whose questions he tries to address.
In the second part he describes scenes from his life that are responsible for his failure in personal and professional life and in his love life. He tells of meeting old school friends, who are in secure positions and treat him with condescension. His aggression turns inward on to himself and he tries to humiliate himself further. He presents himself as a possible savior to the poor prostitute Liza, advising her to reject self-reproach when she looks to him for hope. Dostoevsky added a short commentary saying that although the storyline and characters are fictional, such things were inevitable in contemporary society.
The Underground Man was very influential for philosophers. His alienated existence from the mainstream influenced
modernist literature
.
[
208
]
[
209
]
Crime and Punishment
[
edit
]
The novel
Crime and Punishment
has received both critical and popular acclaim. It remains one of the most influential and widely read novels in
Russian literature
, and has been sometimes described as Dostoevsky's
magnum opus
.
[
210
]
Crime and Punishment
follows the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of
Rodion Raskolnikov
, an impoverished ex-student in Saint Petersburg who plans to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker, an old woman who stores money and valuable objects in her flat. He theorises that with the money he could liberate himself from poverty and go on to perform great deeds, and seeks to convince himself that certain crimes are justifiable if they are committed in order to remove obstacles to the higher goals of 'extraordinary' men. Once the deed is done, however, he finds himself racked with confusion, paranoia, and disgust. His theoretical justifications lose all their power as he struggles with guilt and horror and confronts both the internal and external consequences of his deed.
Strakhov
remarked that "Only
Crime and Punishment
was read in 1866" and that Dostoevsky had managed to portray a Russian person aptly and realistically.
[
211
]
In contrast,
Grigory Eliseev
of the radical magazine
The Contemporary
called the novel a "fantasy according to which the entire student body is accused without exception of attempting murder and robbery".
[
212
]
The
Encyclopædia Britannica
describes
Crime and Punishment
as "a masterpiece" and "one of the finest studies of the psychopathology of guilt written in any language."
[
213
]
The title is an ironic reference to the central character of the novel,
Prince
Lev Nikolayevich Myshkin
, a young man whose goodness, open-hearted simplicity and guilelessness lead many of the more worldly characters he encounters to mistakenly assume that he lacks intelligence and insight. In the character of Prince Myshkin, Dostoevsky set himself the task of depicting "the positively good and beautiful man."
[
214
]
The novel examines the consequences of placing such a singular individual at the center of the conflicts, desires, passions and egoism of worldly society, both for the man himself and for those with whom he becomes involved.
Joseph Frank
describes
The Idiot
as "the most personal of all Dostoevsky's major works, the book in which he embodies his most intimate, cherished, and sacred convictions."
[
215
]
It includes descriptions of some of his most intense personal ordeals, such as epilepsy and mock execution, and explores moral, spiritual and philosophical themes consequent upon them. His primary motivation in writing the novel was to subject his own highest ideal, that of true Christian love, to the crucible of contemporary Russian society.
Demons
is a social and political satire, a psychological drama, and large-scale tragedy.
Joyce Carol Oates
has described it as "Dostoevsky's most confused and violent novel, and his most satisfactorily 'tragic' work."
[
216
]
According to
Ronald Hingley
, it is Dostoevsky's "greatest onslaught on Nihilism", and "one of humanity's most impressive achievements—perhaps even its supreme achievement—in the art of prose fiction."
[
217
]
Demons
is an allegory of the potentially catastrophic consequences of the political and moral
nihilism
that were becoming prevalent in Russia in the 1860s.
[
218
]
A fictional town descends into chaos as it becomes the focal point of an attempted revolution, orchestrated by master conspirator Pyotr Verkhovensky. The mysterious aristocratic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin—Verkhovensky's counterpart in the moral sphere—dominates the book, exercising an extraordinary influence over the hearts and minds of almost all the other characters. The idealistic, Western-influenced generation of the 1840s, epitomized in the character of Stepan Verkhovensky (who is both Pyotr Verkhovensky's father and Nikolai Stavrogin's childhood teacher), is presented as the unconscious progenitors and helpless accomplices of the "demonic" forces that take possession of the town.
The Brothers Karamazov
[
edit
]
The Brothers Karamazov
is Dostoevsky's largest work. It received both critical and popular acclaim and, like
Crime and Punishment
, is often cited as his magnum opus.
[
219
]
Composed of 12 "books", the novel tells the story of three brothers: the novice monk
Alyosha
, the non-believer Ivan, and the soldier Dmitri. The main plot is the death of their father Fyodor Karamazov, while other parts are philosophical and religious arguments by Father Zosima to Alyosha.
[
220
]
[
221
]
The most famous chapter is "
The Grand Inquisitor
", a
parable
told by Ivan to Alyosha about Christ's
Second Coming
in
Seville
, Spain, in which Christ is imprisoned by a ninety-year-old Catholic
Grand Inquisitor
. Instead of answering him, Christ gives him a kiss, and the Inquisitor subsequently releases him, telling him not to return. The tale has been misunderstood as a defence of the Inquisitor, but some, such as
Romano Guardini
, argue that the Christ of the parable was Ivan's own interpretation of Christ, "the idealistic product of the unbelief". Ivan, however, has stated that he is against Christ. Most contemporary critics and scholars agree that Dostoevsky is attacking Roman Catholicism and socialist atheism, both represented by the Inquisitor. He warns the readers against a terrible revelation in the future, referring to the
Donation of Pepin
around 750 and the
Spanish Inquisition
in the 16th century, which in his view corrupted true Christianity.
[
222
]
[
220
]
[
221
]
Sigmund Freud
wrote an essay called "
Dostoevsky and Parricide
" (German: Dostojewski und die Vatertötung) as an introductory article to a scholarly collection on
The Brothers Karamazov
.
Novels and novellas
[
edit
]
(1846)
Poor Folk
(1846)
The Double
(1847)
The Landlady
(novella)
(1849)
Netochka Nezvanova
(unfinished)
(1859)
Uncle's Dream
(novella)
(1859)
The Village of Stepanchikovo
(1861)
Humiliated and Insulted
(1862)
The House of the Dead
(1864)
Notes from Underground
(novella)
(1866)
Crime and Punishment
(1866)
The Gambler
(1869)
The Idiot
(1870)
The Eternal Husband
(1872)
Demons
(also titled:
The Possessed
,
The Devils
)
[
191
]
(1875)
The Adolescent
(1880)
The Brothers Karamazov
(1846) "
Mr. Prokharchin
"
(1847) "Novel in Nine Letters"
(1848) "
Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed
" (merger of "Another Man's Wife" and "A Jealous Husband")
(1848) "A Weak Heart"
(1848) "Polzunkov"
(1848) "
An Honest Thief
"
(1848) "
A Christmas Tree and a Wedding
"
(1848) "
White Nights
"
(1849) "A Little Hero"
(1862) "
A Nasty Story
"
(1865) "
The Crocodile
"
(1873) "
Bobok
"
(1876) "
The Heavenly Christmas Tree
" (also titled: "The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree")
[
223
]
(1876) "
A Gentle Creature
" (also titled: "The Meek One")
(1876) "
The Peasant Marey
"
(1877) "
The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
"
Winter Notes on Summer Impressions
(1863)
A Writer's Diary
(1873–1881)
(1843)
Eugénie Grandet
(
Honoré de Balzac
)
(1843)
La dernière Aldini
(
George Sand
)
(1843)
Mary Stuart
(
Friedrich Schiller
)
(1912)
Letters of Fyodor Michailovitch Dostoevsky to His Family and Friends
by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Author), translator Ethel Colburn Mayne Kessinger Publishing, LLC (26 May 2006)
ISBN
978-1-4286-1333-1
Posthumously published notebooks
[
edit
]
(1922)
Stavrogin's Confession & the Plan of the Life of a Great Sinner
– English translation by
Virginia Woolf
and
S.S. Koteliansky
Ecstatic seizures
^
DOST
-oy-
EF
-skee
,
[
1
]
DOST
-ə-
YEF
-skee,
DUST
-
;
[
2
]
Russian
:
Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский
,
romanized
:
Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevskiy
,
IPA:
[ˈfʲɵdər
mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ
dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj]
ⓘ
.
^
In this name that follows
East Slavic naming customs
, the
patronymic
is
Mikhailovich
and the
family name
is
Dostoevsky
. Dostoevsky's name has been variously transcribed into English, his first name sometimes being rendered as
Theodore
or
Fedor
and his last name as
Dostoyevsky
.
Before the postrevolutionary
orthographic reform
which, among other things, replaced the Cyrillic letter
Ѳ
with
Ф
, his name was written
Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій
.
^
Time
magazine was a popular periodical with more than 4,000 subscribers before it was closed on 24 May 1863 by the Tsarist Regime after publishing an essay by
Nikolay Strakhov
about the
Polish revolt in Russia
.
Vremya
and its 1864 successor
Epokha
expressed the philosophy of the conservative and
Slavophile
movement
Pochvennichestvo
, supported by Dostoevsky during his term of imprisonment and in the following years.
[
68
]
^
Another reason for his abstinence might have been the closure of casinos in Germany in 1872 and 1873 (it was not until the rise of Adolf Hitler that they were reopened)
[
90
]
or his entering a synagogue that he confused with a gambling hall. According to biographer
Joseph Frank
, Dostoevsky took that as a sign not to gamble any more.
[
91
]
^
The hemorrhage could also have been triggered by heated disputes with his sister Vera about his aunt Aleksandra Kumanina's estate, which was settled on 30 March and discussed in the St Petersburg City Court on 24 July 1879.
[
114
]
[
115
]
Anna later acquired a part of his estate consisting of around 185
desiatina
(around 500 acres or 202
ha
) of forest and 92 desiatina of farmland.
[
116
]
^
Jones, Daniel
(2011).
Roach, Peter
;
Setter, Jane
;
Esling, John
(eds.). "Dostoievski, Dostoevsky".
Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-15255-6
.
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (
link
)
^
"Dostoevsky"
.
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
.
^
a
b
c
Morson, Gary Saul
(7 November 2024).
"Fyodor Dostoyevsky"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
29 November
2024
.
^
Burt, Daniel S.
(2009).
The Literary 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time
. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Facts on File. p. 51.
ISBN
978-0-8160-6267-6
.
^
Popova, Maria
(30 January 2012).
"The Greatest Books of All Time, as Voted by 125 Famous Authors"
.
The Atlantic
. Archived from
the original
on 30 October 2023
. Retrieved
30 July
2024
.
^
Leigh, David J. (2010).
"The Philosophy and Theology of Fyodor Dostoevsky"
.
Ultimate Reality and Meaning
.
33
(
1–
2):
85–
103.
doi
:
10.3138/uram.33.1-2.85
.
^
Geraci, Robert. 2016. "Islam." In
Dostoevsky in Context
, Literature in Context, eds. Deborah A. Martinsen and Olga Maiorova. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
. chapter, 209–18: "By Dostoevsky's time, numerous Russian noble families bore the Russianized names of Muslim-Turkic forebears. Though one of his ancestors, Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, had defected from the Golden Horde to Muscovy in 1389 after being converted to Orthodoxy by Dmitry Donskoi, that lineage was not reflected in Dostoevsky's surname."
^
Dominique Arban,
Dostoïevski
, Seuil, 1995, p. 5
^
a
b
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 1–5.
^
a
b
Frank (1979)
, pp. 6–22.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 11.
^
Terras, Victor (1985).
Handbook of Russian Literature
. Yale University Press. p. 102.
ISBN
978-0-300-04868-1
.
^
Bloom (2004)
, p. 9.
^
a
b
Breger (2008)
, p. 72.
^
Leatherbarrow (2002)
, p. 23.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 6–11.
^
a
b
Frank (1979)
, pp. 23–54.
^
"Natural School (Натуральная школа)"
. Brief Literary Encyclopedia in 9 Volumes. Moscow. 1968
. Retrieved
1 December
2013
.
^
Mochulsky (1967)
, p. 4.
^
Lantz (2004)
, p. 61.
^
Ruttenburg, Nancy (4 January 2010).
Dostoevsky's Democracy
.
Princeton University Press
. pp.
76–
77.
^
"ДОСТОЕВСКИЙ ФЁДОР МИХАЙЛОВИЧ"
.
w.histrf.ru
. Retrieved
15 February
2025
.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 6.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 39.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 14–15.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 17–23.
^
Frank (1979)
, pp. 69–90.
^
Lantz (2004)
, p. 2.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 24–7.
^
a
b
c
Frank (1979)
, pp. 69–111.
^
Sekirin (1997)
, p. 59.
^
Reik, Theodor (1940).
"The Study on Dostoyevsky."
In
From Thirty Years with Freud
, Farrar & Rhinehart, Inc., pp. 158–76.
^
Lantz (2004)
, p. 109.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 31–36.
^
Frank (1979)
, pp. 114–15.
^
Breger (2008)
, p. 104.
^
Grossman, Leonid (2011).
Достоевский
[
Dostoevsky
] (in Russian).
AST
. p. 536.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 36–37.
^
Sekirin (1997)
, p. 73.
^
Frank (1979)
, pp. 113–57.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 42–49.
^
Frank (1979)
, pp. 159–82.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 53–55.
^
Mochulsky (1967)
, pp. 115–21.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 59.
^
Frank (1979)
, pp. 239–46, 259–346.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 58–69.
^
Frank & (2010)
,
pp. 152–158
.
^
Mochulsky (1967)
, pp. 99–101.
^
Belinsky, Vissarion (1847).
Letter to Gogol
.
Documents in Russian History
, Seton Hall University. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^
Mochulsky (1967)
, pp. 121–33.
^
a
b
Frank (1987)
, pp. 6–68.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 72–79.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 79–96.
^
Sekirin (1997)
, p. 113.
^
Pisma, I: pp. 135–37.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 96–108.
^
In the semi-autobiographical "The House of the Dead", the attitude of Poles towards the main character, who is Dostoyevsky's alter ego, can be described as friendly. They basically treat him as their equal, partly because of what they had in common: nobility, higher education and idealistic beliefs.
^
"Gallery"
.
^
Frank (1988)
, pp. 8–20.
^
Sekirin (1997)
, pp. 107–21.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 112–13.
^
Frank (1987)
, pp. 165–267.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 108–13.
^
a
b
Sekirin (1997)
, p. 168.
^
Frank (1987)
, pp. 175–221.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 115–63.
^
Frank (1988)
, pp. 34–64.
^
Frank (1987)
, pp. 290 et seq.
^
Frank (1988)
, pp. 8–62.
^
Kjetsaa 1989
, pp. 135–37.
^
Frank (1988)
, pp. 233–49.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 143–45.
^
Simpson, Tim (2023).
Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution
. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis MN:
University of Minnesota Press
. p. 276.
ISBN
978-1-5179-0031-1
.
^
Frank (1988)
, pp. 197–211, 283–94, 248–365.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 151–75.
^
Frank (2010)
,
462
.
^
Leatherbarrow (2002)
, p. 83.
^
Frank (1997)
, pp. 42–183.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 162–96.
^
Sekirin (1997)
, p. 178.
^
Moss, Walter G. (2002).
Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky
. Anthem Press. pp.
128–
33.
ISBN
978-0-85728-763-2
.
^
Andrew Kaufman (31 August 2021),
The Gambler Wife: A True Story of Love, Risk, and the Woman Who Saved Dostoyevsky
,
OL
25452381W
,
Wikidata
Q109057625
^
"Fiodor Dostojewski – biografia, wiersze, utwory"
.
poezja.org
(in Polish)
. Retrieved
18 June
2022
.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 219.
^
Kathari, Suzanne; Riliet, Natalie (2009).
Histoire et Guide des cimetières genevois
(in French). Geneva: Éditions Slatkine. pp. 110, 222, 227.
ISBN
978-2-8321-0372-2
.
^
Frank 1997
, pp. 151–363.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 201–37.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 240–61.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 245.
^
Frank (2003)
, p. 639.
^
Frank (1997)
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^
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^
Nasedkin, Nikolay.
Вокруг Достоевского
[Around Dostoyevsky].
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(in Russian). Archived from
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. Retrieved
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2017
.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
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^
Frank (2003)
, pp. 38–118.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
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^
Frank (2003)
, pp. 120–47.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
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^
Frank (2003)
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^
Kjetsaa (1989)
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^
Frank (2003)
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^
Kjetsaa (1989)
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^
Frank (2003)
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^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 307–49.
^
Sekirin (1997)
, p. 255.
^
Lantz (2004)
, p. 170.
^
Lantz (2004)
, pp. 230–31.
^
Frank (2003)
, pp. 475–531.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 353–63.
^
Frank 2003
.
^
Sekirin (1997)
, pp. 309–16.
^
Lantz (2004)
, p. xxxiii.
^
Lantz (2004)
, p. 223.
^
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b
Frank (2003)
, pp. 707–50.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 368–71.
^
Frank (2010)
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^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 371–72.
^
Mikhailova, Valeriya (6 March 2017).
"To be the wife of Fyodor Dostoevsky (part 4)"
.
Bloggers Karamazov
.
^
"Dostoevsky in Petersburg"
.
F.M. Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum
. Archived from
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. Retrieved
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.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 373 et seqq.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 50.
^
Payne, Robert.
Dostoyevsky: A Human Portrait
, Knopf, 1961, p. 51,
OCLC
609509729
^
Sekirin (1997)
, p. 299.
^
Frank (1988)
, pp. 18–19.
^
Mochulsky (1967)
, pp. 183–84.
^
Frank (2010)
,
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.
^
Lantz (2004)
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^
Sekirin (1997)
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^
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^
Blake, Elizabeth Ann (30 April 2014). "Dostoevsky's Portrayal of Transnational Catholicism in
Demons
".
Dostoevsky and the Catholic Underground
. Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 122.
ISBN
9780810167568
. Retrieved
17 September
2024
.
Dostoevsky underscores a link between Catholicism and socialism while asserting his belief in the coercive nature of their statecraft .
^
Lantz (2004)
, p. 185.
^
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (20 July 1997).
A Writer's Diary
. Northwestern University Press.
ISBN
9780810115163
. Retrieved
3 July
2019
.
^
Ward, Bruce K. (30 October 2010).
Dostoyevsky's Critique of the West: The Quest for the Earthly Paradise
.
Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press
.
ISBN
9781554588169
. Retrieved
3 July
2019
.
^
Pipes, Richard
(2005).
Russian conservatism and its critics
.
Yale University Press
. p. 135-139.
^
Eberstadt, Fernanda
(1987).
"Dostoevsky and the Jews"
.
Commentary Magazine
.
^
Frank, Joseph; Goldstein, David I., eds. (1989).
Selected Letters of Fyodor Dostoevsky
. Translated by Andrew Macandrew.
Rutgers University Press
. pp.
437–
8.
ISBN
9780813514536
.
^
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (1919).
The Diary Of A Writer
. translated and annotated by Boris Brasol. New York: George Braziller. p. 779
. Retrieved
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.
^
Pattison & Thompson (2001)
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Kjetsaa (1989)
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^
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Jones (2005)
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^
Kjetsaa (1989)
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^
Frank (2010)
,
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^
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b
Jones (2005)
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^
Jones (2005)
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^
Jones (2005)
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^
Frank (1979)
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^
Jones (2005)
, pp. 7–9.
^
Достоевский Федор Михайлович: Стихотворения
[Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky: Poems] (in Russian). Lib.ru
. Retrieved
5 November
2017
.
^
Frank (2010)
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.
^
Catteau, Jacques (1989).
Dostoyevsky and the Process of Literary Creation
. Cambridge University Press. p. 282.
ISBN
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.
^
Terras (1998)
, p. 59.
^
Terras (1998)
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Bloshteyn (2007)
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^
Lantz (2004)
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^
Lantz (2004)
, pp. 361–64.
^
Scanlan (2002)
, p. 59.
^
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Bakhtin, M.M. (1984)
Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics
. Edited and translated by Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
^
Kvas, Kornelije (2019).
The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature
. Translated by Novica Petrović. Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield). p. 101.
ISBN
978-1-7936-0910-6
.
^
Lauer (2000)
, p. 364.
^
Frank (2010)
, p. 369.
^
Aimée Dostoyevskaya
(1921).
Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Study
. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific.
p. 218
.
^
Vucinich, Alexander
(2001).
Einstein and Soviet Ideology
.
Stanford University Press
.
p. 181
.
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.
^
Freud, Sigmund
(1961).
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
. The Hogarth Press. p. 177.
^
Rieff, Philip (1979).
Freud, the Mind of the Moralist
(3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
p. 132
.
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9780226716398
.
^
Müller (1982)
, p. 7.
^
See. KSA 13, 14[222] and 15[9]
^
Dahiya, Bhim S.
(1992).
Hemingway's A Farewell To Arms: a Critical Study
. Academic Foundation. p. 15.
ISBN
978-81-269-0772-4
.
^
Power, Arthur (2000). Hart, Clive (ed.).
Conversations with James Joyce
. Introduction by David Norris.
The Lilliput Press
. pp.
51–
60.
ISBN
9781901866414
.
^
Woolf, Virginia
(1984). "Chapter 16: The Russian Point of View". In Mcneillie, Andrew (ed.).
The Common Reader
. A Harvest Book – Harcourt.
p. 178
.
ISBN
015602778X
.
^
Bridgwater, Patrick (2003).
Kafka: Gothic and Fairytale
. Rodopi. p. 9.
ISBN
978-90-420-1194-6
.
^
Struc, Roman S. (1981).
"Kafka and Dostoevsky as 'Blood Relatives'
"
.
Dostoevsky Studies
.
2
.
University of Toronto
– International Dostoevsky Society:
111–
7. Archived from
the original
on 4 October 2012.
^
Müller (1982)
, p. 8.
^
Lavrin (1947)
, p. 161.
^
Bloshteyn (2007)
, p. 5.
^
Lavrin (2005)
, p. 38.
^
Burry (2011)
, p. 57.
^
Breger (2008)
, p. 270.
^
"
'Oru Sankeerthanam Pole' goes into 100th edition"
.
The New Indian Express
. No. 26 November 2017.
^
"Russian Postage Stamps of 1956–1960"
.
Soyuzpechat
. Retrieved
5 November
2017
.
^
"Museum"
(in Russian).
F.M. Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum
. Archived from
the original
on 17 January 2008
. Retrieved
5 November
2017
.
^
Радио ФИНАМ ФМ 99.6
(in Russian). ФИНАМ
. Retrieved
20 April
2013
.
^
Результаты Интернет голосования
[Internet voting results] (in Russian).
Name of Russia
. Archived from
the original
on 27 August 2017
. Retrieved
5 November
2017
.
^
"Liublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line / Dostoevskaya"
.
Moscow Metro
. Archived from
the original
on 10 March 2012.
^
Greene, David (9 August 2010).
"A Dark View Of Dostoevsky On The Moscow Subway"
.
NPR
.
Archived
from the original on 4 February 2021
. Retrieved
25 November
2020
.
^
Babich, Dmitry (10 November 2021).
"Dostoyevsky's 200th Anniversary Celebrated in Kazakhstan, the Land of His Formative Years"
.
The Astana Times
. Retrieved
10 November
2021
.
^
a
b
The 1872 novel ″Demons″, Russian:
Бесы
,
Bésy
, by Fyodor Dostoevsky is sometimes also titled
The Possessed
or
The Devils
^
Terras 1998
, pp. 3–4.
^
Nabokov, Vladamir (1981).
Lectures on Russian Literature
. Harvest Book/Harcourt. pp.
97–
135.
ISBN
978-0-15-602776-2
.
^
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (12 June 2008).
The Karamazov Brothers
. OUP Oxford. pp. xx.
ISBN
9780191647802
.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. foreword.
^
Meier-Gräfe (1988)
, p. 492.
^
Bloshteyn (2007)
, p. 26.
^
Jones & Terry (2010)
, p. 216.
^
France, Peter (2001).
The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation
. Oxford University Press. pp.
594–
98.
ISBN
978-0-19-818359-4
.
^
Burry (2011)
, p. 3.
^
Burry (2011)
, p. 5.
^
"[Д-З]"
.
Forbidden Books of Russian Writers and Literary Scientists, 1917–1991
(in Russian). Archived from
the original
on 29 July 2017
. Retrieved
31 August
2013
.
^
"3.3. Книги об отдельных писателях"
.
Forbidden Books of Russian Writers and Literary Scientists, 1917–1991
. Archived from
the original
on 20 February 2018
. Retrieved
31 August
2013
.
^
Bloshteyn (2007)
, pp. 7–8.
^
Lenin read Dostoevsky in a more-nuanced way than others, describing
Demons
(1871–72) as "repulsive but great". See
Waite, Geoff; Cernia Slovin, Francesca (2016). "Nietzsche with Dostoevsky: Unrequited Collaborators in Crime without Punishment". In Jeff Love; Jeffrey Metzger (eds.).
Nietzsche and Dostoevsky: Philosophy, Morality, Tragedy
. Chicago: Northwestern University Press.
ISBN
9780810133969
.
For a summary of the Soviet reception of Dostoevsky, see
Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990).
Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era
(1st ed.). Princeton Univ. Press. p. 94.
ISBN
9780691094595
.
^
Vladimir Bushin.
Враньё от юного папуаса
[Fids from a young Papuan].
Pravda
(in Russian). Archived from
the original
on 29 October 2013.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 69–103.
^
Halliwell, Martin (2006).
Transatlantic Modernism: Moral Dilemmas in Modernist Fiction
. Edinburgh University Press. p. 13.
ISBN
978-0-7486-2393-8
.
^
Eysteinsson, Ástráður (1990).
The Concept of Modernism
. Cornell University Press. p. 29.
ISBN
978-0-8014-8077-5
.
^
Arntfield, Michael (2017).
Murder in Plain English
. New York City: Prometheus. p. 42.
ISBN
9781633882546
.
^
Kjetsaa (1989)
, p. 183.
^
Frank (1997)
, p. 45, 60–182.
^
Cregan-Reid, Vybarr
; Bauer, Pat.
"Crime and Punishment"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
21 July
2020
.
^
Dostoevsky letter quoted in Peace, Richard (1971).
Dostoyevsky: An Examination of the Major Novels
. Cambridge University Press. pp.
59–
63.
ISBN
0-521-07911-X
.
^
Frank (2010)
,
p. 577
.
^
Oates, Joyce Carol (January 1978). "The tragic vision of
The Possessed
".
The Georgia Review
.
32
(4 – Winter 1978): 868.
See also in
Celestial Timepiece Blog
.
^
Hingley (1978)
, pp. 158–9.
^
Rollberg, Peter (2014). "Mastermind, Terrorist, Enigma: Dostoevsky's Nikolai Stavrogin".
Perspectives on Political Science
.
43
(3):
143–
52.
doi
:
10.1080/10457097.2014.917244
.
S2CID
145671815
.
^
Frank (2003)
, pp. 390–441.
^
a
b
Frank (1997)
, pp. 567–705.
^
a
b
Kjetsaa (1989)
, pp. 337–414.
^
Müller (1982)
, pp. 91–103.
^
Dostoyefsky, F.M. (1920). "A Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree".
Little Russian Masterpieces
. Chosen and translated by Zénaïde A. Ragozin. Introduction and biographical notes by S.N. Syromiatnikof. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 172.
Bercken, Wil van den (2011).
Christian Fiction and Religious Realism in the Novels of Dostoevsky
. Anthem Press.
ISBN
978-0-85728-976-6
.
Bloshteyn, Maria R. (2007).
The Making of a Counter-Culture Icon: Henry Miller's Dostoevsky
. University of Toronto Press.
ISBN
978-0-8020-9228-1
.
Breger, Louis
(2008).
Dostoevsky: The Author As Psychoanalyst
. Transaction Publishers.
ISBN
978-1-4128-0843-9
.
Burry, Alexander (2011).
Multi-Mediated Dostoevsky: Transposing Novels Into Opera, Film, and Drama
. Northwestern University Press.
ISBN
978-0-8101-2715-9
.
Cassedy, Steven (2005).
Dostoevsky's Religion
. Stanford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-8047-5137-7
.
Cicovacki, Predrag (2012).
Dostoevsky and the Affirmation of Life
. Transaction Publishers.
ISBN
978-1-4128-4606-6
.
Goldstein, David (1981).
Dostoevsky and the Jews
. Foreword by
Joseph Frank
. University of Texas Press.
ISBN
978-0-292-71528-8
.
Hingley, Ronald (1978).
Dostoyevsky His Life and Work
. London: Paul Elek Limited.
ISBN
0-236-40121-1
.
Jones, Malcolm V. (2005).
Dostoevsky And the Dynamics of Religious Experience
. Anthem Press.
ISBN
978-1-84331-205-5
.
Jones, Malcolm V.; Terry, Garth M. (2010).
New Essays on Dostoyevsky
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-15531-1
.
Lantz, Kenneth A. (2004).
The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia
. Greenwood Publishing Group.
ISBN
978-0-313-30384-5
.
Lauer, Reinhard (2000).
Geschichte der Russischen Literatur: von 1700 bis zur Gegenwart
(in German). Verlag C.H. Beck.
ISBN
978-3-406-50267-5
.
Lavrin, Janko
(2005).
Dostoevsky: A Study
. Kessinger Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-4179-8844-0
.
Leatherbarrow, William J (2002).
The Cambridge Companion to Dostoevskii
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-65473-9
.
Maurina, Zenta
(1940).
A Prophet of the Soul: Fyodor Dostoievsky
. Translated by C. P. Finlayson. James Clarke & Co. Ltd.
Meier-Gräfe, Julius
(1988) [1926].
Dostojewski der Dichter
(in German). Insel Verlag.
ISBN
978-3-458-32799-8
.
Mochulsky, Konstantin (1967) [1967].
Dostoevsky: His Life and Work
. Minihan, Michael A. (translator).
Princeton University Press
.
ISBN
978-0-691-01299-5
.
Müller, Ludolf (1982).
Dostojewskij: Sein Leben, Sein Werk, Sein Vermächtnis
(in German). Erich Wewel Verlag.
ISBN
978-3-87904-100-8
.
Paperno, Irina (1997).
Suicide as a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia
. Cornell University Press.
ISBN
978-0-8014-8425-4
.
Pattison, George
; Thompson, Diane Oenning (2001).
Dostoevsky and the Christian tradition
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-78278-4
.
Popović, Justin
(2007).
Философия и религия Достоевского
[
Philosophical and Religious Beliefs of Dostoyevsky
] (in Russian). Издатель Д.В. Харченко.
ISBN
978-985-90125-1-8
.
Scanlan, James Patrick (2002).
Dostoevsky the Thinker: A Philosophical Study
. Cornell University Press.
ISBN
978-0-8014-3994-0
.
Sekirin, Peter, ed. (1997).
The Dostoevsky Archive: Firsthand Accounts of the Novelist from Contemporaries' Memoirs and Rare Periodicals, Most Translated Into English for the First Time, with a Detailed Lifetime Chronology and Annotated Bibliography
. McFarland.
ISBN
978-0-7864-0264-9
.
Terras, Victor (1998).
Reading Dostoevsky
. University of Wisconsin Press.
ISBN
978-0-299-16054-8
.
Biographies
Bloom, Harold
(2004).
Fyodor Dostoevsky
. Infobase Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-7910-8117-4
.
Frank, Joseph
(2010).
Dostoevsky: A Writer in His Time
. Princeton University Press.
ISBN
9780691128191
.
Frank, Joseph (2003) [2002].
Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881
. Princeton University Press.
ISBN
978-0-691-11569-6
.
Frank, Joseph (1997) [1995].
Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871
. Princeton University Press.
ISBN
978-0-691-01587-3
.
Frank, Joseph (1988) [1986].
Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865
. Princeton University Press.
ISBN
978-0-691-01452-4
.
Frank, Joseph (1987) [1983].
Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859
. Princeton University Press.
ISBN
978-0-691-01422-7
.
Frank, Joseph (1979) [1976].
Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849
.
Princeton University Press
.
ISBN
978-0-691-01355-8
.
Kjetsaa, Geir
(1989).
Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Writer's Life
. Fawcett Columbine.
ISBN
978-0-449-90334-6
.
Lavrin, Janko (1947).
Dostoevsky
. New York The Macmillan Company.
OCLC
646160256
.
Allen, James Sloan (2008), "Condemned to Be Free,"
Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life,
Savannah: Frederic C. Beil.
ISBN
978-1-929490-35-6
Birmingham, Kevin. 2021.
The sinner and the saint: Dostoevsky and the gentleman murderer who inspired a masterpiece.
New York: Penguin.
Berdyaev, Nicolas
(1948).
The Russian Idea
, The Macmillan Company.
Bierbaum, Otto Julius
(1910–1911).
"Dostoyevsky and Nietzsche,"
The Hibbert Journal
, Vol. IX.
Glouberman, Emanuel (1974).
Feodor Dostoevsky, Vladimir Soloviev, Vasilii Rozanov and Lev Shestov on Jewish and Old Testament themes
(PhD thesis). University of Michigan.
Hubben, William. (1997).
Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka: Four Prophets of Our Destiny,
Simon & Schuster. Originally published in 1952.
Lavrin, Janko (1918).
"Dostoyevsky and Certain of his Problems,"
Part II
,
Part III
,
Part IV
,
Part V
,
Part VI
,
Part VII
,
Part VIII
,
Part IX
,
Part X
,
The New Age
, Vol. XXII, Nos. 12–21.
Lavrin, Janko (1918).
"The Dostoyevsky Problem,"
The New Age
, Vol. XXII, No. 24, pp. 465–66.
Maeztu, Ramiro de (1918).
"Dostoyevsky the Manichean,"
The New Age
, Vol. XXII, No. 23, 1918, pp. 449–51.
Manning, Clarence Augustus (1922).
"Dostoyevsky and Modern Russian Literature,"
The Sewanee Review
, Vol. 30, No. 3.
Seccombe, Thomas
(1911).
"Dostoievsky, Feodor Mikhailovich"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
438–
439.
Simmons, Ernest J. (1940).
Dostoevsky: The Making Of A Novelist
, Vintage Books.
Westbrook, Perry D. (1961).
The Greatness of Man: An Essay on Dostoyevsky and Whitman
. New York: Thomas Yoseloff.
Digital collections
Works by Fyodor Dostoevsky in eBook form
at
Standard Ebooks
Works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
at
Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Fyodor Dostoevsky
at the
Internet Archive
Works by Fyodor Dostoevsky
at
LibriVox
(public domain audiobooks)
Fyodor Dostoyevsky collection
at One More Library
The complete works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky
(in Russian)
– the
online published
bibliography in its original language
Scholarly works
International Dostoevsky Society
– a network of scholars dedicated to studying the life and works of Fyodor Dostoevsky
Archives of Dostoevsky Studies
ISSN
1013-2309
, a journal published from 1980 to 1988
Other links
Fyodor Dostoevsky
at the Internet Book List
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (8 June 2016).
A Novel in Nine Letters
. Translated by Garnett, Constance Clara.
Also available in the
original Russian
Archived
15 April 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (4 March 2017).
The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
. Translated by Garnett, Constance. Archived from
the original
on 15 April 2018
. Retrieved
15 April
2018
.
Newspaper clippings about Fyodor Dostoevsky
in the
20th Century Press Archives
of the
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky)
- [1 Ancestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Ancestry)
- [2 Childhood (1821–1836)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Childhood_\(1821%E2%80%931836\))
- [3 Youth (1836–1843)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Youth_\(1836%E2%80%931843\))
- [4 Career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Career)
Toggle Career subsection
- [4\.1 Early career (1844–1849)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Early_career_\(1844%E2%80%931849\))
- [4\.2 Siberian exile (1849–1854)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Siberian_exile_\(1849%E2%80%931854\))
- [4\.3 Release from prison and first marriage (1854–1866)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Release_from_prison_and_first_marriage_\(1854%E2%80%931866\))
- [4\.4 Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Second_marriage_and_honeymoon_\(1866%E2%80%931871\))
- [4\.5 Back in Russia (1871–1875)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Back_in_Russia_\(1871%E2%80%931875\))
- [4\.6 Last years (1876–1881)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Last_years_\(1876%E2%80%931881\))
- [5 Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Death)
- [6 Personal life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Personal_life)
Toggle Personal life subsection
- [6\.1 Pre-marriage romantic relationships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Pre-marriage_romantic_relationships)
- [6\.2 Political beliefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Political_beliefs)
- [6\.3 Ethnic beliefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Ethnic_beliefs)
- [6\.4 Religious beliefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Religious_beliefs)
- [7 Themes and style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Themes_and_style)
- [8 Legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Legacy)
Toggle Legacy subsection
- [8\.1 Reception and influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Reception_and_influence)
- [8\.2 Honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Honors)
- [8\.3 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Criticism)
- [8\.4 Reputation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Reputation)
- [9 Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Works)
Toggle Works subsection
- [9\.1 Major works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Major_works)
- [9\.1.1 *Poor Folk*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Poor_Folk)
- [9\.1.2 *Notes from Underground*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Notes_from_Underground)
- [9\.1.3 *Crime and Punishment*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Crime_and_Punishment)
- [9\.1.4 *The Idiot*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#The_Idiot)
- [9\.1.5 *Demons*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Demons)
- [9\.1.6 *The Brothers Karamazov*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#The_Brothers_Karamazov)
- [9\.2 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Bibliography)
- [9\.2.1 Novels and novellas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Novels_and_novellas)
- [9\.2.2 Short stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Short_stories)
- [9\.2.3 Essay collections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Essay_collections)
- [9\.2.4 Translations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Translations)
- [9\.2.5 Personal letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Personal_letters)
- [9\.2.6 Posthumously published notebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Posthumously_published_notebooks)
- [10 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#See_also)
- [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#References)
Toggle References subsection
- [11\.1 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Notes)
- [11\.2 Citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Citations)
- [11\.3 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Bibliography_2)
- [12 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#Further_reading)
- [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#External_links)
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# Fyodor Dostoevsky
180 languages
- [Адыгэбзэ](https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Достоевский – Kabardian")
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojefski "Fjodor Dostojefski – Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michailowitsch_Dostojewski "Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski – Alemannic")
- [Алтай тил](https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевский, Фёдор Михайлович – Southern Altai")
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%8B%AE%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%AD_%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B6%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AA "ፍዮዶር ዶስቶየቭስኪ – Amharic")
- [Anarâškielâ](https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Inari Sami")
- [Аԥсшәа](https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%B8%D4%A5%D0%B0 "Достоевски, Фиодор Михаил-иԥа – Abkhazian")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A "فيودور دوستويفسكي – Arabic")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Aragonese")
- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%AB "Փիոթր Տոսթոյեւսքի – Western Armenian")
- [Armãneashti](https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_Dostoievski "Feodor Dostoievski – Aromanian")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF "ফিওদোৰ দস্তয়েভস্কি – Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoyevski "Fiódor Dostoyevski – Asturian")
- [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoyevski "Fiódor Dostoyevski – Guarani")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevski "Fyodor Dostoyevski – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C "فیودور داستایفسکی – South Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF "ফিওদোর দস্তয়েভ্স্কি – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Minnan")
- [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевский Фёдор Михайлович – Bashkir")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96 "Фёдар Міхайлавіч Дастаеўскі – Belarusian")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96 "Фёдар Дастаеўскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80 "फिदूर दोस्तोवस्की – Bhojpuri")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Central Bikol")
- [Bislama](https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Bislama")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8 "Фьодор Достоевски – Bulgarian")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michailowitsch_Dostojewski "Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski – Bavarian")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Bosnian")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevskiy "Fyodor Dostoyevskiy – Breton")
- [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Достоевский – Russia Buriat")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoievski "Fiódor Dostoievski – Catalan")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевский Фёдор Михайлович – Chuvash")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Cebuano")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Dostojevskij "Fjodor Michajlovič Dostojevskij – Czech")
- [ChiTumbuka](https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Tumbuka")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoievski "Fyodor Dostoievski – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevskij "Fjodor Dostojevskij – Danish")
- [الدارجة](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%DA%A4%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A "فيودور دوسطوييڤسكي – Moroccan Arabic")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michailowitsch_Dostojewski "Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski – German")
- [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojewskij "Fjodor Dostojewskij – Lower Sorbian")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9 "Φιόντορ Ντοστογιέφσκι – Greek")
- [Эрзянь](https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевский, Фёдор Михайлович – Erzya")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoyevski "Fiódor Dostoyevski – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevskij "Fjodor Dostojevskij – Esperanto")
- [Estremeñu](https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoyevski "Fiódor Dostoyevski – Extremaduran")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dostoievski "Fiodor Dostoievski – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C "فیودور داستایفسکی – Persian")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Fiji Hindi")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevskij "Fjodor Dostojevskij – Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dosto%C3%AFevski "Fiodor Dostoïevski – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Irish")
- [Gàidhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoievski "Fiódor Dostoievski – Galician")
- [贛語](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%89%98%E9%A0%81%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA "多托頁夫斯基 – Gan")
- [گیلکی](https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A6%D8%A4%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A "فئؤدؤر داستایفسکي – Gilaki")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Mikhaylovich_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky – Hakka Chinese")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4_%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%98%99%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4 "표도르 도스토옙스키 – Korean")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor_Dostoevsky "Fedor Dostoevsky – Hausa")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%87%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB "Ֆեոդոր Դոստոևսկի – Armenian")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80 "फ़्योदोर दोस्तोयेव्स्की – Hindi")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojewskij "Fjodor Dostojewskij – Upper Sorbian")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Dostojevski "Fjodor Mihajlovič Dostojevski – Croatian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Mihailovich_Dostoyevski "Fyodor Mihailovich Dostoyevski – Ido")
- [Igbo](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Igbo")
- [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Iloko")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Indonesian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABdor_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Dostoevskij "Fëdor Michajlovič Dostoevskij – Interlingua")
- [Interlingue](https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dostoievsky "Fiodor Dostoievsky – Interlingue")
- [Ирон](https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82 "Достоевский, Фёдор Михаилы фырт – Ossetic")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevsk%C3%ADj "Fjodor Dostojevskíj – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABdor_Dostoevskij "Fëdor Dostoevskij – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99 "פיודור דוסטויבסקי – Hebrew")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Javanese")
- [Kabɩyɛ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dosto%C3%AFevski "Fiodor Dostoïevski – Kabiye")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98 "ფიოდორ დოსტოევსკი – Georgian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский – Kazakh")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Cornish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevski "Fyodor Dostoyevski – Swahili")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dosto%C3%AFevski "Fiodor Dostoïevski – Haitian Creole")
- [Kriyòl gwiyannen](https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dosto%C3%AFevski "Fiodor Dostoïevski – Guianan Creole")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsk%C3%AE "Fyodor Dostoyevskî – Kurdish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Достоевский – Kyrgyz")
- [Ladin](https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor_Dostoevskij "Fedor Dostoevskij – Ladin")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Dostoevskij "Theodorus Dostoevskij – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodors_Dostojevskis "Fjodors Dostojevskis – Latvian")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michailowitsch_Dostojewski "Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski – Luxembourgish")
- [Лезги](https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский – Lezghian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodoras_Dostojevskis "Fiodoras Dostojevskis – Lithuanian")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michajlovitsj_Dostojevski "Fjodor Michajlovitsj Dostojevski – Limburgish")
- [Livvinkarjala](https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E2%80%99odor_Dostojevskii "F’odor Dostojevskii – Livvi-Karelian")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABdor_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Dostoevskij "Fëdor Michajlovič Dostoevskij – Lombard")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Mihajlovics_Dosztojevszkij "Fjodor Mihajlovics Dosztojevszkij – Hungarian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8 "Фјодор Достоевски – Macedonian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Malagasy")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF "ഫിയോദർ ദസ്തയേവ്സ്കി – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80 "फ्योदर दस्तयेवस्की – Marathi")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98 "ფიოდორ დოსტოევსკი – Mingrelian")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89 "فيودور دوستويفسكى – Egyptian Arabic")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C "فئودور داستایوسکی – Mazanderani")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Malay")
- [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Minangkabau")
- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Mikhaylovich_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky – Mindong")
- [Mirandés](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoi%C3%A9vski "Fiódor Dostoiévski – Mirandese")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Достоевский – Mongolian")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B2%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8 "ဖရိုဒါ ဒါစတာယဲဗ်စကီး – Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Dutch")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80 "फ्योदर दोस्तोएभ्स्की – Nepali")
- [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80 "फ्योडोर डोस्तोएभ्स्की – Newari")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC "フョードル・ドストエフスキー – Japanese")
- [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевски, Фёдор Михайлович – Chechen")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michailowitsch_Dostojewski "Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski – Northern Frisian")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevskij "Fjodor Dostojevskij – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevskij "Fjodor Dostojevskij – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Nouormand](https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dosto%C3%AFevski "Fiodor Dostoïevski – Norman")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dostoievskii "Fiodor Dostoievskii – Occitan")
- [Олык марий](https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевский, Фёдор Михайлович – Eastern Mari")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevskiy "Fyodor Dostoyevskiy – Uzbek")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80 "ਫ਼ਿਓਦਰ ਦਾਸਤੋਵਸਕੀ – Punjabi")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C "دوستوفسکی – Western Punjabi")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A "فیودور داستایفسکي – Pashto")
- [Patois](https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Jamaican Creole English")
- [Picard](https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Mikha%C3%AFlovitch_Dosto%C3%AFevski "Fiodor Mikhaïlovitch Dostoïevski – Picard")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABdor_Dostoevskij "Fëdor Dostoevskij – Piedmontese")
- [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Michailowitsch_Dostojewski "Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski – Low German")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Dostojewski "Fiodor Dostojewski – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B3dor_Dostoi%C3%A9vski "Fiódor Dostoiévski – Portuguese")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevskiy "Fyodor Dostoevskiy – Kara-Kalpak")
- [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6dor_Dostoyevskiy "Födor Dostoyevskiy – Crimean Tatar")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_Dostoievski "Feodor Dostoievski – Romanian")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor_Dostoievski "Fedor Dostoievski – Quechua")
- [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9 "Федор Достоєвскый – Rusyn")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевский, Фёдор Михайлович – Russian")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Достоевскай Федор Михайлович – Yakut")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor_Dostoevskij "Fedor Dostoevskij – Sardinian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Scots")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Albanian")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABdor_Mikhailovi%C4%8D_Dostoevskij "Fëdor Mikhailovič Dostoevskij – Sicilian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky "Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Simple English")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%8A "دوستووسڪي – Sindhi")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodor_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Dostojevskij "Fiodor Michajlovič Dostojevskij – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Slovenian")
- [Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ](https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%B2%D1%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%A1%D1%80%D1%8A_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%A5%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%EA%99%91%D0%B8 "Ѳєодѡръ Достоѥвьскꙑи – Church Slavic")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Fyodor Dostoevsky – Somali")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A4%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C "فیۆدۆر دۆستۆیەڤسکی – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8 "Фјодор Достојевски – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevski "Fjodor Dostojevski – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevskij "Fjodor Dostojevskij – Swedish")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_Dostoyevsky "Feodor Dostoyevsky – Tagalog")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF "பியோதர் தஸ்தயெவ்ஸ்கி – Tamil")
- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABdor_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Dostoevskij "Fëdor Michajlovič Dostoevskij – Kabyle")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Достоевский – Tatar")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80 "దాస్తొయెవ్స్కీ – Telugu")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5 "ฟิโอดอร์ ดอสโตเยฟสกี – Thai")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 "Фёдор Достоевский – Tajik")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevski "Fyodor Dostoyevski – Turkish")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Russian novelist (1821–1881)
"Dostoevsky" redirects here. For the surname, see [Dostoevsky (surname)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_\(surname\) "Dostoevsky (surname)").
| Fyodor Dostoevsky | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Portrait by Vasily Perov, c. 1872")Portrait by [Vasily Perov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Perov "Vasily Perov"), c. 1872 | |
| Native name | Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій |
| Born | (1821-11-11)11 November 1821 Moscow, Russia |
| Died | 9 February 1881(1881-02-09) (aged 59) Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Resting place | [Tikhvin Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery "Tikhvin Cemetery") |
| Occupation | Writer journalist [military engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering "Military engineering") |
| Education | [Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Engineering-Technical_University "Military Engineering-Technical University") |
| Period | Modern ([19th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_in_literature "19th century in literature")) |
| Genres | [Psychological fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_fiction "Psychological fiction") ([novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel "Novel") [novella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella "Novella") [short story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story "Short story")) [opinion journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_journalism "Opinion journalism") ([polemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic "Polemic") [essay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay "Essay") [sketch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_story "Sketch story") [feuilleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuilleton "Feuilleton") [epistle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle "Epistle") [memoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoir "Memoir")) [literary criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism "Literary criticism") [diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary "Diary") poetry translation [oration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking "Public speaking") |
| Subjects | [*List*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themes_in_Fyodor_Dostoevsky%27s_writings "Themes in Fyodor Dostoevsky's writings") |
| Literary movement | [Realism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism "Literary realism"), [naturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_\(literature\) "Naturalism (literature)") |
| Years active | 1844–1880 |
| Notable works | *[Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")* (1864) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1868–1869) *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (1871–1872) *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* (1879–1880) *[A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary")* (1873–1881) |
| Spouse | Maria Dmitriyevna Isaeva ( m. 1857; died 1864) [Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Grigoryevna_Snitkina "Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina") ( m. 1867) |
| Children | 4, including [Lyubov Dostoevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Dostoevskaya "Lyubov Dostoevskaya") |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fyodor_Dostoyevsky_Signature.svg) | |
**Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-3)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-4) (11 November \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 30 October\] 1821 – 9 February \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 28 January\] 1881)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Morson_Britannica-5) was a Russian philosopher, novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature "Russian literature") and world literature,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Morson_Britannica-5) and many of his works are considered highly influential masterpieces.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-6)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-7) Dostoevsky's literary works explore the [human condition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition "Human condition") in the troubled political, social and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866), *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1869), [*Demons*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)") (1872), *[The Adolescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adolescent "The Adolescent")* (1875) and *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* (1880). His *[Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")*, a [novella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella "Novella") published in 1864, is considered one of the first works of [existentialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") literature.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-8)
Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837, and around the same time, he left school to enter the [Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute (later renamed the Military Engineering-Technical University)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Engineering-Technical_University "Military Engineering-Technical University"). After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, translating books to earn extra money. In the mid-1840s, he wrote his first novel, *[Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")*, which gained him entry into [Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg")'s literary circles. However, he was arrested in 1849 for belonging to a literary group, the [Petrashevsky Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrashevsky_Circle "Petrashevsky Circle"), that discussed banned books critical of [Tsarist Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"). Dostoevsky was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted at the last moment. He spent four years in a [Siberian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia "Siberia") prison camp, followed by six years of compulsory military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later *[A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary")*, a collection of his writings. He began to travel around Western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. For a time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers.
Dostoevsky's body of work consists of thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen short stories, and numerous other works. His writings were widely read both within and beyond his native Russia, influencing an equally great number of later writers, including Russians such as [Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn") and [Anton Chekhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov "Anton Chekhov"), the philosophers [Albert Camus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus "Albert Camus") and [Jean-Paul Sartre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre "Jean-Paul Sartre"), and the emergence of [Existentialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") and [Freudianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudianism "Freudianism"). [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") called him "the only psychologist from whom I (Nietzsche) had something to learn" in *[Twilight of the Idols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols "Twilight of the Idols")*, one of his final works before suffering a mental collapse. [\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Morson_Britannica-5) His books have been translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration for many films.
## Ancestry
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Ancestry")\]
Parents
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Fyodorovna_Dostoyevskaya.jpg)
Maria Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikhail_Andreyevich_Dostoyevsky.jpg)
Mikhail Andreyevich Dostoevsky
Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part of a Russian noble family of [Russian Orthodox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") Christians. The family traced its roots back to Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, a [Tatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars "Tatars") warlord who defected from the [Golden Horde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde "Golden Horde") and joined the Russian side in 1389, eventually converting to Christianity from Islam.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-9) A few centuries later, another ancestor of Dostoyevsky, Danilo Irtishch, was granted lands in the [Pinsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk "Pinsk") region (for centuries part of the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"), now in [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus "Belarus")) in 1509 for his services under a local prince, his progeny then taking the name "Dostoevsky" based on a village there called [Dostojewo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dostojewo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dostojewo (page does not exist)") \[[pl](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostojewo "pl:Dostojewo")\] (derived from [Old Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Polish_language "Old Polish language") *dostojnik* – dignitary).[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-10)
Dostoevsky's immediate ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on his father's side were priests.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935-11)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322-12)
In 1809, the 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there, he was assigned to a Moscow hospital, where he served as a military doctor, and in 1818 he was appointed a senior physician. In 1819, he married Maria Nechayeva. The following year, he took up a post at the Mariinsky Hospital for the poor. In 1828, when his two sons, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight and seven respectively, he was promoted to collegiate assessor, a position which raised his legal status to that of the nobility and enabled him to acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family usually spent the summers.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198911-13) Dostoevsky's parents subsequently had seven more children: Varvara (1822–1893) – Married a civil servant and lived a quiet life, Andrei (1825–1897) – Memoirist and wrote about family history, Lyubov (born and died 1829), Vera (1829–1896) – Married a doctor and maintained family ties, Nikolai (1831–1883) – Struggled with alcoholism and had a troubled life, Aleksandra (1835–1889) – Married a military officer and lived privately, and Yelizaveta (born and died 1837).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-14)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935-11)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322-12)
## Childhood (1821–1836)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Childhood (1821–1836)")\]
Fyodor Dostoevsky, born on 11 November \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 30 October\] 1821 in Moscow, was the second child of Dr Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya ([née](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e "Née") Nechayeva). He was raised in the family home in the grounds of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, which was in a lower class district on the edges of Moscow.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom20049-15) Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of the Russian social scale, when playing in the hospital gardens.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger200872-16)
Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age. From the age of three, he was read heroic sagas, fairy tales and legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in his upbringing and his love for fictional stories.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200223-17) When he was four, his mother used the Bible to teach him to read and write. His parents introduced him to a wide range of literature, including the Russian writers [Nikolai Karamzin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin "Nikolay Karamzin"), [Alexander Pushkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin "Alexander Pushkin") and [Gavrila Derzhavin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin "Gavrila Derzhavin"); [Gothic fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction") such as the works from the English novelist [Ann Radcliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe "Ann Radcliffe"); [romantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_literature "Romantic literature") works by [Friedrich Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller "Friedrich Schiller") and [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"); heroic tales by [Miguel de Cervantes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes "Miguel de Cervantes") and [Walter Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott "Walter Scott"); and [Homer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer "Homer")'s [epics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry "Epic poetry"), the *[Iliad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad "Iliad")* and the *[Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey "Odyssey")*.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896%E2%80%9311-18)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354-19) Dostoevsky was greatly influenced by the work of [Nikolai Gogol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol "Nikolai Gogol").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-20) Although his father's approach to education has been described as strict and harsh,[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky19674-21) Dostoevsky himself reported that his imagination was brought alive by nightly readings by his parents.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger200872-16)
Some of his childhood experiences found their way into his writings. When a nine-year-old girl had been raped by a drunk, he was asked to fetch his father to attend to her. The incident haunted him, and the theme of the desire of a mature man for a young girl appears in *The Devils*, *The Brothers Karamazov*, *Crime and Punishment*, and other writings.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz200461-22) An incident involving a family servant, or [serf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia "Serfdom in Russia"), in the estate in Darovoye, is described in "[The Peasant Marey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasant_Marey "The Peasant Marey")": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the forest, Marey, who is working nearby, comforts him.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-23)
Another memory that Dostoyevsky referred to in his prose was summer trips to his father's estate in the [Kashirsky District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashirsky_District "Kashirsky District") of the [Tula Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Governorate "Tula Governorate"), which was purchased between 1831 and 1833.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-24)
Although Dostoevsky had a delicate physical constitution, his parents described him as hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896-25) In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly religious, sent him to a French boarding school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described as a pale, introverted dreamer and an over-excitable romantic.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198939-26) To pay the school fees, his father borrowed money and extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among his aristocratic classmates at the Moscow school, and the experience was later reflected in some of his works, notably *[The Adolescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raw_Youth "The Raw Youth")*.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198914%E2%80%9315-27)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354-19)
## Youth (1836–1843)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Youth (1836–1843)")\]
On 27 February 1837 Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis. The previous May, Dostoevsky’s parents sent him and his elder brother [Mikhail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Dostoevsky "Mikhail Dostoevsky") (the two eldest Dostoevsky children) to Saint Petersburg to attend the [Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute (later renamed the Military Engineering-Technical University)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Engineering-Technical_University "Military Engineering-Technical University"), forcing the brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered the academy in January 1838, but only with the help of family members. Mikhail was refused admission on health grounds and was sent to an academy in [Reval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reval "Reval") (now [Tallinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn"), Estonia).[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198917%E2%80%9323-28)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%9390-29)
Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because of his lack of interest in science, mathematics, and military engineering and his preference for drawing and architecture. As his friend [Konstantin Trutovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Trutovsky "Konstantin Trutovsky") once said, "There was no student in the entire institution with less of a military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. He moved clumsily and jerkily; his uniform hung awkwardly on him; and his knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter he had been forced to wear for a time and which lay heavily on him."[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz20042-30) Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among his 120 classmates: he showed bravery and a strong sense of justice, protected newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped poor farmers. Although he was solitary and inhabited his own literary world, he was respected by his classmates. His reclusiveness and interest in religion earned him the nickname "Monk Photius".[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198924%E2%80%937-31)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111-32)
Signs of Dostoevsky's [epilepsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy "Epilepsy") may have first appeared at 17 years old on learning of the death of his father on 16 June 1839,[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin199759-33) although the reports of a [seizure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure "Epileptic seizure") originated from accounts written by his daughter (later expanded by [Sigmund Freud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud")[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-34)) which are now considered to be unreliable. His father's official cause of death was an [apoplectic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplectic "Apoplectic") stroke, but a neighbor, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused the father's serfs of murder. Had the serfs been found guilty and sent to Siberia, Khotiaintsev would have been in a position to buy the vacated land. The serfs were acquitted in a trial in [Tula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Oblast "Tula Oblast"), but Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the story.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004109-35) After his father's death, Dostoevsky continued his studies, passed his exams and obtained the rank of engineer cadet, entitling him to live away from the academy. He visited Mikhail in Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During this time, two of his friends introduced him to gambling.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198931%E2%80%9336-36)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111-32)
On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took a job as a lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned by Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no less good-natured and no less courteous than his brother, but when not in a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and sometimes was carried away to the point of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness".[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979114%E2%80%9315-37) Dostoevsky's first completed literary work, a translation of [Honoré de Balzac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac "Honoré de Balzac")'s novel *[Eugénie Grandet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet "Eugénie Grandet")*, was published in June and July 1843 in the 6th and 7th volumes of the journal *Repertoire and Pantheon*,[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger2008104-38)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-39) followed by several other translations. None were successful, and his financial difficulties led him to write a novel.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198936%E2%80%9337-40)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111-32)
## Career
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Career")\]
### Early career (1844–1849)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Early career (1844–1849)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trutovsky_004.jpg)
Dostoevsky, 1847
Dostoevsky completed his first novel, *[Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")*, in May 1845. His friend [Dmitry Grigorovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Grigorovich_\(writer\) "Dmitry Grigorovich (writer)"), with whom he was sharing an apartment at the time, took the manuscript to the poet [Nikolay Nekrasov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Nekrasov "Nikolay Nekrasov"), who in turn showed it to the influential literary critic [Vissarion Belinsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky "Vissarion Belinsky"). Belinsky described it as Russia's first "[social novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_novel "Social novel")".[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin199773-41) *Poor Folk* was released on 15 January 1846 in the *St Petersburg Collection* almanac and became a commercial success.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979113%E2%80%9357-42)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198942%E2%80%9349-43)
Dostoevsky felt that his military career would endanger his now flourishing literary career, so he wrote a letter asking to resign his post. Shortly thereafter, he wrote his second novel, *[The Double](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double:_A_Petersburg_Poem "The Double: A Petersburg Poem")*, which appeared in the journal *[Notes of the Fatherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_of_the_Fatherland "Notes of the Fatherland")* on 30 January 1846, before being published in February. Around the same time, Dostoevsky discovered [socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism "Socialism") through the writings of the French thinkers [Charles Fourier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier "Charles Fourier"), [Étienne Cabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet "Étienne Cabet"), [Pierre-Joseph Proudhon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon") and [Henri de Saint-Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon "Henri de Saint-Simon"). Through his relationship with Belinsky he expanded his knowledge of the philosophy of socialism. However, his Russian Orthodox faith and religious sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of [atheism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism "Atheism"), [utilitarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism "Utilitarianism") and [scientific materialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_materialism "Scientific materialism"), leading to increasing friction between them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979159%E2%80%9382-44)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198953%E2%80%9355-45)
After *The Double* received negative reviews (including a particularly scathing one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more frequent, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several short stories in the magazine *Notes of the Fatherland*, including "[Mr. Prokharchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Prokharchin "Mr. Prokharchin")", "[The Landlady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlady_\(novella\) "The Landlady (novella)")", "A Weak Heart", and "[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(short_story\) "White Nights (short story)")". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health problems and Belinsky's attacks, caused him distress and financial difficulty, but this was greatly alleviated when he joined the [utopian socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_Socialism "Utopian Socialism") Beketov circle, a tightly knit community which helped him to survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended [Apollon Maykov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Maykov "Apollon Maykov") and his brother [Valerian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_Maykov "Valerian Maykov"). In 1846, on the recommendation of the poet [Aleksey Pleshcheyev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Pleshcheyev "Aleksey Pleshcheyev"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967115%E2%80%9321-46) he joined the [Petrashevsky Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrashevsky_Circle "Petrashevsky Circle"), founded by [Mikhail Petrashevsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Petrashevsky "Mikhail Petrashevsky"), who had proposed social reforms in Russia. [Mikhail Bakunin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin "Mikhail Bakunin") once wrote to [Alexander Herzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen "Alexander Herzen") that the group was "the most innocent and harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means".[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198959-47) Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays and occasionally participated in their discussions on freedom from censorship and the abolition of [serfdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom "Serfdom").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979239%E2%80%9346,_259%E2%80%93346-48)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198958%E2%80%9369-49) Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat [Nikolay Speshnev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Speshnev "Nikolay Speshnev"), who joined the circle in 1848 and set about creating a secret revolutionary society from amongst its members. Dostoevsky himself became a member of this society, was aware of its aims, and actively participated, although he harbored significant doubts about their actions and intentions.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA152_pp._152%E2%80%93158]-50)
In 1849, the first parts of *[Netochka Nezvanova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netochka_Nezvanova_\(novel\) "Netochka Nezvanova (novel)")*, a novel Dostoevsky had been planning since 1846, were published in *Notes of the Fatherland*, but his banishment ended the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue of the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted to complete it leaving only a sketch of the novel behind.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky196799%E2%80%93101-51)
### Siberian exile (1849–1854)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Siberian exile (1849–1854)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_pokrovsky_kazn_1849.jpg)
A sketch of the Petrashevsky Circle [mock execution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_execution "Mock execution")
The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to an official at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, [Ivan Liprandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Liprandi "Ivan Liprandi"). Dostoevsky was accused of reading works by Belinsky, including the banned *Letter to Gogol*,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Belinsky-52) and of circulating copies of these and other works. Antonelli, the government agent who had reported the group, wrote in his statement that at least one of the papers criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by declaring that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke of "personality and human egoism" rather than of politics. Even so, he and his fellow "conspirators" were arrested on 23 April 1849 at the request of Count [Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Fyodorovich_Orlov "Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov") and [Tsar Nicholas I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia "Nicholas I of Russia"), who feared a revolution like the [Decembrist revolt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt "Decembrist revolt") of 1825 in Russia and the [Revolutions of 1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 "Revolutions of 1848") in Europe. The members were held in the well-defended [Peter and Paul Fortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress "Peter and Paul Fortress"), which housed the most dangerous convicts.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967121%E2%80%9333-53)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368-54)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198972%E2%80%9379-55)
The case was discussed for four months by an investigative commission headed by the Tsar, with Adjutant General [Ivan Nabokov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nabokov "Ivan Nabokov"), senator Prince [Pavel Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Gagarin "Pavel Gagarin"), Prince [Vasili Dolgorukov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Andreyevich_Dolgorukov "Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov"), General [Yakov Rostovtsev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Rostovtsev "Yakov Rostovtsev") and General Leonty Dubelt, head of the secret police. They sentenced the members of the circle to death by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place in Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man groups and the first group was taken in front of the firing squad. Dostoevsky was the third in the second row; next to him stood [Pleshcheyev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleshcheyev "Pleshcheyev") and [Durov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Durov "Sergey Durov"). The execution was stayed when a cart delivered a letter from the tsar commuting the sentence. Dostoevsky later described the experience of what he believed to be the last moments of his life in his novel *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot#Autobiographical_themes "The Idiot")*; the main character, Prince Myshkin, tells the story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad but reprieved at the last moment. Prince Myshkin describes the experience from the point of view of the victim, and considers the philosophical and spiritual implications.
Dostoevsky served four years of exile with hard labour at a [katorga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katorga "Katorga") prison camp in [Omsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsk "Omsk"), Siberia, followed by a term of compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day [sleigh ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleigh_ride "Sleigh ride"), the prisoners reached [Tobolsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobolsk "Tobolsk"), a prisoner way station. Despite the circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's kindness and eventually abandoned his decision to kill himself. In Tobolsk, they received food and clothes from the [Decembrist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt "Decembrist revolt") women, as well as several copies of the New Testament with a ten-rouble banknote inside each copy. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached Omsk[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198979%E2%80%9396-56) together with just one other member of the Petrashevsky Circle, the writer Sergei Durov.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997113-57) Dostoevsky described his barracks:
> In summer, intolerable closeness; in winter, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors an inch thick; one could slip and fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was no room to turn around. From dusk to dawn it was impossible not to behave like pigs ... Fleas, lice, and black beetles by the bushel ...[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-58)\[*[missing long citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SRF#LINKING "Wikipedia:SRF")*\]
Classified as "one of the most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had his hands and feet shackled until his release. He was only permitted to read his copy of the New Testament. In addition to his seizures, he had hemorrhoids, lost weight and was "burned by some fever, trembling and feeling too hot or too cold every night". The smell of the privy pervaded the entire building, and the small bathroom had to suffice for more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military hospital, where he read newspapers and Dickens novels. He was respected by most of the other prisoners, but despised by some Polish political prisoners because of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198996%E2%80%93108-59)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-60)
### Release from prison and first marriage (1854–1866)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Release from prison and first marriage (1854–1866)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_dost_01.jpg)
Dostoevsky as a [military engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering "Military engineering") in 1858 or -59,[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-61) portrait by [Solomon Leibin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Leibin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Solomon Leibin (page does not exist)") (Соломон Лейбин)
After his release on 14 February 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to help him financially and to send him books by [Giambattista Vico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico "Giambattista Vico"), [François Guizot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot "François Guizot"), [Leopold von Ranke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke "Leopold von Ranke"), [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel") and [Immanuel Kant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant "Immanuel Kant").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9320-62) *[The House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_\(novel\) "The House of the Dead (novel)")*, based on his experience in prison, was published in 1861 in the journal *[Vremya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vremya_\(magazine\) "Vremya (magazine)")* ("Time") – it was the first published novel about Russian prisons.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997107%E2%80%9321-63) Before moving in mid-March to [Semipalatinsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semey "Semey"), where he was forced to serve in the Siberian Army Corps of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met the geographer [Pyotr Semyonov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Semyonov "Pyotr Semyonov") and the ethnographer [Shoqan Walikhanov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoqan_Walikhanov "Shoqan Walikhanov"). Around November 1854, he met [Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangel_family "Wrangel family"), an admirer of his books, who had attended the aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Garden outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale face was covered with freckles, and his blond hair was cut short. He was a little over average height and looked at me intensely with his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying to look into my soul and discover what kind of man I was."[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989112%E2%80%9313-64)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1987165%E2%80%93267-65)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989108%E2%80%9313-66)
In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren and came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to read passages from newspapers and magazines. During a visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky met Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and fell in love with her; Isaeva and her son later moved with Dostoevsky to [Barnaul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaul "Barnaul"). In 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter through Wrangel to General [Eduard Totleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Totleben "Eduard Totleben"), apologising for his activity in several utopian circles. As a result, he obtained the right to publish books and to marry, although he remained under police surveillance for the rest of his life. Isaeva and Dostoevsky married in Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, even though she had initially refused his marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other and that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was unhappy and she found it difficult to cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of her strange, suspicious and fantastic character, we were definitely not happy together, but we could not stop loving each other; and the more unhappy we were, the more attached to each other we became". They mostly lived apart.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168-67) In 1859 he was released from military service because of deteriorating health and was granted permission to return to European Russia, first to [Tver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver "Tver"), where he met his brother for the first time in ten years, and then to Saint Petersburg.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1987175%E2%80%93221-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989115%E2%80%9363-69)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoevskij_1863.jpg)
Dostoevsky in Paris, 1863
The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) appeared in a journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860. *[Notes from the House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_the_House_of_the_Dead "Notes from the House of the Dead")* was released in *Russky Mir* (Russian World) in September 1860. *[Humiliated and Insulted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted "Humiliated and Insulted")* was published in the new *Vremya* magazine,[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-71) which had been created with the help of funds from his brother's cigarette factory.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1987290_et_seq-72)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9362-73)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989135%E2%80%9337-74)
Dostoevsky travelled to western Europe for the first time on 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Berlin, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium and Paris. In London he met [Alexander Herzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen "Alexander Herzen") and visited [the Crystal Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace "The Crystal Palace"). He travelled with [Nikolay Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov") through Switzerland and several North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and the central Italian city of Florence. He recorded his impressions of those trips in the essay "[Winter Notes on Summer Impressions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Notes_on_Summer_Impressions "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions")", in which he also criticised capitalism, social modernisation, [materialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism "Materialism"), Catholicism and Protestantism.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1988233%E2%80%9349-75)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989143%E2%80%9345-76) Dostoevsky viewed the Crystal Palace as a monument to soulless modern society, the myth of progress, and the worship of empty materialism.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-77)
From August to October 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip to western Europe. He met his second love, [Polina Suslova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollinaria_Suslova "Apollinaria Suslova"), in Paris and lost nearly all his money gambling in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his brother Mikhail died; Dostoevsky then became the lone parent of his stepson Pasha and the sole supporter of his brother's family. The failure of *[Epoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_\(Russian_magazine\) "Epoch (Russian magazine)")*, the magazine he had founded with Mikhail after the suppression of *Vremya*, worsened his financial situation, although the continued help of his relatives and friends averted bankruptcy.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1988197%E2%80%93211,_283%E2%80%9394,_248%E2%80%93365-78)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989151%E2%80%9375-79)
### Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)")\]
The first two parts of *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* were published in January and February 1866 in the periodical *[The Russian Messenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Russian_Messenger "The Russian Messenger")*,[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA462_462]-80) attracting at least 500 new subscribers to the magazine.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200283-81)
Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor, [Fyodor Stellovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Stellovsky "Fyodor Stellovsky"), that he would complete a novel titled *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(novel\) "The Gambler (novel)")* by November, although he had not yet begun writing it. One of Dostoevsky's friends, [Aleksandr Milyukov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Milyukov "Aleksandr Milyukov"), advised him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Saint Petersburg, who recommended his pupil, the twenty-year-old [Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Snitkina "Anna Snitkina"). Her shorthand helped Dostoevsky to complete *The Gambler* on 30 October, after 26 days' work.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank199742%E2%80%93183-82)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989162%E2%80%9396-83) She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always tried to carry himself erect. "He had light brown, slightly reddish hair, he used some hair conditioner, and he combed his hair in a diligent way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in the other, the pupil was so big that you could not see its color, \[this was caused by an injury\]. The strangeness of his eyes gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. His face was pale, and it looked unhealthy."[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997178-84)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baden-Baden_10-2015_img19_Dostoevsky_plaque.jpg)
Memorial plaque to Dostoevsky in Baden-Baden
On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky and Snitkina married in [Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg "Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg"). On 14 April 1867, they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany; the 7,000 rubles he had earned from *Crime and Punishment* did not cover their debts, forcing Anna to sell her valuables to finance their trip. They stayed in Berlin, visited the [Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister "Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister") in [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), where he sought inspiration for his writing, and also stopped in [Frankfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main "Frankfurt am Main"), [Darmstadt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"), [Heidelberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg") and [Karlsruhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe "Karlsruhe"). They spent five weeks in [Baden-Baden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-Baden "Baden-Baden"), where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with [Ivan Turgenev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev "Ivan Turgenev") and again lost much money at the roulette table.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-85) At one point, his wife was reportedly forced to pawn her underwear.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-86)
In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")*, and after a prolonged planning process that bore little resemblance to the published novel, he eventually managed to write the first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialization began in *The Russian Messenger* in January 1868.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque-SophieDostoievsky-CimetiereDesRois_RomanDeckert01032022.jpg)
Plaque for baby Sofya
By 1868, the couple had moved on to [Geneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva "Geneva").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-87)Their first child, Sofya, had been conceived in Baden-Baden, and was born in Geneva on 5 March 1868. The baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a woman in despair".[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989219-88) Sofya was buried at the [Cimetière des Rois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Rois "Cimetière des Rois") in Geneva; her grave was later dissolved, but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque in her honor.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-89)
After Sofya's death, the couple continued their travels through Europe. They first went to [Vevey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevey "Vevey") and then Milan before continuing to Florence*,* where Dostoevsky completed *The Idiot* in January 1869; its final part appeared in *The Russian Messenger* in the following month.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997151%E2%80%93363-90)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989201%E2%80%9337-91) Later that year, in Dresden, Anna gave birth to their second daughter, [Lyubov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Dostoevskaya "Lyubov Dostoevskaya"), on 26 September. After hearing news that the socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" had murdered one of its own members, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")*.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989240%E2%80%9361-92)
In April 1871, Dostoevsky made a final visit to a gambling hall in Wiesbaden. Anna claimed that he stopped gambling after the birth of their second daughter, but this is a subject of debate.[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-95) During a train trip to Berlin, he burnt several manuscripts, including those of *The Idiot*, because he was concerned about potential problems with customs. The Dostoevsky family finally arrived back in Saint Petersburg on 8 July, marking the end of a honeymoon (originally planned for three months) that had lasted over four years.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997241%E2%80%93363-96)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989265-97)
### Back in Russia (1871–1875)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Back in Russia (1871–1875)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_in_prison.jpg)
Dostoevsky (left) in the Haymarket, 21/22 March 1874
Back in Russia in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and had to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to an apartment near the [Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Institute_of_Technology "Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology") soon after. They hoped to cancel their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but difficulties with the tenant resulted in a relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna proposed that they raise money on her husband's copyrights and negotiate with the creditors to pay off their debts in installments.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200314%E2%80%9363-98)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989265%E2%80%9367-99)
Dostoevsky revived his friendships with Maykov and Strakhov and made new acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers [Vsevolod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Solovyov "Vsevolod Solovyov") and [Vladimir Solovyov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_\(philosopher\) "Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)"). [Konstantin Pobedonostsev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev "Konstantin Pobedonostsev"), future Imperial High Commissioner of the [Most Holy Synod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod "Most Holy Synod"), influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to conservatism.
Around early 1872 the family spent several months in [Staraya Russa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staraya_Russa "Staraya Russa"), a town known for its [mineral spa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_spa "Mineral spa"). Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either [typhus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") or [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria "Malaria"),[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-100) and Anna developed an abscess on her throat.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200314%E2%80%9363-98)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989268%E2%80%9371-101)
The family returned to Saint Petersburg in September. *Demons* was finished on 26 November 1872 and released in the following January by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which the Dostoevskys had just established. Anna managed the company's finances, sold the book out of their apartment and only accepted cash payments; but *Demons* was a success, selling around 3,000 copies. Dostoevsky proposed that they establish a new periodical called *A Writer's Diary*, to include a collection of essays, but funds were lacking. The *Diary* was instead published in [Vladimir Meshchersky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Meshchersky "Vladimir Meshchersky")'s magazine *The Citizen*, beginning on 1 January 1873, in return for a salary of 3,000 rubles per year. That summer, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with the children, while Dostoevsky stayed in Saint Petersburg to continue with his *Diary*.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200338%E2%80%93118-102)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989269%E2%80%9389-103)
In March 1874, Dostoevsky left *The Citizen* because of the stressful work and interference from the Russian bureaucracy. In his fifteen months with *The Citizen*, he had been taken to court twice: on 11 June 1873 for citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to sell a new novel he had not yet begun to write to *The Russian Messenger*, but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov then suggested that he publish in another periodical, *Notes of the Fatherland*, which offered Dostoevsky 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – 100 more than he would have earned with *The Russian Messenger*. Dostoevsky accepted.
That year, his health began to decline. Dostoevsky consulted several doctors in Saint Petersburg and was advised to take a cure outside Russia. In July, he traveled to [Bad Ems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Ems "Bad Ems"), where a physician diagnosed him with acute [catarrh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarrh "Catarrh"). During his stay there he began writing *The Adolescent*, and he returned to Saint Petersburg in late July.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003120%E2%80%9347-104)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989273%E2%80%9395-105) Anna proposed that they spend the winter in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had suggested a second visit to Ems because his health had previously improved there.
On 10 August 1875 his son Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family returned to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished *The Adolescent* at the end of 1875, although passages of it had been serialized in *Notes of the Fatherland* since January. *The Adolescent* chronicles the life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the illegitimate child of the landowner Versilov and a peasant mother. It deals primarily with the relationship between father and son, which became a frequent theme in Dostoevsky's subsequent works.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003149%E2%80%9397-106)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989273%E2%80%93302-107)
### Last years (1876–1881)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Last years (1876–1881)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoevsky.jpg)
Dostoevsky, 1879
In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work on his *Diary*, compiling pieces from the periodical into a book. The book, titled [A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary"), is a collection of numerous essays and a few short stories about society, religion, politics and ethics, and it sold more than twice as many copies as his previous books. Dostoevsky began to receive more letters from readers than ever before, and people of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's brother, the family bought a [dacha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacha "Dacha") in Staraya Russa. In the summer of 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness of breath again. He visited Ems for the third time and was told that he might live for another 15 years if he moved to a healthier climate. Upon returning to Russia, Tsar [Alexander II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia "Alexander II of Russia") ordered Dostoevsky to visit his palace to present the *Diary* to him, and he asked him to educate his sons, [Sergey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia "Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia") and [Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia "Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia"). This visit further increased Dostoevsky's circle of acquaintances. He was a frequent guest in several salons in Saint Petersburg and met many famous people, including Countess [Sophia Tolstaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya "Sophia Tolstaya"), [Yakov Polonsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Polonsky "Yakov Polonsky"), [Sergei Witte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte "Sergei Witte"), [Alexey Suvorin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Suvorin "Alexey Suvorin"), [Anton Rubinstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein "Anton Rubinstein") and [Ilya Repin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin "Ilya Repin").[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003199%E2%80%93280-108)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989303%E2%80%9306-109)
Dostoevsky's health declined further, and in March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a manor near [Kursk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk "Kursk"). While returning to St Petersburg to finalise his *Diary*, he visited Darovoye, where he had spent much of his childhood. In December he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave a speech. He was appointed an honorary member of the [Russian Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences "Russian Academy of Sciences"), from which he received an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to an international congress on copyright in Paris after his son Alyosha had a severe epileptic seizure and died on 16 May.
The family later moved to the apartment where Dostoevsky had written his first works. Around this time, he was elected to the board of directors of the Slavic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg, and that summer he was elected to the honorary committee of the [Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale "Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale"), whose members included [Victor Hugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo"), [Ivan Turgenev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev "Ivan Turgenev"), [Paul Heyse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heyse "Paul Heyse"), [Alfred Tennyson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson "Alfred Tennyson"), [Anthony Trollope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Trollope "Anthony Trollope"), [Henry Longfellow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Longfellow "Henry Longfellow"), [Ralph Waldo Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson") and [Leo Tolstoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy "Leo Tolstoy").
Dostoevsky made his fourth and final visit to Ems in early August 1879. He was diagnosed with early-stage [pulmonary emphysema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_emphysema "Pulmonary emphysema"), which his doctor believed could be successfully managed, but not cured.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003320%E2%80%9375-110)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989307%E2%80%9349-111)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky%27s_funeral.jpg)
Dostoevsky's funeral
On 3 February 1880 Dostoevsky was elected vice-president of the Slavic Benevolent Society, and was invited to speak at the unveiling of the Pushkin memorial in Moscow. On 8 June he delivered [his speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky%27s_Pushkin_Speech "Dostoevsky's Pushkin Speech"), giving an impressive performance that had a significant emotional impact on his audience. His speech was met with thunderous applause, and even his long-time rival Turgenev embraced him. [Konstantin Staniukovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Staniukovich "Konstantin Staniukovich") praised the speech in his essay "The Pushkin Anniversary and Dostoevsky's Speech" in *[The Business](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_\(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_XIX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0\) "ru:Дело (журнал XIX века)")*, writing that "the language of Dostoevsky's \[Pushkin Speech\] really looks like a sermon. He speaks with the tone of a prophet. He makes a sermon like a pastor; it is very deep, sincere, and we understand that he wants to impress the emotions of his listeners."[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997255-112) The speech was criticised by liberal political scientist Alexander Gradovsky, who thought that Dostoevsky idolized "the people",[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004170-113) and by the conservative thinker [Konstantin Leontiev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev "Konstantin Leontiev"), who, in his essay "On Universal Love", compared the speech to French utopian socialism.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004230%E2%80%9331-114) The attacks led to a further deterioration in his health.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003475%E2%80%93531-115)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989353%E2%80%9363-116)
## Death
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Death")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_on_his_Bier,_Kramskoy.jpg)
Dostoevsky on his [bier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier "Bier"), drawing by [Ivan Kramskoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kramskoi "Ivan Kramskoi"), 1881
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5,_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4.%D0%9C._%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG)
Dostoevsky's grave in Saint Petersburg
On 6 February \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 25 January\] 1881, while searching for members of the terrorist organisation [Narodnaya Volya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya "Narodnaya Volya") ("The People's Will") who would soon assassinate [Tsar Alexander II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia "Alexander II of Russia"), the Tsar's secret police executed a search warrant in the apartment of [Alexander Barannikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Barannikov "Alexander Barannikov"), one of Dostoevsky's neighbors.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003-117)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] On the following day, Dostoevsky suffered a [pulmonary hemorrhage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hemorrhage "Pulmonary hemorrhage"). Anna denied that the search had caused it, saying that the hemorrhage had occurred after her husband had been looking for a dropped pen-holder.[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-121) After he suffered another hemorrhage, Anna called the doctors, who gave a poor prognosis. A third hemorrhage followed shortly afterwards.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003707%E2%80%9350-122)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989368%E2%80%9371-123) While seeing his children before dying, Dostoevsky requested the [parable of the Prodigal Son](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son "Parable of the Prodigal Son") to be read to his children. The profound meaning of this request is pointed out by [Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)"):
> It was this parable of transgression, repentance, and forgiveness that he wished to leave as a last heritage to his children, and it may well be seen as his own ultimate understanding of the meaning of his life and the message of his work.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010925-124)
Among Dostoevsky's last words was his quotation of [Matthew 3:14–15](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_\(King_James\)/Matthew#3:14 "s:Bible (King James)/Matthew"): "But John forbad him, saying, I have a need to be baptised of thee, and comest thou to me? And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness", and he finished with "Hear now—permit it. Do not restrain me!".[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989371%E2%80%9372-125) His last words to his wife Anna were: "Remember, Anya, I have always loved you passionately and have never been unfaithful to you ever, even in my thoughts!"[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-126) When he died, his body was placed on a table, following Russian custom.
Dostoevsky was interred in the [Tikhvin Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery "Tikhvin Cemetery") at the [Alexander Nevsky Convent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra "Alexander Nevsky Lavra"),[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-127) near his favourite poets, [Nikolay Karamzin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin "Nikolay Karamzin") and [Vasily Zhukovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky "Vasily Zhukovsky"). It is unclear how many attended his funeral. According to one reporter, more than 100,000 mourners were present, while others describe attendance between 40,000 and 50,000. His tombstone is inscribed with lines from the New Testament:[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003707%E2%80%9350-122)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989373_et_seqq-128)
> Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it dies, it bringeth forth much fruit.
— [John 12:24](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_\(King_James\)/John#12:24 "s:Bible (King James)/John")
## Personal life
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Personal life")\]
### Pre-marriage romantic relationships
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Pre-marriage romantic relationships")\]
Dostoevsky was romantically involved with several women before his marriage to [Anna Snitkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Snitkina "Anna Snitkina") in 1867. He had his first known affair with [Avdotya Panaeva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdotya_Panaeva "Avdotya Panaeva"), whom he met in [Ivan Panaev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Panaev "Ivan Panaev")'s circle in the early 1840s. He described her as educated, interested in literature, and a [femme fatale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale "Femme fatale").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198950-129) He admitted later that he was uncertain about their relationship.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-130) According to Anna Dostoevskaya's memoirs, Dostoevsky once asked his sister's sister-in-law, Yelena Ivanova, whether she would marry him, hoping to replace her mortally ill husband after he died, but she rejected his proposal.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997299-131)
Dostoevsky and [Polina Suslova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina_Suslova "Polina Suslova") had a short but intimate affair, which peaked in the winter of 1862–1863. Suslova's dalliance with a Spaniard in late spring and Dostoevsky's gambling addiction and age ended their relationship. He later described her in a letter to [Nadezhda Suslova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Suslova "Nadezhda Suslova") as a "great egoist. Her egoism and her vanity are colossal. She demands *everything* of other people, all the perfections, and does not pardon the slightest imperfection in the light of other qualities that one may possess", and later stated "I still love her, but I do not want to love her any more. She doesn't deserve this love ..."[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168-67)
In 1858 Dostoevsky had a romance with comic actress Aleksandra Ivanovna Schubert. Although she divorced Dostoevsky's friend [Stepan Yanovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Yanovsky "Stepan Yanovsky"), she would not live with him. Dostoevsky did not love her either, but they were probably good friends. She wrote that he "became very attracted to me".[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank198818%E2%80%9319-132)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967183%E2%80%9384-133)
Through a worker in *Epoch*, Dostoevsky learned of the Russian-born Martha Brown (née Elizaveta Andreyevna Chlebnikova), who had had affairs with several westerners. Her relationship with Dostoevsky is known only through letters written between November 1864 and January 1865.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA445_pp._445%E2%80%936]-134)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz200445%E2%80%9346-135)
In 1865 Dostoevsky met [Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Jaclard "Anne Jaclard"). Their relationship is not verified; Anna Dostoevskaya spoke of a good affair, but Korvin-Krukovskaya's sister, the mathematician [Sofia Kovalevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya "Sofia Kovalevskaya"), thought that Korvin-Krukovskaya had rejected him.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997169-136)
### Political beliefs
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Political beliefs")\]
In his youth, Dostoevsky enjoyed reading [Nikolai Karamzin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Karamzin "Nikolai Karamzin")'s *History of the Russian State* (published 1818–1829), which praised conservatism and Russian independence, ideas that Dostoevsky would embrace later in life. Before his arrest for participating in the Petrashevsky Circle in 1849, Dostoevsky remarked, "As far as I am concerned, nothing was ever more ridiculous than the idea of a [republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism "Republicanism") government in Russia." In an 1881 edition of his *Diaries*, Dostoevsky stated that the Tsar and the people should form a unity: "For the people, the tsar is not an external power, not the power of some conqueror ... but a power of all the people, an all-unifying power the people themselves desired."[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389-137)
While critical of serfdom, Dostoevsky was skeptical about the creation of a [constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy"), a concept he viewed as unrelated to Russia's history. He described it as a mere "gentleman's rule" and believed that "a constitution would simply enslave the people".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] He advocated social change instead, for example removal of the feudal system and a weakening of the divisions between the peasantry and the affluent classes. His ideal was a utopian, Christianized Russia where "if everyone were actively Christian, not a single social question would come up ... If they were Christians they would settle everything".[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327-138) He thought democracy and [oligarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy") were poor systems; of France he wrote, "the oligarchs are only concerned with the interest of the wealthy; the democrats, only with the interest of the poor; but the interests of society, the interest of all and the future of France as a whole—no one there bothers about these things."[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327-138) He maintained that political parties ultimately led to social discord. In the 1860s, he discovered *[Pochvennichestvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvennichestvo "Pochvennichestvo")*, a movement similar to [Slavophilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavophilism "Slavophilism") in that it [rejected Europe's culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Europeanism "Anti-Europeanism") and contemporary philosophical movements, such as [nihilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nihilist_movement "Russian nihilist movement") and materialism. *Pochvennichestvo* differed from Slavophilism in aiming to establish, not an isolated Russia, but a more open state modelled on the Russia of [Peter the Great](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great").[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327-138)
In his incomplete article "Socialism and Christianity", Dostoevsky claimed that civilization ("the second stage in human history") had become degraded, and that it was moving towards liberalism and losing its faith in God. He asserted that the traditional concept of Christianity should be recovered. He thought that contemporary western Europe had "rejected the single formula for their salvation that came from God and was proclaimed through revelation, 'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself', and replaced it with practical conclusions such as, '*Chacun pour soi et Dieu pour tous*' \[Every man for himself and God for all\], or "scientific" slogans like '[the struggle for survival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest "Survival of the fittest").'"[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389-137) He considered this crisis to be the consequence of the collision between communal and individual interests, brought about by a decline in religious and moral principles.
Dostoevsky distinguished three "enormous world ideas" prevalent in his time: [Roman Catholicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism"), [Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") and [(Russian) Orthodoxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox "Russian Orthodox"). He claimed that Catholicism had continued the tradition of [Imperial Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") and had thus become anti-Christian and proto-socialist,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-139) inasmuch as the Church's interest in political and mundane affairs led it to abandon the idea of Christ. For Dostoevsky, [socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism "Socialism") was "the latest incarnation of the Catholic idea" and its "natural ally".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004185-140) He found Protestantism self-contradictory and claimed that it would ultimately lose power and spirituality. He deemed (Russian) Orthodoxy to be the ideal form of Christianity.
For all that, to place Dostoevsky politically is not simple: as a Christian, he rejected atheistic socialism; as a traditionalist, he rejected the destruction of the institutions; and, as a pacifist, he rejected any violent method or upheaval led by either progressives or reactionaries. He supported private property and business rights, and did not agree with many criticisms of the free market from the socialist utopians of his time.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-141)\[*[need quotation to verify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\][\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-142)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
During the [Russo-Turkish War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_\(1877%E2%80%931878\) "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)") of 1877–1878, Dostoevsky asserted that war might be necessary if salvation were to be granted. He wanted the Muslim [Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") eliminated and the Christian [Byzantine Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") restored, and he hoped for the liberation of [Balkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan "Balkan") Slavs and their unification with the Russian Empire.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389-137)
Historian [Richard Pipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes "Richard Pipes") placed Dostoevsky as being firmly in the tradition of [Russian Conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia "Conservatism in Russia") describing *Crime and Punishment*, *The Brothers Karamazov*, and *Demons* as political novels. Pipes was critical of Dostoevsky's politics, saying that in the ordinary sense, the author "knew little and understood less" and his political analysis going little beyond xenophobia and "crude" jingoism. Instead it was in Dostoevsky's understanding of the "psychological implications of radicalism" that his greatness lay.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-143)
### Ethnic beliefs
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Ethnic beliefs")\]
Many characters in Dostoevsky's works, including [Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews "Jews"), have been described as displaying negative stereotypes.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-144) In an 1877 letter to Arkady Kovner, a Jew who had accused Dostoevsky of antisemitism, he replied with the following:
> "I am not an enemy of the Jews at all and never have been. But as you say, its 40-century existence proves that this tribe has exceptional vitality, which would not help, during the course of its history, taking the form of various Status in Statu ... how can they fail to find themselves, even if only partially, at variance with the indigenous population – the Russian tribe?"[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-145)
Dostoevsky held to a [Pan-Slavic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavic "Pan-Slavic") ideology that was conditioned by the Ottoman occupations of Eastern Europe. In 1876, the Slavic populations of modern-day South-Eastern [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") outside of the Principality of Serbia (independent since 1868) and of the region of Bulgaria rose up against their Ottoman overlords, but the [rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876 "April Uprising of 1876") was put down. In the process, an estimated 12,000 people were killed. In his diaries, he scorned Westerners and those who were against the Pan-Slavic movement. This ideology was motivated in part by the desire to promote a common Orthodox Christian heritage, which he saw as both unifying as well as a force for liberation.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-146)
### Religious beliefs
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Religious beliefs")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_New_Testament.PNG)
The New Testament that Dostoevsky took with him to prison in Siberia
Dostoevsky was an [Orthodox Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church")[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattisonThompson2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGlLm4gbPZdQCpgPA135_p._135]-147) who was raised in a religious family and knew the [Gospel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") from a very young age.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979401-148) He was influenced by the Russian translation of Johannes Hübner's *One Hundred and Four Sacred Stories from the Old and New Testaments Selected for Children* (partly a German bible for children and partly a [catechism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism "Catechism")).[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19898%E2%80%939-149)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979401-148)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20051-150) He attended Sunday liturgies from an early age and took part in annual pilgrimages to the [St. Sergius Trinity Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius "Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius").[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19897%E2%80%939-151) A deacon at the hospital gave him religious instruction.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20051-150) Among his most cherished childhood memories were reciting prayers in front of guests and reading passages from the [Book of Job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Job "Book of Job") that impressed him while "still almost a child."[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA24_pp._24],_30-152)
According to an officer at the military academy, Dostoevsky was profoundly religious, followed Orthodox practice, and regularly read the Gospels and [Heinrich Zschokke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Zschokke "Heinrich Zschokke")'s *Die Stunden der Andacht* ("Hours of Devotion"), which "preached a sentimental version of Christianity entirely free from dogmatic content and with a strong emphasis on giving Christian love a social application." This book may have prompted his later interest in [Christian socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism "Christian socialism").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20052-153) Through the literature of [E T. A. Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann "E. T. A. Hoffmann"), Balzac, [Eugène Sue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue "Eugène Sue"), and Goethe, Dostoevsky created his own belief system, similar to [Russian sectarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity "Spiritual Christianity") and the [Old Belief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Believers "Old Believers").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20052-153) After his arrest, aborted execution, and subsequent imprisonment, he focused intensely on the figure of Christ and on the New Testament, the only book allowed in prison.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20056-154) In a January 1854 letter to the woman who had sent him the New Testament, Dostoevsky wrote that he was a "child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and I am certain that I shall remain so to the grave." He also wrote that "even if someone were to prove to me that the truth lay outside Christ, I should choose to remain with Christ rather than with the truth."[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20057-155)
In [Semipalatinsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semey "Semey"), Dostoevsky revived his faith by looking frequently at the stars. Wrangel said that he was "rather pious, but did not often go to church, and disliked priests, especially the Siberian ones. But he spoke about Christ ecstatically." Two pilgrimages and two works by [Dmitri Rostovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_of_Rostov "Dimitry of Rostov"), an archbishop who influenced Ukrainian and Russian literature by composing groundbreaking religious plays, strengthened his beliefs.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197922%E2%80%9323-156) Through his visits to western Europe and discussions with Herzen, [Grigoriev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Grigoryev "Apollon Grigoryev"), and [Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov"), Dostoevsky discovered the *[Pochvennichestvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvennichestvo "Pochvennichestvo")* movement and the theory that the [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") had adopted the principles of [rationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism "Rationalism"), [legalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_\(Western_philosophy\) "Legalism (Western philosophy)"), [materialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism "Materialism"), and [individualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism "Individualism") from [ancient Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") and had passed on its philosophy to [Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") and consequently to atheistic socialism.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20057%E2%80%939-157)
## Themes and style
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Themes and style")\]
Main article: [Themes in Fyodor Dostoevsky's writings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themes_in_Fyodor_Dostoevsky%27s_writings "Themes in Fyodor Dostoevsky's writings")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_The_Demons_Manuscript.jpg)
Manuscript of *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")*
Dostoevsky's canon includes novels, novellas, [novelettes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella "Novella"), short stories, essays, pamphlets, [limericks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_\(poetry\) "Limerick (poetry)"), [epigrams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram "Epigram") and poems. He wrote more than 700 letters, a dozen of which are lost.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-158)
Dostoevsky expressed religious, psychological, and philosophical ideas in his writings. His works explore such themes as suicide, poverty, human manipulation, and morality. Psychological themes include dreaming, first seen in "White Nights",[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA110_p._110]-159) and the father-son relationship, beginning in *The Adolescent*.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-160) Most of his works demonstrate a vision of the chaotic sociopolitical structure of contemporary Russia.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerras199859-161) His early works viewed society (for example, the differences between poor and rich) through the lens of [literary realism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism "Literary realism") and [naturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_\(literature\) "Naturalism (literature)"). The influences of other writers, particularly evident in his early works, led to accusations of plagiarism,[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerras199814-162)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20073-163) but his style gradually became more individual. After his release from prison, Dostoevsky incorporated religious themes, especially those of Russian Orthodoxy, into his writing. Elements of [gothic fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction"),[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004167%E2%80%9370-164) [romanticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism "Romanticism"),[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004361%E2%80%9364-165) and satire[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScanlan200259-166) are observable in some of his books. He frequently used autobiographical or semi-autobiographical details.
An important stylistic element in Dostoevsky's writing is [polyphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony_\(literature\) "Polyphony (literature)"), the simultaneous presence of multiple narrative voices and perspectives.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Bakhtin1984_np-167)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] Kornelije Kvas wrote that Bakhtin's theory of "the polyphonic novel and Dostoevsky's dialogicness of narration postulates the non-existence of the 'final' word, which is why the thoughts, emotions and experiences of the world of the narrator and his/her characters are reflected through the words of another, with which they can never fully blend."[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-168)
## Legacy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Legacy")\]
### Reception and influence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Reception and influence")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dresden_Dostojewski-Denkmal.JPG)
Dostoevsky monument in [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden "Dresden") (Germany)
Dostoevsky is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential novelists of the [Golden Age of Russian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature#Golden_Age "Russian literature").[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauer2000364-169) [Leo Tolstoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy "Leo Tolstoy") admired some of Dostoevsky's works, particularly *[The House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_\(novel\) "The House of the Dead (novel)")*, which he saw as exalted religious art, inspired by deep faith and love of humanity.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010369-170)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Dosteoevsky-171) [Albert Einstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") called Dostoevsky a "great religious writer" who explores "the mystery of spiritual existence".[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-172) [Sigmund Freud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud") ranked Dostoevsky second only to [William Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") as a creative writer,[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-173) and called *The Brothers Karamazov* "the most magnificent novel ever written".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-174) [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") called Dostoevsky "the only psychologist from whom I had something to learn" and described him as being "among the most beautiful strokes of fortune in my life."[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19827-175)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-176)\[*[missing long citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SRF#LINKING "Wikipedia:SRF")*\] The Russian literary theorist [Mikhail Bakhtin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin "Mikhail Bakhtin")'s analysis of Dostoevsky came to be at the foundation of his theory of the novel. Bakhtin argued that Dostoevsky's use of [polyphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony_\(literature\) "Polyphony (literature)") was a major advancement in the development of the novel as a genre.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Bakhtin1984_np-167)
In his posthumous collection of sketches *[A Moveable Feast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Moveable_Feast "A Moveable Feast")*, [Ernest Hemingway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway") stated that in Dostoevsky "there were things believable and not to be believed, but some so true that they changed you as you read them; frailty and madness, wickedness and saintliness, and the insanity of gambling were there to know".[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-177) [James Joyce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce "James Joyce") praised Dostoevsky's prose: "... he is the man more than any other who has created modern prose, and intensified it to its present-day pitch. It was his explosive power which shattered the Victorian novel with its simpering maidens and ordered commonplaces; books which were without imagination or violence."[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-178) In her essay *The Russian Point of View*, [Virginia Woolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf") said, "Out of [Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") there is no more exciting reading".[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-179) [Franz Kafka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka "Franz Kafka") called Dostoevsky his "blood-relative"[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-180) and was heavily influenced by his works, particularly *The Brothers Karamazov* and *Crime and Punishment*, both of which profoundly influenced *[The Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial "The Trial")*.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-181) [Hermann Hesse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse "Hermann Hesse") enjoyed Dostoevsky's work and said that to read him is like a "glimpse into the havoc".[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19828-182) The Norwegian novelist [Knut Hamsun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Hamsun "Knut Hamsun") wrote that "no one has analyzed the complicated human structure as Dostoyevsky. His psychologic sense is overwhelming and visionary."[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrin1947161-183) Writers associated with cultural movements such as [surrealism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism"), [existentialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") and the [Beats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation "Beat Generation") cite Dostoevsky as an influence,[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20075-184) and he is regarded as a forerunner to [Russian symbolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_symbolism "Russian symbolism"),[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrin200538-185) [expressionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism")[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurry201157-186) and psychoanalysis.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger2008270-187)
[J. M. Coetzee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Coetzee "J. M. Coetzee") featured Dostoevsky as the protagonist in his 1997 novel *[The Master of Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_of_Petersburg "The Master of Petersburg")*. The famous [Malayalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") novel *[Oru Sankeerthanam Pole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru_Sankeerthanam_Pole "Oru Sankeerthanam Pole")* by [Perumbadavam Sreedharan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumbadavam_Sreedharan "Perumbadavam Sreedharan") deals with the life of Dostoevsky and his love affair with [Anna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Grigoryevna_Snitkina "Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina").[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-188)
### Honors
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Honors")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4027_stamp_\(Fyodor_Dostoyevsky_\(after_Vasily_Perov\)\).jpg)
Soviet Union stamp, 1971
In 1956 an olive-green postage stamp dedicated to Dostoevsky was released in the Soviet Union, with a print run of 1,000 copies.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-189) The [Dostoevsky Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_Museum "Dostoevsky Museum") was opened on 12 November 1971 in the apartment where he wrote his first and final novels.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-190) [A crater on Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevskij_\(crater\) "Dostoevskij (crater)") was named after him in 1979, and a minor planet discovered in 1981 by [Lyudmila Karachkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Karachkina "Lyudmila Karachkina") was named [3453 Dostoevsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3453_Dostoevsky "3453 Dostoevsky"). Music critic and broadcaster [Artemy Troitsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemy_Troitsky "Artemy Troitsky") has hosted the radio show "FM Достоевский" (FM Dostoevsky) since 1997.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-191) Viewers of the TV show *[Name of Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Russia_\(Russia_TV\) "Name of Russia (Russia TV)")* voted him the ninth greatest Russian of all time, just after [Dmitry Mendeleev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Mendeleev "Dmitry Mendeleev"), and just ahead of ruler [Ivan IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible "Ivan the Terrible").[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-192) An [Eagle Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Award_for_Best_Television_Motion_Picture "Golden Eagle Award for Best Television Motion Picture")\-winning TV series directed by [Vladimir Khotinenko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Khotinenko "Vladimir Khotinenko") about Dostoevsky's life was screened in 2011.
Numerous memorials were inaugurated in cities and regions such as Moscow, Saint Petersburg, [Novosibirsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk "Novosibirsk"), Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Kusnetsk, Darovoye, Staraya Russa, [Lyublino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyublino_District "Lyublino District"), [Tallinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn"), [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), Baden-Baden and [Wiesbaden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden "Wiesbaden"). The [Dostoyevskaya metro station in Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoyevskaya_\(Saint_Petersburg_Metro\) "Dostoyevskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)") was opened on 30 December 1991, and the [station of the same name in Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoyevskaya_\(Moscow_Metro\) "Dostoyevskaya (Moscow Metro)") was opened on 19 June 2010, the 75th anniversary of the [Moscow Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro "Moscow Metro"). The Moscow station is decorated with murals by artist [Ivan Nikolaev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nikolaev "Ivan Nikolaev") depicting scenes from Dostoevsky's works, such as controversial suicides.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-193)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-NPR.org_2010-194)
In 2021, [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") celebrated the 200th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-195)
### Criticism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Criticism")\]
Dostoevsky's work did not always gain a positive reception. Some critics, such as [Nikolay Dobrolyubov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Dobrolyubov "Nikolay Dobrolyubov"), [Ivan Bunin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bunin "Ivan Bunin") and [Vladimir Nabokov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov "Vladimir Nabokov"), viewed his writing as excessively psychological and philosophical rather than artistic. Others found fault with chaotic and disorganized plots, and others, like Turgenev, objected to "excessive psychologizing" and too-detailed naturalism. His style was deemed "prolix, repetitious and lacking in polish, balance, restraint and good taste". [Saltykov-Shchedrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltykov-Shchedrin "Saltykov-Shchedrin"), [Nikolay Mikhaylovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky "Nikolay Mikhaylovsky") and others criticised his puppet-like characters, most prominently in *The Idiot*, *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (*The Possessed*, *The Devils*)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Demons-Possessed-196) and *The Brothers Karamazov*. These characters were compared to those of Hoffmann, an author whom Dostoevsky admired.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerras19983%E2%80%934-197)
Basing his estimation on stated criteria of enduring art and individual genius, Nabokov judges Dostoevsky "not a great writer, but rather a mediocre one—with flashes of excellent humour but, alas, with wastelands of literary platitudes in between." Nabokov complains that the novels are peopled by "neurotics and lunatics" and states that Dostoevsky's characters do not develop: "We get them all complete at the beginning of the tale and so they remain." He finds the novels full of contrived "surprises and complications of plot", which are effective when first read, but on second reading, without the shock and benefit of these surprises, appear loaded with "glorified cliché".[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Nabokov-198) The Scottish poet and critic [Edwin Muir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Muir "Edwin Muir"), however, addressed criticism regarding the quality of Dostoevsky's characters, noting that "regarding the 'oddness' of Dostoevsky's characters, it has been pointed out that they perhaps only seem 'pathological', whereas in reality they are 'only visualized more clearly than any figures in imaginative literature'."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-199)
### Reputation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Reputation")\]
Dostoevsky's books have been translated into more than 170 languages.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989foreword-200) The German translator Wilhelm Wolfsohn published one of the first translations, parts of *Poor Folk*, in an 1846–1847 magazine,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier-Gr%C3%A4fe1988492-201) and a French translation followed. French, German and Italian translations usually came directly from the original, while English translations were second-hand and of poor quality.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn200726-202) The first English translations were by Marie von Thilo in 1881, but the first highly regarded ones were produced between 1912 and 1920 by [Constance Garnett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett "Constance Garnett").[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesTerry2010216-203) Her flowing and easy translations helped popularise Dostoevsky's novels in anglophone countries, and Bakhtin's *Problems of Dostoevsky's Creative Art* (1929) (republished and revised as *[Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problems_of_Dostoevsky%27s_Poetics "Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics")* in 1963) provided further understanding of his style.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-204)
Dostoevsky's works have been interpreted in film and on stage in many different countries. Princess Varvara Dmitrevna Obolenskaya was among the first to propose staging *Crime and Punishment*. Dostoevsky did not refuse permission, but he advised against it, as he believed that "each art corresponds to a series of poetic thoughts, so that one idea cannot be expressed in another non-corresponding form". His extensive explanations in opposition to the transposition of his works into other media were groundbreaking in fidelity criticism. He thought that just one episode should be dramatized, or an idea should be taken and incorporated into a separate plot.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurry20113-205) According to critic Alexander Burry, some of the most effective adaptions are [Sergei Prokofiev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev")'s opera *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(Prokofiev\) "The Gambler (Prokofiev)")*, [Leoš Janáček](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek "Leoš Janáček")'s opera *[From the House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_House_of_the_Dead "From the House of the Dead")*, [Akira Kurosawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa "Akira Kurosawa")'s film *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(1951_film\) "The Idiot (1951 film)")* and [Andrzej Wajda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda "Andrzej Wajda")'s film *[The Possessed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Possessed_\(1988_film\) "The Possessed (1988 film)")*.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurry20115-206)
After the [1917 Russian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Russian_Revolution "1917 Russian Revolution"), passages of Dostoevsky books were sometimes shortened, although only two books were censored: *Demons*[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-207) and *Diary of a Writer*.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-208) His philosophy, particularly in *Demons*, was deemed anti-capitalist but also anti-Communist and reactionary.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20077%E2%80%938-209)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-210) According to historian Boris Ilizarov, Stalin read Dostoevsky's *The Brothers Karamazov* several times.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-211)
## Works
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Works")\]
Dostoevsky's works of fiction include 16 novels and novellas, 16 short stories, and 5 translations. Many of his longer novels were first published in [serialized form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_\(literature\) "Serial (literature)") in literary magazines and journals. The years given below indicate the year in which the novel's final part or first complete book edition was published. In English many of his novels and stories are known by different titles.
### Major works
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Major works")\]
#### *Poor Folk*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Poor Folk")\]
Main article: [Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")
*Poor Folk* is an [epistolary novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolary_novel "Epistolary novel") that depicts the relationship between the small, elderly official Makar Devushkin and the young seamstress Varvara Dobroselova, remote relatives who write letters to each other. Makar's tender, sentimental adoration for Varvara and her confident, warm friendship for him explain their evident preference for a simple life, although it keeps them in humiliating poverty. An unscrupulous merchant finds the inexperienced girl and hires her as his housewife and guarantor. He sends her to a manor somewhere on a steppe, while Makar alleviates his misery and pain with alcohol.
The story focuses on poor people who struggle with their lack of self-esteem. Their misery leads to the loss of their inner freedom, to dependence on the social authorities, and to the extinction of their individuality. Dostoevsky shows how poverty and dependence are indissolubly aligned with deflection and deformation of self-esteem, combining inward and outward suffering.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198969%E2%80%93103-212)
#### *Notes from Underground*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Notes from Underground")\]
Main article: [Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")
*Notes from Underground* is split into two stylistically different parts, the first essay-like, the second in narrative style. The protagonist and first-person narrator is an unnamed 40-year-old civil servant known as The Underground Man. The only known facts about his situation are that he has quit the service, lives in a basement flat on the outskirts of Saint Petersburg and finances his livelihood from a modest inheritance.
The first part is a record of his thoughts about society and his character. He describes himself as vicious, squalid and ugly; the chief focuses of his polemic are the "modern human" and his vision of the world, which he attacks severely and cynically, and towards which he develops aggression and vengefulness. He considers his own decline natural and necessary. Although he emphasizes that he does not intend to publish his notes for the public, the narrator appeals repeatedly to an ill-described audience, whose questions he tries to address.
In the second part he describes scenes from his life that are responsible for his failure in personal and professional life and in his love life. He tells of meeting old school friends, who are in secure positions and treat him with condescension. His aggression turns inward on to himself and he tries to humiliate himself further. He presents himself as a possible savior to the poor prostitute Liza, advising her to reject self-reproach when she looks to him for hope. Dostoevsky added a short commentary saying that although the storyline and characters are fictional, such things were inevitable in contemporary society.
The Underground Man was very influential for philosophers. His alienated existence from the mainstream influenced [modernist literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_literature "Modernist literature").[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-213)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-214)
#### *Crime and Punishment*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Crime and Punishment")\]
Main article: [Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")
The novel *Crime and Punishment* has received both critical and popular acclaim. It remains one of the most influential and widely read novels in [Russian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature "Russian literature"), and has been sometimes described as Dostoevsky's [magnum opus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece "Masterpiece").[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-215)
*Crime and Punishment* follows the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of [Rodion Raskolnikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Raskolnikov "Rodion Raskolnikov"), an impoverished ex-student in Saint Petersburg who plans to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker, an old woman who stores money and valuable objects in her flat. He theorises that with the money he could liberate himself from poverty and go on to perform great deeds, and seeks to convince himself that certain crimes are justifiable if they are committed in order to remove obstacles to the higher goals of 'extraordinary' men. Once the deed is done, however, he finds himself racked with confusion, paranoia, and disgust. His theoretical justifications lose all their power as he struggles with guilt and horror and confronts both the internal and external consequences of his deed.
[Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov") remarked that "Only *Crime and Punishment* was read in 1866" and that Dostoevsky had managed to portray a Russian person aptly and realistically.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989183-216) In contrast, [Grigory Eliseev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Eliseev "Grigory Eliseev") of the radical magazine *[The Contemporary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Contemporary "The Contemporary")* called the novel a "fantasy according to which the entire student body is accused without exception of attempting murder and robbery".[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank199745,_60%E2%80%93182-217) The *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")* describes *Crime and Punishment* as "a masterpiece" and "one of the finest studies of the psychopathology of guilt written in any language."[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-218)
#### *The Idiot*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: The Idiot")\]
Main article: [The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")
The title is an ironic reference to the central character of the novel, [Prince](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz "Knyaz") [Lev Nikolayevich Myshkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Myshkin "Prince Myshkin"), a young man whose goodness, open-hearted simplicity and guilelessness lead many of the more worldly characters he encounters to mistakenly assume that he lacks intelligence and insight. In the character of Prince Myshkin, Dostoevsky set himself the task of depicting "the positively good and beautiful man."[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-219) The novel examines the consequences of placing such a singular individual at the center of the conflicts, desires, passions and egoism of worldly society, both for the man himself and for those with whom he becomes involved.
[Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)") describes *The Idiot* as "the most personal of all Dostoevsky's major works, the book in which he embodies his most intimate, cherished, and sacred convictions."[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdostoevskywriter00fran_254pagen601_p._577]-220) It includes descriptions of some of his most intense personal ordeals, such as epilepsy and mock execution, and explores moral, spiritual and philosophical themes consequent upon them. His primary motivation in writing the novel was to subject his own highest ideal, that of true Christian love, to the crucible of contemporary Russian society.
#### *Demons*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Demons")\]
Main article: [Demons (Dostoevsky novel)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")
*Demons* is a social and political satire, a psychological drama, and large-scale tragedy. [Joyce Carol Oates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates "Joyce Carol Oates") has described it as "Dostoevsky's most confused and violent novel, and his most satisfactorily 'tragic' work."[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-221) According to [Ronald Hingley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hingley "Ronald Hingley"), it is Dostoevsky's "greatest onslaught on Nihilism", and "one of humanity's most impressive achievements—perhaps even its supreme achievement—in the art of prose fiction."[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingley1978158%E2%80%939-222)
*Demons* is an allegory of the potentially catastrophic consequences of the political and moral [nihilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism "Nihilism") that were becoming prevalent in Russia in the 1860s.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-223) A fictional town descends into chaos as it becomes the focal point of an attempted revolution, orchestrated by master conspirator Pyotr Verkhovensky. The mysterious aristocratic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin—Verkhovensky's counterpart in the moral sphere—dominates the book, exercising an extraordinary influence over the hearts and minds of almost all the other characters. The idealistic, Western-influenced generation of the 1840s, epitomized in the character of Stepan Verkhovensky (who is both Pyotr Verkhovensky's father and Nikolai Stavrogin's childhood teacher), is presented as the unconscious progenitors and helpless accomplices of the "demonic" forces that take possession of the town.
#### *The Brothers Karamazov*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: The Brothers Karamazov")\]
Main article: [The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")
*The Brothers Karamazov* is Dostoevsky's largest work. It received both critical and popular acclaim and, like *Crime and Punishment*, is often cited as his magnum opus.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003390%E2%80%93441-224) Composed of 12 "books", the novel tells the story of three brothers: the novice monk [Alyosha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyosha_Karamazov "Alyosha Karamazov"), the non-believer Ivan, and the soldier Dmitri. The main plot is the death of their father Fyodor Karamazov, while other parts are philosophical and religious arguments by Father Zosima to Alyosha.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705-225)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414-226)
The most famous chapter is "[The Grand Inquisitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Inquisitor "The Grand Inquisitor")", a [parable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable "Parable") told by Ivan to Alyosha about Christ's [Second Coming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming "Second Coming") in [Seville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville "Seville"), Spain, in which Christ is imprisoned by a ninety-year-old Catholic [Grand Inquisitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor "Grand Inquisitor"). Instead of answering him, Christ gives him a kiss, and the Inquisitor subsequently releases him, telling him not to return. The tale has been misunderstood as a defence of the Inquisitor, but some, such as [Romano Guardini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Guardini "Romano Guardini"), argue that the Christ of the parable was Ivan's own interpretation of Christ, "the idealistic product of the unbelief". Ivan, however, has stated that he is against Christ. Most contemporary critics and scholars agree that Dostoevsky is attacking Roman Catholicism and socialist atheism, both represented by the Inquisitor. He warns the readers against a terrible revelation in the future, referring to the [Donation of Pepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin "Donation of Pepin") around 750 and the [Spanish Inquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition "Spanish Inquisition") in the 16th century, which in his view corrupted true Christianity.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller198291%E2%80%93103-227)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705-225)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414-226)
[Sigmund Freud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud") wrote an essay called "[Dostoevsky and Parricide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_and_Parricide "Dostoevsky and Parricide")" (German: Dostojewski und die Vatertötung) as an introductory article to a scholarly collection on *The Brothers Karamazov*.
### Bibliography
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]
Main article: [Fyodor Dostoevsky bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky_bibliography "Fyodor Dostoevsky bibliography")
| | |
|---|---|
| Novels and novellas \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Novels and novellas")\] (1846) *[Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")* (1846) *[The Double](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "The Double (Dostoevsky novel)")* (1847) *[The Landlady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlady_\(novella\) "The Landlady (novella)")* (novella) (1849) *[Netochka Nezvanova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netochka_Nezvanova_\(novel\) "Netochka Nezvanova (novel)")* (unfinished) (1859) *[Uncle's Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%27s_Dream "Uncle's Dream")* (novella) (1859) *[The Village of Stepanchikovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_of_Stepanchikovo "The Village of Stepanchikovo")* (1861) *[Humiliated and Insulted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted "Humiliated and Insulted")* (1862) *[The House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_\(novel\) "The House of the Dead (novel)")* (1864) *[Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")* (novella) (1866) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(novel\) "The Gambler (novel)")* (1869) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1870) *[The Eternal Husband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Husband "The Eternal Husband")* (1872) *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (also titled: *The Possessed*, *The Devils*)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Demons-Possessed-196) (1875) *[The Adolescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adolescent "The Adolescent")* (1880) *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* | Short stories \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Short stories")\] (1846) "[Mr. Prokharchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Prokharchin "Mr. Prokharchin")" (1847) "Novel in Nine Letters" (1848) "[Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Man%27s_Wife_and_a_Husband_Under_the_Bed "Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed")" (merger of "Another Man's Wife" and "A Jealous Husband") (1848) "A Weak Heart" (1848) "Polzunkov" (1848) "[An Honest Thief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Honest_Thief "An Honest Thief")" (1848) "[A Christmas Tree and a Wedding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Tree_and_a_Wedding "A Christmas Tree and a Wedding")" (1848) "[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(short_story\) "White Nights (short story)")" (1849) "A Little Hero" (1862) "[A Nasty Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nasty_Story "A Nasty Story")" (1865) "[The Crocodile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crocodile_\(short_story\) "The Crocodile (short story)")" (1873) "[Bobok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobok "Bobok")" (1876) "[The Heavenly Christmas Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar_Boy_at_Christ%27s_Christmas_Tree "The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree")" (also titled: "The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree")[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-228) (1876) "[A Gentle Creature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature "A Gentle Creature")" (also titled: "The Meek One") (1876) "[The Peasant Marey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasant_Marey "The Peasant Marey")" (1877) "[The Dream of a Ridiculous Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_of_a_Ridiculous_Man "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man")" |
#### Essay collections
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Essay collections")\]
- *[Winter Notes on Summer Impressions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Notes_on_Summer_Impressions "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions")* (1863)
- *[A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary")* (1873–1881)
#### Translations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Translations")\]
- (1843) *[Eugénie Grandet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet "Eugénie Grandet")* ([Honoré de Balzac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac "Honoré de Balzac"))
- (1843) *La dernière Aldini* ([George Sand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand "George Sand"))
- (1843) *[Mary Stuart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_\(Schiller_play\) "Mary Stuart (Schiller play)")* ([Friedrich Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller "Friedrich Schiller"))
#### Personal letters
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Personal letters")\]
- (1912) *Letters of Fyodor Michailovitch Dostoevsky to His Family and Friends* by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Author), translator Ethel Colburn Mayne Kessinger Publishing, LLC (26 May 2006) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4286-1333-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-1333-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-1333-1")
#### Posthumously published notebooks
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Posthumously published notebooks")\]
- (1922) *Stavrogin's Confession & the Plan of the Life of a Great Sinner* – English translation by [Virginia Woolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf") and [S.S. Koteliansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Koteliansky "S.S. Koteliansky")
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [Ecstatic seizures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstatic_seizures "Ecstatic seizures")
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: References")\]
### Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-3)**
[UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English "British English"): [/ˌdɒstɔɪˈɛfski/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [*DOST\-oy-EF\-skee*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key"),[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-:0-1)
[US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English "American English"): [/ˌdɒstəˈjɛfski, ˌdʌst\-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English")
[*DOST\-ə-YEF\-skee, DUST\-*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key");[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-:1-2) [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский,
[romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian "Romanization of Russian"):
*Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevskiy*,
IPA: [\[ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian "Help:IPA/Russian") [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ru-Dostoevsky.ogg "File:Ru-Dostoevsky.ogg").
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-4)** In this name that follows [East Slavic naming customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs "East Slavic naming customs"), the [patronymic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic "Patronymic") is *Mikhailovich* and the [family name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname "Surname") is *Dostoevsky*. Dostoevsky's name has been variously transcribed into English, his first name sometimes being rendered as *Theodore* or *Fedor* and his last name as *Dostoyevsky*.
Before the postrevolutionary [orthographic reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#The_post-revolution_reform "Reforms of Russian orthography") which, among other things, replaced the Cyrillic letter [Ѳ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%B2 "Ѳ") with [Ф](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4 "Ф"), his name was written Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-71)** *Time* magazine was a popular periodical with more than 4,000 subscribers before it was closed on 24 May 1863 by the Tsarist Regime after publishing an essay by [Nikolay Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov") about the [Polish revolt in Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising "January Uprising"). *Vremya* and its 1864 successor *[Epokha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_\(Russian_magazine\) "Epoch (Russian magazine)")* expressed the philosophy of the conservative and [Slavophile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavophile "Slavophile") movement *[Pochvennichestvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvennichestvo "Pochvennichestvo")*, supported by Dostoevsky during his term of imprisonment and in the following years.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank198834%E2%80%9364-70)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-95)** Another reason for his abstinence might have been the closure of casinos in Germany in 1872 and 1873 (it was not until the rise of Adolf Hitler that they were reopened)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989245-93) or his entering a synagogue that he confused with a gambling hall. According to biographer [Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)"), Dostoevsky took that as a sign not to gamble any more.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003639-94)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-121)** The hemorrhage could also have been triggered by heated disputes with his sister Vera about his aunt Aleksandra Kumanina's estate, which was settled on 30 March and discussed in the St Petersburg City Court on 24 July 1879.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997309%E2%80%9316-118)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004xxxiii-119) Anna later acquired a part of his estate consisting of around 185 [desiatina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiatina "Desiatina") (around 500 acres or 202 [ha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare "Hectare")) of forest and 92 desiatina of farmland.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004223-120)
### Citations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Citations")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-:0_1-0)**
[Jones, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_\(phonetician\) "Daniel Jones (phonetician)") (2011). [Roach, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roach_\(phonetician\) "Peter Roach (phonetician)"); [Setter, Jane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Setter "Jane Setter"); [Esling, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esling "John Esling") (eds.). "Dostoievski, Dostoevsky". *[Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary "English Pronouncing Dictionary")* (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-15255-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6")
.
`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN "Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN"))
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-:1_2-0)** ["Dostoevsky"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dostoevsky). *[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary "Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary")*.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Morson_Britannica_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Morson_Britannica_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Morson_Britannica_5-2)
[Morson, Gary Saul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Saul_Morson "Gary Saul Morson") (7 November 2024). ["Fyodor Dostoyevsky"](http://britannica.com/biography/Fyodor-Dostoyevsky). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")*. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-6)**
[Burt, Daniel S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burt_\(author\) "Daniel Burt (author)") (2009). [*The Literary 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time*](http://archive.org/details/literary100ranki0000burt_v6e1). Internet Archive. New York, NY : Facts on File. p. 51. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8160-6267-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6267-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6267-6")
.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-7)**
[Popova, Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Popova "Maria Popova") (30 January 2012). ["The Greatest Books of All Time, as Voted by 125 Famous Authors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231030080041/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/). *The Atlantic*. Archived from [the original](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/) on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-8)**
Leigh, David J. (2010). ["The Philosophy and Theology of Fyodor Dostoevsky"](https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/uram.33.1-2.85). *Ultimate Reality and Meaning*. **33** (1–2\): 85–103\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3138/uram.33.1-2.85](https://doi.org/10.3138%2Furam.33.1-2.85).
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-9)** Geraci, Robert. 2016. "Islam." In *Dostoevsky in Context*, Literature in Context, eds. Deborah A. Martinsen and Olga Maiorova. Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). chapter, 209–18: "By Dostoevsky's time, numerous Russian noble families bore the Russianized names of Muslim-Turkic forebears. Though one of his ancestors, Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, had defected from the Golden Horde to Muscovy in 1389 after being converted to Orthodoxy by Dmitry Donskoi, that lineage was not reflected in Dostoevsky's surname."
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-10)** Dominique Arban, *Dostoïevski*, Seuil, 1995, p. 5
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935_11-1) [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 1–5.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322_12-1) [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 6–22.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198911_13-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 11.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-14)**
Terras, Victor (1985). [*Handbook of Russian Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VjKh2gkCudAC&pg=PA102). Yale University Press. p. 102. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-300-04868-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04868-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04868-1")
.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom20049_15-0)** [Bloom (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloom2004), p. 9.
14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger200872_16-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger200872_16-1) [Breger (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBreger2008), p. 72.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200223_17-0)** [Leatherbarrow (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLeatherbarrow2002), p. 23.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896%E2%80%9311_18-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 6–11.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354_19-1) [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 23–54.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-20)**
["Natural School (Натуральная школа)"](http://www.hrono.ru/organ/rossiya/natur_scol.php). Brief Literary Encyclopedia in 9 Volumes. Moscow. 1968. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky19674_21-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), p. 4.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz200461_22-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 61.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-23)**
Ruttenburg, Nancy (4 January 2010). [*Dostoevsky's Democracy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MLKbtdvf2fUC&pg=PA76). [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). pp. 76–77\.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-24)**
["ДОСТОЕВСКИЙ ФЁДОР МИХАЙЛОВИЧ"](https://w.histrf.ru/articles/dostoevskiy-fedor-mihaylovich). *w.histrf.ru*. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896_25-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 6.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198939_26-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 39.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198914%E2%80%9315_27-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 14–15.
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198917%E2%80%9323_28-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 17–23.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%9390_29-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 69–90.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz20042_30-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 2.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198924%E2%80%937_31-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 24–7.
30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111_32-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111_32-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111_32-2) [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 69–111.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin199759_33-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 59.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-34)** Reik, Theodor (1940). ["The Study on Dostoyevsky."](https://archive.org/stream/Reik_1940_From_Thirty_Years_with_Freud#page/n175/mode/2up) In *From Thirty Years with Freud*, Farrar & Rhinehart, Inc., pp. 158–76.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004109_35-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 109.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198931%E2%80%9336_36-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 31–36.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979114%E2%80%9315_37-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 114–15.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger2008104_38-0)** [Breger (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBreger2008), p. 104.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-39)**
Grossman, Leonid (2011).
Достоевский
\[*Dostoevsky*\] (in Russian). [AST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AST_\(publisher\) "AST (publisher)"). p. 536.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198936%E2%80%9337_40-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 36–37.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin199773_41-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 73.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979113%E2%80%9357_42-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 113–57.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198942%E2%80%9349_43-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 42–49.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979159%E2%80%9382_44-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 159–82.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198953%E2%80%9355_45-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 53–55.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967115%E2%80%9321_46-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), pp. 115–21.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198959_47-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 59.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979239%E2%80%9346,_259%E2%80%93346_48-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 239–46, 259–346.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198958%E2%80%9369_49-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 58–69.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA152_pp._152%E2%80%93158]_50-0)** [Frank & (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [pp. 152–158](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA152).
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky196799%E2%80%93101_51-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), pp. 99–101.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Belinsky_52-0)** Belinsky, Vissarion (1847). [Letter to Gogol](http://academic.shu.edu/russianhistory/index.php/Vissarion_Belinsky,_Letter_to_Gogol). *Documents in Russian History*, Seton Hall University. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967121%E2%80%9333_53-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), pp. 121–33.
52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368_54-1) [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 6–68.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198972%E2%80%9379_55-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 72–79.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198979%E2%80%9396_56-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 79–96.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997113_57-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 113.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-58)** Pisma, I: pp. 135–37.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198996%E2%80%93108_59-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 96–108.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-60)** In the semi-autobiographical "The House of the Dead", the attitude of Poles towards the main character, who is Dostoyevsky's alter ego, can be described as friendly. They basically treat him as their equal, partly because of what they had in common: nobility, higher education and idealistic beliefs.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-61)**
["Gallery"](https://fyodor-dostoevsky.com/gallery/).
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9320_62-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 8–20.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997107%E2%80%9321_63-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), pp. 107–21.
62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989112%E2%80%9313_64-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 112–13.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1987165%E2%80%93267_65-0)** [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 165–267.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989108%E2%80%9313_66-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 108–13.
65. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168_67-1) [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 168.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1987175%E2%80%93221_68-0)** [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 175–221.
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989115%E2%80%9363_69-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 115–63.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank198834%E2%80%9364_70-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 34–64.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1987290_et_seq_72-0)** [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 290 et seq.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9362_73-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 8–62.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989135%E2%80%9337_74-0)** [Kjetsaa 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 135–37.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1988233%E2%80%9349_75-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 233–49.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989143%E2%80%9345_76-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 143–45.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-77)**
Simpson, Tim (2023). *Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution*. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis MN: [University of Minnesota Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press "University of Minnesota Press"). p. 276. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5179-0031-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1")
.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1988197%E2%80%93211,_283%E2%80%9394,_248%E2%80%93365_78-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 197–211, 283–94, 248–365.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989151%E2%80%9375_79-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 151–75.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA462_462]_80-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [462](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA462).
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200283_81-0)** [Leatherbarrow (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLeatherbarrow2002), p. 83.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank199742%E2%80%93183_82-0)** [Frank (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), pp. 42–183.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989162%E2%80%9396_83-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 162–96.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997178_84-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 178.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-85)**
Moss, Walter G. (2002). [*Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PS3_6phMOS0C&pg=PA128). Anthem Press. pp. 128–33\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-85728-763-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-763-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-763-2")
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83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-86)**
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87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1997151%E2%80%93363_90-0)** [Frank 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), pp. 151–363.
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151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197922%E2%80%9323_156-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 22–23.
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154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA110_p._110]_159-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [p. 110](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA110).
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156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerras199859_161-0)** [Terras (1998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFTerras1998), p. 59.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerras199814_162-0)** [Terras (1998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFTerras1998), p. 14.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20073_163-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), p. 3.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004167%E2%80%9370_164-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 167–70.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004361%E2%80%9364_165-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 361–64.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScanlan200259_166-0)** [Scanlan (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFScanlan2002), p. 59.
162. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Bakhtin1984_np_167-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Bakhtin1984_np_167-1) Bakhtin, M.M. (1984) *Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics*. Edited and translated by Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-168)**
Kvas, Kornelije (2019). *The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature*. Translated by Novica Petrović. Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield). p. 101. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-7936-0910-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6")
.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauer2000364_169-0)** [Lauer (2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLauer2000), p. 364.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010369_170-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), p. 369.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Dosteoevsky_171-0)**
[Aimée Dostoyevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Dostoevskaya "Lyubov Dostoevskaya") (1921). *Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Study*. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. [p. 218](https://books.google.com/books?id=n7fb7eH6nRUC&pg=PA218).
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-172)**
[Vucinich, Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vucinich "Alexander Vucinich") (2001). *Einstein and Soviet Ideology*. [Stanford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press "Stanford University Press"). [p. 181](https://books.google.com/books?id=f_-lAYZzP1UC&pg=PA181). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8047-4209-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4209-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4209-2")
.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-173)**
[Freud, Sigmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud") (1961). *The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud*. The Hogarth Press. p. 177.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-174)**
Rieff, Philip (1979). [*Freud, the Mind of the Moralist*](https://archive.org/details/freudmindofmoral0000rief) (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. [p. 132](https://archive.org/details/freudmindofmoral0000rief/page/132). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780226716398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226716398 "Special:BookSources/9780226716398")
.
170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19827_175-0)** [Müller (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFM%C3%BCller1982), p. 7.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-176)** See. KSA 13, 14\[222\] and 15\[9\]
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-177)**
[Dahiya, Bhim S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhim_S._Dahiya "Bhim S. Dahiya") (1992). [*Hemingway's A Farewell To Arms: a Critical Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=O5kw7ukXZ3gC&pg=PA15). Academic Foundation. p. 15. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-81-269-0772-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0772-4 "Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0772-4")
.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-178)**
Power, Arthur (2000). Hart, Clive (ed.). *Conversations with James Joyce*. Introduction by David Norris. [The Lilliput Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lilliput_Press "The Lilliput Press"). pp. 51–60\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781901866414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901866414 "Special:BookSources/9781901866414")
.
174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-179)**
[Woolf, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf") (1984). "Chapter 16: The Russian Point of View". In Mcneillie, Andrew (ed.). [*The Common Reader*](https://archive.org/details/commonreader00wool_0). A Harvest Book – Harcourt. [p. 178](https://archive.org/details/commonreader00wool_0/page/178/mode/2up?q=exciting). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[015602778X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/015602778X "Special:BookSources/015602778X")
.
175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-180)**
Bridgwater, Patrick (2003). [*Kafka: Gothic and Fairytale*](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2_4TSvSO2gC&pg=PA9). Rodopi. p. 9. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-90-420-1194-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1194-6 "Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1194-6")
.
176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-181)**
Struc, Roman S. (1981). ["Kafka and Dostoevsky as 'Blood Relatives'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121004214338/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/02/111.shtml). *Dostoevsky Studies*. **2**. [University of Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") – International Dostoevsky Society: 111–7\. Archived from [the original](http://sites.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/02/111.shtml) on 4 October 2012.
177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19828_182-0)** [Müller (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFM%C3%BCller1982), p. 8.
178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavrin1947161_183-0)** [Lavrin (1947)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLavrin1947), p. 161.
179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20075_184-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), p. 5.
180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavrin200538_185-0)** [Lavrin (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLavrin2005), p. 38.
181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurry201157_186-0)** [Burry (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBurry2011), p. 57.
182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger2008270_187-0)** [Breger (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBreger2008), p. 270.
183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-188)**
["'Oru Sankeerthanam Pole' goes into 100th edition"](https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/nov/26/oru-sankeerthanam-pole-goes-into-100th-edition-1711185.html). *[The New Indian Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express "The New Indian Express")*. No. 26 November 2017.
184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-189)**
["Russian Postage Stamps of 1956–1960"](http://www.stamprussia.com/56.htm). [Soyuzpechat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuzpechat "Soyuzpechat"). Retrieved 5 November 2017.
185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-190)**
["Museum"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080117112658/http://eng.md.spb.ru/museum/) (in Russian). [F.M. Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_Museum "Dostoevsky Museum"). Archived from [the original](http://eng.md.spb.ru/museum/) on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-191)**
[Радио ФИНАМ ФМ 99.6](http://finam.fm/broadcast/29/)
(in Russian). ФИНАМ. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-192)**
[Результаты Интернет голосования](https://web.archive.org/web/20170827115011/http://www.nameofrussia.ru/rating.html)
\[Internet voting results\] (in Russian). [Name of Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Russia_\(Russia_TV\) "Name of Russia (Russia TV)"). Archived from [the original](http://www.nameofrussia.ru/rating.html) on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-193)**
["Liublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line / Dostoevskaya"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120310104241/http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=561). [Moscow Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro "Moscow Metro"). Archived from [the original](http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=561) on 10 March 2012.
189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-NPR.org_2010_194-0)**
Greene, David (9 August 2010). ["A Dark View Of Dostoevsky On The Moscow Subway"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128954859). *NPR*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204012553/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128954859) from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
190. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-195)**
Babich, Dmitry (10 November 2021). ["Dostoyevsky's 200th Anniversary Celebrated in Kazakhstan, the Land of His Formative Years"](https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/dostoyevskys-200th-anniversary-celebrated-in-kazakhstan-the-land-of-his-formative-years/). *The Astana Times*. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
191. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Demons-Possessed_196-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Demons-Possessed_196-1) The 1872 novel ″Demons″, Russian: Бесы, *Bésy*, by Fyodor Dostoevsky is sometimes also titled *The Possessed* or *The Devils*
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerras19983%E2%80%934_197-0)** [Terras 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFTerras1998), pp. 3–4.
193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Nabokov_198-0)**
Nabokov, Vladamir (1981). *Lectures on Russian Literature*. Harvest Book/Harcourt. pp. 97–135\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-15-602776-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602776-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602776-2")
.
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-199)**
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (12 June 2008). *The Karamazov Brothers*. OUP Oxford. pp. xx. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780191647802](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191647802 "Special:BookSources/9780191647802")
.
195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989foreword_200-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. foreword.
196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier-Gr%C3%A4fe1988492_201-0)** [Meier-Gräfe (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMeier-Gr%C3%A4fe1988), p. 492.
197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn200726_202-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), p. 26.
198. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesTerry2010216_203-0)** [Jones & Terry (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFJonesTerry2010), p. 216.
199. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-204)**
France, Peter (2001). [*The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pmNoS2dndKsC&pg=PA594). Oxford University Press. pp. 594–98\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-818359-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818359-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818359-4")
.
200. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurry20113_205-0)** [Burry (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBurry2011), p. 3.
201. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurry20115_206-0)** [Burry (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBurry2011), p. 5.
202. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-207)**
["\[Д-З\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170729223705/http://www.opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/?id=344). *Forbidden Books of Russian Writers and Literary Scientists, 1917–1991* (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://www.opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/?id=344) on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
203. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-208)**
["3.3. Книги об отдельных писателях"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180220061102/http://opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/kritik/?id=579). *Forbidden Books of Russian Writers and Literary Scientists, 1917–1991*. Archived from [the original](http://www.opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/kritik/?id=579) on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
204. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20077%E2%80%938_209-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), pp. 7–8.
205. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-210)**
Lenin read Dostoevsky in a more-nuanced way than others, describing *Demons* (1871–72) as "repulsive but great". See
Waite, Geoff; Cernia Slovin, Francesca (2016). "Nietzsche with Dostoevsky: Unrequited Collaborators in Crime without Punishment". In Jeff Love; Jeffrey Metzger (eds.). *Nietzsche and Dostoevsky: Philosophy, Morality, Tragedy*. Chicago: Northwestern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780810133969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810133969 "Special:BookSources/9780810133969")
.
For a summary of the Soviet reception of Dostoevsky, see
Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). *Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era* (1st ed.). Princeton Univ. Press. p. 94. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780691094595](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691094595 "Special:BookSources/9780691094595")
.
206. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-211)**
Vladimir Bushin.
[Враньё от юного папуаса](https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201750/http://gazeta-pravda.ru/content/view/115/)
\[Fids from a young Papuan\]. *[Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda "Pravda")* (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://gazeta-pravda.ru/content/view/115/) on 29 October 2013.
207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198969%E2%80%93103_212-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 69–103.
208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-213)**
Halliwell, Martin (2006). [*Transatlantic Modernism: Moral Dilemmas in Modernist Fiction*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RXLT4Gu4aQ4C). Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7486-2393-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2393-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2393-8")
.
209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-214)**
Eysteinsson, Ástráður (1990). [*The Concept of Modernism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=peKRAu4U458C&pg=PA29). Cornell University Press. p. 29. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8014-8077-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8077-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8077-5")
.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-215)**
Arntfield, Michael (2017). [*Murder in Plain English*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3l9xDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42). New York City: Prometheus. p. 42. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781633882546](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781633882546 "Special:BookSources/9781633882546")
.
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989183_216-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 183.
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank199745,_60%E2%80%93182_217-0)** [Frank (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), p. 45, 60–182.
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-218)**
[Cregan-Reid, Vybarr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vybarr_Cregan-Reid "Vybarr Cregan-Reid"); Bauer, Pat. ["Crime and Punishment"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crime-and-Punishment-novel). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-219)**
Dostoevsky letter quoted in Peace, Richard (1971). *Dostoyevsky: An Examination of the Major Novels*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–63\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-521-07911-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07911-X "Special:BookSources/0-521-07911-X")
.
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdostoevskywriter00fran_254pagen601_p._577]_220-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [p. 577](https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran_254/page/n601).
216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-221)**
Oates, Joyce Carol (January 1978). "The tragic vision of *The Possessed*". *The Georgia Review*. **32** (4 – Winter 1978): 868.
See also in [Celestial Timepiece Blog](http://celestialtimepiece.com/2015/01/28/tragic-rites-in-dostoyevskys-the-possessed/).
217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingley1978158%E2%80%939_222-0)** [Hingley (1978)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFHingley1978), pp. 158–9.
218. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-223)**
Rollberg, Peter (2014). "Mastermind, Terrorist, Enigma: Dostoevsky's Nikolai Stavrogin". *Perspectives on Political Science*. **43** (3): 143–52\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10457097.2014.917244](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10457097.2014.917244). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [145671815](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145671815).
219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003390%E2%80%93441_224-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 390–441.
220. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705_225-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705_225-1) [Frank (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), pp. 567–705.
221. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414_226-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414_226-1) [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 337–414.
222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller198291%E2%80%93103_227-0)** [Müller (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFM%C3%BCller1982), pp. 91–103.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-228)**
Dostoyefsky, F.M. (1920). "A Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree". [*Little Russian Masterpieces*](https://archive.org/details/littlerussianmas00ragouoft/page/n7/mode/2up). Chosen and translated by Zénaïde A. Ragozin. Introduction and biographical notes by S.N. Syromiatnikof. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 172.
### Bibliography
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]
- Bercken, Wil van den (2011). [*Christian Fiction and Religious Realism in the Novels of Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mFFFtwjQnigC). Anthem Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-85728-976-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-976-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-976-6")
.
- Bloshteyn, Maria R. (2007). [*The Making of a Counter-Culture Icon: Henry Miller's Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9NvAaLyYoCwC). University of Toronto Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8020-9228-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9228-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9228-1")
.
- [Breger, Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Breger "Louis Breger") (2008). [*Dostoevsky: The Author As Psychoanalyst*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vxX2JGsN7PoC). Transaction Publishers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4128-0843-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0843-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0843-9")
.
- Burry, Alexander (2011). [*Multi-Mediated Dostoevsky: Transposing Novels Into Opera, Film, and Drama*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lfLnzvLaB-kC). Northwestern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8101-2715-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2715-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2715-9")
.
- Cassedy, Steven (2005). [*Dostoevsky's Religion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DI4FUgZJ1kkC). Stanford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8047-5137-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5137-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5137-7")
.
- Cicovacki, Predrag (2012). [*Dostoevsky and the Affirmation of Life*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6wUX-eI738MC). Transaction Publishers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4128-4606-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4606-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4606-6")
.
- Goldstein, David (1981). *Dostoevsky and the Jews*. Foreword by [Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)"). University of Texas Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-292-71528-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71528-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71528-8")
.
- Hingley, Ronald (1978). *Dostoyevsky His Life and Work*. London: Paul Elek Limited. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-236-40121-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-236-40121-1 "Special:BookSources/0-236-40121-1")
.
- Jones, Malcolm V. (2005). [*Dostoevsky And the Dynamics of Religious Experience*](https://books.google.com/books?id=L52TNlWprfcC). Anthem Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84331-205-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-205-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-205-5")
.
- Jones, Malcolm V.; Terry, Garth M. (2010). [*New Essays on Dostoyevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UH_VyT6nscwC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-15531-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15531-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15531-1")
.
- Lantz, Kenneth A. (2004). [*The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XfDOcmJisn0C). Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-313-30384-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30384-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30384-5")
.
- Lauer, Reinhard (2000). [*Geschichte der Russischen Literatur: von 1700 bis zur Gegenwart*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VEx1OAAACAAJ) (in German). Verlag C.H. Beck. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-406-50267-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-50267-5 "Special:BookSources/978-3-406-50267-5")
.
- [Lavrin, Janko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Lavrin "Janko Lavrin") (2005). [*Dostoevsky: A Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=57iTq6YSJbcC). Kessinger Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4179-8844-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-8844-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-8844-0")
.
- Leatherbarrow, William J (2002). [*The Cambridge Companion to Dostoevskii*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lf0xf3a6s4C). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-65473-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65473-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65473-9")
.
- [Maurina, Zenta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenta_Maurina "Zenta Maurina") (1940). *A Prophet of the Soul: Fyodor Dostoievsky*. Translated by C. P. Finlayson. James Clarke & Co. Ltd.
- [Meier-Gräfe, Julius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Meier-Graefe "Julius Meier-Graefe") (1988) \[1926\]. *Dostojewski der Dichter* (in German). Insel Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-458-32799-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-458-32799-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-458-32799-8")
.
- Mochulsky, Konstantin (1967) \[1967\]. [*Dostoevsky: His Life and Work*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mDKphT8_XLsC). Minihan, Michael A. (translator). [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01299-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01299-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01299-5")
.
- Müller, Ludolf (1982). *Dostojewskij: Sein Leben, Sein Werk, Sein Vermächtnis* (in German). Erich Wewel Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-87904-100-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87904-100-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-87904-100-8")
.
- Paperno, Irina (1997). [*Suicide as a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=m3pqf8f-6bMC). Cornell University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8014-8425-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8425-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8425-4")
.
- [Pattison, George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pattison "George Pattison"); Thompson, Diane Oenning (2001). [*Dostoevsky and the Christian tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GlLm4gbPZdQC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-78278-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78278-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78278-4")
.
- [Popović, Justin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Popovi%C4%87 "Justin Popović") (2007).
Философия и религия Достоевского
\[*Philosophical and Religious Beliefs of Dostoyevsky*\] (in Russian). Издатель Д.В. Харченко. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-985-90125-1-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-90125-1-8 "Special:BookSources/978-985-90125-1-8")
.
- Scanlan, James Patrick (2002). [*Dostoevsky the Thinker: A Philosophical Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lbMYxaFTMZAC). Cornell University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8014-3994-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3994-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3994-0")
.
- Sekirin, Peter, ed. (1997). [*The Dostoevsky Archive: Firsthand Accounts of the Novelist from Contemporaries' Memoirs and Rare Periodicals, Most Translated Into English for the First Time, with a Detailed Lifetime Chronology and Annotated Bibliography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EExUdTF7iLYC). McFarland. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7864-0264-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0264-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0264-9")
.
- Terras, Victor (1998). [*Reading Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4nV9o8k9y34C). University of Wisconsin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-299-16054-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16054-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16054-8")
.
Biographies
- [Bloom, Harold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom "Harold Bloom") (2004). [*Fyodor Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1C1K-BnFGFIC). Infobase Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7910-8117-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8117-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8117-4")
.
- [Frank, Joseph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)") (2010). [*Dostoevsky: A Writer in His Time*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780691128191](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691128191 "Special:BookSources/9780691128191")
.
- Frank, Joseph (2003) \[2002\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mQqonU-pweEC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-11569-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11569-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11569-6")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1997) \[1995\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iAs4Lz5yog0C). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01587-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01587-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01587-3")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1988) \[1986\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QJj6qb6Rh3AC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01452-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01452-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01452-4")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1987) \[1983\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859*](https://books.google.com/books?id=K98hhw0IEHgC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01422-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01422-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01422-7")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1979) \[1976\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pDEAXltygUIC). [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01355-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01355-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01355-8")
.
- [Kjetsaa, Geir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Kjetsaa "Geir Kjetsaa") (1989). [*Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Writer's Life*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2lzWAAAAMAAJ). Fawcett Columbine. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-449-90334-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90334-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90334-6")
.
- Lavrin, Janko (1947). *Dostoevsky*. New York The Macmillan Company. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [646160256](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646160256).
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- Allen, James Sloan (2008), "Condemned to Be Free," *Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life,* Savannah: Frederic C. Beil.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-929490-35-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6")
- Birmingham, Kevin. 2021. *The sinner and the saint: Dostoevsky and the gentleman murderer who inspired a masterpiece.* New York: Penguin.
- [Berdyaev, Nicolas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev "Nikolai Berdyaev") (1948). [*The Russian Idea*](https://archive.org/stream/russianidea017842mbp#page/n9/mode/2up), The Macmillan Company.
- [Bierbaum, Otto Julius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Julius_Bierbaum "Otto Julius Bierbaum") (1910–1911). ["Dostoyevsky and Nietzsche,"](https://archive.org/stream/hibbertjournal09londuoft#page/822/mode/2up) *The Hibbert Journal*, Vol. IX.
- Glouberman, Emanuel (1974). *Feodor Dostoevsky, Vladimir Soloviev, Vasilii Rozanov and Lev Shestov on Jewish and Old Testament themes* (PhD thesis). University of Michigan.
- Hubben, William. (1997). *Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka: Four Prophets of Our Destiny,* Simon & Schuster. Originally published in 1952.
- Lavrin, Janko (1918). ["Dostoyevsky and Certain of his Problems,"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054459/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814594764613.pdf) [Part II](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054146/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814596247223.pdf), [Part III](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054229/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814597776460.pdf), [Part IV](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054355/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814599287257.pdf), [Part V](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054438/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814600995148.pdf), [Part VI](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054207/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814602554005.pdf), [Part VII](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054543/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814604124778.pdf), [Part VIII](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054313/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814605608766.pdf), [Part IX](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054606/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814607139203.pdf), [Part X](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054334/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814608577430.pdf), *The New Age*, Vol. XXII, Nos. 12–21.
- Lavrin, Janko (1918). ["The Dostoyevsky Problem,"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054253/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814613531258.pdf) *The New Age*, Vol. XXII, No. 24, pp. 465–66.
- Maeztu, Ramiro de (1918). ["Dostoyevsky the Manichean,"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054418/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814611623814.pdf) *The New Age*, Vol. XXII, No. 23, 1918, pp. 449–51.
- Manning, Clarence Augustus (1922). ["Dostoyevsky and Modern Russian Literature,"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27533562) *The Sewanee Review*, Vol. 30, No. 3.
- [Seccombe, Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Seccombe "Thomas Seccombe") (1911). ["Dostoievsky, Feodor Mikhailovich"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dostoievsky,_Feodor_Mikhailovich) . In [Chisholm, Hugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm") (ed.). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 438–439\.
- Simmons, Ernest J. (1940). [*Dostoevsky: The Making Of A Novelist*](https://archive.org/stream/dostoevskythemak012344mbp#page/n5/mode/2up), Vintage Books.
- Westbrook, Perry D. (1961). [*The Greatness of Man: An Essay on Dostoyevsky and Whitman*](https://archive.org/stream/greatnessofman00west#page/n5/mode/2up). New York: Thomas Yoseloff.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: External links")\]
**Fyodor Dostoevsky** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "c:Fyodor Dostoevsky") from Commons
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg)[Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky "q:Fyodor Dostoevsky") from Wikiquote
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Fyodor_Dostoevsky "s:Author:Fyodor Dostoevsky") from Wikisource
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikidata-logo.svg)[Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991 "d:Q991") from Wikidata
**Digital collections**
- [Works by Fyodor Dostoevsky in eBook form](https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/fyodor-dostoevsky) at [Standard Ebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks "Standard Ebooks")
- [Works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/314) at [Project Gutenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg "Project Gutenberg")
- [Works by or about Fyodor Dostoevsky](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%28Fyodor+OR+F.%29+AND+%28Dostoyevsky+OR+Dostoevsky%29+%29) at the [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive")
- [Works by Fyodor Dostoevsky](https://librivox.org/author/439) at [LibriVox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox "LibriVox") (public domain audiobooks) 
- [Fyodor Dostoyevsky collection](https://onemorelibrary.com/en/languages/english/fyodor-dostoyevsky-collection-311) at One More Library
- [The complete works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky](http://ilibrary.ru/author/dostoevski/) (in Russian) – the [online published](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing "Electronic publishing") bibliography in its original language
**Scholarly works**
- [International Dostoevsky Society](https://dostoevsky.org/) – a network of scholars dedicated to studying the life and works of Fyodor Dostoevsky
- [Archives of Dostoevsky Studies](https://web.archive.org/web/20120506033225/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/issues.shtml)
[ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1013-2309](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1013-2309), a journal published from 1980 to 1988
**Other links**
- [Fyodor Dostoevsky](https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author96.htm) at the Internet Book List
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor (8 June 2016). [*A Novel in Nine Letters*](http://www.shortstoryproject.com/a-novel-in-nine-letters/). Translated by Garnett, Constance Clara.
Also available in the [original Russian](https://www.shortstoryproject.com/untranslate/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190345/https://www.shortstoryproject.com/untranslate/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85/) 15 April 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor (4 March 2017). [*The Dream of a Ridiculous Man*](https://web.archive.org/web/20180415193437/https://www.shortstoryproject.com/dream-ridiculous-man/). Translated by Garnett, Constance. Archived from [the original](https://www.shortstoryproject.com/dream-ridiculous-man/) on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- [Newspaper clippings about Fyodor Dostoevsky](http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004196) in the [20th Century Press Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives "20th Century Press Archives") of the [ZBW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics "German National Library of Economics")
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Template:Fyodor Dostoevsky") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Template talk:Fyodor Dostoevsky") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fyodor_Dostoevsky "Special:EditPage/Template:Fyodor Dostoevsky")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]() | |
|---|---|
| [Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky_bibliography "Fyodor Dostoevsky bibliography") [Letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_letters_from_Fyodor_Dostoevsky "List of letters from Fyodor Dostoevsky") [Themes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themes_in_Fyodor_Dostoevsky%27s_writings "Themes in Fyodor Dostoevsky's writings") | |
| Novels | *[Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")* (1846) *[The Double](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "The Double (Dostoevsky novel)")* (1846) *[Netochka Nezvanova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netochka_Nezvanova "Netochka Nezvanova")* (1849) *[The Village of Stepanchikovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_of_Stepanchikovo "The Village of Stepanchikovo")* (1859) *[Humiliated and Insulted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted "Humiliated and Insulted")* (1861) *[The House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_\(novel\) "The House of the Dead (novel)")* (1862) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(novel\) "The Gambler (novel)")* (1867) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1869) *[The Eternal Husband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Husband "The Eternal Husband")* (1870) *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (1872) *[The Adolescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adolescent "The Adolescent")* (1875) *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* (1880) |
| Novellas | *[The Landlady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlady_\(novella\) "The Landlady (novella)")* (1847) *[Uncle's Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%27s_Dream "Uncle's Dream")* (1859) *[Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")* (1864) |
| Short stories | "[Mr. Prokharchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Prokharchin "Mr. Prokharchin")" (1846) "[Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Man%27s_Wife_and_a_Husband_Under_the_Bed "Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed")" (1848) "[The Honest Thief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Honest_Thief "An Honest Thief")" (1848) "[The Christmas Tree and a Wedding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Tree_and_a_Wedding "A Christmas Tree and a Wedding")" (1848) "[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(short_story\) "White Nights (short story)")" (1848) "[A Nasty Anecdote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nasty_Story "A Nasty Story")" (1862) "[The Crocodile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crocodile_\(short_story\) "The Crocodile (short story)")" (1865) "[Bobok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobok "Bobok")" (1873) "[The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar_Boy_at_Christ%27s_Christmas_Tree "The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree")" (1876) "[The Meek One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature "A Gentle Creature")" (1876) "[The Peasant Marey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasant_Marey "The Peasant Marey")" (1876) "[The Dream of a Ridiculous Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_of_a_Ridiculous_Man "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man")" (1877) |
| Non-fiction | "[Winter Notes on Summer Impressions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Notes_on_Summer_Impressions "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions")" (1863) *[A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary")* (1873–1881) |
| Characters | [Nastasya Filipovna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastasya_Filippovna "Nastasya Filippovna") [Alyosha Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyosha_Karamazov "Alyosha Karamazov") [Fyodor Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Karamazov "Fyodor Karamazov") [Prince Myshkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Myshkin "Prince Myshkin") [Rodion Raskolnikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Raskolnikov "Rodion Raskolnikov") |
| Related | [Anna Dostoevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Dostoevskaya "Anna Dostoevskaya") (second wife) [Lyubov Dostoevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Dostoevskaya "Lyubov Dostoevskaya") (daughter) [Mikhail Dostoevsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Dostoevsky "Mikhail Dostoevsky") (brother) [Polina Suslova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina_Suslova "Polina Suslova") (mistress) [Dostoevsky Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_Museum "Dostoevsky Museum") "[The Grand Inquisitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Inquisitor "The Grand Inquisitor")" [Pushkin Speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky%27s_Pushkin_Speech "Dostoevsky's Pushkin Speech") [*Vremya* magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vremya_\(magazine\) "Vremya (magazine)") [*Epoch* magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_\(Russian_magazine\) "Epoch (Russian magazine)") *[Twenty Six Days from the Life of Dostoyevsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Six_Days_from_the_Life_of_Dostoyevsky "Twenty Six Days from the Life of Dostoyevsky")* (1981 film) |
| Associated subjects | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Idiot "Template:The Idiot") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Idiot "Template talk:The Idiot") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Idiot "Special:EditPage/Template:The Idiot")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]()'s *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1869) | |
| Characters | [Prince Myshkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Myshkin "Prince Myshkin") [Nastasya Filippovna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastasya_Filippovna "Nastasya Filippovna") |
| Films | *[Wandering Souls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_Souls "Wandering Souls")* (1921) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(1946_film\) "The Idiot (1946 film)")* (1946) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(1951_film\) "The Idiot (1951 film)")* (1951) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(1958_film\) "The Idiot (1958 film)")* (1958) *[L'Amour braque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Amour_braque "L'Amour braque")* (1985) *[Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiot_\(1992_film\) "Idiot (1992 film)")* (1992) *[The Idiot Returns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_Returns "The Idiot Returns")* (1999) *[Down House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_House_\(film\) "Down House (film)")* (2001) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(2011_film\) "The Idiot (2011 film)")* (2011) |
| Television | *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(TV_series\) "The Idiot (TV series)")* (2003) |
| Opera | *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(opera\) "The Idiot (opera)")* (1985) *[Der Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Idiot "Der Idiot")* (1986/87) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Crime_and_Punishment "Template:Crime and Punishment") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Crime_and_Punishment "Template talk:Crime and Punishment") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crime_and_Punishment "Special:EditPage/Template:Crime and Punishment")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]()'s *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866) | |
| Characters | [Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Raskolnikov "Rodion Raskolnikov") |
| [Film adaptations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptations_of_Crime_and_Punishment "Film adaptations of Crime and Punishment") | *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1917_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1917 film)")* (1917) *[Raskolnikow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskolnikow_\(film\) "Raskolnikow (film)")* (1923) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1935_American_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1935 American film)")* (1935, American) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1935_French_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1935 French film)")* (1935, French) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1945_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1945 film)")* (1945) *[Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_\(1946_film\) "Fear (1946 film)")* (1946) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1956_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1956 film)")* (1956) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1970_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1970 film)")* (1970) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1983_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1983 film)")* (1983) *[Without Compassion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_Compassion "Without Compassion")* (1994) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(1998_film\) "Crime and Punishment (1998 film)")* (1998) *[Crime and Punishment in Suburbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_in_Suburbia "Crime and Punishment in Suburbia")* (2000) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(2002_Russian_film\) "Crime and Punishment (2002 Russian film)")* (2002) [*Student*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_\(film\) "Student (film)") (2012) |
| Other adaptations | *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(radio_play\) "Crime and Punishment (radio play)")* (1947 radio play) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(manga\) "Crime and Punishment (manga)")* (1953 manga) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(2002_TV_series\) "Crime and Punishment (2002 TV series)")* (2002 TV series) *[Crime and Punishment: A Falsified Romance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment:_A_Falsified_Romance "Crime and Punishment: A Falsified Romance")* (2007 manga) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(play\) "Crime and Punishment (play)")* (2007 play) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment_\(2024_TV_series\) "Crime and Punishment (2024 TV series)")* (2024 TV series) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Brothers_Karamazov "Template:The Brothers Karamazov") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Brothers_Karamazov "Template talk:The Brothers Karamazov") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Brothers_Karamazov "Special:EditPage/Template:The Brothers Karamazov")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]()'s *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* (1880) | |
| Characters | [Alyosha Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyosha_Karamazov "Alyosha Karamazov") [Fyodor Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Karamazov "Fyodor Karamazov") [Lise Khokhlakov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Khokhlakov "Lise Khokhlakov") [Mikhail Rakitin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Rakitin "Mikhail Rakitin") |
| Films | *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov_\(1958_film\) "The Brothers Karamazov (1958 film)")* (1958) *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov_\(1969_film\) "The Brothers Karamazov (1969 film)")* (1969) *[The Karamazov Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karamazov_Brothers_\(film\) "The Karamazov Brothers (film)")* (2008) |
| Related | "[The Grand Inquisitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Inquisitor "The Grand Inquisitor")" |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Gambler "Template:The Gambler") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Gambler "Template talk:The Gambler") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Gambler "Special:EditPage/Template:The Gambler")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]()'s *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(novel\) "The Gambler (novel)")* (1866) | |
| Film | *[The Spinning Ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spinning_Ball_\(1919_film\) "The Spinning Ball (1919 film)")* (1919) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(1938_film\) "The Gambler (1938 film)")* (1938) *[The Great Sinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Sinner "The Great Sinner")* (1949) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(1958_film\) "The Gambler (1958 film)")* (1958) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(1974_film\) "The Gambler (1974 film)")* (1974) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(2014_film\) "The Gambler (2014 film)")* (2014) |
| Opera | [*The Gambler*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(Prokofiev\) "The Gambler (Prokofiev)") (Prokofiev) |
| Related | *[Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler_\(album\) "Gambler (album)")* (1997 album) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(1997_film\) "The Gambler (1997 film)")* (1997 film) *[Alex & Emma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_%26_Emma "Alex & Emma")* (2003 film) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Demons "Template:Demons") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Demons "Template talk:Demons") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demons "Special:EditPage/Template:Demons")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]()'s *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (1872) | |
| Films | *[La Chinoise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chinoise "La Chinoise")* (1967) *[The Public Woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Woman "The Public Woman")* (1984) *[The Possessed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Possessed_\(1988_film\) "The Possessed (1988 film)")* (1988) |
| Plays | *[The Possessed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Possessed_\(play\) "The Possessed (play)")* (1959) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:White_Nights "Template:White Nights") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:White_Nights "Template talk:White Nights") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_Nights "Special:EditPage/Template:White Nights")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]()'s "[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(short_story\) "White Nights (short story)")" (1848) | |
| Film | *[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(1957_film\) "White Nights (1957 film)")* (1957) *[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(1959_film\) "White Nights (1959 film)")* (1959) *[Chhalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhalia "Chhalia")* (1960) *[Four Nights of a Dreamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Nights_of_a_Dreamer "Four Nights of a Dreamer")* (1971) *[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(1992_film\) "White Nights (1992 film)")* (1992) *[Iyarkai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyarkai "Iyarkai")* (2003) *[Ahista Ahista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahista_Ahista_\(2006_film\) "Ahista Ahista (2006 film)")* (2006) *[Saawariya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saawariya "Saawariya")* (2007) *[Two Lovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Lovers_\(2008_film\) "Two Lovers (2008 film)")* (2008) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:A_Gentle_Creature "Template:A Gentle Creature") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:A_Gentle_Creature "Template talk:A Gentle Creature") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A_Gentle_Creature "Special:EditPage/Template:A Gentle Creature")[Fyodor Dostoevsky]()'s "[A Gentle Creature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature "A Gentle Creature")" (1876) | |
| Films | *[A Gentle Woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Woman "A Gentle Woman")* (1969) *[Nazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazar_\(1991_film\) "Nazar (1991 film)")* (1991) *[The Shade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shade_\(film\) "The Shade (film)")* (1999) *[Oba Nathuwa Oba Ekka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_Nathuwa_Oba_Ekka "Oba Nathuwa Oba Ekka")* (2012) *[A Gentle Creature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature_\(2017_film\) "A Gentle Creature (2017 film)")* (2017) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Existentialism "Template:Existentialism") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Existentialism "Template talk:Existentialism") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism "Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism")[Existentialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") | |
| Variants | [Atheistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism "Atheistic existentialism") [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_existentialism "Christian existentialism") [Jewish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_existentialism "Jewish existentialism") [Islamic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy "Transcendent theosophy") [Nihilist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_nihilism "Existential nihilism") [Phenomenological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_phenomenology "Existential phenomenology") |
| Concepts | [Abandonment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandonment_\(existentialism\) "Abandonment (existentialism)") [Absurdism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism "Absurdism") [Angst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angst "Angst") [Authenticity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_\(philosophy\) "Authenticity (philosophy)") [Bad faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith_\(existentialism\) "Bad faith (existentialism)") [Being in itself](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_in_itself "Being in itself") *[Dasein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasein "Dasein")* [Existence precedes essence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence "Existence precedes essence") [Existential crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_crisis "Existential crisis") [Facticity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facticity "Facticity") [Leap of faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_faith "Leap of faith") [Meaning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_\(existential\) "Meaning (existential)") [Nihilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism "Nihilism") [Other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_\(philosophy\) "Other (philosophy)") *[Ressentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ressentiment "Ressentiment")* [Thrownness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrownness "Thrownness") |
| People | |
| | |
| Artists | [Beckett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett "Samuel Beckett") [Buzzati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Buzzati "Dino Buzzati") [Camus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus "Albert Camus") [Cioran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Cioran "Emil Cioran") [Dostoevsky]() [Ellison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Ellison "Ralph Ellison") [Fondane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane "Benjamin Fondane") [Giacometti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti "Alberto Giacometti") [Ionesco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco "Eugène Ionesco") [Kafka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka "Franz Kafka") [Mahfouz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz "Naguib Mahfouz") [Marcel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel "Gabriel Marcel") [Sartre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre "Jean-Paul Sartre") [Unamuno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno "Miguel de Unamuno") [Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Wilson "Colin Wilson") [Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_\(author\) "Richard Wright (author)") |
| Philosophers | [Abbagnano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Abbagnano "Nicola Abbagnano") [Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt "Hannah Arendt") [Barth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth "Karl Barth") [Berdyaev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev "Nikolai Berdyaev") [Buber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber "Martin Buber") [Bultmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann "Rudolf Bultmann") [Camus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus "Albert Camus") [Carlyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle "Thomas Carlyle") [Cioran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Cioran "Emil Cioran") [Beauvoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir "Simone de Beauvoir") [Fanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon "Frantz Fanon") [Flusser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser "Vilém Flusser") [Fondane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane "Benjamin Fondane") [Heidegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger "Martin Heidegger") [Husserl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl "Edmund Husserl") [James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James "William James") [Jaspers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Jaspers "Karl Jaspers") [Kaufmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_\(philosopher\) "Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)") [Kierkegaard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard "Søren Kierkegaard") [Levinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas "Emmanuel Levinas") [Marcel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel "Gabriel Marcel") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_May "Rollo May") [Merleau-Ponty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty "Maurice Merleau-Ponty") [Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") [Ortega y Gasset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset "José Ortega y Gasset") [Rosenzweig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig "Franz Rosenzweig") [Sartre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre "Jean-Paul Sartre") [Shestov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Shestov "Lev Shestov") [Soloveitchik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik "Joseph B. Soloveitchik") [Tillich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich "Paul Tillich") [Unamuno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno "Miguel de Unamuno") [Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Wilson "Colin Wilson") [Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_\(author\) "Richard Wright (author)") [Zapffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe "Peter Wessel Zapffe") |
| Related | [Continental philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophy "Continental philosophy") [German idealism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism "German idealism") [Marxist humanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_humanism "Marxist humanism") [Phenomenology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_\(philosophy\) "Phenomenology (philosophy)") [Transcendentalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism "Transcendentalism") [Western Marxism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Marxism "Western Marxism") |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000121462392) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/104023256) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/118527053) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/32733) [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCJvhxhYmGrBC33g8cT3) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79029930) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11900477j) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11900477j) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438157) [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001049) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210182&CON_LNG=ENG) [Russia](http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000085175&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1164367) [Portugal](http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/22755) [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068380194) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051723) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000009087&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100342&local_base=nsk10) [Chile](http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035520) [Greece](https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=170375) [Argentina](https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026120) [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199633592) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/wt7948lf1wwk8z0) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624487705606) [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/77248) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260514705171) [Finland](https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041714) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508848806706) [Belgium](https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14114433) |
| Academics | [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00213577?l=en) [zbMATH](https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:dostoevskii.fedor) [MathSciNet](https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/1129058) |
| Artists | [ULAN](https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500316961) [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/08dd4a10-f7c8-4da8-a724-8d261ebbd9e4) [RKD Artists](https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/268756) [KulturNav](http://kulturnav.org/1cb4ff59-ec29-4732-9f6e-b5209a88067e) [FID](https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118527053) |
| People | [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1269914) [LibraryThing](https://www.librarything.com/author/dostoevskyfyodor) [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118527053.html?language=en) [DDB](https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118527053) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/02683572X) [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL22242A?mode=all) [Historical Dictionary of Switzerland](https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041449) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pr81v8) [RISM](https://rism.online/people/40200325) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/99ba6b8d-b704-4708-bdae-f693e98bc88e) |
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Fyodor Dostoevsky
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| Readable Markdown | | Fyodor Dostoevsky | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg "Portrait by Vasily Perov, c. 1872")Portrait by [Vasily Perov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Perov "Vasily Perov"), c. 1872 | |
| Native name | Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій |
| Born | 11 November 1821Moscow, Russia |
| Died | 9 February 1881 (aged 59)Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Resting place | [Tikhvin Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery "Tikhvin Cemetery") |
| Occupation | Writer journalist [military engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering "Military engineering") |
| Education | [Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Engineering-Technical_University "Military Engineering-Technical University") |
| Period | Modern ([19th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_in_literature "19th century in literature")) |
| Genres | [Psychological fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_fiction "Psychological fiction") ([novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel "Novel") [novella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella "Novella") [short story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story "Short story")) [opinion journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_journalism "Opinion journalism") ([polemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic "Polemic") [essay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay "Essay") [sketch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_story "Sketch story") [feuilleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuilleton "Feuilleton") [epistle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle "Epistle") [memoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoir "Memoir")) [literary criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism "Literary criticism") [diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary "Diary") poetry translation [oration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking "Public speaking") |
| Subjects | [*List*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themes_in_Fyodor_Dostoevsky%27s_writings "Themes in Fyodor Dostoevsky's writings") |
| Literary movement | [Realism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism "Literary realism"), [naturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_\(literature\) "Naturalism (literature)") |
| Years active | 1844–1880 |
| Notable works | *[Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")* (1864) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1868–1869) *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (1871–1872) *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* (1879–1880) *[A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary")* (1873–1881) |
| Spouse | Maria Dmitriyevna Isaeva (m. ; died ) [Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Grigoryevna_Snitkina "Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina") (m. ) |
| Children | 4, including [Lyubov Dostoevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Dostoevskaya "Lyubov Dostoevskaya") |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fyodor_Dostoyevsky_Signature.svg) | |
**Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky**[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-3)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-4) (11 November \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 30 October\] 1821 – 9 February \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 28 January\] 1881)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Morson_Britannica-5) was a Russian philosopher, novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature "Russian literature") and world literature,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Morson_Britannica-5) and many of his works are considered highly influential masterpieces.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-6)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-7) Dostoevsky's literary works explore the [human condition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition "Human condition") in the troubled political, social and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866), *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1869), [*Demons*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)") (1872), *[The Adolescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adolescent "The Adolescent")* (1875) and *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* (1880). His *[Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")*, a [novella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella "Novella") published in 1864, is considered one of the first works of [existentialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") literature.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-8)
Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837, and around the same time, he left school to enter the [Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute (later renamed the Military Engineering-Technical University)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Engineering-Technical_University "Military Engineering-Technical University"). After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, translating books to earn extra money. In the mid-1840s, he wrote his first novel, *[Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")*, which gained him entry into [Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg")'s literary circles. However, he was arrested in 1849 for belonging to a literary group, the [Petrashevsky Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrashevsky_Circle "Petrashevsky Circle"), that discussed banned books critical of [Tsarist Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"). Dostoevsky was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted at the last moment. He spent four years in a [Siberian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia "Siberia") prison camp, followed by six years of compulsory military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later *[A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary")*, a collection of his writings. He began to travel around Western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. For a time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers.
Dostoevsky's body of work consists of thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen short stories, and numerous other works. His writings were widely read both within and beyond his native Russia, influencing an equally great number of later writers, including Russians such as [Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn") and [Anton Chekhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov "Anton Chekhov"), the philosophers [Albert Camus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus "Albert Camus") and [Jean-Paul Sartre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre "Jean-Paul Sartre"), and the emergence of [Existentialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") and [Freudianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudianism "Freudianism"). [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") called him "the only psychologist from whom I (Nietzsche) had something to learn" in *[Twilight of the Idols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols "Twilight of the Idols")*, one of his final works before suffering a mental collapse. [\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Morson_Britannica-5) His books have been translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration for many films.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Fyodorovna_Dostoyevskaya.jpg)
Maria Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikhail_Andreyevich_Dostoyevsky.jpg)
Mikhail Andreyevich Dostoevsky
Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part of a Russian noble family of [Russian Orthodox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church") Christians. The family traced its roots back to Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, a [Tatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars "Tatars") warlord who defected from the [Golden Horde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde "Golden Horde") and joined the Russian side in 1389, eventually converting to Christianity from Islam.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-9) A few centuries later, another ancestor of Dostoyevsky, Danilo Irtishch, was granted lands in the [Pinsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk "Pinsk") region (for centuries part of the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"), now in [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus "Belarus")) in 1509 for his services under a local prince, his progeny then taking the name "Dostoevsky" based on a village there called [Dostojewo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dostojewo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dostojewo (page does not exist)") \[[pl](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostojewo "pl:Dostojewo")\] (derived from [Old Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Polish_language "Old Polish language") *dostojnik* – dignitary).[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-10)
Dostoevsky's immediate ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on his father's side were priests.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935-11)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322-12)
In 1809, the 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there, he was assigned to a Moscow hospital, where he served as a military doctor, and in 1818 he was appointed a senior physician. In 1819, he married Maria Nechayeva. The following year, he took up a post at the Mariinsky Hospital for the poor. In 1828, when his two sons, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight and seven respectively, he was promoted to collegiate assessor, a position which raised his legal status to that of the nobility and enabled him to acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family usually spent the summers.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198911-13) Dostoevsky's parents subsequently had seven more children: Varvara (1822–1893) – Married a civil servant and lived a quiet life, Andrei (1825–1897) – Memoirist and wrote about family history, Lyubov (born and died 1829), Vera (1829–1896) – Married a doctor and maintained family ties, Nikolai (1831–1883) – Struggled with alcoholism and had a troubled life, Aleksandra (1835–1889) – Married a military officer and lived privately, and Yelizaveta (born and died 1837).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-14)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935-11)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322-12)
## Childhood (1821–1836)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Childhood (1821–1836)")\]
Fyodor Dostoevsky, born on 11 November \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 30 October\] 1821 in Moscow, was the second child of Dr Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya ([née](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e "Née") Nechayeva). He was raised in the family home in the grounds of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, which was in a lower class district on the edges of Moscow.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom20049-15) Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of the Russian social scale, when playing in the hospital gardens.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger200872-16)
Dostoevsky was introduced to literature at an early age. From the age of three, he was read heroic sagas, fairy tales and legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in his upbringing and his love for fictional stories.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200223-17) When he was four, his mother used the Bible to teach him to read and write. His parents introduced him to a wide range of literature, including the Russian writers [Nikolai Karamzin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin "Nikolay Karamzin"), [Alexander Pushkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin "Alexander Pushkin") and [Gavrila Derzhavin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin "Gavrila Derzhavin"); [Gothic fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction") such as the works from the English novelist [Ann Radcliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe "Ann Radcliffe"); [romantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_literature "Romantic literature") works by [Friedrich Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller "Friedrich Schiller") and [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"); heroic tales by [Miguel de Cervantes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes "Miguel de Cervantes") and [Walter Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott "Walter Scott"); and [Homer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer "Homer")'s [epics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry "Epic poetry"), the *[Iliad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad "Iliad")* and the *[Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey "Odyssey")*.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896%E2%80%9311-18)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354-19) Dostoevsky was greatly influenced by the work of [Nikolai Gogol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol "Nikolai Gogol").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-20) Although his father's approach to education has been described as strict and harsh,[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky19674-21) Dostoevsky himself reported that his imagination was brought alive by nightly readings by his parents.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger200872-16)
Some of his childhood experiences found their way into his writings. When a nine-year-old girl had been raped by a drunk, he was asked to fetch his father to attend to her. The incident haunted him, and the theme of the desire of a mature man for a young girl appears in *The Devils*, *The Brothers Karamazov*, *Crime and Punishment*, and other writings.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz200461-22) An incident involving a family servant, or [serf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia "Serfdom in Russia"), in the estate in Darovoye, is described in "[The Peasant Marey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasant_Marey "The Peasant Marey")": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the forest, Marey, who is working nearby, comforts him.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-23)
Another memory that Dostoyevsky referred to in his prose was summer trips to his father's estate in the [Kashirsky District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashirsky_District "Kashirsky District") of the [Tula Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Governorate "Tula Governorate"), which was purchased between 1831 and 1833.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-24)
Although Dostoevsky had a delicate physical constitution, his parents described him as hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896-25) In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly religious, sent him to a French boarding school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described as a pale, introverted dreamer and an over-excitable romantic.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198939-26) To pay the school fees, his father borrowed money and extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among his aristocratic classmates at the Moscow school, and the experience was later reflected in some of his works, notably *[The Adolescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raw_Youth "The Raw Youth")*.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198914%E2%80%9315-27)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354-19)
On 27 February 1837 Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis. The previous May, Dostoevsky’s parents sent him and his elder brother [Mikhail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Dostoevsky "Mikhail Dostoevsky") (the two eldest Dostoevsky children) to Saint Petersburg to attend the [Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute (later renamed the Military Engineering-Technical University)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Engineering-Technical_University "Military Engineering-Technical University"), forcing the brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered the academy in January 1838, but only with the help of family members. Mikhail was refused admission on health grounds and was sent to an academy in [Reval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reval "Reval") (now [Tallinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn"), Estonia).[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198917%E2%80%9323-28)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%9390-29)
Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because of his lack of interest in science, mathematics, and military engineering and his preference for drawing and architecture. As his friend [Konstantin Trutovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Trutovsky "Konstantin Trutovsky") once said, "There was no student in the entire institution with less of a military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. He moved clumsily and jerkily; his uniform hung awkwardly on him; and his knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter he had been forced to wear for a time and which lay heavily on him."[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz20042-30) Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among his 120 classmates: he showed bravery and a strong sense of justice, protected newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped poor farmers. Although he was solitary and inhabited his own literary world, he was respected by his classmates. His reclusiveness and interest in religion earned him the nickname "Monk Photius".[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198924%E2%80%937-31)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111-32)
Signs of Dostoevsky's [epilepsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy "Epilepsy") may have first appeared at 17 years old on learning of the death of his father on 16 June 1839,[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin199759-33) although the reports of a [seizure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure "Epileptic seizure") originated from accounts written by his daughter (later expanded by [Sigmund Freud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud")[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-34)) which are now considered to be unreliable. His father's official cause of death was an [apoplectic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplectic "Apoplectic") stroke, but a neighbor, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused the father's serfs of murder. Had the serfs been found guilty and sent to Siberia, Khotiaintsev would have been in a position to buy the vacated land. The serfs were acquitted in a trial in [Tula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Oblast "Tula Oblast"), but Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the story.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004109-35) After his father's death, Dostoevsky continued his studies, passed his exams and obtained the rank of engineer cadet, entitling him to live away from the academy. He visited Mikhail in Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During this time, two of his friends introduced him to gambling.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198931%E2%80%9336-36)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111-32)
On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took a job as a lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned by Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no less good-natured and no less courteous than his brother, but when not in a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and sometimes was carried away to the point of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness".[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979114%E2%80%9315-37) Dostoevsky's first completed literary work, a translation of [Honoré de Balzac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac "Honoré de Balzac")'s novel *[Eugénie Grandet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet "Eugénie Grandet")*, was published in June and July 1843 in the 6th and 7th volumes of the journal *Repertoire and Pantheon*,[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger2008104-38)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-39) followed by several other translations. None were successful, and his financial difficulties led him to write a novel.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198936%E2%80%9337-40)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111-32)
### Early career (1844–1849)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Early career (1844–1849)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trutovsky_004.jpg)
Dostoevsky, 1847
Dostoevsky completed his first novel, *[Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")*, in May 1845. His friend [Dmitry Grigorovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Grigorovich_\(writer\) "Dmitry Grigorovich (writer)"), with whom he was sharing an apartment at the time, took the manuscript to the poet [Nikolay Nekrasov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Nekrasov "Nikolay Nekrasov"), who in turn showed it to the influential literary critic [Vissarion Belinsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky "Vissarion Belinsky"). Belinsky described it as Russia's first "[social novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_novel "Social novel")".[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin199773-41) *Poor Folk* was released on 15 January 1846 in the *St Petersburg Collection* almanac and became a commercial success.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979113%E2%80%9357-42)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198942%E2%80%9349-43)
Dostoevsky felt that his military career would endanger his now flourishing literary career, so he wrote a letter asking to resign his post. Shortly thereafter, he wrote his second novel, *[The Double](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double:_A_Petersburg_Poem "The Double: A Petersburg Poem")*, which appeared in the journal *[Notes of the Fatherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_of_the_Fatherland "Notes of the Fatherland")* on 30 January 1846, before being published in February. Around the same time, Dostoevsky discovered [socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism "Socialism") through the writings of the French thinkers [Charles Fourier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier "Charles Fourier"), [Étienne Cabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet "Étienne Cabet"), [Pierre-Joseph Proudhon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon") and [Henri de Saint-Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon "Henri de Saint-Simon"). Through his relationship with Belinsky he expanded his knowledge of the philosophy of socialism. However, his Russian Orthodox faith and religious sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of [atheism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism "Atheism"), [utilitarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism "Utilitarianism") and [scientific materialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_materialism "Scientific materialism"), leading to increasing friction between them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979159%E2%80%9382-44)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198953%E2%80%9355-45)
After *The Double* received negative reviews (including a particularly scathing one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more frequent, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several short stories in the magazine *Notes of the Fatherland*, including "[Mr. Prokharchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Prokharchin "Mr. Prokharchin")", "[The Landlady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlady_\(novella\) "The Landlady (novella)")", "A Weak Heart", and "[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(short_story\) "White Nights (short story)")". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health problems and Belinsky's attacks, caused him distress and financial difficulty, but this was greatly alleviated when he joined the [utopian socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_Socialism "Utopian Socialism") Beketov circle, a tightly knit community which helped him to survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended [Apollon Maykov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Maykov "Apollon Maykov") and his brother [Valerian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_Maykov "Valerian Maykov"). In 1846, on the recommendation of the poet [Aleksey Pleshcheyev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Pleshcheyev "Aleksey Pleshcheyev"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967115%E2%80%9321-46) he joined the [Petrashevsky Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrashevsky_Circle "Petrashevsky Circle"), founded by [Mikhail Petrashevsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Petrashevsky "Mikhail Petrashevsky"), who had proposed social reforms in Russia. [Mikhail Bakunin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin "Mikhail Bakunin") once wrote to [Alexander Herzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen "Alexander Herzen") that the group was "the most innocent and harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means".[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198959-47) Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays and occasionally participated in their discussions on freedom from censorship and the abolition of [serfdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom "Serfdom").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979239%E2%80%9346,_259%E2%80%93346-48)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198958%E2%80%9369-49) Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat [Nikolay Speshnev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Speshnev "Nikolay Speshnev"), who joined the circle in 1848 and set about creating a secret revolutionary society from amongst its members. Dostoevsky himself became a member of this society, was aware of its aims, and actively participated, although he harbored significant doubts about their actions and intentions.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA152_pp._152%E2%80%93158]-50)
In 1849, the first parts of *[Netochka Nezvanova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netochka_Nezvanova_\(novel\) "Netochka Nezvanova (novel)")*, a novel Dostoevsky had been planning since 1846, were published in *Notes of the Fatherland*, but his banishment ended the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue of the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted to complete it leaving only a sketch of the novel behind.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky196799%E2%80%93101-51)
### Siberian exile (1849–1854)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Siberian exile (1849–1854)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_pokrovsky_kazn_1849.jpg)
A sketch of the Petrashevsky Circle [mock execution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_execution "Mock execution")
The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to an official at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, [Ivan Liprandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Liprandi "Ivan Liprandi"). Dostoevsky was accused of reading works by Belinsky, including the banned *Letter to Gogol*,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Belinsky-52) and of circulating copies of these and other works. Antonelli, the government agent who had reported the group, wrote in his statement that at least one of the papers criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by declaring that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke of "personality and human egoism" rather than of politics. Even so, he and his fellow "conspirators" were arrested on 23 April 1849 at the request of Count [Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Fyodorovich_Orlov "Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov") and [Tsar Nicholas I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia "Nicholas I of Russia"), who feared a revolution like the [Decembrist revolt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt "Decembrist revolt") of 1825 in Russia and the [Revolutions of 1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 "Revolutions of 1848") in Europe. The members were held in the well-defended [Peter and Paul Fortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress "Peter and Paul Fortress"), which housed the most dangerous convicts.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967121%E2%80%9333-53)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368-54)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198972%E2%80%9379-55)
The case was discussed for four months by an investigative commission headed by the Tsar, with Adjutant General [Ivan Nabokov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nabokov "Ivan Nabokov"), senator Prince [Pavel Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Gagarin "Pavel Gagarin"), Prince [Vasili Dolgorukov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Andreyevich_Dolgorukov "Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov"), General [Yakov Rostovtsev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Rostovtsev "Yakov Rostovtsev") and General Leonty Dubelt, head of the secret police. They sentenced the members of the circle to death by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place in Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man groups and the first group was taken in front of the firing squad. Dostoevsky was the third in the second row; next to him stood [Pleshcheyev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleshcheyev "Pleshcheyev") and [Durov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Durov "Sergey Durov"). The execution was stayed when a cart delivered a letter from the tsar commuting the sentence. Dostoevsky later described the experience of what he believed to be the last moments of his life in his novel *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot#Autobiographical_themes "The Idiot")*; the main character, Prince Myshkin, tells the story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad but reprieved at the last moment. Prince Myshkin describes the experience from the point of view of the victim, and considers the philosophical and spiritual implications.
Dostoevsky served four years of exile with hard labour at a [katorga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katorga "Katorga") prison camp in [Omsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsk "Omsk"), Siberia, followed by a term of compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day [sleigh ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleigh_ride "Sleigh ride"), the prisoners reached [Tobolsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobolsk "Tobolsk"), a prisoner way station. Despite the circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's kindness and eventually abandoned his decision to kill himself. In Tobolsk, they received food and clothes from the [Decembrist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt "Decembrist revolt") women, as well as several copies of the New Testament with a ten-rouble banknote inside each copy. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached Omsk[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198979%E2%80%9396-56) together with just one other member of the Petrashevsky Circle, the writer Sergei Durov.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997113-57) Dostoevsky described his barracks:
> In summer, intolerable closeness; in winter, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors an inch thick; one could slip and fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was no room to turn around. From dusk to dawn it was impossible not to behave like pigs ... Fleas, lice, and black beetles by the bushel ...[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-58)\[*[missing long citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SRF#LINKING "Wikipedia:SRF")*\]
Classified as "one of the most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had his hands and feet shackled until his release. He was only permitted to read his copy of the New Testament. In addition to his seizures, he had hemorrhoids, lost weight and was "burned by some fever, trembling and feeling too hot or too cold every night". The smell of the privy pervaded the entire building, and the small bathroom had to suffice for more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military hospital, where he read newspapers and Dickens novels. He was respected by most of the other prisoners, but despised by some Polish political prisoners because of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198996%E2%80%93108-59)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-60)
### Release from prison and first marriage (1854–1866)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Release from prison and first marriage (1854–1866)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_dost_01.jpg)
Dostoevsky as a [military engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering "Military engineering") in 1858 or -59,[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-61) portrait by [Solomon Leibin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Leibin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Solomon Leibin (page does not exist)") (Соломон Лейбин)
After his release on 14 February 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to help him financially and to send him books by [Giambattista Vico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico "Giambattista Vico"), [François Guizot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot "François Guizot"), [Leopold von Ranke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke "Leopold von Ranke"), [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel") and [Immanuel Kant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant "Immanuel Kant").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9320-62) *[The House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_\(novel\) "The House of the Dead (novel)")*, based on his experience in prison, was published in 1861 in the journal *[Vremya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vremya_\(magazine\) "Vremya (magazine)")* ("Time") – it was the first published novel about Russian prisons.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997107%E2%80%9321-63) Before moving in mid-March to [Semipalatinsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semey "Semey"), where he was forced to serve in the Siberian Army Corps of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met the geographer [Pyotr Semyonov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Semyonov "Pyotr Semyonov") and the ethnographer [Shoqan Walikhanov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoqan_Walikhanov "Shoqan Walikhanov"). Around November 1854, he met [Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangel_family "Wrangel family"), an admirer of his books, who had attended the aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Garden outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale face was covered with freckles, and his blond hair was cut short. He was a little over average height and looked at me intensely with his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying to look into my soul and discover what kind of man I was."[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989112%E2%80%9313-64)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1987165%E2%80%93267-65)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989108%E2%80%9313-66)
In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren and came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to read passages from newspapers and magazines. During a visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky met Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and fell in love with her; Isaeva and her son later moved with Dostoevsky to [Barnaul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaul "Barnaul"). In 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter through Wrangel to General [Eduard Totleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Totleben "Eduard Totleben"), apologising for his activity in several utopian circles. As a result, he obtained the right to publish books and to marry, although he remained under police surveillance for the rest of his life. Isaeva and Dostoevsky married in Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, even though she had initially refused his marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other and that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was unhappy and she found it difficult to cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of her strange, suspicious and fantastic character, we were definitely not happy together, but we could not stop loving each other; and the more unhappy we were, the more attached to each other we became". They mostly lived apart.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168-67) In 1859 he was released from military service because of deteriorating health and was granted permission to return to European Russia, first to [Tver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver "Tver"), where he met his brother for the first time in ten years, and then to Saint Petersburg.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1987175%E2%80%93221-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989115%E2%80%9363-69)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoevskij_1863.jpg)
Dostoevsky in Paris, 1863
The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) appeared in a journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860. *[Notes from the House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_the_House_of_the_Dead "Notes from the House of the Dead")* was released in *Russky Mir* (Russian World) in September 1860. *[Humiliated and Insulted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted "Humiliated and Insulted")* was published in the new *Vremya* magazine,[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-71) which had been created with the help of funds from his brother's cigarette factory.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1987290_et_seq-72)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9362-73)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989135%E2%80%9337-74)
Dostoevsky travelled to western Europe for the first time on 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Berlin, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium and Paris. In London he met [Alexander Herzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen "Alexander Herzen") and visited [the Crystal Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace "The Crystal Palace"). He travelled with [Nikolay Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov") through Switzerland and several North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and the central Italian city of Florence. He recorded his impressions of those trips in the essay "[Winter Notes on Summer Impressions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Notes_on_Summer_Impressions "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions")", in which he also criticised capitalism, social modernisation, [materialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism "Materialism"), Catholicism and Protestantism.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1988233%E2%80%9349-75)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989143%E2%80%9345-76) Dostoevsky viewed the Crystal Palace as a monument to soulless modern society, the myth of progress, and the worship of empty materialism.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-77)
From August to October 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip to western Europe. He met his second love, [Polina Suslova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollinaria_Suslova "Apollinaria Suslova"), in Paris and lost nearly all his money gambling in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his brother Mikhail died; Dostoevsky then became the lone parent of his stepson Pasha and the sole supporter of his brother's family. The failure of *[Epoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_\(Russian_magazine\) "Epoch (Russian magazine)")*, the magazine he had founded with Mikhail after the suppression of *Vremya*, worsened his financial situation, although the continued help of his relatives and friends averted bankruptcy.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1988197%E2%80%93211,_283%E2%80%9394,_248%E2%80%93365-78)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989151%E2%80%9375-79)
### Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)")\]
The first two parts of *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* were published in January and February 1866 in the periodical *[The Russian Messenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Russian_Messenger "The Russian Messenger")*,[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA462_462]-80) attracting at least 500 new subscribers to the magazine.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200283-81)
Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor, [Fyodor Stellovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Stellovsky "Fyodor Stellovsky"), that he would complete a novel titled *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(novel\) "The Gambler (novel)")* by November, although he had not yet begun writing it. One of Dostoevsky's friends, [Aleksandr Milyukov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Milyukov "Aleksandr Milyukov"), advised him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Saint Petersburg, who recommended his pupil, the twenty-year-old [Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Snitkina "Anna Snitkina"). Her shorthand helped Dostoevsky to complete *The Gambler* on 30 October, after 26 days' work.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank199742%E2%80%93183-82)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989162%E2%80%9396-83) She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always tried to carry himself erect. "He had light brown, slightly reddish hair, he used some hair conditioner, and he combed his hair in a diligent way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in the other, the pupil was so big that you could not see its color, \[this was caused by an injury\]. The strangeness of his eyes gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. His face was pale, and it looked unhealthy."[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997178-84)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baden-Baden_10-2015_img19_Dostoevsky_plaque.jpg)
Memorial plaque to Dostoevsky in Baden-Baden
On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky and Snitkina married in [Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg "Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg"). On 14 April 1867, they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany; the 7,000 rubles he had earned from *Crime and Punishment* did not cover their debts, forcing Anna to sell her valuables to finance their trip. They stayed in Berlin, visited the [Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister "Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister") in [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), where he sought inspiration for his writing, and also stopped in [Frankfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main "Frankfurt am Main"), [Darmstadt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt "Darmstadt"), [Heidelberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg") and [Karlsruhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe "Karlsruhe"). They spent five weeks in [Baden-Baden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-Baden "Baden-Baden"), where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with [Ivan Turgenev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev "Ivan Turgenev") and again lost much money at the roulette table.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-85) At one point, his wife was reportedly forced to pawn her underwear.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-86)
In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")*, and after a prolonged planning process that bore little resemblance to the published novel, he eventually managed to write the first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialization began in *The Russian Messenger* in January 1868.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque-SophieDostoievsky-CimetiereDesRois_RomanDeckert01032022.jpg)
Plaque for baby Sofya
By 1868, the couple had moved on to [Geneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva "Geneva").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-87)Their first child, Sofya, had been conceived in Baden-Baden, and was born in Geneva on 5 March 1868. The baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a woman in despair".[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989219-88) Sofya was buried at the [Cimetière des Rois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Rois "Cimetière des Rois") in Geneva; her grave was later dissolved, but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque in her honor.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-89)
After Sofya's death, the couple continued their travels through Europe. They first went to [Vevey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevey "Vevey") and then Milan before continuing to Florence*,* where Dostoevsky completed *The Idiot* in January 1869; its final part appeared in *The Russian Messenger* in the following month.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997151%E2%80%93363-90)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989201%E2%80%9337-91) Later that year, in Dresden, Anna gave birth to their second daughter, [Lyubov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Dostoevskaya "Lyubov Dostoevskaya"), on 26 September. After hearing news that the socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" had murdered one of its own members, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")*.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989240%E2%80%9361-92)
In April 1871, Dostoevsky made a final visit to a gambling hall in Wiesbaden. Anna claimed that he stopped gambling after the birth of their second daughter, but this is a subject of debate.[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-95) During a train trip to Berlin, he burnt several manuscripts, including those of *The Idiot*, because he was concerned about potential problems with customs. The Dostoevsky family finally arrived back in Saint Petersburg on 8 July, marking the end of a honeymoon (originally planned for three months) that had lasted over four years.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997241%E2%80%93363-96)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989265-97)
### Back in Russia (1871–1875)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Back in Russia (1871–1875)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_in_prison.jpg)
Dostoevsky (left) in the Haymarket, 21/22 March 1874
Back in Russia in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and had to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to an apartment near the [Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Institute_of_Technology "Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology") soon after. They hoped to cancel their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but difficulties with the tenant resulted in a relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna proposed that they raise money on her husband's copyrights and negotiate with the creditors to pay off their debts in installments.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200314%E2%80%9363-98)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989265%E2%80%9367-99)
Dostoevsky revived his friendships with Maykov and Strakhov and made new acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers [Vsevolod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Solovyov "Vsevolod Solovyov") and [Vladimir Solovyov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_\(philosopher\) "Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)"). [Konstantin Pobedonostsev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev "Konstantin Pobedonostsev"), future Imperial High Commissioner of the [Most Holy Synod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod "Most Holy Synod"), influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to conservatism.
Around early 1872 the family spent several months in [Staraya Russa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staraya_Russa "Staraya Russa"), a town known for its [mineral spa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_spa "Mineral spa"). Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either [typhus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus "Typhus") or [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria "Malaria"),[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-100) and Anna developed an abscess on her throat.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200314%E2%80%9363-98)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989268%E2%80%9371-101)
The family returned to Saint Petersburg in September. *Demons* was finished on 26 November 1872 and released in the following January by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which the Dostoevskys had just established. Anna managed the company's finances, sold the book out of their apartment and only accepted cash payments; but *Demons* was a success, selling around 3,000 copies. Dostoevsky proposed that they establish a new periodical called *A Writer's Diary*, to include a collection of essays, but funds were lacking. The *Diary* was instead published in [Vladimir Meshchersky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Meshchersky "Vladimir Meshchersky")'s magazine *The Citizen*, beginning on 1 January 1873, in return for a salary of 3,000 rubles per year. That summer, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with the children, while Dostoevsky stayed in Saint Petersburg to continue with his *Diary*.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200338%E2%80%93118-102)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989269%E2%80%9389-103)
In March 1874, Dostoevsky left *The Citizen* because of the stressful work and interference from the Russian bureaucracy. In his fifteen months with *The Citizen*, he had been taken to court twice: on 11 June 1873 for citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to sell a new novel he had not yet begun to write to *The Russian Messenger*, but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov then suggested that he publish in another periodical, *Notes of the Fatherland*, which offered Dostoevsky 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – 100 more than he would have earned with *The Russian Messenger*. Dostoevsky accepted.
That year, his health began to decline. Dostoevsky consulted several doctors in Saint Petersburg and was advised to take a cure outside Russia. In July, he traveled to [Bad Ems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Ems "Bad Ems"), where a physician diagnosed him with acute [catarrh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarrh "Catarrh"). During his stay there he began writing *The Adolescent*, and he returned to Saint Petersburg in late July.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003120%E2%80%9347-104)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989273%E2%80%9395-105) Anna proposed that they spend the winter in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had suggested a second visit to Ems because his health had previously improved there.
On 10 August 1875 his son Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family returned to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished *The Adolescent* at the end of 1875, although passages of it had been serialized in *Notes of the Fatherland* since January. *The Adolescent* chronicles the life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the illegitimate child of the landowner Versilov and a peasant mother. It deals primarily with the relationship between father and son, which became a frequent theme in Dostoevsky's subsequent works.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003149%E2%80%9397-106)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989273%E2%80%93302-107)
### Last years (1876–1881)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Last years (1876–1881)")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoevsky.jpg)
Dostoevsky, 1879
In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work on his *Diary*, compiling pieces from the periodical into a book. The book, titled [A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary"), is a collection of numerous essays and a few short stories about society, religion, politics and ethics, and it sold more than twice as many copies as his previous books. Dostoevsky began to receive more letters from readers than ever before, and people of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's brother, the family bought a [dacha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacha "Dacha") in Staraya Russa. In the summer of 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness of breath again. He visited Ems for the third time and was told that he might live for another 15 years if he moved to a healthier climate. Upon returning to Russia, Tsar [Alexander II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia "Alexander II of Russia") ordered Dostoevsky to visit his palace to present the *Diary* to him, and he asked him to educate his sons, [Sergey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia "Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia") and [Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia "Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia"). This visit further increased Dostoevsky's circle of acquaintances. He was a frequent guest in several salons in Saint Petersburg and met many famous people, including Countess [Sophia Tolstaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya "Sophia Tolstaya"), [Yakov Polonsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Polonsky "Yakov Polonsky"), [Sergei Witte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte "Sergei Witte"), [Alexey Suvorin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Suvorin "Alexey Suvorin"), [Anton Rubinstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein "Anton Rubinstein") and [Ilya Repin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin "Ilya Repin").[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003199%E2%80%93280-108)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989303%E2%80%9306-109)
Dostoevsky's health declined further, and in March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a manor near [Kursk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk "Kursk"). While returning to St Petersburg to finalise his *Diary*, he visited Darovoye, where he had spent much of his childhood. In December he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave a speech. He was appointed an honorary member of the [Russian Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences "Russian Academy of Sciences"), from which he received an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to an international congress on copyright in Paris after his son Alyosha had a severe epileptic seizure and died on 16 May.
The family later moved to the apartment where Dostoevsky had written his first works. Around this time, he was elected to the board of directors of the Slavic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg, and that summer he was elected to the honorary committee of the [Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale "Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale"), whose members included [Victor Hugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo"), [Ivan Turgenev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev "Ivan Turgenev"), [Paul Heyse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heyse "Paul Heyse"), [Alfred Tennyson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson "Alfred Tennyson"), [Anthony Trollope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Trollope "Anthony Trollope"), [Henry Longfellow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Longfellow "Henry Longfellow"), [Ralph Waldo Emerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson "Ralph Waldo Emerson") and [Leo Tolstoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy "Leo Tolstoy").
Dostoevsky made his fourth and final visit to Ems in early August 1879. He was diagnosed with early-stage [pulmonary emphysema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_emphysema "Pulmonary emphysema"), which his doctor believed could be successfully managed, but not cured.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003320%E2%80%9375-110)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989307%E2%80%9349-111)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky%27s_funeral.jpg)
Dostoevsky's funeral
On 3 February 1880 Dostoevsky was elected vice-president of the Slavic Benevolent Society, and was invited to speak at the unveiling of the Pushkin memorial in Moscow. On 8 June he delivered [his speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky%27s_Pushkin_Speech "Dostoevsky's Pushkin Speech"), giving an impressive performance that had a significant emotional impact on his audience. His speech was met with thunderous applause, and even his long-time rival Turgenev embraced him. [Konstantin Staniukovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Staniukovich "Konstantin Staniukovich") praised the speech in his essay "The Pushkin Anniversary and Dostoevsky's Speech" in *[The Business](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_\(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_XIX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0\) "ru:Дело (журнал XIX века)")*, writing that "the language of Dostoevsky's \[Pushkin Speech\] really looks like a sermon. He speaks with the tone of a prophet. He makes a sermon like a pastor; it is very deep, sincere, and we understand that he wants to impress the emotions of his listeners."[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997255-112) The speech was criticised by liberal political scientist Alexander Gradovsky, who thought that Dostoevsky idolized "the people",[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004170-113) and by the conservative thinker [Konstantin Leontiev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev "Konstantin Leontiev"), who, in his essay "On Universal Love", compared the speech to French utopian socialism.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004230%E2%80%9331-114) The attacks led to a further deterioration in his health.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003475%E2%80%93531-115)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989353%E2%80%9363-116)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_on_his_Bier,_Kramskoy.jpg)
Dostoevsky on his [bier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier "Bier"), drawing by [Ivan Kramskoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kramskoi "Ivan Kramskoi"), 1881
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5,_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4.%D0%9C._%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.JPG)
Dostoevsky's grave in Saint Petersburg
On 6 February \[[O.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates "Old Style and New Style dates") 25 January\] 1881, while searching for members of the terrorist organisation [Narodnaya Volya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya "Narodnaya Volya") ("The People's Will") who would soon assassinate [Tsar Alexander II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia "Alexander II of Russia"), the Tsar's secret police executed a search warrant in the apartment of [Alexander Barannikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Barannikov "Alexander Barannikov"), one of Dostoevsky's neighbors.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003-117)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] On the following day, Dostoevsky suffered a [pulmonary hemorrhage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hemorrhage "Pulmonary hemorrhage"). Anna denied that the search had caused it, saying that the hemorrhage had occurred after her husband had been looking for a dropped pen-holder.[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-121) After he suffered another hemorrhage, Anna called the doctors, who gave a poor prognosis. A third hemorrhage followed shortly afterwards.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003707%E2%80%9350-122)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989368%E2%80%9371-123) While seeing his children before dying, Dostoevsky requested the [parable of the Prodigal Son](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son "Parable of the Prodigal Son") to be read to his children. The profound meaning of this request is pointed out by [Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)"):
> It was this parable of transgression, repentance, and forgiveness that he wished to leave as a last heritage to his children, and it may well be seen as his own ultimate understanding of the meaning of his life and the message of his work.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010925-124)
Among Dostoevsky's last words was his quotation of [Matthew 3:14–15](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_\(King_James\)/Matthew#3:14 "s:Bible (King James)/Matthew"): "But John forbad him, saying, I have a need to be baptised of thee, and comest thou to me? And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness", and he finished with "Hear now—permit it. Do not restrain me!".[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989371%E2%80%9372-125) His last words to his wife Anna were: "Remember, Anya, I have always loved you passionately and have never been unfaithful to you ever, even in my thoughts!"[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-126) When he died, his body was placed on a table, following Russian custom.
Dostoevsky was interred in the [Tikhvin Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery "Tikhvin Cemetery") at the [Alexander Nevsky Convent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra "Alexander Nevsky Lavra"),[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-127) near his favourite poets, [Nikolay Karamzin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin "Nikolay Karamzin") and [Vasily Zhukovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky "Vasily Zhukovsky"). It is unclear how many attended his funeral. According to one reporter, more than 100,000 mourners were present, while others describe attendance between 40,000 and 50,000. His tombstone is inscribed with lines from the New Testament:[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003707%E2%80%9350-122)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989373_et_seqq-128)
> Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it dies, it bringeth forth much fruit.
### Pre-marriage romantic relationships
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Pre-marriage romantic relationships")\]
Dostoevsky was romantically involved with several women before his marriage to [Anna Snitkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Snitkina "Anna Snitkina") in 1867. He had his first known affair with [Avdotya Panaeva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdotya_Panaeva "Avdotya Panaeva"), whom he met in [Ivan Panaev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Panaev "Ivan Panaev")'s circle in the early 1840s. He described her as educated, interested in literature, and a [femme fatale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale "Femme fatale").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198950-129) He admitted later that he was uncertain about their relationship.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-130) According to Anna Dostoevskaya's memoirs, Dostoevsky once asked his sister's sister-in-law, Yelena Ivanova, whether she would marry him, hoping to replace her mortally ill husband after he died, but she rejected his proposal.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997299-131)
Dostoevsky and [Polina Suslova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina_Suslova "Polina Suslova") had a short but intimate affair, which peaked in the winter of 1862–1863. Suslova's dalliance with a Spaniard in late spring and Dostoevsky's gambling addiction and age ended their relationship. He later described her in a letter to [Nadezhda Suslova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Suslova "Nadezhda Suslova") as a "great egoist. Her egoism and her vanity are colossal. She demands *everything* of other people, all the perfections, and does not pardon the slightest imperfection in the light of other qualities that one may possess", and later stated "I still love her, but I do not want to love her any more. She doesn't deserve this love ..."[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168-67)
In 1858 Dostoevsky had a romance with comic actress Aleksandra Ivanovna Schubert. Although she divorced Dostoevsky's friend [Stepan Yanovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Yanovsky "Stepan Yanovsky"), she would not live with him. Dostoevsky did not love her either, but they were probably good friends. She wrote that he "became very attracted to me".[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank198818%E2%80%9319-132)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967183%E2%80%9384-133)
Through a worker in *Epoch*, Dostoevsky learned of the Russian-born Martha Brown (née Elizaveta Andreyevna Chlebnikova), who had had affairs with several westerners. Her relationship with Dostoevsky is known only through letters written between November 1864 and January 1865.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA445_pp._445%E2%80%936]-134)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz200445%E2%80%9346-135)
In 1865 Dostoevsky met [Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Jaclard "Anne Jaclard"). Their relationship is not verified; Anna Dostoevskaya spoke of a good affair, but Korvin-Krukovskaya's sister, the mathematician [Sofia Kovalevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya "Sofia Kovalevskaya"), thought that Korvin-Krukovskaya had rejected him.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997169-136)
In his youth, Dostoevsky enjoyed reading [Nikolai Karamzin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Karamzin "Nikolai Karamzin")'s *History of the Russian State* (published 1818–1829), which praised conservatism and Russian independence, ideas that Dostoevsky would embrace later in life. Before his arrest for participating in the Petrashevsky Circle in 1849, Dostoevsky remarked, "As far as I am concerned, nothing was ever more ridiculous than the idea of a [republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism "Republicanism") government in Russia." In an 1881 edition of his *Diaries*, Dostoevsky stated that the Tsar and the people should form a unity: "For the people, the tsar is not an external power, not the power of some conqueror ... but a power of all the people, an all-unifying power the people themselves desired."[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389-137)
While critical of serfdom, Dostoevsky was skeptical about the creation of a [constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy "Constitutional monarchy"), a concept he viewed as unrelated to Russia's history. He described it as a mere "gentleman's rule" and believed that "a constitution would simply enslave the people".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] He advocated social change instead, for example removal of the feudal system and a weakening of the divisions between the peasantry and the affluent classes. His ideal was a utopian, Christianized Russia where "if everyone were actively Christian, not a single social question would come up ... If they were Christians they would settle everything".[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327-138) He thought democracy and [oligarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy") were poor systems; of France he wrote, "the oligarchs are only concerned with the interest of the wealthy; the democrats, only with the interest of the poor; but the interests of society, the interest of all and the future of France as a whole—no one there bothers about these things."[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327-138) He maintained that political parties ultimately led to social discord. In the 1860s, he discovered *[Pochvennichestvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvennichestvo "Pochvennichestvo")*, a movement similar to [Slavophilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavophilism "Slavophilism") in that it [rejected Europe's culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Europeanism "Anti-Europeanism") and contemporary philosophical movements, such as [nihilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nihilist_movement "Russian nihilist movement") and materialism. *Pochvennichestvo* differed from Slavophilism in aiming to establish, not an isolated Russia, but a more open state modelled on the Russia of [Peter the Great](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great").[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327-138)
In his incomplete article "Socialism and Christianity", Dostoevsky claimed that civilization ("the second stage in human history") had become degraded, and that it was moving towards liberalism and losing its faith in God. He asserted that the traditional concept of Christianity should be recovered. He thought that contemporary western Europe had "rejected the single formula for their salvation that came from God and was proclaimed through revelation, 'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself', and replaced it with practical conclusions such as, '*Chacun pour soi et Dieu pour tous*' \[Every man for himself and God for all\], or "scientific" slogans like '[the struggle for survival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest "Survival of the fittest").'"[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389-137) He considered this crisis to be the consequence of the collision between communal and individual interests, brought about by a decline in religious and moral principles.
Dostoevsky distinguished three "enormous world ideas" prevalent in his time: [Roman Catholicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism"), [Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") and [(Russian) Orthodoxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox "Russian Orthodox"). He claimed that Catholicism had continued the tradition of [Imperial Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") and had thus become anti-Christian and proto-socialist,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-139) inasmuch as the Church's interest in political and mundane affairs led it to abandon the idea of Christ. For Dostoevsky, [socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism "Socialism") was "the latest incarnation of the Catholic idea" and its "natural ally".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004185-140) He found Protestantism self-contradictory and claimed that it would ultimately lose power and spirituality. He deemed (Russian) Orthodoxy to be the ideal form of Christianity.
For all that, to place Dostoevsky politically is not simple: as a Christian, he rejected atheistic socialism; as a traditionalist, he rejected the destruction of the institutions; and, as a pacifist, he rejected any violent method or upheaval led by either progressives or reactionaries. He supported private property and business rights, and did not agree with many criticisms of the free market from the socialist utopians of his time.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-141)\[*[need quotation to verify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\][\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-142)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]
During the [Russo-Turkish War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_\(1877%E2%80%931878\) "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)") of 1877–1878, Dostoevsky asserted that war might be necessary if salvation were to be granted. He wanted the Muslim [Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") eliminated and the Christian [Byzantine Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") restored, and he hoped for the liberation of [Balkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan "Balkan") Slavs and their unification with the Russian Empire.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389-137)
Historian [Richard Pipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes "Richard Pipes") placed Dostoevsky as being firmly in the tradition of [Russian Conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia "Conservatism in Russia") describing *Crime and Punishment*, *The Brothers Karamazov*, and *Demons* as political novels. Pipes was critical of Dostoevsky's politics, saying that in the ordinary sense, the author "knew little and understood less" and his political analysis going little beyond xenophobia and "crude" jingoism. Instead it was in Dostoevsky's understanding of the "psychological implications of radicalism" that his greatness lay.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-143)
Many characters in Dostoevsky's works, including [Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews "Jews"), have been described as displaying negative stereotypes.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-144) In an 1877 letter to Arkady Kovner, a Jew who had accused Dostoevsky of antisemitism, he replied with the following:
> "I am not an enemy of the Jews at all and never have been. But as you say, its 40-century existence proves that this tribe has exceptional vitality, which would not help, during the course of its history, taking the form of various Status in Statu ... how can they fail to find themselves, even if only partially, at variance with the indigenous population – the Russian tribe?"[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-145)
Dostoevsky held to a [Pan-Slavic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavic "Pan-Slavic") ideology that was conditioned by the Ottoman occupations of Eastern Europe. In 1876, the Slavic populations of modern-day South-Eastern [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") outside of the Principality of Serbia (independent since 1868) and of the region of Bulgaria rose up against their Ottoman overlords, but the [rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876 "April Uprising of 1876") was put down. In the process, an estimated 12,000 people were killed. In his diaries, he scorned Westerners and those who were against the Pan-Slavic movement. This ideology was motivated in part by the desire to promote a common Orthodox Christian heritage, which he saw as both unifying as well as a force for liberation.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-146)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_New_Testament.PNG)
The New Testament that Dostoevsky took with him to prison in Siberia
Dostoevsky was an [Orthodox Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church")[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattisonThompson2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGlLm4gbPZdQCpgPA135_p._135]-147) who was raised in a religious family and knew the [Gospel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel "Gospel") from a very young age.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979401-148) He was influenced by the Russian translation of Johannes Hübner's *One Hundred and Four Sacred Stories from the Old and New Testaments Selected for Children* (partly a German bible for children and partly a [catechism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism "Catechism")).[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19898%E2%80%939-149)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1979401-148)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20051-150) He attended Sunday liturgies from an early age and took part in annual pilgrimages to the [St. Sergius Trinity Monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius "Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius").[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19897%E2%80%939-151) A deacon at the hospital gave him religious instruction.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20051-150) Among his most cherished childhood memories were reciting prayers in front of guests and reading passages from the [Book of Job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Job "Book of Job") that impressed him while "still almost a child."[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA24_pp._24],_30-152)
According to an officer at the military academy, Dostoevsky was profoundly religious, followed Orthodox practice, and regularly read the Gospels and [Heinrich Zschokke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Zschokke "Heinrich Zschokke")'s *Die Stunden der Andacht* ("Hours of Devotion"), which "preached a sentimental version of Christianity entirely free from dogmatic content and with a strong emphasis on giving Christian love a social application." This book may have prompted his later interest in [Christian socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism "Christian socialism").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20052-153) Through the literature of [E T. A. Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann "E. T. A. Hoffmann"), Balzac, [Eugène Sue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue "Eugène Sue"), and Goethe, Dostoevsky created his own belief system, similar to [Russian sectarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity "Spiritual Christianity") and the [Old Belief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Believers "Old Believers").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20052-153) After his arrest, aborted execution, and subsequent imprisonment, he focused intensely on the figure of Christ and on the New Testament, the only book allowed in prison.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20056-154) In a January 1854 letter to the woman who had sent him the New Testament, Dostoevsky wrote that he was a "child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and I am certain that I shall remain so to the grave." He also wrote that "even if someone were to prove to me that the truth lay outside Christ, I should choose to remain with Christ rather than with the truth."[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20057-155)
In [Semipalatinsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semey "Semey"), Dostoevsky revived his faith by looking frequently at the stars. Wrangel said that he was "rather pious, but did not often go to church, and disliked priests, especially the Siberian ones. But he spoke about Christ ecstatically." Two pilgrimages and two works by [Dmitri Rostovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_of_Rostov "Dimitry of Rostov"), an archbishop who influenced Ukrainian and Russian literature by composing groundbreaking religious plays, strengthened his beliefs.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank197922%E2%80%9323-156) Through his visits to western Europe and discussions with Herzen, [Grigoriev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_Grigoryev "Apollon Grigoryev"), and [Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov"), Dostoevsky discovered the *[Pochvennichestvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvennichestvo "Pochvennichestvo")* movement and the theory that the [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church "Catholic Church") had adopted the principles of [rationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism "Rationalism"), [legalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_\(Western_philosophy\) "Legalism (Western philosophy)"), [materialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism "Materialism"), and [individualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism "Individualism") from [ancient Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") and had passed on its philosophy to [Protestantism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism") and consequently to atheistic socialism.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20057%E2%80%939-157)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoyevsky_The_Demons_Manuscript.jpg)
Manuscript of *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")*
Dostoevsky's canon includes novels, novellas, [novelettes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella "Novella"), short stories, essays, pamphlets, [limericks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_\(poetry\) "Limerick (poetry)"), [epigrams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram "Epigram") and poems. He wrote more than 700 letters, a dozen of which are lost.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-158)
Dostoevsky expressed religious, psychological, and philosophical ideas in his writings. His works explore such themes as suicide, poverty, human manipulation, and morality. Psychological themes include dreaming, first seen in "White Nights",[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA110_p._110]-159) and the father-son relationship, beginning in *The Adolescent*.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-160) Most of his works demonstrate a vision of the chaotic sociopolitical structure of contemporary Russia.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerras199859-161) His early works viewed society (for example, the differences between poor and rich) through the lens of [literary realism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism "Literary realism") and [naturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_\(literature\) "Naturalism (literature)"). The influences of other writers, particularly evident in his early works, led to accusations of plagiarism,[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerras199814-162)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20073-163) but his style gradually became more individual. After his release from prison, Dostoevsky incorporated religious themes, especially those of Russian Orthodoxy, into his writing. Elements of [gothic fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction "Gothic fiction"),[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004167%E2%80%9370-164) [romanticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism "Romanticism"),[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004361%E2%80%9364-165) and satire[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScanlan200259-166) are observable in some of his books. He frequently used autobiographical or semi-autobiographical details.
An important stylistic element in Dostoevsky's writing is [polyphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony_\(literature\) "Polyphony (literature)"), the simultaneous presence of multiple narrative voices and perspectives.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Bakhtin1984_np-167)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\] Kornelije Kvas wrote that Bakhtin's theory of "the polyphonic novel and Dostoevsky's dialogicness of narration postulates the non-existence of the 'final' word, which is why the thoughts, emotions and experiences of the world of the narrator and his/her characters are reflected through the words of another, with which they can never fully blend."[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-168)
### Reception and influence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Reception and influence")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dresden_Dostojewski-Denkmal.JPG)
Dostoevsky monument in [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden "Dresden") (Germany)
Dostoevsky is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential novelists of the [Golden Age of Russian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature#Golden_Age "Russian literature").[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauer2000364-169) [Leo Tolstoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy "Leo Tolstoy") admired some of Dostoevsky's works, particularly *[The House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_\(novel\) "The House of the Dead (novel)")*, which he saw as exalted religious art, inspired by deep faith and love of humanity.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010369-170)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Dosteoevsky-171) [Albert Einstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein "Albert Einstein") called Dostoevsky a "great religious writer" who explores "the mystery of spiritual existence".[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-172) [Sigmund Freud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud") ranked Dostoevsky second only to [William Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") as a creative writer,[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-173) and called *The Brothers Karamazov* "the most magnificent novel ever written".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-174) [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") called Dostoevsky "the only psychologist from whom I had something to learn" and described him as being "among the most beautiful strokes of fortune in my life."[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19827-175)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-176)\[*[missing long citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SRF#LINKING "Wikipedia:SRF")*\] The Russian literary theorist [Mikhail Bakhtin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin "Mikhail Bakhtin")'s analysis of Dostoevsky came to be at the foundation of his theory of the novel. Bakhtin argued that Dostoevsky's use of [polyphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony_\(literature\) "Polyphony (literature)") was a major advancement in the development of the novel as a genre.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Bakhtin1984_np-167)
In his posthumous collection of sketches *[A Moveable Feast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Moveable_Feast "A Moveable Feast")*, [Ernest Hemingway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway "Ernest Hemingway") stated that in Dostoevsky "there were things believable and not to be believed, but some so true that they changed you as you read them; frailty and madness, wickedness and saintliness, and the insanity of gambling were there to know".[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-177) [James Joyce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce "James Joyce") praised Dostoevsky's prose: "... he is the man more than any other who has created modern prose, and intensified it to its present-day pitch. It was his explosive power which shattered the Victorian novel with its simpering maidens and ordered commonplaces; books which were without imagination or violence."[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-178) In her essay *The Russian Point of View*, [Virginia Woolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf") said, "Out of [Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") there is no more exciting reading".[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-179) [Franz Kafka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka "Franz Kafka") called Dostoevsky his "blood-relative"[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-180) and was heavily influenced by his works, particularly *The Brothers Karamazov* and *Crime and Punishment*, both of which profoundly influenced *[The Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial "The Trial")*.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-181) [Hermann Hesse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse "Hermann Hesse") enjoyed Dostoevsky's work and said that to read him is like a "glimpse into the havoc".[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19828-182) The Norwegian novelist [Knut Hamsun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Hamsun "Knut Hamsun") wrote that "no one has analyzed the complicated human structure as Dostoyevsky. His psychologic sense is overwhelming and visionary."[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrin1947161-183) Writers associated with cultural movements such as [surrealism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism"), [existentialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism "Existentialism") and the [Beats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation "Beat Generation") cite Dostoevsky as an influence,[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20075-184) and he is regarded as a forerunner to [Russian symbolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_symbolism "Russian symbolism"),[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavrin200538-185) [expressionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism")[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurry201157-186) and psychoanalysis.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreger2008270-187)
[J. M. Coetzee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Coetzee "J. M. Coetzee") featured Dostoevsky as the protagonist in his 1997 novel *[The Master of Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_of_Petersburg "The Master of Petersburg")*. The famous [Malayalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam "Malayalam") novel *[Oru Sankeerthanam Pole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru_Sankeerthanam_Pole "Oru Sankeerthanam Pole")* by [Perumbadavam Sreedharan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumbadavam_Sreedharan "Perumbadavam Sreedharan") deals with the life of Dostoevsky and his love affair with [Anna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Grigoryevna_Snitkina "Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina").[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-188)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4027_stamp_\(Fyodor_Dostoyevsky_\(after_Vasily_Perov\)\).jpg)
Soviet Union stamp, 1971
In 1956 an olive-green postage stamp dedicated to Dostoevsky was released in the Soviet Union, with a print run of 1,000 copies.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-189) The [Dostoevsky Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_Museum "Dostoevsky Museum") was opened on 12 November 1971 in the apartment where he wrote his first and final novels.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-190) [A crater on Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevskij_\(crater\) "Dostoevskij (crater)") was named after him in 1979, and a minor planet discovered in 1981 by [Lyudmila Karachkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Karachkina "Lyudmila Karachkina") was named [3453 Dostoevsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3453_Dostoevsky "3453 Dostoevsky"). Music critic and broadcaster [Artemy Troitsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemy_Troitsky "Artemy Troitsky") has hosted the radio show "FM Достоевский" (FM Dostoevsky) since 1997.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-191) Viewers of the TV show *[Name of Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Russia_\(Russia_TV\) "Name of Russia (Russia TV)")* voted him the ninth greatest Russian of all time, just after [Dmitry Mendeleev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Mendeleev "Dmitry Mendeleev"), and just ahead of ruler [Ivan IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible "Ivan the Terrible").[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-192) An [Eagle Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Award_for_Best_Television_Motion_Picture "Golden Eagle Award for Best Television Motion Picture")\-winning TV series directed by [Vladimir Khotinenko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Khotinenko "Vladimir Khotinenko") about Dostoevsky's life was screened in 2011.
Numerous memorials were inaugurated in cities and regions such as Moscow, Saint Petersburg, [Novosibirsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk "Novosibirsk"), Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Kusnetsk, Darovoye, Staraya Russa, [Lyublino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyublino_District "Lyublino District"), [Tallinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn"), [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"), Baden-Baden and [Wiesbaden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden "Wiesbaden"). The [Dostoyevskaya metro station in Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoyevskaya_\(Saint_Petersburg_Metro\) "Dostoyevskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)") was opened on 30 December 1991, and the [station of the same name in Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoyevskaya_\(Moscow_Metro\) "Dostoyevskaya (Moscow Metro)") was opened on 19 June 2010, the 75th anniversary of the [Moscow Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro "Moscow Metro"). The Moscow station is decorated with murals by artist [Ivan Nikolaev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nikolaev "Ivan Nikolaev") depicting scenes from Dostoevsky's works, such as controversial suicides.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-193)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-NPR.org_2010-194)
In 2021, [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") celebrated the 200th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-195)
Dostoevsky's work did not always gain a positive reception. Some critics, such as [Nikolay Dobrolyubov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Dobrolyubov "Nikolay Dobrolyubov"), [Ivan Bunin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bunin "Ivan Bunin") and [Vladimir Nabokov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov "Vladimir Nabokov"), viewed his writing as excessively psychological and philosophical rather than artistic. Others found fault with chaotic and disorganized plots, and others, like Turgenev, objected to "excessive psychologizing" and too-detailed naturalism. His style was deemed "prolix, repetitious and lacking in polish, balance, restraint and good taste". [Saltykov-Shchedrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltykov-Shchedrin "Saltykov-Shchedrin"), [Nikolay Mikhaylovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky "Nikolay Mikhaylovsky") and others criticised his puppet-like characters, most prominently in *The Idiot*, *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (*The Possessed*, *The Devils*)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Demons-Possessed-196) and *The Brothers Karamazov*. These characters were compared to those of Hoffmann, an author whom Dostoevsky admired.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerras19983%E2%80%934-197)
Basing his estimation on stated criteria of enduring art and individual genius, Nabokov judges Dostoevsky "not a great writer, but rather a mediocre one—with flashes of excellent humour but, alas, with wastelands of literary platitudes in between." Nabokov complains that the novels are peopled by "neurotics and lunatics" and states that Dostoevsky's characters do not develop: "We get them all complete at the beginning of the tale and so they remain." He finds the novels full of contrived "surprises and complications of plot", which are effective when first read, but on second reading, without the shock and benefit of these surprises, appear loaded with "glorified cliché".[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Nabokov-198) The Scottish poet and critic [Edwin Muir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Muir "Edwin Muir"), however, addressed criticism regarding the quality of Dostoevsky's characters, noting that "regarding the 'oddness' of Dostoevsky's characters, it has been pointed out that they perhaps only seem 'pathological', whereas in reality they are 'only visualized more clearly than any figures in imaginative literature'."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-199)
Dostoevsky's books have been translated into more than 170 languages.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989foreword-200) The German translator Wilhelm Wolfsohn published one of the first translations, parts of *Poor Folk*, in an 1846–1847 magazine,[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier-Gr%C3%A4fe1988492-201) and a French translation followed. French, German and Italian translations usually came directly from the original, while English translations were second-hand and of poor quality.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn200726-202) The first English translations were by Marie von Thilo in 1881, but the first highly regarded ones were produced between 1912 and 1920 by [Constance Garnett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett "Constance Garnett").[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesTerry2010216-203) Her flowing and easy translations helped popularise Dostoevsky's novels in anglophone countries, and Bakhtin's *Problems of Dostoevsky's Creative Art* (1929) (republished and revised as *[Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problems_of_Dostoevsky%27s_Poetics "Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics")* in 1963) provided further understanding of his style.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-204)
Dostoevsky's works have been interpreted in film and on stage in many different countries. Princess Varvara Dmitrevna Obolenskaya was among the first to propose staging *Crime and Punishment*. Dostoevsky did not refuse permission, but he advised against it, as he believed that "each art corresponds to a series of poetic thoughts, so that one idea cannot be expressed in another non-corresponding form". His extensive explanations in opposition to the transposition of his works into other media were groundbreaking in fidelity criticism. He thought that just one episode should be dramatized, or an idea should be taken and incorporated into a separate plot.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurry20113-205) According to critic Alexander Burry, some of the most effective adaptions are [Sergei Prokofiev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev")'s opera *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(Prokofiev\) "The Gambler (Prokofiev)")*, [Leoš Janáček](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek "Leoš Janáček")'s opera *[From the House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_House_of_the_Dead "From the House of the Dead")*, [Akira Kurosawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa "Akira Kurosawa")'s film *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot_\(1951_film\) "The Idiot (1951 film)")* and [Andrzej Wajda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda "Andrzej Wajda")'s film *[The Possessed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Possessed_\(1988_film\) "The Possessed (1988 film)")*.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurry20115-206)
After the [1917 Russian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Russian_Revolution "1917 Russian Revolution"), passages of Dostoevsky books were sometimes shortened, although only two books were censored: *Demons*[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-207) and *Diary of a Writer*.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-208) His philosophy, particularly in *Demons*, was deemed anti-capitalist but also anti-Communist and reactionary.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20077%E2%80%938-209)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-210) According to historian Boris Ilizarov, Stalin read Dostoevsky's *The Brothers Karamazov* several times.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-211)
Dostoevsky's works of fiction include 16 novels and novellas, 16 short stories, and 5 translations. Many of his longer novels were first published in [serialized form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_\(literature\) "Serial (literature)") in literary magazines and journals. The years given below indicate the year in which the novel's final part or first complete book edition was published. In English many of his novels and stories are known by different titles.
*Poor Folk* is an [epistolary novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolary_novel "Epistolary novel") that depicts the relationship between the small, elderly official Makar Devushkin and the young seamstress Varvara Dobroselova, remote relatives who write letters to each other. Makar's tender, sentimental adoration for Varvara and her confident, warm friendship for him explain their evident preference for a simple life, although it keeps them in humiliating poverty. An unscrupulous merchant finds the inexperienced girl and hires her as his housewife and guarantor. He sends her to a manor somewhere on a steppe, while Makar alleviates his misery and pain with alcohol.
The story focuses on poor people who struggle with their lack of self-esteem. Their misery leads to the loss of their inner freedom, to dependence on the social authorities, and to the extinction of their individuality. Dostoevsky shows how poverty and dependence are indissolubly aligned with deflection and deformation of self-esteem, combining inward and outward suffering.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198969%E2%80%93103-212)
#### *Notes from Underground*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Notes from Underground")\]
*Notes from Underground* is split into two stylistically different parts, the first essay-like, the second in narrative style. The protagonist and first-person narrator is an unnamed 40-year-old civil servant known as The Underground Man. The only known facts about his situation are that he has quit the service, lives in a basement flat on the outskirts of Saint Petersburg and finances his livelihood from a modest inheritance.
The first part is a record of his thoughts about society and his character. He describes himself as vicious, squalid and ugly; the chief focuses of his polemic are the "modern human" and his vision of the world, which he attacks severely and cynically, and towards which he develops aggression and vengefulness. He considers his own decline natural and necessary. Although he emphasizes that he does not intend to publish his notes for the public, the narrator appeals repeatedly to an ill-described audience, whose questions he tries to address.
In the second part he describes scenes from his life that are responsible for his failure in personal and professional life and in his love life. He tells of meeting old school friends, who are in secure positions and treat him with condescension. His aggression turns inward on to himself and he tries to humiliate himself further. He presents himself as a possible savior to the poor prostitute Liza, advising her to reject self-reproach when she looks to him for hope. Dostoevsky added a short commentary saying that although the storyline and characters are fictional, such things were inevitable in contemporary society.
The Underground Man was very influential for philosophers. His alienated existence from the mainstream influenced [modernist literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_literature "Modernist literature").[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-213)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-214)
#### *Crime and Punishment*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Crime and Punishment")\]
The novel *Crime and Punishment* has received both critical and popular acclaim. It remains one of the most influential and widely read novels in [Russian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature "Russian literature"), and has been sometimes described as Dostoevsky's [magnum opus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece "Masterpiece").[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-215)
*Crime and Punishment* follows the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of [Rodion Raskolnikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Raskolnikov "Rodion Raskolnikov"), an impoverished ex-student in Saint Petersburg who plans to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker, an old woman who stores money and valuable objects in her flat. He theorises that with the money he could liberate himself from poverty and go on to perform great deeds, and seeks to convince himself that certain crimes are justifiable if they are committed in order to remove obstacles to the higher goals of 'extraordinary' men. Once the deed is done, however, he finds himself racked with confusion, paranoia, and disgust. His theoretical justifications lose all their power as he struggles with guilt and horror and confronts both the internal and external consequences of his deed.
[Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov") remarked that "Only *Crime and Punishment* was read in 1866" and that Dostoevsky had managed to portray a Russian person aptly and realistically.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989183-216) In contrast, [Grigory Eliseev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Eliseev "Grigory Eliseev") of the radical magazine *[The Contemporary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Contemporary "The Contemporary")* called the novel a "fantasy according to which the entire student body is accused without exception of attempting murder and robbery".[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank199745,_60%E2%80%93182-217) The *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")* describes *Crime and Punishment* as "a masterpiece" and "one of the finest studies of the psychopathology of guilt written in any language."[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-218)
The title is an ironic reference to the central character of the novel, [Prince](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz "Knyaz") [Lev Nikolayevich Myshkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Myshkin "Prince Myshkin"), a young man whose goodness, open-hearted simplicity and guilelessness lead many of the more worldly characters he encounters to mistakenly assume that he lacks intelligence and insight. In the character of Prince Myshkin, Dostoevsky set himself the task of depicting "the positively good and beautiful man."[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-219) The novel examines the consequences of placing such a singular individual at the center of the conflicts, desires, passions and egoism of worldly society, both for the man himself and for those with whom he becomes involved.
[Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)") describes *The Idiot* as "the most personal of all Dostoevsky's major works, the book in which he embodies his most intimate, cherished, and sacred convictions."[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdostoevskywriter00fran_254pagen601_p._577]-220) It includes descriptions of some of his most intense personal ordeals, such as epilepsy and mock execution, and explores moral, spiritual and philosophical themes consequent upon them. His primary motivation in writing the novel was to subject his own highest ideal, that of true Christian love, to the crucible of contemporary Russian society.
*Demons* is a social and political satire, a psychological drama, and large-scale tragedy. [Joyce Carol Oates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates "Joyce Carol Oates") has described it as "Dostoevsky's most confused and violent novel, and his most satisfactorily 'tragic' work."[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-221) According to [Ronald Hingley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hingley "Ronald Hingley"), it is Dostoevsky's "greatest onslaught on Nihilism", and "one of humanity's most impressive achievements—perhaps even its supreme achievement—in the art of prose fiction."[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingley1978158%E2%80%939-222)
*Demons* is an allegory of the potentially catastrophic consequences of the political and moral [nihilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism "Nihilism") that were becoming prevalent in Russia in the 1860s.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-223) A fictional town descends into chaos as it becomes the focal point of an attempted revolution, orchestrated by master conspirator Pyotr Verkhovensky. The mysterious aristocratic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin—Verkhovensky's counterpart in the moral sphere—dominates the book, exercising an extraordinary influence over the hearts and minds of almost all the other characters. The idealistic, Western-influenced generation of the 1840s, epitomized in the character of Stepan Verkhovensky (who is both Pyotr Verkhovensky's father and Nikolai Stavrogin's childhood teacher), is presented as the unconscious progenitors and helpless accomplices of the "demonic" forces that take possession of the town.
#### *The Brothers Karamazov*
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: The Brothers Karamazov")\]
*The Brothers Karamazov* is Dostoevsky's largest work. It received both critical and popular acclaim and, like *Crime and Punishment*, is often cited as his magnum opus.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003390%E2%80%93441-224) Composed of 12 "books", the novel tells the story of three brothers: the novice monk [Alyosha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyosha_Karamazov "Alyosha Karamazov"), the non-believer Ivan, and the soldier Dmitri. The main plot is the death of their father Fyodor Karamazov, while other parts are philosophical and religious arguments by Father Zosima to Alyosha.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705-225)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414-226)
The most famous chapter is "[The Grand Inquisitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Inquisitor "The Grand Inquisitor")", a [parable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable "Parable") told by Ivan to Alyosha about Christ's [Second Coming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming "Second Coming") in [Seville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville "Seville"), Spain, in which Christ is imprisoned by a ninety-year-old Catholic [Grand Inquisitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor "Grand Inquisitor"). Instead of answering him, Christ gives him a kiss, and the Inquisitor subsequently releases him, telling him not to return. The tale has been misunderstood as a defence of the Inquisitor, but some, such as [Romano Guardini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Guardini "Romano Guardini"), argue that the Christ of the parable was Ivan's own interpretation of Christ, "the idealistic product of the unbelief". Ivan, however, has stated that he is against Christ. Most contemporary critics and scholars agree that Dostoevsky is attacking Roman Catholicism and socialist atheism, both represented by the Inquisitor. He warns the readers against a terrible revelation in the future, referring to the [Donation of Pepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin "Donation of Pepin") around 750 and the [Spanish Inquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition "Spanish Inquisition") in the 16th century, which in his view corrupted true Christianity.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller198291%E2%80%93103-227)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705-225)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414-226)
[Sigmund Freud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud "Sigmund Freud") wrote an essay called "[Dostoevsky and Parricide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_and_Parricide "Dostoevsky and Parricide")" (German: Dostojewski und die Vatertötung) as an introductory article to a scholarly collection on *The Brothers Karamazov*.
| | |
|---|---|
| Novels and novellas \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Novels and novellas")\] (1846) *[Poor Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Folk "Poor Folk")* (1846) *[The Double](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "The Double (Dostoevsky novel)")* (1847) *[The Landlady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlady_\(novella\) "The Landlady (novella)")* (novella) (1849) *[Netochka Nezvanova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netochka_Nezvanova_\(novel\) "Netochka Nezvanova (novel)")* (unfinished) (1859) *[Uncle's Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%27s_Dream "Uncle's Dream")* (novella) (1859) *[The Village of Stepanchikovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_of_Stepanchikovo "The Village of Stepanchikovo")* (1861) *[Humiliated and Insulted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted "Humiliated and Insulted")* (1862) *[The House of the Dead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_\(novel\) "The House of the Dead (novel)")* (1864) *[Notes from Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground "Notes from Underground")* (novella) (1866) *[Crime and Punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment "Crime and Punishment")* (1866) *[The Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_\(novel\) "The Gambler (novel)")* (1869) *[The Idiot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot "The Idiot")* (1870) *[The Eternal Husband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Husband "The Eternal Husband")* (1872) *[Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_\(Dostoevsky_novel\) "Demons (Dostoevsky novel)")* (also titled: *The Possessed*, *The Devils*)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-Demons-Possessed-196) (1875) *[The Adolescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adolescent "The Adolescent")* (1880) *[The Brothers Karamazov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov "The Brothers Karamazov")* | (1846) "[Mr. Prokharchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Prokharchin "Mr. Prokharchin")" (1847) "Novel in Nine Letters" (1848) "[Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Man%27s_Wife_and_a_Husband_Under_the_Bed "Another Man's Wife and a Husband Under the Bed")" (merger of "Another Man's Wife" and "A Jealous Husband") (1848) "A Weak Heart" (1848) "Polzunkov" (1848) "[An Honest Thief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Honest_Thief "An Honest Thief")" (1848) "[A Christmas Tree and a Wedding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Tree_and_a_Wedding "A Christmas Tree and a Wedding")" (1848) "[White Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nights_\(short_story\) "White Nights (short story)")" (1849) "A Little Hero" (1862) "[A Nasty Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nasty_Story "A Nasty Story")" (1865) "[The Crocodile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crocodile_\(short_story\) "The Crocodile (short story)")" (1873) "[Bobok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobok "Bobok")" (1876) "[The Heavenly Christmas Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar_Boy_at_Christ%27s_Christmas_Tree "The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree")" (also titled: "The Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree")[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-228) (1876) "[A Gentle Creature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature "A Gentle Creature")" (also titled: "The Meek One") (1876) "[The Peasant Marey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasant_Marey "The Peasant Marey")" (1877) "[The Dream of a Ridiculous Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_of_a_Ridiculous_Man "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man")" |
- *[Winter Notes on Summer Impressions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Notes_on_Summer_Impressions "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions")* (1863)
- *[A Writer's Diary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Writer%27s_Diary "A Writer's Diary")* (1873–1881)
- (1843) *[Eugénie Grandet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet "Eugénie Grandet")* ([Honoré de Balzac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac "Honoré de Balzac"))
- (1843) *La dernière Aldini* ([George Sand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand "George Sand"))
- (1843) *[Mary Stuart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_\(Schiller_play\) "Mary Stuart (Schiller play)")* ([Friedrich Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller "Friedrich Schiller"))
- (1912) *Letters of Fyodor Michailovitch Dostoevsky to His Family and Friends* by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Author), translator Ethel Colburn Mayne Kessinger Publishing, LLC (26 May 2006) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4286-1333-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-1333-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-1333-1")
#### Posthumously published notebooks
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Posthumously published notebooks")\]
- (1922) *Stavrogin's Confession & the Plan of the Life of a Great Sinner* – English translation by [Virginia Woolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf") and [S.S. Koteliansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Koteliansky "S.S. Koteliansky")
- [Ecstatic seizures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstatic_seizures "Ecstatic seizures")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-3)**
[*DOST\-oy-EF\-skee*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key"),[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-:0-1) [*DOST\-ə-YEF\-skee, DUST\-*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key");[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-:1-2) [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский,
[romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian "Romanization of Russian"):
*Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevskiy*, IPA: [\[ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian "Help:IPA/Russian") [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ru-Dostoevsky.ogg "File:Ru-Dostoevsky.ogg").
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-4)** In this name that follows [East Slavic naming customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs "East Slavic naming customs"), the [patronymic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic "Patronymic") is *Mikhailovich* and the [family name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname "Surname") is *Dostoevsky*. Dostoevsky's name has been variously transcribed into English, his first name sometimes being rendered as *Theodore* or *Fedor* and his last name as *Dostoyevsky*.
Before the postrevolutionary [orthographic reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#The_post-revolution_reform "Reforms of Russian orthography") which, among other things, replaced the Cyrillic letter [Ѳ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%B2 "Ѳ") with [Ф](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4 "Ф"), his name was written Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-71)** *Time* magazine was a popular periodical with more than 4,000 subscribers before it was closed on 24 May 1863 by the Tsarist Regime after publishing an essay by [Nikolay Strakhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov "Nikolay Strakhov") about the [Polish revolt in Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising "January Uprising"). *Vremya* and its 1864 successor *[Epokha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_\(Russian_magazine\) "Epoch (Russian magazine)")* expressed the philosophy of the conservative and [Slavophile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavophile "Slavophile") movement *[Pochvennichestvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvennichestvo "Pochvennichestvo")*, supported by Dostoevsky during his term of imprisonment and in the following years.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank198834%E2%80%9364-70)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-95)** Another reason for his abstinence might have been the closure of casinos in Germany in 1872 and 1873 (it was not until the rise of Adolf Hitler that they were reopened)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989245-93) or his entering a synagogue that he confused with a gambling hall. According to biographer [Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)"), Dostoevsky took that as a sign not to gamble any more.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank2003639-94)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-121)** The hemorrhage could also have been triggered by heated disputes with his sister Vera about his aunt Aleksandra Kumanina's estate, which was settled on 30 March and discussed in the St Petersburg City Court on 24 July 1879.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekirin1997309%E2%80%9316-118)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004xxxiii-119) Anna later acquired a part of his estate consisting of around 185 [desiatina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiatina "Desiatina") (around 500 acres or 202 [ha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare "Hectare")) of forest and 92 desiatina of farmland.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_note-FOOTNOTELantz2004223-120)
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-:0_1-0)**
[Jones, Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_\(phonetician\) "Daniel Jones (phonetician)") (2011). [Roach, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roach_\(phonetician\) "Peter Roach (phonetician)"); [Setter, Jane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Setter "Jane Setter"); [Esling, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esling "John Esling") (eds.). "Dostoievski, Dostoevsky". *[Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary "English Pronouncing Dictionary")* (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-15255-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6")
.
`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN "Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN"))
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-:1_2-0)** ["Dostoevsky"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dostoevsky). *[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary "Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary")*.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Morson_Britannica_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Morson_Britannica_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Morson_Britannica_5-2)
[Morson, Gary Saul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Saul_Morson "Gary Saul Morson") (7 November 2024). ["Fyodor Dostoyevsky"](http://britannica.com/biography/Fyodor-Dostoyevsky). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")*. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-6)**
[Burt, Daniel S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burt_\(author\) "Daniel Burt (author)") (2009). [*The Literary 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time*](http://archive.org/details/literary100ranki0000burt_v6e1). Internet Archive. New York, NY : Facts on File. p. 51. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8160-6267-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6267-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6267-6")
.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-7)**
[Popova, Maria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Popova "Maria Popova") (30 January 2012). ["The Greatest Books of All Time, as Voted by 125 Famous Authors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231030080041/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/). *The Atlantic*. Archived from [the original](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/) on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-8)**
Leigh, David J. (2010). ["The Philosophy and Theology of Fyodor Dostoevsky"](https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/uram.33.1-2.85). *Ultimate Reality and Meaning*. **33** (1–2\): 85–103\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3138/uram.33.1-2.85](https://doi.org/10.3138%2Furam.33.1-2.85).
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-9)** Geraci, Robert. 2016. "Islam." In *Dostoevsky in Context*, Literature in Context, eds. Deborah A. Martinsen and Olga Maiorova. Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). chapter, 209–18: "By Dostoevsky's time, numerous Russian noble families bore the Russianized names of Muslim-Turkic forebears. Though one of his ancestors, Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, had defected from the Golden Horde to Muscovy in 1389 after being converted to Orthodoxy by Dmitry Donskoi, that lineage was not reflected in Dostoevsky's surname."
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-10)** Dominique Arban, *Dostoïevski*, Seuil, 1995, p. 5
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19891%E2%80%935_11-1) [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 1–5.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19796%E2%80%9322_12-1) [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 6–22.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198911_13-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 11.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-14)**
Terras, Victor (1985). [*Handbook of Russian Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VjKh2gkCudAC&pg=PA102). Yale University Press. p. 102. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-300-04868-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04868-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04868-1")
.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom20049_15-0)** [Bloom (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloom2004), p. 9.
14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger200872_16-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger200872_16-1) [Breger (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBreger2008), p. 72.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200223_17-0)** [Leatherbarrow (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLeatherbarrow2002), p. 23.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896%E2%80%9311_18-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 6–11.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197923%E2%80%9354_19-1) [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 23–54.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-20)**
["Natural School (Натуральная школа)"](http://www.hrono.ru/organ/rossiya/natur_scol.php). Brief Literary Encyclopedia in 9 Volumes. Moscow. 1968. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky19674_21-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), p. 4.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz200461_22-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 61.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-23)**
Ruttenburg, Nancy (4 January 2010). [*Dostoevsky's Democracy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MLKbtdvf2fUC&pg=PA76). [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). pp. 76–77\.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-24)**
["ДОСТОЕВСКИЙ ФЁДОР МИХАЙЛОВИЧ"](https://w.histrf.ru/articles/dostoevskiy-fedor-mihaylovich). *w.histrf.ru*. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19896_25-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 6.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198939_26-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 39.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198914%E2%80%9315_27-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 14–15.
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198917%E2%80%9323_28-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 17–23.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%9390_29-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 69–90.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz20042_30-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 2.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198924%E2%80%937_31-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 24–7.
30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111_32-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111_32-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197969%E2%80%93111_32-2) [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 69–111.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin199759_33-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 59.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-34)** Reik, Theodor (1940). ["The Study on Dostoyevsky."](https://archive.org/stream/Reik_1940_From_Thirty_Years_with_Freud#page/n175/mode/2up) In *From Thirty Years with Freud*, Farrar & Rhinehart, Inc., pp. 158–76.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004109_35-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 109.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198931%E2%80%9336_36-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 31–36.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979114%E2%80%9315_37-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 114–15.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger2008104_38-0)** [Breger (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBreger2008), p. 104.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-39)**
Grossman, Leonid (2011).
Достоевский
\[*Dostoevsky*\] (in Russian). [AST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AST_\(publisher\) "AST (publisher)"). p. 536.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198936%E2%80%9337_40-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 36–37.
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin199773_41-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 73.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979113%E2%80%9357_42-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 113–57.
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198942%E2%80%9349_43-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 42–49.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979159%E2%80%9382_44-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 159–82.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198953%E2%80%9355_45-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 53–55.
44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967115%E2%80%9321_46-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), pp. 115–21.
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198959_47-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 59.
46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979239%E2%80%9346,_259%E2%80%93346_48-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 239–46, 259–346.
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198958%E2%80%9369_49-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 58–69.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA152_pp._152%E2%80%93158]_50-0)** [Frank & (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [pp. 152–158](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA152).
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky196799%E2%80%93101_51-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), pp. 99–101.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Belinsky_52-0)** Belinsky, Vissarion (1847). [Letter to Gogol](http://academic.shu.edu/russianhistory/index.php/Vissarion_Belinsky,_Letter_to_Gogol). *Documents in Russian History*, Seton Hall University. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967121%E2%80%9333_53-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), pp. 121–33.
52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19876%E2%80%9368_54-1) [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 6–68.
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198972%E2%80%9379_55-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 72–79.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198979%E2%80%9396_56-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 79–96.
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997113_57-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 113.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-58)** Pisma, I: pp. 135–37.
57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198996%E2%80%93108_59-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 96–108.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-60)** In the semi-autobiographical "The House of the Dead", the attitude of Poles towards the main character, who is Dostoyevsky's alter ego, can be described as friendly. They basically treat him as their equal, partly because of what they had in common: nobility, higher education and idealistic beliefs.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-61)**
["Gallery"](https://fyodor-dostoevsky.com/gallery/).
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9320_62-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 8–20.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997107%E2%80%9321_63-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), pp. 107–21.
62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989112%E2%80%9313_64-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 112–13.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1987165%E2%80%93267_65-0)** [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 165–267.
64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989108%E2%80%9313_66-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 108–13.
65. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997168_67-1) [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 168.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1987175%E2%80%93221_68-0)** [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 175–221.
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989115%E2%80%9363_69-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 115–63.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank198834%E2%80%9364_70-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 34–64.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1987290_et_seq_72-0)** [Frank (1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1987), pp. 290 et seq.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank19888%E2%80%9362_73-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 8–62.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989135%E2%80%9337_74-0)** [Kjetsaa 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 135–37.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1988233%E2%80%9349_75-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 233–49.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989143%E2%80%9345_76-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 143–45.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-77)**
Simpson, Tim (2023). *Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution*. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis MN: [University of Minnesota Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press "University of Minnesota Press"). p. 276. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5179-0031-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1")
.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1988197%E2%80%93211,_283%E2%80%9394,_248%E2%80%93365_78-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 197–211, 283–94, 248–365.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989151%E2%80%9375_79-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 151–75.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA462_462]_80-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [462](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA462).
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatherbarrow200283_81-0)** [Leatherbarrow (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLeatherbarrow2002), p. 83.
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank199742%E2%80%93183_82-0)** [Frank (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), pp. 42–183.
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989162%E2%80%9396_83-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 162–96.
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997178_84-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 178.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-85)**
Moss, Walter G. (2002). [*Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PS3_6phMOS0C&pg=PA128). Anthem Press. pp. 128–33\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-85728-763-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-763-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-763-2")
.
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-86)**
Andrew Kaufman (31 August 2021), *The Gambler Wife: A True Story of Love, Risk, and the Woman Who Saved Dostoyevsky*, [OL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_\(identifier\) "OL (identifier)") [25452381W](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL25452381W), [Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_\(identifier\) "WDQ (identifier)") [Q109057625](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109057625 "d:Q109057625")
84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-87)**
["Fiodor Dostojewski – biografia, wiersze, utwory"](https://poezja.org/wz/Dostojewski_Fiodor/). *poezja.org* (in Polish). Retrieved 18 June 2022.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989219_88-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 219.
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-89)**
Kathari, Suzanne; Riliet, Natalie (2009). *Histoire et Guide des cimetières genevois* (in French). Geneva: Éditions Slatkine. pp. 110, 222, 227. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-2-8321-0372-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8321-0372-2 "Special:BookSources/978-2-8321-0372-2")
.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1997151%E2%80%93363_90-0)** [Frank 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), pp. 151–363.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989201%E2%80%9337_91-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 201–37.
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989240%E2%80%9361_92-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 240–61.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989245_93-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 245.
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003639_94-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), p. 639.
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1997241%E2%80%93363_96-0)** [Frank (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), pp. 241–363.
93. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989265_97-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 265.
94. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200314%E2%80%9363_98-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200314%E2%80%9363_98-1) [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 14–63.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989265%E2%80%9367_99-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 265–67.
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-100)**
Nasedkin, Nikolay.
[Вокруг Достоевского](https://web.archive.org/web/20130502232436/http://www.niknas.narod.ru/4dost/1dost_enz/dost_enz3-10.htm)
\[Around Dostoyevsky\]. *The Dostoyevsky Encyclopedia* (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://www.niknas.narod.ru/4dost/1dost_enz/dost_enz3-10.htm) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989268%E2%80%9371_101-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 268–71.
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200338%E2%80%93118_102-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 38–118.
99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989269%E2%80%9389_103-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 269–89.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003120%E2%80%9347_104-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 120–47.
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989273%E2%80%9395_105-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 273–95.
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003149%E2%80%9397_106-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 149–97.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989273%E2%80%93302_107-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 273–302.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003199%E2%80%93280_108-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 199–280.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989303%E2%80%9306_109-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 303–06.
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003320%E2%80%9375_110-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 320–75.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989307%E2%80%9349_111-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 307–49.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997255_112-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 255.
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004170_113-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 170.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004230%E2%80%9331_114-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 230–31.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003475%E2%80%93531_115-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 475–531.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989353%E2%80%9363_116-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 353–63.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003_117-0)** [Frank 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003).
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997309%E2%80%9316_118-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), pp. 309–16.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004xxxiii_119-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. xxxiii.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004223_120-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 223.
117. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003707%E2%80%9350_122-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003707%E2%80%9350_122-1) [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 707–50.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989368%E2%80%9371_123-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 368–71.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010925_124-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), p. 925.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989371%E2%80%9372_125-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 371–72.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-126)**
Mikhailova, Valeriya (6 March 2017). ["To be the wife of Fyodor Dostoevsky (part 4)"](https://bloggerskaramazov.com/2017/03/06/anna-grigorievna-4/). *Bloggers Karamazov*.
122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-127)**
["Dostoevsky in Petersburg"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160325192707/http://eng.md.spb.ru/dostoevsky/Dostoevsky_Petersburg/?more). [F.M. Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_Museum "Dostoevsky Museum"). Archived from [the original](http://eng.md.spb.ru/dostoevsky/Dostoevsky_Petersburg/?more) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989373_et_seqq_128-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 373 et seqq.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198950_129-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 50.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-130)** Payne, Robert. *Dostoyevsky: A Human Portrait*, Knopf, 1961, p. 51, [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [609509729](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609509729)
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997299_131-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 299.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank198818%E2%80%9319_132-0)** [Frank (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1988), pp. 18–19.
128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMochulsky1967183%E2%80%9384_133-0)** [Mochulsky (1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMochulsky1967), pp. 183–84.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA445_pp._445%E2%80%936]_134-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [pp. 445–6](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA445).
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz200445%E2%80%9346_135-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 45–46.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekirin1997169_136-0)** [Sekirin (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFSekirin1997), p. 169.
132. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389_137-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389_137-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004183%E2%80%9389_137-2) [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 183–89.
133. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327_138-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327_138-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004323%E2%80%9327_138-2) [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 323–27.
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-139)**
Blake, Elizabeth Ann (30 April 2014). "Dostoevsky's Portrayal of Transnational Catholicism in *Demons*". [*Dostoevsky and the Catholic Underground*](https://books.google.com/books?id=aQA3AwAAQBAJ). Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 122. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780810167568](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810167568 "Special:BookSources/9780810167568")
. Retrieved 17 September 2024. "Dostoevsky underscores a link between Catholicism and socialism while asserting his belief in the coercive nature of their statecraft ."
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004185_140-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), p. 185.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-141)**
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (20 July 1997). [*A Writer's Diary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=38xQHS4h0yEC). Northwestern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780810115163](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810115163 "Special:BookSources/9780810115163")
. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-142)**
Ward, Bruce K. (30 October 2010). [*Dostoyevsky's Critique of the West: The Quest for the Earthly Paradise*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3fAgAAQBAJ&q=property&pg=PT23). [Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Press "Wilfrid Laurier University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781554588169](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781554588169 "Special:BookSources/9781554588169")
. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-143)**
[Pipes, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes "Richard Pipes") (2005). *Russian conservatism and its critics*. [Yale University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press "Yale University Press"). p. 135-139.
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-144)**
[Eberstadt, Fernanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_Eberstadt "Fernanda Eberstadt") (1987). ["Dostoevsky and the Jews"](https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/dostoevsky-and-the-Jews/). *Commentary Magazine*.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-145)**
Frank, Joseph; Goldstein, David I., eds. (1989). *Selected Letters of Fyodor Dostoevsky*. Translated by Andrew Macandrew. [Rutgers University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press "Rutgers University Press"). pp. 437–8\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780813514536](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813514536 "Special:BookSources/9780813514536")
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141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-146)**
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (1919). [*The Diary Of A Writer*](https://archive.org/details/the-diary-of-a-writer/The-Diary-Of-A-Writer/page/778/mode/2up). translated and annotated by Boris Brasol. New York: George Braziller. p. 779. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattisonThompson2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGlLm4gbPZdQCpgPA135_p._135]_147-0)** [Pattison & Thompson (2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFPattisonThompson2001), [p. 135](https://books.google.com/books?id=GlLm4gbPZdQC&pg=PA135).
143. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979401_148-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1979401_148-1) [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), p. 401.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19898%E2%80%939_149-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 8–9.
145. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20051_150-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20051_150-1) [Jones (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFJones2005), p. 1.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa19897%E2%80%939_151-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 7–9.
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA24_pp._24],_30_152-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [pp. 24](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA24), 30.
148. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20052_153-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20052_153-1) [Jones (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFJones2005), p. 2.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20056_154-0)** [Jones (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFJones2005), p. 6.
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20057_155-0)** [Jones (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFJones2005), p. 7.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank197922%E2%80%9323_156-0)** [Frank (1979)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1979), pp. 22–23.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20057%E2%80%939_157-0)** [Jones (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFJones2005), pp. 7–9.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-158)**
[Достоевский Федор Михайлович: Стихотворения](http://az.lib.ru/d/dostoewskij_f_m/text_0680.shtml)
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154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlp1RpM8o9BQCpgPA110_p._110]_159-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [p. 110](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&pg=PA110).
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-160)**
Catteau, Jacques (1989). [*Dostoyevsky and the Process of Literary Creation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=P8thF_jlMWEC&pg=PA282). Cambridge University Press. p. 282. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-32436-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32436-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32436-6")
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156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerras199859_161-0)** [Terras (1998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFTerras1998), p. 59.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerras199814_162-0)** [Terras (1998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFTerras1998), p. 14.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20073_163-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), p. 3.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004167%E2%80%9370_164-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 167–70.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELantz2004361%E2%80%9364_165-0)** [Lantz (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLantz2004), pp. 361–64.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScanlan200259_166-0)** [Scanlan (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFScanlan2002), p. 59.
162. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Bakhtin1984_np_167-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Bakhtin1984_np_167-1) Bakhtin, M.M. (1984) *Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics*. Edited and translated by Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-168)**
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164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauer2000364_169-0)** [Lauer (2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLauer2000), p. 364.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010369_170-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), p. 369.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Dosteoevsky_171-0)**
[Aimée Dostoyevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Dostoevskaya "Lyubov Dostoevskaya") (1921). *Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Study*. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. [p. 218](https://books.google.com/books?id=n7fb7eH6nRUC&pg=PA218).
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-172)**
[Vucinich, Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vucinich "Alexander Vucinich") (2001). *Einstein and Soviet Ideology*. [Stanford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press "Stanford University Press"). [p. 181](https://books.google.com/books?id=f_-lAYZzP1UC&pg=PA181). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-173)**
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169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-174)**
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170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19827_175-0)** [Müller (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFM%C3%BCller1982), p. 7.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-176)** See. KSA 13, 14\[222\] and 15\[9\]
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-177)**
[Dahiya, Bhim S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhim_S._Dahiya "Bhim S. Dahiya") (1992). [*Hemingway's A Farewell To Arms: a Critical Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=O5kw7ukXZ3gC&pg=PA15). Academic Foundation. p. 15. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-178)**
Power, Arthur (2000). Hart, Clive (ed.). *Conversations with James Joyce*. Introduction by David Norris. [The Lilliput Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lilliput_Press "The Lilliput Press"). pp. 51–60\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-179)**
[Woolf, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf "Virginia Woolf") (1984). "Chapter 16: The Russian Point of View". In Mcneillie, Andrew (ed.). [*The Common Reader*](https://archive.org/details/commonreader00wool_0). A Harvest Book – Harcourt. [p. 178](https://archive.org/details/commonreader00wool_0/page/178/mode/2up?q=exciting). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-180)**
Bridgwater, Patrick (2003). [*Kafka: Gothic and Fairytale*](https://books.google.com/books?id=x2_4TSvSO2gC&pg=PA9). Rodopi. p. 9. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-181)**
Struc, Roman S. (1981). ["Kafka and Dostoevsky as 'Blood Relatives'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121004214338/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/02/111.shtml). *Dostoevsky Studies*. **2**. [University of Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") – International Dostoevsky Society: 111–7\. Archived from [the original](http://sites.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/02/111.shtml) on 4 October 2012.
177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller19828_182-0)** [Müller (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFM%C3%BCller1982), p. 8.
178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavrin1947161_183-0)** [Lavrin (1947)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLavrin1947), p. 161.
179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20075_184-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), p. 5.
180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavrin200538_185-0)** [Lavrin (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFLavrin2005), p. 38.
181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurry201157_186-0)** [Burry (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBurry2011), p. 57.
182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreger2008270_187-0)** [Breger (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBreger2008), p. 270.
183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-188)**
["'Oru Sankeerthanam Pole' goes into 100th edition"](https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/nov/26/oru-sankeerthanam-pole-goes-into-100th-edition-1711185.html). *[The New Indian Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express "The New Indian Express")*. No. 26 November 2017.
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185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-190)**
["Museum"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080117112658/http://eng.md.spb.ru/museum/) (in Russian). [F.M. Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoevsky_Museum "Dostoevsky Museum"). Archived from [the original](http://eng.md.spb.ru/museum/) on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-191)**
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187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-192)**
[Результаты Интернет голосования](https://web.archive.org/web/20170827115011/http://www.nameofrussia.ru/rating.html)
\[Internet voting results\] (in Russian). [Name of Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Russia_\(Russia_TV\) "Name of Russia (Russia TV)"). Archived from [the original](http://www.nameofrussia.ru/rating.html) on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-193)**
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189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-NPR.org_2010_194-0)**
Greene, David (9 August 2010). ["A Dark View Of Dostoevsky On The Moscow Subway"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128954859). *NPR*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204012553/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128954859) from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
190. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-195)**
Babich, Dmitry (10 November 2021). ["Dostoyevsky's 200th Anniversary Celebrated in Kazakhstan, the Land of His Formative Years"](https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/dostoyevskys-200th-anniversary-celebrated-in-kazakhstan-the-land-of-his-formative-years/). *The Astana Times*. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
191. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Demons-Possessed_196-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Demons-Possessed_196-1) The 1872 novel ″Demons″, Russian: Бесы, *Bésy*, by Fyodor Dostoevsky is sometimes also titled *The Possessed* or *The Devils*
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerras19983%E2%80%934_197-0)** [Terras 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFTerras1998), pp. 3–4.
193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-Nabokov_198-0)**
Nabokov, Vladamir (1981). *Lectures on Russian Literature*. Harvest Book/Harcourt. pp. 97–135\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-199)**
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (12 June 2008). *The Karamazov Brothers*. OUP Oxford. pp. xx. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780191647802](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191647802 "Special:BookSources/9780191647802")
.
195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989foreword_200-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. foreword.
196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier-Gr%C3%A4fe1988492_201-0)** [Meier-Gräfe (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFMeier-Gr%C3%A4fe1988), p. 492.
197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn200726_202-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), p. 26.
198. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesTerry2010216_203-0)** [Jones & Terry (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFJonesTerry2010), p. 216.
199. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-204)**
France, Peter (2001). [*The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pmNoS2dndKsC&pg=PA594). Oxford University Press. pp. 594–98\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-818359-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818359-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818359-4")
.
200. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurry20113_205-0)** [Burry (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBurry2011), p. 3.
201. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurry20115_206-0)** [Burry (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBurry2011), p. 5.
202. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-207)**
["\[Д-З\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170729223705/http://www.opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/?id=344). *Forbidden Books of Russian Writers and Literary Scientists, 1917–1991* (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://www.opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/?id=344) on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
203. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-208)**
["3.3. Книги об отдельных писателях"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180220061102/http://opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/kritik/?id=579). *Forbidden Books of Russian Writers and Literary Scientists, 1917–1991*. Archived from [the original](http://www.opentextnn.ru/censorship/russia/sov/libraries/books/blium/ilp/kritik/?id=579) on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
204. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloshteyn20077%E2%80%938_209-0)** [Bloshteyn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFBloshteyn2007), pp. 7–8.
205. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-210)**
Lenin read Dostoevsky in a more-nuanced way than others, describing *Demons* (1871–72) as "repulsive but great". See
Waite, Geoff; Cernia Slovin, Francesca (2016). "Nietzsche with Dostoevsky: Unrequited Collaborators in Crime without Punishment". In Jeff Love; Jeffrey Metzger (eds.). *Nietzsche and Dostoevsky: Philosophy, Morality, Tragedy*. Chicago: Northwestern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780810133969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810133969 "Special:BookSources/9780810133969")
.
For a summary of the Soviet reception of Dostoevsky, see
Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). *Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era* (1st ed.). Princeton Univ. Press. p. 94. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780691094595](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691094595 "Special:BookSources/9780691094595")
.
206. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-211)**
Vladimir Bushin.
[Враньё от юного папуаса](https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201750/http://gazeta-pravda.ru/content/view/115/)
\[Fids from a young Papuan\]. *[Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda "Pravda")* (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://gazeta-pravda.ru/content/view/115/) on 29 October 2013.
207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa198969%E2%80%93103_212-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 69–103.
208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-213)**
Halliwell, Martin (2006). [*Transatlantic Modernism: Moral Dilemmas in Modernist Fiction*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RXLT4Gu4aQ4C). Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7486-2393-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2393-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2393-8")
.
209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-214)**
Eysteinsson, Ástráður (1990). [*The Concept of Modernism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=peKRAu4U458C&pg=PA29). Cornell University Press. p. 29. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8014-8077-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8077-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8077-5")
.
210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-215)**
Arntfield, Michael (2017). [*Murder in Plain English*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3l9xDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42). New York City: Prometheus. p. 42. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781633882546](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781633882546 "Special:BookSources/9781633882546")
.
211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989183_216-0)** [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), p. 183.
212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank199745,_60%E2%80%93182_217-0)** [Frank (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), p. 45, 60–182.
213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-218)**
[Cregan-Reid, Vybarr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vybarr_Cregan-Reid "Vybarr Cregan-Reid"); Bauer, Pat. ["Crime and Punishment"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crime-and-Punishment-novel). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-219)**
Dostoevsky letter quoted in Peace, Richard (1971). *Dostoyevsky: An Examination of the Major Novels*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–63\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-521-07911-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07911-X "Special:BookSources/0-521-07911-X")
.
215. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdostoevskywriter00fran_254pagen601_p._577]_220-0)** [Frank (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2010), [p. 577](https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran_254/page/n601).
216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-221)**
Oates, Joyce Carol (January 1978). "The tragic vision of *The Possessed*". *The Georgia Review*. **32** (4 – Winter 1978): 868.
See also in [Celestial Timepiece Blog](http://celestialtimepiece.com/2015/01/28/tragic-rites-in-dostoyevskys-the-possessed/).
217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingley1978158%E2%80%939_222-0)** [Hingley (1978)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFHingley1978), pp. 158–9.
218. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-223)**
Rollberg, Peter (2014). "Mastermind, Terrorist, Enigma: Dostoevsky's Nikolai Stavrogin". *Perspectives on Political Science*. **43** (3): 143–52\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10457097.2014.917244](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10457097.2014.917244). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [145671815](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145671815).
219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank2003390%E2%80%93441_224-0)** [Frank (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank2003), pp. 390–441.
220. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705_225-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1997567%E2%80%93705_225-1) [Frank (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFFrank1997), pp. 567–705.
221. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414_226-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKjetsaa1989337%E2%80%93414_226-1) [Kjetsaa (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFKjetsaa1989), pp. 337–414.
222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller198291%E2%80%93103_227-0)** [Müller (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#CITEREFM%C3%BCller1982), pp. 91–103.
223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky#cite_ref-228)**
Dostoyefsky, F.M. (1920). "A Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree". [*Little Russian Masterpieces*](https://archive.org/details/littlerussianmas00ragouoft/page/n7/mode/2up). Chosen and translated by Zénaïde A. Ragozin. Introduction and biographical notes by S.N. Syromiatnikof. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 172.
- Bercken, Wil van den (2011). [*Christian Fiction and Religious Realism in the Novels of Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mFFFtwjQnigC). Anthem Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-85728-976-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-976-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-976-6")
.
- Bloshteyn, Maria R. (2007). [*The Making of a Counter-Culture Icon: Henry Miller's Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9NvAaLyYoCwC). University of Toronto Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8020-9228-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9228-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9228-1")
.
- [Breger, Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Breger "Louis Breger") (2008). [*Dostoevsky: The Author As Psychoanalyst*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vxX2JGsN7PoC). Transaction Publishers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4128-0843-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0843-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0843-9")
.
- Burry, Alexander (2011). [*Multi-Mediated Dostoevsky: Transposing Novels Into Opera, Film, and Drama*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lfLnzvLaB-kC). Northwestern University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8101-2715-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2715-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2715-9")
.
- Cassedy, Steven (2005). [*Dostoevsky's Religion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DI4FUgZJ1kkC). Stanford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8047-5137-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5137-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5137-7")
.
- Cicovacki, Predrag (2012). [*Dostoevsky and the Affirmation of Life*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6wUX-eI738MC). Transaction Publishers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4128-4606-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4606-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4606-6")
.
- Goldstein, David (1981). *Dostoevsky and the Jews*. Foreword by [Joseph Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)"). University of Texas Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-292-71528-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71528-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71528-8")
.
- Hingley, Ronald (1978). *Dostoyevsky His Life and Work*. London: Paul Elek Limited. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-236-40121-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-236-40121-1 "Special:BookSources/0-236-40121-1")
.
- Jones, Malcolm V. (2005). [*Dostoevsky And the Dynamics of Religious Experience*](https://books.google.com/books?id=L52TNlWprfcC). Anthem Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-84331-205-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-205-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-205-5")
.
- Jones, Malcolm V.; Terry, Garth M. (2010). [*New Essays on Dostoyevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UH_VyT6nscwC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-15531-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15531-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15531-1")
.
- Lantz, Kenneth A. (2004). [*The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XfDOcmJisn0C). Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-313-30384-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30384-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30384-5")
.
- Lauer, Reinhard (2000). [*Geschichte der Russischen Literatur: von 1700 bis zur Gegenwart*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VEx1OAAACAAJ) (in German). Verlag C.H. Beck. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-406-50267-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-50267-5 "Special:BookSources/978-3-406-50267-5")
.
- [Lavrin, Janko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Lavrin "Janko Lavrin") (2005). [*Dostoevsky: A Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=57iTq6YSJbcC). Kessinger Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4179-8844-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-8844-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-8844-0")
.
- Leatherbarrow, William J (2002). [*The Cambridge Companion to Dostoevskii*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lf0xf3a6s4C). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-65473-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65473-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65473-9")
.
- [Maurina, Zenta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenta_Maurina "Zenta Maurina") (1940). *A Prophet of the Soul: Fyodor Dostoievsky*. Translated by C. P. Finlayson. James Clarke & Co. Ltd.
- [Meier-Gräfe, Julius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Meier-Graefe "Julius Meier-Graefe") (1988) \[1926\]. *Dostojewski der Dichter* (in German). Insel Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-458-32799-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-458-32799-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-458-32799-8")
.
- Mochulsky, Konstantin (1967) \[1967\]. [*Dostoevsky: His Life and Work*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mDKphT8_XLsC). Minihan, Michael A. (translator). [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01299-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01299-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01299-5")
.
- Müller, Ludolf (1982). *Dostojewskij: Sein Leben, Sein Werk, Sein Vermächtnis* (in German). Erich Wewel Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-87904-100-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87904-100-8 "Special:BookSources/978-3-87904-100-8")
.
- Paperno, Irina (1997). [*Suicide as a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=m3pqf8f-6bMC). Cornell University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8014-8425-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8425-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8425-4")
.
- [Pattison, George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pattison "George Pattison"); Thompson, Diane Oenning (2001). [*Dostoevsky and the Christian tradition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GlLm4gbPZdQC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-78278-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78278-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78278-4")
.
- [Popović, Justin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Popovi%C4%87 "Justin Popović") (2007).
Философия и религия Достоевского
\[*Philosophical and Religious Beliefs of Dostoyevsky*\] (in Russian). Издатель Д.В. Харченко. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-985-90125-1-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-90125-1-8 "Special:BookSources/978-985-90125-1-8")
.
- Scanlan, James Patrick (2002). [*Dostoevsky the Thinker: A Philosophical Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lbMYxaFTMZAC). Cornell University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8014-3994-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3994-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3994-0")
.
- Sekirin, Peter, ed. (1997). [*The Dostoevsky Archive: Firsthand Accounts of the Novelist from Contemporaries' Memoirs and Rare Periodicals, Most Translated Into English for the First Time, with a Detailed Lifetime Chronology and Annotated Bibliography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EExUdTF7iLYC). McFarland. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7864-0264-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0264-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0264-9")
.
- Terras, Victor (1998). [*Reading Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4nV9o8k9y34C). University of Wisconsin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-299-16054-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16054-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16054-8")
.
Biographies
- [Bloom, Harold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom "Harold Bloom") (2004). [*Fyodor Dostoevsky*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1C1K-BnFGFIC). Infobase Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7910-8117-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8117-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8117-4")
.
- [Frank, Joseph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_\(writer\) "Joseph Frank (writer)") (2010). [*Dostoevsky: A Writer in His Time*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780691128191](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691128191 "Special:BookSources/9780691128191")
.
- Frank, Joseph (2003) \[2002\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mQqonU-pweEC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-11569-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11569-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11569-6")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1997) \[1995\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iAs4Lz5yog0C). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01587-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01587-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01587-3")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1988) \[1986\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QJj6qb6Rh3AC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01452-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01452-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01452-4")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1987) \[1983\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859*](https://books.google.com/books?id=K98hhw0IEHgC). Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01422-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01422-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01422-7")
.
- Frank, Joseph (1979) \[1976\]. [*Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pDEAXltygUIC). [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-691-01355-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01355-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01355-8")
.
- [Kjetsaa, Geir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Kjetsaa "Geir Kjetsaa") (1989). [*Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Writer's Life*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2lzWAAAAMAAJ). Fawcett Columbine. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-449-90334-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90334-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90334-6")
.
- Lavrin, Janko (1947). *Dostoevsky*. New York The Macmillan Company. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [646160256](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646160256).
- Allen, James Sloan (2008), "Condemned to Be Free," *Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life,* Savannah: Frederic C. Beil. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-929490-35-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6")
- Birmingham, Kevin. 2021. *The sinner and the saint: Dostoevsky and the gentleman murderer who inspired a masterpiece.* New York: Penguin.
- [Berdyaev, Nicolas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev "Nikolai Berdyaev") (1948). [*The Russian Idea*](https://archive.org/stream/russianidea017842mbp#page/n9/mode/2up), The Macmillan Company.
- [Bierbaum, Otto Julius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Julius_Bierbaum "Otto Julius Bierbaum") (1910–1911). ["Dostoyevsky and Nietzsche,"](https://archive.org/stream/hibbertjournal09londuoft#page/822/mode/2up) *The Hibbert Journal*, Vol. IX.
- Glouberman, Emanuel (1974). *Feodor Dostoevsky, Vladimir Soloviev, Vasilii Rozanov and Lev Shestov on Jewish and Old Testament themes* (PhD thesis). University of Michigan.
- Hubben, William. (1997). *Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka: Four Prophets of Our Destiny,* Simon & Schuster. Originally published in 1952.
- Lavrin, Janko (1918). ["Dostoyevsky and Certain of his Problems,"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054459/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814594764613.pdf) [Part II](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054146/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814596247223.pdf), [Part III](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054229/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814597776460.pdf), [Part IV](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054355/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814599287257.pdf), [Part V](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054438/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814600995148.pdf), [Part VI](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054207/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814602554005.pdf), [Part VII](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054543/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814604124778.pdf), [Part VIII](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054313/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814605608766.pdf), [Part IX](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054606/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814607139203.pdf), [Part X](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054334/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814608577430.pdf), *The New Age*, Vol. XXII, Nos. 12–21.
- Lavrin, Janko (1918). ["The Dostoyevsky Problem,"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054253/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814613531258.pdf) *The New Age*, Vol. XXII, No. 24, pp. 465–66.
- Maeztu, Ramiro de (1918). ["Dostoyevsky the Manichean,"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054418/http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814611623814.pdf) *The New Age*, Vol. XXII, No. 23, 1918, pp. 449–51.
- Manning, Clarence Augustus (1922). ["Dostoyevsky and Modern Russian Literature,"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27533562) *The Sewanee Review*, Vol. 30, No. 3.
- [Seccombe, Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Seccombe "Thomas Seccombe") (1911). ["Dostoievsky, Feodor Mikhailovich"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dostoievsky,_Feodor_Mikhailovich) . In [Chisholm, Hugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm "Hugh Chisholm") (ed.). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition")*. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 438–439\.
- Simmons, Ernest J. (1940). [*Dostoevsky: The Making Of A Novelist*](https://archive.org/stream/dostoevskythemak012344mbp#page/n5/mode/2up), Vintage Books.
- Westbrook, Perry D. (1961). [*The Greatness of Man: An Essay on Dostoyevsky and Whitman*](https://archive.org/stream/greatnessofman00west#page/n5/mode/2up). New York: Thomas Yoseloff.
**Digital collections**
- [Works by Fyodor Dostoevsky in eBook form](https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/fyodor-dostoevsky) at [Standard Ebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks "Standard Ebooks")
- [Works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/314) at [Project Gutenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg "Project Gutenberg")
- [Works by or about Fyodor Dostoevsky](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%28Fyodor+OR+F.%29+AND+%28Dostoyevsky+OR+Dostoevsky%29+%29) at the [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive")
- [Works by Fyodor Dostoevsky](https://librivox.org/author/439) at [LibriVox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox "LibriVox") (public domain audiobooks) 
- [Fyodor Dostoyevsky collection](https://onemorelibrary.com/en/languages/english/fyodor-dostoyevsky-collection-311) at One More Library
- [The complete works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky](http://ilibrary.ru/author/dostoevski/) (in Russian) – the [online published](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing "Electronic publishing") bibliography in its original language
**Scholarly works**
- [International Dostoevsky Society](https://dostoevsky.org/) – a network of scholars dedicated to studying the life and works of Fyodor Dostoevsky
- [Archives of Dostoevsky Studies](https://web.archive.org/web/20120506033225/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/issues.shtml) [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1013-2309](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1013-2309), a journal published from 1980 to 1988
**Other links**
- [Fyodor Dostoevsky](https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author96.htm) at the Internet Book List
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor (8 June 2016). [*A Novel in Nine Letters*](http://www.shortstoryproject.com/a-novel-in-nine-letters/). Translated by Garnett, Constance Clara.
Also available in the [original Russian](https://www.shortstoryproject.com/untranslate/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190345/https://www.shortstoryproject.com/untranslate/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85/) 15 April 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine").
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor (4 March 2017). [*The Dream of a Ridiculous Man*](https://web.archive.org/web/20180415193437/https://www.shortstoryproject.com/dream-ridiculous-man/). Translated by Garnett, Constance. Archived from [the original](https://www.shortstoryproject.com/dream-ridiculous-man/) on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- [Newspaper clippings about Fyodor Dostoevsky](http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004196) in the [20th Century Press Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives "20th Century Press Archives") of the [ZBW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics "German National Library of Economics") |
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