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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa114)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine","crawl_time":1775360883,"first_indexed_time":1375979414,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Fluoxetine s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Fluoxetine - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Fluoxetine\n(\nR\n)-fluoxetine (left), (\nS\n)-fluoxetine (right)\nClinical data\nPronunciation\nUS:\nfloo-\nAHKS\n-ə-teen\nUK:\nfloo-\nOKS\n-ə-teen\nTrade names\nProzac, Sarafem, others\nAHFS\n\/\nDrugs.com\nMonograph\nMedlinePlus\na689006\nLicense data\nUS\n \nDailyMed\n: \nFluoxetine\nPregnancy\ncategory\nAU\n:\nC\nAddiction\nliability\nNone\n[\n1\n]\nRoutes of\nadministration\nBy mouth\nDrug class\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\n(SSRI)\n[\n2\n]\nATC code\nN06AB03\n(\nWHO\n)\nQN06AB03\n(\nWHO\n)\nLegal status\nLegal status\nAU\n:\nS4\n(Prescription only)\n[\n3\n]\nBR\n:\nClass C1\n(Other controlled substances)\n[\n4\n]\nCA\n:\n℞-only\n[\n5\n]\nUK\n:\nPOM\n(Prescription only)\nUS\n:\n℞-only\n[\n6\n]\n[\n7\n]\nEU\n:\nRx-only\nPharmacokinetic\ndata\nBioavailability\n60–80%\n[\n2\n]\nProtein binding\n94–95%\n[\n6\n]\nMetabolism\nLiver\n(mostly\nCYP2D6\n-mediated)\n[\n8\n]\nMetabolites\nNorfluoxetine\nDesmethylfluoxetine\nElimination\nhalf-life\n1–3 days (acute)\n4–6 days (chronic)\n[\n8\n]\n[\n9\n]\nExcretion\nUrine (80%), feces (15%)\n[\n8\n]\n[\n9\n]\nIdentifiers\nIUPAC name\nN\n-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine\nCAS Number\n54910-89-3\n \nas HCl: \n56296-78-7\n \nPubChem\nCID\n3386\nas HCl:\n62857\nIUPHAR\/BPS\n203\nDrugBank\nDB00472\n \nas HCl: \nDBSALT000087\n \nChemSpider\n3269\n \nas HCl:\n56589\n \nUNII\n01K63SUP8D\nas HCl: \nI9W7N6B1KJ\n \nKEGG\nD00326\n \nas HCl: \nD00823\n \nChEBI\nCHEBI:5118\n \nas HCl: \nCHEBI:5119\n \nChEMBL\nChEMBL41\n \nas HCl: \nChEMBL1201082\n \nPDB ligand\nRFX (\nPDBe\n,\nRCSB PDB\n)\nCompTox Dashboard\n(\nEPA\n)\nDTXSID7023067\nECHA InfoCard\n100.125.370\nChemical and physical data\nFormula\nC\n17\nH\n18\nF\n3\nN\nO\nMolar mass\n309.332\n g·mol\n−1\n3D model (\nJSmol\n)\nInteractive image\nChirality\nRacemic mixture\nMelting point\n179 to 182 °C (354 to 360 °F)\nBoiling point\n395 °C (743 °F)\nSMILES\nCNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F\nInChI\nInChI=1S\/C17H18F3NO\/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20\/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3\n \nKey:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N\n \n  \n(verify)\nFluoxetine\n, sold under the brand name\nProzac\n, among others, is an\nantidepressant medication\nof the\nselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\n(SSRI) class\n[\n2\n]\nused for the treatment of\nmajor depressive disorder\n,\nanxiety\n,\nobsessive–compulsive disorder\n(OCD),\npanic disorder\n,\npremenstrual dysphoric disorder\n, and\nbulimia nervosa\n.\n[\n2\n]\nIt is also approved for treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and children 8 years of age and over.\n[\n10\n]\nIt has also been used to treat\npremature ejaculation\n.\n[\n2\n]\nFluoxetine is\ntaken by mouth\n.\n[\n2\n]\nCommon side effects include\nloss of appetite\n,\nnausea\n,\ndiarrhea\n,\nheadache\n,\ntrouble sleeping\n,\ndry mouth\n, and\nsexual dysfunction\n. Serious side effects include\nserotonin syndrome\n,\nmania\n,\nseizures\n, an increased risk of\nsuicidal behavior\n, and an increased risk of\nbleeding\n.\n[\n2\n]\nAntidepressant discontinuation syndrome\nis less likely to occur with fluoxetine than with other antidepressants. Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in\ncongenital heart defects\nin newborns.\n[\n11\n]\n[\n12\n]\nIt has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during\nbreastfeeding\nif it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants were ineffective.\n[\n13\n]\nFluoxetine was invented by\nEli Lilly and Company\nin 1972. Eli Lilly filed a new drug application for the US Food and Drug Administration in 1974, which was accepted in 1977.\n[\n14\n]\nIt subsequently entered medical use in 1986.\n[\n15\n]\nIt is on the\nWorld Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines\n[\n16\n]\nand is available as a\ngeneric medication\n.\n[\n2\n]\nIn 2023, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States and the fourth most common antidepressant, with more than 27\n \nmillion prescriptions.\n[\n17\n]\n[\n18\n]\nEli Lilly also markets fluoxetine in a fixed-dose combination with\nolanzapine\nas\nolanzapine\/fluoxetine\n(Symbyax), which was approved by the US\nFood and Drug Administration\n(FDA) for the treatment of depressive episodes of\nbipolar I disorder\nin 2003 and for\ntreatment-resistant depression\nin 2009.\n[\n19\n]\n[\n20\n]\nfluoxetine\nblister pack\n20 mg capsules\nFluoxetine 10 mg tablets\nFluoxetine is frequently used to treat\nmajor depressive disorder\n,\nobsessive–compulsive disorder\n(OCD),\npost-traumatic stress disorder\n(PTSD),\nbulimia nervosa\n,\npanic disorder\n,\npremenstrual dysphoric disorder\n, and\ntrichotillomania\n.\n[\n21\n]\n[\n22\n]\n[\n23\n]\n[\n24\n]\n[\n25\n]\nIt has also been used for\ncataplexy\n,\nobesity\n,\nalcohol dependence\n,\nsocial anxiety disorder\n,\n[\n2\n]\nas well as\nbinge eating disorder\n.\n[\n26\n]\n[\n27\n]\nStudies do not support a benefit in children with\nautism\n, though there is weak evidence for benefit in adult autism.\n[\n28\n]\n[\n29\n]\n[\n30\n]\n[\n31\n]\nFluoxetine and the related\nfluvoxamine\nhave shown some initial promise as a potential treatment for reducing\nCOVID-19\nseverity if given early.\n[\n32\n]\nFluoxetine is approved for the treatment of major depression in children and adults.\n[\n6\n]\nA meta-analysis of trials in adults concluded that fluoxetine modestly outperforms placebo.\n[\n33\n]\nFluoxetine may be less effective than other antidepressants, but has high acceptability.\n[\n34\n]\nFor children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe depressive disorder, fluoxetine seems to be the best treatment (either with or without\ncognitive behavioural therapy\n, although fluoxetine alone does not appear to be superior to CBT alone) but more research is needed to be certain, as effect sizes are small and the existing evidence is of dubious quality.\n[\n35\n]\n[\n36\n]\n[\n37\n]\n[\n38\n]\nA 2022 systematic review and trial restoration of the two original blinded-control trials used to approve the use of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression found that both of the trials were severely flawed, and therefore did not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of the medication.\n[\n39\n]\nIn 2025, a trial restoration of the influential TADS study found that fluoxetine had not been superior to placebo in the treatment of depressed adolescents, contradicting previously reported results used in meta-analyses and guidelines.\n[\n40\n]\nObsessive–compulsive disorder\n[\nedit\n]\nFluoxetine is effective in the treatment of\nobsessive–compulsive disorder\n(OCD).\n[\n41\n]\nIt is effective for treating OCD in children, adolescents and adults.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n37\n]\n[\n43\n]\nThe\nAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\nstate that\nSSRIs\n, including fluoxetine, should be used as first-line therapy in children, along with\ncognitive behavioral therapy\n(CBT), for the treatment of moderate to severe OCD.\n[\n44\n]\nThe efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of\npanic disorder\nwas demonstrated in two 12-week randomized multicenter\nphase III clinical trials\nthat enrolled patients diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without\nagoraphobia\n. In the first trial, 42% of subjects in the fluoxetine-treated arm were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 28% in the placebo arm. In the second trial, 62% of fluoxetine-treated patients were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 44% in the placebo arm.\n[\n6\n]\nA 2011\nsystematic review\ndiscussed seven trials that compared fluoxetine to a\nplacebo\nin the treatment of\nbulimia nervosa\n, six of which found a statistically significant reduction in symptoms such as vomiting and binge eating.\n[\n45\n]\nHowever, no difference was observed between treatment arms when fluoxetine and\npsychotherapy\nwere compared to psychotherapy alone.\nPremenstrual dysphoric disorder\n[\nedit\n]\nFluoxetine is used to treat\npremenstrual dysphoric disorder\n, a condition where individuals have\naffective\nand\nsomatic\nsymptoms monthly during the\nluteal phase\nof menstruation.\n[\n7\n]\n[\n46\n]\nTaking fluoxetine 20 mg\/d can be effective in treating PMDD,\n[\n47\n]\n[\n48\n]\nthough doses of 10 mg\/d have also been prescribed effectively.\n[\n49\n]\n[\n50\n]\nImpulsive aggression\n[\nedit\n]\nFluoxetine is considered a first-line medication for the treatment of impulsive aggression of low intensity.\n[\n51\n]\nFluoxetine reduced low-intensity aggressive behavior in patients in\nintermittent explosive disorder\nand\nborderline personality disorder\n.\n[\n51\n]\n[\n52\n]\n[\n53\n]\nFluoxetine also reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior.\n[\n54\n]\nObesity and overweight adults\n[\nedit\n]\nIn 2019 a\nsystematic review\ncompared the effects on weight of various doses of fluoxetine (60 mg\/d, 40 mg\/d, 20 mg\/d, 10 mg\/d) in obese and overweight adults.\n[\n55\n]\nWhen compared to placebo, all dosages of fluoxetine appeared to contribute to weight loss but lead to increased risk of experiencing side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea, during the period of treatment. However, these conclusions were from low-certainty evidence.\n[\n55\n]\nWhen comparing, in the same review, the effects of fluoxetine on the weight of obese and overweight adults, to other anti-obesity agents, omega-3\ngel capsule\nand not receiving treatment, the authors could not reach conclusive results due to poor quality of evidence.\n[\n55\n]\nSpecial populations\n[\nedit\n]\nIn children and adolescents, fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to tentative evidence favoring efficacy and tolerability.\n[\n56\n]\n[\n57\n]\nEvidence supporting an increased risk of major fetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the\nMedicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\n(MHRA) of the United Kingdom has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, formation of the fetal organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital\ncardiac\nmalformations in the newborn.\n[\n58\n]\n[\n59\n]\n[\n60\n]\nFurthermore, an association between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor fetal malformations was observed in one study.\n[\n59\n]\nHowever, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies—published in the\nJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada\n—concluded, \"the apparent increased risk of fetal cardiac malformations associated with maternal use of fluoxetine has recently been shown also in depressed women who deferred SSRI therapy in pregnancy, and therefore most probably reflects an ascertainment bias. Overall, women who are treated with fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy do not appear to have an increased risk of major fetal malformations.\"\n[\n61\n]\nPer the US\nFood and Drug Administration\n(FDA), infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy may have an increased risk for\npersistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn\n. Limited data support this risk, but the FDA recommends physicians consider tapering SSRIs such as fluoxetine during the third trimester.\n[\n6\n]\nA 2009 review recommended against fluoxetine as a first-line SSRI during lactation, stating, \"Fluoxetine should be viewed as a less-preferred SSRI for breastfeeding mothers, particularly with newborn infants, and in those mothers who consumed fluoxetine during gestation.\"\n[\n62\n]\nSertraline\nis often the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal fetal exposure observed and its safety profile while breastfeeding.\n[\n63\n]\nSide effects observed in fluoxetine-treated persons in clinical trials with an incidence >5% and at least twice as common in fluoxetine-treated persons compared to those who received a placebo pill include abnormal dreams, abnormal\nejaculation\n, anorexia, anxiety,\nasthenia\n,\ndiarrhea\n, dizziness, dry mouth,\ndyspepsia\n, fatigue,\nflu syndrome\n,\nimpotence\n,\ninsomnia\n, decreased\nlibido\n, nausea, nervousness,\npharyngitis\n, rash,\nsinusitis\n,\nsomnolence\n, sweating,\ntremor\n,\nvasodilation\n, and\nyawning\n.\n[\n55\n]\n[\n64\n]\nFluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is, it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation).\n[\n65\n]\nIt also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g.\nurticaria\n(hives), rash, itchiness, etc.).\n[\n59\n]\nSexual dysfunction, including loss of libido,\nerectile dysfunction\n, lack of vaginal lubrication, and\nanorgasmia\n, are some of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is >70%.\n[\n66\n]\nIn 2019, the\nPharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee\nof the\nEuropean Medicines Agency\nrecommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and\nSNRIs\nshould be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction.\n[\n67\n]\nFollowing on the European assessment, a safety review by\nHealth Canada\n\"could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link\n \n... which was long lasting in rare cases\", but recommended that \"healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment\".\n[\n68\n]\nFluoxetine's longer\nhalf-life\nmakes it less common to develop\nantidepressant discontinuation syndrome\nfollowing cessation of therapy, especially when compared with antidepressants with shorter half-lives such as\nparoxetine\n.\n[\n69\n]\n[\n70\n]\nAlthough gradual dose reductions are recommended with antidepressants with shorter\nhalf-lives\n, tapering may not be necessary with fluoxetine.\n[\n71\n]\nIt has been recommended as a treatment option for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.\n[\n72\n]\nAntidepressant exposure (including fluoxetine) is associated with shorter average duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower\nApgar scores\n(by <0.4 points).\n[\n73\n]\n[\n74\n]\nThere is 30–36% increase in\ncongenital heart defects\namong children whose mothers were prescribed fluoxetine during pregnancy,\n[\n11\n]\n[\n12\n]\nwith fluoxetine use in the first trimester associated with 38–65% increase in\nseptal heart defects\n.\n[\n75\n]\n[\n11\n]\nThis section needs to be\nupdated\n.\nPlease help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.\n(\nMarch 2022\n)\nIn recent years, the clinical understanding of the FDA's \"black box\" warning has evolved to focus on the balance between medication risks and the risks of untreated depression. While the 2004 and 2006 warnings regarding increased suicidal ideation in children and young adults (under 25) remain, long-term data published through 2024 suggests that these warnings may have led to an unintended decline in depression treatment, which some studies correlate with an increase in suicide deaths among adolescents. Statistical meta-analyses updated in 2022 confirm that while the risk of suicidal thoughts in youth on antidepressants like fluoxetine is approximately twice that of a placebo (4% vs 2%), there remains no statistically significant increase in completed suicides across dozens of pediatric trials. Furthermore, recent data continues to show a protective effect in older populations; for adults aged 65 and older, antidepressant use is associated with a statistically significant decrease in suicidality.\n[\n76\n]\nRegarding specific treatments, research published between 2021 and 2023 reinforces that fluoxetine is most effective and carries the lowest risk of adverse behavioral events when paired with psychotherapy. A 2022 meta-analysis found that combination therapy (medication plus CBT) resulted in a lower incidence of suicidal events compared to fluoxetine alone. While fluoxetine remains the only FDA-approved antidepressant for children as young as 8, modern clinical guidelines emphasize rigorous monitoring during the first 12 weeks of treatment—the period identified as having the highest risk for the onset of suicidal ideation.\n[\n77\n]\nFluoxetine can affect the\nelectrical currents\nthat\nheart muscle cells\nuse to coordinate their contraction, specifically the\npotassium\ncurrents\nI\nto\nand\nI\nKs\nthat repolarise the\ncardiac action potential\n.\n[\n78\n]\nUnder certain circumstances, this can lead to prolongation of the\nQT interval\n, a measurement made on an\nelectrocardiogram\nreflecting how long it takes for the heart to electrically recharge after each heartbeat. When fluoxetine is taken alongside other drugs that prolong the QT interval, or by those with a susceptibility to\nlong QT syndrome\n, there is a small risk of potentially lethal\nabnormal heart rhythms\nsuch as\ntorsades de pointes\n.\n[\n79\n]\nA study completed in 2011 found that fluoxetine does not alter the QT interval and has no clinically meaningful effects on the cardiac action potential.\n[\n80\n]\nIn overdose, most frequent adverse effects include:\n[\n81\n]\nContraindications include prior treatment (within the past 2 weeks)\n[\n82\n]\n[\n83\n]\nwith\nMAOIs\nsuch as\nphenelzine\nand\ntranylcypromine\n, due to the potential for\nserotonin syndrome\n.\n[\n8\n]\nIts use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used.\n[\n8\n]\nIts use in those concurrently receiving\npimozide\nor\nthioridazine\nis also advised against.\n[\n8\n]\nIn case of short-term administration of codeine for pain management, it is advised to monitor and adjust dosage. Codeine might not provide sufficient analgesia when fluoxetine is co-administered.\n[\n84\n]\nIf opioid treatment is required, oxycodone use should be monitored since\noxycodone\nis metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system and fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 enzymes.\n[\n85\n]\nThis means combinations of codeine or oxycodone with fluoxetine antidepressant may lead to reduced analgesia.\n[\n86\n]\nIn some cases, use of\ndextromethorphan\n-containing cold and cough medications with fluoxetine is advised against, due to fluoxetine increasing serotonin levels, as well as the fact that fluoxetine is a\ncytochrome P450 2D6\ninhibitor, which causes dextromethorphan to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome and other potential side effects of dextromethorphan.\n[\n87\n]\nPatients who are taking\nNSAIDs\n,\nantiplatelet drugs\n,\nanticoagulants\n,\nomega-3 fatty acids\n,\nvitamin E\n, and garlic\nsupplements\nmust be careful when taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs, as they can sometimes increase the blood-thinning effects of these medications.\n[\n88\n]\n[\n89\n]\nFluoxetine and\nnorfluoxetine\ninhibit\nmany\nisozymes\nof the\ncytochrome P450\nsystem that are involved in\ndrug metabolism\n. Both are potent inhibitors of\nCYP2D6\n(which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and\nCYP2C19\n, and mild to moderate inhibitors of\nCYP2B6\nand\nCYP2C9\n.\n[\n90\n]\n[\n91\n]\nIn vivo\n, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do not significantly affect the activity of\nCYP1A2\nand\nCYP3A4\n.\n[\n90\n]\nThey also inhibit the activity of\nP-glycoprotein\n, a type of\nmembrane transport protein\nthat plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates, such as\nloperamide\n, may have their central effects potentiated.\n[\n92\n]\nThis extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential for\ninteractions\nwith many commonly used drugs.\n[\n92\n]\n[\n93\n]\nIts use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as\nmonoamine oxidase inhibitors\n,\ntricyclic antidepressants\n,\nmethamphetamine\n,\namphetamine\n,\nMDMA\n,\ntriptans\n,\nbuspirone\n,\nginseng\n,\ndextromethorphan (DXM)\n,\nlinezolid\n,\ntramadol\n,\nserotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\n(SNRIs), and other SSRIs due to the potential for\nserotonin syndrome\nto develop as a result.\n[\n8\n]\n[\n94\n]\nFluoxetine may also increase the risk of opioid overdose in some instances, in part due to its inhibitory effect on cytochrome P-450.\n[\n95\n]\n[\n96\n]\nSimilar to how fluoxetine can effect the metabolization of dextromethorphan, it may cause medications like\noxycodone\nto not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome as well as resulting in an increased concentration of oxycodone in the blood, which may lead to\naccidental overdose\n.\nA 2022 study that examined the health insurance claims of over 2 million Americans who began taking oxycodone while using SSRIs between 2000 and 2020, found that patients taking\nparoxetine\nor fluoxetine had a 23% higher risk of overdosing on oxycodone than those using other SSRIs.\n[\n95\n]\nThere is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent.\n[\n8\n]\nBinding affinities\n(\nK\ni\nin\nnM\n)\n[\n97\n]\n[\n98\n]\n[\n99\n]\n[\n100\n]\n[\n101\n]\nMolecular\ntarget\nFluoxetine\nNorfluoxetine\nSERT\n1\n19\nNET\n574\n2700\nDAT\n1092\n420\n5-HT\n1A\n32400\n13700\n5-HT\n2A\n147\n295\n5-HT\n2C\n112\n91\nα\n1\n3800\n3900\nM\n1\n702–1030\n1200\nM\n2\n2700\n4600\nM\n3\n1000\n760\nM\n4\n2900\n2600\nM\n5\n2700\n2200\nH\n1\n3250\n>10000\nFluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and does not appreciably inhibit\nnorepinephrine\nand\ndopamine\nreuptake at therapeutic doses. It does, however, delay the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Large doses in rats have been shown to induce a significant increase in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine.\n[\n102\n]\n[\n103\n]\n[\n104\n]\n[\n105\n]\nThus, dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine in humans at supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg).\n[\n104\n]\n[\n106\n]\nThis effect may be mediated by 5HT\n2C\nreceptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine.\n[\n107\n]\nFluoxetine increases the concentration of circulating\nallopregnanolone\n, a potent\nGABA\nA\nreceptor positive allosteric modulator\n, at concentrations that are inactive on serotonin reuptake.\n[\n105\n]\n[\n108\n]\nNorfluoxetine\n, a primary\nactive metabolite\nof fluoxetine, produces a similar effect on allopregnanolone levels in the brains of mice.\n[\n105\n]\nAdditionally, both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are such modulators themselves, actions which may be clinically relevant.\n[\n109\n]\nIn addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an\nagonist\nof the\nσ\n1\n-receptor\n, with a\npotency\ngreater than that of\ncitalopram\nbut less than that of\nfluvoxamine\n. However, the significance of this property is not fully clear.\n[\n110\n]\n[\n111\n]\nFluoxetine also functions as a channel blocker of\nanoctamin 1\n, a\ncalcium-activated chloride channel\n.\n[\n112\n]\n[\n113\n]\nA number of other\nion channels\n, including\nnicotinic acetylcholine receptors\nand\n5-HT\n3\nreceptors\n, are also known to be\ninhibited\nat similar concentrations.\n[\n109\n]\nFluoxetine has been shown to inhibit\nacid sphingomyelinase\n, a key regulator of\nceramide\nlevels which derives ceramide from\nsphingomyelin\n.\n[\n114\n]\n[\n115\n]\nMechanism of action\n[\nedit\n]\nWhile it is unclear how fluoxetine exerts its effect on mood, it has been suggested that fluoxetine elicits an antidepressant effect by inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the synapse by binding to the reuptake pump on the neuronal membrane\n[\n116\n]\nto increase serotonin availability and enhance neurotransmission.\n[\n117\n]\nOver time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic\n5-HT\n1A\nreceptors\n, which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of\nbrain-derived neurotrophic factor\n, which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.\n[\n118\n]\n[\n119\n]\nNorfluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine are metabolites of fluoxetine and also act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increasing the duration of action of the drug.\n[\n120\n]\n[\n116\n]\nProlonged exposure to fluoxetine changes the expression of genes involved in myelination, a process that shapes brain connectivity and contributes to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The regulation of genes involved with myelination is partially responsible for the long-term therapeutic benefits of chronic SSRI exposure.\n[\n121\n]\nThe\nS\nenantiomer\nof\nnorfluoxetine\n, fluoxetine's chief active metabolite\nThe\nbioavailability\nof fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6–8 hours. It is highly\nbound\nto plasma proteins, mostly\nalbumin\nand α\n1\n-glycoprotein.\n[\n8\n]\nFluoxetine is\nmetabolized\nin the\nliver\nby\nisoenzymes\nof the\ncytochrome P450\nsystem, including\nCYP2D6\n.\n[\n122\n]\nThe role of CYP2D6 in the\nmetabolism\nof fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great\ngenetic variability\nin the function of this enzyme among people. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite,\nnorfluoxetine\n.\n[\n123\n]\nBoth drugs are also potent\ninhibitors\nof CYP2D6.\n[\n124\n]\nThe extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine\nelimination half-life\nincreases from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use.\n[\n8\n]\nSimilarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use.\n[\n122\n]\n[\n125\n]\n[\n126\n]\nTherefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks.\n[\n127\n]\n[\n128\n]\nMoreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment.\n[\n129\n]\nFor major depressive disorder, while onset of antidepressant action may be felt as early as 1–2 weeks,\n[\n130\n]\nthe full benefit of the current dose a patient receives is not realized for at least a month following ingestion. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days.\n[\n127\n]\nLikewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases by only 50%,\n[\n129\n]\nThe blood level of norfluoxetine four weeks after treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and, seven weeks after discontinuation, norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood.\n[\n125\n]\nMeasurement in body fluids\n[\nedit\n]\nFluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized persons, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg\/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg\/L in survivors of acute overdosage, and 1000–7000 μg\/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy but may be substantially less following acute overdosage since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium.\n[\n131\n]\n[\n132\n]\n[\n133\n]\nThe work which eventually led to the invention of fluoxetine began at\nEli Lilly and Company\nin 1970 as a collaboration between\nBryan Molloy\nand Ray Fuller.\n[\n134\n]\nIt was known at that time that the\nantihistamine\ndiphenhydramine\n(DPH) showed some antidepressant-like properties.\n3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine\n, a compound structurally similar to DPH, was taken as a starting point. Molloy and fellow Eli Lilly chemist\nKlaus Schmiegel\nsynthesized a series of dozens of its derivatives.\n[\n135\n]\n[\n136\n]\nHoping to find a derivative inhibiting only\nserotonin\nreuptake, another Eli Lilly scientist,\nDavid T. Wong\n, proposed to retest the series for the\nin vitro\nreuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and\ndopamine\n, using a technique developed by neuroscientist\nSolomon Snyder\n.\n[\n134\n]\nThis test showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series.\n[\n137\n]\nThe first article about fluoxetine was published in 1974,\n[\n137\n]\nfollowing talks given at\nFASEB\nand\nASPET\n.\n[\n138\n]\nA year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the brand name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the US\nFood and Drug Administration\n(FDA) for fluoxetine.\n[\n139\n]\nFluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986.\n[\n140\n]\nIn the U.S., the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987,\n[\n141\n]\nand a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached $350 million within a year.\n[\n139\n]\nWorldwide sales eventually reached a peak of $2.6 billion a year.\n[\n142\n]\nLilly tried several\nproduct line extension\nstrategies, including extended-release formulations and paying for clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in\npremenstrual dysphoric disorder\nand rebranding fluoxetine for that indication as \"Sarafem\" after it was approved by the FDA in 2000, following the recommendation of an advisory committee in 1999.\n[\n143\n]\n[\n144\n]\n[\n145\n]\nThe invention of using fluoxetine to treat PMDD was made by\nRichard Wurtman\nat MIT; the patent was licensed to his startup, Interneuron, which in turn sold it to Lilly.\n[\n146\n]\nTo defend its Prozac revenue from generic competition, Lilly also fought a five-year, multimillion-dollar battle in court with the generic company\nBarr Pharmaceuticals\nto protect its patents on fluoxetine, and lost the cases for its line-extension patents, other than those for Sarafem, opening fluoxetine to generic manufacturers starting in 2001.\n[\n147\n]\nWhen Lilly's patent expired in August 2001,\n[\n148\n]\ngeneric drug\ncompetition decreased Lilly's sales of fluoxetine by 70% within two months.\n[\n143\n]\nIn 2000 an investment bank had projected that annual sales of Sarafem could reach $250M\/year.\n[\n149\n]\nSales of Sarafem reached about $85M\/year in 2002, and in that year Lilly sold its assets connected with the drug for $295M to Galen Holdings, a small Irish pharmaceutical company specializing in dermatology and women's health that had a sales force tasked to gynecologists' offices; analysts found the deal sensible since the annual sales of Sarafem made a material financial difference to Galen, but not to Lilly.\n[\n150\n]\n[\n151\n]\nBringing Sarafem to market harmed Lilly's reputation in some quarters. The diagnostic category of PMDD was\ncontroversial\nsince it was first proposed in 1987, and Lilly's role in retaining it in the appendix of the\nDSM-IV-TR\n, the discussions for which got underway in 1998, has been criticized.\n[\n149\n]\nLilly was accused of inventing a disease to make money,\n[\n149\n]\nand for not innovating but rather just seeking ways to continue making money from existing drugs.\n[\n152\n]\nIt was also criticized by the FDA and groups concerned with women's health for marketing Sarafem too aggressively when it was first launched; the campaign included a television commercial featuring a harried woman at the grocery store who asks herself if she has PMDD.\n[\n153\n]\nSociety and culture\n[\nedit\n]\nPrescription trends\n[\nedit\n]\nIn 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic fluoxetine were filled in the United States,\n[\n154\n]\nmaking it the third-most prescribed antidepressant after\nsertraline\nand\ncitalopram\n.\n[\n154\n]\nIn 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United Kingdom.\n[\n155\n]\nBetween 1998 and 2017, along with\namitriptyline\n, it was the most commonly prescribed first antidepressant for adolescents aged 12–17 years in England.\n[\n156\n]\nEnvironmental effects\n[\nedit\n]\nFluoxetine has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, especially in North America.\n[\n157\n]\nThere is a growing body of research addressing the effects of fluoxetine (among other SSRIs) exposure on non-target aquatic species.\n[\n158\n]\n[\n159\n]\n[\n160\n]\n[\n161\n]\nIn 2003, one of the first studies addressed in detail the potential effects of fluoxetine on aquatic wildlife; this research concluded that exposure at environmental concentrations was of little risk to\naquatic systems\nif a hazard quotient approach was applied to risk assessment.\n[\n160\n]\nHowever, they also stated the need for further research addressing sub-lethal consequences of fluoxetine, specifically focusing on study species' sensitivity, behavioural responses, and endpoints modulated by the\nserotonin system\n.\n[\n160\n]\nFluoxetine – similar to several other SSRIs – induces\nreproductive behavior\nin some\nshellfish\nat concentrations as low as 10\n-10\nM\n, or 30\nparts per trillion\n.\n[\n162\n]\n: 21 \nSince 2003, several studies have reported fluoxetine-induced impacts on many behavioural and physiological endpoints, inducing antipredator behaviour,\n[\n163\n]\n[\n164\n]\n[\n165\n]\nreproduction,\n[\n166\n]\n[\n167\n]\nand foraging\n[\n168\n]\n[\n169\n]\nat or below field-detected concentrations. However, a 2014 review on the\necotoxicology\nof fluoxetine concluded that, at that time, a consensus on the ability of environmentally realistic dosages to affect the behaviour of wildlife could not be reached.\n[\n159\n]\nAt environmentally realistic concentrations, fluoxetine alters\ninsect emergence\ntiming.\n[\n170\n]\nRichmond\net al.\n, 2019 find that at low concentrations it accelerates emergence of\nDiptera\n, while at unusually high concentrations it has no discernable effect.\n[\n170\n]\nSeveral common plants are known to absorb fluoxetine.\n[\n171\n]\nSeveral crops have been tested, and Redshaw\net al.\n2008 find that\ncauliflower\nabsorbs large amounts into the stem and leaf but not the head or root.\n[\n171\n]\nWu\net al.\n2012 find that\nlettuce\nand\nspinach\nalso absorb detectable amounts, while Carter\net al.\n2014 find that\nradish\n(\nRaphanus sativus\n), ryegrass (\nLolium perenne\n) – and Wu\net al.\n2010 find that\nsoybean\n(\nGlycine max\n) – absorb little.\n[\n171\n]\nWu tested all tissues of soybean and all showed only low concentrations.\n[\n171\n]\nBy contrast various Reinhold\net al.\n2010 find\nduckweeds\nhave a high uptake of fluoxetine and show promise for\nbioremediation\nof contaminated water, especially\nLemna minor\nand\nLandoltia punctata\n.\n[\n171\n]\nEcotoxicity for organisms involved in\naquaculture\nis well documented.\n[\n172\n]\n: 275–276 \nFluoxetine affects both aquacultured\ninvertebrates\nand\nvertebrates\n, and\ninhibits soil microbes\nincluding a large\nantibacterial\neffect.\n[\n172\n]\nDuring the 1990 campaign for\ngovernor of Florida\n, it was disclosed that one of the candidates,\nLawton Chiles\n, had depression and had resumed taking fluoxetine, leading his political opponents to question his fitness to serve as governor.\n[\n173\n]\nAmerican aircraft pilots\n[\nedit\n]\nBeginning in April 2010, fluoxetine became one of four antidepressant drugs that the\nFAA\npermitted for\npilots\nwith authorization from an\naviation medical examiner\n. The other permitted antidepressants are\nsertraline\n(Zoloft),\ncitalopram\n(Celexa), and\nescitalopram\n(Lexapro).\n[\n174\n]\nThese four remain the only antidepressants permitted by FAA as of 2 December 2016.\n[\n175\n]\nSertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram are the only antidepressants permitted for\nEASA\nmedical certification, as of January 2019.\n[\n176\n]\n[\n177\n]\nThe antibacterial effect described above (\n§ Environmental effects\n) could be applied against\nmultiresistant\nbiotypes in\ncrop bacterial diseases\nand bacterial\naquaculture diseases\n.\n[\n172\n]\nIn a\nglucocorticoid receptor\n-defective\nzebrafish mutant\n(\nDanio rerio\n) with reduced\nexploratory behavior\n, fluoxetine rescued the normal exploratory behavior.\n[\n178\n]\nThis demonstrates relationships between glucocorticoids, fluoxetine, and exploration in this fish.\n[\n178\n]\nFluoxetine has an\nanti-nematode\neffect.\n[\n179\n]\nChoy\net al.\n, 1999 found some of this effect is due to interference with certain\ntransmembrane proteins\n.\n[\n179\n]\nFluoxetine is commonly used and effective in treating anxiety-related behaviours and\nseparation anxiety\nin dogs, especially when given as supplementation to\nbehaviour modification\n.\n[\n180\n]\n[\n181\n]\nList of antidepressants\n^\nHubbard JR, Martin PR (2001).\nSubstance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled\n. 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(January 2011).\n\"Fluoxetine treatment of alcoholic perpetrators of domestic violence: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study\"\n.\nThe Journal of Clinical Psychiatry\n.\n72\n(1):\n60–\n5.\ndoi\n:\n10.4088\/JCP.09m05256gry\n.\nPMC\n \n3026856\n.\nPMID\n \n20673556\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nSerralde-Zúñiga AE, Gonzalez Garay AG, Rodríguez-Carmona Y, Melendez G, et al. 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(13 August 2013).\n\"Fluoxetine Hydrochloride\"\n.\nMartindale: The Complete Drug Reference\n. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press\n. Retrieved\n24 November\n2013\n.\n(subscription required)\n^\n\"Fluoxetine in pregnancy: slight risk of heart defects in unborn child\"\n(PDF)\n.\nMHRA\n.\nMedicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\n. 10 September 2011. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 2 December 2013\n. Retrieved\n23 November\n2013\n.\n^\nRowe T (June 2015).\n\"Drugs in Pregnancy\"\n.\nJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada\n.\n37\n(6):\n489–\n92.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30222-X\n.\nPMID\n \n26334601\n.\n^\nKendall-Tackett K, Hale TW (May 2010). \"The use of antidepressants in pregnant and breastfeeding women: a review of recent studies\".\nJournal of Human Lactation\n.\n26\n(2):\n187–\n95.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/0890334409342071\n.\nPMID\n \n19652194\n.\nS2CID\n \n29112093\n.\n^\nTaylor D, Paton C, Shitij K (2012).\nThe Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry\n. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.\nISBN\n \n978-0-470-97948-8\n.\n^\nBland RD, Clarke TL, Harden LB (February 1976). \"Rapid infusion of sodium bicarbonate and albumin into high-risk premature infants soon after birth: a controlled, prospective trial\".\nAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology\n.\n124\n(3):\n263–\n7.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/0002-9378(76)90154-x\n.\nPMID\n \n2013\n.\n^\nKoda-Kimble MA, Alldredge BK (2012).\nApplied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs\n(10th ed.). Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer Health\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.\nISBN\n \n978-1-60913-713-7\n.\n^\nClark MS, Jansen K, Bresnahan M (November 2013). \"Clinical inquiry: How do antidepressants affect sexual function?\".\nThe Journal of Family Practice\n.\n62\n(11):\n660–\n1.\nPMID\n \n24288712\n.\n^\nPRAC recommendations on signals: Adopted at the 13-16 May 2019 PRAC meeting\n(PDF)\n.\nEuropean Medicines Agency\n. 11 June 2019. p. 5\n. 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(April 2013).\n\"Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis\"\n.\nJAMA Psychiatry\n.\n70\n(4):\n436–\n43.\ndoi\n:\n10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.684\n.\nPMID\n \n23446732\n.\n^\nLattimore KA, Donn SM, Kaciroti N, Kemper AR, Neal CR, Vazquez DM (September 2005). \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy and effects on the fetus and newborn: a meta-analysis\".\nJournal of Perinatology\n.\n25\n(9):\n595–\n604.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/sj.jp.7211352\n.\nPMID\n \n16015372\n.\nS2CID\n \n5558834\n.\n^\nGao SY, Wu QJ, Zhang TN, Shen ZQ, Liu CX, Xu X, et al. (October 2017).\n\"Fluoxetine and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies\"\n.\nBritish Journal of Clinical Pharmacology\n.\n83\n(10):\n2134–\n2147.\ndoi\n:\n10.1111\/bcp.13321\n.\nPMC\n \n5595931\n.\nPMID\n \n28513059\n.\n^\nSoumerai SB, Koppel R, Naci H, Madden JM, Fry A, Halbisen A, et al. 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(26 May 2022).\n\"Risk of Suicidal Behaviors and Antidepressant Exposure Among Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies\"\n.\nFrontiers in Psychiatry\n.\n13\n880496.\ndoi\n:\n10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.880496\n.\nPMC\n \n9178080\n.\nPMID\n \n35693956\n.\n^\nCubeddu LX (2016).\n\"Drug-induced Inhibition and Trafficking Disruption of ion Channels: Pathogenesis of QT Abnormalities and Drug-induced Fatal Arrhythmias\"\n.\nCurrent Cardiology Reviews\n.\n12\n(2):\n141–\n54.\ndoi\n:\n10.2174\/1573403X12666160301120217\n.\nPMC\n \n4861943\n.\nPMID\n \n26926294\n.\n^\nTisdale JE (May 2016).\n\"Drug-induced QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes: Role of the pharmacist in risk assessment, prevention and management\"\n.\nCanadian Pharmacists Journal\n.\n149\n(3):\n139–\n52.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/1715163516641136\n.\nPMC\n \n4860751\n.\nPMID\n \n27212965\n.\n^\nCastro VM, Clements CC, Murphy SN, Gainer VS, Fava M, Weilburg JB, et al. (January 2013).\n\"QT interval and antidepressant use: a cross sectional study of electronic health records\"\n.\nBMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)\n.\n346\n: f288.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/bmj.f288\n.\nPMC\n \n3558546\n.\nPMID\n \n23360890\n.\n^\n\"Fluoxetine\"\n.\nPubChem\n. U.S. National Library of Medicine\n. Retrieved\n13 March\n2015\n.\n^\nGury C, Cousin F (September 1999). \"[Pharmacokinetics of SSRI antidepressants: half-life and clinical applicability]\".\nL'Encéphale\n.\n25\n(5):\n470–\n6.\nPMID\n \n10598311\n.\n^\nJanicak PG, Marder SR, Pavuluri MN (26 December 2011).\nPrinciples and Practice of Psychopharmacotherapy\n. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4511-7877-7\n.\nA 2-week interval is adequate for all of these drugs, with the exception of fluoxetine. Because of the extended half-life of norfluoxetine, a minimum of 5 weeks should lapse between stopping fluoxetine (20mg\/day) and starting an MAOI. With higher daily doses, the interval should be longer.\n^\nDean L, Kane M (2012).\n\"Codeine Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype\"\n. In Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, Esquivel B (eds.).\nMedical Genetics Summaries\n. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).\nPMID\n \n28520350\n. Retrieved\n1 October\n2022\n.\n^\nPerananthan V, Buckley NA (2021).\n\"Opioids and antidepressants: which combinations to avoid\"\n.\nAustralian Prescriber\n.\n44\n(2):\n41–\n44.\ndoi\n:\n10.18773\/austprescr.2021.004\n.\nS2CID\n \n233579988\n.\n^\nHoffelt C, Gross T (January 2016).\n\"A review of significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with antidepressants and their management\"\n.\nThe Mental Health Clinician\n.\n6\n(1):\n35–\n41.\ndoi\n:\n10.9740\/mhc.2016.01.035\n.\nPMC\n \n6009245\n.\nPMID\n \n29955445\n.\n^\n\"Dextromethorphan and fluoxetine Drug Interactions\"\n.\nDrugs.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 14 August 2017\n. Retrieved\n3 March\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Fluoxetine and ibuprofen Drug Interactions\"\n.\nDrugs.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 August 2017\n. Retrieved\n3 March\n2017\n.\n^\n\"UpToDate\"\n.\nuptodate.com\n. Retrieved\n10 August\n2022\n.\n^\na\nb\nSager JE, Lutz JD, Foti RS, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N (June 2014).\n\"Fluoxetine- and norfluoxetine-mediated complex drug-drug interactions: in vitro to in vivo correlation of effects on CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4\"\n.\nClinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics\n.\n95\n(6):\n653–\n62.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/clpt.2014.50\n.\nPMC\n \n4029899\n.\nPMID\n \n24569517\n.\n^\nCiraulo DA, Shader RI, eds. (2011).\nPharmacotherapy of Depression\n(2nd ed.). 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(March 2019). \"Ranking of crop plants according to their potential to uptake and accumulate contaminants of emerging concern\".\nEnvironmental Research\n.\n170\n.\nElsevier\n:\n422–\n432.\nBibcode\n:\n2019ER....170..422C\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.048\n.\nhdl\n:\n10261\/202657\n.\nPMID\n \n30623890\n.\nS2CID\n \n58564142\n.\nWu C, Spongberg AL, Witter JD, Fang M, Czajkowski KP (August 2010). \"Uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products by soybean plants from soils applied with biosolids and irrigated with contaminated water\".\nEnvironmental Science & Technology\n.\n44\n(16).\nAmerican Chemical Society\n(ACS):\n6157–\n6161.\nBibcode\n:\n2010EnST...44.6157W\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1021\/es1011115\n.\nPMID\n \n20704212\n.\nS2CID\n \n20021866\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nSolsona SP, Montemurro N, Chiron S, Barceló D, eds. (2021).\nInteraction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems\n. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 103.\nCham, Switzerland\n:\nSpringer International Publishing\n. pp. x+530.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/978-3-030-61290-0\n.\nISBN\n \n978-3-030-61289-4\n.\nISSN\n \n1867-979X\n.\nS2CID\n \n231746862\n.\n^\nMacPherson M (2 September 1990).\n\"Prozac, Prejudice and the Politics of Depression\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 21 June 2018\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2018\n.\n^\nDuquette A, Dorr L (2 April 2010).\n\"FAA Proposes New Policy on Antidepressants for Pilots\"\n(Press release). Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 14 January 2012\n. Retrieved\n10 February\n2012\n.\n^\nOffice of Aerospace Medicine,\nFederal Aviation Administration\n(2 December 2016).\n\"Decision Considerations – Aerospace Medical Dispositions: Item 47. Psychiatric Conditions – Use of Antidepressant Medications\"\n.\nGuide for Aviation Medical Examiners\n. Washington, DC:\nUnited States Department of Transportation\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 May 2017.\n^\n\"Mental Health GM - Centrally Acting Medication\"\n. Civil Aviation Authority\n. Retrieved\n21 July\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Class 1\/2 Certification – Depression\"\n(PDF)\n. Civil Aviation Authority. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 10 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n21 July\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\n •\nMcCammon JM,\nSive H\n(2015).\n\"Addressing the Genetics of Human Mental Health Disorders in Model Organisms\"\n.\nAnnual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics\n.\n16\n(1).\nAnnual Reviews\n:\n173–\n197.\ndoi\n:\n10.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-050048\n.\nPMID\n \n26002061\n.\nS2CID\n \n19597664\n.\n •\nZiv L, Muto A, Schoonheim PJ, Meijsing SH, Strasser D, Ingraham HA, et al. (June 2013).\n\"An affective disorder in zebrafish with mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor\"\n.\nMolecular Psychiatry\n.\n18\n(6):\n681–\n691.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/mp.2012.64\n.\nPMC\n \n4065652\n.\nPMID\n \n22641177\n.\nS2CID\n \n11962425\n. NIHMSID: NIHMS368312.\n^\na\nb\n •\nMangoni AA, Tuccinardi T, Collina S, Vanden Eynde JJ, Muñoz-Torrero D, Karaman R, et al. (June 2018).\n\"Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-3\"\n.\nMolecules\n.\n23\n(7): 1596.\ndoi\n:\n10.3390\/molecules23071596\n.\nPMC\n \n6099979\n.\nPMID\n \n29966350\n.\nS2CID\n \n49644934\n.\n •\nWeeks JC, Roberts WM, Leasure C, Suzuki BM, Robinson KJ, Currey H, et al. (January 2018).\n\"Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Chlorpromazine Are Rapidly Acting Anthelmintic Drugs Capable of Clinical Repurposing\"\n.\nScientific Reports\n.\n8\n(1) 975.\nBibcode\n:\n2018NatSR...8..975W\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41598-017-18457-w\n.\nPMC\n \n5772060\n.\nPMID\n \n29343694\n.\nS2CID\n \n205636792\n.\n^\nEcheverri N, Govendir M (23 November 2022).\n\"Does the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine modify canine anxiety related behaviour?\"\n.\nVeterinary Evidence\n.\n7\n(4).\ndoi\n:\n10.18849\/ve.v7i4.585\n.\nISSN\n \n2396-9776\n.\nS2CID\n \n253873416\n.\n^\nSargisson RJ (30 October 2014).\n\"Canine separation anxiety: strategies for treatment and management\"\n.\nVeterinary Medicine: Research and Reports\n.\n5\n:\n143–\n151.\ndoi\n:\n10.2147\/VMRR.S60424\n.\nPMC\n \n7521022\n.\nPMID\n \n33062616\n.\nShorter E (2014).\n\"The 25th anniversary of the launch of Prozac gives pause for thought: where did we go wrong?\"\n.\nThe British Journal of Psychiatry\n.\n204\n(5):\n331–\n2.\ndoi\n:\n10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.129916\n.\nPMID\n \n24785765\n.\nHaberman C (21 September 2014).\n\"Selling Prozac as the Life-Enhancing Cure for Mental Woes\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nThis audio file\nwas created from a revision of this article dated 13 March 2021\n, and does not reflect subsequent edits.\nWikimedia Commons has media related to\nFluoxetine\n.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fluoxetine \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fluoxetine \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fluoxetine \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fluoxetine \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine)\n- [1 Medical uses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Medical_uses)\n  Toggle Medical uses subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Depression)\n  - [1\\.2 Obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder)\n  - [1\\.3 Panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Panic_disorder)\n  - [1\\.4 Bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Bulimia_nervosa)\n  - [1\\.5 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder)\n  - [1\\.6 Impulsive aggression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Impulsive_aggression)\n  - [1\\.7 Obesity and overweight adults](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Obesity_and_overweight_adults)\n  - [1\\.8 Special populations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Special_populations)\n- [2 Adverse effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Adverse_effects)\n  Toggle Adverse effects subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Sexual_dysfunction)\n  - [2\\.2 Withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Withdrawal)\n  - [2\\.3 Pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Pregnancy)\n  - [2\\.4 Suicide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Suicide)\n  - [2\\.5 QT prolongation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#QT_prolongation)\n- [3 Overdose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Overdose)\n- [4 Interactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Interactions)\n- [5 Pharmacology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Pharmacology)\n  Toggle Pharmacology subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Pharmacodynamics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Pharmacodynamics)\n  - [5\\.2 Mechanism of action](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Mechanism_of_action)\n  - [5\\.3 Pharmacokinetics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Pharmacokinetics)\n  - [5\\.4 Measurement in body fluids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Measurement_in_body_fluids)\n- [6 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#History)\n- [7 Society and culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Society_and_culture)\n  Toggle Society and culture subsection\n  - [7\\.1 Prescription trends](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Prescription_trends)\n  - [7\\.2 Environmental effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Environmental_effects)\n  - [7\\.3 Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Politics)\n  - [7\\.4 American aircraft pilots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#American_aircraft_pilots)\n- [8 Research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Research)\n- [9 Veterinary use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Veterinary_use)\n- [10 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#See_also)\n- [11 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#References)\n- [12 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Further_reading)\n- [13 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Fluoxetine\n52 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86 \"فلوكسيتين – Arabic\")\n- [تۆرکجه](https:\/\/azb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 \"فلووکسیتین – South Azerbaijani\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD \"Флуоксетин – Bulgarian\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8 \"ফ্লুওক্সেটিন – Bangla\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetina \"Fluoxetina – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetin \"Fluoxetin – Czech\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fflwocsetin \"Fflwocsetin – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetin \"Fluoxetin – Danish\")\n- [Dagbanli](https:\/\/dag.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"Fluoxetine – Dagbani\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetin \"Fluoxetin – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7 \"Φλουοξετίνη – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetino \"Fluoksetino – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetina \"Fluoxetina – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetiin \"Fluoksetiin – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetina \"Fluoxetina – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 \"فلوکستین – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetiini \"Fluoksetiini – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluox%C3%A9tine \"Fluoxétine – French\")\n- [Ghanaian Pidgin](https:\/\/gpe.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"Fluoxetine – Ghanaian Pidgin\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F \"פלואוקסטין – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8 \"फ्लुऑक्सेटिन – Hindi\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetin \"Fluoxetin – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6 \"Ֆլուոքսետին – Armenian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Indonesian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetina \"Fluoxetina – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3 \"フルオキセチン – Japanese\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD \"Флуоксетин – Kazakh\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A5%EC%84%B8%ED%8B%B4 \"플루옥세틴 – Korean\")\n- [Minangkabau](https:\/\/min.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Minangkabau\")\n- [Монгол](https:\/\/mn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD \"Флуоксетин – Mongolian\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"Fluoxetine – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https:\/\/or.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8 \"ଫ୍ଲୁଓକ୍ସେଟିନ – Odia\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetyna \"Fluoksetyna – Polish\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 \"فلواکستین – Western Punjabi\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetina \"Fluoxetina – Portuguese\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetin%C4%83 \"Fluoxetină – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD \"Флуоксетин – Russian\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"Fluoxetine – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Slovenian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Serbian\")\n- [Sunda](https:\/\/su.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Sundanese\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetin \"Fluoxetin – Swedish\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99 \"ฟลูอ็อกเซทีน – Thai\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoksetin \"Fluoksetin – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD \"Флуоксетин – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 \"فلواکستین – Urdu\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"Fluoxetine – Vietnamese\")\n- [Winaray](https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetina \"Fluoxetina – Waray\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B0%9F%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%80 \"氟西汀 – Wu\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B0%9F%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%80 \"氟西汀 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q422244#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Fluoxetine \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Fluoxetine \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Fluoxetine \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&oldid=1346192887 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fluoxetine&id=1346192887&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFluoxetine)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fluoxetine&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Fluoxetine)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q422244 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![Listen to this article](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg\/20px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg \"Listen to this article\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nSSRI antidepressant\n\n\"Prozac\" redirects here. For other uses, see [Prozac (disambiguation)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prozac_\$disambiguation\$ \"Prozac (disambiguation)\").\n\nNot to be confused with [Fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\").\n\nPharmaceutical compound\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Fluoxetine.svg\/250px-Fluoxetine.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fluoxetine.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png\/250px-R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)(*R*)-fluoxetine (left), (*S*)-fluoxetine (right) |   |\n| Clinical data |   |\n| Pronunciation | US: [\/fluˈɑːksətiːn\/](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English \"Help:IPA\/English\") [*floo-AHKS\\-ə-teen*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\")   UK: [\/fluˈɒksətiːn\/](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English \"Help:IPA\/English\") [*floo-OKS\\-ə-teen*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\") |\n| [Trade names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names \"Drug nomenclature\") | Prozac, Sarafem, others |\n| [AHFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists \"American Society of Health-System Pharmacists\")\/[Drugs.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drugs.com \"Drugs.com\") | [Monograph](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) |\n| [MedlinePlus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MedlinePlus \"MedlinePlus\") | [a689006](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/druginfo\/meds\/a689006.html) |\n| [License data](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods \"Regulation of therapeutic goods\") | US [DailyMed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DailyMed \"DailyMed\"): [Fluoxetine](https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fluoxetine) |\n| [Pregnancy category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregnancy_category \"Pregnancy category\") | AU : C |\n| [Addiction liability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Addiction \"Addiction\") | None[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Hub2001-1) |\n| [Routes of administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Route_of_administration \"Route of administration\") | [By mouth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_administration \"Oral administration\") |\n| [Drug class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_class \"Drug class\") | [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\") (SSRI)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) |\n| [ATC code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System \"Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System\") | [N06AB03](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATC_code_N06 \"ATC code N06\") ([WHO](https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/?code=N06AB03)) [QN06AB03](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATC_code_N06 \"ATC code N06\") ([WHO](https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atcvet\/atcvet_index\/?code=QN06AB03)) |\n| Legal status |   |\n| [Legal status](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods \"Regulation of therapeutic goods\") | AU : [S4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4 \"Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons\") (Prescription only)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-3) BR : [Class C1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1 \"Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act\") (Other controlled substances)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-4) CA :  [℞-only](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\")[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-5) UK : [POM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\") (Prescription only) US : [℞-only](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\")[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7) EU : Rx-only |\n| [Pharmacokinetic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharmacokinetics \"Pharmacokinetics\") data |   |\n| [Bioavailability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioavailability \"Bioavailability\") | 60–80%[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) |\n| [Protein binding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasma_protein_binding \"Plasma protein binding\") | 94–95%[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) |\n| [Metabolism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_metabolism \"Drug metabolism\") | [Liver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liver \"Liver\") (mostly [CYP2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2D6 \"CYP2D6\")\\-mediated)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) |\n| [Metabolites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metabolite \"Metabolite\") | [Norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\")  Desmethylfluoxetine |\n| [Elimination half-life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_half-life \"Biological half-life\") | 1–3 days (acute) 4–6 days (chronic)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) |\n| [Excretion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excretion \"Excretion\") | Urine (80%), feces (15%)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) |\n| Identifiers |   |\n| [IUPAC name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry \"IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry\") *N*\\-methyl-3-phenyl-3-\\[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy\\]propan-1-amine |   |\n| [CAS Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CAS_Registry_Number \"CAS Registry Number\") | [54910-89-3](https:\/\/commonchemistry.cas.org\/detail?cas_rn=54910-89-3) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [56296-78-7](https:\/\/commonchemistry.cas.org\/detail?cas_rn=56296-78-7) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |\n| [PubChem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubChem#CID \"PubChem\") CID | [3386](https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/3386) as HCl: [62857](https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/62857) |\n| [IUPHAR\/BPS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guide_to_Pharmacology \"Guide to Pharmacology\") | [203](https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/GRAC\/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=203) |\n| [DrugBank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DrugBank \"DrugBank\") | [DB00472](https:\/\/www.drugbank.ca\/drugs\/DB00472) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [DBSALT000087](https:\/\/www.drugbank.ca\/drugs\/DBSALT000087) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |\n| [ChemSpider](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChemSpider \"ChemSpider\") | [3269](https:\/\/www.chemspider.com\/Chemical-Structure.3269.html) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [56589](https:\/\/www.chemspider.com\/Chemical-Structure.56589.html) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |\n| [UNII](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier \"Unique Ingredient Identifier\") | [01K63SUP8D](https:\/\/precision.fda.gov\/uniisearch\/srs\/unii\/01K63SUP8D) as HCl: [I9W7N6B1KJ](https:\/\/precision.fda.gov\/uniisearch\/srs\/unii\/I9W7N6B1KJ) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |\n| [KEGG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KEGG \"KEGG\") | [D00326](https:\/\/www.kegg.jp\/entry\/D00326) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [D00823](https:\/\/www.kegg.jp\/entry\/D00823) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |\n| [ChEBI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChEBI \"ChEBI\") | [CHEBI:5118](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chebi\/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5118) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [CHEBI:5119](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chebi\/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5119) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |\n| [ChEMBL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChEMBL \"ChEMBL\") | [ChEMBL41](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chembl\/explore\/compound\/ChEMBL41) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [ChEMBL1201082](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chembl\/explore\/compound\/ChEMBL1201082) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |\n| [PDB ligand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protein_Data_Bank \"Protein Data Bank\") | RFX ([PDBe](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/pdbe-srv\/PDBeXplore\/ligand\/?ligand=RFX), [RCSB PDB](https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ligand\/RFX)) |\n| [CompTox Dashboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard \"CompTox Chemicals Dashboard\") ( EPA ) | [DTXSID7023067](https:\/\/comptox.epa.gov\/dashboard\/chemical\/details\/DTXSID7023067) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q422244#P3117 \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |\n| [ECHA InfoCard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ECHA_InfoCard \"ECHA InfoCard\") | [100\\.125.370](https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/substance-information\/-\/substanceinfo\/100.125.370) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q422244#P2566 \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |\n| Chemical and physical data |   |\n| [Formula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemical_formula \"Chemical formula\") | C17H18F3NO |\n| [Molar mass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molar_mass \"Molar mass\") | 309\\.332 g·mol−1 |\n| 3D model ([JSmol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSmol \"JSmol\")) | [Interactive image](https:\/\/chemapps.stolaf.edu\/jmol\/jmol.php?model=CNCCC%28c1ccccc1%29Oc2ccc%28cc2%29C%28F%29%28F%29F) |\n| [Chirality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chirality_\$chemistry\$ \"Chirality (chemistry)\") | [Racemic mixture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racemic_mixture \"Racemic mixture\") |\n| [Melting point](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melting_point \"Melting point\") | 179 to 182 °C (354 to 360 °F) |\n| [Boiling point](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boiling_point \"Boiling point\") | 395 °C (743 °F) |\n| [SMILES](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system \"Simplified molecular-input line-entry system\") CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F |   |\n| [InChI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Chemical_Identifier \"International Chemical Identifier\") InChI=1S\/C17H18F3NO\/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20\/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3 ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y Key:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y |   |\n| [(verify)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=456481815&page2=Fluoxetine) |   |\n\n**Fluoxetine**, sold under the brand name **Prozac**, among others, is an [antidepressant medication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") of the [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\") (SSRI) class[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) used for the treatment of [major depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\"), [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder \"Anxiety disorder\"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") (OCD), [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\"), and [bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulimia_nervosa \"Bulimia nervosa\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) It is also approved for treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and children 8 years of age and over.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-10) It has also been used to treat [premature ejaculation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premature_ejaculation \"Premature ejaculation\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) Fluoxetine is [taken by mouth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_administration \"Oral administration\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2)\n\nCommon side effects include [loss of appetite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anorexia_\$symptom\$ \"Anorexia (symptom)\"), [nausea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nausea \"Nausea\"), [diarrhea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\"), [headache](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Headache \"Headache\"), [trouble sleeping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\"), [dry mouth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xerostomia \"Xerostomia\"), and [sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_dysfunction \"Sexual dysfunction\"). Serious side effects include [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_syndrome \"Serotonin syndrome\"), [mania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mania \"Mania\"), [seizures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seizure \"Seizure\"), an increased risk of [suicidal behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide \"Suicide\"), and an increased risk of [bleeding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bleeding \"Bleeding\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) [Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome \"Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome\") is less likely to occur with fluoxetine than with other antidepressants. Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in [congenital heart defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congenital_heart_defect \"Congenital heart defect\") in newborns.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) It has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during [breastfeeding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breastfeeding \"Breastfeeding\") if it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants were ineffective.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PB2015-13)\n\nFluoxetine was invented by [Eli Lilly and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eli_Lilly_and_Company \"Eli Lilly and Company\") in 1972. Eli Lilly filed a new drug application for the US Food and Drug Administration in 1974, which was accepted in 1977.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-14) It subsequently entered medical use in 1986.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-15) It is on the [World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines \"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\")[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-WHO23rd-16) and is available as a [generic medication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generic_medication \"Generic medication\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) In 2023, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States and the fourth most common antidepressant, with more than 27 million prescriptions.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Top300Drugs-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-18)\n\nEli Lilly also markets fluoxetine in a fixed-dose combination with [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\") as [olanzapine\/fluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine\/fluoxetine \"Olanzapine\/fluoxetine\") (Symbyax), which was approved by the US [Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) for the treatment of depressive episodes of [bipolar I disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_I_disorder \"Bipolar I disorder\") in 2003 and for [treatment-resistant depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatment-resistant_depression \"Treatment-resistant depression\") in 2009.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Symbyax_FDA_label-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-20)\n\n## Medical uses\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Medical uses\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg\/250px-Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg)\n\nfluoxetine [blister pack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blister_pack \"Blister pack\") 20 mg capsules\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/48\/10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg\/250px-10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg)\n\nFluoxetine 10 mg tablets\n\nFluoxetine is frequently used to treat [major depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") (OCD), [post-traumatic stress disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") (PTSD), [bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulimia_nervosa \"Bulimia nervosa\"), [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\"), and [trichotillomania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trichotillomania \"Trichotillomania\").[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Trichotillomania-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-23)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-24)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-25) It has also been used for [cataplexy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cataplexy \"Cataplexy\"), [obesity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obesity \"Obesity\"), [alcohol dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_dependence \"Alcohol dependence\"), [social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\"),[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) as well as [binge eating disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binge_eating_disorder \"Binge eating disorder\").[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-26)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-27) Studies do not support a benefit in children with [autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism \"Autism\"), though there is weak evidence for benefit in adult autism.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-28)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-29)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-30)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-31) Fluoxetine and the related [fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\") have shown some initial promise as a potential treatment for reducing [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") severity if given early.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-32)\n\n### Depression\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Depression\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is approved for the treatment of major depression in children and adults.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A meta-analysis of trials in adults concluded that fluoxetine modestly outperforms placebo.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid29477251-33) Fluoxetine may be less effective than other antidepressants, but has high acceptability.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_versus_other_types_of_pharmacotherapy_for_depression-34)\n\nFor children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe depressive disorder, fluoxetine seems to be the best treatment (either with or without [cognitive behavioural therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\"), although fluoxetine alone does not appear to be superior to CBT alone) but more research is needed to be certain, as effect sizes are small and the existing evidence is of dubious quality.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:4-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:5-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:6-38) A 2022 systematic review and trial restoration of the two original blinded-control trials used to approve the use of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression found that both of the trials were severely flawed, and therefore did not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of the medication.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Int_J_Risk_Saf_Med_33,_385%E2%80%93408-39) In 2025, a trial restoration of the influential TADS study found that fluoxetine had not been superior to placebo in the treatment of depressed adolescents, contradicting previously reported results used in meta-analyses and guidelines.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-40)\n\n### Obsessive–compulsive disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Obsessive–compulsive disorder\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is effective in the treatment of [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") (OCD).[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-41) It is effective for treating OCD in children, adolescents and adults.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:02-42)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:52-43) The [American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry \"American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\") state that [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSRI \"SSRI\"), including fluoxetine, should be used as first-line therapy in children, along with [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT), for the treatment of moderate to severe OCD.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-44)\n\n### Panic disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Panic disorder\")\\]\n\nThe efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\") was demonstrated in two 12-week randomized multicenter [phase III clinical trials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_trial#Phases \"Clinical trial\") that enrolled patients diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without [agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\"). In the first trial, 42% of subjects in the fluoxetine-treated arm were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 28% in the placebo arm. In the second trial, 62% of fluoxetine-treated patients were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 44% in the placebo arm.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6)\n\n### Bulimia nervosa\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Bulimia nervosa\")\\]\n\nA 2011 [systematic review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systematic_review \"Systematic review\") discussed seven trials that compared fluoxetine to a [placebo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Placebo \"Placebo\") in the treatment of [bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulimia_nervosa \"Bulimia nervosa\"), six of which found a statistically significant reduction in symptoms such as vomiting and binge eating.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-45) However, no difference was observed between treatment arms when fluoxetine and [psychotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\") were compared to psychotherapy alone.\n\n### Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is used to treat [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\"), a condition where individuals have [affective](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Affect_\$psychology\$ \"Affect (psychology)\") and [somatic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somatic_symptoms \"Somatic symptoms\") symptoms monthly during the [luteal phase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luteal_phase \"Luteal phase\") of menstruation.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Rapkin-46) Taking fluoxetine 20 mg\/d can be effective in treating PMDD,[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-48) though doses of 10 mg\/d have also been prescribed effectively.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-50)\n\n### Impulsive aggression\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Impulsive aggression\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is considered a first-line medication for the treatment of impulsive aggression of low intensity.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51) Fluoxetine reduced low-intensity aggressive behavior in patients in [intermittent explosive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermittent_explosive_disorder \"Intermittent explosive disorder\") and [borderline personality disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borderline_personality_disorder \"Borderline personality disorder\").[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-52)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-53) Fluoxetine also reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-54)\n\n### Obesity and overweight adults\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Obesity and overweight adults\")\\]\n\nIn 2019 a [systematic review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systematic_review \"Systematic review\") compared the effects on weight of various doses of fluoxetine (60 mg\/d, 40 mg\/d, 20 mg\/d, 10 mg\/d) in obese and overweight adults.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When compared to placebo, all dosages of fluoxetine appeared to contribute to weight loss but lead to increased risk of experiencing side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea, during the period of treatment. However, these conclusions were from low-certainty evidence.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When comparing, in the same review, the effects of fluoxetine on the weight of obese and overweight adults, to other anti-obesity agents, omega-3 [gel capsule](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gel_capsule \"Gel capsule\") and not receiving treatment, the authors could not reach conclusive results due to poor quality of evidence.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55)\n\n### Special populations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Special populations\")\\]\n\nIn children and adolescents, fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to tentative evidence favoring efficacy and tolerability.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-57) Evidence supporting an increased risk of major fetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) of the United Kingdom has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, formation of the fetal organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital [cardiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart \"Heart\") malformations in the newborn.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Preg-58)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MHRA-60) Furthermore, an association between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor fetal malformations was observed in one study.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)\n\nHowever, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies—published in the *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada*—concluded, \"the apparent increased risk of fetal cardiac malformations associated with maternal use of fluoxetine has recently been shown also in depressed women who deferred SSRI therapy in pregnancy, and therefore most probably reflects an ascertainment bias. Overall, women who are treated with fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy do not appear to have an increased risk of major fetal malformations.\"[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid26334601-61)\n\nPer the US [Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA), infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy may have an increased risk for [persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persistent_fetal_circulation \"Persistent fetal circulation\"). Limited data support this risk, but the FDA recommends physicians consider tapering SSRIs such as fluoxetine during the third trimester.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A 2009 review recommended against fluoxetine as a first-line SSRI during lactation, stating, \"Fluoxetine should be viewed as a less-preferred SSRI for breastfeeding mothers, particularly with newborn infants, and in those mothers who consumed fluoxetine during gestation.\"[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19652194-62) [Sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") is often the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal fetal exposure observed and its safety profile while breastfeeding.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Maudsley-63)\n\n## Adverse effects\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Adverse effects\")\\]\n\nSide effects observed in fluoxetine-treated persons in clinical trials with an incidence \\>5% and at least twice as common in fluoxetine-treated persons compared to those who received a placebo pill include abnormal dreams, abnormal [ejaculation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ejaculation \"Ejaculation\"), anorexia, anxiety, [asthenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthenia \"Asthenia\"), [diarrhea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\"), dizziness, dry mouth, [dyspepsia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dyspepsia \"Dyspepsia\"), fatigue, [flu syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flu_syndrome \"Flu syndrome\"), [impotence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erectile_dysfunction \"Erectile dysfunction\"), [insomnia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\"), decreased [libido](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libido \"Libido\"), nausea, nervousness, [pharyngitis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharyngitis \"Pharyngitis\"), rash, [sinusitis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinusitis \"Sinusitis\"), [somnolence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somnolence \"Somnolence\"), sweating, [tremor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tremor \"Tremor\"), [vasodilation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasodilation \"Vasodilation\"), and [yawning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yawn \"Yawn\").[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pkginsert-64) Fluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is, it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation).[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Young-65) It also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g. [urticaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hives \"Hives\") (hives), rash, itchiness, etc.).[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)\n\n### Sexual dysfunction\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Sexual dysfunction\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor § Sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor#Sexual_dysfunction \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\")\n\nSexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, [erectile dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erectile_dysfunction \"Erectile dysfunction\"), lack of vaginal lubrication, and [anorgasmia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anorgasmia \"Anorgasmia\"), are some of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is \\>70%.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-66)\n\nIn 2019, the [Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Medicines_Agency#Pharmacovigilance_Risk_Assessment_Committee \"European Medicines Agency\") of the [European Medicines Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") recommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNRIs \"SNRIs\") should be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-67) Following on the European assessment, a safety review by [Health Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\") \"could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link ... which was long lasting in rare cases\", but recommended that \"healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment\".[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-HealthCanada-68)\n\n### Withdrawal\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Withdrawal\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine's longer [half-life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half-life \"Half-life\") makes it less common to develop [antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome \"Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome\") following cessation of therapy, especially when compared with antidepressants with shorter half-lives such as [paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\").[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bhat-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AFP-70) Although gradual dose reductions are recommended with antidepressants with shorter [half-lives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half-life \"Half-life\"), tapering may not be necessary with fluoxetine.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CMAJ-71) It has been recommended as a treatment option for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-72)\n\n### Pregnancy\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Pregnancy\")\\]\n\nAntidepressant exposure (including fluoxetine) is associated with shorter average duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower [Apgar scores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apgar_score \"Apgar score\") (by \\<0.4 points).[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-73)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-74) There is 30–36% increase in [congenital heart defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congenital_heart_defect \"Congenital heart defect\") among children whose mothers were prescribed fluoxetine during pregnancy,[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) with fluoxetine use in the first trimester associated with 38–65% increase in [septal heart defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_septal_defect \"Heart septal defect\").[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid28513059-75)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)\n\n### Suicide\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Suicide\")\\]\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg\/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(March 2022)* |\n\nIn recent years, the clinical understanding of the FDA's \"black box\" warning has evolved to focus on the balance between medication risks and the risks of untreated depression. While the 2004 and 2006 warnings regarding increased suicidal ideation in children and young adults (under 25) remain, long-term data published through 2024 suggests that these warnings may have led to an unintended decline in depression treatment, which some studies correlate with an increase in suicide deaths among adolescents. Statistical meta-analyses updated in 2022 confirm that while the risk of suicidal thoughts in youth on antidepressants like fluoxetine is approximately twice that of a placebo (4% vs 2%), there remains no statistically significant increase in completed suicides across dozens of pediatric trials. Furthermore, recent data continues to show a protective effect in older populations; for adults aged 65 and older, antidepressant use is associated with a statistically significant decrease in suicidality.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-76)\n\nRegarding specific treatments, research published between 2021 and 2023 reinforces that fluoxetine is most effective and carries the lowest risk of adverse behavioral events when paired with psychotherapy. A 2022 meta-analysis found that combination therapy (medication plus CBT) resulted in a lower incidence of suicidal events compared to fluoxetine alone. While fluoxetine remains the only FDA-approved antidepressant for children as young as 8, modern clinical guidelines emphasize rigorous monitoring during the first 12 weeks of treatment—the period identified as having the highest risk for the onset of suicidal ideation.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-77)\n\n### QT prolongation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: QT prolongation\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine can affect the [electrical currents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ion_channel \"Ion channel\") that [heart muscle cells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_muscle_cell \"Cardiac muscle cell\") use to coordinate their contraction, specifically the [potassium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potassium \"Potassium\") currents *I*to and *I*Ks that repolarise the [cardiac action potential](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_action_potential \"Cardiac action potential\").[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-78) Under certain circumstances, this can lead to prolongation of the [QT interval](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QT_interval \"QT interval\"), a measurement made on an [electrocardiogram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrocardiography \"Electrocardiography\") reflecting how long it takes for the heart to electrically recharge after each heartbeat. When fluoxetine is taken alongside other drugs that prolong the QT interval, or by those with a susceptibility to [long QT syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_QT_syndrome \"Long QT syndrome\"), there is a small risk of potentially lethal [abnormal heart rhythms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_arrhythmia \"Heart arrhythmia\") such as [torsades de pointes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torsades_de_pointes \"Torsades de pointes\").[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-79) A study completed in 2011 found that fluoxetine does not alter the QT interval and has no clinically meaningful effects on the cardiac action potential.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-80)\n\n## Overdose\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Overdose\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_syndrome \"Serotonin syndrome\")\n\nIn overdose, most frequent adverse effects include:[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pubchem-81)\n\n|   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| Nervous system effects [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") [nervousness](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/nervousness \"wikt:nervousness\") [insomnia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\") [drowsiness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drowsiness \"Drowsiness\") fatigue or [asthenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthenia \"Asthenia\") [tremor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tremor \"Tremor\") [dizziness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizziness \"Dizziness\") or lightheadedness | [Gastrointestinal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gastrointestinal \"Gastrointestinal\") effects [anorexia (symptom)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anorexia_\$symptom\$ \"Anorexia (symptom)\") [nausea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nausea \"Nausea\") [diarrhea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\") [vasodilation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasodilation \"Vasodilation\") dry mouth abnormal vision | Other effects abnormal ejaculation [rash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rash \"Rash\") sweating decreased [libido](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libido \"Libido\") |\n\n## Interactions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Interactions\")\\]\n\nContraindications include prior treatment (within the past 2 weeks)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-82)[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-83) with [MAOIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors \"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors\") such as [phenelzine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenelzine \"Phenelzine\") and [tranylcypromine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tranylcypromine \"Tranylcypromine\"), due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_syndrome \"Serotonin syndrome\").[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use in those concurrently receiving [pimozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pimozide \"Pimozide\") or [thioridazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thioridazine \"Thioridazine\") is also advised against.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)\n\nIn case of short-term administration of codeine for pain management, it is advised to monitor and adjust dosage. Codeine might not provide sufficient analgesia when fluoxetine is co-administered.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-84) If opioid treatment is required, oxycodone use should be monitored since [oxycodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxycodone \"Oxycodone\") is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system and fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 enzymes.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-85) This means combinations of codeine or oxycodone with fluoxetine antidepressant may lead to reduced analgesia.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-86)\n\nIn some cases, use of [dextromethorphan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextromethorphan \"Dextromethorphan\")\\-containing cold and cough medications with fluoxetine is advised against, due to fluoxetine increasing serotonin levels, as well as the fact that fluoxetine is a [cytochrome P450 2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytochrome_P450_2D6 \"Cytochrome P450 2D6\") inhibitor, which causes dextromethorphan to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome and other potential side effects of dextromethorphan.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_1-87)\n\nPatients who are taking [NSAIDs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug \"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug\"), [antiplatelet drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiplatelet_drug \"Antiplatelet drug\"), [anticoagulants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anticoagulant \"Anticoagulant\"), [omega-3 fatty acids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Omega-3_fatty_acid \"Omega-3 fatty acid\"), [vitamin E](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_E \"Vitamin E\"), and garlic [supplements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dietary_supplement \"Dietary supplement\") must be careful when taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs, as they can sometimes increase the blood-thinning effects of these medications.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_2-88)[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-89)\n\nFluoxetine and [norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\") [inhibit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enzyme_inhibitor \"Enzyme inhibitor\") many [isozymes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isozyme \"Isozyme\") of the [cytochrome P450](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytochrome_P450 \"Cytochrome P450\") system that are involved in [drug metabolism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_metabolism \"Drug metabolism\"). Both are potent inhibitors of [CYP2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2D6 \"CYP2D6\") (which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and [CYP2C19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2C19 \"CYP2C19\"), and mild to moderate inhibitors of [CYP2B6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2B6 \"CYP2B6\") and [CYP2C9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2C9 \"CYP2C9\").[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-91) *[In vivo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_vivo \"In vivo\")*, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do not significantly affect the activity of [CYP1A2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP1A2 \"CYP1A2\") and [CYP3A4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP3A4 \"CYP3A4\").[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90) They also inhibit the activity of [P-glycoprotein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P-glycoprotein \"P-glycoprotein\"), a type of [membrane transport protein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Membrane_transport_protein \"Membrane transport protein\") that plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates, such as [loperamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loperamide \"Loperamide\"), may have their central effects potentiated.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92) This extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential for [interactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_interaction \"Drug interaction\") with many commonly used drugs.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92)[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-93)\n\nIts use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors \"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors\"), [tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressants \"Tricyclic antidepressants\"), [methamphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\"), [amphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphetamine \"Amphetamine\"), [MDMA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylenedioxymethamphetamine \"Methylenedioxymethamphetamine\"), [triptans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triptan \"Triptan\"), [buspirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buspirone \"Buspirone\"), [ginseng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ginseng \"Ginseng\"), [dextromethorphan (DXM)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextromethorphan \"Dextromethorphan\"), [linezolid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linezolid \"Linezolid\"), [tramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tramadol \"Tramadol\"), [serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\") (SNRIs), and other SSRIs due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_syndrome \"Serotonin syndrome\") to develop as a result.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-94)\n\nFluoxetine may also increase the risk of opioid overdose in some instances, in part due to its inhibitory effect on cytochrome P-450.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-96) Similar to how fluoxetine can effect the metabolization of dextromethorphan, it may cause medications like [oxycodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxycodone \"Oxycodone\") to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome as well as resulting in an increased concentration of oxycodone in the blood, which may lead to [accidental overdose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accidental_overdose \"Accidental overdose\"). A 2022 study that examined the health insurance claims of over 2 million Americans who began taking oxycodone while using SSRIs between 2000 and 2020, found that patients taking [paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\") or fluoxetine had a 23% higher risk of overdosing on oxycodone than those using other SSRIs.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95)\n\nThere is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)\n\n## Pharmacology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Pharmacology\")\\]\n\n| Molecular target | Fluoxetine | Norfluoxetine |\n|---|---|---|\n| [**SERT**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_transporter \"Serotonin transporter\") | 1 | 19 |\n| [NET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine_transporter \"Norepinephrine transporter\") | 574 | 2700 |\n| [DAT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine_transporter \"Dopamine transporter\") | 1092 | 420 |\n| [**5-HT1A**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1A_receptor \"5-HT1A receptor\") | 32400 | 13700 |\n| [**5-HT2A**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2A_receptor \"5-HT2A receptor\") | 147 | 295 |\n| [**5-HT2C**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2C_receptor \"5-HT2C receptor\") | 112 | 91 |\n| [α1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor \"Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor\") | 3800 | 3900 |\n| [M1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1\") | 702–1030 | 1200 |\n| [M2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2\") | 2700 | 4600 |\n| [M3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3\") | 1000 | 760 |\n| [M4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4\") | 2900 | 2600 |\n| [M5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5\") | 2700 | 2200 |\n| [H1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histamine_H1_receptor \"Histamine H1 receptor\") | 3250 | \\>10000 |\n\n### Pharmacodynamics\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Pharmacodynamics\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and does not appreciably inhibit [norepinephrine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine \"Norepinephrine\") and [dopamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine \"Dopamine\") reuptake at therapeutic doses. It does, however, delay the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Large doses in rats have been shown to induce a significant increase in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-102)[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11919662-103)[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Thus, dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine in humans at supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg).[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19298831-106) This effect may be mediated by 5HT2C receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8876023-107)\n\nFluoxetine increases the concentration of circulating [allopregnanolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allopregnanolone \"Allopregnanolone\"), a potent [GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator \"GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator\"), at concentrations that are inactive on serotonin reuptake.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105)[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-108) [Norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\"), a primary [active metabolite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Active_metabolite \"Active metabolite\") of fluoxetine, produces a similar effect on allopregnanolone levels in the brains of mice.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Additionally, both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are such modulators themselves, actions which may be clinically relevant.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109)\n\nIn addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an [agonist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agonist \"Agonist\") of the [σ1\\-receptor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigma-1_receptor \"Sigma-1 receptor\"), with a [potency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potency_\$pharmacology\$ \"Potency (pharmacology)\") greater than that of [citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\") but less than that of [fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\"). However, the significance of this property is not fully clear.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8831113-110)[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid20021354-111) Fluoxetine also functions as a channel blocker of [anoctamin 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anoctamin_1 \"Anoctamin 1\"), a [calcium-activated chloride channel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel \"Calcium-activated chloride channel\").[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-112)[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-113) A number of other [ion channels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ion_channel \"Ion channel\"), including [nicotinic acetylcholine receptors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor \"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor\") and [5-HT3 receptors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT3_receptor \"5-HT3 receptor\"), are also known to be *inhibited* at similar concentrations.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109)\n\nFluoxetine has been shown to inhibit [acid sphingomyelinase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acid_sphingomyelinase \"Acid sphingomyelinase\"), a key regulator of [ceramide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceramide \"Ceramide\") levels which derives ceramide from [sphingomyelin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sphingomyelin \"Sphingomyelin\").[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-114)[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-115)\n\n### Mechanism of action\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Mechanism of action\")\\]\n\nWhile it is unclear how fluoxetine exerts its effect on mood, it has been suggested that fluoxetine elicits an antidepressant effect by inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the synapse by binding to the reuptake pump on the neuronal membrane[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116) to increase serotonin availability and enhance neurotransmission.[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-117) Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic [5-HT1A receptors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1A_receptor \"5-HT1A receptor\"), which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of [brain-derived neurotrophic factor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor \"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor\"), which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-118)[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-119) Norfluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine are metabolites of fluoxetine and also act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increasing the duration of action of the drug.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-120)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116)\n\nProlonged exposure to fluoxetine changes the expression of genes involved in myelination, a process that shapes brain connectivity and contributes to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The regulation of genes involved with myelination is partially responsible for the long-term therapeutic benefits of chronic SSRI exposure.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-121)\n\n### Pharmacokinetics\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Pharmacokinetics\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Seproxetine.svg\/250px-Seproxetine.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Seproxetine.svg)\n\nThe *S* [enantiomer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enantiomer \"Enantiomer\") of [norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\"), fluoxetine's chief active metabolite\n\nThe [bioavailability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioavailability \"Bioavailability\") of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6–8 hours. It is highly [bound](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasma_protein_binding \"Plasma protein binding\") to plasma proteins, mostly [albumin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_serum_albumin \"Human serum albumin\") and α1\\-glycoprotein.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Fluoxetine is [metabolized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_metabolism \"Drug metabolism\") in the [liver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liver \"Liver\") by [isoenzymes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isoenzyme \"Isoenzyme\") of the [cytochrome P450](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytochrome_P450 \"Cytochrome P450\") system, including [CYP2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2D6 \"CYP2D6\").[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122) The role of CYP2D6 in the [metabolism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metabolism \"Metabolism\") of fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great [genetic variability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_variability \"Genetic variability\") in the function of this enzyme among people. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, [norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\").[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-123) Both drugs are also potent [inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enzyme_inhibitor \"Enzyme inhibitor\") of CYP2D6.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-124)\n\nThe extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine [elimination half-life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elimination_half-life \"Elimination half-life\") increases from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Similarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122)[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125)[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Newcastle-126) Therefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks.[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127)[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12063152-128) Moreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) For major depressive disorder, while onset of antidepressant action may be felt as early as 1–2 weeks,[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-130) the full benefit of the current dose a patient receives is not realized for at least a month following ingestion. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days.[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127) Likewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases by only 50%,[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) The blood level of norfluoxetine four weeks after treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and, seven weeks after discontinuation, norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood.[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125)\n\n### Measurement in body fluids\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Measurement in body fluids\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized persons, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg\/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg\/L in survivors of acute overdosage, and 1000–7000 μg\/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy but may be substantially less following acute overdosage since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium.[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-131)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-132)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-133)\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\nThe work which eventually led to the invention of fluoxetine began at [Eli Lilly and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eli_Lilly_and_Company \"Eli Lilly and Company\") in 1970 as a collaboration between [Bryan Molloy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bryan_Molloy \"Bryan Molloy\") and Ray Fuller.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) It was known at that time that the [antihistamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antihistamine \"Antihistamine\") [diphenhydramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diphenhydramine \"Diphenhydramine\") (DPH) showed some antidepressant-like properties. [3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PPPA_\$drug\$ \"PPPA (drug)\"), a compound structurally similar to DPH, was taken as a starting point. Molloy and fellow Eli Lilly chemist [Klaus Schmiegel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klaus_Schmiegel \"Klaus Schmiegel\") synthesized a series of dozens of its derivatives.[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wong-135)[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-136) Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only [serotonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") reuptake, another Eli Lilly scientist, [David T. Wong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_T._Wong \"David T. Wong\"), proposed to retest the series for the *[in vitro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_vitro \"In vitro\")* reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and [dopamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine \"Dopamine\"), using a technique developed by neuroscientist [Solomon Snyder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solomon_H._Snyder \"Solomon H. Snyder\").[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) This test showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) The first article about fluoxetine was published in 1974,[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) following talks given at [FASEB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology \"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology\") and [ASPET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Experimental_Therapeutics \"American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics\").[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-138) A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the brand name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the US [Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) for fluoxetine.[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139)\n\nFluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986.[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-140) In the U.S., the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987,[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-141) and a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached \\$350 million within a year.[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139) Worldwide sales eventually reached a peak of \\$2.6 billion a year.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-142)\n\nLilly tried several [product line extension](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Product_line_extension \"Product line extension\") strategies, including extended-release formulations and paying for clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\") and rebranding fluoxetine for that indication as \"Sarafem\" after it was approved by the FDA in 2000, following the recommendation of an advisory committee in 1999.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143)[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-144)[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-SarafemRec-145) The invention of using fluoxetine to treat PMDD was made by [Richard Wurtman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Wurtman \"Richard Wurtman\") at MIT; the patent was licensed to his startup, Interneuron, which in turn sold it to Lilly.[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-146)\n\nTo defend its Prozac revenue from generic competition, Lilly also fought a five-year, multimillion-dollar battle in court with the generic company [Barr Pharmaceuticals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barr_Pharmaceuticals \"Barr Pharmaceuticals\") to protect its patents on fluoxetine, and lost the cases for its line-extension patents, other than those for Sarafem, opening fluoxetine to generic manufacturers starting in 2001.[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-147) When Lilly's patent expired in August 2001,[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-148) [generic drug](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generic_drug \"Generic drug\") competition decreased Lilly's sales of fluoxetine by 70% within two months.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143)\n\nIn 2000 an investment bank had projected that annual sales of Sarafem could reach \\$250M\/year.[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Sales of Sarafem reached about \\$85M\/year in 2002, and in that year Lilly sold its assets connected with the drug for \\$295M to Galen Holdings, a small Irish pharmaceutical company specializing in dermatology and women's health that had a sales force tasked to gynecologists' offices; analysts found the deal sensible since the annual sales of Sarafem made a material financial difference to Galen, but not to Lilly.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-150)[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Telegraph2002-151)\n\nBringing Sarafem to market harmed Lilly's reputation in some quarters. The diagnostic category of PMDD was [controversial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder#History \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\") since it was first proposed in 1987, and Lilly's role in retaining it in the appendix of the [DSM-IV-TR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DSM-IV-TR \"DSM-IV-TR\"), the discussions for which got underway in 1998, has been criticized.[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Lilly was accused of inventing a disease to make money,[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) and for not innovating but rather just seeking ways to continue making money from existing drugs.[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-152) It was also criticized by the FDA and groups concerned with women's health for marketing Sarafem too aggressively when it was first launched; the campaign included a television commercial featuring a harried woman at the grocery store who asks herself if she has PMDD.[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-153)\n\n## Society and culture\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: Society and culture\")\\]\n\n### Prescription trends\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: Prescription trends\")\\]\n\nIn 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic fluoxetine were filled in the United States,[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154) making it the third-most prescribed antidepressant after [sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") and [citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\").[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154)\n\nIn 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United Kingdom.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-155) Between 1998 and 2017, along with [amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\"), it was the most commonly prescribed first antidepressant for adolescents aged 12–17 years in England.[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-156)\n\n### Environmental effects\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: Environmental effects\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, especially in North America.[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-157) There is a growing body of research addressing the effects of fluoxetine (among other SSRIs) exposure on non-target aquatic species.[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-158)[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159)[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160)[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Menningen2011rev-161)\n\nIn 2003, one of the first studies addressed in detail the potential effects of fluoxetine on aquatic wildlife; this research concluded that exposure at environmental concentrations was of little risk to [aquatic systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquatic_ecosystem \"Aquatic ecosystem\") if a hazard quotient approach was applied to risk assessment.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160) However, they also stated the need for further research addressing sub-lethal consequences of fluoxetine, specifically focusing on study species' sensitivity, behavioural responses, and endpoints modulated by the [serotonin system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_system \"Serotonin system\").[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160)\n\nFluoxetine – similar to several other SSRIs – induces [reproductive behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reproductive_behavior \"Reproductive behavior\") in some [shellfish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shellfish \"Shellfish\") at concentrations as low as 10\\-10 [M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molar_concentration \"Molar concentration\"), or 30 [parts per trillion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parts_per_trillion \"Parts per trillion\").[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pharmaceuticals-and-Care-Products-162): 21\n\nSince 2003, several studies have reported fluoxetine-induced impacts on many behavioural and physiological endpoints, inducing antipredator behaviour,[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-163)[\\[164\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-164)[\\[165\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-165) reproduction,[\\[166\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-166)[\\[167\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Schultz_38%E2%80%9347-167) and foraging[\\[168\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-168)[\\[169\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-169) at or below field-detected concentrations. However, a 2014 review on the [ecotoxicology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecotoxicology \"Ecotoxicology\") of fluoxetine concluded that, at that time, a consensus on the ability of environmentally realistic dosages to affect the behaviour of wildlife could not be reached.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159) At environmentally realistic concentrations, fluoxetine alters [insect emergence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insect_emergence \"Insect emergence\") timing.[\\[170\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170) Richmond *et al.*, 2019 find that at low concentrations it accelerates emergence of [Diptera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diptera \"Diptera\"), while at unusually high concentrations it has no discernable effect.[\\[170\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170)\n\nSeveral common plants are known to absorb fluoxetine.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Several crops have been tested, and Redshaw *et al.* 2008 find that [cauliflower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cauliflower \"Cauliflower\") absorbs large amounts into the stem and leaf but not the head or root.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu *et al.* 2012 find that [lettuce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lettuce \"Lettuce\") and [spinach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinach \"Spinach\") also absorb detectable amounts, while Carter *et al.* 2014 find that [radish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radish \"Radish\") (*Raphanus sativus*), ryegrass (*[Lolium perenne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lolium_perenne \"Lolium perenne\")*) – and Wu *et al.* 2010 find that [soybean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soybean \"Soybean\") (*Glycine max*) – absorb little.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu tested all tissues of soybean and all showed only low concentrations.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) By contrast various Reinhold *et al.* 2010 find [duckweeds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duckweed \"Duckweed\") have a high uptake of fluoxetine and show promise for [bioremediation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioremediation \"Bioremediation\") of contaminated water, especially *[Lemna minor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lemna_minor \"Lemna minor\")* and *[Landoltia punctata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landoltia_punctata \"Landoltia punctata\")*.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Ecotoxicity for organisms involved in [aquaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture \"Aquaculture\") is well documented.[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172): 275–276  Fluoxetine affects both aquacultured [invertebrates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invertebrate \"Invertebrate\") and [vertebrates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebrate \"Vertebrate\"), and [inhibits soil microbes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antimicrobial \"Antimicrobial\") including a large [antibacterial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibacterial \"Antibacterial\") effect.[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172)\n\n### Politics\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=27 \"Edit section: Politics\")\\]\n\nDuring the 1990 campaign for [governor of Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Governor_of_Florida \"Governor of Florida\"), it was disclosed that one of the candidates, [Lawton Chiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawton_Chiles \"Lawton Chiles\"), had depression and had resumed taking fluoxetine, leading his political opponents to question his fitness to serve as governor.[\\[173\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-173)\n\n### American aircraft pilots\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=28 \"Edit section: American aircraft pilots\")\\]\n\nBeginning in April 2010, fluoxetine became one of four antidepressant drugs that the [FAA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FAA \"FAA\") permitted for [pilots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pilot_in_command \"Pilot in command\") with authorization from an [aviation medical examiner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aviation_medical_examiner \"Aviation medical examiner\"). The other permitted antidepressants are [sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") (Zoloft), [citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\") (Celexa), and [escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\") (Lexapro).[\\[174\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-174) These four remain the only antidepressants permitted by FAA as of 2 December 2016.[\\[ref\\]](https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/about\/office_org\/headquarters_offices\/avs\/offices\/aam\/ame\/guide\/app_process\/exam_tech\/item47\/amd\/antidepressants\/)[\\[175\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-175)\n\nSertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram are the only antidepressants permitted for [EASA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EASA \"EASA\") medical certification, as of January 2019.[\\[176\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-176)[\\[177\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-177)\n\n## Research\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=29 \"Edit section: Research\")\\]\n\nThe antibacterial effect described above ([§ Environmental effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Environmental_effects)) could be applied against [multiresistant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_drug_resistance \"Multiple drug resistance\") biotypes in [crop bacterial diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crop_bacterial_disease \"Crop bacterial disease\") and bacterial [aquaculture diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture_disease \"Aquaculture disease\").[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172) In a [glucocorticoid receptor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glucocorticoid_receptor \"Glucocorticoid receptor\")\\-defective [zebrafish mutant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetically_modified_zebrafish \"Genetically modified zebrafish\") (*Danio rerio*) with reduced [exploratory behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exploration \"Exploration\"), fluoxetine rescued the normal exploratory behavior.[\\[178\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178) This demonstrates relationships between glucocorticoids, fluoxetine, and exploration in this fish.[\\[178\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178)\n\nFluoxetine has an [anti-nematode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-nematode \"Anti-nematode\") effect.[\\[179\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179) Choy *et al.*, 1999 found some of this effect is due to interference with certain [transmembrane proteins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmembrane_protein \"Transmembrane protein\").[\\[179\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179)\n\n## Veterinary use\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=30 \"Edit section: Veterinary use\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is commonly used and effective in treating anxiety-related behaviours and [separation anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_in_dogs \"Separation anxiety in dogs\") in dogs, especially when given as supplementation to [behaviour modification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dog_training \"Dog training\").[\\[180\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-180)[\\[181\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-181)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=31 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [List of antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_antidepressants \"List of antidepressants\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=32 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Hub2001_1-0)**\n   Hubbard JR, Martin PR (2001). [*Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=MY1kFYk98mQC&pg=PA26). CRC Press. p. 26. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-8247-4497-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8247-4497-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8247-4497-7\")\n   \n   .\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-8)\n   [\"Fluoxetine Hydrochloride\"](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html). The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151208193110\/http:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017\"](https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/resources\/publication\/publications\/prescription-medicines-registration-new-generic-medicines-and-biosimilar-medicines-2017). *Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)*. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-4)**\n   [Anvisa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency \"Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency\") (31 March 2023). 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[\"Addressing the Genetics of Human Mental Health Disorders in Model Organisms\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-090314-050048). *Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics*. **16** (1). [Annual Reviews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annual_Reviews_\$publisher\$ \"Annual Reviews (publisher)\"): 173–197\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-050048](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-090314-050048). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [26002061](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26002061). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [19597664](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:19597664).\n     - •\n       Ziv L, Muto A, Schoonheim PJ, Meijsing SH, Strasser D, Ingraham HA, et al. (June 2013). [\"An affective disorder in zebrafish with mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4065652). *Molecular Psychiatry*. **18** (6): 681–691\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/mp.2012.64](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fmp.2012.64). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [4065652](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4065652). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [22641177](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22641177). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [11962425](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:11962425). NIHMSID: NIHMS368312.\n179. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Repurposing_179-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Repurposing_179-1)\n     - •\n       Mangoni AA, Tuccinardi T, Collina S, Vanden Eynde JJ, Muñoz-Torrero D, Karaman R, et al. (June 2018). [\"Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-3\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6099979). *[Molecules](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Molecules_\$MDPI\$&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Molecules (MDPI) (page does not exist)\")*. **23** (7): 1596. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.3390\/molecules23071596](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fmolecules23071596). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [6099979](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6099979). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [29966350](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29966350). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [49644934](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:49644934).\n     - •\n       Weeks JC, Roberts WM, Leasure C, Suzuki BM, Robinson KJ, Currey H, et al. (January 2018). [\"Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Chlorpromazine Are Rapidly Acting Anthelmintic Drugs Capable of Clinical Repurposing\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5772060). *[Scientific Reports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_Reports \"Scientific Reports\")*. **8** (1) 975. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2018NatSR...8..975W](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2018NatSR...8..975W). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/s41598-017-18457-w](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-18457-w). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [5772060](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5772060). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [29343694](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29343694). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [205636792](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:205636792).\n180. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-180)**\n     Echeverri N, Govendir M (23 November 2022). [\"Does the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine modify canine anxiety related behaviour?\"](https:\/\/veterinaryevidence.org\/index.php\/ve\/article\/view\/585). *Veterinary Evidence*. **7** (4). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.18849\/ve.v7i4.585](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18849%2Fve.v7i4.585). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [2396-9776](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2396-9776). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [253873416](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:253873416).\n181. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-181)**\n     Sargisson RJ (30 October 2014). [\"Canine separation anxiety: strategies for treatment and management\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7521022). *Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports*. **5**: 143–151\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2147\/VMRR.S60424](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147%2FVMRR.S60424). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7521022](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7521022). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33062616](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33062616).\n\n## Further reading\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=33 \"Edit section: Further reading\")\\]\n\n- Shorter E (2014). [\"The 25th anniversary of the launch of Prozac gives pause for thought: where did we go wrong?\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.113.129916). *The British Journal of Psychiatry*. **204** (5): 331–2\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1192\/bjp.bp.113.129916](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.113.129916). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [24785765](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24785765).\n- Haberman C (21 September 2014). [\"Selling Prozac as the Life-Enhancing Cure for Mental Woes\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/09\/22\/us\/selling-prozac-as-the-life-enhancing-cure-for-mental-woes.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=34 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\nListen to this article (37 minutes)\n\n![Spoken Wikipedia icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg\/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)\n\n[This audio file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg \"File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg\") was created from a revision of this article dated 13 March 2021 (2021-03-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits.\n\n([Audio help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Media_help \"Wikipedia:Media help\") · [More spoken articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles \"Wikipedia:Spoken articles\"))\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Fluoxetine](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Fluoxetine \"commons:Category:Fluoxetine\").\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Antidepressants \"Template:Antidepressants\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Antidepressants \"Template talk:Antidepressants\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Antidepressants \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Antidepressants\")[Antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") ([N06A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATC_code_N06#N06A \"ATC code N06\")) |   |\n|---|---|\n| Specific [reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuptake_inhibitor \"Reuptake inhibitor\") or [receptor modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Receptor_modulator \"Receptor modulator\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\")Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | [Citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\")\\# [Escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\")\\# [Fluoxetine]()\\# [Fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\")\\# [Indalpine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indalpine \"Indalpine\")‡ [Paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\")\\# [Sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\")\\# [Zimelidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zimelidine \"Zimelidine\")‡ |\n| [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\")Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | [Desvenlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desvenlafaxine \"Desvenlafaxine\") [Duloxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duloxetine \"Duloxetine\") [Levomilnacipran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levomilnacipran \"Levomilnacipran\") [Milnacipran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milnacipran \"Milnacipran\") [Tofenacin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tofenacin \"Tofenacin\") [Venlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venlafaxine \"Venlafaxine\") |\n| [NRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\")Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | [Atomoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomoxetine \"Atomoxetine\") [Reboxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reboxetine \"Reboxetine\") [Viloxazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viloxazine \"Viloxazine\") |\n| [NDRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors\")Tooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors | [Amineptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amineptine \"Amineptine\")‡ [Bupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bupropion \"Bupropion\") [Nomifensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nomifensine \"Nomifensine\")‡ |\n| [NaSSAs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressants \"Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants\")Tooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants | [Mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\") [Mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\") [Setiptiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setiptiline \"Setiptiline\") |\n| [SARIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors\")Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors | [Etoperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etoperidone \"Etoperidone\") [Nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\") [Trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\") |\n| [SMS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_modulator_and_stimulators \"Serotonin modulator and stimulators\")Tooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators | [Vilazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vilazodone \"Vilazodone\") [Vortioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vortioxetine \"Vortioxetine\") |\n| Others | [Agomelatine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agomelatine \"Agomelatine\") [Amisulpride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amisulpride \"Amisulpride\") [Dextromethorphan\/bupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextromethorphan\/bupropion \"Dextromethorphan\/bupropion\") [Esketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esketamine \"Esketamine\") [Etryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine \"Alpha-Ethyltryptamine\")‡ [Gepirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gepirone \"Gepirone\") [Indeloxazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indeloxazine \"Indeloxazine\") [Flupentixol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flupentixol \"Flupentixol\") [Ketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketamine \"Ketamine\")§ [Medifoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medifoxamine \"Medifoxamine\")‡ [Metryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Methyltryptamine \"Alpha-Methyltryptamine\")‡ [Oxaflozane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxaflozane \"Oxaflozane\")‡ [Pivagabine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pivagabine \"Pivagabine\")‡ [Tandospirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tandospirone \"Tandospirone\") [Teniloxazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teniloxazine \"Teniloxazine\") [Tianeptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianeptine \"Tianeptine\") |\n| [Tricyclic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic \"Tricyclic\") and [tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressant \"Tetracyclic antidepressant\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [TCAs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressants \"Tricyclic antidepressants\")Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants | [Amineptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amineptine \"Amineptine\")‡ [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\")\\# [Amitriptylinoxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptylinoxide \"Amitriptylinoxide\") [Amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\") [Butriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butriptyline \"Butriptyline\")‡ [Clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\")\\# [Demexiptiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demexiptiline \"Demexiptiline\")‡ [Desipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desipramine \"Desipramine\") [Dibenzepin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dibenzepin \"Dibenzepin\") [Dimetacrine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimetacrine \"Dimetacrine\")‡ [Dosulepin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dosulepin \"Dosulepin\") [Doxepin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doxepin \"Doxepin\") [Imipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imipramine \"Imipramine\") [Imipraminoxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imipraminoxide \"Imipraminoxide\")‡ [Iprindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iprindole \"Iprindole\")‡ [Lofepramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lofepramine \"Lofepramine\") [Melitracen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melitracen \"Melitracen\") [Metapramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metapramine \"Metapramine\")‡ [Nitroxazepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitroxazepine \"Nitroxazepine\") [Nortriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nortriptyline \"Nortriptyline\") [Noxiptiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noxiptiline \"Noxiptiline\") [Opipramol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opipramol \"Opipramol\") [Pipofezine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipofezine \"Pipofezine\") [Propizepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propizepine \"Propizepine\")‡ [Protriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protriptyline \"Protriptyline\") [Quinupramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quinupramine \"Quinupramine\")‡ [Tianeptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianeptine \"Tianeptine\") [Trimipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trimipramine \"Trimipramine\") |\n| [TeCAs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressants \"Tetracyclic antidepressants\")Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants | [Maprotiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maprotiline \"Maprotiline\") [Mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\") [Mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\") [Setiptiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setiptiline \"Setiptiline\") |\n| Others | [Tiazesim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiazesim \"Tiazesim\") |\n| [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor \"Monoamine oxidase inhibitor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Non-selective | *Irreversible:* [Benmoxin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benmoxin \"Benmoxin\")‡ [Iproclozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iproclozide \"Iproclozide\")‡ [Iproniazid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iproniazid \"Iproniazid\")‡ [Isocarboxazid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isocarboxazid \"Isocarboxazid\") [Isoniazid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isoniazid \"Isoniazid\")\\# [Linezolid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linezolid \"Linezolid\")\\# [Mebanazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mebanazine \"Mebanazine\")‡ [Nialamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nialamide \"Nialamide\")‡ [Octamoxin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Octamoxin \"Octamoxin\")‡ [Phenelzine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenelzine \"Phenelzine\") [Pheniprazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pheniprazine \"Pheniprazine\")‡ [Phenoxypropazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenoxypropazine \"Phenoxypropazine\")‡ [Pivhydrazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pivhydrazine \"Pivhydrazine\")‡ [Safrazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safrazine \"Safrazine\")‡ [Tedizolid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedizolid \"Tedizolid\") [Tranylcypromine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tranylcypromine \"Tranylcypromine\") *Reversible:* [Caroxazone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caroxazone \"Caroxazone\")‡ *Mixed:* [Bifemelane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bifemelane \"Bifemelane\") |\n| [MAOA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_A \"Monoamine oxidase A\")Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A\\-selective | *Reversible:* [Eprobemide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eprobemide \"Eprobemide\") [Metralindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metralindole \"Metralindole\") [Minaprine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minaprine \"Minaprine\")‡ [Moclobemide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moclobemide \"Moclobemide\") [Pirlindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pirlindole \"Pirlindole\") [Tetrindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrindole \"Tetrindole\") [Toloxatone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toloxatone \"Toloxatone\") |\n| [MAOB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_B \"Monoamine oxidase B\")Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B\\-selective | *Irreversible:* [Selegiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selegiline \"Selegiline\") |\n| [Adjunctive therapies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjuvant_therapy \"Adjuvant therapy\") |   |\n| [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") ([aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [brexpiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexpiprazole \"Brexpiprazole\"), [lurasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lurasidone \"Lurasidone\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [quetiapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quetiapine \"Quetiapine\"), [risperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risperidone \"Risperidone\")) [Buspirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buspirone \"Buspirone\") [Lithium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium_\$medication\$ \"Lithium (medication)\") ([lithium carbonate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium_carbonate \"Lithium carbonate\"), [lithium citrate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium_citrate \"Lithium citrate\")) [Thyroid hormones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thyroid_hormone \"Thyroid hormone\") ([triiodothyronine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triiodothyronine \"Triiodothyronine\") (T3), [levothyroxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levothyroxine \"Levothyroxine\") (T4)) |   |\n| Miscellaneous |   |\n| [Ademetionine (SAMe)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ademetionine \"Ademetionine\") [GABAkine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator \"GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator\") [neurosteroids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurosteroid \"Neurosteroid\") ([brexanolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allopregnanolone \"Allopregnanolone\"), [zuranolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zuranolone \"Zuranolone\")) [*Hypericum perforatum* (St. John's Wort)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypericum_perforatum \"Hypericum perforatum\") [Oxitriptan (5-HTP)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxitriptan \"Oxitriptan\") [Rubidium chloride (RbCl)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rubidium_chloride \"Rubidium chloride\") [Tryptophan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tryptophan \"Tryptophan\") |   |\n| \\#[WHO-EM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines \"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\") ‡[Withdrawn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_withdrawn_drugs \"List of withdrawn drugs\") from market [Clinical trials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_trial \"Clinical trial\"): †[Phase III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research\") §Never to phase III |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Anxiolytics \"Template:Anxiolytics\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Anxiolytics \"Template talk:Anxiolytics\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Anxiolytics \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Anxiolytics\")[Anxiolytics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiolytic \"Anxiolytic\") ([N05B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATC_code_N05#N05B \"ATC code N05\")) |   |\n|---|---|\n| [5-HT1AR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1A_receptor \"5-HT1A receptor\")Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor [agonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agonist \"Agonist\") | [Buspirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buspirone \"Buspirone\") [Gepirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gepirone \"Gepirone\") [Tandospirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tandospirone \"Tandospirone\") |\n| [GABAAR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GABAA_receptor \"GABAA receptor\")Tooltip GABAA receptor [PAMs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Positive_allosteric_modulators \"Positive allosteric modulators\")Tooltip positive allosteric modulators | *[Benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepine \"Benzodiazepine\"):* [Adinazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adinazolam \"Adinazolam\") [Alprazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alprazolam \"Alprazolam\") [Bromazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromazepam \"Bromazepam\") [Camazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camazepam \"Camazepam\") [Chlordiazepoxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlordiazepoxide \"Chlordiazepoxide\") [Clobazam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clobazam \"Clobazam\") [Clonazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clonazepam \"Clonazepam\") [Clorazepate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorazepate \"Clorazepate\") [Clotiazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clotiazepam \"Clotiazepam\") [Cloxazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloxazolam \"Cloxazolam\") [Diazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diazepam \"Diazepam\")\\# [Ethyl loflazepate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethyl_loflazepate \"Ethyl loflazepate\") [Etizolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etizolam \"Etizolam\") [Fludiazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fludiazepam \"Fludiazepam\") [Halazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halazepam \"Halazepam\") [Ketazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketazolam \"Ketazolam\") [Lorazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorazepam \"Lorazepam\")\\# [Medazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medazepam \"Medazepam\") [Nordazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordazepam \"Nordazepam\") [Oxazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxazepam \"Oxazepam\") [Pinazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinazepam \"Pinazepam\") [Prazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prazepam \"Prazepam\"); *Others:* [Alpidem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpidem \"Alpidem\")‡ [Barbiturates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbiturate \"Barbiturate\") (e.g., [phenobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenobarbital \"Phenobarbital\")) [Carbamates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbamate \"Carbamate\") (e.g., [meprobamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meprobamate \"Meprobamate\")) [Carisoprodol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carisoprodol \"Carisoprodol\") [Chlormezanone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlormezanone \"Chlormezanone\")‡ [Ethanol (alcohol)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\$drug\$ \"Alcohol (drug)\") [Etifoxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etifoxine \"Etifoxine\") |\n| [Gabapentinoids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabapentinoid \"Gabapentinoid\") ( [α2δ VDCC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit \"Voltage-dependent calcium channel\") [blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Channel_blocker \"Channel blocker\")) | [Gabapentin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabapentin \"Gabapentin\") [Gabapentin enacarbil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabapentin_enacarbil \"Gabapentin enacarbil\") [Phenibut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenibut \"Phenibut\") [Baclofen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baclofen \"Baclofen\") [Pregabalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregabalin \"Pregabalin\") |\n| [Antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") | [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., [escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\")) [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., [duloxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duloxetine \"Duloxetine\")) [SARIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., [trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\")) [TCAs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressants \"Tricyclic antidepressants\") Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., [clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\")\\#) [TeCAs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressants \"Tetracyclic antidepressants\") Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., [mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\")) [MAOIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors \"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors\") Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., [phenelzine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenelzine \"Phenelzine\")); *Others:* [Agomelatine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agomelatine \"Agomelatine\") [Bupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bupropion \"Bupropion\") [Tianeptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianeptine \"Tianeptine\") [Vilazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vilazodone \"Vilazodone\") [Vortioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vortioxetine \"Vortioxetine\") |\n| [Sympatholytics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sympatholytic \"Sympatholytic\") ([Antiadrenergics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiadrenergic \"Antiadrenergic\")) | [Alpha-1 blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-1_blocker \"Alpha-1 blocker\") (e.g., [prazosin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prazosin \"Prazosin\")) [Alpha-2 agonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-2_agonist \"Alpha-2 agonist\") (e.g., [clonidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clonidine \"Clonidine\"), [dexmedetomidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dexmedetomidine \"Dexmedetomidine\"), [guanfacine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guanfacine \"Guanfacine\")) [Beta blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\") (e.g., [propranolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propranolol \"Propranolol\"), [atenolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atenolol \"Atenolol\"), [betaxolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betaxolol \"Betaxolol\"), [nadolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nadolol \"Nadolol\"), [oxprenolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxprenolol \"Oxprenolol\"), [pindolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pindolol \"Pindolol\")) |\n| Others | [Benzoctamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzoctamine \"Benzoctamine\") [Cycloserine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cycloserine \"Cycloserine\") [Fabomotizole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabomotizole \"Fabomotizole\") [Hydroxyzine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxyzine \"Hydroxyzine\") [Lorpiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorpiprazole \"Lorpiprazole\") [Mebicar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mebicar \"Mebicar\") [Mepiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mepiprazole \"Mepiprazole\") [Nicotine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotine \"Nicotine\") ([tobacco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tobacco \"Tobacco\")) [Opipramol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opipramol \"Opipramol\") [Oxaflozane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxaflozane \"Oxaflozane\")‡ [Phenaglycodol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenaglycodol \"Phenaglycodol\") [Phenibut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenibut \"Phenibut\") [Picamilon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Picamilon \"Picamilon\") [Selank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selank \"Selank\") [Tiagabine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiagabine \"Tiagabine\") [Tofisopam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tofisopam \"Tofisopam\") [Validolum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Validolum \"Validolum\") |\n| \\#[WHO-EM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines \"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\") ‡[Withdrawn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_withdrawn_drugs \"List of withdrawn drugs\") from market [Clinical trials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_trial \"Clinical trial\"): †[Phase III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research\") §Never to phase III |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:OCD_medications \"Template:OCD medications\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:OCD_medications \"Template talk:OCD medications\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:OCD_medications \"Special:EditPage\/Template:OCD medications\")[OCD medications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder#Medication \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") | [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\"), [escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\"), [fluoxetine](), [fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\"), [paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\"), [sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\")) [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ([venlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venlafaxine \"Venlafaxine\")) [TCAs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressants \"Tricyclic antidepressants\") Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants ([clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\")) |\n| Others | [Typical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typical_antipsychotic \"Typical antipsychotic\") ([haloperidol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haloperidol \"Haloperidol\")) [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") ([aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [quetiapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quetiapine \"Quetiapine\"), [risperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risperidone \"Risperidone\")) |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Drugs_for_erectile_dysfunction_and_premature_ejaculation \"Template:Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Drugs_for_erectile_dysfunction_and_premature_ejaculation \"Template talk:Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Drugs_for_erectile_dysfunction_and_premature_ejaculation \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation\")Drugs for [erectile dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erectile_dysfunction \"Erectile dysfunction\") ([G04BE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATC_code_G04#G04BE \"ATC code G04\")) and [premature ejaculation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premature_ejaculation \"Premature ejaculation\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Erectile dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erectile_dysfunction \"Erectile dysfunction\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Prostaglandins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prostaglandin \"Prostaglandin\") (E) | [Alprostadil (PGE1)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prostaglandin_E1 \"Prostaglandin E1\") |\n| [PDE5 inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PDE5_inhibitor \"PDE5 inhibitor\") | [Avanafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avanafil \"Avanafil\") [Lodenafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lodenafil \"Lodenafil\") [Mirodenafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirodenafil \"Mirodenafil\") [Sildenafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sildenafil \"Sildenafil\") [Simmerafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simmerafil \"Simmerafil\") [Tadalafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tadalafil \"Tadalafil\") [Udenafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Udenafil \"Udenafil\") [Vardenafil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vardenafil \"Vardenafil\") |\n| [Alpha blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_blocker \"Alpha blocker\") | [Moxisylyte (thymoxamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moxisylyte \"Moxisylyte\") [Phentolamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phentolamine \"Phentolamine\") [Rauwolscine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rauwolscine \"Rauwolscine\") [Yohimbine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yohimbine \"Yohimbine\") |\n| [Dopamine agonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine_agonist \"Dopamine agonist\") | [Apomorphine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apomorphine \"Apomorphine\") |\n| [Melanocortin agonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanocortin \"Melanocortin\") | [Bremelanotide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bremelanotide \"Bremelanotide\") [Melanotan II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanotan_II \"Melanotan II\") [PL-6983](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PL-6983 \"PL-6983\") |\n| Others | [Afrodor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afrodor \"Afrodor\") ([acecarbromal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acecarbromal \"Acecarbromal\"), [quebracho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aspidosperma_quebracho-blanco \"Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco\"), [vitamin E](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_E \"Vitamin E\")) [Papaverine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papaverine \"Papaverine\") [Trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\") |\n| [Premature ejaculation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premature_ejaculation \"Premature ejaculation\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [SRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Serotonin reuptake inhibitor\")\/[SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\") | [Dapoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dapoxetine \"Dapoxetine\") *Off-label:* [Citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\") [Clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\") [Escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\") [Fluoxetine]() [Paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\") [Sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") [Tramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tramadol \"Tramadol\") *Others:* [Kanna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesembryanthemum_tortuosum \"Mesembryanthemum tortuosum\") |\n| [Oxytocin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxytocin_receptor \"Oxytocin receptor\") [antagonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Receptor_antagonist \"Receptor antagonist\") | [Cligosiban](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cligosiban \"Cligosiban\") [Epelsiban](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epelsiban \"Epelsiban\") |\n| [Local anesthetics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Local_anesthetic \"Local anesthetic\") | [Benzocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzocaine \"Benzocaine\") [Lidocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lidocaine \"Lidocaine\") [Lidocaine\/prilocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lidocaine\/prilocaine \"Lidocaine\/prilocaine\") |\n| ***See also:** [Sexual dysfunction medications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sexual_dysfunction_medications \"Template:Sexual dysfunction medications\")* *[List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_investigational_sexual_dysfunction_drugs \"List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs\")* |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Template talk:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors\")[Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor \"Monoamine reuptake inhibitor\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [DAT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine_transporter \"Dopamine transporter\")Tooltip Dopamine transporter ( [DRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Dopamine reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors) |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Piperazines:* [DBL-583](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DBL-583 \"DBL-583\") [GBR-12783](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GBR-12783 \"GBR-12783\") [GBR-12935](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GBR-12935 \"GBR-12935\") [GBR-13069](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GBR-13069 \"GBR-13069\") [GBR-13098](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GBR-13098 \"GBR-13098\") [JJC8-088](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JJC8-088 \"JJC8-088\") [Nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\") [Vanoxerine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanoxerine \"Vanoxerine\") |   |\n| *Piperidines:* [4-Fluoropethidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-Fluoropethidine \"4-Fluoropethidine\") [Benocyclidine (BTCP)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benocyclidine \"Benocyclidine\") [Desoxypipradrol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desoxypipradrol \"Desoxypipradrol\") [Dexmethylphenidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dexmethylphenidate \"Dexmethylphenidate\") [Difemetorex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Difemetorex \"Difemetorex\") [Ethylphenidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethylphenidate \"Ethylphenidate\") [HDMP-28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDMP-28 \"HDMP-28\") [Methylphenidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylphenidate \"Methylphenidate\") [Pethidine (meperidine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pethidine \"Pethidine\") [Phencyclidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phencyclidine \"Phencyclidine\") [Pipradrol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipradrol \"Pipradrol\") [Serdexmethylphenidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serdexmethylphenidate \"Serdexmethylphenidate\") [Tenocyclidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenocyclidine \"Tenocyclidine\") |   |\n| *Pyrrolidines:* [Diphenylprolinol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diphenylprolinol \"Diphenylprolinol\") [MDPV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone \"Methylenedioxypyrovalerone\") [Naphyrone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphyrone \"Naphyrone\") [Prolintane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prolintane \"Prolintane\") [Pyrovalerone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrovalerone \"Pyrovalerone\") |   |\n| *Tropanes:* [Altropane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altropane \"Altropane\") [Benzatropine (benztropine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzatropine \"Benzatropine\") [Brasofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brasofensine \"Brasofensine\") [CFT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WIN_35428 \"WIN 35428\") [Cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") [Dichloropane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dichloropane \"Dichloropane\") [Difluoropine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Difluoropine \"Difluoropine\") [Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etybenzatropine \"Etybenzatropine\") [FE-β-CPPIT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT \"FE-β-CPPIT\") [FP-β-CPPIT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT \"FP-β-CPPIT\") [Ioflupane (123I)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ioflupane_\$123I\$ \"Ioflupane (123I)\") [RTI-55](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-55 \"RTI-55\") [RTI-112](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-112 \"RTI-112\") [RTI-113](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-113 \"RTI-113\") [RTI-121](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-121 \"RTI-121\") [RTI-126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-126 \"RTI-126\") [RTI-150](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-150 \"RTI-150\") [RTI-177](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-177 \"RTI-177\") [RTI-229](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-229 \"RTI-229\") [RTI-336](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\$-\$-2%CE%B2-\$3-\\(4-Methylphenyl\$isoxazol-5-yl\\)-3%CE%B2-\$4-chlorophenyl\$tropane \"(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane\") [Tesofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tesofensine \"Tesofensine\") [Troparil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Troparil \"Troparil\") [Tropoxane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropoxane \"Tropoxane\") [WF-11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-\$4-tolyl\$-tropane \"2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane\") [WF-23](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-\$2-naphthyl\$-tropane \"2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane\") [WF-31](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Propanoyl-3-\$4-isopropylphenyl\$-tropane \"2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane\") [WF-33](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2%CE%B1-\$Propanoyl\$-3%CE%B2-\$2-\\(6-methoxynaphthyl\$\\)-tropane \"2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane\") |   |\n| *Others:* [Adrafinil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrafinil \"Adrafinil\") [Amifitadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amifitadine \"Amifitadine\") [Armodafinil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armodafinil \"Armodafinil\") [Amfonelic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amfonelic_acid \"Amfonelic acid\") [Amineptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amineptine \"Amineptine\") [Ansofaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ansofaxine \"Ansofaxine\") [BTQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butyltolylquinuclidine \"Butyltolylquinuclidine\") [BTS 74,398](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BTS_74,398 \"BTS 74,398\") [Bupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bupropion \"Bupropion\") *[Chaenomeles speciosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaenomeles_speciosa \"Chaenomeles speciosa\")* [Ciclazindol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciclazindol \"Ciclazindol\") [Dasotraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dasotraline \"Dasotraline\") [Desmethylsertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylsertraline \"Desmethylsertraline\") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylsibutramine \"Desmethylsibutramine\") [Diclofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diclofensine \"Diclofensine\") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Didesmethylsibutramine \"Didesmethylsibutramine\") [Dimethocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethocaine \"Dimethocaine\") [Diphenylpyraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diphenylpyraline \"Diphenylpyraline\") [Dizocilpine (MK-801)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizocilpine \"Dizocilpine\") [DOV-102,677](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOV-102,677 \"DOV-102,677\") [DOV-216,303](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOV-216,303 \"DOV-216,303\") [Efavirenz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efavirenz \"Efavirenz\") [Ephenidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ephenidine \"Ephenidine\") [Esketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esketamine \"Esketamine\") [EXP-561](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EXP-561 \"EXP-561\") [Fencamfamin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fencamfamin \"Fencamfamin\") [Fezolamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fezolamine \"Fezolamine\") [Fluorenol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluorenol \"Fluorenol\") [GYKI-52895](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GYKI-52895 \"GYKI-52895\") [Hydroxybupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxybupropion \"Hydroxybupropion\") [Indatraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indatraline \"Indatraline\") [Ketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketamine \"Ketamine\") [Lafadofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lafadofensine \"Lafadofensine\") [Lefetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lefetamine \"Lefetamine\") [Levophacetoperane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levophacetoperane \"Levophacetoperane\") [Liafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liafensine \"Liafensine\") [LR-5182](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LR-5182 \"LR-5182\") [Manifaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manifaxine \"Manifaxine\") [Mazindol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazindol \"Mazindol\") [Medifoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medifoxamine \"Medifoxamine\") [Mesocarb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesocarb \"Mesocarb\") [Metaphit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaphit \"Metaphit\") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIN-117 \"MIN-117\") [Modafinil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modafinil \"Modafinil\") [Nefopam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefopam \"Nefopam\") [Nomifensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nomifensine \"Nomifensine\") [NS-2359](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NS-2359 \"NS-2359\") [O-2172](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O-2172 \"O-2172\") [Oroxylin A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oroxylin_A \"Oroxylin A\") [Perafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perafensine \"Perafensine\") [Pridefine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pridefine \"Pridefine\") [Pudafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pudafensine \"Pudafensine\") [Radafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radafaxine \"Radafaxine\") [Rimcazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rimcazole \"Rimcazole\") [Sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") [Sibutramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibutramine \"Sibutramine\") [Solriamfetol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solriamfetol \"Solriamfetol\") [Tametraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tametraline \"Tametraline\") [Tedatioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedatioxetine \"Tedatioxetine\") [Threohydrobupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Threohydrobupropion \"Threohydrobupropion\") [Tripelennamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tripelennamine \"Tripelennamine\") [Venlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venlafaxine \"Venlafaxine\") |   |\n| [NET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine_transporter \"Norepinephrine transporter\")Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter ( [NRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:* [Amedalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amedalin \"Amedalin\") [Alseroxylon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alseroxylon \"Alseroxylon\") [Ciclazindol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciclazindol \"Ciclazindol\") [Daledalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daledalin \"Daledalin\") [Edivoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edivoxetine \"Edivoxetine\") [Esreboxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esreboxetine \"Esreboxetine\") [Lortalamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lortalamine \"Lortalamine\") [Mazindol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazindol \"Mazindol\") [Nisoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nisoxetine \"Nisoxetine\") [Reboxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reboxetine \"Reboxetine\") [Talopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talopram \"Talopram\") [Talsupram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talsupram \"Talsupram\") [Tandamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tandamine \"Tandamine\") [Teniloxazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teniloxazine \"Teniloxazine\") [Viloxazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viloxazine \"Viloxazine\") |   |\n| *Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [Amineptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amineptine \"Amineptine\") [Bupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bupropion \"Bupropion\") [Fencamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fencamine \"Fencamine\") [Fencamfamin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fencamfamin \"Fencamfamin\") [Hydroxybupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxybupropion \"Hydroxybupropion\") [Lefetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lefetamine \"Lefetamine\") [Levophacetoperane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levophacetoperane \"Levophacetoperane\") [LR-5182](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LR-5182 \"LR-5182\") [Manifaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manifaxine \"Manifaxine\") [Methylphenidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylphenidate \"Methylphenidate\") [Nomifensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nomifensine \"Nomifensine\") [O-2172](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O-2172 \"O-2172\") [Radafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radafaxine \"Radafaxine\") [Serdexmethylphenidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serdexmethylphenidate \"Serdexmethylphenidate\") [Solriamfetol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solriamfetol \"Solriamfetol\") |   |\n| *Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:* [Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomoxetine \"Atomoxetine\") [CP-39,332](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-39,332 \"CP-39,332\") [Desvenlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desvenlafaxine \"Desvenlafaxine\") [Duloxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duloxetine \"Duloxetine\") [Eclanamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eclanamine \"Eclanamine\") [Levomilnacipran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levomilnacipran \"Levomilnacipran\") [McN5652](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McN5652 \"McN5652\") [Milnacipran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milnacipran \"Milnacipran\") [N-Methyl-PPPA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Methyl-PPPA \"N-Methyl-PPPA\") [Nafenodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Nafenodone&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Nafenodone (page does not exist)\") [PPPA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PPPA_\$drug\$ \"PPPA (drug)\") [Tofenacin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tofenacin \"Tofenacin\") [Venlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venlafaxine \"Venlafaxine\") |   |\n| *Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine \"3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine\") [Amifitadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amifitadine \"Amifitadine\") [Ansofaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ansofaxine \"Ansofaxine\") [Bicifadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bicifadine \"Bicifadine\") [Brasofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brasofensine \"Brasofensine\") [Centanafadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centanafadine \"Centanafadine\") [Cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") [Dasotraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dasotraline \"Dasotraline\") [Desmethylsertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylsertraline \"Desmethylsertraline\") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylsibutramine \"Desmethylsibutramine\") [Diclofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diclofensine \"Diclofensine\") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Didesmethylsibutramine \"Didesmethylsibutramine\") [DOV-102677](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOV-102677 \"DOV-102677\") [DOV-216303](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOV-216303 \"DOV-216303\") [EXP-561](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EXP-561 \"EXP-561\") [Fezolamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fezolamine \"Fezolamine\") [HDMP-28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDMP-28 \"HDMP-28\") [HP-505](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HP-505 \"HP-505\") [Indatraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indatraline \"Indatraline\") [JNJ-7925476](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JNJ-7925476 \"JNJ-7925476\") [JZ-IV-10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JZ-IV-10 \"JZ-IV-10\") [Lafadofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lafadofensine \"Lafadofensine\") [Liafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liafensine \"Liafensine\") [Mazindol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazindol \"Mazindol\") [Naphyrone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphyrone \"Naphyrone\") [Nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\") [Nefopam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefopam \"Nefopam\") [NS-2359](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NS-2359 \"NS-2359\") [Perafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perafensine \"Perafensine\") [PRC200](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRC200 \"PRC200\") [Pridefine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pridefine \"Pridefine\") [Pudafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pudafensine \"Pudafensine\") [SEP-228431](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SEP-228431 (page does not exist)\") [SEP-228432](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SEP-228432 (page does not exist)\") [Sibutramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibutramine \"Sibutramine\") [Tedatioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedatioxetine \"Tedatioxetine\") [Tesofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tesofensine \"Tesofensine\") [Threohydrobupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Threohydrobupropion \"Threohydrobupropion\") [Tropanes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropane \"Tropane\") (e.g., [cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\")) |   |\n| *Tricyclic antidepressants:* [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\") [Butriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butriptyline \"Butriptyline\") [Cianopramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cianopramine \"Cianopramine\") [Clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\") [Desipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desipramine \"Desipramine\") [Dosulepin (dothiepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dosulepin \"Dosulepin\") [Doxepin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doxepin \"Doxepin\") [Imipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imipramine \"Imipramine\") [Lofepramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lofepramine \"Lofepramine\") [Melitracen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melitracen \"Melitracen\") [Nortriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nortriptyline \"Nortriptyline\") [Protriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protriptyline \"Protriptyline\") [Trimipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trimipramine \"Trimipramine\") |   |\n| *Tetracyclic antidepressants:* [Amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\") [Maprotiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maprotiline \"Maprotiline\") [Mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\") [Oxaprotiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxaprotiline \"Oxaprotiline\") [Setiptiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setiptiline \"Setiptiline\") |   |\n| *Others:* [Amezinium metilsulfate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amezinium_metilsulfate \"Amezinium metilsulfate\") [Antihistamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histamine_antagonist \"Histamine antagonist\") (e.g., [brompheniramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brompheniramine \"Brompheniramine\"), [chlorphenamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorphenamine \"Chlorphenamine\"), [pheniramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pheniramine \"Pheniramine\"), [tripelennamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tripelennamine \"Tripelennamine\")) [Antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antipsychotic \"Antipsychotic\") (e.g., [loxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loxapine \"Loxapine\"), [ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\")) [Arylcyclohexylamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arylcyclohexylamine \"Arylcyclohexylamine\") (e.g., [ketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketamine \"Ketamine\"), [phencyclidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phencyclidine \"Phencyclidine\")) [Dopexamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopexamine \"Dopexamine\") [Ephenidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ephenidine \"Ephenidine\") *[Ginkgo biloba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ginkgo_biloba \"Ginkgo biloba\")* [Indeloxazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indeloxazine \"Indeloxazine\") [Nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\") [Opioids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opioid \"Opioid\") (e.g., [desmetramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmetramadol \"Desmetramadol\"), [methadone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methadone \"Methadone\"), [pethidine (meperidine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pethidine \"Pethidine\"), [tapentadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tapentadol \"Tapentadol\"), [tramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tramadol \"Tramadol\"), [levorphanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levorphanol \"Levorphanol\")) |   |\n| [SERT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_transporter \"Serotonin transporter\")Tooltip Serotonin transporter ( [SRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin reuptake inhibitors\") Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors) |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:* [6-Nitroquipazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6-Nitroquipazine \"6-Nitroquipazine\") [Alaproclate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaproclate \"Alaproclate\") [Centpropazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centpropazine \"Centpropazine\") [Cericlamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cericlamine \"Cericlamine\") [Citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\") [Dapoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dapoxetine \"Dapoxetine\") [Desmethylcitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylcitalopram \"Desmethylcitalopram\") [Didesmethylcitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Didesmethylcitalopram \"Didesmethylcitalopram\") [Escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\") [Femoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Femoxetine \"Femoxetine\") [Fluoxetine]() [Fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\") [Indalpine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indalpine \"Indalpine\") [Ifoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ifoxetine \"Ifoxetine\") [Norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\") [Omiloxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Omiloxetine \"Omiloxetine\") [Panuramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panuramine \"Panuramine\") [Paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\") [PIM-35](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PIM-35 \"PIM-35\") [Pirandamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pirandamine \"Pirandamine\") [RTI-353](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-353 \"RTI-353\") [Seproxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seproxetine \"Seproxetine\") [Sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") [Zimelidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zimelidine \"Zimelidine\") *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:* [Etoperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etoperidone \"Etoperidone\") [Litoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Litoxetine \"Litoxetine\") [Lubazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lubazodone \"Lubazodone\") [LY-393558](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-393558 \"LY-393558\") [Quipazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quipazine \"Quipazine\") [SB-649915](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-649915 \"SB-649915\") [TGBA01AD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TGBA01AD \"TGBA01AD\") [Trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\") [Vilazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vilazodone \"Vilazodone\") [Vortioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vortioxetine \"Vortioxetine\") |   |\n| *Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:* [Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomoxetine \"Atomoxetine\") [Bicifadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bicifadine \"Bicifadine\") [CP-39332](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=CP-39332&action=edit&redlink=1 \"CP-39332 (page does not exist)\") [Desvenlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desvenlafaxine \"Desvenlafaxine\") [Duloxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duloxetine \"Duloxetine\") [Eclanamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eclanamine \"Eclanamine\") [Levomilnacipran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levomilnacipran \"Levomilnacipran\") [McN5652](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McN5652 \"McN5652\") [Milnacipran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milnacipran \"Milnacipran\") [N-Methyl-PPPA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Methyl-PPPA \"N-Methyl-PPPA\") [PPPA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PPPA_\$drug\$ \"PPPA (drug)\") [Tofenacin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tofenacin \"Tofenacin\") [Venlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venlafaxine \"Venlafaxine\") |   |\n| *Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine \"3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine\") [Amifitadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amifitadine \"Amifitadine\") [Ansofaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ansofaxine \"Ansofaxine\") [Bicifadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bicifadine \"Bicifadine\") [Brasofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brasofensine \"Brasofensine\") [Centanafadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centanafadine \"Centanafadine\") [Cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") [Dasotraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dasotraline \"Dasotraline\") [Desmethylsertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylsertraline \"Desmethylsertraline\") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylsibutramine \"Desmethylsibutramine\") [Diclofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diclofensine \"Diclofensine\") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Didesmethylsibutramine \"Didesmethylsibutramine\") [DOV-102677](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOV-102677 \"DOV-102677\") [DOV-216303](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOV-216303 \"DOV-216303\") [EXP-561](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EXP-561 \"EXP-561\") [Fezolamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fezolamine \"Fezolamine\") [HDMP-28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDMP-28 \"HDMP-28\") [HP-505](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HP-505 \"HP-505\") [Indatraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indatraline \"Indatraline\") [JNJ-7925476](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JNJ-7925476 \"JNJ-7925476\") [JZ-IV-10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JZ-IV-10 \"JZ-IV-10\") [Lafadofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lafadofensine \"Lafadofensine\") [Liafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liafensine \"Liafensine\") [Mazindol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazindol \"Mazindol\") [Naphyrone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphyrone \"Naphyrone\") [Nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\") [Nefopam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefopam \"Nefopam\") [NS-2359](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NS-2359 \"NS-2359\") [Perafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perafensine \"Perafensine\") [PRC200](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRC200 \"PRC200\") [Pridefine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pridefine \"Pridefine\") [Pudafensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pudafensine \"Pudafensine\") [SEP-228431](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SEP-228431 (page does not exist)\") [SEP-228432](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SEP-228432 (page does not exist)\") [Sibutramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibutramine \"Sibutramine\") [Tedatioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedatioxetine \"Tedatioxetine\") [Tesofensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tesofensine \"Tesofensine\") [Threohydrobupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Threohydrobupropion \"Threohydrobupropion\") [Tropanes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropane \"Tropane\") (e.g., [cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\")) |   |\n| *Tricyclic antidepressants:* [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\") [Cianopramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cianopramine \"Cianopramine\") [Clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\") [Cyanodothiepin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyanodothiepin \"Cyanodothiepin\") [Desipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desipramine \"Desipramine\") [Dosulepin (dothiepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dosulepin \"Dosulepin\") [Doxepin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doxepin \"Doxepin\") [Imipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imipramine \"Imipramine\") [Lofepramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lofepramine \"Lofepramine\") [Nortriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nortriptyline \"Nortriptyline\") [Pipofezine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipofezine \"Pipofezine\") [Protriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protriptyline \"Protriptyline\") |   |\n| *Others:* [A-80426](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=A-80426&action=edit&redlink=1 \"A-80426 (page does not exist)\") [Amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\") [Antihistamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antihistamine \"Antihistamine\") (e.g., [brompheniramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brompheniramine \"Brompheniramine\"), [chlorphenamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorphenamine \"Chlorphenamine\"), [dimenhydrinate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimenhydrinate \"Dimenhydrinate\"), [diphenhydramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diphenhydramine \"Diphenhydramine\"), [mepyramine (pyrilamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mepyramine \"Mepyramine\"), [pheniramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pheniramine \"Pheniramine\"), [tripelennamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tripelennamine \"Tripelennamine\")) [Antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antipsychotic \"Antipsychotic\") (e.g., [loxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loxapine \"Loxapine\"), [ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\")) [Arylcyclohexylamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arylcyclohexylamine \"Arylcyclohexylamine\") (e.g., [3-MeO-PCP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-MeO-PCP \"3-MeO-PCP\"), [esketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esketamine \"Esketamine\"), [ketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketamine \"Ketamine\"), [methoxetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methoxetamine \"Methoxetamine\"), [phencyclidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phencyclidine \"Phencyclidine\")) [Cyclobenzaprine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclobenzaprine \"Cyclobenzaprine\") [Delucemine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delucemine \"Delucemine\") [Dextromethorphan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextromethorphan \"Dextromethorphan\") [Dextrorphan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextrorphan \"Dextrorphan\") [Efavirenz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efavirenz \"Efavirenz\") [Hypidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypidone \"Hypidone\") [Medifoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medifoxamine \"Medifoxamine\") [Mesembrine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesembrine \"Mesembrine\") [Mifepristone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mifepristone \"Mifepristone\") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIN-117 \"MIN-117\") [N-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Methylserotonin \"N-Methylserotonin\") [Opioids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opioid \"Opioid\") (e.g., [dextropropoxyphene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextropropoxyphene \"Dextropropoxyphene\"), [methadone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methadone \"Methadone\"), [pethidine (meperidine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pethidine \"Pethidine\"), [levorphanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levorphanol \"Levorphanol\"), [tapentadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tapentadol \"Tapentadol\"), [tramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tramadol \"Tramadol\")) [Roxindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roxindole \"Roxindole\") |   |\n| [VMATs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vesicular_monoamine_transporters \"Vesicular monoamine transporters\")Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters | [Amiodarone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amiodarone \"Amiodarone\") [Amphetamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_amphetamine \"Substituted amphetamine\") (e.g., [amphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphetamine \"Amphetamine\"), [methamphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\"), [MDMA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMA \"MDMA\")) [APP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=3-Amino-2-phenylpropene&action=edit&redlink=1 \"3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (page does not exist)\") [AZIK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin (page does not exist)\") [Bietaserpine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bietaserpine \"Bietaserpine\") [Deserpidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deserpidine \"Deserpidine\") [Deutetrabenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutetrabenazine \"Deutetrabenazine\") [Dihydrotetrabenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydrotetrabenazine \"Dihydrotetrabenazine\") [Efavirenz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efavirenz \"Efavirenz\") [GBR-12935](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GBR-12935 \"GBR-12935\") [GZ-793A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=GZ-793A&action=edit&redlink=1 \"GZ-793A (page does not exist)\") [Ibogaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibogaine \"Ibogaine\") [Ketanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketanserin \"Ketanserin\") [Lobeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lobeline \"Lobeline\") [Methoxytetrabenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Methoxytetrabenazine&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Methoxytetrabenazine (page does not exist)\") [Reserpine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reserpine \"Reserpine\") [Rose bengal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rose_bengal \"Rose bengal\") [Tetrabenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrabenazine \"Tetrabenazine\") [Valbenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valbenazine \"Valbenazine\") [Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanoxerine \"Vanoxerine\") |\n| Others | *Unsorted:* [Cendifensine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cendifensine \"Cendifensine\") *DAT enhancers:* [Luteolin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luteolin \"Luteolin\") *DAT modulators:* *Agonist-like:* [SoRI-9804](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SoRI-9804 \"SoRI-9804\") [SoRI-20040](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)\"); *Antagonist-like:* [SoRI-20041](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SoRI-20041 \"SoRI-20041\") |\n| ***See also:** [Receptor\/signaling modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Receptor_modulators \"Template:Receptor modulators\") • [Monoamine releasing agents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents \"Template:Monoamine releasing agents\") • [Adrenergics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Adrenergics \"Template:Adrenergics\") • [Dopaminergics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Dopaminergics \"Template:Dopaminergics\") • [Serotonergics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Serotonergics \"Template:Serotonergics\") • [Monoamine metabolism modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators \"Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators\") • [Monoamine neurotoxins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins \"Template:Monoamine neurotoxins\")* |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators \"Template:Serotonin receptor modulators\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Serotonin_receptor_modulators \"Template talk:Serotonin receptor modulators\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Serotonin receptor modulators\")[Serotonin receptor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT_receptor \"5-HT receptor\") [modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Receptor_modulator \"Receptor modulator\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [5-HT1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1_receptor \"5-HT1 receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [5-HT1A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1A_receptor \"5-HT1A receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T \"4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T\") [5-MeO-pip-T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-pip-T \"5-MeO-pip-T\") [5-MeO-pyr-T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-pyr-T \"5-MeO-pyr-T\") [8-OH-DPAT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/8-OH-DPAT \"8-OH-DPAT\") [Adatanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adatanserin \"Adatanserin\") [Amphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphetamine \"Amphetamine\") [Antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") (e.g., [etoperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etoperidone \"Etoperidone\"), [hydroxynefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxynefazodone \"Hydroxynefazodone\"), [nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\"), [trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\"), [triazoledione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triazoledione \"Triazoledione\"), [vilazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vilazodone \"Vilazodone\"), [vortioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vortioxetine \"Vortioxetine\")) [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [asenapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asenapine \"Asenapine\"), [brexpiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexpiprazole \"Brexpiprazole\"), [cariprazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cariprazine \"Cariprazine\"), [clozapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clozapine \"Clozapine\"), [lurasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lurasidone \"Lurasidone\"), [quetiapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quetiapine \"Quetiapine\"), [ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\")) [Azapirones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azapirone \"Azapirone\") (e.g., [buspirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buspirone \"Buspirone\"), [eptapirone (F-11440)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eptapirone \"Eptapirone\"), [gepirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gepirone \"Gepirone\"), [perospirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perospirone \"Perospirone\"), [tandospirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tandospirone \"Tandospirone\")) [Bay R 1531](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bay_R_1531 \"Bay R 1531\") [Befiradol (NLX-112; F-13640)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Befiradol \"Befiradol\") [BMY-14802](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMY-14802 \"BMY-14802\") [Cannabidiol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabidiol \"Cannabidiol\") [Dimemebfe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimemebfe \"Dimemebfe\") [Dopamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine \"Dopamine\") [Ebalzotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ebalzotan \"Ebalzotan\") [Eltoprazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eltoprazine \"Eltoprazine\") [Enciprazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enciprazine \"Enciprazine\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [cabergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabergoline \"Cabergoline\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\"), [LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD \"LSD\"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylergometrine \"Methylergometrine\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) [F-11461](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F-11461 \"F-11461\") [F-12826](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=F-12826&action=edit&redlink=1 \"F-12826 (page does not exist)\") [F-13714](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=F-13714&action=edit&redlink=1 \"F-13714 (page does not exist)\") [F-14679](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=F-14679&action=edit&redlink=1 \"F-14679 (page does not exist)\") [F-15063](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F-15063 \"F-15063\") [F-15599 (NLX-101)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F-15599 \"F-15599\") [Flesinoxan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flesinoxan \"Flesinoxan\") [Flibanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flibanserin \"Flibanserin\") [Flumexadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumexadol \"Flumexadol\") [Hypidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypidone \"Hypidone\") [Lesopitron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lesopitron \"Lesopitron\") [LY-293284](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-293284 \"LY-293284\") [LY-301317](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-301317&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-301317 (page does not exist)\") [mCPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine \"Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine\") [Naluzotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naluzotan \"Naluzotan\") [NBUMP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NBUMP \"NBUMP\") [NLX-204](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NLX-204 \"NLX-204\") [NLX-266](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NLX-266 \"NLX-266\") [Osemozotan (MKC-242)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osemozotan \"Osemozotan\") [Oxaflozane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxaflozane \"Oxaflozane\") [Pardoprunox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pardoprunox \"Pardoprunox\") [Piclozotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piclozotan \"Piclozotan\") [Rauwolscine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rauwolscine \"Rauwolscine\") [Repinotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repinotan \"Repinotan\") [Roxindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roxindole \"Roxindole\") [RU-24969](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RU-24969 \"RU-24969\") [S-14506](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-14506 \"S-14506\") [S-14671](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-14671 \"S-14671\") [S-15535](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-15535 \"S-15535\") [Sarizotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarizotan \"Sarizotan\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [SSR-181507](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SSR-181507 (page does not exist)\") [Sunepitron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunepitron \"Sunepitron\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-carboxamidotryptamine \"5-carboxamidotryptamine\"), [5-MeO-DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DMT \"5-MeO-DMT\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-methoxytryptamine \"5-methoxytryptamine\"), [bufotenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bufotenin \"Bufotenin\"), [DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethyltryptamine \"Dimethyltryptamine\"), [indorenate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indorenate \"Indorenate\"), [N-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-methylserotonin \"N-methylserotonin\"), [psilocin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocin \"Psilocin\"), [psilocybin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocybin \"Psilocybin\")) [TGBA01AD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TGBA01AD \"TGBA01AD\") [TMU4142](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TMU4142 \"TMU4142\") [U-92016-A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-92016-A \"U-92016-A\") [Urapidil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urapidil \"Urapidil\") [Vilazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vilazodone \"Vilazodone\") [Xaliproden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xaliproden \"Xaliproden\") [Yohimbine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yohimbine \"Yohimbine\") |   |\n| *Positive allosteric modulators:* [Oleamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleamide \"Oleamide\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [iloperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iloperidone \"Iloperidone\"), [risperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risperidone \"Risperidone\"), [sertindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertindole \"Sertindole\")) [AV965](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AV965 \"AV965\") [Beta blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\") (e.g., [alprenolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alprenolol \"Alprenolol\"), [carteolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carteolol \"Carteolol\"), [cyanopindolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyanopindolol \"Cyanopindolol\"), [iodocyanopindolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iodocyanopindolol \"Iodocyanopindolol\"), [isamoltane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isamoltane \"Isamoltane\"), [oxprenolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxprenolol \"Oxprenolol\"), [penbutolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penbutolol \"Penbutolol\"), [pindobind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pindobind \"Pindobind\"), [pindolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pindolol \"Pindolol\"), [propranolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propranolol \"Propranolol\"), [tertatolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tertatolol \"Tertatolol\")) [BMY-7378](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMY-7378 \"BMY-7378\") [CSP-2503](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CSP-2503 \"CSP-2503\") [Dotarizine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dotarizine \"Dotarizine\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\")) [FCE-24379](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=FCE-24379&action=edit&redlink=1 \"FCE-24379 (page does not exist)\") [Flopropione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flopropione \"Flopropione\") [GR-46611](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1 \"GR-46611 (page does not exist)\") [Isamoltane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isamoltane \"Isamoltane\") [Lecozotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lecozotan \"Lecozotan\") [Mefway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mefway_\$18F\$ \"Mefway (18F)\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIN-117 \"MIN-117\") [MPPF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MPPF \"MPPF\") [NAN-190](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NAN-190 \"NAN-190\") [Robalzotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robalzotan \"Robalzotan\") [S-15535](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-15535 \"S-15535\") [SB-649915](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-649915 \"SB-649915\") [SDZ 216-525](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SDZ_216-525&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SDZ 216-525 (page does not exist)\") [Spiperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiperone \"Spiperone\") [Spiramide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiramide \"Spiramide\") [Spiroxatrine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiroxatrine \"Spiroxatrine\") [UH-301](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UH-301 \"UH-301\") [WAY-100135](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WAY-100135 \"WAY-100135\") [WAY-100635](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WAY-100635 \"WAY-100635\") [Xylamidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xylamidine \"Xylamidine\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Acetryptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetryptine \"Acetryptine\") [Carvedilol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carvedilol \"Carvedilol\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergometrine \"Ergometrine\")) |   |\n| [5-HT1B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1B_receptor \"5-HT1B receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [Alniditan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alniditan \"Alniditan\") [Anpirtoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anpirtoline \"Anpirtoline\") [AZ10419369](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AZ10419369 \"AZ10419369\") [Benzofurans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_benzofuran \"Substituted benzofuran\") (e.g., [5-MAPB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MAPB \"5-MAPB\"), [6-MAPB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6-MAPB \"6-MAPB\"), [BK-5-MAPB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BK-5-MAPB \"BK-5-MAPB\"), [BK-6-MAPB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BK-6-MAPB \"BK-6-MAPB\")) [Benzothiophenes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_benzothiophene \"Substituted benzothiophene\") (e.g., [5-MAPBT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MAPBT \"5-MAPBT\"), [6-MAPBT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6-MAPBT \"6-MAPBT\"), [BK-5-MAPBT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BK-5-MAPBT \"BK-5-MAPBT\")) [CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CGS-12066 \"CGS-12066\") [CP-93129](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-93129 \"CP-93129\") [CP-94253](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-94253 \"CP-94253\") [CP-122288](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-122288 \"CP-122288\") [CP-135807](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-135807 \"CP-135807\") [Eltoprazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eltoprazine \"Eltoprazine\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylergometrine \"Methylergometrine\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) [mCPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine \"Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine\") [Methylenedioxyphenethylamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine \"Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine\") (e.g., [MDMA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMA \"MDMA\"), [methylone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylone \"Methylone\")) [PGI-7043](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PGI-7043 \"PGI-7043\") [PZKKN-94](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PZKKN-94 \"PZKKN-94\") [RU-24969](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RU-24969 \"RU-24969\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Triptans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triptan \"Triptan\") (e.g., [avitriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avitriptan \"Avitriptan\"), [donitriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donitriptan \"Donitriptan\"), [eletriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eletriptan \"Eletriptan\"), [IS-159](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IS-159 \"IS-159\"), [sumatriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sumatriptan \"Sumatriptan\"), [zolmitriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zolmitriptan \"Zolmitriptan\")) [TFMPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine \"Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-BT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-benzyloxytryptamine \"5-benzyloxytryptamine\"), [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-carboxamidotryptamine \"5-carboxamidotryptamine\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-methoxytryptamine \"5-methoxytryptamine\"), [DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethyltryptamine \"Dimethyltryptamine\")) [Vortioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vortioxetine \"Vortioxetine\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [AOP-208 (LB-208)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOP-208 \"AOP-208\") [AR-A000002](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AR-A000002 \"AR-A000002\") [Beta blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\") (e.g., [alprenolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alprenolol \"Alprenolol\"), [carteolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carteolol \"Carteolol\"), [isamoltane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isamoltane \"Isamoltane\"), [oxprenolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxprenolol \"Oxprenolol\"), [penbutolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penbutolol \"Penbutolol\"), [propranolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propranolol \"Propranolol\"), [tertatolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tertatolol \"Tertatolol\")) [Elzasonan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elzasonan \"Elzasonan\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\")) [F-14258](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F-14258 \"F-14258\") [GR-127935](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GR-127935 \"GR-127935\") [Isamoltane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isamoltane \"Isamoltane\") [LY-393558](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-393558 \"LY-393558\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [SB-216641](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-216641 \"SB-216641\") [SB-224289](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-224289 \"SB-224289\") [SB-236057](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-236057 \"SB-236057\") [SB-616234](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-616234 \"SB-616234\") [Trelanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trelanserin \"Trelanserin\") [Yohimbine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yohimbine \"Yohimbine\") |   |\n| *Negative allosteric modulators:* [5-HT-moduline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT-moduline \"5-HT-moduline\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [cabergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabergoline \"Cabergoline\"), [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergometrine \"Ergometrine\"), [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\")) |   |\n| [5-HT1D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1D_receptor \"5-HT1D receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [Alniditan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alniditan \"Alniditan\") [CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CGS-12066 \"CGS-12066\") [CP-122288](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-122288 \"CP-122288\") [CP-135807](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-135807 \"CP-135807\") [CP-286601](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=CP-286601&action=edit&redlink=1 \"CP-286601 (page does not exist)\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [cabergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabergoline \"Cabergoline\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD \"LSD\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\")) [GR-46611](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1 \"GR-46611 (page does not exist)\") [L-694247](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L-694247 \"L-694247\") [L-772405](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=L-772405&action=edit&redlink=1 \"L-772405 (page does not exist)\") [mCPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine \"Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine\") [PNU-109291](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=PNU-109291&action=edit&redlink=1 \"PNU-109291 (page does not exist)\") [PNU-142633](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNU-142633 \"PNU-142633\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [TGBA01AD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TGBA01AD \"TGBA01AD\") [Triptans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triptan \"Triptan\") (e.g., [almotriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almotriptan \"Almotriptan\"), [avitriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avitriptan \"Avitriptan\"), [donitriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donitriptan \"Donitriptan\"), [eletriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eletriptan \"Eletriptan\"), [frovatriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frovatriptan \"Frovatriptan\"), [IS-159](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IS-159 \"IS-159\"), [naratriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naratriptan \"Naratriptan\"), [rizatriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rizatriptan \"Rizatriptan\"), [sumatriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sumatriptan \"Sumatriptan\"), [zolmitriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zolmitriptan \"Zolmitriptan\")) [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-BT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-benzyloxytryptamine \"5-benzyloxytryptamine\"), [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-carboxamidotryptamine \"5-carboxamidotryptamine\"), [5-Et-DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-ethyl-DMT \"5-ethyl-DMT\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-methoxytryptamine \"5-methoxytryptamine\"), [5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-\$nonyloxy\$tryptamine \"5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine\"), [DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethyltryptamine \"Dimethyltryptamine\")) |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [BRL-15572](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BRL-15572 \"BRL-15572\") [Elzasonan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elzasonan \"Elzasonan\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\")) [F-14258](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F-14258 \"F-14258\") [GR-127935](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GR-127935 \"GR-127935\") [Ketanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketanserin \"Ketanserin\") [LY-310762](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-310762 \"LY-310762\") [LY-367642](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-367642 \"LY-367642\") [LY-393558](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-393558 \"LY-393558\") [LY-456219](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-456219 \"LY-456219\") [LY-456220](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-456220 \"LY-456220\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [Mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\") [Ritanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritanserin \"Ritanserin\") [Yohimbine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yohimbine \"Yohimbine\") [Ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\") |   |\n| *Negative allosteric modulators:* [5-HT-moduline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT-moduline \"5-HT-moduline\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Acetryptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetryptine \"Acetryptine\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\"), [lysergol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergol \"Lysergol\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) |   |\n| [5-HT1E](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1E_receptor \"5-HT1E receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [BRL-54443](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BRL-54443 \"BRL-54443\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Triptans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triptan \"Triptan\") (e.g., [eletriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eletriptan \"Eletriptan\")) [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [tryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tryptamine \"Tryptamine\")) |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergometrine \"Ergometrine\"), [lysergol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergol \"Lysergol\"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylergometrine \"Methylergometrine\") |   |\n| [5-HT1F](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1F_receptor \"5-HT1F receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [BRL-54443](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BRL-54443 \"BRL-54443\") [CP-122288](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-122288 \"CP-122288\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [lysergol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergol \"Lysergol\"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylergometrine \"Methylergometrine\") [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\")) [Lasmiditan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lasmiditan \"Lasmiditan\") [LY-334370](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-334370 \"LY-334370\") [LY-344864](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-344864 \"LY-344864\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Triptans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triptan \"Triptan\") (e.g., [eletriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eletriptan \"Eletriptan\"), [naratriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naratriptan \"Naratriptan\"), [sumatriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sumatriptan \"Sumatriptan\")) [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\")) |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [Mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\") |   |\n| [5-HT2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2_receptor \"5-HT2 receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [5-HT2A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2A_receptor \"5-HT2A receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* 25H\/NB series (e.g., [25I-NBF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25I-NBF \"25I-NBF\"), [25I-NBMD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25I-NBMD \"25I-NBMD\"), [25I-NBOH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25I-NBOH \"25I-NBOH\"), [25I-NBOMe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25I-NBOMe \"25I-NBOMe\"), [25B-NBOMe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25B-NBOMe \"25B-NBOMe\"), [25C-NBOMe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25C-NBOMe \"25C-NBOMe\"), [25TFM-NBOMe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25TFM-NBOMe \"25TFM-NBOMe\"), [2CBCB-NBOMe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2CBCB-NBOMe \"2CBCB-NBOMe\"), [25CN-NBOH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25CN-NBOH \"25CN-NBOH\"), [2CBFly-NBOMe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2CBFly-NBOMe \"2CBFly-NBOMe\"), [BMB-202](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMB-202 \"BMB-202\")) [2Cs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C_\$psychedelics\$ \"2C (psychedelics)\") (e.g., [2C-B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-B \"2C-B\"), [2C-E](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-E \"2C-E\"), [2C-I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-I \"2C-I\"), [2C-T-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-T-2 \"2C-T-2\"), [2C-T-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-T-7 \"2C-T-7\"), [2C-T-21](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-T-21 \"2C-T-21\")) [2C-B-FLY](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-B-FLY \"2C-B-FLY\") [2CB-Ind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2CB-Ind \"2CB-Ind\") [5-Methoxytryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\") ([5-MeO-DET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DET \"5-MeO-DET\"), [5-MeO-DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine \"5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine\"), [5-MeO-DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DMT \"5-MeO-DMT\"), [5-MeO-DPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DPT \"5-MeO-DPT\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\")) [α-Alkyltryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine \"Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine\") (e.g., [5-Cl-αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT \"5-Chloro-αMT\"), [5-Fl-αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Fluoro-AMT \"5-Fluoro-AMT\"), [5-MeO-αET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-AET \"5-MeO-AET\"), [5-MeO-αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-aMT \"5-MeO-aMT\"), [α-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Methylserotonin \"Alpha-Methylserotonin\"), [αET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine \"Alpha-Ethyltryptamine\"), [αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Methyltryptamine \"Alpha-Methyltryptamine\")) [AL-34662](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AL-34662 \"AL-34662\") [AL-37350A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AL-37350A \"AL-37350A\") [Aporphines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aporphine \"Aporphine\") and [noraporphines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noraporphine \"Noraporphine\") (e.g., [(*S*)-glaucine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glaucine \"Glaucine\"), [2-hydroxy-11-(2-methylallyl)oxynoraporphine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-hydroxy-11-\$2-methylallyl\$oxynoraporphine \"2-hydroxy-11-(2-methylallyl)oxynoraporphine\")) [BMB-201](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMB-201 \"BMB-201\") [Bromo-DragonFLY](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromo-DragonFLY \"Bromo-DragonFLY\") [Dimemebfe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimemebfe \"Dimemebfe\") [DMBMPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DMBMPP \"DMBMPP\") [DOx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOx \"DOx\") (e.g., [DOB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine\"), [DOC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine\"), [DOI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine\"), [DOM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine\")) [Efavirenz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efavirenz \"Efavirenz\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [1P-LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1P-LSD \"1P-LSD\"), [ALD-52](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ALD-52 \"ALD-52\"), [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [cabergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabergoline \"Cabergoline\"), [ergine (LSA)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergine \"Ergine\"), [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergometrine \"Ergometrine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\"), [LA-SS-Az](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide \"Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide\"), [LSB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide \"Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide\"), [LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD \"LSD\"), [LSD-Pip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD-Pip \"LSD-Pip\"), [LSH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide \"Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide\"), [LSP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide \"Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide\"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylergometrine \"Methylergometrine\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) [Flumexadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumexadol \"Flumexadol\") [IHCH-7113](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IHCH-7113 \"IHCH-7113\") [Jimscaline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jimscaline \"Jimscaline\") [Lorcaserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorcaserin \"Lorcaserin\") [MDxx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine \"Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine\") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine \"3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine\"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMA \"MDMA\"), [MDOH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine \"3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine\"), [MMDA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MMDA_\$drug\$ \"MMDA (drug)\")) [O-4310](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O-4310 \"O-4310\") [Oxaflozane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxaflozane \"Oxaflozane\") [PHA-57378](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PHA-57378 \"PHA-57378\") [PNU-22394](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNU-22394 \"PNU-22394\") [PNU-181731](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNU-181731 \"PNU-181731\") [RH-34](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RH-34 \"RH-34\") [SCHEMBL5334361](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCHEMBL5334361 \"SCHEMBL5334361\") [Phenethylamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_phenethylamine \"Substituted phenethylamine\") (e.g., [lophophine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lophophine \"Lophophine\"), [mescaline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mescaline \"Mescaline\")) [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperazine \"Piperazine\") (e.g., [BZP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzylpiperazine \"Benzylpiperazine\"), [quipazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quipazine \"Quipazine\"), [TFMPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine \"Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine\")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [TCB-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TCB-2 \"TCB-2\") [TFMFly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TFMFly \"TFMFly\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-BT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-benzyloxytryptamine \"5-benzyloxytryptamine\"), [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-carboxamidotryptamine \"5-carboxamidotryptamine\"), [bufotenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bufotenin \"Bufotenin\"), [DET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diethyltryptamine \"Diethyltryptamine\"), [DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diisopropyltryptamine \"Diisopropyltryptamine\"), [DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethyltryptamine \"Dimethyltryptamine\"), [DPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dipropyltryptamine \"Dipropyltryptamine\"), [psilocin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocin \"Psilocin\"), [psilocybin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocybin \"Psilocybin\"), [tryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tryptamine \"Tryptamine\")) |   |\n| *Positive allosteric modulators:* [AB0124](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AB0124 \"AB0124\") [CTW0404](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CTW0404 \"CTW0404\") [CTW0419](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=CTW0419&action=edit&redlink=1 \"CTW0419 (page does not exist)\") [JPC0323](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JPC0323 \"JPC0323\") [(*R*)-Glaucine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\$R\$-Glaucine \"(R)-Glaucine\") [Oleamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleamide \"Oleamide\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [5-I-R91150](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-I-R91150 \"5-I-R91150\") [5-MeO-NBpBrT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-NBpBrT \"5-MeO-NBpBrT\") [AC-90179](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AC-90179 \"AC-90179\") [Adatanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adatanserin \"Adatanserin\") [Altanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altanserin \"Altanserin\") [Antihistamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antihistamine \"Antihistamine\") (e.g., [cyproheptadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyproheptadine \"Cyproheptadine\"), [hydroxyzine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxyzine \"Hydroxyzine\"), [ketotifen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketotifen \"Ketotifen\"), [perlapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perlapine \"Perlapine\")) [AMDA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene \"9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene\") [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [amperozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amperozide \"Amperozide\"), [aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [asenapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asenapine \"Asenapine\"), [blonanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blonanserin \"Blonanserin\"), [brexpiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexpiprazole \"Brexpiprazole\"), [carpipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carpipramine \"Carpipramine\"), [clocapramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clocapramine \"Clocapramine\"), [clorotepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorotepine \"Clorotepine\"), [clozapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clozapine \"Clozapine\"), [fluperlapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluperlapine \"Fluperlapine\"), [gevotroline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gevotroline \"Gevotroline\"), [iloperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iloperidone \"Iloperidone\"), [lurasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lurasidone \"Lurasidone\"), [melperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melperone \"Melperone\"), [mosapramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosapramine \"Mosapramine\"), [ocaperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocaperidone \"Ocaperidone\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [paliperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paliperidone \"Paliperidone\"), [quetiapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quetiapine \"Quetiapine\"), [risperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risperidone \"Risperidone\"), [sertindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertindole \"Sertindole\"), [zicronapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zicronapine \"Zicronapine\"), [ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\"), [zotepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zotepine \"Zotepine\")) [Barettin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barettin \"Barettin\") [Butanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butanserin \"Butanserin\") [Chlorprothixene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorprothixene \"Chlorprothixene\") [Cinanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinanserin \"Cinanserin\") [CSP-2503](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CSP-2503 \"CSP-2503\") [Deramciclane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deramciclane \"Deramciclane\") [DLX-2270](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DLX-2270 \"DLX-2270\") [Dotarizine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dotarizine \"Dotarizine\") [Eplivanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eplivanserin \"Eplivanserin\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [amesergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amesergide \"Amesergide\"), [LY-53857](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-53857 (page does not exist)\"), [LY-215840](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-215840 \"LY-215840\"), [mesulergine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesulergine \"Mesulergine\"), [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\"), [sergolexole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergolexole \"Sergolexole\")) [Fananserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fananserin \"Fananserin\") [Flibanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flibanserin \"Flibanserin\") [Glemanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glemanserin \"Glemanserin\") [Irindalone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irindalone \"Irindalone\") [Ketanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketanserin \"Ketanserin\") [KML-010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KML-010 \"KML-010\") [Landipirdine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landipirdine \"Landipirdine\") [LY03017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY03017 \"LY03017\") [LY-393558](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-393558 \"LY-393558\") [mCPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine \"Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine\") [Medifoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medifoxamine \"Medifoxamine\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [Metrenperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metrenperone \"Metrenperone\") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIN-117 \"MIN-117\") [MT-1207](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MT-1207 \"MT-1207\") [Naftidrofuryl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naftidrofuryl \"Naftidrofuryl\") [Nantenine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nantenine \"Nantenine\") [Nelotanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nelotanserin \"Nelotanserin\") [NH130](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NH130 \"NH130\") [Opiranserin (VVZ-149)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opiranserin \"Opiranserin\") [Pelanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelanserin \"Pelanserin\") [Phenoxybenzamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenoxybenzamine \"Phenoxybenzamine\") [Pimavanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pimavanserin \"Pimavanserin\") [Pirenperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pirenperone \"Pirenperone\") [Pizotifen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pizotifen \"Pizotifen\") [Pruvanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pruvanserin \"Pruvanserin\") [Rauwolscine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rauwolscine \"Rauwolscine\") [Ritanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritanserin \"Ritanserin\") [Roluperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roluperidone \"Roluperidone\") [S-14671](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-14671 \"S-14671\") [Sarpogrelate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarpogrelate \"Sarpogrelate\") [Seganserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seganserin \"Seganserin\") [Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitor \"Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor\") (e.g., [etoperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etoperidone \"Etoperidone\"), [hydroxynefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxynefazodone \"Hydroxynefazodone\"), [lubazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lubazodone \"Lubazodone\"), [mepiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mepiprazole \"Mepiprazole\"), [nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\"), [triazoledione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triazoledione \"Triazoledione\"), [trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\")) [Temanogrel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temanogrel \"Temanogrel\") [Teniloxazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teniloxazine \"Teniloxazine\") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressant \"Tetracyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\"), [aptazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aptazapine \"Aptazapine\"), [esmirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esmirtazapine \"Esmirtazapine\"), [maprotiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maprotiline \"Maprotiline\"), [mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\"), [mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\")) [TGBA01AD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TGBA01AD \"TGBA01AD\") [Trelanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trelanserin \"Trelanserin\") [Tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressant \"Tricyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\")) [Typical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typical_antipsychotic \"Typical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorpromazine \"Chlorpromazine\"), [fluphenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluphenazine \"Fluphenazine\"), [haloperidol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haloperidol \"Haloperidol\"), [loxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loxapine \"Loxapine\"), [perphenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perphenazine \"Perphenazine\"), [pimozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pimozide \"Pimozide\"), [pipamperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipamperone \"Pipamperone\"), [prochlorperazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prochlorperazine \"Prochlorperazine\"), [setoperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setoperone \"Setoperone\"), [spiperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiperone \"Spiperone\"), [spiramide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiramide \"Spiramide\"), [thioridazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thioridazine \"Thioridazine\"), [thiothixene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiotixene \"Tiotixene\"), [trifluoperazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trifluoperazine \"Trifluoperazine\")) [Volinanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volinanserin \"Volinanserin\") [Xylamidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xylamidine \"Xylamidine\") [Yohimbine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yohimbine \"Yohimbine\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [nicergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicergoline \"Nicergoline\")) |   |\n| [5-HT2B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2B_receptor \"5-HT2B receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [4-Methylaminorex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-Methylaminorex \"4-Methylaminorex\") [Aminorex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aminorex \"Aminorex\") [Amphetamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_amphetamine \"Substituted amphetamine\") (e.g., [chlorphentermine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorphentermine \"Chlorphentermine\"), [cloforex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloforex \"Cloforex\"), [dexfenfluramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dexfenfluramine \"Dexfenfluramine\"), [fenfluramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fenfluramine \"Fenfluramine\"), [levofenfluramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levofenfluramine \"Levofenfluramine\"), [norfenfluramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfenfluramine \"Norfenfluramine\")) [BW-723C86](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BW-723C86 \"BW-723C86\") [DOx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOx \"DOx\") (e.g., [DOB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine\"), [DOC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine\"), [DOI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine\"), [DOM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine\")) [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [cabergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabergoline \"Cabergoline\"), [dihydroergocryptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergocryptine \"Dihydroergocryptine\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylergometrine \"Methylergometrine\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) [Lorcaserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorcaserin \"Lorcaserin\") [MDxx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine \"Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine\") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine \"3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine\"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMA \"MDMA\"), [MDOH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine \"3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine\"), [MMDA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MMDA_\$drug\$ \"MMDA (drug)\")) [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_piperazine \"Substituted piperazine\") (e.g., [TFMPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine \"Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine\")) [PNU-22394](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNU-22394 \"PNU-22394\") [Ro60-0175](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ro60-0175 \"Ro60-0175\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-BT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-benzyloxytryptamine \"5-benzyloxytryptamine\"), [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-carboxamidotryptamine \"5-carboxamidotryptamine\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-methoxytryptamine \"5-methoxytryptamine\"), [α-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91-methylserotonin \"Α-methylserotonin\"), [bufotenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bufotenin \"Bufotenin\"), [DET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diethyltryptamine \"Diethyltryptamine\"), [DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diisopropyltryptamine \"Diisopropyltryptamine\"), [DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethyltryptamine \"Dimethyltryptamine\"), [DPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dipropyltryptamine \"Dipropyltryptamine\"), [psilocin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocin \"Psilocin\"), [psilocybin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocybin \"Psilocybin\"), [tryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tryptamine \"Tryptamine\")) |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Agomelatine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agomelatine \"Agomelatine\") [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [amisulpride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amisulpride \"Amisulpride\"), [aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [asenapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asenapine \"Asenapine\"), [brexpiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexpiprazole \"Brexpiprazole\"), [cariprazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cariprazine \"Cariprazine\"), [clozapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clozapine \"Clozapine\"), [N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=N-desalkylquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1 \"N-desalkylquetiapine (page does not exist)\"), [N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethylclozapine \"Desmethylclozapine\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [pipamperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipamperone \"Pipamperone\"), [quetiapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quetiapine \"Quetiapine\"), [risperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risperidone \"Risperidone\"), [ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\")) [Cyproheptadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyproheptadine \"Cyproheptadine\") [EGIS-7625](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EGIS-7625 \"EGIS-7625\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [amesergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amesergide \"Amesergide\"), [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\"), [LY-53857](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-53857 (page does not exist)\"), [LY-272015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-272015&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-272015 (page does not exist)\"), [mesulergine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesulergine \"Mesulergine\")) [Ketanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketanserin \"Ketanserin\") [LY-393558](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-393558 \"LY-393558\") [mCPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine \"Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine\") [Metadoxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metadoxine \"Metadoxine\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [Pirenperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pirenperone \"Pirenperone\") [Pizotifen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pizotifen \"Pizotifen\") [Propranolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propranolol \"Propranolol\") [PRX-08066](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRX-08066 \"PRX-08066\") [Rauwolscine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rauwolscine \"Rauwolscine\") [Ritanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritanserin \"Ritanserin\") [RS-127445](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RS-127445 \"RS-127445\") [Sarpogrelate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarpogrelate \"Sarpogrelate\") [SB-200646](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-200646 \"SB-200646\") [SB-204741](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-204741 \"SB-204741\") [SB-206553](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-206553 \"SB-206553\") [SB-215505](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-215505 \"SB-215505\") [SB-221284](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-221284 \"SB-221284\") [SB-228357](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-228357 \"SB-228357\") [SDZ SER-082](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SDZ_SER-082 \"SDZ SER-082\") [Tegaserod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tegaserod \"Tegaserod\") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressant \"Tetracyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\"), [mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\"), [mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\")) [Trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\") [Typical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typical_antipsychotic \"Typical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorpromazine \"Chlorpromazine\")) [TIK-301](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TIK-301 \"TIK-301\") [Yohimbine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yohimbine \"Yohimbine\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergometrine \"Ergometrine\")) |   |\n| [5-HT2C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2C_receptor \"5-HT2C receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [2Cs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C_\$psychedelics\$ \"2C (psychedelics)\") (e.g., [2C-B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-B \"2C-B\"), [2C-E](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-E \"2C-E\"), [2C-I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-I \"2C-I\"), [2C-T-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-T-2 \"2C-T-2\"), [2C-T-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-T-7 \"2C-T-7\"), [2C-T-21](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2C-T-21 \"2C-T-21\")) [5-Methoxytryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\") ([5-MeO-DET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DET \"5-MeO-DET\"), [5-MeO-DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine \"5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine\"), [5-MeO-DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DMT \"5-MeO-DMT\"), [5-MeO-DPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DPT \"5-MeO-DPT\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\")) [α-Alkyltryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine \"Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine\") (e.g., [5-Cl-αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT \"5-Chloro-αMT\"), [5-Fl-αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Fluoro-AMT \"5-Fluoro-AMT\"), [5-MeO-αET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-AET \"5-MeO-AET\"), [5-MeO-αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-aMT \"5-MeO-aMT\"), [α-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Methylserotonin \"Alpha-Methylserotonin\"), [αET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine \"Alpha-Ethyltryptamine\"), [αMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Methyltryptamine \"Alpha-Methyltryptamine\")) [A-372159](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A-372159 \"A-372159\") [AL-38022A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AL-38022A \"AL-38022A\") [Alstonine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alstonine \"Alstonine\") [Aporphines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aporphine \"Aporphine\") and [noraporphines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noraporphine \"Noraporphine\") (e.g., [11-chloroasimilobine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/11-chloroasimilobine \"11-chloroasimilobine\")) [ATHX-105](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATHX-105 \"ATHX-105\") [Bexicaserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bexicaserin \"Bexicaserin\") [BMB-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMB-101 \"BMB-101\") [BMB-105](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMB-105 \"BMB-105\") [BMB-201](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMB-201 \"BMB-201\") [Centhaquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centhaquine \"Centhaquine\") [CP-809101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-809101 \"CP-809101\") [Dimemebfe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimemebfe \"Dimemebfe\") [DLX-2270](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DLX-2270 \"DLX-2270\") [DOx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOx \"DOx\") (e.g., [DOB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine\"), [DOC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine\"), [DOI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine\"), [DOM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine \"2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine\")) [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [ALD-52](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ALD-52 \"ALD-52\"), [cabergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabergoline \"Cabergoline\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergine (LSA)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergine \"Ergine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\"), [LA-SS-Az](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide \"Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide\"), [LSB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide \"Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide\"), [LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD \"LSD\"), [LSD-Pip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD-Pip \"LSD-Pip\"), [LSH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide \"Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide\"), [LSP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide \"Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) [Flumexadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumexadol \"Flumexadol\") [Lorcaserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorcaserin \"Lorcaserin\") [Lumocaserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lumocaserin \"Lumocaserin\") [LY03020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY03020 \"LY03020\") [MDxx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine \"Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine\") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine \"3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine\"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMA \"MDMA\"), [MDOH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine \"3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine\"), [MMDA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MMDA_\$drug\$ \"MMDA (drug)\")) [MK-212](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MK-212 \"MK-212\") [ORG-12962](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ORG-12962 \"ORG-12962\") [ORG-37684](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ORG-37684 \"ORG-37684\") [Oxaflozane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxaflozane \"Oxaflozane\") [PHA-57378](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PHA-57378 \"PHA-57378\") [Phenethylamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_phenethylamine \"Substituted phenethylamine\") (e.g., [lophophine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lophophine \"Lophophine\"), [mescaline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mescaline \"Mescaline\")) [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperazine \"Piperazine\") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [BZP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzylpiperazine \"Benzylpiperazine\"), [mCPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine \"Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine\"), [quipazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quipazine \"Quipazine\"), [TFMPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine \"Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine\")) [PNU-22394](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNU-22394 \"PNU-22394\") [PNU-181731](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNU-181731 \"PNU-181731\") [PRX-00933 (BVT-933; GW-876167)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRX-00933 \"PRX-00933\") [Ro60-0175](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ro60-0175 \"Ro60-0175\") [Ro60-0213](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ro60-0213 \"Ro60-0213\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-BT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-benzyloxytryptamine \"5-benzyloxytryptamine\"), [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-carboxamidotryptamine \"5-carboxamidotryptamine\"), [bufotenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bufotenin \"Bufotenin\"), [DET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diethyltryptamine \"Diethyltryptamine\"), [DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diisopropyltryptamine \"Diisopropyltryptamine\"), [DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethyltryptamine \"Dimethyltryptamine\"), [DPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dipropyltryptamine \"Dipropyltryptamine\"), [psilocin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocin \"Psilocin\"), [psilocybin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psilocybin \"Psilocybin\"), [tryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tryptamine \"Tryptamine\"), [CPI-CG-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CPI-CG-8 \"CPI-CG-8\")) [Vabicaserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vabicaserin \"Vabicaserin\") [VR-1065](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VR-1065 \"VR-1065\") [WAY-629](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WAY-629 \"WAY-629\") [WAY-161503](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WAY-161503 \"WAY-161503\") [YM-348](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YM-348 \"YM-348\") |   |\n| *Positive allosteric modulators:* [CTW0415](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CTW0415 \"CTW0415\") [CYD-1-79](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=CYD-1-79&action=edit&redlink=1 \"CYD-1-79 (page does not exist)\") [JPC0323](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JPC0323 \"JPC0323\") [Oleamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleamide \"Oleamide\") [PNU-69176E](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=PNU-69176E&action=edit&redlink=1 \"PNU-69176E (page does not exist)\") [VA012](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VA012 \"VA012\") [VA240](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=VA240_\$drug\$&action=edit&redlink=1 \"VA240 (drug) (page does not exist)\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Adatanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adatanserin \"Adatanserin\") [Agomelatine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agomelatine \"Agomelatine\") [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [asenapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asenapine \"Asenapine\"), [clorotepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorotepine \"Clorotepine\"), [clozapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clozapine \"Clozapine\"), [fluperlapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluperlapine \"Fluperlapine\"), [iloperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iloperidone \"Iloperidone\"), [melperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melperone \"Melperone\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [paliperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paliperidone \"Paliperidone\"), [quetiapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quetiapine \"Quetiapine\"), [risperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risperidone \"Risperidone\"), [sertindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertindole \"Sertindole\"), [ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\"), [zotepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zotepine \"Zotepine\")) [Captodiame](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captodiame \"Captodiame\") [CEPC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-\$pyridin-2-yl\$indoline-1-carboxamide \"6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide\") [Cinanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinanserin \"Cinanserin\") [Cyproheptadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyproheptadine \"Cyproheptadine\") [Deramciclane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deramciclane \"Deramciclane\") [Desmetramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmetramadol \"Desmetramadol\") [Dotarizine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dotarizine \"Dotarizine\") [Eltoprazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eltoprazine \"Eltoprazine\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [amesergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amesergide \"Amesergide\"), [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [LY-53857](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-53857 (page does not exist)\"), [LY-215840](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-215840 \"LY-215840\"), [mesulergine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesulergine \"Mesulergine\"), [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\"), [sergolexole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergolexole \"Sergolexole\")) [Etoperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etoperidone \"Etoperidone\") [Fluoxetine]() [FR260010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FR260010 \"FR260010\") [Irindalone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irindalone \"Irindalone\") [Ketanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketanserin \"Ketanserin\") [Ketotifen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketotifen \"Ketotifen\") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latrepirdine \"Latrepirdine\") [LY03017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY03017 \"LY03017\") [Medifoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medifoxamine \"Medifoxamine\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [Nefazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nefazodone \"Nefazodone\") [Pirenperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pirenperone \"Pirenperone\") [Pizotifen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pizotifen \"Pizotifen\") [Propranolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propranolol \"Propranolol\") [Ritanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritanserin \"Ritanserin\") [RS-102221](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RS-102221 \"RS-102221\") [S-14671](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-14671 \"S-14671\") [SB-200646](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-200646 \"SB-200646\") [SB-206553](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-206553 \"SB-206553\") [SB-221284](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-221284 \"SB-221284\") [SB-228357](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-228357 \"SB-228357\") [SB-242084](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-242084 \"SB-242084\") [SB-243213](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-243213 \"SB-243213\") [SB-247853](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-247853 \"SB-247853\") [SDZ SER-082](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SDZ_SER-082 \"SDZ SER-082\") [Seganserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seganserin \"Seganserin\") [Tedatioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedatioxetine \"Tedatioxetine\") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressant \"Tetracyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\"), [aptazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aptazapine \"Aptazapine\"), [esmirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esmirtazapine \"Esmirtazapine\"), [maprotiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maprotiline \"Maprotiline\"), [mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\"), [mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\")) [TIK-301](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TIK-301 \"TIK-301\") [Tramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tramadol \"Tramadol\") [Trazodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trazodone \"Trazodone\") [Tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressant \"Tricyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\"), [nortriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nortriptyline \"Nortriptyline\")) [Typical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typical_antipsychotic \"Typical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorpromazine \"Chlorpromazine\"), [loxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loxapine \"Loxapine\"), [pimozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pimozide \"Pimozide\"), [pipamperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipamperone \"Pipamperone\"), [thioridazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thioridazine \"Thioridazine\")) [Xylamidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xylamidine \"Xylamidine\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Efavirenz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efavirenz \"Efavirenz\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergometrine \"Ergometrine\"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylergometrine \"Methylergometrine\")) |   |\n| [5-HT3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT3_receptor \"5-HT3 receptor\")–[7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT7_receptor \"5-HT7 receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [5-HT3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT3_receptor \"5-HT3 receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [Alcohols](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\$chemistry\$ \"Alcohol (chemistry)\") (e.g., [butanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Butanol \"N-Butanol\"), [ethanol (alcohol)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\$drug\$ \"Alcohol (drug)\"), [trichloroethanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol \"2,2,2-Trichloroethanol\")) [m-CPBG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorophenylbiguanide \"Chlorophenylbiguanide\") [Phenylbiguanide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenylbiguanide \"Phenylbiguanide\") [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperazine \"Piperazine\") (e.g., [BZP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzylpiperazine \"Benzylpiperazine\"), [mCPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine \"Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine\"), [quipazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quipazine \"Quipazine\")) [RS-56812](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RS-56812 \"RS-56812\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [SR-57227](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SR-57227 \"SR-57227\") [SR-57227A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SR-57227A&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SR-57227A (page does not exist)\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [2-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine \"2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine\"), [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Carboxamidotryptamine \"5-Carboxamidotryptamine\"), [bufotenidine (5-HTQ)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bufotenidine \"Bufotenidine\")) [Volatiles\/gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inhalational_anaesthetic \"Inhalational anaesthetic\") (e.g., [halothane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halothane \"Halothane\"), [isoflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isoflurane \"Isoflurane\"), [toluene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toluene \"Toluene\"), [trichloroethane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1,1,1-Trichloroethane \"1,1,1-Trichloroethane\")) [YM-31636](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YM-31636 \"YM-31636\") |   |\n| *Positive allosteric modulators:* [5-Aminoindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=5-Aminoindole&action=edit&redlink=1 \"5-Aminoindole (page does not exist)\") [5-Chloroindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=5-Chloroindole&action=edit&redlink=1 \"5-Chloroindole (page does not exist)\") [5-Hydroxyindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=5-Hydroxyindole&action=edit&redlink=1 \"5-Hydroxyindole (page does not exist)\") [Catechol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catechol \"Catechol\") [Chloroform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroform \"Chloroform\") [*meta*\\-Chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorophenylbiguanide \"Chlorophenylbiguanide\") [Colchicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colchicine \"Colchicine\") [Ethanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethanol \"Ethanol\") ([alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\$drug\$ \"Alcohol (drug)\")) [Halothane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halothane \"Halothane\") [Indole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indole \"Indole\") [Isoflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isoflurane \"Isoflurane\") [TMPPAA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trans-3-\$4-methoxyphenyl\$-N-\$pentan-3-yl\$acrylamide&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Trans-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(pentan-3-yl)acrylamide (page does not exist)\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Alosetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alosetron \"Alosetron\") [Anpirtoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anpirtoline \"Anpirtoline\") [Arazasetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arazasetron \"Arazasetron\") [AS-8112](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AS-8112 \"AS-8112\") [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [clozapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clozapine \"Clozapine\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [quetiapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quetiapine \"Quetiapine\")) [Azasetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azasetron \"Azasetron\") [Batanopride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batanopride \"Batanopride\") [Bemesetron (MDL-72222)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bemesetron \"Bemesetron\") [Cilansetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cilansetron \"Cilansetron\") [CSP-2503](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CSP-2503 \"CSP-2503\") [Dazopride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dazopride \"Dazopride\") [Dolasetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dolasetron \"Dolasetron\") [Galanolactone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galanolactone \"Galanolactone\") [Granisetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Granisetron \"Granisetron\") [Lerisetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lerisetron \"Lerisetron\") [Memantine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memantine \"Memantine\") [Ondansetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ondansetron \"Ondansetron\") [Palonosetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palonosetron \"Palonosetron\") [Ramosetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramosetron \"Ramosetron\") [Renzapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renzapride \"Renzapride\") [Ricasetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ricasetron \"Ricasetron\") [Tedatioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedatioxetine \"Tedatioxetine\") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressant \"Tetracyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\"), [mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\"), [mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\")) [Thujone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thujone \"Thujone\") [Tropanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropanserin \"Tropanserin\") [Tropisetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropisetron \"Tropisetron\") [Typical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typical_antipsychotic \"Typical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [loxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loxapine \"Loxapine\")) [Volatiles\/gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inhalational_anaesthetic \"Inhalational anaesthetic\") (e.g., [nitrous oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\"), [sevoflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sevoflurane \"Sevoflurane\"), [xenon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenon \"Xenon\")) [Vortioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vortioxetine \"Vortioxetine\") [Zacopride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zacopride \"Zacopride\") [Zatosetron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zatosetron \"Zatosetron\") |   |\n| *Negative allosteric modulators:* [Bupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bupropion \"Bupropion\") [Colchicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colchicine \"Colchicine\") [Hydroxybupropion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxybupropion \"Hydroxybupropion\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [LY-53857](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-53857 (page does not exist)\") [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperazine \"Piperazine\") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphthylpiperazine \"Naphthylpiperazine\")) |   |\n| [5-HT4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT4_receptor \"5-HT4 receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\") [BIMU8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BIMU8 \"BIMU8\") [Capeserod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capeserod \"Capeserod\") [Cinitapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinitapride \"Cinitapride\") [Cisapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cisapride \"Cisapride\") [CJ-033466](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CJ-033466 \"CJ-033466\") [Dazopride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dazopride \"Dazopride\") [Metoclopramide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metoclopramide \"Metoclopramide\") [Minesapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Minesapride&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Minesapride (page does not exist)\") [Mosapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosapride \"Mosapride\") [Prucalopride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prucalopride \"Prucalopride\") [PRX-03140](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRX-03140 \"PRX-03140\") [Renzapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renzapride \"Renzapride\") [RS-67333](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RS-67333 \"RS-67333\") [RS-67506](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=RS-67506&action=edit&redlink=1 \"RS-67506 (page does not exist)\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Tegaserod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tegaserod \"Tegaserod\") [Usmarapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Usmarapride \"Usmarapride\") [Velusetrag](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Velusetrag \"Velusetrag\") [Zacopride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zacopride \"Zacopride\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [GR-113808](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GR-113808 \"GR-113808\") [GR-125487](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=GR-125487&action=edit&redlink=1 \"GR-125487 (page does not exist)\") [L-Lysine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lysine \"Lysine\") [Piboserod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piboserod \"Piboserod\") [RS-39604](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=RS-39604&action=edit&redlink=1 \"RS-39604 (page does not exist)\") [RS-67532](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=RS-67532&action=edit&redlink=1 \"RS-67532 (page does not exist)\") [SB-203186](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SB-203186&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SB-203186 (page does not exist)\") [SB-204070](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-204070 \"SB-204070\") |   |\n| [5-HT5A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT5A_receptor \"5-HT5A receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Bromo-LSD \"2-Bromo-LSD\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD \"LSD\")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Carboxamidotryptamine \"5-Carboxamidotryptamine\")) [UCSF648](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UCSF648 \"UCSF648\") [Valerenic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valerenic_acid \"Valerenic acid\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Asenapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asenapine \"Asenapine\") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latrepirdine \"Latrepirdine\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [Ritanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritanserin \"Ritanserin\") [SB-699551](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-699551 \"SB-699551\") *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\")) [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperazine \"Piperazine\") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphthylpiperazine \"Naphthylpiperazine\")) |   |\n| [5-HT6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT6_receptor \"5-HT6 receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [dihydroergocryptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergocryptine \"Dihydroergocryptine\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\"), [LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD \"LSD\"), [mesulergine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesulergine \"Mesulergine\"), [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\")) [Hypidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypidone \"Hypidone\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [2-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine \"2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine\"), [5-BT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Benzyloxytryptamine \"5-Benzyloxytryptamine\"), [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Carboxamidotryptamine \"5-Carboxamidotryptamine\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\"), [Bufotenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bufotenin \"Bufotenin\"), [E-6801](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-6801 \"E-6801\"), [E-6837](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-6837 \"E-6837\"), [EMD-386088](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EMD-386088 \"EMD-386088\"), [EMDT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EMDT \"EMDT\"), [LY-586713](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-586713&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-586713 (page does not exist)\"), [N-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Methyl-5-HT \"N-Methyl-5-HT\"), [ST-1936](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ST-1936 \"ST-1936\"), [tryptamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tryptamine \"Tryptamine\")) [WAY-181187](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WAY-181187 \"WAY-181187\") [WAY-208466](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WAY-208466 \"WAY-208466\") |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [ABT-354](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABT-354 \"ABT-354\") [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [asenapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asenapine \"Asenapine\"), [clorotepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorotepine \"Clorotepine\"), [clozapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clozapine \"Clozapine\"), [fluperlapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluperlapine \"Fluperlapine\"), [iloperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iloperidone \"Iloperidone\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [tiospirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiospirone \"Tiospirone\")) [AVN-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVN-101 \"AVN-101\") [AVN-211](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVN-211 \"AVN-211\") [AVN-322](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVN-322 \"AVN-322\") [AVN-397](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVN-397 \"AVN-397\") [BGC20-760](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=BGC20-760&action=edit&redlink=1 \"BGC20-760 (page does not exist)\") [BVT-5182](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=BVT-5182&action=edit&redlink=1 \"BVT-5182 (page does not exist)\") [BVT-74316](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=BVT-74316&action=edit&redlink=1 \"BVT-74316 (page does not exist)\") [Cerlapirdine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cerlapirdine \"Cerlapirdine\") [EGIS-12233](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EGIS-12233 \"EGIS-12233\") [GW-742457](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=GW-742457&action=edit&redlink=1 \"GW-742457 (page does not exist)\") [Idalopirdine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idalopirdine \"Idalopirdine\") [Ketanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketanserin \"Ketanserin\") [Landipirdine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landipirdine \"Landipirdine\") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latrepirdine \"Latrepirdine\") [Masupirdine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masupirdine \"Masupirdine\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [MS-245](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MS-245 \"MS-245\") [PRX-07034](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRX-07034 \"PRX-07034\") [PZKKN-94](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PZKKN-94 \"PZKKN-94\") [Ritanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritanserin \"Ritanserin\") [Ro 04-6790](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ro_04-6790 \"Ro 04-6790\") [Ro 63-0563](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ro_63-0563&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Ro 63-0563 (page does not exist)\") [SB-258585](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-258585 \"SB-258585\") [SB-271046](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-271046 \"SB-271046\") [SB-357134](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-357134 \"SB-357134\") [SB-399885](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-399885 \"SB-399885\") [SB-742457](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intepirdine \"Intepirdine\") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressant \"Tetracyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\"), [mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\")) [Tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressant \"Tricyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\"), [clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\"), [doxepin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doxepin \"Doxepin\"), [nortriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nortriptyline \"Nortriptyline\")) [Typical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typical_antipsychotic \"Typical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorpromazine \"Chlorpromazine\"), [loxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loxapine \"Loxapine\")) |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Bromo-LSD \"2-Bromo-LSD\"), [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [lergotrile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lergotrile \"Lergotrile\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperazine \"Piperazine\") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphthylpiperazine \"Naphthylpiperazine\")) |   |\n| [5-HT7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT7_receptor \"5-HT7 receptor\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Agonists:* [8-OH-DPAT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/8-OH-DPAT \"8-OH-DPAT\") [AS-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AS-19_\$drug\$ \"AS-19 (drug)\") [Bifeprunox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bifeprunox \"Bifeprunox\") [E-55888](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-55888 \"E-55888\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [LSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LSD \"LSD\")) [LP-12](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LP-12 \"LP-12\") [LP-44](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LP-44 \"LP-44\") [LP-211](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LP-211 \"LP-211\") [RU-24969](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RU-24969 \"RU-24969\") [Sarizotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarizotan \"Sarizotan\") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") [Triptans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triptan \"Triptan\") (e.g., [frovatriptan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frovatriptan \"Frovatriptan\")) [Tryptamines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_tryptamine \"Substituted tryptamine\") (e.g., [5-CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Carboxamidotryptamine \"5-Carboxamidotryptamine\"), [5-MT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-Methoxytryptamine \"5-Methoxytryptamine\"), [bufotenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bufotenin \"Bufotenin\"), [N-Me-5-HT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Methylserotonin \"N-Methylserotonin\")) |   |\n| *Antagonists:* [Atypical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_antipsychotic \"Atypical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [amisulpride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amisulpride \"Amisulpride\"), [aripiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aripiprazole \"Aripiprazole\"), [asenapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asenapine \"Asenapine\"), [brexpiprazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexpiprazole \"Brexpiprazole\"), [clorotepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorotepine \"Clorotepine\"), [clozapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clozapine \"Clozapine\"), [fluperlapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluperlapine \"Fluperlapine\"), [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\"), [risperidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risperidone \"Risperidone\"), [sertindole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertindole \"Sertindole\"), [tiospirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiospirone \"Tiospirone\"), [ziprasidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ziprasidone \"Ziprasidone\"), [zotepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zotepine \"Zotepine\")) [Butaclamol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butaclamol \"Butaclamol\") [DR-4485](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DR-4485 \"DR-4485\") [EGIS-12233](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EGIS-12233 \"EGIS-12233\") [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Bromo-LSD \"2-Bromo-LSD\"), [amesergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amesergide \"Amesergide\"), [bromocriptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromocriptine \"Bromocriptine\"), [cabergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabergoline \"Cabergoline\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergotamine \"Ergotamine\"), [LY-53857](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LY-53857 (page does not exist)\"), [LY-215840](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-215840 \"LY-215840\"), [mesulergine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesulergine \"Mesulergine\"), [metergoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metergoline \"Metergoline\"), [methysergide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysergide \"Methysergide\"), [sergolexole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergolexole \"Sergolexole\")) [JNJ-18038683](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JNJ-18038683 \"JNJ-18038683\") [Ketanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketanserin \"Ketanserin\") [LY-215840](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LY-215840 \"LY-215840\") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metitepine \"Metitepine\") [Ritanserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritanserin \"Ritanserin\") [SB-258719](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-258719 \"SB-258719\") [SB-258741](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SB-258741&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SB-258741 (page does not exist)\") [SB-269970](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-269970 \"SB-269970\") [SB-656104](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SB-656104&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SB-656104 (page does not exist)\") [SB-656104A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SB-656104A&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SB-656104A (page does not exist)\") [SB-691673](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SB-691673&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SB-691673 (page does not exist)\") [SLV-313](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SLV-313&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SLV-313 (page does not exist)\") [SLV-314](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SLV-314&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SLV-314 (page does not exist)\") [Spiperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiperone \"Spiperone\") [SSR-181507](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SSR-181507 (page does not exist)\") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetracyclic_antidepressant \"Tetracyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amoxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoxapine \"Amoxapine\"), [maprotiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maprotiline \"Maprotiline\"), [mianserin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mianserin \"Mianserin\"), [mirtazapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirtazapine \"Mirtazapine\")) [Tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressant \"Tricyclic antidepressant\") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\"), [clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\"), [imipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imipramine \"Imipramine\")) [Typical antipsychotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typical_antipsychotic \"Typical antipsychotic\") (e.g., [acetophenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetophenazine \"Acetophenazine\"), [chlorpromazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorpromazine \"Chlorpromazine\"), [chlorprothixene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorprothixene \"Chlorprothixene\"), [fluphenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluphenazine \"Fluphenazine\"), [loxapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loxapine \"Loxapine\"), [pimozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pimozide \"Pimozide\")) [Vortioxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vortioxetine \"Vortioxetine\") |   |\n| *Negative allosteric modulators:* [Oleamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleamide \"Oleamide\") |   |\n| *Unknown\/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substituted_ergoline \"Substituted ergoline\") (e.g., [lisuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisuride \"Lisuride\"), [pergolide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pergolide \"Pergolide\")) [Piperazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperazine \"Piperazine\") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naphthylpiperazine \"Naphthylpiperazine\")) |   |\n| ***See also:** [Receptor\/signaling modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Receptor_modulators \"Template:Receptor modulators\")* *[Adrenergics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators \"Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators\")* *[Dopaminergics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators \"Template:Dopamine receptor modulators\")* *[Melatonergics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Melatonin_receptor_modulators \"Template:Melatonin receptor modulators\")* *[Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors\") and [releasing agents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents \"Template:Monoamine releasing agents\")* *[Monoamine metabolism modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators \"Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators\")* *[Monoamine neurotoxins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins \"Template:Monoamine neurotoxins\")* |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators \"Template:Sigma receptor modulators\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Sigma_receptor_modulators \"Template talk:Sigma receptor modulators\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Sigma receptor modulators\")[Sigma receptor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigma_receptor \"Sigma receptor\") [modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Receptor_modulator \"Receptor modulator\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [σ1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigma-1_receptor \"Sigma-1 receptor\") | **Agonists:** [3-PPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-PPP \"3-PPP\") [4-PPBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-PPBP \"4-PPBP\") [5-MeO-DMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DMT \"5-MeO-DMT\") [Alazocine (SKF-10047)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alazocine \"Alazocine\") [Amantadine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amantadine \"Amantadine\") [Arketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arketamine \"Arketamine\") [BD-737](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=BD-737&action=edit&redlink=1 \"BD-737 (page does not exist)\") [BD-1052](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1052 \"BD-1052\") [Blarcamesine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blarcamesine \"Blarcamesine\") [Captodiame](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captodiame \"Captodiame\") [Citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\") [CGRP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide \"Calcitonin gene-related peptide\") Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide [Cloperastine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloperastine \"Cloperastine\") [Cocaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocaine \"Cocaine\") [Cutamesine (SA-4503)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cutamesine \"Cutamesine\") [Cyclazocine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclazocine \"Cyclazocine\") [Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dehydroepiandrosterone \"Dehydroepiandrosterone\") ([prasterone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prasterone \"Prasterone\")) [Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate \"Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate\") ([prasterone sulfate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prasterone_sulfate \"Prasterone sulfate\")) [Dextrallorphan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextrallorphan \"Dextrallorphan\") [Dextromethorphan (DXM)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextromethorphan \"Dextromethorphan\") [Dextrorphan (DXO)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextrorphan \"Dextrorphan\") [Dimemorfan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimemorfan \"Dimemorfan\") [Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethyltryptamine \"Dimethyltryptamine\") [Ditolylguanidine (DTG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditolylguanidine \"Ditolylguanidine\") [Donepezil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donepezil \"Donepezil\") [Eliprodil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eliprodil \"Eliprodil\") [Escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\") [Fabomotizole (afobazole)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabomotizole \"Fabomotizole\") [Fluoxetine]() [Fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\") [Ifenprodil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ifenprodil \"Ifenprodil\") [Igmesine (JO-1784)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Igmesine \"Igmesine\") [IPAB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=IPAB_\$drug\$&action=edit&redlink=1 \"IPAB (drug) (page does not exist)\") [Ketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketamine \"Ketamine\") [L-687384](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L-687384 \"L-687384\") [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMA \"MDMA\") [Memantine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memantine \"Memantine\") [Methamphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\") [Methoxetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methoxetamine \"Methoxetamine\") [Methylphenidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylphenidate \"Methylphenidate\") [Nepinalone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepinalone \"Nepinalone\") [Neuropeptide Y](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuropeptide_Y \"Neuropeptide Y\") [Noscapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noscapine \"Noscapine\") [OPC-14523](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPC-14523 (page does not exist)\") [Opipramol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opipramol \"Opipramol\") [Pentazocine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentazocine \"Pentazocine\") [Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentoxyverine \"Pentoxyverine\") [PRE-084](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRE-084 \"PRE-084\") [Pregnenolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregnenolone \"Pregnenolone\") [Pregnenolone sulfate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregnenolone_sulfate \"Pregnenolone sulfate\") [Pridopidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pridopidine \"Pridopidine\") [Racemethorphan (methorphan)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racemethorphan \"Racemethorphan\") [Racemorphan (morphanol)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racemorphan \"Racemorphan\") [UMB-23](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-23 (page does not exist)\") [UMB-82](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-82 (page does not exist)\") **Antagonists:** [3-PPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-PPP \"3-PPP\") [AC-927](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AC-927 \"AC-927\") [BD-1008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1008 \"BD-1008\") [BD-1031](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1031 \"BD-1031\") [BD-1047](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1047 \"BD-1047\") [BD-1060](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1060 \"BD-1060\") [BD-1063](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1063 \"BD-1063\") [BD-1067](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1067 \"BD-1067\") [BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMY-14802 \"BMY-14802\") [CM-156](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CM-156 \"CM-156\") [Dup-734](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dup-734&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dup-734 (page does not exist)\") [E-5842](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=E-5842&action=edit&redlink=1 \"E-5842 (page does not exist)\") [E-52862 (S1RA)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-52862 \"E-52862\") [Haloperidol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haloperidol \"Haloperidol\") [LR-132](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LR-132&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LR-132 (page does not exist)\") [LR-172](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LR-172 (page does not exist)\") [MS-377](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MS-377 \"MS-377\") [NE-100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NE-100 \"NE-100\") [NPC-16377](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=NPC-16377&action=edit&redlink=1 \"NPC-16377 (page does not exist)\") [Panamesine (EMD-57455)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panamesine \"Panamesine\") [PD-144418](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=PD-144418&action=edit&redlink=1 \"PD-144418 (page does not exist)\") [Pentazocine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentazocine \"Pentazocine\") [Progesterone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progesterone \"Progesterone\") [Rimcazole (BW-234U)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rimcazole \"Rimcazole\") [Sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") [SR-31742A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SR-31742A&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SR-31742A (page does not exist)\") **Allosteric modulators:** [Phenytoin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenytoin \"Phenytoin\"); *Positive:* [Methylphenylpiracetam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylphenylpiracetam \"Methylphenylpiracetam\") [SOMCL-668](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SOMCL-668&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SOMCL-668 (page does not exist)\") **Unknown\/unsorted:** [3-Methoxydextrallorphan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1 \"3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)\") [3-MeO-PCP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-MeO-PCP \"3-MeO-PCP\") [4C-T-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4C-T-2 \"4C-T-2\") [4-IBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=4-IBP&action=edit&redlink=1 \"4-IBP (page does not exist)\") [4-IPBS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=4-IPBS&action=edit&redlink=1 \"4-IPBS (page does not exist)\") [4-MeO-PCP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-MeO-PCP \"4-MeO-PCP\") [5-MeO-DALT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DALT \"5-MeO-DALT\") [5-MeO-DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DiPT \"5-MeO-DiPT\") [Amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\") [Azidopamil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Azidopamil&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Azidopamil (page does not exist)\") [Chlorpromazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorpromazine \"Chlorpromazine\") [Clemastine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clemastine \"Clemastine\") [Clomipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomipramine \"Clomipramine\") [Clorgiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorgiline \"Clorgiline\") [D-Deprenyl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D-Deprenyl \"D-Deprenyl\") [DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine \"N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine\") Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine [DPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine \"N,N-Dipropyltryptamine\") Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine [Ibogaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibogaine \"Ibogaine\") [Imipramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imipramine \"Imipramine\") [KCR-12-83.1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=KCR-12-83.1&action=edit&redlink=1 \"KCR-12-83.1 (page does not exist)\") [Nemonapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nemonapride \"Nemonapride\") [Noribogaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noribogaine \"Noribogaine\") [RHL-033](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=RHL-033&action=edit&redlink=1 \"RHL-033 (page does not exist)\") [RS-67,333](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RS-67,333 \"RS-67,333\") [RTI-55](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTI-55 \"RTI-55\") [Saffron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saffron \"Saffron\") [Safinamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safinamide \"Safinamide\") [Selegiline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selegiline \"Selegiline\") [Spipethiane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Spipethiane&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Spipethiane (page does not exist)\") [Trifluoperazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trifluoperazine \"Trifluoperazine\") [W-18](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W-18_\$drug\$ \"W-18 (drug)\") [YKP10A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YKP10A \"YKP10A\") |\n| [σ2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigma-2_receptor \"Sigma-2 receptor\") | **Agonists:** [3-PPP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-PPP \"3-PPP\") [Arketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arketamine \"Arketamine\") [BD-1047](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1047 \"BD-1047\") [BD1063](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD1063 \"BD1063\") [Ditolylguanidine (DTG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditolylguanidine \"Ditolylguanidine\") [DKR-1005](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DKR-1005&action=edit&redlink=1 \"DKR-1005 (page does not exist)\") [DKR-1051](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DKR-1051&action=edit&redlink=1 \"DKR-1051 (page does not exist)\") [Haloperidol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haloperidol \"Haloperidol\") [Ifenprodil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ifenprodil \"Ifenprodil\") [Ketamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketamine \"Ketamine\") [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMA \"MDMA\") [Methamphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\") [OPC-14523](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1 \"OPC-14523 (page does not exist)\") [Opipramol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opipramol \"Opipramol\") [PB-28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PB-28 \"PB-28\") [Phencyclidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phencyclidine \"Phencyclidine\") [Siramesine (Lu 28-179)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siramesine \"Siramesine\") [UKH-1114](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UKH-1114&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UKH-1114 (page does not exist)\") **Antagonists:** [AC-927](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AC-927 \"AC-927\") [BD-1008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1008 \"BD-1008\") [BD-1067](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD-1067 \"BD-1067\") [CM-156](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CM-156 \"CM-156\") [LR-172](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1 \"LR-172 (page does not exist)\") [MIN-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIN-101 \"MIN-101\") [Panamesine (EMD-57455)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panamesine \"Panamesine\") [SAS-0132](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SAS-0132&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SAS-0132 (page does not exist)\") [Zervimesine (CT-1812)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zervimesine \"Zervimesine\") **Unknown\/unsorted:** [3-Methoxydextrallorphan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1 \"3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)\") [3-MeO-PCE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-MeO-PCE \"3-MeO-PCE\") [4-MeO-PCP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-MeO-PCP \"4-MeO-PCP\") [5-MeO-DALT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DALT \"5-MeO-DALT\") [5-MeO-DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-MeO-DiPT \"5-MeO-DiPT\") [Clemastine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clemastine \"Clemastine\") [DiPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine \"N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine\") Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine [DPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine \"N,N-Dipropyltryptamine\") Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine [Ibogaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibogaine \"Ibogaine\") [Lu 29-252](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lu_29-252 \"Lu 29-252\") [Nemonapride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nemonapride \"Nemonapride\") [Nepinalone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepinalone \"Nepinalone\") [Noribogaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noribogaine \"Noribogaine\") [Pentazocine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentazocine \"Pentazocine\") [RS-67,333](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RS-67,333 \"RS-67,333\") [Safinamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safinamide \"Safinamide\") [TMA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine \"3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine\") Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine [UMB-23](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-23 (page does not exist)\") [UMB-82](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-82 (page does not exist)\") [W-18](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W-18_\$drug\$ \"W-18 (drug)\") |\n| Unsorted | **Agonists:** [Berberine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berberine \"Berberine\") [Ethylketazocine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethylketazocine \"Ethylketazocine\") [Fourphit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourphit \"Fourphit\") [Metaphit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaphit \"Metaphit\") [Naluzotan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naluzotan \"Naluzotan\") [Tapentadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tapentadol \"Tapentadol\") [Tenocyclidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenocyclidine \"Tenocyclidine\") **Antagonists:** [AHD1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=AHD1&action=edit&redlink=1 \"AHD1 (page does not exist)\") [AZ66](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=AZ66&action=edit&redlink=1 \"AZ66 (page does not exist)\") [Lamotrigine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lamotrigine \"Lamotrigine\") [Naloxone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naloxone \"Naloxone\") [SM-21](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SM-21&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SM-21 (page does not exist)\") [UMB-100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-100&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-100 (page does not exist)\") [UMB-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-101&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-101 (page does not exist)\") [UMB-103](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-103&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-103 (page does not exist)\") [UMB-116](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=UMB-116&action=edit&redlink=1 \"UMB-116 (page does not exist)\") [YZ-011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=YZ-011&action=edit&redlink=1 \"YZ-011 (page does not exist)\") [YZ-069](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=YZ-069&action=edit&redlink=1 \"YZ-069 (page does not exist)\") [YZ-185](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=YZ-185&action=edit&redlink=1 \"YZ-185 (page does not exist)\") **Allosteric modulators:** [SKF-83959](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SKF-83959 \"SKF-83959\") **Unknown\/unsorted:** [18-Methoxycoronaridine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/18-Methoxycoronaridine \"18-Methoxycoronaridine\") [BMY-13980](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=BMY-13980&action=edit&redlink=1 \"BMY-13980 (page does not exist)\") [Butaclamol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butaclamol \"Butaclamol\") [Caramiphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caramiphen \"Caramiphen\") [Carvotroline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Carvotroline&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Carvotroline (page does not exist)\") [Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorphenamine \"Chlorphenamine\") [Chlorpromazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorpromazine \"Chlorpromazine\") [Cinnarizine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinnarizine \"Cinnarizine\") [Cinuperone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Cinuperone (page does not exist)\") [Clocapramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clocapramine \"Clocapramine\") [Dezocine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dezocine \"Dezocine\") [EMD-59983](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=EMD-59983&action=edit&redlink=1 \"EMD-59983 (page does not exist)\") [Hypericin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypericin \"Hypericin\") ([St. John's wort](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._John%27s_wort \"St. John's wort\")) [Fluphenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluphenazine \"Fluphenazine\") [Gevotroline (WY-47384)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gevotroline \"Gevotroline\") [Mepyramine (pyrilamine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mepyramine \"Mepyramine\") [Molindone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molindone \"Molindone\") [Perphenazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perphenazine \"Perphenazine\") [Pimozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pimozide \"Pimozide\") [Proadifen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proadifen \"Proadifen\") [Promethazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Promethazine \"Promethazine\") [Propranolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propranolol \"Propranolol\") [Quinidine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quinidine \"Quinidine\") [Remoxipride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remoxipride \"Remoxipride\") [SL 82.0715](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SL_82.0715&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SL 82.0715 (page does not exist)\") [SR-31747A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SR-31747A&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SR-31747A (page does not exist)\") [Tiospirone (BMY-13859)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiospirone \"Tiospirone\") [Venlafaxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venlafaxine \"Venlafaxine\") |\n| ***See also:** [Receptor\/signaling modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Receptor_modulators \"Template:Receptor modulators\")* |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators \"Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators \"Template talk:GABAA receptor positive modulators\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators \"Special:EditPage\/Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators\")[GABAA receptor positive modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator \"GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Alcohols](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\$chemistry\$ \"Alcohol (chemistry)\") | [Brometone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Brometone (page does not exist)\") [Butanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1-Butanol \"1-Butanol\") [Chloralodol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloralodol \"Chloralodol\") [Chlorobutanol (cloretone)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlorobutanol \"Chlorobutanol\") [Ethanol (alcohol)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\$drug\$ \"Alcohol (drug)\") ([alcoholic drink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcoholic_drink \"Alcoholic drink\")) [Ethchlorvynol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethchlorvynol \"Ethchlorvynol\") [Isobutanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isobutanol \"Isobutanol\") [Isopropanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isopropanol \"Isopropanol\") [Menthol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menthol \"Menthol\") [Methanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methanol \"Methanol\") [Methylpentynol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylpentynol \"Methylpentynol\") [Pentanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1-Pentanol \"1-Pentanol\") [Petrichloral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petrichloral \"Petrichloral\") [Propanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1-Propanol \"1-Propanol\") [*tert*\\-Butanol (2M2P)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tert-Butanol \"Tert-Butanol\") [*tert*\\-Pentanol (2M2B)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tert-Pentanol \"Tert-Pentanol\") [Tribromoethanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tribromoethanol \"Tribromoethanol\") [Trichloroethanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trichloroethanol \"Trichloroethanol\") [Triclofos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triclofos \"Triclofos\") [Trifluoroethanol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trifluoroethanol \"Trifluoroethanol\") |\n| [Barbiturates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbiturate \"Barbiturate\") | [(-)-DMBB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\$-\$-5-\$1,3-Dimethylbutyl\$-5-ethylbarbituric_acid \"(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid\") [Allobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allobarbital \"Allobarbital\") [Alphenal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphenal \"Alphenal\") [Amobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amobarbital \"Amobarbital\") [Aprobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aprobarbital \"Aprobarbital\") [Barbexaclone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbexaclone \"Barbexaclone\") [Barbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbital \"Barbital\") [Benzobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzobarbital \"Benzobarbital\") [Benzylbutylbarbiturate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzylbutylbarbiturate \"Benzylbutylbarbiturate\") [Brallobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brallobarbital \"Brallobarbital\") [Brophebarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brophebarbital \"Brophebarbital\") [Butabarbital\/Secbutabarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butabarbital \"Butabarbital\") [Butalbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butalbital \"Butalbital\") [Buthalital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buthalital \"Buthalital\") [Butobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butobarbital \"Butobarbital\") [Butallylonal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butallylonal \"Butallylonal\") [Carbubarb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbubarb \"Carbubarb\") [Crotylbarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crotylbarbital \"Crotylbarbital\") [Cyclobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclobarbital \"Cyclobarbital\") [Cyclopentobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclopentobarbital \"Cyclopentobarbital\") [Difebarbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Difebarbamate \"Difebarbamate\") [Enallylpropymal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enallylpropymal \"Enallylpropymal\") [Ethallobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethallobarbital \"Ethallobarbital\") [Eterobarb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eterobarb \"Eterobarb\") [Febarbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Febarbamate \"Febarbamate\") [Heptabarb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heptabarb \"Heptabarb\") [Heptobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heptobarbital \"Heptobarbital\") [Hexethal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hexethal \"Hexethal\") [Hexobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hexobarbital \"Hexobarbital\") [Methallatal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methallatal \"Methallatal\") [Metharbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metharbital \"Metharbital\") [Methitural](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methitural \"Methitural\") [Methohexital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methohexital \"Methohexital\") [Methylphenobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylphenobarbital \"Methylphenobarbital\") [Narcobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narcobarbital \"Narcobarbital\") [Nealbarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nealbarbital \"Nealbarbital\") [Pentobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentobarbital \"Pentobarbital\") [Phenallymal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenallymal \"Phenallymal\") [Phenobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenobarbital \"Phenobarbital\") [Phetharbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phetharbital \"Phetharbital\") [Primidone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Primidone \"Primidone\") [Probarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probarbital \"Probarbital\") [Propallylonal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propallylonal \"Propallylonal\") [Propylbarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propylbarbital \"Propylbarbital\") [Proxibarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proxibarbital \"Proxibarbital\") [Reposal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reposal \"Reposal\") [Secobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secobarbital \"Secobarbital\") [Sigmodal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigmodal \"Sigmodal\") [Spirobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spirobarbital \"Spirobarbital\") [Talbutal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talbutal \"Talbutal\") [Tetrabamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrabamate \"Tetrabamate\") [Tetrabarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrabarbital \"Tetrabarbital\") [Thialbarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thialbarbital \"Thialbarbital\") [Thiamylal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thiamylal \"Thiamylal\") [Thiobarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thiobarbital \"Thiobarbital\") [Thiobutabarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thiobutabarbital \"Thiobutabarbital\") [Thiopental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodium_thiopental \"Sodium thiopental\") [Thiotetrabarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thiotetrabarbital \"Thiotetrabarbital\") [Valofane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valofane \"Valofane\") [Vinbarbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vinbarbital \"Vinbarbital\") [Vinylbital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vinylbital \"Vinylbital\") |\n| [Benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepine \"Benzodiazepine\") | [2-Oxoquazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Oxoquazepam \"2-Oxoquazepam\") [3-Hydroxyphenazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-Hydroxyphenazepam \"3-Hydroxyphenazepam\") [Adinazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adinazolam \"Adinazolam\") [Alprazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alprazolam \"Alprazolam\") [Arfendazam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arfendazam \"Arfendazam\") [Avizafone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avizafone \"Avizafone\") [Bentazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bentazepam \"Bentazepam\") [Bretazenil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bretazenil \"Bretazenil\") [Bromazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromazepam \"Bromazepam\") [Bromazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromazolam \"Bromazolam\") [Brotizolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brotizolam \"Brotizolam\") [Camazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camazepam \"Camazepam\") [Carburazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carburazepam \"Carburazepam\") [Chlordiazepoxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlordiazepoxide \"Chlordiazepoxide\") [Ciclotizolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciclotizolam \"Ciclotizolam\") [Cinazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinazepam \"Cinazepam\") [Cinolazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinolazepam \"Cinolazepam\") [Clazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clazolam \"Clazolam\") [Climazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climazolam \"Climazolam\") [Clobazam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clobazam \"Clobazam\") [Clonazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clonazepam \"Clonazepam\") [Clonazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clonazolam \"Clonazolam\") [Cloniprazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloniprazepam \"Cloniprazepam\") [Clorazepate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorazepate \"Clorazepate\") [Clotiazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clotiazepam \"Clotiazepam\") [Cloxazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloxazolam \"Cloxazolam\") [CP-1414S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-1414S \"CP-1414S\") [Cyprazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprazepam \"Cyprazepam\") [Delorazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delorazepam \"Delorazepam\") [Demoxepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demoxepam \"Demoxepam\") [Diazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diazepam \"Diazepam\") [Diclazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diclazepam \"Diclazepam\") [Dimdazenil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimdazenil \"Dimdazenil\") [Doxefazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doxefazepam \"Doxefazepam\") [Elfazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elfazepam \"Elfazepam\") [Estazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estazolam \"Estazolam\") [Ethyl carfluzepate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethyl_carfluzepate \"Ethyl carfluzepate\") [Ethyl dirazepate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethyl_dirazepate \"Ethyl dirazepate\") [Ethyl loflazepate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethyl_loflazepate \"Ethyl loflazepate\") [Etizolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etizolam \"Etizolam\") [FG-8205](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FG-8205 \"FG-8205\") [Fletazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fletazepam \"Fletazepam\") [Flubromazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flubromazepam \"Flubromazepam\") [Flubromazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flubromazolam \"Flubromazolam\") [Fludiazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fludiazepam \"Fludiazepam\") [Flunitrazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flunitrazepam \"Flunitrazepam\") [Flunitrazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flunitrazolam \"Flunitrazolam\") [Flurazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flurazepam \"Flurazepam\") [Flutazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flutazolam \"Flutazolam\") [Flutemazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flutemazepam \"Flutemazepam\") [Flutoprazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flutoprazepam \"Flutoprazepam\") [Fosazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fosazepam \"Fosazepam\") [Gidazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gidazepam \"Gidazepam\") [Halazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halazepam \"Halazepam\") [Haloxazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haloxazolam \"Haloxazolam\") [Iclazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iclazepam \"Iclazepam\") [Imidazenil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imidazenil \"Imidazenil\") [Irazepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irazepine \"Irazepine\") [Ketazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ketazolam \"Ketazolam\") [Lofendazam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lofendazam \"Lofendazam\") [Lopirazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lopirazepam \"Lopirazepam\") [Loprazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loprazolam \"Loprazolam\") [Lorazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorazepam \"Lorazepam\") [Lormetazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lormetazepam \"Lormetazepam\") [Meclonazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meclonazepam \"Meclonazepam\") [Medazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medazepam \"Medazepam\") [Menitrazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menitrazepam \"Menitrazepam\") [Metaclazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaclazepam \"Metaclazepam\") [Mexazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexazolam \"Mexazolam\") [Midazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midazolam \"Midazolam\") [Motrazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motrazepam \"Motrazepam\") [N-Desalkylflurazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Desalkylflurazepam \"N-Desalkylflurazepam\") [Nifoxipam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nifoxipam \"Nifoxipam\") [Nimetazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nimetazepam \"Nimetazepam\") [Nitrazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrazepam \"Nitrazepam\") [Nitrazepate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrazepate \"Nitrazepate\") [Nitrazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrazolam \"Nitrazolam\") [Nordazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordazepam \"Nordazepam\") [Nortetrazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nortetrazepam \"Nortetrazepam\") [Oxazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxazepam \"Oxazepam\") [Oxazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxazolam \"Oxazolam\") [Phenazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenazepam \"Phenazepam\") [Pinazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinazepam \"Pinazepam\") [Pivoxazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pivoxazepam \"Pivoxazepam\") [Prazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prazepam \"Prazepam\") [Premazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premazepam \"Premazepam\") [Proflazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proflazepam \"Proflazepam\") [Pyrazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrazolam \"Pyrazolam\") [QH-II-66](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QH-II-66 \"QH-II-66\") [Quazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quazepam \"Quazepam\") [Reclazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reclazepam \"Reclazepam\") [Remimazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remimazolam \"Remimazolam\") [Rilmazafone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rilmazafone \"Rilmazafone\") [Ripazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ripazepam \"Ripazepam\") [Ro48-6791](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ro48-6791 \"Ro48-6791\") [Ro48-8684](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ro48-8684 \"Ro48-8684\") [SH-053-R-CH3-2′F](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F \"SH-053-R-CH3-2′F\") [Sulazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulazepam \"Sulazepam\") [Temazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temazepam \"Temazepam\") [Tetrazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrazepam \"Tetrazepam\") [Tolufazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tolufazepam \"Tolufazepam\") [Triazolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triazolam \"Triazolam\") [Triflubazam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triflubazam \"Triflubazam\") [Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triflunordazepam \"Triflunordazepam\") [Tuclazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuclazepam \"Tuclazepam\") [Uldazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uldazepam \"Uldazepam\") [Zapizolam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zapizolam \"Zapizolam\") [Zolazepam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zolazepam \"Zolazepam\") [Zomebazam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zomebazam \"Zomebazam\") |\n| [Carbamates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbamate \"Carbamate\") | [Carisbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carisbamate \"Carisbamate\") [Carisoprodol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carisoprodol \"Carisoprodol\") [Clocental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clocental \"Clocental\") [Cyclarbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclarbamate \"Cyclarbamate\") [Difebarbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Difebarbamate \"Difebarbamate\") [Emylcamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emylcamate \"Emylcamate\") [Ethinamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethinamate \"Ethinamate\") [Febarbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Febarbamate \"Febarbamate\") [Felbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felbamate \"Felbamate\") [Hexapropymate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hexapropymate \"Hexapropymate\") [Hydroxyphenamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxyphenamate \"Hydroxyphenamate\") [Lorbamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorbamate \"Lorbamate\") [Mebutamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mebutamate \"Mebutamate\") [Meprobamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meprobamate \"Meprobamate\") [Nisobamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nisobamate \"Nisobamate\") [Pentabamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentabamate \"Pentabamate\") [Phenprobamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenprobamate \"Phenprobamate\") [Procymate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Procymate \"Procymate\") [Styramate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Styramate \"Styramate\") [Tetrabamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrabamate \"Tetrabamate\") [Tybamate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tybamate \"Tybamate\") |\n| [Flavonoids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flavonoid \"Flavonoid\") | [6-Methylapigenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6-Methylapigenin \"6-Methylapigenin\") [Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ampelopsin \"Ampelopsin\") [Apigenin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apigenin \"Apigenin\") [Baicalein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baicalein \"Baicalein\") [Baicalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baicalin \"Baicalin\") [Catechin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catechin \"Catechin\") [EGC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epigallocatechin \"Epigallocatechin\") [EGCG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epigallocatechin_gallate \"Epigallocatechin gallate\") [Hispidulin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hispidulin \"Hispidulin\") [Linarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Linarin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Linarin (page does not exist)\") [Luteolin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luteolin \"Luteolin\") [Rc-OMe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trans-6,4%E2%80%B2-dimethoxyretrochalcone&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Trans-6,4′-dimethoxyretrochalcone (page does not exist)\") [Skullcap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scutellaria \"Scutellaria\") constituents (e.g., [baicalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baicalin \"Baicalin\")) [Wogonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wogonin \"Wogonin\") |\n| [Imidazoles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imidazole \"Imidazole\") | [Etomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etomidate \"Etomidate\") [Metomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metomidate \"Metomidate\") [Methoxyetomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methoxyetomidate \"Methoxyetomidate\") [Propoxate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propoxate \"Propoxate\") [Isopropoxate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isopropoxate \"Isopropoxate\") [Butomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butomidate \"Butomidate\") [Iso-butomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iso-butomidate \"Iso-butomidate\") [Sec-butomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sec-butomidate \"Sec-butomidate\") [CF2-Etomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CF2-Etomidate \"CF2-Etomidate\") [CF3-Etomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CF3-Etomidate \"CF3-Etomidate\") [CF3-Propoxate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CF3-Propoxate \"CF3-Propoxate\") [Flutomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flutomidate \"Flutomidate\") [2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate \"2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate\") |\n| [Kava](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kava \"Kava\") constituents | [10-Methoxyyangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=10-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"10-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)\") [11-Methoxyyangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=11-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"11-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)\") [11-Hydroxyyangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=11-Hydroxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"11-Hydroxyyangonin (page does not exist)\") [Desmethoxyyangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmethoxyyangonin \"Desmethoxyyangonin\") [11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1 \"11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain (page does not exist)\") [7,8-Dihydroyangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"7,8-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)\") [Kavain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kavain \"Kavain\") [5-Hydroxykavain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=5-Hydroxykavain&action=edit&redlink=1 \"5-Hydroxykavain (page does not exist)\") [5,6-Dihydroyangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=5,6-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"5,6-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)\") [7,8-Dihydrokavain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1 \"7,8-Dihydrokavain (page does not exist)\") [5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin (page does not exist)\") [5,6-Dehydromethysticin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=5,6-Dehydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"5,6-Dehydromethysticin (page does not exist)\") [Methysticin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methysticin \"Methysticin\") [7,8-Dihydromethysticin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"7,8-Dihydromethysticin (page does not exist)\") [Yangonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yangonin \"Yangonin\") |\n| [Monoureides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoureide \"Monoureide\") | [Acecarbromal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acecarbromal \"Acecarbromal\") [Apronal (apronalide)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apronal \"Apronal\") [Bromisoval](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromisoval \"Bromisoval\") [Carbromal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbromal \"Carbromal\") [Capuride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capuride \"Capuride\") [Ectylurea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Ectylurea (page does not exist)\") |\n| [Neuroactive steroids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroactive_steroid \"Neuroactive steroid\") | [Acebrochol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acebrochol \"Acebrochol\") [Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allopregnanolone \"Allopregnanolone\") [Alfadolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfadolone \"Alfadolone\") [Alfaxalone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfaxalone \"Alfaxalone\") [3α-Androstanediol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol \"3α-Androstanediol\") [Androstenol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Androstenol \"Androstenol\") [Androsterone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Androsterone \"Androsterone\") Certain [anabolic-androgenic steroids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid \"Anabolic-androgenic steroid\") [Cholesterol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\") [DHDOC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone \"Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone\") [3α-DHP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone \"3α-Dihydroprogesterone\") [5α-DHP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone \"5α-Dihydroprogesterone\") [5β-DHP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone \"5β-Dihydroprogesterone\") [DHT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydrotestosterone \"Dihydrotestosterone\") [Etiocholanolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etiocholanolone \"Etiocholanolone\") [Ganaxolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ganaxolone \"Ganaxolone\") [Hydroxydione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroxydione \"Hydroxydione\") [Minaxolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minaxolone \"Minaxolone\") [ORG-20599](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ORG-20599 \"ORG-20599\") [ORG-21465](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ORG-21465 \"ORG-21465\") [P1-185](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P1-185 \"P1-185\") [Posovolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Posovolone \"Posovolone\") [Pregnanolone (eltanolone)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregnanolone \"Pregnanolone\") [Progesterone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progesterone \"Progesterone\") [Renanolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renanolone \"Renanolone\") [SAGE-105](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SAGE-105&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SAGE-105 (page does not exist)\") [SAGE-324](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SAGE-324 \"SAGE-324\") [SAGE-516](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SAGE-516&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SAGE-516 (page does not exist)\") [SAGE-689](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SAGE-689&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SAGE-689 (page does not exist)\") [SAGE-872](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=SAGE-872&action=edit&redlink=1 \"SAGE-872 (page does not exist)\") [Testosterone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Testosterone \"Testosterone\") [THDOC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone \"Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone\") [Zuranolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zuranolone \"Zuranolone\") |\n| [Nonbenzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonbenzodiazepine \"Nonbenzodiazepine\") | *[Cyclopyrrolones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclopyrrolone \"Cyclopyrrolone\")*: [Eszopiclone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eszopiclone \"Eszopiclone\") [Pagoclone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pagoclone \"Pagoclone\") [Pazinaclone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pazinaclone \"Pazinaclone\") [Suproclone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suproclone \"Suproclone\") [Suriclone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suriclone \"Suriclone\") [Zopiclone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zopiclone \"Zopiclone\") *[Imidazopyridines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imidazopyridine \"Imidazopyridine\")*: [Alpidem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpidem \"Alpidem\") [DS-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DS-1_\$drug\$ \"DS-1 (drug)\") [Necopidem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Necopidem \"Necopidem\") [Saripidem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saripidem \"Saripidem\") [Zolpidem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zolpidem \"Zolpidem\") *[Pyrazolopyrimidines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrazolopyrimidine \"Pyrazolopyrimidine\")*: [Divaplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divaplon \"Divaplon\") [Fasiplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fasiplon \"Fasiplon\") [Indiplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indiplon \"Indiplon\") [Lorediplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lorediplon \"Lorediplon\") [Ocinaplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocinaplon \"Ocinaplon\") [Panadiplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panadiplon \"Panadiplon\") [Taniplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taniplon \"Taniplon\") [Zaleplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zaleplon \"Zaleplon\") *Others*: [Adipiplon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adipiplon \"Adipiplon\") [AXS-17 (BAER-101, AZD-7325)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AXS-17 \"AXS-17\") [CGS-8216](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CGS-8216 \"CGS-8216\") [CGS-9896](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CGS-9896 \"CGS-9896\") [CGS-13767](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CGS-13767 \"CGS-13767\") [CGS-20625](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CGS-20625 \"CGS-20625\") [CL-218,872](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CL-218,872 \"CL-218,872\") [CP-615,003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP-615,003 \"CP-615,003\") [CTP-354](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=CTP-354&action=edit&redlink=1 \"CTP-354 (page does not exist)\") [ELB-139](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ELB-139 \"ELB-139\") [GBLD-345](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GBLD-345 \"GBLD-345\") [Imepitoin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imepitoin \"Imepitoin\") [JM-1232](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JM-1232 \"JM-1232\") [L-838,417](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L-838,417 \"L-838,417\") [Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lirequinil \"Lirequinil\") [Miltirone (rosmariquinone)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miltirone \"Miltirone\") [NS-2664](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NS-2664 \"NS-2664\") [NS-2710](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NS-2710 \"NS-2710\") [NS-11394](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NS-11394 \"NS-11394\") [Pipequaline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipequaline \"Pipequaline\") [ROD-188](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ROD-188 \"ROD-188\") [RWJ-51204](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RWJ-51204 \"RWJ-51204\") [SB-205,384](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SB-205,384 \"SB-205,384\") [SX-3228](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SX-3228 \"SX-3228\") [TGSC01AA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=TGSC01AA&action=edit&redlink=1 \"TGSC01AA (page does not exist)\") [TP-003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TP-003 \"TP-003\") [TPA-023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TPA-023 \"TPA-023\") [TP-13](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TP-13 \"TP-13\") [U-89843A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-89843A \"U-89843A\") [U-90042](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-90042 \"U-90042\") [Viqualine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viqualine \"Viqualine\") [Y-23684](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y-23684 \"Y-23684\") |\n| [Phenols](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenol \"Phenol\") | [Cipepofol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cipepofol \"Cipepofol\") [Fospropofol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fospropofol \"Fospropofol\") [Propofol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propofol \"Propofol\") [Propofol hemisuccinate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propofol_hemisuccinate \"Propofol hemisuccinate\") [Thymol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thymol \"Thymol\") |\n| [Piperidinediones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperidinedione \"Piperidinedione\") | [Glutethimide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glutethimide \"Glutethimide\") [Methyprylon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methyprylon \"Methyprylon\") [Piperidione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperidione \"Piperidione\") [Pyrithyldione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrithyldione \"Pyrithyldione\") |\n| [Pyrazolopyridines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrazolopyridine \"Pyrazolopyridine\") | [Cartazolate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartazolate \"Cartazolate\") [Etazolate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etazolate \"Etazolate\") [ICI-190,622](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICI-190,622 \"ICI-190,622\") [Tracazolate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tracazolate \"Tracazolate\") |\n| [Quinazolinones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quinazolinone \"Quinazolinone\") | [Afloqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afloqualone \"Afloqualone\") [Cloroqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloroqualone \"Cloroqualone\") [Diproqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diproqualone \"Diproqualone\") [Etaqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etaqualone \"Etaqualone\") [Mebroqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mebroqualone \"Mebroqualone\") [Mecloqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecloqualone \"Mecloqualone\") [Methaqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methaqualone \"Methaqualone\") [Methylmethaqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylmethaqualone \"Methylmethaqualone\") [Nitromethaqualone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitromethaqualone \"Nitromethaqualone\") [SL-164](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SL-164 \"SL-164\") |\n| [Volatiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inhalational_anaesthetic \"Inhalational anaesthetic\")\/[gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inhalational_anaesthetic \"Inhalational anaesthetic\") | [Acetone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetone \"Acetone\") [Acetophenone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetophenone \"Acetophenone\") [Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate \"Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate\") [Aliflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aliflurane \"Aliflurane\") [Benzene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzene \"Benzene\") [Butane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butane \"Butane\") [Butylene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butylene \"Butylene\") [Centalun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centalun \"Centalun\") [Chloral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloral \"Chloral\") [Chloral betaine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloral_betaine \"Chloral betaine\") [Chloral hydrate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloral_hydrate \"Chloral hydrate\") [Chloroform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroform \"Chloroform\") [Cryofluorane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryofluorane \"Cryofluorane\") [Desflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desflurane \"Desflurane\") [Dichloralphenazone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dichloralphenazone \"Dichloralphenazone\") [Dichloromethane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dichloromethane \"Dichloromethane\") [Diethyl ether](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diethyl_ether \"Diethyl ether\") [Enflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enflurane \"Enflurane\") [Ethyl chloride](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroethane \"Chloroethane\") [Ethylene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethylene \"Ethylene\") [Fluroxene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluroxene \"Fluroxene\") [Gasoline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gasoline \"Gasoline\") [Halopropane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halopropane \"Halopropane\") [Halothane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halothane \"Halothane\") [Isoflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isoflurane \"Isoflurane\") [Kerosine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerosene \"Kerosene\") [Methoxyflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methoxyflurane \"Methoxyflurane\") [Methoxypropane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methoxypropane \"Methoxypropane\") [Nitric oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitric_oxide \"Nitric oxide\") [Nitrogen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrogen \"Nitrogen\") [Nitrous oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\") [Norflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norflurane \"Norflurane\") [Paraldehyde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paraldehyde \"Paraldehyde\") [Propane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propane \"Propane\") [Propylene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propene \"Propene\") [Roflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roflurane \"Roflurane\") [Sevoflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sevoflurane \"Sevoflurane\") [Synthane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synthane \"Synthane\") [Teflurane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teflurane \"Teflurane\") [Toluene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toluene \"Toluene\") [Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1,1,1-Trichloroethane \"1,1,1-Trichloroethane\") [Trichloroethylene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trichloroethylene \"Trichloroethylene\") [Vinyl ether](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divinyl_ether \"Divinyl ether\") |\n| Others\/unsorted | [3-Hydroxybutanal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-Hydroxybutanal \"3-Hydroxybutanal\") [α-EMTBL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Α-Ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)\") [AA-29504](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=AA-29504&action=edit&redlink=1 \"AA-29504 (page does not exist)\") [Alogabat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alogabat \"Alogabat\") [Avermectins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avermectin \"Avermectin\") (e.g., [ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin \"Ivermectin\")) [Bromide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromide \"Bromide\") compounds (e.g., [lithium bromide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium_bromide \"Lithium bromide\"), [potassium bromide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potassium_bromide \"Potassium bromide\"), [sodium bromide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodium_bromide \"Sodium bromide\")) [Carbamazepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbamazepine \"Carbamazepine\") [Chloralose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloralose \"Chloralose\") [Chlormezanone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chlormezanone \"Chlormezanone\") [Clomethiazole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clomethiazole \"Clomethiazole\") [Darigabat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darigabat \"Darigabat\") [DEABL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone \"3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone\") [Deuterated etifoxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuterated_etifoxine \"Deuterated etifoxine\") [Dihydroergolines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergoline \"Dihydroergoline\") (e.g., [dihydroergocryptine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergocryptine \"Dihydroergocryptine\"), [dihydroergosine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dihydroergosine&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dihydroergosine (page does not exist)\"), [dihydroergotamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dihydroergotamine \"Dihydroergotamine\"), [ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergoloid \"Ergoloid\")) [DS2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=4-Chloro-N-\$2-\\(2-thienyl\$imidazo\$1,2-a\$pyridin-3-yl\\)benzamide&action=edit&redlink=1 \"4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (page does not exist)\") [Efavirenz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efavirenz \"Efavirenz\") [Etazepine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etazepine \"Etazepine\") [Etifoxine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etifoxine \"Etifoxine\") [Fenamates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fenamate \"Fenamate\") (e.g., [flufenamic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flufenamic_acid \"Flufenamic acid\"), [mefenamic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mefenamic_acid \"Mefenamic acid\"), [niflumic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niflumic_acid \"Niflumic acid\"), [tolfenamic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tolfenamic_acid \"Tolfenamic acid\")) [Fluoxetine]() [Flupirtine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flupirtine \"Flupirtine\") [Hopantenic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hopantenic_acid \"Hopantenic acid\") [KRM-II-81](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KRM-II-81 \"KRM-II-81\") [Lanthanum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lanthanum \"Lanthanum\") [Lavender oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lavender_oil \"Lavender oil\") [Lignans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lignan \"Lignan\") (e.g., [4-O-methylhonokiol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-O-methylhonokiol \"4-O-methylhonokiol\"), [honokiol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honokiol \"Honokiol\"), [magnolol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnolol \"Magnolol\"), [obovatol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obovatol \"Obovatol\")) [Loreclezole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loreclezole \"Loreclezole\") [Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menthyl_isovalerate \"Menthyl isovalerate\") [Monastrol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monastrol \"Monastrol\") [Nicotinic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotinic_acid \"Nicotinic acid\") [Nicotinamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotinamide \"Nicotinamide\") [Org 25,435](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Org_25435 \"Org 25435\") [Phenytoin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenytoin \"Phenytoin\") [Propanidid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propanidid \"Propanidid\") [Retigabine (ezogabine)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retigabine \"Retigabine\") [Safranal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safranal \"Safranal\") [Seproxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seproxetine \"Seproxetine\") [Stiripentol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stiripentol \"Stiripentol\") [Sulfonylalkanes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)\") (e.g., [sulfonmethane (sulfonal)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulfonmethane \"Sulfonmethane\"), [tetronal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetronal \"Tetronal\"), [trional](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trional \"Trional\")) [Terpenoids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terpenoid \"Terpenoid\") (e.g., [borneol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borneol \"Borneol\")) [Topiramate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topiramate \"Topiramate\") [Valerian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valerian_\$herb\$ \"Valerian (herb)\") constituents (e.g., [isovaleric acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3-methylbutanoic_acid \"3-methylbutanoic acid\"), [isovaleramide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isovaleramide \"Isovaleramide\"), [valerenic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valerenic_acid \"Valerenic acid\"), [valerenol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Valerenol&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Valerenol (page does not exist)\")) *Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:* [α-Pinene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91-Pinene \"Α-Pinene\") [MRK-409 (MK-0343)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MRK-409_\$MK-0343\$ \"MRK-409 (MK-0343)\") [TCS-1105](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1 \"TCS-1105 (page does not exist)\") [TCS-1205](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TCS-1205 \"TCS-1205\") |\n| ***See also:** [Receptor\/signaling modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Receptor_modulators \"Template:Receptor modulators\") • [GABA receptor modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators \"Template:GABA receptor modulators\") • [GABA metabolism\/transport modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators \"Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators\")* |   |\n\n[Portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals \"Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\"):\n\n- ![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/WHO_Rod.svg\/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png) [Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Medicine \"Portal:Medicine\")\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q422244#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| National | [United States](https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/sh90005418) [France](https:\/\/catalogue.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb12387253f) [BnF data](https:\/\/data.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb12387253f) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007539315005171) |\n| Other | [Yale LUX](https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/b9700566-68bc-48e6-bb3c-2f5d481a0da0) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&oldid=1346192887>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl compounds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:4-\$Trifluoromethyl\$phenyl_compounds \"Category:4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl compounds\")\n- [5-HT2C antagonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:5-HT2C_antagonists \"Category:5-HT2C antagonists\")\n- [5-HT3 antagonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:5-HT3_antagonists \"Category:5-HT3 antagonists\")\n- [Anorectics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Anorectics \"Category:Anorectics\")\n- [Anticonvulsants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Anticonvulsants \"Category:Anticonvulsants\")\n- [Antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Antidepressants \"Category:Antidepressants\")\n- [Drugs developed by AbbVie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Drugs_developed_by_AbbVie \"Category:Drugs developed by AbbVie\")\n- [CYP2B6 inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CYP2B6_inhibitors \"Category:CYP2B6 inhibitors\")\n- [CYP2D6 inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CYP2D6_inhibitors \"Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors\")\n- [Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Eli_Lilly_and_Company \"Category:Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company\")\n- [GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulators \"Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators\")\n- [Nicotinic antagonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Nicotinic_antagonists \"Category:Nicotinic antagonists\")\n- [Phenol ethers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Phenol_ethers \"Category:Phenol ethers\")\n- [Premature ejaculation drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Premature_ejaculation_drugs \"Category:Premature ejaculation drugs\")\n- [Secondary amines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Secondary_amines \"Category:Secondary amines\")\n- [Selective 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nFluoxetine\n\n52 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine)","attrs_readable_markdown":"|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Fluoxetine.svg\/250px-Fluoxetine.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fluoxetine.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png\/250px-R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)(*R*)-fluoxetine (left), (*S*)-fluoxetine (right) |   |\n| Clinical data |   |\n| Pronunciation | US:  [*floo-AHKS\\-ə-teen*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\")   UK:  [*floo-OKS\\-ə-teen*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\") |\n| [Trade names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names \"Drug nomenclature\") | Prozac, Sarafem, others |\n| [AHFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists \"American Society of Health-System Pharmacists\")\/[Drugs.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drugs.com \"Drugs.com\") | [Monograph](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) |\n| [MedlinePlus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MedlinePlus \"MedlinePlus\") | [a689006](https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/druginfo\/meds\/a689006.html) |\n| [License data](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods \"Regulation of therapeutic goods\") | US [DailyMed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DailyMed \"DailyMed\"): [Fluoxetine](https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fluoxetine) |\n| [Pregnancy category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregnancy_category \"Pregnancy category\") | AU : C |\n| [Addiction liability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Addiction \"Addiction\") | None[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Hub2001-1) |\n| [Routes of administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Route_of_administration \"Route of administration\") | [By mouth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_administration \"Oral administration\") |\n| [Drug class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_class \"Drug class\") | [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\") (SSRI)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) |\n| [ATC code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System \"Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System\") | [N06AB03](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATC_code_N06 \"ATC code N06\") ([WHO](https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/?code=N06AB03)) [QN06AB03](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATC_code_N06 \"ATC code N06\") ([WHO](https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atcvet\/atcvet_index\/?code=QN06AB03)) |\n| Legal status |   |\n| [Legal status](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods \"Regulation of therapeutic goods\") | AU : [S4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4 \"Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons\") (Prescription only)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-3) BR : [Class C1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1 \"Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act\") (Other controlled substances)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-4) CA :  [℞-only](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\")[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-5) UK : [POM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\") (Prescription only) US : [℞-only](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\")[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7) EU : Rx-only |\n| [Pharmacokinetic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharmacokinetics \"Pharmacokinetics\") data |   |\n| [Bioavailability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioavailability \"Bioavailability\") | 60–80%[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) |\n| [Protein binding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasma_protein_binding \"Plasma protein binding\") | 94–95%[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) |\n| [Metabolism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_metabolism \"Drug metabolism\") | [Liver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liver \"Liver\") (mostly [CYP2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2D6 \"CYP2D6\")\\-mediated)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) |\n| [Metabolites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metabolite \"Metabolite\") | [Norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\")  Desmethylfluoxetine |\n| [Elimination half-life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_half-life \"Biological half-life\") | 1–3 days (acute) 4–6 days (chronic)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) |\n| [Excretion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excretion \"Excretion\") | Urine (80%), feces (15%)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) |\n| Identifiers |   |\n| [IUPAC name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry \"IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry\") *N*\\-methyl-3-phenyl-3-\\[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy\\]propan-1-amine |   |\n| [CAS Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CAS_Registry_Number \"CAS Registry Number\") | [54910-89-3](https:\/\/commonchemistry.cas.org\/detail?cas_rn=54910-89-3) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [56296-78-7](https:\/\/commonchemistry.cas.org\/detail?cas_rn=56296-78-7) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |\n| [PubChem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubChem#CID \"PubChem\") CID | [3386](https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/3386) as HCl: [62857](https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/62857) |\n| [IUPHAR\/BPS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guide_to_Pharmacology \"Guide to Pharmacology\") | [203](https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/GRAC\/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=203) |\n| [DrugBank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DrugBank \"DrugBank\") | [DB00472](https:\/\/www.drugbank.ca\/drugs\/DB00472) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [DBSALT000087](https:\/\/www.drugbank.ca\/drugs\/DBSALT000087) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |\n| [ChemSpider](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChemSpider \"ChemSpider\") | [3269](https:\/\/www.chemspider.com\/Chemical-Structure.3269.html) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [56589](https:\/\/www.chemspider.com\/Chemical-Structure.56589.html) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |\n| [UNII](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier \"Unique Ingredient Identifier\") | [01K63SUP8D](https:\/\/precision.fda.gov\/uniisearch\/srs\/unii\/01K63SUP8D) as HCl: [I9W7N6B1KJ](https:\/\/precision.fda.gov\/uniisearch\/srs\/unii\/I9W7N6B1KJ) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |\n| [KEGG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KEGG \"KEGG\") | [D00326](https:\/\/www.kegg.jp\/entry\/D00326) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [D00823](https:\/\/www.kegg.jp\/entry\/D00823) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |\n| [ChEBI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChEBI \"ChEBI\") | [CHEBI:5118](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chebi\/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5118) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [CHEBI:5119](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chebi\/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5119) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |\n| [ChEMBL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ChEMBL \"ChEMBL\") | [ChEMBL41](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chembl\/explore\/compound\/ChEMBL41) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [ChEMBL1201082](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/chembl\/explore\/compound\/ChEMBL1201082) ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |\n| [PDB ligand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protein_Data_Bank \"Protein Data Bank\") | RFX ([PDBe](https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/pdbe-srv\/PDBeXplore\/ligand\/?ligand=RFX), [RCSB PDB](https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ligand\/RFX)) |\n| [CompTox Dashboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard \"CompTox Chemicals Dashboard\") ( EPA ) | [DTXSID7023067](https:\/\/comptox.epa.gov\/dashboard\/chemical\/details\/DTXSID7023067) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q422244#P3117 \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |\n| [ECHA InfoCard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ECHA_InfoCard \"ECHA InfoCard\") | [100\\.125.370](https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/substance-information\/-\/substanceinfo\/100.125.370) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q422244#P2566 \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |\n| Chemical and physical data |   |\n| [Formula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemical_formula \"Chemical formula\") | C17H18F3NO |\n| [Molar mass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molar_mass \"Molar mass\") | 309\\.332 g·mol−1 |\n| 3D model ([JSmol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSmol \"JSmol\")) | [Interactive image](https:\/\/chemapps.stolaf.edu\/jmol\/jmol.php?model=CNCCC%28c1ccccc1%29Oc2ccc%28cc2%29C%28F%29%28F%29F) |\n| [Chirality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chirality_\$chemistry\$ \"Chirality (chemistry)\") | [Racemic mixture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racemic_mixture \"Racemic mixture\") |\n| [Melting point](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melting_point \"Melting point\") | 179 to 182 °C (354 to 360 °F) |\n| [Boiling point](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boiling_point \"Boiling point\") | 395 °C (743 °F) |\n| [SMILES](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system \"Simplified molecular-input line-entry system\") CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F |   |\n| [InChI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Chemical_Identifier \"International Chemical Identifier\") InChI=1S\/C17H18F3NO\/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20\/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3 ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) Key:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ![check](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Yes_check.svg\/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) |   |\n| [(verify)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=456481815&page2=Fluoxetine) |   |\n\n**Fluoxetine**, sold under the brand name **Prozac**, among others, is an [antidepressant medication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") of the [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\") (SSRI) class[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) used for the treatment of [major depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\"), [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder \"Anxiety disorder\"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") (OCD), [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\"), and [bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulimia_nervosa \"Bulimia nervosa\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) It is also approved for treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and children 8 years of age and over.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-10) It has also been used to treat [premature ejaculation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premature_ejaculation \"Premature ejaculation\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) Fluoxetine is [taken by mouth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_administration \"Oral administration\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2)\n\nCommon side effects include [loss of appetite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anorexia_\$symptom\$ \"Anorexia (symptom)\"), [nausea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nausea \"Nausea\"), [diarrhea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\"), [headache](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Headache \"Headache\"), [trouble sleeping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\"), [dry mouth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xerostomia \"Xerostomia\"), and [sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_dysfunction \"Sexual dysfunction\"). Serious side effects include [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_syndrome \"Serotonin syndrome\"), [mania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mania \"Mania\"), [seizures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seizure \"Seizure\"), an increased risk of [suicidal behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide \"Suicide\"), and an increased risk of [bleeding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bleeding \"Bleeding\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) [Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome \"Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome\") is less likely to occur with fluoxetine than with other antidepressants. Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in [congenital heart defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congenital_heart_defect \"Congenital heart defect\") in newborns.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) It has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during [breastfeeding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breastfeeding \"Breastfeeding\") if it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants were ineffective.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PB2015-13)\n\nFluoxetine was invented by [Eli Lilly and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eli_Lilly_and_Company \"Eli Lilly and Company\") in 1972. Eli Lilly filed a new drug application for the US Food and Drug Administration in 1974, which was accepted in 1977.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-14) It subsequently entered medical use in 1986.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-15) It is on the [World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines \"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\")[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-WHO23rd-16) and is available as a [generic medication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generic_medication \"Generic medication\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) In 2023, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States and the fourth most common antidepressant, with more than 27 million prescriptions.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Top300Drugs-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-18)\n\nEli Lilly also markets fluoxetine in a fixed-dose combination with [olanzapine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine \"Olanzapine\") as [olanzapine\/fluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olanzapine\/fluoxetine \"Olanzapine\/fluoxetine\") (Symbyax), which was approved by the US [Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) for the treatment of depressive episodes of [bipolar I disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_I_disorder \"Bipolar I disorder\") in 2003 and for [treatment-resistant depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatment-resistant_depression \"Treatment-resistant depression\") in 2009.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Symbyax_FDA_label-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-20)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg\/250px-Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg)\n\nfluoxetine [blister pack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blister_pack \"Blister pack\") 20 mg capsules\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/48\/10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg\/250px-10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg)\n\nFluoxetine 10 mg tablets\n\nFluoxetine is frequently used to treat [major depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") (OCD), [post-traumatic stress disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") (PTSD), [bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulimia_nervosa \"Bulimia nervosa\"), [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\"), and [trichotillomania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trichotillomania \"Trichotillomania\").[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Trichotillomania-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-23)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-24)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-25) It has also been used for [cataplexy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cataplexy \"Cataplexy\"), [obesity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obesity \"Obesity\"), [alcohol dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_dependence \"Alcohol dependence\"), [social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\"),[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) as well as [binge eating disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binge_eating_disorder \"Binge eating disorder\").[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-26)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-27) Studies do not support a benefit in children with [autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism \"Autism\"), though there is weak evidence for benefit in adult autism.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-28)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-29)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-30)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-31) Fluoxetine and the related [fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\") have shown some initial promise as a potential treatment for reducing [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") severity if given early.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-32)\n\nFluoxetine is approved for the treatment of major depression in children and adults.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A meta-analysis of trials in adults concluded that fluoxetine modestly outperforms placebo.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid29477251-33) Fluoxetine may be less effective than other antidepressants, but has high acceptability.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_versus_other_types_of_pharmacotherapy_for_depression-34)\n\nFor children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe depressive disorder, fluoxetine seems to be the best treatment (either with or without [cognitive behavioural therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\"), although fluoxetine alone does not appear to be superior to CBT alone) but more research is needed to be certain, as effect sizes are small and the existing evidence is of dubious quality.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:4-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:5-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:6-38) A 2022 systematic review and trial restoration of the two original blinded-control trials used to approve the use of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression found that both of the trials were severely flawed, and therefore did not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of the medication.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Int_J_Risk_Saf_Med_33,_385%E2%80%93408-39) In 2025, a trial restoration of the influential TADS study found that fluoxetine had not been superior to placebo in the treatment of depressed adolescents, contradicting previously reported results used in meta-analyses and guidelines.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-40)\n\n### Obsessive–compulsive disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Obsessive–compulsive disorder\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is effective in the treatment of [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") (OCD).[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-41) It is effective for treating OCD in children, adolescents and adults.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:02-42)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:52-43) The [American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry \"American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\") state that [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSRI \"SSRI\"), including fluoxetine, should be used as first-line therapy in children, along with [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT), for the treatment of moderate to severe OCD.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-44)\n\nThe efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\") was demonstrated in two 12-week randomized multicenter [phase III clinical trials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_trial#Phases \"Clinical trial\") that enrolled patients diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without [agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\"). In the first trial, 42% of subjects in the fluoxetine-treated arm were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 28% in the placebo arm. In the second trial, 62% of fluoxetine-treated patients were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 44% in the placebo arm.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6)\n\nA 2011 [systematic review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systematic_review \"Systematic review\") discussed seven trials that compared fluoxetine to a [placebo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Placebo \"Placebo\") in the treatment of [bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulimia_nervosa \"Bulimia nervosa\"), six of which found a statistically significant reduction in symptoms such as vomiting and binge eating.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-45) However, no difference was observed between treatment arms when fluoxetine and [psychotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\") were compared to psychotherapy alone.\n\n### Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is used to treat [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\"), a condition where individuals have [affective](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Affect_\$psychology\$ \"Affect (psychology)\") and [somatic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somatic_symptoms \"Somatic symptoms\") symptoms monthly during the [luteal phase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luteal_phase \"Luteal phase\") of menstruation.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Rapkin-46) Taking fluoxetine 20 mg\/d can be effective in treating PMDD,[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-48) though doses of 10 mg\/d have also been prescribed effectively.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-50)\n\n### Impulsive aggression\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Impulsive aggression\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine is considered a first-line medication for the treatment of impulsive aggression of low intensity.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51) Fluoxetine reduced low-intensity aggressive behavior in patients in [intermittent explosive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermittent_explosive_disorder \"Intermittent explosive disorder\") and [borderline personality disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borderline_personality_disorder \"Borderline personality disorder\").[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-52)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-53) Fluoxetine also reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-54)\n\n### Obesity and overweight adults\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Obesity and overweight adults\")\\]\n\nIn 2019 a [systematic review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systematic_review \"Systematic review\") compared the effects on weight of various doses of fluoxetine (60 mg\/d, 40 mg\/d, 20 mg\/d, 10 mg\/d) in obese and overweight adults.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When compared to placebo, all dosages of fluoxetine appeared to contribute to weight loss but lead to increased risk of experiencing side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea, during the period of treatment. However, these conclusions were from low-certainty evidence.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When comparing, in the same review, the effects of fluoxetine on the weight of obese and overweight adults, to other anti-obesity agents, omega-3 [gel capsule](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gel_capsule \"Gel capsule\") and not receiving treatment, the authors could not reach conclusive results due to poor quality of evidence.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55)\n\n### Special populations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Special populations\")\\]\n\nIn children and adolescents, fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to tentative evidence favoring efficacy and tolerability.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-57) Evidence supporting an increased risk of major fetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) of the United Kingdom has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, formation of the fetal organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital [cardiac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart \"Heart\") malformations in the newborn.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Preg-58)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MHRA-60) Furthermore, an association between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor fetal malformations was observed in one study.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)\n\nHowever, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies—published in the *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada*—concluded, \"the apparent increased risk of fetal cardiac malformations associated with maternal use of fluoxetine has recently been shown also in depressed women who deferred SSRI therapy in pregnancy, and therefore most probably reflects an ascertainment bias. Overall, women who are treated with fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy do not appear to have an increased risk of major fetal malformations.\"[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid26334601-61)\n\nPer the US [Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA), infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy may have an increased risk for [persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persistent_fetal_circulation \"Persistent fetal circulation\"). Limited data support this risk, but the FDA recommends physicians consider tapering SSRIs such as fluoxetine during the third trimester.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A 2009 review recommended against fluoxetine as a first-line SSRI during lactation, stating, \"Fluoxetine should be viewed as a less-preferred SSRI for breastfeeding mothers, particularly with newborn infants, and in those mothers who consumed fluoxetine during gestation.\"[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19652194-62) [Sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") is often the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal fetal exposure observed and its safety profile while breastfeeding.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Maudsley-63)\n\nSide effects observed in fluoxetine-treated persons in clinical trials with an incidence \\>5% and at least twice as common in fluoxetine-treated persons compared to those who received a placebo pill include abnormal dreams, abnormal [ejaculation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ejaculation \"Ejaculation\"), anorexia, anxiety, [asthenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asthenia \"Asthenia\"), [diarrhea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\"), dizziness, dry mouth, [dyspepsia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dyspepsia \"Dyspepsia\"), fatigue, [flu syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flu_syndrome \"Flu syndrome\"), [impotence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erectile_dysfunction \"Erectile dysfunction\"), [insomnia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\"), decreased [libido](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libido \"Libido\"), nausea, nervousness, [pharyngitis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharyngitis \"Pharyngitis\"), rash, [sinusitis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinusitis \"Sinusitis\"), [somnolence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somnolence \"Somnolence\"), sweating, [tremor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tremor \"Tremor\"), [vasodilation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasodilation \"Vasodilation\"), and [yawning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yawn \"Yawn\").[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pkginsert-64) Fluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is, it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation).[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Young-65) It also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g. [urticaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hives \"Hives\") (hives), rash, itchiness, etc.).[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)\n\nSexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, [erectile dysfunction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erectile_dysfunction \"Erectile dysfunction\"), lack of vaginal lubrication, and [anorgasmia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anorgasmia \"Anorgasmia\"), are some of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is \\>70%.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-66)\n\nIn 2019, the [Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Medicines_Agency#Pharmacovigilance_Risk_Assessment_Committee \"European Medicines Agency\") of the [European Medicines Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") recommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNRIs \"SNRIs\") should be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-67) Following on the European assessment, a safety review by [Health Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\") \"could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link ... which was long lasting in rare cases\", but recommended that \"healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment\".[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-HealthCanada-68)\n\nFluoxetine's longer [half-life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half-life \"Half-life\") makes it less common to develop [antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome \"Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome\") following cessation of therapy, especially when compared with antidepressants with shorter half-lives such as [paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\").[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bhat-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AFP-70) Although gradual dose reductions are recommended with antidepressants with shorter [half-lives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Half-life \"Half-life\"), tapering may not be necessary with fluoxetine.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CMAJ-71) It has been recommended as a treatment option for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-72)\n\nAntidepressant exposure (including fluoxetine) is associated with shorter average duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower [Apgar scores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apgar_score \"Apgar score\") (by \\<0.4 points).[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-73)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-74) There is 30–36% increase in [congenital heart defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congenital_heart_defect \"Congenital heart defect\") among children whose mothers were prescribed fluoxetine during pregnancy,[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) with fluoxetine use in the first trimester associated with 38–65% increase in [septal heart defects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_septal_defect \"Heart septal defect\").[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid28513059-75)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg\/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(March 2022)* |\n\nIn recent years, the clinical understanding of the FDA's \"black box\" warning has evolved to focus on the balance between medication risks and the risks of untreated depression. While the 2004 and 2006 warnings regarding increased suicidal ideation in children and young adults (under 25) remain, long-term data published through 2024 suggests that these warnings may have led to an unintended decline in depression treatment, which some studies correlate with an increase in suicide deaths among adolescents. Statistical meta-analyses updated in 2022 confirm that while the risk of suicidal thoughts in youth on antidepressants like fluoxetine is approximately twice that of a placebo (4% vs 2%), there remains no statistically significant increase in completed suicides across dozens of pediatric trials. Furthermore, recent data continues to show a protective effect in older populations; for adults aged 65 and older, antidepressant use is associated with a statistically significant decrease in suicidality.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-76)\n\nRegarding specific treatments, research published between 2021 and 2023 reinforces that fluoxetine is most effective and carries the lowest risk of adverse behavioral events when paired with psychotherapy. A 2022 meta-analysis found that combination therapy (medication plus CBT) resulted in a lower incidence of suicidal events compared to fluoxetine alone. While fluoxetine remains the only FDA-approved antidepressant for children as young as 8, modern clinical guidelines emphasize rigorous monitoring during the first 12 weeks of treatment—the period identified as having the highest risk for the onset of suicidal ideation.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-77)\n\nFluoxetine can affect the [electrical currents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ion_channel \"Ion channel\") that [heart muscle cells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_muscle_cell \"Cardiac muscle cell\") use to coordinate their contraction, specifically the [potassium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potassium \"Potassium\") currents *I*to and *I*Ks that repolarise the [cardiac action potential](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_action_potential \"Cardiac action potential\").[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-78) Under certain circumstances, this can lead to prolongation of the [QT interval](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QT_interval \"QT interval\"), a measurement made on an [electrocardiogram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrocardiography \"Electrocardiography\") reflecting how long it takes for the heart to electrically recharge after each heartbeat. When fluoxetine is taken alongside other drugs that prolong the QT interval, or by those with a susceptibility to [long QT syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_QT_syndrome \"Long QT syndrome\"), there is a small risk of potentially lethal [abnormal heart rhythms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_arrhythmia \"Heart arrhythmia\") such as [torsades de pointes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torsades_de_pointes \"Torsades de pointes\").[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-79) A study completed in 2011 found that fluoxetine does not alter the QT interval and has no clinically meaningful effects on the cardiac action potential.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-80)\n\nIn overdose, most frequent adverse effects include:[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pubchem-81)\n\nContraindications include prior treatment (within the past 2 weeks)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-82)[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-83) with [MAOIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors \"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors\") such as [phenelzine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phenelzine \"Phenelzine\") and [tranylcypromine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tranylcypromine \"Tranylcypromine\"), due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_syndrome \"Serotonin syndrome\").[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use in those concurrently receiving [pimozide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pimozide \"Pimozide\") or [thioridazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thioridazine \"Thioridazine\") is also advised against.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)\n\nIn case of short-term administration of codeine for pain management, it is advised to monitor and adjust dosage. Codeine might not provide sufficient analgesia when fluoxetine is co-administered.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-84) If opioid treatment is required, oxycodone use should be monitored since [oxycodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxycodone \"Oxycodone\") is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system and fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 enzymes.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-85) This means combinations of codeine or oxycodone with fluoxetine antidepressant may lead to reduced analgesia.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-86)\n\nIn some cases, use of [dextromethorphan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextromethorphan \"Dextromethorphan\")\\-containing cold and cough medications with fluoxetine is advised against, due to fluoxetine increasing serotonin levels, as well as the fact that fluoxetine is a [cytochrome P450 2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytochrome_P450_2D6 \"Cytochrome P450 2D6\") inhibitor, which causes dextromethorphan to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome and other potential side effects of dextromethorphan.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_1-87)\n\nPatients who are taking [NSAIDs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug \"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug\"), [antiplatelet drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiplatelet_drug \"Antiplatelet drug\"), [anticoagulants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anticoagulant \"Anticoagulant\"), [omega-3 fatty acids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Omega-3_fatty_acid \"Omega-3 fatty acid\"), [vitamin E](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_E \"Vitamin E\"), and garlic [supplements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dietary_supplement \"Dietary supplement\") must be careful when taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs, as they can sometimes increase the blood-thinning effects of these medications.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_2-88)[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-89)\n\nFluoxetine and [norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\") [inhibit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enzyme_inhibitor \"Enzyme inhibitor\") many [isozymes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isozyme \"Isozyme\") of the [cytochrome P450](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytochrome_P450 \"Cytochrome P450\") system that are involved in [drug metabolism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_metabolism \"Drug metabolism\"). Both are potent inhibitors of [CYP2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2D6 \"CYP2D6\") (which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and [CYP2C19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2C19 \"CYP2C19\"), and mild to moderate inhibitors of [CYP2B6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2B6 \"CYP2B6\") and [CYP2C9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2C9 \"CYP2C9\").[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-91) *[In vivo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_vivo \"In vivo\")*, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do not significantly affect the activity of [CYP1A2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP1A2 \"CYP1A2\") and [CYP3A4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP3A4 \"CYP3A4\").[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90) They also inhibit the activity of [P-glycoprotein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P-glycoprotein \"P-glycoprotein\"), a type of [membrane transport protein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Membrane_transport_protein \"Membrane transport protein\") that plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates, such as [loperamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loperamide \"Loperamide\"), may have their central effects potentiated.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92) This extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential for [interactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_interaction \"Drug interaction\") with many commonly used drugs.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92)[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-93)\n\nIts use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors \"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors\"), [tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressants \"Tricyclic antidepressants\"), [methamphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\"), [amphetamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphetamine \"Amphetamine\"), [MDMA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylenedioxymethamphetamine \"Methylenedioxymethamphetamine\"), [triptans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triptan \"Triptan\"), [buspirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buspirone \"Buspirone\"), [ginseng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ginseng \"Ginseng\"), [dextromethorphan (DXM)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dextromethorphan \"Dextromethorphan\"), [linezolid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linezolid \"Linezolid\"), [tramadol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tramadol \"Tramadol\"), [serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors \"Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\") (SNRIs), and other SSRIs due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_syndrome \"Serotonin syndrome\") to develop as a result.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-94)\n\nFluoxetine may also increase the risk of opioid overdose in some instances, in part due to its inhibitory effect on cytochrome P-450.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-96) Similar to how fluoxetine can effect the metabolization of dextromethorphan, it may cause medications like [oxycodone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxycodone \"Oxycodone\") to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome as well as resulting in an increased concentration of oxycodone in the blood, which may lead to [accidental overdose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accidental_overdose \"Accidental overdose\"). A 2022 study that examined the health insurance claims of over 2 million Americans who began taking oxycodone while using SSRIs between 2000 and 2020, found that patients taking [paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\") or fluoxetine had a 23% higher risk of overdosing on oxycodone than those using other SSRIs.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95)\n\nThere is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)\n\n| Molecular target | Fluoxetine | Norfluoxetine |\n|---|---|---|\n| [**SERT**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_transporter \"Serotonin transporter\") | 1 | 19 |\n| [NET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine_transporter \"Norepinephrine transporter\") | 574 | 2700 |\n| [DAT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine_transporter \"Dopamine transporter\") | 1092 | 420 |\n| [**5-HT1A**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1A_receptor \"5-HT1A receptor\") | 32400 | 13700 |\n| [**5-HT2A**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2A_receptor \"5-HT2A receptor\") | 147 | 295 |\n| [**5-HT2C**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT2C_receptor \"5-HT2C receptor\") | 112 | 91 |\n| [α1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor \"Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor\") | 3800 | 3900 |\n| [M1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1\") | 702–1030 | 1200 |\n| [M2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2\") | 2700 | 4600 |\n| [M3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3\") | 1000 | 760 |\n| [M4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4\") | 2900 | 2600 |\n| [M5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5 \"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5\") | 2700 | 2200 |\n| [H1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histamine_H1_receptor \"Histamine H1 receptor\") | 3250 | \\>10000 |\n\nFluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and does not appreciably inhibit [norepinephrine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norepinephrine \"Norepinephrine\") and [dopamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine \"Dopamine\") reuptake at therapeutic doses. It does, however, delay the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Large doses in rats have been shown to induce a significant increase in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-102)[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11919662-103)[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Thus, dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine in humans at supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg).[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19298831-106) This effect may be mediated by 5HT2C receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8876023-107)\n\nFluoxetine increases the concentration of circulating [allopregnanolone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allopregnanolone \"Allopregnanolone\"), a potent [GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator \"GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator\"), at concentrations that are inactive on serotonin reuptake.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105)[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-108) [Norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\"), a primary [active metabolite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Active_metabolite \"Active metabolite\") of fluoxetine, produces a similar effect on allopregnanolone levels in the brains of mice.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Additionally, both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are such modulators themselves, actions which may be clinically relevant.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109)\n\nIn addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an [agonist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agonist \"Agonist\") of the [σ1\\-receptor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigma-1_receptor \"Sigma-1 receptor\"), with a [potency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potency_\$pharmacology\$ \"Potency (pharmacology)\") greater than that of [citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\") but less than that of [fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\"). However, the significance of this property is not fully clear.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8831113-110)[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid20021354-111) Fluoxetine also functions as a channel blocker of [anoctamin 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anoctamin_1 \"Anoctamin 1\"), a [calcium-activated chloride channel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel \"Calcium-activated chloride channel\").[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-112)[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-113) A number of other [ion channels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ion_channel \"Ion channel\"), including [nicotinic acetylcholine receptors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor \"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor\") and [5-HT3 receptors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT3_receptor \"5-HT3 receptor\"), are also known to be *inhibited* at similar concentrations.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109)\n\nFluoxetine has been shown to inhibit [acid sphingomyelinase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acid_sphingomyelinase \"Acid sphingomyelinase\"), a key regulator of [ceramide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceramide \"Ceramide\") levels which derives ceramide from [sphingomyelin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sphingomyelin \"Sphingomyelin\").[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-114)[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-115)\n\n### Mechanism of action\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Mechanism of action\")\\]\n\nWhile it is unclear how fluoxetine exerts its effect on mood, it has been suggested that fluoxetine elicits an antidepressant effect by inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the synapse by binding to the reuptake pump on the neuronal membrane[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116) to increase serotonin availability and enhance neurotransmission.[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-117) Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic [5-HT1A receptors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-HT1A_receptor \"5-HT1A receptor\"), which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of [brain-derived neurotrophic factor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor \"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor\"), which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-118)[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-119) Norfluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine are metabolites of fluoxetine and also act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increasing the duration of action of the drug.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-120)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116)\n\nProlonged exposure to fluoxetine changes the expression of genes involved in myelination, a process that shapes brain connectivity and contributes to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The regulation of genes involved with myelination is partially responsible for the long-term therapeutic benefits of chronic SSRI exposure.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-121)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Seproxetine.svg\/250px-Seproxetine.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Seproxetine.svg)\n\nThe *S* [enantiomer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enantiomer \"Enantiomer\") of [norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\"), fluoxetine's chief active metabolite\n\nThe [bioavailability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioavailability \"Bioavailability\") of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6–8 hours. It is highly [bound](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasma_protein_binding \"Plasma protein binding\") to plasma proteins, mostly [albumin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_serum_albumin \"Human serum albumin\") and α1\\-glycoprotein.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Fluoxetine is [metabolized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_metabolism \"Drug metabolism\") in the [liver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liver \"Liver\") by [isoenzymes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isoenzyme \"Isoenzyme\") of the [cytochrome P450](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytochrome_P450 \"Cytochrome P450\") system, including [CYP2D6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CYP2D6 \"CYP2D6\").[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122) The role of CYP2D6 in the [metabolism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metabolism \"Metabolism\") of fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great [genetic variability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_variability \"Genetic variability\") in the function of this enzyme among people. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, [norfluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfluoxetine \"Norfluoxetine\").[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-123) Both drugs are also potent [inhibitors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enzyme_inhibitor \"Enzyme inhibitor\") of CYP2D6.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-124)\n\nThe extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine [elimination half-life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elimination_half-life \"Elimination half-life\") increases from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Similarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122)[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125)[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Newcastle-126) Therefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks.[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127)[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12063152-128) Moreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) For major depressive disorder, while onset of antidepressant action may be felt as early as 1–2 weeks,[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-130) the full benefit of the current dose a patient receives is not realized for at least a month following ingestion. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days.[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127) Likewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases by only 50%,[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) The blood level of norfluoxetine four weeks after treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and, seven weeks after discontinuation, norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood.[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125)\n\n### Measurement in body fluids\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Measurement in body fluids\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized persons, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg\/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg\/L in survivors of acute overdosage, and 1000–7000 μg\/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy but may be substantially less following acute overdosage since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium.[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-131)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-132)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-133)\n\nThe work which eventually led to the invention of fluoxetine began at [Eli Lilly and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eli_Lilly_and_Company \"Eli Lilly and Company\") in 1970 as a collaboration between [Bryan Molloy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bryan_Molloy \"Bryan Molloy\") and Ray Fuller.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) It was known at that time that the [antihistamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antihistamine \"Antihistamine\") [diphenhydramine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diphenhydramine \"Diphenhydramine\") (DPH) showed some antidepressant-like properties. [3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PPPA_\$drug\$ \"PPPA (drug)\"), a compound structurally similar to DPH, was taken as a starting point. Molloy and fellow Eli Lilly chemist [Klaus Schmiegel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klaus_Schmiegel \"Klaus Schmiegel\") synthesized a series of dozens of its derivatives.[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wong-135)[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-136) Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only [serotonin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin \"Serotonin\") reuptake, another Eli Lilly scientist, [David T. Wong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_T._Wong \"David T. Wong\"), proposed to retest the series for the *[in vitro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_vitro \"In vitro\")* reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and [dopamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine \"Dopamine\"), using a technique developed by neuroscientist [Solomon Snyder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solomon_H._Snyder \"Solomon H. Snyder\").[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) This test showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) The first article about fluoxetine was published in 1974,[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) following talks given at [FASEB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology \"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology\") and [ASPET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Experimental_Therapeutics \"American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics\").[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-138) A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the brand name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the US [Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) for fluoxetine.[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139)\n\nFluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986.[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-140) In the U.S., the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987,[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-141) and a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached \\$350 million within a year.[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139) Worldwide sales eventually reached a peak of \\$2.6 billion a year.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-142)\n\nLilly tried several [product line extension](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Product_line_extension \"Product line extension\") strategies, including extended-release formulations and paying for clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\") and rebranding fluoxetine for that indication as \"Sarafem\" after it was approved by the FDA in 2000, following the recommendation of an advisory committee in 1999.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143)[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-144)[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-SarafemRec-145) The invention of using fluoxetine to treat PMDD was made by [Richard Wurtman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Wurtman \"Richard Wurtman\") at MIT; the patent was licensed to his startup, Interneuron, which in turn sold it to Lilly.[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-146)\n\nTo defend its Prozac revenue from generic competition, Lilly also fought a five-year, multimillion-dollar battle in court with the generic company [Barr Pharmaceuticals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barr_Pharmaceuticals \"Barr Pharmaceuticals\") to protect its patents on fluoxetine, and lost the cases for its line-extension patents, other than those for Sarafem, opening fluoxetine to generic manufacturers starting in 2001.[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-147) When Lilly's patent expired in August 2001,[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-148) [generic drug](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generic_drug \"Generic drug\") competition decreased Lilly's sales of fluoxetine by 70% within two months.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143)\n\nIn 2000 an investment bank had projected that annual sales of Sarafem could reach \\$250M\/year.[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Sales of Sarafem reached about \\$85M\/year in 2002, and in that year Lilly sold its assets connected with the drug for \\$295M to Galen Holdings, a small Irish pharmaceutical company specializing in dermatology and women's health that had a sales force tasked to gynecologists' offices; analysts found the deal sensible since the annual sales of Sarafem made a material financial difference to Galen, but not to Lilly.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-150)[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Telegraph2002-151)\n\nBringing Sarafem to market harmed Lilly's reputation in some quarters. The diagnostic category of PMDD was [controversial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder#History \"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder\") since it was first proposed in 1987, and Lilly's role in retaining it in the appendix of the [DSM-IV-TR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DSM-IV-TR \"DSM-IV-TR\"), the discussions for which got underway in 1998, has been criticized.[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Lilly was accused of inventing a disease to make money,[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) and for not innovating but rather just seeking ways to continue making money from existing drugs.[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-152) It was also criticized by the FDA and groups concerned with women's health for marketing Sarafem too aggressively when it was first launched; the campaign included a television commercial featuring a harried woman at the grocery store who asks herself if she has PMDD.[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-153)\n\n## Society and culture\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: Society and culture\")\\]\n\n### Prescription trends\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: Prescription trends\")\\]\n\nIn 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic fluoxetine were filled in the United States,[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154) making it the third-most prescribed antidepressant after [sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") and [citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\").[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154)\n\nIn 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United Kingdom.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-155) Between 1998 and 2017, along with [amitriptyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amitriptyline \"Amitriptyline\"), it was the most commonly prescribed first antidepressant for adolescents aged 12–17 years in England.[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-156)\n\n### Environmental effects\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: Environmental effects\")\\]\n\nFluoxetine has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, especially in North America.[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-157) There is a growing body of research addressing the effects of fluoxetine (among other SSRIs) exposure on non-target aquatic species.[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-158)[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159)[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160)[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Menningen2011rev-161)\n\nIn 2003, one of the first studies addressed in detail the potential effects of fluoxetine on aquatic wildlife; this research concluded that exposure at environmental concentrations was of little risk to [aquatic systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquatic_ecosystem \"Aquatic ecosystem\") if a hazard quotient approach was applied to risk assessment.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160) However, they also stated the need for further research addressing sub-lethal consequences of fluoxetine, specifically focusing on study species' sensitivity, behavioural responses, and endpoints modulated by the [serotonin system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin_system \"Serotonin system\").[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160)\n\nFluoxetine – similar to several other SSRIs – induces [reproductive behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reproductive_behavior \"Reproductive behavior\") in some [shellfish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shellfish \"Shellfish\") at concentrations as low as 10\\-10 [M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molar_concentration \"Molar concentration\"), or 30 [parts per trillion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parts_per_trillion \"Parts per trillion\").[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pharmaceuticals-and-Care-Products-162): 21\n\nSince 2003, several studies have reported fluoxetine-induced impacts on many behavioural and physiological endpoints, inducing antipredator behaviour,[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-163)[\\[164\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-164)[\\[165\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-165) reproduction,[\\[166\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-166)[\\[167\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Schultz_38%E2%80%9347-167) and foraging[\\[168\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-168)[\\[169\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-169) at or below field-detected concentrations. However, a 2014 review on the [ecotoxicology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecotoxicology \"Ecotoxicology\") of fluoxetine concluded that, at that time, a consensus on the ability of environmentally realistic dosages to affect the behaviour of wildlife could not be reached.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159) At environmentally realistic concentrations, fluoxetine alters [insect emergence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insect_emergence \"Insect emergence\") timing.[\\[170\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170) Richmond *et al.*, 2019 find that at low concentrations it accelerates emergence of [Diptera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diptera \"Diptera\"), while at unusually high concentrations it has no discernable effect.[\\[170\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170)\n\nSeveral common plants are known to absorb fluoxetine.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Several crops have been tested, and Redshaw *et al.* 2008 find that [cauliflower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cauliflower \"Cauliflower\") absorbs large amounts into the stem and leaf but not the head or root.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu *et al.* 2012 find that [lettuce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lettuce \"Lettuce\") and [spinach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinach \"Spinach\") also absorb detectable amounts, while Carter *et al.* 2014 find that [radish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radish \"Radish\") (*Raphanus sativus*), ryegrass (*[Lolium perenne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lolium_perenne \"Lolium perenne\")*) – and Wu *et al.* 2010 find that [soybean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soybean \"Soybean\") (*Glycine max*) – absorb little.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu tested all tissues of soybean and all showed only low concentrations.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) By contrast various Reinhold *et al.* 2010 find [duckweeds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duckweed \"Duckweed\") have a high uptake of fluoxetine and show promise for [bioremediation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioremediation \"Bioremediation\") of contaminated water, especially *[Lemna minor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lemna_minor \"Lemna minor\")* and *[Landoltia punctata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landoltia_punctata \"Landoltia punctata\")*.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Ecotoxicity for organisms involved in [aquaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture \"Aquaculture\") is well documented.[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172): 275–276  Fluoxetine affects both aquacultured [invertebrates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invertebrate \"Invertebrate\") and [vertebrates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebrate \"Vertebrate\"), and [inhibits soil microbes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antimicrobial \"Antimicrobial\") including a large [antibacterial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibacterial \"Antibacterial\") effect.[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172)\n\nDuring the 1990 campaign for [governor of Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Governor_of_Florida \"Governor of Florida\"), it was disclosed that one of the candidates, [Lawton Chiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawton_Chiles \"Lawton Chiles\"), had depression and had resumed taking fluoxetine, leading his political opponents to question his fitness to serve as governor.[\\[173\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-173)\n\n### American aircraft pilots\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=28 \"Edit section: American aircraft pilots\")\\]\n\nBeginning in April 2010, fluoxetine became one of four antidepressant drugs that the [FAA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FAA \"FAA\") permitted for [pilots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pilot_in_command \"Pilot in command\") with authorization from an [aviation medical examiner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aviation_medical_examiner \"Aviation medical examiner\"). The other permitted antidepressants are [sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\") (Zoloft), [citalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citalopram \"Citalopram\") (Celexa), and [escitalopram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escitalopram \"Escitalopram\") (Lexapro).[\\[174\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-174) These four remain the only antidepressants permitted by FAA as of 2 December 2016.[\\[175\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-175)\n\nSertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram are the only antidepressants permitted for [EASA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EASA \"EASA\") medical certification, as of January 2019.[\\[176\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-176)[\\[177\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-177)\n\nThe antibacterial effect described above ([§ Environmental effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#Environmental_effects)) could be applied against [multiresistant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_drug_resistance \"Multiple drug resistance\") biotypes in [crop bacterial diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crop_bacterial_disease \"Crop bacterial disease\") and bacterial [aquaculture diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture_disease \"Aquaculture disease\").[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172) In a [glucocorticoid receptor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glucocorticoid_receptor \"Glucocorticoid receptor\")\\-defective [zebrafish mutant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetically_modified_zebrafish \"Genetically modified zebrafish\") (*Danio rerio*) with reduced [exploratory behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exploration \"Exploration\"), fluoxetine rescued the normal exploratory behavior.[\\[178\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178) This demonstrates relationships between glucocorticoids, fluoxetine, and exploration in this fish.[\\[178\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178)\n\nFluoxetine has an [anti-nematode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-nematode \"Anti-nematode\") effect.[\\[179\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179) Choy *et al.*, 1999 found some of this effect is due to interference with certain [transmembrane proteins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmembrane_protein \"Transmembrane protein\").[\\[179\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179)\n\nFluoxetine is commonly used and effective in treating anxiety-related behaviours and [separation anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_in_dogs \"Separation anxiety in dogs\") in dogs, especially when given as supplementation to [behaviour modification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dog_training \"Dog training\").[\\[180\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-180)[\\[181\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_note-181)\n\n- [List of antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_antidepressants \"List of antidepressants\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Hub2001_1-0)**\n   Hubbard JR, Martin PR (2001). [*Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=MY1kFYk98mQC&pg=PA26). CRC Press. p. 26. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-8247-4497-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8247-4497-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8247-4497-7\")\n   \n   .\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-8)\n   [\"Fluoxetine Hydrochloride\"](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html). The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151208193110\/http:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017\"](https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/resources\/publication\/publications\/prescription-medicines-registration-new-generic-medicines-and-biosimilar-medicines-2017). *Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)*. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-4)**\n   [Anvisa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency \"Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency\") (31 March 2023). [\"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\"](https:\/\/www.in.gov.br\/en\/web\/dou\/-\/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992) \\[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control\\] (in Brazilian Portuguese). [Diário Oficial da União](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o \"Diário Oficial da União\") (published 4 April 2023). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230803143925\/https:\/\/www.in.gov.br\/en\/web\/dou\/-\/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Mental health\"](https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/health\/drug-health-products\/drug-medical-device-highlights-2017\/approved-drugs\/mental-health.html). *[Health Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\")*. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2024.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-4)\n   [\"Prozac- fluoxetine hydrochloride capsule\"](https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c88f33ed-6dfb-4c5e-bc01-d8e36dd97299). *DailyMed*. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2023.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Sarafem_FDA_label_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Sarafem_FDA_label_7-1)\n   [\"Sarafem (fluoxetine hydrochloride tablets ) for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 1987\"](https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/archives\/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=600145). *DailyMed*. Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-9)\n   [\"Prozac Fluoxetine Hydrochloride\"](https:\/\/www.ebs.tga.gov.au\/ebs\/picmi\/picmirepository.nsf\/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-04098-3) (PDF). *TGA eBusiness Services*. Eli Lilly Australia Pty. Limited. 9 October 2013. 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[PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7521022](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7521022). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33062616](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33062616).\n\n- Shorter E (2014). [\"The 25th anniversary of the launch of Prozac gives pause for thought: where did we go wrong?\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.113.129916). *The British Journal of Psychiatry*. **204** (5): 331–2\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1192\/bjp.bp.113.129916](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.113.129916). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [24785765](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24785765).\n- Haberman C (21 September 2014). [\"Selling Prozac as the Life-Enhancing Cure for Mental Woes\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/09\/22\/us\/selling-prozac-as-the-life-enhancing-cure-for-mental-woes.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.\n\n![Spoken Wikipedia icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg\/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)\n\n[This audio file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg \"File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg\") was created from a revision of this article dated 13 March 2021, and does not reflect subsequent edits.\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Fluoxetine](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Fluoxetine \"commons:Category:Fluoxetine\").","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine
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Boilerpipe Text	Fluoxetine ( R )-fluoxetine (left), ( S )-fluoxetine (right) Clinical data Pronunciation US: floo- AHKS -ə-teen UK: floo- OKS -ə-teen Trade names Prozac, Sarafem, others AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a689006 License data US DailyMed : Fluoxetine Pregnancy category AU : C Addiction liability None [ 1 ] Routes of administration By mouth Drug class Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) [ 2 ] ATC code N06AB03 ( WHO ) QN06AB03 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : S4 (Prescription only) [ 3 ] BR : Class C1 (Other controlled substances) [ 4 ] CA : ℞-only [ 5 ] UK : POM (Prescription only) US : ℞-only [ 6 ] [ 7 ] EU : Rx-only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 60–80% [ 2 ] Protein binding 94–95% [ 6 ] Metabolism Liver (mostly CYP2D6 -mediated) [ 8 ] Metabolites Norfluoxetine Desmethylfluoxetine Elimination half-life 1–3 days (acute) 4–6 days (chronic) [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Excretion Urine (80%), feces (15%) [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Identifiers IUPAC name N -methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine CAS Number 54910-89-3 as HCl: 56296-78-7 PubChem CID 3386 as HCl: 62857 IUPHAR/BPS 203 DrugBank DB00472 as HCl: DBSALT000087 ChemSpider 3269 as HCl: 56589 UNII 01K63SUP8D as HCl: I9W7N6B1KJ KEGG D00326 as HCl: D00823 ChEBI CHEBI:5118 as HCl: CHEBI:5119 ChEMBL ChEMBL41 as HCl: ChEMBL1201082 PDB ligand RFX ( PDBe , RCSB PDB ) CompTox Dashboard ( EPA ) DTXSID7023067 ECHA InfoCard 100.125.370 Chemical and physical data Formula C 17 H 18 F 3 N O Molar mass 309.332 g·mol −1 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Chirality Racemic mixture Melting point 179 to 182 °C (354 to 360 °F) Boiling point 395 °C (743 °F) SMILES CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F InChI InChI=1S/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3 Key:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (verify) Fluoxetine , sold under the brand name Prozac , among others, is an antidepressant medication of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class [ 2 ] used for the treatment of major depressive disorder , anxiety , obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder , premenstrual dysphoric disorder , and bulimia nervosa . [ 2 ] It is also approved for treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and children 8 years of age and over. [ 10 ] It has also been used to treat premature ejaculation . [ 2 ] Fluoxetine is taken by mouth . [ 2 ] Common side effects include loss of appetite , nausea , diarrhea , headache , trouble sleeping , dry mouth , and sexual dysfunction . Serious side effects include serotonin syndrome , mania , seizures , an increased risk of suicidal behavior , and an increased risk of bleeding . [ 2 ] Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome is less likely to occur with fluoxetine than with other antidepressants. Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in congenital heart defects in newborns. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] It has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during breastfeeding if it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants were ineffective. [ 13 ] Fluoxetine was invented by Eli Lilly and Company in 1972. Eli Lilly filed a new drug application for the US Food and Drug Administration in 1974, which was accepted in 1977. [ 14 ] It subsequently entered medical use in 1986. [ 15 ] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines [ 16 ] and is available as a generic medication . [ 2 ] In 2023, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States and the fourth most common antidepressant, with more than 27 million prescriptions. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Eli Lilly also markets fluoxetine in a fixed-dose combination with olanzapine as olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax), which was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of depressive episodes of bipolar I disorder in 2003 and for treatment-resistant depression in 2009. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] fluoxetine blister pack 20 mg capsules Fluoxetine 10 mg tablets Fluoxetine is frequently used to treat major depressive disorder , obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bulimia nervosa , panic disorder , premenstrual dysphoric disorder , and trichotillomania . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] It has also been used for cataplexy , obesity , alcohol dependence , social anxiety disorder , [ 2 ] as well as binge eating disorder . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Studies do not support a benefit in children with autism , though there is weak evidence for benefit in adult autism. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Fluoxetine and the related fluvoxamine have shown some initial promise as a potential treatment for reducing COVID-19 severity if given early. [ 32 ] Fluoxetine is approved for the treatment of major depression in children and adults. [ 6 ] A meta-analysis of trials in adults concluded that fluoxetine modestly outperforms placebo. [ 33 ] Fluoxetine may be less effective than other antidepressants, but has high acceptability. [ 34 ] For children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe depressive disorder, fluoxetine seems to be the best treatment (either with or without cognitive behavioural therapy , although fluoxetine alone does not appear to be superior to CBT alone) but more research is needed to be certain, as effect sizes are small and the existing evidence is of dubious quality. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] A 2022 systematic review and trial restoration of the two original blinded-control trials used to approve the use of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression found that both of the trials were severely flawed, and therefore did not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of the medication. [ 39 ] In 2025, a trial restoration of the influential TADS study found that fluoxetine had not been superior to placebo in the treatment of depressed adolescents, contradicting previously reported results used in meta-analyses and guidelines. [ 40 ] Obsessive–compulsive disorder [ edit ] Fluoxetine is effective in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). [ 41 ] It is effective for treating OCD in children, adolescents and adults. [ 42 ] [ 37 ] [ 43 ] The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry state that SSRIs , including fluoxetine, should be used as first-line therapy in children, along with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), for the treatment of moderate to severe OCD. [ 44 ] The efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder was demonstrated in two 12-week randomized multicenter phase III clinical trials that enrolled patients diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia . In the first trial, 42% of subjects in the fluoxetine-treated arm were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 28% in the placebo arm. In the second trial, 62% of fluoxetine-treated patients were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 44% in the placebo arm. [ 6 ] A 2011 systematic review discussed seven trials that compared fluoxetine to a placebo in the treatment of bulimia nervosa , six of which found a statistically significant reduction in symptoms such as vomiting and binge eating. [ 45 ] However, no difference was observed between treatment arms when fluoxetine and psychotherapy were compared to psychotherapy alone. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder [ edit ] Fluoxetine is used to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder , a condition where individuals have affective and somatic symptoms monthly during the luteal phase of menstruation. [ 7 ] [ 46 ] Taking fluoxetine 20 mg/d can be effective in treating PMDD, [ 47 ] [ 48 ] though doses of 10 mg/d have also been prescribed effectively. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Impulsive aggression [ edit ] Fluoxetine is considered a first-line medication for the treatment of impulsive aggression of low intensity. [ 51 ] Fluoxetine reduced low-intensity aggressive behavior in patients in intermittent explosive disorder and borderline personality disorder . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Fluoxetine also reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior. [ 54 ] Obesity and overweight adults [ edit ] In 2019 a systematic review compared the effects on weight of various doses of fluoxetine (60 mg/d, 40 mg/d, 20 mg/d, 10 mg/d) in obese and overweight adults. [ 55 ] When compared to placebo, all dosages of fluoxetine appeared to contribute to weight loss but lead to increased risk of experiencing side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea, during the period of treatment. However, these conclusions were from low-certainty evidence. [ 55 ] When comparing, in the same review, the effects of fluoxetine on the weight of obese and overweight adults, to other anti-obesity agents, omega-3 gel capsule and not receiving treatment, the authors could not reach conclusive results due to poor quality of evidence. [ 55 ] Special populations [ edit ] In children and adolescents, fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to tentative evidence favoring efficacy and tolerability. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Evidence supporting an increased risk of major fetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) of the United Kingdom has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, formation of the fetal organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital cardiac malformations in the newborn. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Furthermore, an association between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor fetal malformations was observed in one study. [ 59 ] However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies—published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada —concluded, "the apparent increased risk of fetal cardiac malformations associated with maternal use of fluoxetine has recently been shown also in depressed women who deferred SSRI therapy in pregnancy, and therefore most probably reflects an ascertainment bias. Overall, women who are treated with fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy do not appear to have an increased risk of major fetal malformations." [ 61 ] Per the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy may have an increased risk for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn . Limited data support this risk, but the FDA recommends physicians consider tapering SSRIs such as fluoxetine during the third trimester. [ 6 ] A 2009 review recommended against fluoxetine as a first-line SSRI during lactation, stating, "Fluoxetine should be viewed as a less-preferred SSRI for breastfeeding mothers, particularly with newborn infants, and in those mothers who consumed fluoxetine during gestation." [ 62 ] Sertraline is often the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal fetal exposure observed and its safety profile while breastfeeding. [ 63 ] Side effects observed in fluoxetine-treated persons in clinical trials with an incidence >5% and at least twice as common in fluoxetine-treated persons compared to those who received a placebo pill include abnormal dreams, abnormal ejaculation , anorexia, anxiety, asthenia , diarrhea , dizziness, dry mouth, dyspepsia , fatigue, flu syndrome , impotence , insomnia , decreased libido , nausea, nervousness, pharyngitis , rash, sinusitis , somnolence , sweating, tremor , vasodilation , and yawning . [ 55 ] [ 64 ] Fluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is, it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation). [ 65 ] It also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g. urticaria (hives), rash, itchiness, etc.). [ 59 ] Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, erectile dysfunction , lack of vaginal lubrication, and anorgasmia , are some of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is >70%. [ 66 ] In 2019, the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee of the European Medicines Agency recommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and SNRIs should be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction. [ 67 ] Following on the European assessment, a safety review by Health Canada "could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link ... which was long lasting in rare cases", but recommended that "healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment". [ 68 ] Fluoxetine's longer half-life makes it less common to develop antidepressant discontinuation syndrome following cessation of therapy, especially when compared with antidepressants with shorter half-lives such as paroxetine . [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Although gradual dose reductions are recommended with antidepressants with shorter half-lives , tapering may not be necessary with fluoxetine. [ 71 ] It has been recommended as a treatment option for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. [ 72 ] Antidepressant exposure (including fluoxetine) is associated with shorter average duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points). [ 73 ] [ 74 ] There is 30–36% increase in congenital heart defects among children whose mothers were prescribed fluoxetine during pregnancy, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] with fluoxetine use in the first trimester associated with 38–65% increase in septal heart defects . [ 75 ] [ 11 ] This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( March 2022 ) In recent years, the clinical understanding of the FDA's "black box" warning has evolved to focus on the balance between medication risks and the risks of untreated depression. While the 2004 and 2006 warnings regarding increased suicidal ideation in children and young adults (under 25) remain, long-term data published through 2024 suggests that these warnings may have led to an unintended decline in depression treatment, which some studies correlate with an increase in suicide deaths among adolescents. Statistical meta-analyses updated in 2022 confirm that while the risk of suicidal thoughts in youth on antidepressants like fluoxetine is approximately twice that of a placebo (4% vs 2%), there remains no statistically significant increase in completed suicides across dozens of pediatric trials. Furthermore, recent data continues to show a protective effect in older populations; for adults aged 65 and older, antidepressant use is associated with a statistically significant decrease in suicidality. [ 76 ] Regarding specific treatments, research published between 2021 and 2023 reinforces that fluoxetine is most effective and carries the lowest risk of adverse behavioral events when paired with psychotherapy. A 2022 meta-analysis found that combination therapy (medication plus CBT) resulted in a lower incidence of suicidal events compared to fluoxetine alone. While fluoxetine remains the only FDA-approved antidepressant for children as young as 8, modern clinical guidelines emphasize rigorous monitoring during the first 12 weeks of treatment—the period identified as having the highest risk for the onset of suicidal ideation. [ 77 ] Fluoxetine can affect the electrical currents that heart muscle cells use to coordinate their contraction, specifically the potassium currents I to and I Ks that repolarise the cardiac action potential . [ 78 ] Under certain circumstances, this can lead to prolongation of the QT interval , a measurement made on an electrocardiogram reflecting how long it takes for the heart to electrically recharge after each heartbeat. When fluoxetine is taken alongside other drugs that prolong the QT interval, or by those with a susceptibility to long QT syndrome , there is a small risk of potentially lethal abnormal heart rhythms such as torsades de pointes . [ 79 ] A study completed in 2011 found that fluoxetine does not alter the QT interval and has no clinically meaningful effects on the cardiac action potential. [ 80 ] In overdose, most frequent adverse effects include: [ 81 ] Contraindications include prior treatment (within the past 2 weeks) [ 82 ] [ 83 ] with MAOIs such as phenelzine and tranylcypromine , due to the potential for serotonin syndrome . [ 8 ] Its use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used. [ 8 ] Its use in those concurrently receiving pimozide or thioridazine is also advised against. [ 8 ] In case of short-term administration of codeine for pain management, it is advised to monitor and adjust dosage. Codeine might not provide sufficient analgesia when fluoxetine is co-administered. [ 84 ] If opioid treatment is required, oxycodone use should be monitored since oxycodone is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system and fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 enzymes. [ 85 ] This means combinations of codeine or oxycodone with fluoxetine antidepressant may lead to reduced analgesia. [ 86 ] In some cases, use of dextromethorphan -containing cold and cough medications with fluoxetine is advised against, due to fluoxetine increasing serotonin levels, as well as the fact that fluoxetine is a cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor, which causes dextromethorphan to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome and other potential side effects of dextromethorphan. [ 87 ] Patients who are taking NSAIDs , antiplatelet drugs , anticoagulants , omega-3 fatty acids , vitamin E , and garlic supplements must be careful when taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs, as they can sometimes increase the blood-thinning effects of these medications. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit many isozymes of the cytochrome P450 system that are involved in drug metabolism . Both are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and CYP2C19 , and mild to moderate inhibitors of CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 . [ 90 ] [ 91 ] In vivo , fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do not significantly affect the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 . [ 90 ] They also inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein , a type of membrane transport protein that plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates, such as loperamide , may have their central effects potentiated. [ 92 ] This extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential for interactions with many commonly used drugs. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Its use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors , tricyclic antidepressants , methamphetamine , amphetamine , MDMA , triptans , buspirone , ginseng , dextromethorphan (DXM) , linezolid , tramadol , serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and other SSRIs due to the potential for serotonin syndrome to develop as a result. [ 8 ] [ 94 ] Fluoxetine may also increase the risk of opioid overdose in some instances, in part due to its inhibitory effect on cytochrome P-450. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] Similar to how fluoxetine can effect the metabolization of dextromethorphan, it may cause medications like oxycodone to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome as well as resulting in an increased concentration of oxycodone in the blood, which may lead to accidental overdose . A 2022 study that examined the health insurance claims of over 2 million Americans who began taking oxycodone while using SSRIs between 2000 and 2020, found that patients taking paroxetine or fluoxetine had a 23% higher risk of overdosing on oxycodone than those using other SSRIs. [ 95 ] There is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent. [ 8 ] Binding affinities ( K i in nM ) [ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Molecular target Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine SERT 1 19 NET 574 2700 DAT 1092 420 5-HT 1A 32400 13700 5-HT 2A 147 295 5-HT 2C 112 91 α 1 3800 3900 M 1 702–1030 1200 M 2 2700 4600 M 3 1000 760 M 4 2900 2600 M 5 2700 2200 H 1 3250 >10000 Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and does not appreciably inhibit norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake at therapeutic doses. It does, however, delay the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Large doses in rats have been shown to induce a significant increase in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Thus, dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine in humans at supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg). [ 104 ] [ 106 ] This effect may be mediated by 5HT 2C receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine. [ 107 ] Fluoxetine increases the concentration of circulating allopregnanolone , a potent GABA A receptor positive allosteric modulator , at concentrations that are inactive on serotonin reuptake. [ 105 ] [ 108 ] Norfluoxetine , a primary active metabolite of fluoxetine, produces a similar effect on allopregnanolone levels in the brains of mice. [ 105 ] Additionally, both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are such modulators themselves, actions which may be clinically relevant. [ 109 ] In addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an agonist of the σ 1 -receptor , with a potency greater than that of citalopram but less than that of fluvoxamine . However, the significance of this property is not fully clear. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Fluoxetine also functions as a channel blocker of anoctamin 1 , a calcium-activated chloride channel . [ 112 ] [ 113 ] A number of other ion channels , including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5-HT 3 receptors , are also known to be inhibited at similar concentrations. [ 109 ] Fluoxetine has been shown to inhibit acid sphingomyelinase , a key regulator of ceramide levels which derives ceramide from sphingomyelin . [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Mechanism of action [ edit ] While it is unclear how fluoxetine exerts its effect on mood, it has been suggested that fluoxetine elicits an antidepressant effect by inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the synapse by binding to the reuptake pump on the neuronal membrane [ 116 ] to increase serotonin availability and enhance neurotransmission. [ 117 ] Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic 5-HT 1A receptors , which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor , which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Norfluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine are metabolites of fluoxetine and also act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increasing the duration of action of the drug. [ 120 ] [ 116 ] Prolonged exposure to fluoxetine changes the expression of genes involved in myelination, a process that shapes brain connectivity and contributes to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The regulation of genes involved with myelination is partially responsible for the long-term therapeutic benefits of chronic SSRI exposure. [ 121 ] The S enantiomer of norfluoxetine , fluoxetine's chief active metabolite The bioavailability of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6–8 hours. It is highly bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin and α 1 -glycoprotein. [ 8 ] Fluoxetine is metabolized in the liver by isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system, including CYP2D6 . [ 122 ] The role of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great genetic variability in the function of this enzyme among people. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, norfluoxetine . [ 123 ] Both drugs are also potent inhibitors of CYP2D6. [ 124 ] The extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine elimination half-life increases from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use. [ 8 ] Similarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use. [ 122 ] [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Therefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] Moreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment. [ 129 ] For major depressive disorder, while onset of antidepressant action may be felt as early as 1–2 weeks, [ 130 ] the full benefit of the current dose a patient receives is not realized for at least a month following ingestion. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days. [ 127 ] Likewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases by only 50%, [ 129 ] The blood level of norfluoxetine four weeks after treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and, seven weeks after discontinuation, norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood. [ 125 ] Measurement in body fluids [ edit ] Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized persons, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg/L in survivors of acute overdosage, and 1000–7000 μg/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy but may be substantially less following acute overdosage since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] [ 133 ] The work which eventually led to the invention of fluoxetine began at Eli Lilly and Company in 1970 as a collaboration between Bryan Molloy and Ray Fuller. [ 134 ] It was known at that time that the antihistamine diphenhydramine (DPH) showed some antidepressant-like properties. 3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine , a compound structurally similar to DPH, was taken as a starting point. Molloy and fellow Eli Lilly chemist Klaus Schmiegel synthesized a series of dozens of its derivatives. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only serotonin reuptake, another Eli Lilly scientist, David T. Wong , proposed to retest the series for the in vitro reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine , using a technique developed by neuroscientist Solomon Snyder . [ 134 ] This test showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series. [ 137 ] The first article about fluoxetine was published in 1974, [ 137 ] following talks given at FASEB and ASPET . [ 138 ] A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the brand name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for fluoxetine. [ 139 ] Fluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986. [ 140 ] In the U.S., the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987, [ 141 ] and a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached $350 million within a year. [ 139 ] Worldwide sales eventually reached a peak of $2.6 billion a year. [ 142 ] Lilly tried several product line extension strategies, including extended-release formulations and paying for clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and rebranding fluoxetine for that indication as "Sarafem" after it was approved by the FDA in 2000, following the recommendation of an advisory committee in 1999. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] The invention of using fluoxetine to treat PMDD was made by Richard Wurtman at MIT; the patent was licensed to his startup, Interneuron, which in turn sold it to Lilly. [ 146 ] To defend its Prozac revenue from generic competition, Lilly also fought a five-year, multimillion-dollar battle in court with the generic company Barr Pharmaceuticals to protect its patents on fluoxetine, and lost the cases for its line-extension patents, other than those for Sarafem, opening fluoxetine to generic manufacturers starting in 2001. [ 147 ] When Lilly's patent expired in August 2001, [ 148 ] generic drug competition decreased Lilly's sales of fluoxetine by 70% within two months. [ 143 ] In 2000 an investment bank had projected that annual sales of Sarafem could reach $250M/year. [ 149 ] Sales of Sarafem reached about $85M/year in 2002, and in that year Lilly sold its assets connected with the drug for $295M to Galen Holdings, a small Irish pharmaceutical company specializing in dermatology and women's health that had a sales force tasked to gynecologists' offices; analysts found the deal sensible since the annual sales of Sarafem made a material financial difference to Galen, but not to Lilly. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Bringing Sarafem to market harmed Lilly's reputation in some quarters. The diagnostic category of PMDD was controversial since it was first proposed in 1987, and Lilly's role in retaining it in the appendix of the DSM-IV-TR , the discussions for which got underway in 1998, has been criticized. [ 149 ] Lilly was accused of inventing a disease to make money, [ 149 ] and for not innovating but rather just seeking ways to continue making money from existing drugs. [ 152 ] It was also criticized by the FDA and groups concerned with women's health for marketing Sarafem too aggressively when it was first launched; the campaign included a television commercial featuring a harried woman at the grocery store who asks herself if she has PMDD. [ 153 ] Society and culture [ edit ] Prescription trends [ edit ] In 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic fluoxetine were filled in the United States, [ 154 ] making it the third-most prescribed antidepressant after sertraline and citalopram . [ 154 ] In 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United Kingdom. [ 155 ] Between 1998 and 2017, along with amitriptyline , it was the most commonly prescribed first antidepressant for adolescents aged 12–17 years in England. [ 156 ] Environmental effects [ edit ] Fluoxetine has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, especially in North America. [ 157 ] There is a growing body of research addressing the effects of fluoxetine (among other SSRIs) exposure on non-target aquatic species. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In 2003, one of the first studies addressed in detail the potential effects of fluoxetine on aquatic wildlife; this research concluded that exposure at environmental concentrations was of little risk to aquatic systems if a hazard quotient approach was applied to risk assessment. [ 160 ] However, they also stated the need for further research addressing sub-lethal consequences of fluoxetine, specifically focusing on study species' sensitivity, behavioural responses, and endpoints modulated by the serotonin system . [ 160 ] Fluoxetine – similar to several other SSRIs – induces reproductive behavior in some shellfish at concentrations as low as 10 -10 M , or 30 parts per trillion . [ 162 ] : 21 Since 2003, several studies have reported fluoxetine-induced impacts on many behavioural and physiological endpoints, inducing antipredator behaviour, [ 163 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] reproduction, [ 166 ] [ 167 ] and foraging [ 168 ] [ 169 ] at or below field-detected concentrations. However, a 2014 review on the ecotoxicology of fluoxetine concluded that, at that time, a consensus on the ability of environmentally realistic dosages to affect the behaviour of wildlife could not be reached. [ 159 ] At environmentally realistic concentrations, fluoxetine alters insect emergence timing. [ 170 ] Richmond et al. , 2019 find that at low concentrations it accelerates emergence of Diptera , while at unusually high concentrations it has no discernable effect. [ 170 ] Several common plants are known to absorb fluoxetine. [ 171 ] Several crops have been tested, and Redshaw et al. 2008 find that cauliflower absorbs large amounts into the stem and leaf but not the head or root. [ 171 ] Wu et al. 2012 find that lettuce and spinach also absorb detectable amounts, while Carter et al. 2014 find that radish ( Raphanus sativus ), ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) – and Wu et al. 2010 find that soybean ( Glycine max ) – absorb little. [ 171 ] Wu tested all tissues of soybean and all showed only low concentrations. [ 171 ] By contrast various Reinhold et al. 2010 find duckweeds have a high uptake of fluoxetine and show promise for bioremediation of contaminated water, especially Lemna minor and Landoltia punctata . [ 171 ] Ecotoxicity for organisms involved in aquaculture is well documented. [ 172 ] : 275–276 Fluoxetine affects both aquacultured invertebrates and vertebrates , and inhibits soil microbes including a large antibacterial effect. [ 172 ] During the 1990 campaign for governor of Florida , it was disclosed that one of the candidates, Lawton Chiles , had depression and had resumed taking fluoxetine, leading his political opponents to question his fitness to serve as governor. [ 173 ] American aircraft pilots [ edit ] Beginning in April 2010, fluoxetine became one of four antidepressant drugs that the FAA permitted for pilots with authorization from an aviation medical examiner . The other permitted antidepressants are sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro). [ 174 ] These four remain the only antidepressants permitted by FAA as of 2 December 2016. [ 175 ] Sertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram are the only antidepressants permitted for EASA medical certification, as of January 2019. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The antibacterial effect described above ( § Environmental effects ) could be applied against multiresistant biotypes in crop bacterial diseases and bacterial aquaculture diseases . [ 172 ] In a glucocorticoid receptor -defective zebrafish mutant ( Danio rerio ) with reduced exploratory behavior , fluoxetine rescued the normal exploratory behavior. [ 178 ] This demonstrates relationships between glucocorticoids, fluoxetine, and exploration in this fish. [ 178 ] Fluoxetine has an anti-nematode effect. [ 179 ] Choy et al. , 1999 found some of this effect is due to interference with certain transmembrane proteins . [ 179 ] Fluoxetine is commonly used and effective in treating anxiety-related behaviours and separation anxiety in dogs, especially when given as supplementation to behaviour modification . [ 180 ] [ 181 ] List of antidepressants ^ Hubbard JR, Martin PR (2001). Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled . CRC Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8247-4497-7 . ^ a b c d e f g h i "Fluoxetine Hydrochloride" . The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . 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(June 2013). "An affective disorder in zebrafish with mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor" . Molecular Psychiatry . 18 (6): 681– 691. doi : 10.1038/mp.2012.64 . PMC 4065652 . PMID 22641177 . S2CID 11962425 . NIHMSID: NIHMS368312. ^ a b • Mangoni AA, Tuccinardi T, Collina S, Vanden Eynde JJ, Muñoz-Torrero D, Karaman R, et al. (June 2018). "Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-3" . Molecules . 23 (7): 1596. doi : 10.3390/molecules23071596 . PMC 6099979 . PMID 29966350 . S2CID 49644934 . • Weeks JC, Roberts WM, Leasure C, Suzuki BM, Robinson KJ, Currey H, et al. (January 2018). "Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Chlorpromazine Are Rapidly Acting Anthelmintic Drugs Capable of Clinical Repurposing" . Scientific Reports . 8 (1) 975. Bibcode : 2018NatSR...8..975W . doi : 10.1038/s41598-017-18457-w . PMC 5772060 . PMID 29343694 . S2CID 205636792 . ^ Echeverri N, Govendir M (23 November 2022). "Does the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine modify canine anxiety related behaviour?" . Veterinary Evidence . 7 (4). doi : 10.18849/ve.v7i4.585 . ISSN 2396-9776 . S2CID 253873416 . ^ Sargisson RJ (30 October 2014). "Canine separation anxiety: strategies for treatment and management" . Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports . 5 : 143– 151. doi : 10.2147/VMRR.S60424 . PMC 7521022 . PMID 33062616 . Shorter E (2014). "The 25th anniversary of the launch of Prozac gives pause for thought: where did we go wrong?" . The British Journal of Psychiatry . 204 (5): 331– 2. doi : 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.129916 . PMID 24785765 . Haberman C (21 September 2014). "Selling Prozac as the Life-Enhancing Cure for Mental Woes" . The New York Times . This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 March 2021 , and does not reflect subsequent edits. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluoxetine .
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fluoxetine "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fluoxetine "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine) - [1 Medical uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Medical_uses) Toggle Medical uses subsection - [1\.1 Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Depression) - [1\.2 Obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder) - [1\.3 Panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Panic_disorder) - [1\.4 Bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Bulimia_nervosa) - [1\.5 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder) - [1\.6 Impulsive aggression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Impulsive_aggression) - [1\.7 Obesity and overweight adults](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Obesity_and_overweight_adults) - [1\.8 Special populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Special_populations) - [2 Adverse effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Adverse_effects) Toggle Adverse effects subsection - [2\.1 Sexual dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Sexual_dysfunction) - [2\.2 Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Withdrawal) - [2\.3 Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Pregnancy) - [2\.4 Suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Suicide) - [2\.5 QT prolongation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#QT_prolongation) - [3 Overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Overdose) - [4 Interactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Interactions) - [5 Pharmacology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Pharmacology) Toggle Pharmacology subsection - [5\.1 Pharmacodynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Pharmacodynamics) - [5\.2 Mechanism of action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Mechanism_of_action) - [5\.3 Pharmacokinetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Pharmacokinetics) - [5\.4 Measurement in body fluids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Measurement_in_body_fluids) - [6 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#History) - [7 Society and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Society_and_culture) Toggle Society and culture subsection - [7\.1 Prescription trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Prescription_trends) - [7\.2 Environmental effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Environmental_effects) - [7\.3 Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Politics) - [7\.4 American aircraft pilots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#American_aircraft_pilots) - [8 Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Research) - [9 Veterinary use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Veterinary_use) - [10 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#See_also) - [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#References) - [12 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Further_reading) - [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Fluoxetine 52 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86 "فلوكسيتين – Arabic") - [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 "فلووکسیتین – South Azerbaijani") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD "Флуоксетин – Bulgarian") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8 "ফ্লুওক্সেটিন – Bangla") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetina "Fluoxetina – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetin "Fluoxetin – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fflwocsetin "Fflwocsetin – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetin "Fluoxetin – Danish") - [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine – Dagbani") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetin "Fluoxetin – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7 "Φλουοξετίνη – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetino "Fluoksetino – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetina "Fluoxetina – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetiin "Fluoksetiin – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetina "Fluoxetina – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 "فلوکستین – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetiini "Fluoksetiini – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluox%C3%A9tine "Fluoxétine – French") - [Ghanaian Pidgin](https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine – Ghanaian Pidgin") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F "פלואוקסטין – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8 "फ्लुऑक्सेटिन – Hindi") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetin "Fluoxetin – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6 "Ֆլուոքսետին – Armenian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Indonesian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetina "Fluoxetina – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3 "フルオキセチン – Japanese") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD "Флуоксетин – Kazakh") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A5%EC%84%B8%ED%8B%B4 "플루옥세틴 – Korean") - [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Minangkabau") - [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD "Флуоксетин – Mongolian") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Norwegian Bokmål") - [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8 "ଫ୍ଲୁଓକ୍ସେଟିନ – Odia") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetyna "Fluoksetyna – Polish") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 "فلواکستین – Western Punjabi") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetina "Fluoxetina – Portuguese") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetin%C4%83 "Fluoxetină – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD "Флуоксетин – Russian") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Serbo-Croatian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine – Simple English") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Slovenian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Serbian") - [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Sundanese") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetin "Fluoxetin – Swedish") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99 "ฟลูอ็อกเซทีน – Thai") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoksetin "Fluoksetin – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD "Флуоксетин – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86 "فلواکستین – Urdu") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine – Vietnamese") - [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetina "Fluoxetina – Waray") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%80 "氟西汀 – Wu") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%80 "氟西汀 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422244#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fluoxetine "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fluoxetine "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fluoxetine "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - 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[Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fluoxetine) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422244 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [![Listen to this article](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/20px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg "Listen to this article") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia SSRI antidepressant "Prozac" redirects here. For other uses, see [Prozac (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac_$disambiguation$ "Prozac (disambiguation)"). Not to be confused with [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine"). Pharmaceutical compound \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fluoxetine.svg/250px-Fluoxetine.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluoxetine.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png/250px-R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)(R)-fluoxetine (left), (S)-fluoxetine (right) \| \| \| Clinical data \| \| \| Pronunciation \| US: [/fluˈɑːksətiːn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [floo-AHKS\-ə-teen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key") UK: [/fluˈɒksətiːn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [floo-OKS\-ə-teen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key") \| \| [Trade names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names "Drug nomenclature") \| Prozac, Sarafem, others \| \| [AHFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists "American Society of Health-System Pharmacists")/[Drugs.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs.com "Drugs.com") \| [Monograph](https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) \| \| [MedlinePlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlus "MedlinePlus") \| [a689006](https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a689006.html) \| \| [License data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods "Regulation of therapeutic goods") \| US [DailyMed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DailyMed "DailyMed"): [Fluoxetine](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fluoxetine) \| \| [Pregnancy category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_category "Pregnancy category") \| AU : C \| \| [Addiction liability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction "Addiction") \| None[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Hub2001-1) \| \| [Routes of administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration "Route of administration") \| [By mouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration "Oral administration") \| \| [Drug class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class "Drug class") \| [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") (SSRI)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) \| \| [ATC code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System "Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System") \| [N06AB03](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06 "ATC code N06") ([WHO](https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06AB03)) [QN06AB03](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06 "ATC code N06") ([WHO](https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QN06AB03)) \| \| Legal status \| \| \| [Legal status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods "Regulation of therapeutic goods") \| AU : [S4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4 "Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons") (Prescription only)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-3) BR : [Class C1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1 "Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act") (Other controlled substances)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-4) CA : [℞-only](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-5) UK : [POM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug") (Prescription only) US : [℞-only](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug")[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7) EU : Rx-only \| \| [Pharmacokinetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics "Pharmacokinetics") data \| \| \| [Bioavailability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability "Bioavailability") \| 60–80%[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) \| \| [Protein binding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding "Plasma protein binding") \| 94–95%[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) \| \| [Metabolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism "Drug metabolism") \| [Liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver "Liver") (mostly [CYP2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 "CYP2D6")\-mediated)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) \| \| [Metabolites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite "Metabolite") \| [Norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine") Desmethylfluoxetine \| \| [Elimination half-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life "Biological half-life") \| 1–3 days (acute) 4–6 days (chronic)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) \| \| [Excretion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion "Excretion") \| Urine (80%), feces (15%)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) \| \| Identifiers \| \| \| [IUPAC name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry "IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry") N\-methyl-3-phenyl-3-\[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy\]propan-1-amine \| \| \| [CAS Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number "CAS Registry Number") \| [54910-89-3](https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54910-89-3) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [56296-78-7](https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56296-78-7) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| [PubChem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubChem#CID "PubChem") CID \| [3386](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3386) as HCl: [62857](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/62857) \| \| [IUPHAR/BPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology "Guide to Pharmacology") \| [203](https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=203) \| \| [DrugBank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DrugBank "DrugBank") \| [DB00472](https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00472) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [DBSALT000087](https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DBSALT000087) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| [ChemSpider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemSpider "ChemSpider") \| [3269](https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3269.html) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [56589](https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.56589.html) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| [UNII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier "Unique Ingredient Identifier") \| [01K63SUP8D](https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/01K63SUP8D) as HCl: [I9W7N6B1KJ](https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/I9W7N6B1KJ) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| [KEGG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGG "KEGG") \| [D00326](https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00326) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [D00823](https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00823) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| [ChEBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEBI "ChEBI") \| [CHEBI:5118](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5118) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [CHEBI:5119](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5119) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| [ChEMBL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEMBL "ChEMBL") \| [ChEMBL41](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL41) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y as HCl: [ChEMBL1201082](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1201082) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| [PDB ligand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank "Protein Data Bank") \| RFX ([PDBe](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=RFX), [RCSB PDB](https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/RFX)) \| \| [CompTox Dashboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard") ( EPA ) \| [DTXSID7023067](https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7023067) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422244#P3117 "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| [ECHA InfoCard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard "ECHA InfoCard") \| [100\.125.370](https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.125.370) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422244#P2566 "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| Chemical and physical data \| \| \| [Formula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula "Chemical formula") \| C17H18F3NO \| \| [Molar mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass "Molar mass") \| 309\.332 g·mol−1 \| \| 3D model ([JSmol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSmol "JSmol")) \| [Interactive image](https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CNCCC%28c1ccccc1%29Oc2ccc%28cc2%29C%28F%29%28F%29F) \| \| [Chirality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_$chemistry$ "Chirality (chemistry)") \| [Racemic mixture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemic_mixture "Racemic mixture") \| \| [Melting point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point "Melting point") \| 179 to 182 °C (354 to 360 °F) \| \| [Boiling point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point "Boiling point") \| 395 °C (743 °F) \| \| [SMILES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system "Simplified molecular-input line-entry system") CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F \| \| \| [InChI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier "International Chemical Identifier") InChI=1S/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3 ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y Key:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png)Y \| \| \| [(verify)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=456481815&page2=Fluoxetine) \| \| Fluoxetine, sold under the brand name Prozac, among others, is an [antidepressant medication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") of the [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") (SSRI) class[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) used for the treatment of [major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") (OCD), [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder"), and [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) It is also approved for treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and children 8 years of age and over.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-10) It has also been used to treat [premature ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation "Premature ejaculation").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) Fluoxetine is [taken by mouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration "Oral administration").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) Common side effects include [loss of appetite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_$symptom$ "Anorexia (symptom)"), [nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea"), [diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea"), [headache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache "Headache"), [trouble sleeping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), [dry mouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerostomia "Xerostomia"), and [sexual dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction "Sexual dysfunction"). Serious side effects include [serotonin syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome "Serotonin syndrome"), [mania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania "Mania"), [seizures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure "Seizure"), an increased risk of [suicidal behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide "Suicide"), and an increased risk of [bleeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding "Bleeding").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) [Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome") is less likely to occur with fluoxetine than with other antidepressants. Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in [congenital heart defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect "Congenital heart defect") in newborns.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) It has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during [breastfeeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding "Breastfeeding") if it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants were ineffective.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PB2015-13) Fluoxetine was invented by [Eli Lilly and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company "Eli Lilly and Company") in 1972. Eli Lilly filed a new drug application for the US Food and Drug Administration in 1974, which was accepted in 1977.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-14) It subsequently entered medical use in 1986.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-15) It is on the [World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines")[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-WHO23rd-16) and is available as a [generic medication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_medication "Generic medication").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) In 2023, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States and the fourth most common antidepressant, with more than 27 million prescriptions.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Top300Drugs-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-18) Eli Lilly also markets fluoxetine in a fixed-dose combination with [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine") as [olanzapine/fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine "Olanzapine/fluoxetine") (Symbyax), which was approved by the US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) for the treatment of depressive episodes of [bipolar I disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder "Bipolar I disorder") in 2003 and for [treatment-resistant depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression "Treatment-resistant depression") in 2009.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Symbyax_FDA_label-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-20) ## Medical uses \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Medical uses")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg/250px-Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg) fluoxetine [blister pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister_pack "Blister pack") 20 mg capsules [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg/250px-10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg) Fluoxetine 10 mg tablets Fluoxetine is frequently used to treat [major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") (OCD), [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") (PTSD), [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa"), [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder"), and [trichotillomania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania "Trichotillomania").[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Trichotillomania-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-25) It has also been used for [cataplexy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataplexy "Cataplexy"), [obesity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity "Obesity"), [alcohol dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependence "Alcohol dependence"), [social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder"),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) as well as [binge eating disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder "Binge eating disorder").[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-27) Studies do not support a benefit in children with [autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism "Autism"), though there is weak evidence for benefit in adult autism.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-31) Fluoxetine and the related [fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") have shown some initial promise as a potential treatment for reducing [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") severity if given early.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-32) ### Depression \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Depression")\] Fluoxetine is approved for the treatment of major depression in children and adults.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A meta-analysis of trials in adults concluded that fluoxetine modestly outperforms placebo.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid29477251-33) Fluoxetine may be less effective than other antidepressants, but has high acceptability.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_versus_other_types_of_pharmacotherapy_for_depression-34) For children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe depressive disorder, fluoxetine seems to be the best treatment (either with or without [cognitive behavioural therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy"), although fluoxetine alone does not appear to be superior to CBT alone) but more research is needed to be certain, as effect sizes are small and the existing evidence is of dubious quality.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:4-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:5-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:6-38) A 2022 systematic review and trial restoration of the two original blinded-control trials used to approve the use of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression found that both of the trials were severely flawed, and therefore did not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of the medication.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Int_J_Risk_Saf_Med_33,_385%E2%80%93408-39) In 2025, a trial restoration of the influential TADS study found that fluoxetine had not been superior to placebo in the treatment of depressed adolescents, contradicting previously reported results used in meta-analyses and guidelines.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-40) ### Obsessive–compulsive disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Obsessive–compulsive disorder")\] Fluoxetine is effective in the treatment of [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") (OCD).[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-41) It is effective for treating OCD in children, adolescents and adults.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:02-42)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:52-43) The [American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry "American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry") state that [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI "SSRI"), including fluoxetine, should be used as first-line therapy in children, along with [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT), for the treatment of moderate to severe OCD.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-44) ### Panic disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Panic disorder")\] The efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") was demonstrated in two 12-week randomized multicenter [phase III clinical trials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phases "Clinical trial") that enrolled patients diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without [agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia"). In the first trial, 42% of subjects in the fluoxetine-treated arm were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 28% in the placebo arm. In the second trial, 62% of fluoxetine-treated patients were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 44% in the placebo arm.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) ### Bulimia nervosa \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Bulimia nervosa")\] A 2011 [systematic review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") discussed seven trials that compared fluoxetine to a [placebo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo "Placebo") in the treatment of [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa"), six of which found a statistically significant reduction in symptoms such as vomiting and binge eating.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-45) However, no difference was observed between treatment arms when fluoxetine and [psychotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy") were compared to psychotherapy alone. ### Premenstrual dysphoric disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder")\] Fluoxetine is used to treat [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder"), a condition where individuals have [affective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_$psychology$ "Affect (psychology)") and [somatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptoms "Somatic symptoms") symptoms monthly during the [luteal phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteal_phase "Luteal phase") of menstruation.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Rapkin-46) Taking fluoxetine 20 mg/d can be effective in treating PMDD,[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-48) though doses of 10 mg/d have also been prescribed effectively.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-50) ### Impulsive aggression \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Impulsive aggression")\] Fluoxetine is considered a first-line medication for the treatment of impulsive aggression of low intensity.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51) Fluoxetine reduced low-intensity aggressive behavior in patients in [intermittent explosive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder "Intermittent explosive disorder") and [borderline personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder "Borderline personality disorder").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-53) Fluoxetine also reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-54) ### Obesity and overweight adults \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Obesity and overweight adults")\] In 2019 a [systematic review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") compared the effects on weight of various doses of fluoxetine (60 mg/d, 40 mg/d, 20 mg/d, 10 mg/d) in obese and overweight adults.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When compared to placebo, all dosages of fluoxetine appeared to contribute to weight loss but lead to increased risk of experiencing side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea, during the period of treatment. However, these conclusions were from low-certainty evidence.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When comparing, in the same review, the effects of fluoxetine on the weight of obese and overweight adults, to other anti-obesity agents, omega-3 [gel capsule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_capsule "Gel capsule") and not receiving treatment, the authors could not reach conclusive results due to poor quality of evidence.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) ### Special populations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Special populations")\] In children and adolescents, fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to tentative evidence favoring efficacy and tolerability.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-57) Evidence supporting an increased risk of major fetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency "Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency") (MHRA) of the United Kingdom has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, formation of the fetal organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital [cardiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart "Heart") malformations in the newborn.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Preg-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MHRA-60) Furthermore, an association between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor fetal malformations was observed in one study.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59) However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies—published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada—concluded, "the apparent increased risk of fetal cardiac malformations associated with maternal use of fluoxetine has recently been shown also in depressed women who deferred SSRI therapy in pregnancy, and therefore most probably reflects an ascertainment bias. Overall, women who are treated with fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy do not appear to have an increased risk of major fetal malformations."[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid26334601-61) Per the US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA), infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy may have an increased risk for [persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation "Persistent fetal circulation"). Limited data support this risk, but the FDA recommends physicians consider tapering SSRIs such as fluoxetine during the third trimester.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A 2009 review recommended against fluoxetine as a first-line SSRI during lactation, stating, "Fluoxetine should be viewed as a less-preferred SSRI for breastfeeding mothers, particularly with newborn infants, and in those mothers who consumed fluoxetine during gestation."[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19652194-62) [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") is often the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal fetal exposure observed and its safety profile while breastfeeding.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Maudsley-63) ## Adverse effects \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Adverse effects")\] Side effects observed in fluoxetine-treated persons in clinical trials with an incidence \>5% and at least twice as common in fluoxetine-treated persons compared to those who received a placebo pill include abnormal dreams, abnormal [ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculation "Ejaculation"), anorexia, anxiety, [asthenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenia "Asthenia"), [diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea"), dizziness, dry mouth, [dyspepsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspepsia "Dyspepsia"), fatigue, [flu syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_syndrome "Flu syndrome"), [impotence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction "Erectile dysfunction"), [insomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), decreased [libido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido "Libido"), nausea, nervousness, [pharyngitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngitis "Pharyngitis"), rash, [sinusitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis "Sinusitis"), [somnolence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence "Somnolence"), sweating, [tremor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor "Tremor"), [vasodilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation "Vasodilation"), and [yawning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawn "Yawn").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pkginsert-64) Fluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is, it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation).[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Young-65) It also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g. [urticaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives "Hives") (hives), rash, itchiness, etc.).[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59) ### Sexual dysfunction \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Sexual dysfunction")\] See also: [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor § Sexual dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor#Sexual_dysfunction "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, [erectile dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction "Erectile dysfunction"), lack of vaginal lubrication, and [anorgasmia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgasmia "Anorgasmia"), are some of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is \>70%.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-66) In 2019, the [Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency#Pharmacovigilance_Risk_Assessment_Committee "European Medicines Agency") of the [European Medicines Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency "European Medicines Agency") recommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRIs "SNRIs") should be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-67) Following on the European assessment, a safety review by [Health Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada") "could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link ... which was long lasting in rare cases", but recommended that "healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment".[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-HealthCanada-68) ### Withdrawal \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Withdrawal")\] Fluoxetine's longer [half-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life "Half-life") makes it less common to develop [antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome") following cessation of therapy, especially when compared with antidepressants with shorter half-lives such as [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine").[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bhat-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AFP-70) Although gradual dose reductions are recommended with antidepressants with shorter [half-lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life "Half-life"), tapering may not be necessary with fluoxetine.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CMAJ-71) It has been recommended as a treatment option for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-72) ### Pregnancy \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Pregnancy")\] Antidepressant exposure (including fluoxetine) is associated with shorter average duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower [Apgar scores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apgar_score "Apgar score") (by \<0.4 points).[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-74) There is 30–36% increase in [congenital heart defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect "Congenital heart defect") among children whose mothers were prescribed fluoxetine during pregnancy,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) with fluoxetine use in the first trimester associated with 38–65% increase in [septal heart defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_septal_defect "Heart septal defect").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid28513059-75)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11) ### Suicide \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Suicide")\] \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) \| This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022) \| In recent years, the clinical understanding of the FDA's "black box" warning has evolved to focus on the balance between medication risks and the risks of untreated depression. While the 2004 and 2006 warnings regarding increased suicidal ideation in children and young adults (under 25) remain, long-term data published through 2024 suggests that these warnings may have led to an unintended decline in depression treatment, which some studies correlate with an increase in suicide deaths among adolescents. Statistical meta-analyses updated in 2022 confirm that while the risk of suicidal thoughts in youth on antidepressants like fluoxetine is approximately twice that of a placebo (4% vs 2%), there remains no statistically significant increase in completed suicides across dozens of pediatric trials. Furthermore, recent data continues to show a protective effect in older populations; for adults aged 65 and older, antidepressant use is associated with a statistically significant decrease in suicidality.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-76) Regarding specific treatments, research published between 2021 and 2023 reinforces that fluoxetine is most effective and carries the lowest risk of adverse behavioral events when paired with psychotherapy. A 2022 meta-analysis found that combination therapy (medication plus CBT) resulted in a lower incidence of suicidal events compared to fluoxetine alone. While fluoxetine remains the only FDA-approved antidepressant for children as young as 8, modern clinical guidelines emphasize rigorous monitoring during the first 12 weeks of treatment—the period identified as having the highest risk for the onset of suicidal ideation.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-77) ### QT prolongation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: QT prolongation")\] Fluoxetine can affect the [electrical currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel "Ion channel") that [heart muscle cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_muscle_cell "Cardiac muscle cell") use to coordinate their contraction, specifically the [potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium "Potassium") currents Ito and IKs that repolarise the [cardiac action potential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential "Cardiac action potential").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-78) Under certain circumstances, this can lead to prolongation of the [QT interval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT_interval "QT interval"), a measurement made on an [electrocardiogram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography "Electrocardiography") reflecting how long it takes for the heart to electrically recharge after each heartbeat. When fluoxetine is taken alongside other drugs that prolong the QT interval, or by those with a susceptibility to [long QT syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome "Long QT syndrome"), there is a small risk of potentially lethal [abnormal heart rhythms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia "Heart arrhythmia") such as [torsades de pointes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes "Torsades de pointes").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-79) A study completed in 2011 found that fluoxetine does not alter the QT interval and has no clinically meaningful effects on the cardiac action potential.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-80) ## Overdose \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Overdose")\] See also: [Serotonin syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome "Serotonin syndrome") In overdose, most frequent adverse effects include:[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pubchem-81) \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Nervous system effects [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") [nervousness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nervousness "wikt:nervousness") [insomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia") [drowsiness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsiness "Drowsiness") fatigue or [asthenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenia "Asthenia") [tremor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor "Tremor") [dizziness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness "Dizziness") or lightheadedness \| [Gastrointestinal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal "Gastrointestinal") effects [anorexia (symptom)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_$symptom$ "Anorexia (symptom)") [nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea") [diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea") [vasodilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation "Vasodilation") dry mouth abnormal vision \| Other effects abnormal ejaculation [rash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash "Rash") sweating decreased [libido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido "Libido") \| ## Interactions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Interactions")\] Contraindications include prior treatment (within the past 2 weeks)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-83) with [MAOIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors") such as [phenelzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenelzine "Phenelzine") and [tranylcypromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranylcypromine "Tranylcypromine"), due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome "Serotonin syndrome").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use in those concurrently receiving [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide") or [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine") is also advised against.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) In case of short-term administration of codeine for pain management, it is advised to monitor and adjust dosage. Codeine might not provide sufficient analgesia when fluoxetine is co-administered.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-84) If opioid treatment is required, oxycodone use should be monitored since [oxycodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone "Oxycodone") is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system and fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 enzymes.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-85) This means combinations of codeine or oxycodone with fluoxetine antidepressant may lead to reduced analgesia.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-86) In some cases, use of [dextromethorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan")\-containing cold and cough medications with fluoxetine is advised against, due to fluoxetine increasing serotonin levels, as well as the fact that fluoxetine is a [cytochrome P450 2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_2D6 "Cytochrome P450 2D6") inhibitor, which causes dextromethorphan to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome and other potential side effects of dextromethorphan.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_1-87) Patients who are taking [NSAIDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug"), [antiplatelet drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug "Antiplatelet drug"), [anticoagulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant "Anticoagulant"), [omega-3 fatty acids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid "Omega-3 fatty acid"), [vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E"), and garlic [supplements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement "Dietary supplement") must be careful when taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs, as they can sometimes increase the blood-thinning effects of these medications.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_2-88)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-89) Fluoxetine and [norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine") [inhibit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor "Enzyme inhibitor") many [isozymes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isozyme "Isozyme") of the [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450 "Cytochrome P450") system that are involved in [drug metabolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism "Drug metabolism"). Both are potent inhibitors of [CYP2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 "CYP2D6") (which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and [CYP2C19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C19 "CYP2C19"), and mild to moderate inhibitors of [CYP2B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6 "CYP2B6") and [CYP2C9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C9 "CYP2C9").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-91) [In vivo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo "In vivo"), fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do not significantly affect the activity of [CYP1A2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2 "CYP1A2") and [CYP3A4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4 "CYP3A4").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90) They also inhibit the activity of [P-glycoprotein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-glycoprotein "P-glycoprotein"), a type of [membrane transport protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein "Membrane transport protein") that plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates, such as [loperamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamide "Loperamide"), may have their central effects potentiated.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92) This extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential for [interactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_interaction "Drug interaction") with many commonly used drugs.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-93) Its use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"), [tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants"), [methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine"), [amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine"), [MDMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxymethamphetamine "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine"), [triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan"), [buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone"), [ginseng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng "Ginseng"), [dextromethorphan (DXM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan"), [linezolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linezolid "Linezolid"), [tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol"), [serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors") (SNRIs), and other SSRIs due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome "Serotonin syndrome") to develop as a result.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-94) Fluoxetine may also increase the risk of opioid overdose in some instances, in part due to its inhibitory effect on cytochrome P-450.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-96) Similar to how fluoxetine can effect the metabolization of dextromethorphan, it may cause medications like [oxycodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone "Oxycodone") to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome as well as resulting in an increased concentration of oxycodone in the blood, which may lead to [accidental overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_overdose "Accidental overdose"). A 2022 study that examined the health insurance claims of over 2 million Americans who began taking oxycodone while using SSRIs between 2000 and 2020, found that patients taking [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") or fluoxetine had a 23% higher risk of overdosing on oxycodone than those using other SSRIs.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95) There is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) ## Pharmacology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Pharmacology")\] \| Molecular target \| Fluoxetine \| Norfluoxetine \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [SERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter") \| 1 \| 19 \| \| [NET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter") \| 574 \| 2700 \| \| [DAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter") \| 1092 \| 420 \| \| [5-HT1A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor") \| 32400 \| 13700 \| \| [5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor "5-HT2A receptor") \| 147 \| 295 \| \| [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor "5-HT2C receptor") \| 112 \| 91 \| \| [α1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor") \| 3800 \| 3900 \| \| [M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1") \| 702–1030 \| 1200 \| \| [M2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2") \| 2700 \| 4600 \| \| [M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3") \| 1000 \| 760 \| \| [M4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4") \| 2900 \| 2600 \| \| [M5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5") \| 2700 \| 2200 \| \| [H1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor "Histamine H1 receptor") \| 3250 \| \>10000 \| ### Pharmacodynamics \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Pharmacodynamics")\] Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and does not appreciably inhibit [norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") and [dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") reuptake at therapeutic doses. It does, however, delay the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Large doses in rats have been shown to induce a significant increase in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-102)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11919662-103)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Thus, dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine in humans at supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg).[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19298831-106) This effect may be mediated by 5HT2C receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8876023-107) Fluoxetine increases the concentration of circulating [allopregnanolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopregnanolone "Allopregnanolone"), a potent [GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator "GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator"), at concentrations that are inactive on serotonin reuptake.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-108) [Norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine"), a primary [active metabolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_metabolite "Active metabolite") of fluoxetine, produces a similar effect on allopregnanolone levels in the brains of mice.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Additionally, both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are such modulators themselves, actions which may be clinically relevant.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109) In addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an [agonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist "Agonist") of the [σ1\-receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor"), with a [potency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_$pharmacology$ "Potency (pharmacology)") greater than that of [citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") but less than that of [fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine"). However, the significance of this property is not fully clear.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8831113-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid20021354-111) Fluoxetine also functions as a channel blocker of [anoctamin 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoctamin_1 "Anoctamin 1"), a [calcium-activated chloride channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel "Calcium-activated chloride channel").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-113) A number of other [ion channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel "Ion channel"), including [nicotinic acetylcholine receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor") and [5-HT3 receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor "5-HT3 receptor"), are also known to be inhibited at similar concentrations.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109) Fluoxetine has been shown to inhibit [acid sphingomyelinase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_sphingomyelinase "Acid sphingomyelinase"), a key regulator of [ceramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide "Ceramide") levels which derives ceramide from [sphingomyelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin "Sphingomyelin").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-114)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-115) ### Mechanism of action \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Mechanism of action")\] While it is unclear how fluoxetine exerts its effect on mood, it has been suggested that fluoxetine elicits an antidepressant effect by inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the synapse by binding to the reuptake pump on the neuronal membrane[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116) to increase serotonin availability and enhance neurotransmission.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-117) Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic [5-HT1A receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor"), which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of [brain-derived neurotrophic factor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor"), which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-119) Norfluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine are metabolites of fluoxetine and also act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increasing the duration of action of the drug.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-120)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116) Prolonged exposure to fluoxetine changes the expression of genes involved in myelination, a process that shapes brain connectivity and contributes to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The regulation of genes involved with myelination is partially responsible for the long-term therapeutic benefits of chronic SSRI exposure.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-121) ### Pharmacokinetics \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Pharmacokinetics")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Seproxetine.svg/250px-Seproxetine.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seproxetine.svg) The S [enantiomer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer "Enantiomer") of [norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine"), fluoxetine's chief active metabolite The [bioavailability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability "Bioavailability") of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6–8 hours. It is highly [bound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding "Plasma protein binding") to plasma proteins, mostly [albumin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin "Human serum albumin") and α1\-glycoprotein.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Fluoxetine is [metabolized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism "Drug metabolism") in the [liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver "Liver") by [isoenzymes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoenzyme "Isoenzyme") of the [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450 "Cytochrome P450") system, including [CYP2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 "CYP2D6").[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122) The role of CYP2D6 in the [metabolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism "Metabolism") of fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great [genetic variability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variability "Genetic variability") in the function of this enzyme among people. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, [norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-123) Both drugs are also potent [inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor "Enzyme inhibitor") of CYP2D6.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-124) The extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine [elimination half-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_half-life "Elimination half-life") increases from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Similarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Newcastle-126) Therefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12063152-128) Moreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) For major depressive disorder, while onset of antidepressant action may be felt as early as 1–2 weeks,[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-130) the full benefit of the current dose a patient receives is not realized for at least a month following ingestion. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127) Likewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases by only 50%,[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) The blood level of norfluoxetine four weeks after treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and, seven weeks after discontinuation, norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125) ### Measurement in body fluids \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Measurement in body fluids")\] Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized persons, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg/L in survivors of acute overdosage, and 1000–7000 μg/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy but may be substantially less following acute overdosage since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-131)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-133) ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: History")\] The work which eventually led to the invention of fluoxetine began at [Eli Lilly and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company "Eli Lilly and Company") in 1970 as a collaboration between [Bryan Molloy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Molloy "Bryan Molloy") and Ray Fuller.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) It was known at that time that the [antihistamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") [diphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine") (DPH) showed some antidepressant-like properties. [3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPA_$drug$ "PPPA (drug)"), a compound structurally similar to DPH, was taken as a starting point. Molloy and fellow Eli Lilly chemist [Klaus Schmiegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Schmiegel "Klaus Schmiegel") synthesized a series of dozens of its derivatives.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wong-135)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-136) Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only [serotonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") reuptake, another Eli Lilly scientist, [David T. Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Wong "David T. Wong"), proposed to retest the series for the [in vitro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro "In vitro") reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and [dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine"), using a technique developed by neuroscientist [Solomon Snyder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder "Solomon H. Snyder").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) This test showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) The first article about fluoxetine was published in 1974,[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) following talks given at [FASEB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology "Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology") and [ASPET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Experimental_Therapeutics "American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-138) A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the brand name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) for fluoxetine.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139) Fluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-140) In the U.S., the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987,[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-141) and a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached \$350 million within a year.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139) Worldwide sales eventually reached a peak of \$2.6 billion a year.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-142) Lilly tried several [product line extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_line_extension "Product line extension") strategies, including extended-release formulations and paying for clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder") and rebranding fluoxetine for that indication as "Sarafem" after it was approved by the FDA in 2000, following the recommendation of an advisory committee in 1999.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-144)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-SarafemRec-145) The invention of using fluoxetine to treat PMDD was made by [Richard Wurtman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wurtman "Richard Wurtman") at MIT; the patent was licensed to his startup, Interneuron, which in turn sold it to Lilly.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-146) To defend its Prozac revenue from generic competition, Lilly also fought a five-year, multimillion-dollar battle in court with the generic company [Barr Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_Pharmaceuticals "Barr Pharmaceuticals") to protect its patents on fluoxetine, and lost the cases for its line-extension patents, other than those for Sarafem, opening fluoxetine to generic manufacturers starting in 2001.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-147) When Lilly's patent expired in August 2001,[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-148) [generic drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_drug "Generic drug") competition decreased Lilly's sales of fluoxetine by 70% within two months.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143) In 2000 an investment bank had projected that annual sales of Sarafem could reach \$250M/year.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Sales of Sarafem reached about \$85M/year in 2002, and in that year Lilly sold its assets connected with the drug for \$295M to Galen Holdings, a small Irish pharmaceutical company specializing in dermatology and women's health that had a sales force tasked to gynecologists' offices; analysts found the deal sensible since the annual sales of Sarafem made a material financial difference to Galen, but not to Lilly.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-150)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Telegraph2002-151) Bringing Sarafem to market harmed Lilly's reputation in some quarters. The diagnostic category of PMDD was [controversial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder#History "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder") since it was first proposed in 1987, and Lilly's role in retaining it in the appendix of the [DSM-IV-TR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV-TR "DSM-IV-TR"), the discussions for which got underway in 1998, has been criticized.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Lilly was accused of inventing a disease to make money,[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) and for not innovating but rather just seeking ways to continue making money from existing drugs.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-152) It was also criticized by the FDA and groups concerned with women's health for marketing Sarafem too aggressively when it was first launched; the campaign included a television commercial featuring a harried woman at the grocery store who asks herself if she has PMDD.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-153) ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] ### Prescription trends \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: Prescription trends")\] In 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic fluoxetine were filled in the United States,[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154) making it the third-most prescribed antidepressant after [sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") and [citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram").[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154) In 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United Kingdom.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-155) Between 1998 and 2017, along with [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), it was the most commonly prescribed first antidepressant for adolescents aged 12–17 years in England.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-156) ### Environmental effects \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: Environmental effects")\] Fluoxetine has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, especially in North America.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-157) There is a growing body of research addressing the effects of fluoxetine (among other SSRIs) exposure on non-target aquatic species.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-158)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Menningen2011rev-161) In 2003, one of the first studies addressed in detail the potential effects of fluoxetine on aquatic wildlife; this research concluded that exposure at environmental concentrations was of little risk to [aquatic systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem "Aquatic ecosystem") if a hazard quotient approach was applied to risk assessment.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160) However, they also stated the need for further research addressing sub-lethal consequences of fluoxetine, specifically focusing on study species' sensitivity, behavioural responses, and endpoints modulated by the [serotonin system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_system "Serotonin system").[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160) Fluoxetine – similar to several other SSRIs – induces [reproductive behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_behavior "Reproductive behavior") in some [shellfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish "Shellfish") at concentrations as low as 10\-10 [M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration "Molar concentration"), or 30 [parts per trillion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_trillion "Parts per trillion").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pharmaceuticals-and-Care-Products-162): 21 Since 2003, several studies have reported fluoxetine-induced impacts on many behavioural and physiological endpoints, inducing antipredator behaviour,[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-163)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-164)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-165) reproduction,[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-166)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Schultz_38%E2%80%9347-167) and foraging[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-168)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-169) at or below field-detected concentrations. However, a 2014 review on the [ecotoxicology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotoxicology "Ecotoxicology") of fluoxetine concluded that, at that time, a consensus on the ability of environmentally realistic dosages to affect the behaviour of wildlife could not be reached.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159) At environmentally realistic concentrations, fluoxetine alters [insect emergence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_emergence "Insect emergence") timing.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170) Richmond et al., 2019 find that at low concentrations it accelerates emergence of [Diptera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera "Diptera"), while at unusually high concentrations it has no discernable effect.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170) Several common plants are known to absorb fluoxetine.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Several crops have been tested, and Redshaw et al. 2008 find that [cauliflower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower "Cauliflower") absorbs large amounts into the stem and leaf but not the head or root.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu et al. 2012 find that [lettuce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce "Lettuce") and [spinach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach "Spinach") also absorb detectable amounts, while Carter et al. 2014 find that [radish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish "Radish") (Raphanus sativus), ryegrass ([Lolium perenne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolium_perenne "Lolium perenne")) – and Wu et al. 2010 find that [soybean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean "Soybean") (Glycine max) – absorb little.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu tested all tissues of soybean and all showed only low concentrations.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) By contrast various Reinhold et al. 2010 find [duckweeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckweed "Duckweed") have a high uptake of fluoxetine and show promise for [bioremediation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation "Bioremediation") of contaminated water, especially [Lemna minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna_minor "Lemna minor") and [Landoltia punctata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landoltia_punctata "Landoltia punctata").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Ecotoxicity for organisms involved in [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture "Aquaculture") is well documented.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172): 275–276 Fluoxetine affects both aquacultured [invertebrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate "Invertebrate") and [vertebrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate "Vertebrate"), and [inhibits soil microbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial "Antimicrobial") including a large [antibacterial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial "Antibacterial") effect.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172) ### Politics \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Politics")\] During the 1990 campaign for [governor of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Florida "Governor of Florida"), it was disclosed that one of the candidates, [Lawton Chiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton_Chiles "Lawton Chiles"), had depression and had resumed taking fluoxetine, leading his political opponents to question his fitness to serve as governor.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-173) ### American aircraft pilots \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: American aircraft pilots")\] Beginning in April 2010, fluoxetine became one of four antidepressant drugs that the [FAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA "FAA") permitted for [pilots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_in_command "Pilot in command") with authorization from an [aviation medical examiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_medical_examiner "Aviation medical examiner"). The other permitted antidepressants are [sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") (Zoloft), [citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") (Celexa), and [escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram") (Lexapro).[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-174) These four remain the only antidepressants permitted by FAA as of 2 December 2016.[\[ref\]](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/ame/guide/app_process/exam_tech/item47/amd/antidepressants/)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-175) Sertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram are the only antidepressants permitted for [EASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EASA "EASA") medical certification, as of January 2019.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-176)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-177) ## Research \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Research")\] The antibacterial effect described above ([§ Environmental effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Environmental_effects)) could be applied against [multiresistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance "Multiple drug resistance") biotypes in [crop bacterial diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_bacterial_disease "Crop bacterial disease") and bacterial [aquaculture diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_disease "Aquaculture disease").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172) In a [glucocorticoid receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor "Glucocorticoid receptor")\-defective [zebrafish mutant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_zebrafish "Genetically modified zebrafish") (Danio rerio) with reduced [exploratory behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration "Exploration"), fluoxetine rescued the normal exploratory behavior.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178) This demonstrates relationships between glucocorticoids, fluoxetine, and exploration in this fish.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178) Fluoxetine has an [anti-nematode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nematode "Anti-nematode") effect.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179) Choy et al., 1999 found some of this effect is due to interference with certain [transmembrane proteins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein "Transmembrane protein").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179) ## Veterinary use \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=30 "Edit section: Veterinary use")\] Fluoxetine is commonly used and effective in treating anxiety-related behaviours and [separation anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_in_dogs "Separation anxiety in dogs") in dogs, especially when given as supplementation to [behaviour modification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_training "Dog training").[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-181) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=31 "Edit section: See also")\] - [List of antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antidepressants "List of antidepressants") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=32 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Hub2001_1-0) Hubbard JR, Martin PR (2001). [Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled](https://books.google.com/books?id=MY1kFYk98mQC&pg=PA26). CRC Press. p. 26. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8247-4497-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4497-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4497-7") . 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-8) ["Fluoxetine Hydrochloride"](https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html). The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151208193110/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-3)* ["Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017"](https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/publications/prescription-medicines-registration-new-generic-medicines-and-biosimilar-medicines-2017). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-4) [Anvisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency "Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency") (31 March 2023). ["RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"](https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992) \[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control\] (in Brazilian Portuguese). [Diário Oficial da União](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o "Diário Oficial da União") (published 4 April 2023). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-5) ["Mental health"](https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/drug-health-products/drug-medical-device-highlights-2017/approved-drugs/mental-health.html). [Health Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada"). 9 May 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2024. 6. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-4) ["Prozac- fluoxetine hydrochloride capsule"](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c88f33ed-6dfb-4c5e-bc01-d8e36dd97299). DailyMed. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2023. 7. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Sarafem_FDA_label_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Sarafem_FDA_label_7-1) ["Sarafem (fluoxetine hydrochloride tablets ) for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 1987"](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=600145). DailyMed. Retrieved 12 March 2023. 8. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-9) ["Prozac Fluoxetine Hydrochloride"](https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-04098-3) (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Eli Lilly Australia Pty. Limited. 9 October 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170425231029/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-04098-3) from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2013. 9. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-PK_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-PK_9-1) Altamura AC, Moro AR, Percudani M (March 1994). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 26* (3): 201–14\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2165/00003088-199426030-00004](https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-199426030-00004). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [8194283](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8194283). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [1406955](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1406955). 10. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-175) Office of Aerospace Medicine, [Federal Aviation Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") (2 December 2016). ["Decision Considerations – Aerospace Medical Dispositions: Item 47. Psychiatric Conditions – Use of Antidepressant Medications"](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/ame/guide/app_process/exam_tech/item47/amd/antidepressants/). Guide for Aviation Medical Examiners. Washington, DC: [United States Department of Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation "United States Department of Transportation"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170503112620/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/ame/guide/app_process/exam_tech/item47/amd/antidepressants/) from the original on 3 May 2017. 176. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-176) ["Mental Health GM - Centrally Acting Medication"](https://www.caa.co.uk/Aeromedical-Examiners/Medical-standards/Pilots-$EASA$/Conditions/Mental-health/Mental-health-GM/). Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 21 July 2021. 177. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-177) ["Class 1/2 Certification – Depression"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211010143156/https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Accordion/Standard_Content/Medical/AME/Depression%20FC%20v3.1.pdf) (PDF). Civil Aviation Authority. Archived from [the original](https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Accordion/Standard_Content/Medical/AME/Depression%20FC%20v3.1.pdf) (PDF) on 10 October 2021. 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NIHMSID: NIHMS368312. 179. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Repurposing_179-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Repurposing_179-1) - • Mangoni AA, Tuccinardi T, Collina S, Vanden Eynde JJ, Muñoz-Torrero D, Karaman R, et al. (June 2018). ["Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-3"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6099979). [Molecules](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molecules_$MDPI$&action=edit&redlink=1 "Molecules (MDPI) (page does not exist)"). 23* (7): 1596. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3390/molecules23071596](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules23071596). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [6099979](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6099979). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [29966350](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29966350). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [49644934](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49644934). - • Weeks JC, Roberts WM, Leasure C, Suzuki BM, Robinson KJ, Currey H, et al. (January 2018). ["Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Chlorpromazine Are Rapidly Acting Anthelmintic Drugs Capable of Clinical Repurposing"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772060). [Scientific Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Reports "Scientific Reports"). 8 (1) 975. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2018NatSR...8..975W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8..975W). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41598-017-18457-w](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-18457-w). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [5772060](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772060). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [29343694](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29343694). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [205636792](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205636792). 180. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-180) Echeverri N, Govendir M (23 November 2022). ["Does the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine modify canine anxiety related behaviour?"](https://veterinaryevidence.org/index.php/ve/article/view/585). Veterinary Evidence. 7 (4). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.18849/ve.v7i4.585](https://doi.org/10.18849%2Fve.v7i4.585). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [2396-9776](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2396-9776). 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["The 25th anniversary of the launch of Prozac gives pause for thought: where did we go wrong?"](https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.113.129916). The British Journal of Psychiatry. 204 (5): 331–2\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1192/bjp.bp.113.129916](https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.113.129916). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [24785765](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24785765). - Haberman C (21 September 2014). ["Selling Prozac as the Life-Enhancing Cure for Mental Woes"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/selling-prozac-as-the-life-enhancing-cure-for-mental-woes.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=34 "Edit section: External links")\] Listen to this article (37 minutes) ![Spoken Wikipedia icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png) [This audio file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg "File:En-Fluoxetine-article.ogg") was created from a revision of this article dated 13 March 2021 (2021-03-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits. ([Audio help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help "Wikipedia:Media help") · [More spoken articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles "Wikipedia:Spoken articles")) [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Fluoxetine](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fluoxetine "commons:Category:Fluoxetine"). \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antidepressants "Template:Antidepressants") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Antidepressants "Template talk:Antidepressants") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antidepressants "Special:EditPage/Template:Antidepressants")[Antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") ([N06A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06A "ATC code N06")) \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Specific [reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor "Reuptake inhibitor") or [receptor modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") \| \| \| \| \| \| [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors \| [Citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram")\# [Escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram")\# [Fluoxetine]()\# [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine")\# [Indalpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indalpine "Indalpine")‡ [Paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine")\# [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline")\# [Zimelidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimelidine "Zimelidine")‡ \| \| [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors \| [Desvenlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desvenlafaxine "Desvenlafaxine") [Duloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine "Duloxetine") [Levomilnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomilnacipran "Levomilnacipran") [Milnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnacipran "Milnacipran") [Tofenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofenacin "Tofenacin") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") \| \| [NRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors \| [Atomoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") [Reboxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboxetine "Reboxetine") [Viloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viloxazine "Viloxazine") \| \| [NDRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors \| [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine")‡ [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Nomifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomifensine "Nomifensine")‡ \| \| [NaSSAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressants "Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants")Tooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants \| [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") [Setiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline "Setiptiline") \| \| [SARIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors \| [Etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") \| \| [SMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_modulator_and_stimulators "Serotonin modulator and stimulators")Tooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators \| [Vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone") [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") \| \| Others \| [Agomelatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agomelatine "Agomelatine") [Amisulpride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride "Amisulpride") [Dextromethorphan/bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan/bupropion "Dextromethorphan/bupropion") [Esketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine") [Etryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine "Alpha-Ethyltryptamine")‡ [Gepirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepirone "Gepirone") [Indeloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeloxazine "Indeloxazine") [Flupentixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol "Flupentixol") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine")§ [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine")‡ [Metryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine "Alpha-Methyltryptamine")‡ [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane")‡ [Pivagabine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivagabine "Pivagabine")‡ [Tandospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandospirone "Tandospirone") [Teniloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniloxazine "Teniloxazine") [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") \| \| [Tricyclic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic "Tricyclic") and [tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") \| \| \| \| \| \| [TCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants")Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants \| [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine")‡ [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline")\# [Amitriptylinoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide "Amitriptylinoxide") [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline")‡ [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")\# [Demexiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demexiptiline "Demexiptiline")‡ [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") [Dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin") [Dimetacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetacrine "Dimetacrine")‡ [Dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [Imipraminoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipraminoxide "Imipraminoxide")‡ [Iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole")‡ [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") [Melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitracen "Melitracen") [Metapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapramine "Metapramine")‡ [Nitroxazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxazepine "Nitroxazepine") [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") [Noxiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxiptiline "Noxiptiline") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [Pipofezine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipofezine "Pipofezine") [Propizepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propizepine "Propizepine")‡ [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") [Quinupramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupramine "Quinupramine")‡ [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") \| \| [TeCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants "Tetracyclic antidepressants")Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants \| [Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") [Setiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline "Setiptiline") \| \| Others \| [Tiazesim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiazesim "Tiazesim") \| \| [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor "Monoamine oxidase inhibitor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Non-selective \| Irreversible: [Benmoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benmoxin "Benmoxin")‡ [Iproclozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproclozide "Iproclozide")‡ [Iproniazid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproniazid "Iproniazid")‡ [Isocarboxazid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocarboxazid "Isocarboxazid") [Isoniazid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid "Isoniazid")\# [Linezolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linezolid "Linezolid")\# [Mebanazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebanazine "Mebanazine")‡ [Nialamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nialamide "Nialamide")‡ [Octamoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octamoxin "Octamoxin")‡ [Phenelzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenelzine "Phenelzine") [Pheniprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniprazine "Pheniprazine")‡ [Phenoxypropazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxypropazine "Phenoxypropazine")‡ [Pivhydrazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivhydrazine "Pivhydrazine")‡ [Safrazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safrazine "Safrazine")‡ [Tedizolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedizolid "Tedizolid") [Tranylcypromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranylcypromine "Tranylcypromine") Reversible: [Caroxazone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroxazone "Caroxazone")‡ Mixed: [Bifemelane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifemelane "Bifemelane") \| \| [MAOA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A "Monoamine oxidase A")Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A\-selective \| Reversible: [Eprobemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprobemide "Eprobemide") [Metralindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metralindole "Metralindole") [Minaprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaprine "Minaprine")‡ [Moclobemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide "Moclobemide") [Pirlindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirlindole "Pirlindole") [Tetrindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrindole "Tetrindole") [Toloxatone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toloxatone "Toloxatone") \| \| [MAOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B "Monoamine oxidase B")Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B\-selective \| Irreversible: [Selegiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selegiline "Selegiline") \| \| [Adjunctive therapies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy "Adjuvant therapy") \| \| \| [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") ([aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone")) [Buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone") [Lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_$medication$ "Lithium (medication)") ([lithium carbonate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_carbonate "Lithium carbonate"), [lithium citrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_citrate "Lithium citrate")) [Thyroid hormones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone "Thyroid hormone") ([triiodothyronine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine "Triiodothyronine") (T3), [levothyroxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine "Levothyroxine") (T4)) \| \| \| Miscellaneous \| \| \| [Ademetionine (SAMe)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademetionine "Ademetionine") [GABAkine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator "GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator") [neurosteroids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid "Neurosteroid") ([brexanolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopregnanolone "Allopregnanolone"), [zuranolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuranolone "Zuranolone")) [Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum "Hypericum perforatum") [Oxitriptan (5-HTP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxitriptan "Oxitriptan") [Rubidium chloride (RbCl)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium_chloride "Rubidium chloride") [Tryptophan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan "Tryptophan") \| \| \| \#[WHO-EM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines") ‡[Withdrawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs "List of withdrawn drugs") from market [Clinical trials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial "Clinical trial"): †[Phase III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III "Phases of clinical research") §Never to phase III \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics "Template:Anxiolytics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anxiolytics "Template talk:Anxiolytics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics "Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics")[Anxiolytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic "Anxiolytic") ([N05B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05B "ATC code N05")) \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [5-HT1AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor")Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor [agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist "Agonist") \| [Buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone") [Gepirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepirone "Gepirone") [Tandospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandospirone "Tandospirone") \| \| [GABAAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor "GABAA receptor")Tooltip GABAA receptor [PAMs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators "Positive allosteric modulators")Tooltip positive allosteric modulators \| [Benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine "Benzodiazepine"): [Adinazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adinazolam "Adinazolam") [Alprazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam "Alprazolam") [Bromazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromazepam "Bromazepam") [Camazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camazepam "Camazepam") [Chlordiazepoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide "Chlordiazepoxide") [Clobazam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobazam "Clobazam") [Clonazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam "Clonazepam") [Clorazepate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorazepate "Clorazepate") [Clotiazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotiazepam "Clotiazepam") [Cloxazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloxazolam "Cloxazolam") [Diazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam "Diazepam")\# [Ethyl loflazepate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate "Ethyl loflazepate") [Etizolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etizolam "Etizolam") [Fludiazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludiazepam "Fludiazepam") [Halazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halazepam "Halazepam") [Ketazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazolam "Ketazolam") [Lorazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam "Lorazepam")\# [Medazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medazepam "Medazepam") [Nordazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordazepam "Nordazepam") [Oxazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazepam "Oxazepam") [Pinazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinazepam "Pinazepam") [Prazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazepam "Prazepam"); Others: [Alpidem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpidem "Alpidem")‡ [Barbiturates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate "Barbiturate") (e.g., [phenobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital "Phenobarbital")) [Carbamates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate "Carbamate") (e.g., [meprobamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meprobamate "Meprobamate")) [Carisoprodol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisoprodol "Carisoprodol") [Chlormezanone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormezanone "Chlormezanone")‡ [Ethanol (alcohol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_$drug$ "Alcohol (drug)") [Etifoxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etifoxine "Etifoxine") \| \| [Gabapentinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentinoid "Gabapentinoid") ( [α2δ VDCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit "Voltage-dependent calcium channel") [blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_blocker "Channel blocker")) \| [Gabapentin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin "Gabapentin") [Gabapentin enacarbil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil "Gabapentin enacarbil") [Phenibut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut "Phenibut") [Baclofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen "Baclofen") [Pregabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregabalin "Pregabalin") \| \| [Antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") \| [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., [escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram")) [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., [duloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine "Duloxetine")) [SARIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., [trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone")) [TCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants") Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")\#) [TeCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants "Tetracyclic antidepressants") Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [MAOIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors") Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., [phenelzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenelzine "Phenelzine")); Others: [Agomelatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agomelatine "Agomelatine") [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") [Vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone") [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") \| \| [Sympatholytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatholytic "Sympatholytic") ([Antiadrenergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiadrenergic "Antiadrenergic")) \| [Alpha-1 blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker "Alpha-1 blocker") (e.g., [prazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazosin "Prazosin")) [Alpha-2 agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_agonist "Alpha-2 agonist") (e.g., [clonidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine "Clonidine"), [dexmedetomidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmedetomidine "Dexmedetomidine"), [guanfacine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanfacine "Guanfacine")) [Beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") (e.g., [propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol"), [atenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenolol "Atenolol"), [betaxolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaxolol "Betaxolol"), [nadolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadolol "Nadolol"), [oxprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxprenolol "Oxprenolol"), [pindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindolol "Pindolol")) \| \| Others \| [Benzoctamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoctamine "Benzoctamine") [Cycloserine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloserine "Cycloserine") [Fabomotizole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabomotizole "Fabomotizole") [Hydroxyzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine "Hydroxyzine") [Lorpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorpiprazole "Lorpiprazole") [Mebicar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebicar "Mebicar") [Mepiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepiprazole "Mepiprazole") [Nicotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine "Nicotine") ([tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco")) [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane")‡ [Phenaglycodol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenaglycodol "Phenaglycodol") [Phenibut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut "Phenibut") [Picamilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picamilon "Picamilon") [Selank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selank "Selank") [Tiagabine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiagabine "Tiagabine") [Tofisopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofisopam "Tofisopam") [Validolum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validolum "Validolum") \| \| \#[WHO-EM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines") ‡[Withdrawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs "List of withdrawn drugs") from market [Clinical trials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial "Clinical trial"): †[Phase III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III "Phases of clinical research") §Never to phase III \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OCD_medications "Template:OCD medications") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OCD_medications "Template talk:OCD medications") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OCD_medications "Special:EditPage/Template:OCD medications")[OCD medications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder#Medication "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") \| [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram"), [escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram"), [fluoxetine](), [fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine"), [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine"), [sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline")) [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ([venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine")) [TCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants") Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants ([clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")) \| \| Others \| [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") ([haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol")) [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") ([aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone")) \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Drugs_for_erectile_dysfunction_and_premature_ejaculation "Template:Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Drugs_for_erectile_dysfunction_and_premature_ejaculation "Template talk:Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs_for_erectile_dysfunction_and_premature_ejaculation "Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation")Drugs for [erectile dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction "Erectile dysfunction") ([G04BE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_G04#G04BE "ATC code G04")) and [premature ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation "Premature ejaculation") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Erectile dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction "Erectile dysfunction") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Prostaglandins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin "Prostaglandin") (E) \| [Alprostadil (PGE1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1 "Prostaglandin E1") \| \| [PDE5 inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor "PDE5 inhibitor") \| [Avanafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanafil "Avanafil") [Lodenafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodenafil "Lodenafil") [Mirodenafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirodenafil "Mirodenafil") [Sildenafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildenafil "Sildenafil") [Simmerafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmerafil "Simmerafil") [Tadalafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadalafil "Tadalafil") [Udenafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udenafil "Udenafil") [Vardenafil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardenafil "Vardenafil") \| \| [Alpha blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_blocker "Alpha blocker") \| [Moxisylyte (thymoxamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxisylyte "Moxisylyte") [Phentolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentolamine "Phentolamine") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") \| \| [Dopamine agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_agonist "Dopamine agonist") \| [Apomorphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphine "Apomorphine") \| \| [Melanocortin agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin "Melanocortin") \| [Bremelanotide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremelanotide "Bremelanotide") [Melanotan II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotan_II "Melanotan II") [PL-6983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-6983 "PL-6983") \| \| Others \| [Afrodor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrodor "Afrodor") ([acecarbromal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acecarbromal "Acecarbromal"), [quebracho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidosperma_quebracho-blanco "Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco"), [vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E")) [Papaverine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverine "Papaverine") [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") \| \| [Premature ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation "Premature ejaculation") \| \| \| \| \| \| [SRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Serotonin reuptake inhibitor")/[SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") \| [Dapoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapoxetine "Dapoxetine") Off-label: [Citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram") [Fluoxetine]() [Paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") [Tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol") Others: [Kanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesembryanthemum_tortuosum "Mesembryanthemum tortuosum") \| \| [Oxytocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor "Oxytocin receptor") [antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist "Receptor antagonist") \| [Cligosiban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cligosiban "Cligosiban") [Epelsiban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epelsiban "Epelsiban") \| \| [Local anesthetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic "Local anesthetic") \| [Benzocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzocaine "Benzocaine") [Lidocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine "Lidocaine") [Lidocaine/prilocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine/prilocaine "Lidocaine/prilocaine") \| \| *See also: [Sexual dysfunction medications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sexual_dysfunction_medications "Template:Sexual dysfunction medications")* [List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigational_sexual_dysfunction_drugs "List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template talk:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors")[Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor "Monoamine reuptake inhibitor") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [DAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter")Tooltip Dopamine transporter ( [DRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Dopamine reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors) \| \| \| \| \| \| Piperazines: [DBL-583](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBL-583 "DBL-583") [GBR-12783](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-12783 "GBR-12783") [GBR-12935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-12935 "GBR-12935") [GBR-13069](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-13069 "GBR-13069") [GBR-13098](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-13098 "GBR-13098") [JJC8-088](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJC8-088 "JJC8-088") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Vanoxerine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoxerine "Vanoxerine") \| \| \| Piperidines: [4-Fluoropethidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Fluoropethidine "4-Fluoropethidine") [Benocyclidine (BTCP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benocyclidine "Benocyclidine") [Desoxypipradrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxypipradrol "Desoxypipradrol") [Dexmethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate "Dexmethylphenidate") [Difemetorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difemetorex "Difemetorex") [Ethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylphenidate "Ethylphenidate") [HDMP-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMP-28 "HDMP-28") [Methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") [Pethidine (meperidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine "Pethidine") [Phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine") [Pipradrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipradrol "Pipradrol") [Serdexmethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate "Serdexmethylphenidate") [Tenocyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenocyclidine "Tenocyclidine") \| \| \| Pyrrolidines: [Diphenylprolinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylprolinol "Diphenylprolinol") [MDPV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone "Methylenedioxypyrovalerone") [Naphyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone "Naphyrone") [Prolintane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolintane "Prolintane") [Pyrovalerone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrovalerone "Pyrovalerone") \| \| \| Tropanes: [Altropane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altropane "Altropane") [Benzatropine (benztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzatropine "Benzatropine") [Brasofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasofensine "Brasofensine") [CFT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIN_35428 "WIN 35428") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Dichloropane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloropane "Dichloropane") [Difluoropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difluoropine "Difluoropine") [Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etybenzatropine "Etybenzatropine") [FE-β-CPPIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT "FE-β-CPPIT") [FP-β-CPPIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT "FP-β-CPPIT") [Ioflupane (123I)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioflupane_$123I$ "Ioflupane (123I)") [RTI-55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-55 "RTI-55") [RTI-112](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-112 "RTI-112") [RTI-113](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-113 "RTI-113") [RTI-121](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-121 "RTI-121") [RTI-126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-126 "RTI-126") [RTI-150](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-150 "RTI-150") [RTI-177](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-177 "RTI-177") [RTI-229](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-229 "RTI-229") [RTI-336](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$-$-2%CE%B2-$3-\(4-Methylphenyl$isoxazol-5-yl\)-3%CE%B2-$4-chlorophenyl$tropane "(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane") [Tesofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesofensine "Tesofensine") [Troparil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troparil "Troparil") [Tropoxane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropoxane "Tropoxane") [WF-11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-$4-tolyl$-tropane "2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane") [WF-23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-$2-naphthyl$-tropane "2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane") [WF-31](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-$4-isopropylphenyl$-tropane "2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane") [WF-33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B1-$Propanoyl$-3%CE%B2-$2-\(6-methoxynaphthyl$\)-tropane "2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane") \| \| \| Others: [Adrafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrafinil "Adrafinil") [Amifitadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifitadine "Amifitadine") [Armodafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armodafinil "Armodafinil") [Amfonelic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfonelic_acid "Amfonelic acid") [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine") [Ansofaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansofaxine "Ansofaxine") [BTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine "Butyltolylquinuclidine") [BTS 74,398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS_74,398 "BTS 74,398") [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Chaenomeles speciosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaenomeles_speciosa "Chaenomeles speciosa") [Ciclazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclazindol "Ciclazindol") [Dasotraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasotraline "Dasotraline") [Desmethylsertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsertraline "Desmethylsertraline") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine "Desmethylsibutramine") [Diclofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofensine "Diclofensine") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine "Didesmethylsibutramine") [Dimethocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethocaine "Dimethocaine") [Diphenylpyraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylpyraline "Diphenylpyraline") [Dizocilpine (MK-801)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizocilpine "Dizocilpine") [DOV-102,677](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-102,677 "DOV-102,677") [DOV-216,303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-216,303 "DOV-216,303") [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Ephenidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephenidine "Ephenidine") [Esketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine") [EXP-561](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXP-561 "EXP-561") [Fencamfamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencamfamin "Fencamfamin") [Fezolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezolamine "Fezolamine") [Fluorenol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorenol "Fluorenol") [GYKI-52895](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYKI-52895 "GYKI-52895") [Hydroxybupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxybupropion "Hydroxybupropion") [Indatraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indatraline "Indatraline") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") [Lafadofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafadofensine "Lafadofensine") [Lefetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefetamine "Lefetamine") [Levophacetoperane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levophacetoperane "Levophacetoperane") [Liafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liafensine "Liafensine") [LR-5182](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR-5182 "LR-5182") [Manifaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifaxine "Manifaxine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Mesocarb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocarb "Mesocarb") [Metaphit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphit "Metaphit") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [Modafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil "Modafinil") [Nefopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam "Nefopam") [Nomifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomifensine "Nomifensine") [NS-2359](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2359 "NS-2359") [O-2172](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-2172 "O-2172") [Oroxylin A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroxylin_A "Oroxylin A") [Perafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perafensine "Perafensine") [Pridefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridefine "Pridefine") [Pudafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudafensine "Pudafensine") [Radafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radafaxine "Radafaxine") [Rimcazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimcazole "Rimcazole") [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") [Sibutramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibutramine "Sibutramine") [Solriamfetol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solriamfetol "Solriamfetol") [Tametraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tametraline "Tametraline") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Threohydrobupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threohydrobupropion "Threohydrobupropion") [Tripelennamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripelennamine "Tripelennamine") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") \| \| \| [NET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter")Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter ( [NRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) \| \| \| \| \| \| Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: [Amedalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedalin "Amedalin") [Alseroxylon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alseroxylon "Alseroxylon") [Ciclazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclazindol "Ciclazindol") [Daledalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daledalin "Daledalin") [Edivoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edivoxetine "Edivoxetine") [Esreboxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esreboxetine "Esreboxetine") [Lortalamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lortalamine "Lortalamine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Nisoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisoxetine "Nisoxetine") [Reboxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboxetine "Reboxetine") [Talopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talopram "Talopram") [Talsupram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talsupram "Talsupram") [Tandamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandamine "Tandamine") [Teniloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniloxazine "Teniloxazine") [Viloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viloxazine "Viloxazine") \| \| \| Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine") [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Fencamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencamine "Fencamine") [Fencamfamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencamfamin "Fencamfamin") [Hydroxybupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxybupropion "Hydroxybupropion") [Lefetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefetamine "Lefetamine") [Levophacetoperane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levophacetoperane "Levophacetoperane") [LR-5182](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR-5182 "LR-5182") [Manifaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifaxine "Manifaxine") [Methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") [Nomifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomifensine "Nomifensine") [O-2172](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-2172 "O-2172") [Radafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radafaxine "Radafaxine") [Serdexmethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate "Serdexmethylphenidate") [Solriamfetol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solriamfetol "Solriamfetol") \| \| \| Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: [Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") [CP-39,332](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-39,332 "CP-39,332") [Desvenlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desvenlafaxine "Desvenlafaxine") [Duloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine "Duloxetine") [Eclanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclanamine "Eclanamine") [Levomilnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomilnacipran "Levomilnacipran") [McN5652](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McN5652 "McN5652") [Milnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnacipran "Milnacipran") [N-Methyl-PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA "N-Methyl-PPPA") [Nafenodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nafenodone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nafenodone (page does not exist)") [PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPA_$drug$ "PPPA (drug)") [Tofenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofenacin "Tofenacin") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") \| \| \| Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: [3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine "3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine") [Amifitadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifitadine "Amifitadine") [Ansofaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansofaxine "Ansofaxine") [Bicifadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicifadine "Bicifadine") [Brasofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasofensine "Brasofensine") [Centanafadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centanafadine "Centanafadine") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Dasotraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasotraline "Dasotraline") [Desmethylsertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsertraline "Desmethylsertraline") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine "Desmethylsibutramine") [Diclofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofensine "Diclofensine") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine "Didesmethylsibutramine") [DOV-102677](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-102677 "DOV-102677") [DOV-216303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-216303 "DOV-216303") [EXP-561](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXP-561 "EXP-561") [Fezolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezolamine "Fezolamine") [HDMP-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMP-28 "HDMP-28") [HP-505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-505 "HP-505") [Indatraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indatraline "Indatraline") [JNJ-7925476](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-7925476 "JNJ-7925476") [JZ-IV-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JZ-IV-10 "JZ-IV-10") [Lafadofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafadofensine "Lafadofensine") [Liafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liafensine "Liafensine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Naphyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone "Naphyrone") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Nefopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam "Nefopam") [NS-2359](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2359 "NS-2359") [Perafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perafensine "Perafensine") [PRC200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC200 "PRC200") [Pridefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridefine "Pridefine") [Pudafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudafensine "Pudafensine") [SEP-228431](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228431 (page does not exist)") [SEP-228432](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228432 (page does not exist)") [Sibutramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibutramine "Sibutramine") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tesofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesofensine "Tesofensine") [Threohydrobupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threohydrobupropion "Threohydrobupropion") [Tropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropane "Tropane") (e.g., [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine")) \| \| \| Tricyclic antidepressants: [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline") [Cianopramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianopramine "Cianopramine") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") [Dosulepin (dothiepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") [Melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitracen "Melitracen") [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") \| \| \| Tetracyclic antidepressants: [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Oxaprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaprotiline "Oxaprotiline") [Setiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline "Setiptiline") \| \| \| Others: [Amezinium metilsulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amezinium_metilsulfate "Amezinium metilsulfate") [Antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_antagonist "Histamine antagonist") (e.g., [brompheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompheniramine "Brompheniramine"), [chlorphenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine"), [pheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniramine "Pheniramine"), [tripelennamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripelennamine "Tripelennamine")) [Antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") (e.g., [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Arylcyclohexylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine "Arylcyclohexylamine") (e.g., [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine"), [phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine")) [Dopexamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopexamine "Dopexamine") [Ephenidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephenidine "Ephenidine") [Ginkgo biloba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba "Ginkgo biloba") [Indeloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeloxazine "Indeloxazine") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") (e.g., [desmetramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmetramadol "Desmetramadol"), [methadone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone "Methadone"), [pethidine (meperidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine "Pethidine"), [tapentadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapentadol "Tapentadol"), [tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol"), [levorphanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol "Levorphanol")) \| \| \| [SERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter")Tooltip Serotonin transporter ( [SRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors) \| \| \| \| \| \| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: [6-Nitroquipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Nitroquipazine "6-Nitroquipazine") [Alaproclate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaproclate "Alaproclate") [Centpropazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centpropazine "Centpropazine") [Cericlamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cericlamine "Cericlamine") [Citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") [Dapoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapoxetine "Dapoxetine") [Desmethylcitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylcitalopram "Desmethylcitalopram") [Didesmethylcitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylcitalopram "Didesmethylcitalopram") [Escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram") [Femoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoxetine "Femoxetine") [Fluoxetine]() [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") [Indalpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indalpine "Indalpine") [Ifoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifoxetine "Ifoxetine") [Norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine") [Omiloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omiloxetine "Omiloxetine") [Panuramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuramine "Panuramine") [Paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") [PIM-35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIM-35 "PIM-35") [Pirandamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirandamine "Pirandamine") [RTI-353](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-353 "RTI-353") [Seproxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seproxetine "Seproxetine") [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") [Zimelidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimelidine "Zimelidine") Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: [Etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone") [Litoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoxetine "Litoxetine") [Lubazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubazodone "Lubazodone") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [Quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine") [SB-649915](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-649915 "SB-649915") [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") [Vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone") [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") \| \| \| Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: [Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") [Bicifadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicifadine "Bicifadine") [CP-39332](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP-39332&action=edit&redlink=1 "CP-39332 (page does not exist)") [Desvenlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desvenlafaxine "Desvenlafaxine") [Duloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine "Duloxetine") [Eclanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclanamine "Eclanamine") [Levomilnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomilnacipran "Levomilnacipran") [McN5652](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McN5652 "McN5652") [Milnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnacipran "Milnacipran") [N-Methyl-PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA "N-Methyl-PPPA") [PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPA_$drug$ "PPPA (drug)") [Tofenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofenacin "Tofenacin") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") \| \| \| Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: [3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine "3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine") [Amifitadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifitadine "Amifitadine") [Ansofaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansofaxine "Ansofaxine") [Bicifadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicifadine "Bicifadine") [Brasofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasofensine "Brasofensine") [Centanafadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centanafadine "Centanafadine") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Dasotraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasotraline "Dasotraline") [Desmethylsertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsertraline "Desmethylsertraline") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine "Desmethylsibutramine") [Diclofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofensine "Diclofensine") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine "Didesmethylsibutramine") [DOV-102677](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-102677 "DOV-102677") [DOV-216303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-216303 "DOV-216303") [EXP-561](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXP-561 "EXP-561") [Fezolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezolamine "Fezolamine") [HDMP-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMP-28 "HDMP-28") [HP-505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-505 "HP-505") [Indatraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indatraline "Indatraline") [JNJ-7925476](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-7925476 "JNJ-7925476") [JZ-IV-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JZ-IV-10 "JZ-IV-10") [Lafadofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafadofensine "Lafadofensine") [Liafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liafensine "Liafensine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Naphyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone "Naphyrone") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Nefopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam "Nefopam") [NS-2359](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2359 "NS-2359") [Perafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perafensine "Perafensine") [PRC200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC200 "PRC200") [Pridefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridefine "Pridefine") [Pudafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudafensine "Pudafensine") [SEP-228431](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228431 (page does not exist)") [SEP-228432](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228432 (page does not exist)") [Sibutramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibutramine "Sibutramine") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tesofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesofensine "Tesofensine") [Threohydrobupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threohydrobupropion "Threohydrobupropion") [Tropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropane "Tropane") (e.g., [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine")) \| \| \| Tricyclic antidepressants: [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") [Cianopramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianopramine "Cianopramine") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Cyanodothiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanodothiepin "Cyanodothiepin") [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") [Dosulepin (dothiepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") [Pipofezine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipofezine "Pipofezine") [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") \| \| \| Others: [A-80426](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-80426&action=edit&redlink=1 "A-80426 (page does not exist)") [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") (e.g., [brompheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompheniramine "Brompheniramine"), [chlorphenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine"), [dimenhydrinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenhydrinate "Dimenhydrinate"), [diphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine"), [mepyramine (pyrilamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepyramine "Mepyramine"), [pheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniramine "Pheniramine"), [tripelennamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripelennamine "Tripelennamine")) [Antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") (e.g., [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Arylcyclohexylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine "Arylcyclohexylamine") (e.g., [3-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-MeO-PCP "3-MeO-PCP"), [esketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine"), [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine"), [methoxetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxetamine "Methoxetamine"), [phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine")) [Cyclobenzaprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine "Cyclobenzaprine") [Delucemine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delucemine "Delucemine") [Dextromethorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan") [Dextrorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrorphan "Dextrorphan") [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Hypidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypidone "Hypidone") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Mesembrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesembrine "Mesembrine") [Mifepristone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mifepristone "Mifepristone") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylserotonin "N-Methylserotonin") [Opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") (e.g., [dextropropoxyphene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene "Dextropropoxyphene"), [methadone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone "Methadone"), [pethidine (meperidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine "Pethidine"), [levorphanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol "Levorphanol"), [tapentadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapentadol "Tapentadol"), [tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol")) [Roxindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxindole "Roxindole") \| \| \| [VMATs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporters "Vesicular monoamine transporters")Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters \| [Amiodarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodarone "Amiodarone") [Amphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine "Substituted amphetamine") (e.g., [amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine"), [methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine"), [MDMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA")) [APP](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-Amino-2-phenylpropene&action=edit&redlink=1 "3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (page does not exist)") [AZIK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin&action=edit&redlink=1 "7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin (page does not exist)") [Bietaserpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bietaserpine "Bietaserpine") [Deserpidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserpidine "Deserpidine") [Deutetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutetrabenazine "Deutetrabenazine") [Dihydrotetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotetrabenazine "Dihydrotetrabenazine") [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [GBR-12935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-12935 "GBR-12935") [GZ-793A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GZ-793A&action=edit&redlink=1 "GZ-793A (page does not exist)") [Ibogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine "Ibogaine") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [Lobeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobeline "Lobeline") [Methoxytetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methoxytetrabenazine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Methoxytetrabenazine (page does not exist)") [Reserpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserpine "Reserpine") [Rose bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_bengal "Rose bengal") [Tetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabenazine "Tetrabenazine") [Valbenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valbenazine "Valbenazine") [Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoxerine "Vanoxerine") \| \| Others \| Unsorted: [Cendifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendifensine "Cendifensine") DAT enhancers: [Luteolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteolin "Luteolin") DAT modulators: Agonist-like: [SoRI-9804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoRI-9804 "SoRI-9804") [SoRI-20040](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1 "SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)"); Antagonist-like: [SoRI-20041](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoRI-20041 "SoRI-20041") \| \| *See also: [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators") • [Monoamine releasing agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents "Template:Monoamine releasing agents") • [Adrenergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adrenergics "Template:Adrenergics") • [Dopaminergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics "Template:Dopaminergics") • [Serotonergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serotonergics "Template:Serotonergics") • [Monoamine metabolism modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators "Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators") • [Monoamine neurotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins "Template:Monoamine neurotoxins")* \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Template:Serotonin receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Serotonin receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Serotonin receptor modulators")[Serotonin receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT_receptor "5-HT receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [5-HT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1_receptor "5-HT1 receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| [5-HT1A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T "4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T") [5-MeO-pip-T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-pip-T "5-MeO-pip-T") [5-MeO-pyr-T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-pyr-T "5-MeO-pyr-T") [8-OH-DPAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-OH-DPAT "8-OH-DPAT") [Adatanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatanserin "Adatanserin") [Amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine") [Antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") (e.g., [etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone"), [hydroxynefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone "Hydroxynefazodone"), [nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone"), [trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone"), [triazoledione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazoledione "Triazoledione"), [vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone"), [vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine")) [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [cariprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine "Cariprazine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Azapirones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azapirone "Azapirone") (e.g., [buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone"), [eptapirone (F-11440)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptapirone "Eptapirone"), [gepirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepirone "Gepirone"), [perospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perospirone "Perospirone"), [tandospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandospirone "Tandospirone")) [Bay R 1531](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_R_1531 "Bay R 1531") [Befiradol (NLX-112; F-13640)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befiradol "Befiradol") [BMY-14802](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMY-14802 "BMY-14802") [Cannabidiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") [Dimemebfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemebfe "Dimemebfe") [Dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") [Ebalzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebalzotan "Ebalzotan") [Eltoprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltoprazine "Eltoprazine") [Enciprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciprazine "Enciprazine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [F-11461](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-11461 "F-11461") [F-12826](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F-12826&action=edit&redlink=1 "F-12826 (page does not exist)") [F-13714](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F-13714&action=edit&redlink=1 "F-13714 (page does not exist)") [F-14679](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F-14679&action=edit&redlink=1 "F-14679 (page does not exist)") [F-15063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15063 "F-15063") [F-15599 (NLX-101)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15599 "F-15599") [Flesinoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesinoxan "Flesinoxan") [Flibanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibanserin "Flibanserin") [Flumexadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumexadol "Flumexadol") [Hypidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypidone "Hypidone") [Lesopitron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesopitron "Lesopitron") [LY-293284](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-293284 "LY-293284") [LY-301317](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-301317&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-301317 (page does not exist)") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Naluzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naluzotan "Naluzotan") [NBUMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBUMP "NBUMP") [NLX-204](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLX-204 "NLX-204") [NLX-266](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLX-266 "NLX-266") [Osemozotan (MKC-242)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osemozotan "Osemozotan") [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane") [Pardoprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardoprunox "Pardoprunox") [Piclozotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piclozotan "Piclozotan") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Repinotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repinotan "Repinotan") [Roxindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxindole "Roxindole") [RU-24969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-24969 "RU-24969") [S-14506](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14506 "S-14506") [S-14671](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14671 "S-14671") [S-15535](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-15535 "S-15535") [Sarizotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarizotan "Sarizotan") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [SSR-181507](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1 "SSR-181507 (page does not exist)") [Sunepitron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunepitron "Sunepitron") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-carboxamidotryptamine "5-carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-methoxytryptamine "5-methoxytryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine"), [indorenate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indorenate "Indorenate"), [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-methylserotonin "N-methylserotonin"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin")) [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [TMU4142](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMU4142 "TMU4142") [U-92016-A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-92016-A "U-92016-A") [Urapidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urapidil "Urapidil") [Vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone") [Xaliproden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaliproden "Xaliproden") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") \| \| \| Positive allosteric modulators: [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") \| \| \| Antagonists: [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole")) [AV965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV965 "AV965") [Beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") (e.g., [alprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprenolol "Alprenolol"), [carteolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteolol "Carteolol"), [cyanopindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopindolol "Cyanopindolol"), [iodocyanopindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol "Iodocyanopindolol"), [isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane"), [oxprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxprenolol "Oxprenolol"), [penbutolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol "Penbutolol"), [pindobind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindobind "Pindobind"), [pindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindolol "Pindolol"), [propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol"), [tertatolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertatolol "Tertatolol")) [BMY-7378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMY-7378 "BMY-7378") [CSP-2503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSP-2503 "CSP-2503") [Dotarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine "Dotarizine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline")) [FCE-24379](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FCE-24379&action=edit&redlink=1 "FCE-24379 (page does not exist)") [Flopropione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flopropione "Flopropione") [GR-46611](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1 "GR-46611 (page does not exist)") [Isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane") [Lecozotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecozotan "Lecozotan") [Mefway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefway_$18F$ "Mefway (18F)") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [MPPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPPF "MPPF") [NAN-190](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAN-190 "NAN-190") [Robalzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robalzotan "Robalzotan") [S-15535](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-15535 "S-15535") [SB-649915](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-649915 "SB-649915") [SDZ 216-525](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SDZ_216-525&action=edit&redlink=1 "SDZ 216-525 (page does not exist)") [Spiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone") [Spiramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiramide "Spiramide") [Spiroxatrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroxatrine "Spiroxatrine") [UH-301](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-301 "UH-301") [WAY-100135](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100135 "WAY-100135") [WAY-100635](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100635 "WAY-100635") [Xylamidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylamidine "Xylamidine") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Acetryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetryptine "Acetryptine") [Carvedilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol "Carvedilol") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine")) \| \| \| [5-HT1B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor "5-HT1B receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [Alniditan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alniditan "Alniditan") [Anpirtoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpirtoline "Anpirtoline") [AZ10419369](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ10419369 "AZ10419369") [Benzofurans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzofuran "Substituted benzofuran") (e.g., [5-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MAPB "5-MAPB"), [6-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MAPB "6-MAPB"), [BK-5-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-5-MAPB "BK-5-MAPB"), [BK-6-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-6-MAPB "BK-6-MAPB")) [Benzothiophenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzothiophene "Substituted benzothiophene") (e.g., [5-MAPBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MAPBT "5-MAPBT"), [6-MAPBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MAPBT "6-MAPBT"), [BK-5-MAPBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-5-MAPBT "BK-5-MAPBT")) [CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-12066 "CGS-12066") [CP-93129](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-93129 "CP-93129") [CP-94253](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-94253 "CP-94253") [CP-122288](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-122288 "CP-122288") [CP-135807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-135807 "CP-135807") [Eltoprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltoprazine "Eltoprazine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Methylenedioxyphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [methylone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylone "Methylone")) [PGI-7043](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGI-7043 "PGI-7043") [PZKKN-94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZKKN-94 "PZKKN-94") [RU-24969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-24969 "RU-24969") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [avitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitriptan "Avitriptan"), [donitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donitriptan "Donitriptan"), [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan"), [IS-159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-159 "IS-159"), [sumatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan "Sumatriptan"), [zolmitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolmitriptan "Zolmitriptan")) [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-benzyloxytryptamine "5-benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-carboxamidotryptamine "5-carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-methoxytryptamine "5-methoxytryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine")) [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") \| \| \| Antagonists: [AOP-208 (LB-208)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOP-208 "AOP-208") [AR-A000002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR-A000002 "AR-A000002") [Beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") (e.g., [alprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprenolol "Alprenolol"), [carteolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteolol "Carteolol"), [isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane"), [oxprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxprenolol "Oxprenolol"), [penbutolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol "Penbutolol"), [propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol"), [tertatolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertatolol "Tertatolol")) [Elzasonan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzasonan "Elzasonan") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline")) [F-14258](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14258 "F-14258") [GR-127935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-127935 "GR-127935") [Isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [SB-216641](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-216641 "SB-216641") [SB-224289](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-224289 "SB-224289") [SB-236057](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-236057 "SB-236057") [SB-616234](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-616234 "SB-616234") [Trelanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelanserin "Trelanserin") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") \| \| \| Negative allosteric modulators: [5-HT-moduline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT-moduline "5-HT-moduline") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride")) \| \| \| [5-HT1D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor "5-HT1D receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [Alniditan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alniditan "Alniditan") [CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-12066 "CGS-12066") [CP-122288](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-122288 "CP-122288") [CP-135807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-135807 "CP-135807") [CP-286601](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP-286601&action=edit&redlink=1 "CP-286601 (page does not exist)") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [GR-46611](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1 "GR-46611 (page does not exist)") [L-694247](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-694247 "L-694247") [L-772405](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L-772405&action=edit&redlink=1 "L-772405 (page does not exist)") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [PNU-109291](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNU-109291&action=edit&redlink=1 "PNU-109291 (page does not exist)") [PNU-142633](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-142633 "PNU-142633") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [almotriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almotriptan "Almotriptan"), [avitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitriptan "Avitriptan"), [donitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donitriptan "Donitriptan"), [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan"), [frovatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frovatriptan "Frovatriptan"), [IS-159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-159 "IS-159"), [naratriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naratriptan "Naratriptan"), [rizatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizatriptan "Rizatriptan"), [sumatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan "Sumatriptan"), [zolmitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolmitriptan "Zolmitriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-benzyloxytryptamine "5-benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-carboxamidotryptamine "5-carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-Et-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-ethyl-DMT "5-ethyl-DMT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-methoxytryptamine "5-methoxytryptamine"), [5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-$nonyloxy$tryptamine "5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine")) \| \| \| Antagonists: [BRL-15572](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-15572 "BRL-15572") [Elzasonan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzasonan "Elzasonan") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline")) [F-14258](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14258 "F-14258") [GR-127935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-127935 "GR-127935") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [LY-310762](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-310762 "LY-310762") [LY-367642](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-367642 "LY-367642") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [LY-456219](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-456219 "LY-456219") [LY-456220](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-456220 "LY-456220") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") [Ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone") \| \| \| Negative allosteric modulators: [5-HT-moduline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT-moduline "5-HT-moduline") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Acetryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetryptine "Acetryptine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [lysergol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergol "Lysergol"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) \| \| \| [5-HT1E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor "5-HT1E receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [BRL-54443](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-54443 "BRL-54443") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) \| \| \| Antagonists: [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [lysergol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergol "Lysergol"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine") \| \| \| [5-HT1F](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor "5-HT1F receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [BRL-54443](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-54443 "BRL-54443") [CP-122288](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-122288 "CP-122288") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [lysergol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergol "Lysergol"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine") [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Lasmiditan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasmiditan "Lasmiditan") [LY-334370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-334370 "LY-334370") [LY-344864](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-344864 "LY-344864") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan"), [naratriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naratriptan "Naratriptan"), [sumatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan "Sumatriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine")) \| \| \| Antagonists: [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") \| \| \| [5-HT2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2_receptor "5-HT2 receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| [5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor "5-HT2A receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., [25I-NBF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBF "25I-NBF"), [25I-NBMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBMD "25I-NBMD"), [25I-NBOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBOH "25I-NBOH"), [25I-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBOMe "25I-NBOMe"), [25B-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25B-NBOMe "25B-NBOMe"), [25C-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25C-NBOMe "25C-NBOMe"), [25TFM-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25TFM-NBOMe "25TFM-NBOMe"), [2CBCB-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CBCB-NBOMe "2CBCB-NBOMe"), [25CN-NBOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25CN-NBOH "25CN-NBOH"), [2CBFly-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CBFly-NBOMe "2CBFly-NBOMe"), [BMB-202](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMB-202 "BMB-202")) [2Cs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C_$psychedelics$ "2C (psychedelics)") (e.g., [2C-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B "2C-B"), [2C-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-E "2C-E"), [2C-I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-I "2C-I"), [2C-T-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-2 "2C-T-2"), [2C-T-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-7 "2C-T-7"), [2C-T-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-21 "2C-T-21")) [2C-B-FLY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-FLY "2C-B-FLY") [2CB-Ind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CB-Ind "2CB-Ind") [5-Methoxytryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine") ([5-MeO-DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DET "5-MeO-DET"), [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine "5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine"), [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT"), [5-MeO-DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DPT "5-MeO-DPT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine")) [α-Alkyltryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine "Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine") (e.g., [5-Cl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT "5-Chloro-αMT"), [5-Fl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Fluoro-AMT "5-Fluoro-AMT"), [5-MeO-αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-AET "5-MeO-AET"), [5-MeO-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-aMT "5-MeO-aMT"), [α-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin "Alpha-Methylserotonin"), [αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine "Alpha-Ethyltryptamine"), [αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine "Alpha-Methyltryptamine")) [AL-34662](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-34662 "AL-34662") [AL-37350A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-37350A "AL-37350A") [Aporphines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporphine "Aporphine") and [noraporphines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noraporphine "Noraporphine") (e.g., [(S)-glaucine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucine "Glaucine"), [2-hydroxy-11-(2-methylallyl)oxynoraporphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-hydroxy-11-$2-methylallyl$oxynoraporphine "2-hydroxy-11-(2-methylallyl)oxynoraporphine")) [BMB-201](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMB-201 "BMB-201") [Bromo-DragonFLY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY "Bromo-DragonFLY") [Dimemebfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemebfe "Dimemebfe") [DMBMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMBMPP "DMBMPP") [DOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOx "DOx") (e.g., [DOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine"), [DOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine"), [DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine"), [DOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine")) [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [1P-LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1P-LSD "1P-LSD"), [ALD-52](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALD-52 "ALD-52"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [ergine (LSA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergine "Ergine"), [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LA-SS-Az](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide "Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide"), [LSB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide "Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [LSD-Pip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD-Pip "LSD-Pip"), [LSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide "Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide"), [LSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide "Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Flumexadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumexadol "Flumexadol") [IHCH-7113](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHCH-7113 "IHCH-7113") [Jimscaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimscaline "Jimscaline") [Lorcaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorcaserin "Lorcaserin") [MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [MDOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine"), [MMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_$drug$ "MMDA (drug)")) [O-4310](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-4310 "O-4310") [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane") [PHA-57378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHA-57378 "PHA-57378") [PNU-22394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-22394 "PNU-22394") [PNU-181731](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-181731 "PNU-181731") [RH-34](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RH-34 "RH-34") [SCHEMBL5334361](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCHEMBL5334361 "SCHEMBL5334361") [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") (e.g., [lophophine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophine "Lophophine"), [mescaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline "Mescaline")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [BZP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine "Benzylpiperazine"), [quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine"), [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [TCB-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCB-2 "TCB-2") [TFMFly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFMFly "TFMFly") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-benzyloxytryptamine "5-benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-carboxamidotryptamine "5-carboxamidotryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyltryptamine "Diethyltryptamine"), [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine "Diisopropyltryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine"), [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine "Dipropyltryptamine"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) \| \| \| Positive allosteric modulators: [AB0124](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0124 "AB0124") [CTW0404](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTW0404 "CTW0404") [CTW0419](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTW0419&action=edit&redlink=1 "CTW0419 (page does not exist)") [JPC0323](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPC0323 "JPC0323") [(R)-Glaucine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$R$-Glaucine "(R)-Glaucine") [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") \| \| \| Antagonists: [5-I-R91150](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-I-R91150 "5-I-R91150") [5-MeO-NBpBrT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-NBpBrT "5-MeO-NBpBrT") [AC-90179](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-90179 "AC-90179") [Adatanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatanserin "Adatanserin") [Altanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altanserin "Altanserin") [Antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") (e.g., [cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine"), [hydroxyzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine "Hydroxyzine"), [ketotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen "Ketotifen"), [perlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlapine "Perlapine")) [AMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene "9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [amperozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperozide "Amperozide"), [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [blonanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonanserin "Blonanserin"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [carpipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpipramine "Carpipramine"), [clocapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocapramine "Clocapramine"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [gevotroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevotroline "Gevotroline"), [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone"), [melperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melperone "Melperone"), [mosapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosapramine "Mosapramine"), [ocaperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaperidone "Ocaperidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole"), [zicronapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zicronapine "Zicronapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Barettin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barettin "Barettin") [Butanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanserin "Butanserin") [Chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene") [Cinanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinanserin "Cinanserin") [CSP-2503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSP-2503 "CSP-2503") [Deramciclane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deramciclane "Deramciclane") [DLX-2270](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLX-2270 "DLX-2270") [Dotarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine "Dotarizine") [Eplivanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eplivanserin "Eplivanserin") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [sergolexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergolexole "Sergolexole")) [Fananserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fananserin "Fananserin") [Flibanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibanserin "Flibanserin") [Glemanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glemanserin "Glemanserin") [Irindalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irindalone "Irindalone") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [KML-010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KML-010 "KML-010") [Landipirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landipirdine "Landipirdine") [LY03017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY03017 "LY03017") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Metrenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrenperone "Metrenperone") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [MT-1207](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-1207 "MT-1207") [Naftidrofuryl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftidrofuryl "Naftidrofuryl") [Nantenine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantenine "Nantenine") [Nelotanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelotanserin "Nelotanserin") [NH130](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NH130 "NH130") [Opiranserin (VVZ-149)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiranserin "Opiranserin") [Pelanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelanserin "Pelanserin") [Phenoxybenzamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine "Phenoxybenzamine") [Pimavanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimavanserin "Pimavanserin") [Pirenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenperone "Pirenperone") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Pruvanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruvanserin "Pruvanserin") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [Roluperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roluperidone "Roluperidone") [S-14671](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14671 "S-14671") [Sarpogrelate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpogrelate "Sarpogrelate") [Seganserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seganserin "Seganserin") [Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitor "Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor") (e.g., [etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone"), [hydroxynefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone "Hydroxynefazodone"), [lubazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubazodone "Lubazodone"), [mepiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepiprazole "Mepiprazole"), [nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone"), [triazoledione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazoledione "Triazoledione"), [trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone")) [Temanogrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temanogrel "Temanogrel") [Teniloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniloxazine "Teniloxazine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [aptazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptazapine "Aptazapine"), [esmirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmirtazapine "Esmirtazapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [Trelanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelanserin "Trelanserin") [Tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant "Tricyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine"), [haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine"), [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide"), [pipamperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone "Pipamperone"), [prochlorperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorperazine "Prochlorperazine"), [setoperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setoperone "Setoperone"), [spiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone"), [spiramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiramide "Spiramide"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine"), [thiothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiotixene "Tiotixene"), [trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine")) [Volinanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volinanserin "Volinanserin") [Xylamidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylamidine "Xylamidine") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [nicergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicergoline "Nicergoline")) \| \| \| [5-HT2B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor "5-HT2B receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [4-Methylaminorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylaminorex "4-Methylaminorex") [Aminorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminorex "Aminorex") [Amphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine "Substituted amphetamine") (e.g., [chlorphentermine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphentermine "Chlorphentermine"), [cloforex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloforex "Cloforex"), [dexfenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexfenfluramine "Dexfenfluramine"), [fenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine "Fenfluramine"), [levofenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levofenfluramine "Levofenfluramine"), [norfenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfenfluramine "Norfenfluramine")) [BW-723C86](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW-723C86 "BW-723C86") [DOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOx "DOx") (e.g., [DOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine"), [DOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine"), [DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine"), [DOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine")) [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergocryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine "Dihydroergocryptine"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Lorcaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorcaserin "Lorcaserin") [MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [MDOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine"), [MMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_$drug$ "MMDA (drug)")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_piperazine "Substituted piperazine") (e.g., [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine")) [PNU-22394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-22394 "PNU-22394") [Ro60-0175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro60-0175 "Ro60-0175") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-benzyloxytryptamine "5-benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-carboxamidotryptamine "5-carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-methoxytryptamine "5-methoxytryptamine"), [α-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-methylserotonin "Α-methylserotonin"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyltryptamine "Diethyltryptamine"), [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine "Diisopropyltryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine"), [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine "Dipropyltryptamine"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) \| \| \| Antagonists: [Agomelatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agomelatine "Agomelatine") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [amisulpride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride "Amisulpride"), [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [cariprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine "Cariprazine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-desalkylquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1 "N-desalkylquetiapine (page does not exist)"), [N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylclozapine "Desmethylclozapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [pipamperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone "Pipamperone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine") [EGIS-7625](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGIS-7625 "EGIS-7625") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-272015](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-272015&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-272015 (page does not exist)"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine")) [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Metadoxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadoxine "Metadoxine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Pirenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenperone "Pirenperone") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol") [PRX-08066](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-08066 "PRX-08066") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [RS-127445](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-127445 "RS-127445") [Sarpogrelate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpogrelate "Sarpogrelate") [SB-200646](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-200646 "SB-200646") [SB-204741](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-204741 "SB-204741") [SB-206553](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-206553 "SB-206553") [SB-215505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-215505 "SB-215505") [SB-221284](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-221284 "SB-221284") [SB-228357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-228357 "SB-228357") [SDZ SER-082](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDZ_SER-082 "SDZ SER-082") [Tegaserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegaserod "Tegaserod") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine")) [TIK-301](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIK-301 "TIK-301") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine")) \| \| \| [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor "5-HT2C receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [2Cs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C_$psychedelics$ "2C (psychedelics)") (e.g., [2C-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B "2C-B"), [2C-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-E "2C-E"), [2C-I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-I "2C-I"), [2C-T-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-2 "2C-T-2"), [2C-T-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-7 "2C-T-7"), [2C-T-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-21 "2C-T-21")) [5-Methoxytryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine") ([5-MeO-DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DET "5-MeO-DET"), [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine "5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine"), [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT"), [5-MeO-DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DPT "5-MeO-DPT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine")) [α-Alkyltryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine "Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine") (e.g., [5-Cl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT "5-Chloro-αMT"), [5-Fl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Fluoro-AMT "5-Fluoro-AMT"), [5-MeO-αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-AET "5-MeO-AET"), [5-MeO-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-aMT "5-MeO-aMT"), [α-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin "Alpha-Methylserotonin"), [αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine "Alpha-Ethyltryptamine"), [αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine "Alpha-Methyltryptamine")) [A-372159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-372159 "A-372159") [AL-38022A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-38022A "AL-38022A") [Alstonine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonine "Alstonine") [Aporphines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporphine "Aporphine") and [noraporphines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noraporphine "Noraporphine") (e.g., [11-chloroasimilobine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-chloroasimilobine "11-chloroasimilobine")) [ATHX-105](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATHX-105 "ATHX-105") [Bexicaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexicaserin "Bexicaserin") [BMB-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMB-101 "BMB-101") [BMB-105](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMB-105 "BMB-105") [BMB-201](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMB-201 "BMB-201") [Centhaquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centhaquine "Centhaquine") [CP-809101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-809101 "CP-809101") [Dimemebfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemebfe "Dimemebfe") [DLX-2270](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLX-2270 "DLX-2270") [DOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOx "DOx") (e.g., [DOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine"), [DOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine"), [DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine"), [DOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine")) [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [ALD-52](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALD-52 "ALD-52"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergine (LSA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergine "Ergine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LA-SS-Az](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide "Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide"), [LSB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide "Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [LSD-Pip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD-Pip "LSD-Pip"), [LSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide "Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide"), [LSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide "Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Flumexadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumexadol "Flumexadol") [Lorcaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorcaserin "Lorcaserin") [Lumocaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumocaserin "Lumocaserin") [LY03020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY03020 "LY03020") [MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [MDOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine"), [MMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_$drug$ "MMDA (drug)")) [MK-212](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK-212 "MK-212") [ORG-12962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORG-12962 "ORG-12962") [ORG-37684](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORG-37684 "ORG-37684") [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane") [PHA-57378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHA-57378 "PHA-57378") [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") (e.g., [lophophine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophine "Lophophine"), [mescaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline "Mescaline")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [BZP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine "Benzylpiperazine"), [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine"), [quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine"), [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine")) [PNU-22394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-22394 "PNU-22394") [PNU-181731](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-181731 "PNU-181731") [PRX-00933 (BVT-933; GW-876167)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-00933 "PRX-00933") [Ro60-0175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro60-0175 "Ro60-0175") [Ro60-0213](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro60-0213 "Ro60-0213") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-benzyloxytryptamine "5-benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-carboxamidotryptamine "5-carboxamidotryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyltryptamine "Diethyltryptamine"), [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine "Diisopropyltryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine"), [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine "Dipropyltryptamine"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine"), [CPI-CG-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPI-CG-8 "CPI-CG-8")) [Vabicaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabicaserin "Vabicaserin") [VR-1065](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR-1065 "VR-1065") [WAY-629](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-629 "WAY-629") [WAY-161503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-161503 "WAY-161503") [YM-348](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YM-348 "YM-348") \| \| \| Positive allosteric modulators: [CTW0415](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTW0415 "CTW0415") [CYD-1-79](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CYD-1-79&action=edit&redlink=1 "CYD-1-79 (page does not exist)") [JPC0323](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPC0323 "JPC0323") [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") [PNU-69176E](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNU-69176E&action=edit&redlink=1 "PNU-69176E (page does not exist)") [VA012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA012 "VA012") [VA240](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VA240_$drug$&action=edit&redlink=1 "VA240 (drug) (page does not exist)") \| \| \| Antagonists: [Adatanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatanserin "Adatanserin") [Agomelatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agomelatine "Agomelatine") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [melperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melperone "Melperone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Captodiame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame "Captodiame") [CEPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-$pyridin-2-yl$indoline-1-carboxamide "6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide") [Cinanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinanserin "Cinanserin") [Cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine") [Deramciclane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deramciclane "Deramciclane") [Desmetramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmetramadol "Desmetramadol") [Dotarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine "Dotarizine") [Eltoprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltoprazine "Eltoprazine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [sergolexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergolexole "Sergolexole")) [Etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone") [Fluoxetine]() [FR260010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR260010 "FR260010") [Irindalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irindalone "Irindalone") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [Ketotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen "Ketotifen") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [LY03017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY03017 "LY03017") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Pirenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenperone "Pirenperone") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [RS-102221](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-102221 "RS-102221") [S-14671](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14671 "S-14671") [SB-200646](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-200646 "SB-200646") [SB-206553](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-206553 "SB-206553") [SB-221284](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-221284 "SB-221284") [SB-228357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-228357 "SB-228357") [SB-242084](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-242084 "SB-242084") [SB-243213](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-243213 "SB-243213") [SB-247853](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-247853 "SB-247853") [SDZ SER-082](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDZ_SER-082 "SDZ SER-082") [Seganserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seganserin "Seganserin") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [aptazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptazapine "Aptazapine"), [esmirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmirtazapine "Esmirtazapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [TIK-301](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIK-301 "TIK-301") [Tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol") [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") [Tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant "Tricyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide"), [pipamperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone "Pipamperone"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine")) [Xylamidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylamidine "Xylamidine") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine")) \| \| \| [5-HT3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor "5-HT3 receptor")–[7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7_receptor "5-HT7 receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| [5-HT3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor "5-HT3 receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [Alcohols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_$chemistry$ "Alcohol (chemistry)") (e.g., [butanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol "N-Butanol"), [ethanol (alcohol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_$drug$ "Alcohol (drug)"), [trichloroethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol "2,2,2-Trichloroethanol")) [m-CPBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophenylbiguanide "Chlorophenylbiguanide") [Phenylbiguanide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylbiguanide "Phenylbiguanide") [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [BZP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine "Benzylpiperazine"), [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine"), [quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine")) [RS-56812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-56812 "RS-56812") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [SR-57227](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-57227 "SR-57227") [SR-57227A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR-57227A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SR-57227A (page does not exist)") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [2-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine "2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [bufotenidine (5-HTQ)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenidine "Bufotenidine")) [Volatiles/gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic "Inhalational anaesthetic") (e.g., [halothane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halothane "Halothane"), [isoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane "Isoflurane"), [toluene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene "Toluene"), [trichloroethane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane "1,1,1-Trichloroethane")) [YM-31636](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YM-31636 "YM-31636") \| \| \| Positive allosteric modulators: [5-Aminoindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5-Aminoindole&action=edit&redlink=1 "5-Aminoindole (page does not exist)") [5-Chloroindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5-Chloroindole&action=edit&redlink=1 "5-Chloroindole (page does not exist)") [5-Hydroxyindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5-Hydroxyindole&action=edit&redlink=1 "5-Hydroxyindole (page does not exist)") [Catechol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol "Catechol") [Chloroform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform") [meta\-Chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophenylbiguanide "Chlorophenylbiguanide") [Colchicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine "Colchicine") [Ethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol") ([alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_$drug$ "Alcohol (drug)")) [Halothane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halothane "Halothane") [Indole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole "Indole") [Isoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane "Isoflurane") [TMPPAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-3-$4-methoxyphenyl$-N-$pentan-3-yl$acrylamide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trans-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(pentan-3-yl)acrylamide (page does not exist)") \| \| \| Antagonists: [Alosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alosetron "Alosetron") [Anpirtoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpirtoline "Anpirtoline") [Arazasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arazasetron "Arazasetron") [AS-8112](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-8112 "AS-8112") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine")) [Azasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azasetron "Azasetron") [Batanopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanopride "Batanopride") [Bemesetron (MDL-72222)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemesetron "Bemesetron") [Cilansetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilansetron "Cilansetron") [CSP-2503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSP-2503 "CSP-2503") [Dazopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazopride "Dazopride") [Dolasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolasetron "Dolasetron") [Galanolactone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanolactone "Galanolactone") [Granisetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granisetron "Granisetron") [Lerisetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerisetron "Lerisetron") [Memantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine "Memantine") [Ondansetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetron "Ondansetron") [Palonosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palonosetron "Palonosetron") [Ramosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramosetron "Ramosetron") [Renzapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzapride "Renzapride") [Ricasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricasetron "Ricasetron") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [Thujone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thujone "Thujone") [Tropanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropanserin "Tropanserin") [Tropisetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropisetron "Tropisetron") [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine")) [Volatiles/gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic "Inhalational anaesthetic") (e.g., [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"), [sevoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoflurane "Sevoflurane"), [xenon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon "Xenon")) [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") [Zacopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacopride "Zacopride") [Zatosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatosetron "Zatosetron") \| \| \| Negative allosteric modulators: [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Colchicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine "Colchicine") [Hydroxybupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxybupropion "Hydroxybupropion") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)") [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) \| \| \| [5-HT4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT4_receptor "5-HT4 receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine") [BIMU8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIMU8 "BIMU8") [Capeserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capeserod "Capeserod") [Cinitapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinitapride "Cinitapride") [Cisapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisapride "Cisapride") [CJ-033466](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-033466 "CJ-033466") [Dazopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazopride "Dazopride") [Metoclopramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoclopramide "Metoclopramide") [Minesapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minesapride&action=edit&redlink=1 "Minesapride (page does not exist)") [Mosapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosapride "Mosapride") [Prucalopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prucalopride "Prucalopride") [PRX-03140](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-03140 "PRX-03140") [Renzapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzapride "Renzapride") [RS-67333](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-67333 "RS-67333") [RS-67506](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS-67506&action=edit&redlink=1 "RS-67506 (page does not exist)") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tegaserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegaserod "Tegaserod") [Usmarapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmarapride "Usmarapride") [Velusetrag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velusetrag "Velusetrag") [Zacopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacopride "Zacopride") \| \| \| Antagonists: [GR-113808](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-113808 "GR-113808") [GR-125487](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GR-125487&action=edit&redlink=1 "GR-125487 (page does not exist)") [L-Lysine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine "Lysine") [Piboserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piboserod "Piboserod") [RS-39604](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS-39604&action=edit&redlink=1 "RS-39604 (page does not exist)") [RS-67532](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS-67532&action=edit&redlink=1 "RS-67532 (page does not exist)") [SB-203186](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-203186&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-203186 (page does not exist)") [SB-204070](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-204070 "SB-204070") \| \| \| [5-HT5A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor "5-HT5A receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD "2-Bromo-LSD"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine")) [UCSF648](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSF648 "UCSF648") [Valerenic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerenic_acid "Valerenic acid") \| \| \| Antagonists: [Asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [SB-699551](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-699551 "SB-699551") Unknown/unsorted: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) \| \| \| [5-HT6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT6_receptor "5-HT6 receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [dihydroergocryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine "Dihydroergocryptine"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Hypidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypidone "Hypidone") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [2-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine "2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine"), [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine "5-Benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [Bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [E-6801](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6801 "E-6801"), [E-6837](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6837 "E-6837"), [EMD-386088](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD-386088 "EMD-386088"), [EMDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMDT "EMDT"), [LY-586713](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-586713&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-586713 (page does not exist)"), [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-5-HT "N-Methyl-5-HT"), [ST-1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST-1936 "ST-1936"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) [WAY-181187](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-181187 "WAY-181187") [WAY-208466](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-208466 "WAY-208466") \| \| \| Antagonists: [ABT-354](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABT-354 "ABT-354") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [tiospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiospirone "Tiospirone")) [AVN-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-101 "AVN-101") [AVN-211](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-211 "AVN-211") [AVN-322](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-322 "AVN-322") [AVN-397](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-397 "AVN-397") [BGC20-760](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BGC20-760&action=edit&redlink=1 "BGC20-760 (page does not exist)") [BVT-5182](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BVT-5182&action=edit&redlink=1 "BVT-5182 (page does not exist)") [BVT-74316](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BVT-74316&action=edit&redlink=1 "BVT-74316 (page does not exist)") [Cerlapirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerlapirdine "Cerlapirdine") [EGIS-12233](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGIS-12233 "EGIS-12233") [GW-742457](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GW-742457&action=edit&redlink=1 "GW-742457 (page does not exist)") [Idalopirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalopirdine "Idalopirdine") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [Landipirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landipirdine "Landipirdine") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [Masupirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masupirdine "Masupirdine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [MS-245](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-245 "MS-245") [PRX-07034](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-07034 "PRX-07034") [PZKKN-94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZKKN-94 "PZKKN-94") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [Ro 04-6790](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_04-6790 "Ro 04-6790") [Ro 63-0563](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ro_63-0563&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ro 63-0563 (page does not exist)") [SB-258585](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-258585 "SB-258585") [SB-271046](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-271046 "SB-271046") [SB-357134](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-357134 "SB-357134") [SB-399885](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-399885 "SB-399885") [SB-742457](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intepirdine "Intepirdine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin")) [Tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant "Tricyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine")) \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD "2-Bromo-LSD"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [lergotrile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lergotrile "Lergotrile"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) \| \| \| [5-HT7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7_receptor "5-HT7 receptor") \| \| \| \| \| \| Agonists: [8-OH-DPAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-OH-DPAT "8-OH-DPAT") [AS-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-19_$drug$ "AS-19 (drug)") [Bifeprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifeprunox "Bifeprunox") [E-55888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-55888 "E-55888") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD")) [LP-12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP-12 "LP-12") [LP-44](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP-44 "LP-44") [LP-211](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP-211 "LP-211") [RU-24969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-24969 "RU-24969") [Sarizotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarizotan "Sarizotan") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [frovatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frovatriptan "Frovatriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylserotonin "N-Methylserotonin")) \| \| \| Antagonists: [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [amisulpride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride "Amisulpride"), [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole"), [tiospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiospirone "Tiospirone"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Butaclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaclamol "Butaclamol") [DR-4485](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-4485 "DR-4485") [EGIS-12233](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGIS-12233 "EGIS-12233") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD "2-Bromo-LSD"), [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [sergolexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergolexole "Sergolexole")) [JNJ-18038683](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-18038683 "JNJ-18038683") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [SB-258719](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-258719 "SB-258719") [SB-258741](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-258741&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-258741 (page does not exist)") [SB-269970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-269970 "SB-269970") [SB-656104](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-656104&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-656104 (page does not exist)") [SB-656104A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-656104A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-656104A (page does not exist)") [SB-691673](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-691673&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-691673 (page does not exist)") [SLV-313](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLV-313&action=edit&redlink=1 "SLV-313 (page does not exist)") [SLV-314](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLV-314&action=edit&redlink=1 "SLV-314 (page does not exist)") [Spiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone") [SSR-181507](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1 "SSR-181507 (page does not exist)") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [Tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant "Tricyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [acetophenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetophenazine "Acetophenazine"), [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene"), [fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide")) [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") \| \| \| Negative allosteric modulators: [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") \| \| \| Unknown/unsorted: [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") (e.g., [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) \| \| \| *See also: [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators")* [Adrenergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators "Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators") [Dopaminergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators "Template:Dopamine receptor modulators") [Melatonergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Melatonin_receptor_modulators "Template:Melatonin receptor modulators") [Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors") and [releasing agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents "Template:Monoamine releasing agents") [Monoamine metabolism modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators "Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators") [Monoamine neurotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins "Template:Monoamine neurotoxins") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators "Template:Sigma receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sigma_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Sigma receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma receptor modulators")[Sigma receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [σ1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor") \| Agonists: [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [4-PPBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-PPBP "4-PPBP") [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT") [Alazocine (SKF-10047)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alazocine "Alazocine") [Amantadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine "Amantadine") [Arketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arketamine "Arketamine") [BD-737](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BD-737&action=edit&redlink=1 "BD-737 (page does not exist)") [BD-1052](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1052 "BD-1052") [Blarcamesine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarcamesine "Blarcamesine") [Captodiame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame "Captodiame") [Citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") [CGRP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide "Calcitonin gene-related peptide") Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide [Cloperastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloperastine "Cloperastine") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Cutamesine (SA-4503)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutamesine "Cutamesine") [Cyclazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclazocine "Cyclazocine") [Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone "Dehydroepiandrosterone") ([prasterone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasterone "Prasterone")) [Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate") ([prasterone sulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate "Prasterone sulfate")) [Dextrallorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrallorphan "Dextrallorphan") [Dextromethorphan (DXM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan") [Dextrorphan (DXO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrorphan "Dextrorphan") [Dimemorfan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemorfan "Dimemorfan") [Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine") [Ditolylguanidine (DTG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditolylguanidine "Ditolylguanidine") [Donepezil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donepezil "Donepezil") [Eliprodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliprodil "Eliprodil") [Escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram") [Fabomotizole (afobazole)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabomotizole "Fabomotizole") [Fluoxetine]() [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") [Ifenprodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifenprodil "Ifenprodil") [Igmesine (JO-1784)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igmesine "Igmesine") [IPAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPAB_$drug$&action=edit&redlink=1 "IPAB (drug) (page does not exist)") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") [L-687384](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-687384 "L-687384") [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA") [Memantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine "Memantine") [Methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine") [Methoxetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxetamine "Methoxetamine") [Methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") [Nepinalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepinalone "Nepinalone") [Neuropeptide Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y "Neuropeptide Y") [Noscapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noscapine "Noscapine") [OPC-14523](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPC-14523 (page does not exist)") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [Pentazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazocine "Pentazocine") [Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentoxyverine "Pentoxyverine") [PRE-084](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRE-084 "PRE-084") [Pregnenolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone "Pregnenolone") [Pregnenolone sulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate "Pregnenolone sulfate") [Pridopidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridopidine "Pridopidine") [Racemethorphan (methorphan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemethorphan "Racemethorphan") [Racemorphan (morphanol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemorphan "Racemorphan") [UMB-23](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-23 (page does not exist)") [UMB-82](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-82 (page does not exist)") Antagonists: [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [AC-927](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-927 "AC-927") [BD-1008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1008 "BD-1008") [BD-1031](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1031 "BD-1031") [BD-1047](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1047 "BD-1047") [BD-1060](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1060 "BD-1060") [BD-1063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1063 "BD-1063") [BD-1067](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1067 "BD-1067") [BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMY-14802 "BMY-14802") [CM-156](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-156 "CM-156") [Dup-734](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dup-734&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dup-734 (page does not exist)") [E-5842](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-5842&action=edit&redlink=1 "E-5842 (page does not exist)") [E-52862 (S1RA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-52862 "E-52862") [Haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol") [LR-132](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LR-132&action=edit&redlink=1 "LR-132 (page does not exist)") [LR-172](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1 "LR-172 (page does not exist)") [MS-377](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-377 "MS-377") [NE-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NE-100 "NE-100") [NPC-16377](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NPC-16377&action=edit&redlink=1 "NPC-16377 (page does not exist)") [Panamesine (EMD-57455)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamesine "Panamesine") [PD-144418](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PD-144418&action=edit&redlink=1 "PD-144418 (page does not exist)") [Pentazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazocine "Pentazocine") [Progesterone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone "Progesterone") [Rimcazole (BW-234U)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimcazole "Rimcazole") [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") [SR-31742A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR-31742A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SR-31742A (page does not exist)") Allosteric modulators: [Phenytoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin "Phenytoin"); Positive: [Methylphenylpiracetam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenylpiracetam "Methylphenylpiracetam") [SOMCL-668](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOMCL-668&action=edit&redlink=1 "SOMCL-668 (page does not exist)") Unknown/unsorted: [3-Methoxydextrallorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1 "3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)") [3-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-MeO-PCP "3-MeO-PCP") [4C-T-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C-T-2 "4C-T-2") [4-IBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-IBP&action=edit&redlink=1 "4-IBP (page does not exist)") [4-IPBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-IPBS&action=edit&redlink=1 "4-IPBS (page does not exist)") [4-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-MeO-PCP "4-MeO-PCP") [5-MeO-DALT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DALT "5-MeO-DALT") [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT "5-MeO-DiPT") [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") [Azidopamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azidopamil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Azidopamil (page does not exist)") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Clemastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemastine "Clemastine") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Clorgiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorgiline "Clorgiline") [D-Deprenyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Deprenyl "D-Deprenyl") [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine "N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine "N,N-Dipropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine [Ibogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine "Ibogaine") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [KCR-12-83.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KCR-12-83.1&action=edit&redlink=1 "KCR-12-83.1 (page does not exist)") [Nemonapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonapride "Nemonapride") [Noribogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noribogaine "Noribogaine") [RHL-033](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RHL-033&action=edit&redlink=1 "RHL-033 (page does not exist)") [RS-67,333](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-67,333 "RS-67,333") [RTI-55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-55 "RTI-55") [Saffron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron "Saffron") [Safinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safinamide "Safinamide") [Selegiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selegiline "Selegiline") [Spipethiane](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spipethiane&action=edit&redlink=1 "Spipethiane (page does not exist)") [Trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine") [W-18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-18_$drug$ "W-18 (drug)") [YKP10A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YKP10A "YKP10A") \| \| [σ2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor "Sigma-2 receptor") \| Agonists: [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [Arketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arketamine "Arketamine") [BD-1047](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1047 "BD-1047") [BD1063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD1063 "BD1063") [Ditolylguanidine (DTG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditolylguanidine "Ditolylguanidine") [DKR-1005](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DKR-1005&action=edit&redlink=1 "DKR-1005 (page does not exist)") [DKR-1051](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DKR-1051&action=edit&redlink=1 "DKR-1051 (page does not exist)") [Haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol") [Ifenprodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifenprodil "Ifenprodil") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA") [Methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine") [OPC-14523](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPC-14523 (page does not exist)") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [PB-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PB-28 "PB-28") [Phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine") [Siramesine (Lu 28-179)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siramesine "Siramesine") [UKH-1114](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UKH-1114&action=edit&redlink=1 "UKH-1114 (page does not exist)") Antagonists: [AC-927](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-927 "AC-927") [BD-1008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1008 "BD-1008") [BD-1067](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1067 "BD-1067") [CM-156](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-156 "CM-156") [LR-172](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1 "LR-172 (page does not exist)") [MIN-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-101 "MIN-101") [Panamesine (EMD-57455)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamesine "Panamesine") [SAS-0132](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAS-0132&action=edit&redlink=1 "SAS-0132 (page does not exist)") [Zervimesine (CT-1812)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zervimesine "Zervimesine") Unknown/unsorted: [3-Methoxydextrallorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1 "3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)") [3-MeO-PCE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-MeO-PCE "3-MeO-PCE") [4-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-MeO-PCP "4-MeO-PCP") [5-MeO-DALT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DALT "5-MeO-DALT") [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT "5-MeO-DiPT") [Clemastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemastine "Clemastine") [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine "N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine "N,N-Dipropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine [Ibogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine "Ibogaine") [Lu 29-252](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_29-252 "Lu 29-252") [Nemonapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonapride "Nemonapride") [Nepinalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepinalone "Nepinalone") [Noribogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noribogaine "Noribogaine") [Pentazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazocine "Pentazocine") [RS-67,333](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-67,333 "RS-67,333") [Safinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safinamide "Safinamide") [TMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine "3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine") Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine [UMB-23](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-23 (page does not exist)") [UMB-82](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-82 (page does not exist)") [W-18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-18_$drug$ "W-18 (drug)") \| \| Unsorted \| Agonists: [Berberine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberine "Berberine") [Ethylketazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylketazocine "Ethylketazocine") [Fourphit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourphit "Fourphit") [Metaphit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphit "Metaphit") [Naluzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naluzotan "Naluzotan") [Tapentadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapentadol "Tapentadol") [Tenocyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenocyclidine "Tenocyclidine") Antagonists: [AHD1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AHD1&action=edit&redlink=1 "AHD1 (page does not exist)") [AZ66](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AZ66&action=edit&redlink=1 "AZ66 (page does not exist)") [Lamotrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine "Lamotrigine") [Naloxone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxone "Naloxone") [SM-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SM-21&action=edit&redlink=1 "SM-21 (page does not exist)") [UMB-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-100&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-100 (page does not exist)") [UMB-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-101&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-101 (page does not exist)") [UMB-103](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-103&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-103 (page does not exist)") [UMB-116](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-116&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-116 (page does not exist)") [YZ-011](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YZ-011&action=edit&redlink=1 "YZ-011 (page does not exist)") [YZ-069](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YZ-069&action=edit&redlink=1 "YZ-069 (page does not exist)") [YZ-185](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YZ-185&action=edit&redlink=1 "YZ-185 (page does not exist)") Allosteric modulators: [SKF-83959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-83959 "SKF-83959") Unknown/unsorted: [18-Methoxycoronaridine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine "18-Methoxycoronaridine") [BMY-13980](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMY-13980&action=edit&redlink=1 "BMY-13980 (page does not exist)") [Butaclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaclamol "Butaclamol") [Caramiphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramiphen "Caramiphen") [Carvotroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carvotroline&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carvotroline (page does not exist)") [Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Cinnarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine "Cinnarizine") [Cinuperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cinuperone (page does not exist)") [Clocapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocapramine "Clocapramine") [Dezocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezocine "Dezocine") [EMD-59983](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMD-59983&action=edit&redlink=1 "EMD-59983 (page does not exist)") [Hypericin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericin "Hypericin") ([St. John's wort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_wort "St. John's wort")) [Fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine") [Gevotroline (WY-47384)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevotroline "Gevotroline") [Mepyramine (pyrilamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepyramine "Mepyramine") [Molindone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molindone "Molindone") [Perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine") [Pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide") [Proadifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proadifen "Proadifen") [Promethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine "Promethazine") [Propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol") [Quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine") [Remoxipride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoxipride "Remoxipride") [SL 82.0715](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SL_82.0715&action=edit&redlink=1 "SL 82.0715 (page does not exist)") [SR-31747A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR-31747A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SR-31747A (page does not exist)") [Tiospirone (BMY-13859)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiospirone "Tiospirone") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") \| \| *See also: [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators")* \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators "Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators "Template talk:GABAA receptor positive modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators")[GABAA receptor positive modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator "GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Alcohols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_$chemistry$ "Alcohol (chemistry)") \| [Brometone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brometone (page does not exist)") [Butanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Butanol "1-Butanol") [Chloralodol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloralodol "Chloralodol") [Chlorobutanol (cloretone)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobutanol "Chlorobutanol") [Ethanol (alcohol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_$drug$ "Alcohol (drug)") ([alcoholic drink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_drink "Alcoholic drink")) [Ethchlorvynol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethchlorvynol "Ethchlorvynol") [Isobutanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutanol "Isobutanol") [Isopropanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropanol "Isopropanol") [Menthol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol "Menthol") [Methanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol "Methanol") [Methylpentynol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylpentynol "Methylpentynol") [Pentanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Pentanol "1-Pentanol") [Petrichloral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrichloral "Petrichloral") [Propanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Propanol "1-Propanol") [tert\-Butanol (2M2P)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butanol "Tert-Butanol") [tert\-Pentanol (2M2B)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Pentanol "Tert-Pentanol") [Tribromoethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribromoethanol "Tribromoethanol") [Trichloroethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethanol "Trichloroethanol") [Triclofos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclofos "Triclofos") [Trifluoroethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoroethanol "Trifluoroethanol") \| \| [Barbiturates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate "Barbiturate") \| [(-)-DMBB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$-$-5-$1,3-Dimethylbutyl$-5-ethylbarbituric_acid "(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid") [Allobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allobarbital "Allobarbital") [Alphenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphenal "Alphenal") [Amobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amobarbital "Amobarbital") [Aprobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprobarbital "Aprobarbital") [Barbexaclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbexaclone "Barbexaclone") [Barbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbital "Barbital") [Benzobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzobarbital "Benzobarbital") [Benzylbutylbarbiturate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylbutylbarbiturate "Benzylbutylbarbiturate") [Brallobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brallobarbital "Brallobarbital") [Brophebarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brophebarbital "Brophebarbital") [Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butabarbital "Butabarbital") [Butalbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butalbital "Butalbital") [Buthalital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthalital "Buthalital") [Butobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butobarbital "Butobarbital") [Butallylonal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butallylonal "Butallylonal") [Carbubarb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbubarb "Carbubarb") [Crotylbarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotylbarbital "Crotylbarbital") [Cyclobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobarbital "Cyclobarbital") [Cyclopentobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital "Cyclopentobarbital") [Difebarbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difebarbamate "Difebarbamate") [Enallylpropymal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enallylpropymal "Enallylpropymal") [Ethallobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethallobarbital "Ethallobarbital") [Eterobarb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eterobarb "Eterobarb") [Febarbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febarbamate "Febarbamate") [Heptabarb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptabarb "Heptabarb") [Heptobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptobarbital "Heptobarbital") [Hexethal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexethal "Hexethal") [Hexobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexobarbital "Hexobarbital") [Methallatal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methallatal "Methallatal") [Metharbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metharbital "Metharbital") [Methitural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methitural "Methitural") [Methohexital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methohexital "Methohexital") [Methylphenobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenobarbital "Methylphenobarbital") [Narcobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcobarbital "Narcobarbital") [Nealbarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nealbarbital "Nealbarbital") [Pentobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentobarbital "Pentobarbital") [Phenallymal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenallymal "Phenallymal") [Phenobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital "Phenobarbital") [Phetharbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phetharbital "Phetharbital") [Primidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primidone "Primidone") [Probarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probarbital "Probarbital") [Propallylonal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propallylonal "Propallylonal") [Propylbarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylbarbital "Propylbarbital") [Proxibarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxibarbital "Proxibarbital") [Reposal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reposal "Reposal") [Secobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secobarbital "Secobarbital") [Sigmodal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmodal "Sigmodal") [Spirobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirobarbital "Spirobarbital") [Talbutal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbutal "Talbutal") [Tetrabamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabamate "Tetrabamate") [Tetrabarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabarbital "Tetrabarbital") [Thialbarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thialbarbital "Thialbarbital") [Thiamylal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamylal "Thiamylal") [Thiobarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiobarbital "Thiobarbital") [Thiobutabarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiobutabarbital "Thiobutabarbital") [Thiopental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_thiopental "Sodium thiopental") [Thiotetrabarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital "Thiotetrabarbital") [Valofane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valofane "Valofane") [Vinbarbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinbarbital "Vinbarbital") [Vinylbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylbital "Vinylbital") \| \| [Benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine "Benzodiazepine") \| [2-Oxoquazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Oxoquazepam "2-Oxoquazepam") [3-Hydroxyphenazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxyphenazepam "3-Hydroxyphenazepam") [Adinazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adinazolam "Adinazolam") [Alprazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam "Alprazolam") [Arfendazam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfendazam "Arfendazam") [Avizafone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avizafone "Avizafone") [Bentazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentazepam "Bentazepam") [Bretazenil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretazenil "Bretazenil") [Bromazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromazepam "Bromazepam") [Bromazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromazolam "Bromazolam") [Brotizolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotizolam "Brotizolam") [Camazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camazepam "Camazepam") [Carburazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburazepam "Carburazepam") [Chlordiazepoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide "Chlordiazepoxide") [Ciclotizolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclotizolam "Ciclotizolam") [Cinazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinazepam "Cinazepam") [Cinolazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinolazepam "Cinolazepam") [Clazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clazolam "Clazolam") [Climazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climazolam "Climazolam") [Clobazam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobazam "Clobazam") [Clonazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam "Clonazepam") [Clonazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazolam "Clonazolam") [Cloniprazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloniprazepam "Cloniprazepam") [Clorazepate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorazepate "Clorazepate") [Clotiazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotiazepam "Clotiazepam") [Cloxazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloxazolam "Cloxazolam") [CP-1414S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-1414S "CP-1414S") [Cyprazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprazepam "Cyprazepam") [Delorazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delorazepam "Delorazepam") [Demoxepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoxepam "Demoxepam") [Diazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam "Diazepam") [Diclazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclazepam "Diclazepam") [Dimdazenil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimdazenil "Dimdazenil") [Doxefazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxefazepam "Doxefazepam") [Elfazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfazepam "Elfazepam") [Estazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estazolam "Estazolam") [Ethyl carfluzepate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_carfluzepate "Ethyl carfluzepate") [Ethyl dirazepate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_dirazepate "Ethyl dirazepate") [Ethyl loflazepate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate "Ethyl loflazepate") [Etizolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etizolam "Etizolam") [FG-8205](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FG-8205 "FG-8205") [Fletazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletazepam "Fletazepam") [Flubromazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubromazepam "Flubromazepam") [Flubromazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubromazolam "Flubromazolam") [Fludiazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludiazepam "Fludiazepam") [Flunitrazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flunitrazepam "Flunitrazepam") [Flunitrazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flunitrazolam "Flunitrazolam") [Flurazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flurazepam "Flurazepam") [Flutazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutazolam "Flutazolam") [Flutemazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutemazepam "Flutemazepam") [Flutoprazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutoprazepam "Flutoprazepam") [Fosazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosazepam "Fosazepam") [Gidazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidazepam "Gidazepam") [Halazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halazepam "Halazepam") [Haloxazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloxazolam "Haloxazolam") [Iclazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iclazepam "Iclazepam") [Imidazenil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazenil "Imidazenil") [Irazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irazepine "Irazepine") [Ketazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazolam "Ketazolam") [Lofendazam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofendazam "Lofendazam") [Lopirazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopirazepam "Lopirazepam") [Loprazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loprazolam "Loprazolam") [Lorazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam "Lorazepam") [Lormetazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lormetazepam "Lormetazepam") [Meclonazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclonazepam "Meclonazepam") [Medazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medazepam "Medazepam") [Menitrazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menitrazepam "Menitrazepam") [Metaclazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaclazepam "Metaclazepam") [Mexazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexazolam "Mexazolam") [Midazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midazolam "Midazolam") [Motrazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motrazepam "Motrazepam") [N-Desalkylflurazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Desalkylflurazepam "N-Desalkylflurazepam") [Nifoxipam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifoxipam "Nifoxipam") [Nimetazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimetazepam "Nimetazepam") [Nitrazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrazepam "Nitrazepam") [Nitrazepate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrazepate "Nitrazepate") [Nitrazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrazolam "Nitrazolam") [Nordazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordazepam "Nordazepam") [Nortetrazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortetrazepam "Nortetrazepam") [Oxazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazepam "Oxazepam") [Oxazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazolam "Oxazolam") [Phenazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenazepam "Phenazepam") [Pinazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinazepam "Pinazepam") [Pivoxazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivoxazepam "Pivoxazepam") [Prazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazepam "Prazepam") [Premazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premazepam "Premazepam") [Proflazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proflazepam "Proflazepam") [Pyrazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazolam "Pyrazolam") [QH-II-66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QH-II-66 "QH-II-66") [Quazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quazepam "Quazepam") [Reclazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclazepam "Reclazepam") [Remimazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remimazolam "Remimazolam") [Rilmazafone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilmazafone "Rilmazafone") [Ripazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripazepam "Ripazepam") [Ro48-6791](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro48-6791 "Ro48-6791") [Ro48-8684](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro48-8684 "Ro48-8684") [SH-053-R-CH3-2′F](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F "SH-053-R-CH3-2′F") [Sulazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulazepam "Sulazepam") [Temazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temazepam "Temazepam") [Tetrazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrazepam "Tetrazepam") [Tolufazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolufazepam "Tolufazepam") [Triazolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazolam "Triazolam") [Triflubazam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triflubazam "Triflubazam") [Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triflunordazepam "Triflunordazepam") [Tuclazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuclazepam "Tuclazepam") [Uldazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uldazepam "Uldazepam") [Zapizolam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapizolam "Zapizolam") [Zolazepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolazepam "Zolazepam") [Zomebazam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomebazam "Zomebazam") \| \| [Carbamates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate "Carbamate") \| [Carisbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbamate "Carisbamate") [Carisoprodol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisoprodol "Carisoprodol") [Clocental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocental "Clocental") [Cyclarbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclarbamate "Cyclarbamate") [Difebarbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difebarbamate "Difebarbamate") [Emylcamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emylcamate "Emylcamate") [Ethinamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinamate "Ethinamate") [Febarbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febarbamate "Febarbamate") [Felbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felbamate "Felbamate") [Hexapropymate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapropymate "Hexapropymate") [Hydroxyphenamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyphenamate "Hydroxyphenamate") [Lorbamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorbamate "Lorbamate") [Mebutamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebutamate "Mebutamate") [Meprobamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meprobamate "Meprobamate") [Nisobamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisobamate "Nisobamate") [Pentabamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentabamate "Pentabamate") [Phenprobamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenprobamate "Phenprobamate") [Procymate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procymate "Procymate") [Styramate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styramate "Styramate") [Tetrabamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabamate "Tetrabamate") [Tybamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybamate "Tybamate") \| \| [Flavonoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid "Flavonoid") \| [6-Methylapigenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Methylapigenin "6-Methylapigenin") [Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelopsin "Ampelopsin") [Apigenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin "Apigenin") [Baicalein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baicalein "Baicalein") [Baicalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baicalin "Baicalin") [Catechin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin "Catechin") [EGC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigallocatechin "Epigallocatechin") [EGCG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate "Epigallocatechin gallate") [Hispidulin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispidulin "Hispidulin") [Linarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linarin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Linarin (page does not exist)") [Luteolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteolin "Luteolin") [Rc-OMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-6,4%E2%80%B2-dimethoxyretrochalcone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trans-6,4′-dimethoxyretrochalcone (page does not exist)") [Skullcap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellaria "Scutellaria") constituents (e.g., [baicalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baicalin "Baicalin")) [Wogonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wogonin "Wogonin") \| \| [Imidazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazole "Imidazole") \| [Etomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etomidate "Etomidate") [Metomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metomidate "Metomidate") [Methoxyetomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyetomidate "Methoxyetomidate") [Propoxate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoxate "Propoxate") [Isopropoxate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropoxate "Isopropoxate") [Butomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butomidate "Butomidate") [Iso-butomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-butomidate "Iso-butomidate") [Sec-butomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec-butomidate "Sec-butomidate") [CF2-Etomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF2-Etomidate "CF2-Etomidate") [CF3-Etomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF3-Etomidate "CF3-Etomidate") [CF3-Propoxate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF3-Propoxate "CF3-Propoxate") [Flutomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutomidate "Flutomidate") [2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate "2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate") \| \| [Kava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava "Kava") constituents \| [10-Methoxyyangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 "10-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)") [11-Methoxyyangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 "11-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)") [11-Hydroxyyangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11-Hydroxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 "11-Hydroxyyangonin (page does not exist)") [Desmethoxyyangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethoxyyangonin "Desmethoxyyangonin") [11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1 "11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain (page does not exist)") [7,8-Dihydroyangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 "7,8-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)") [Kavain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavain "Kavain") [5-Hydroxykavain](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5-Hydroxykavain&action=edit&redlink=1 "5-Hydroxykavain (page does not exist)") [5,6-Dihydroyangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 "5,6-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)") [7,8-Dihydrokavain](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1 "7,8-Dihydrokavain (page does not exist)") [5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1 "5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin (page does not exist)") [5,6-Dehydromethysticin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dehydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1 "5,6-Dehydromethysticin (page does not exist)") [Methysticin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysticin "Methysticin") [7,8-Dihydromethysticin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1 "7,8-Dihydromethysticin (page does not exist)") [Yangonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangonin "Yangonin") \| \| [Monoureides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoureide "Monoureide") \| [Acecarbromal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acecarbromal "Acecarbromal") [Apronal (apronalide)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apronal "Apronal") [Bromisoval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromisoval "Bromisoval") [Carbromal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbromal "Carbromal") [Capuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capuride "Capuride") [Ectylurea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ectylurea (page does not exist)") \| \| [Neuroactive steroids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid "Neuroactive steroid") \| [Acebrochol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acebrochol "Acebrochol") [Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopregnanolone "Allopregnanolone") [Alfadolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfadolone "Alfadolone") [Alfaxalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfaxalone "Alfaxalone") [3α-Androstanediol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol "3α-Androstanediol") [Androstenol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenol "Androstenol") [Androsterone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterone "Androsterone") Certain [anabolic-androgenic steroids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid "Anabolic-androgenic steroid") [Cholesterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol "Cholesterol") [DHDOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone "Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone") [3α-DHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone "3α-Dihydroprogesterone") [5α-DHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone "5α-Dihydroprogesterone") [5β-DHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone "5β-Dihydroprogesterone") [DHT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone "Dihydrotestosterone") [Etiocholanolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiocholanolone "Etiocholanolone") [Ganaxolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganaxolone "Ganaxolone") [Hydroxydione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxydione "Hydroxydione") [Minaxolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaxolone "Minaxolone") [ORG-20599](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORG-20599 "ORG-20599") [ORG-21465](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORG-21465 "ORG-21465") [P1-185](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P1-185 "P1-185") [Posovolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posovolone "Posovolone") [Pregnanolone (eltanolone)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnanolone "Pregnanolone") [Progesterone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone "Progesterone") [Renanolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renanolone "Renanolone") [SAGE-105](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAGE-105&action=edit&redlink=1 "SAGE-105 (page does not exist)") [SAGE-324](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE-324 "SAGE-324") [SAGE-516](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAGE-516&action=edit&redlink=1 "SAGE-516 (page does not exist)") [SAGE-689](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAGE-689&action=edit&redlink=1 "SAGE-689 (page does not exist)") [SAGE-872](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAGE-872&action=edit&redlink=1 "SAGE-872 (page does not exist)") [Testosterone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone "Testosterone") [THDOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone "Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone") [Zuranolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuranolone "Zuranolone") \| \| [Nonbenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine "Nonbenzodiazepine") \| [Cyclopyrrolones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopyrrolone "Cyclopyrrolone"): [Eszopiclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszopiclone "Eszopiclone") [Pagoclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoclone "Pagoclone") [Pazinaclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazinaclone "Pazinaclone") [Suproclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suproclone "Suproclone") [Suriclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriclone "Suriclone") [Zopiclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zopiclone "Zopiclone") [Imidazopyridines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazopyridine "Imidazopyridine"): [Alpidem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpidem "Alpidem") [DS-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS-1_$drug$ "DS-1 (drug)") [Necopidem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necopidem "Necopidem") [Saripidem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saripidem "Saripidem") [Zolpidem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolpidem "Zolpidem") [Pyrazolopyrimidines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine "Pyrazolopyrimidine"): [Divaplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divaplon "Divaplon") [Fasiplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasiplon "Fasiplon") [Indiplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiplon "Indiplon") [Lorediplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorediplon "Lorediplon") [Ocinaplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocinaplon "Ocinaplon") [Panadiplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panadiplon "Panadiplon") [Taniplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniplon "Taniplon") [Zaleplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaleplon "Zaleplon") Others: [Adipiplon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipiplon "Adipiplon") [AXS-17 (BAER-101, AZD-7325)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS-17 "AXS-17") [CGS-8216](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-8216 "CGS-8216") [CGS-9896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-9896 "CGS-9896") [CGS-13767](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-13767 "CGS-13767") [CGS-20625](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-20625 "CGS-20625") [CL-218,872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CL-218,872 "CL-218,872") [CP-615,003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-615,003 "CP-615,003") [CTP-354](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTP-354&action=edit&redlink=1 "CTP-354 (page does not exist)") [ELB-139](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELB-139 "ELB-139") [GBLD-345](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBLD-345 "GBLD-345") [Imepitoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imepitoin "Imepitoin") [JM-1232](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JM-1232 "JM-1232") [L-838,417](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-838,417 "L-838,417") [Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirequinil "Lirequinil") [Miltirone (rosmariquinone)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltirone "Miltirone") [NS-2664](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2664 "NS-2664") [NS-2710](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2710 "NS-2710") [NS-11394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-11394 "NS-11394") [Pipequaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipequaline "Pipequaline") [ROD-188](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROD-188 "ROD-188") [RWJ-51204](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWJ-51204 "RWJ-51204") [SB-205,384](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-205,384 "SB-205,384") [SX-3228](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SX-3228 "SX-3228") [TGSC01AA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TGSC01AA&action=edit&redlink=1 "TGSC01AA (page does not exist)") [TP-003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TP-003 "TP-003") [TPA-023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPA-023 "TPA-023") [TP-13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TP-13 "TP-13") [U-89843A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-89843A "U-89843A") [U-90042](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-90042 "U-90042") [Viqualine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqualine "Viqualine") [Y-23684](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-23684 "Y-23684") \| \| [Phenols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol "Phenol") \| [Cipepofol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipepofol "Cipepofol") [Fospropofol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fospropofol "Fospropofol") [Propofol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol "Propofol") [Propofol hemisuccinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol_hemisuccinate "Propofol hemisuccinate") [Thymol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol "Thymol") \| \| [Piperidinediones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidinedione "Piperidinedione") \| [Glutethimide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutethimide "Glutethimide") [Methyprylon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyprylon "Methyprylon") [Piperidione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidione "Piperidione") [Pyrithyldione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrithyldione "Pyrithyldione") \| \| [Pyrazolopyridines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazolopyridine "Pyrazolopyridine") \| [Cartazolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartazolate "Cartazolate") [Etazolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etazolate "Etazolate") [ICI-190,622](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICI-190,622 "ICI-190,622") [Tracazolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracazolate "Tracazolate") \| \| [Quinazolinones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinazolinone "Quinazolinone") \| [Afloqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afloqualone "Afloqualone") [Cloroqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroqualone "Cloroqualone") [Diproqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diproqualone "Diproqualone") [Etaqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaqualone "Etaqualone") [Mebroqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebroqualone "Mebroqualone") [Mecloqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecloqualone "Mecloqualone") [Methaqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaqualone "Methaqualone") [Methylmethaqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmethaqualone "Methylmethaqualone") [Nitromethaqualone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethaqualone "Nitromethaqualone") [SL-164](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SL-164 "SL-164") \| \| [Volatiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic "Inhalational anaesthetic")/[gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic "Inhalational anaesthetic") \| [Acetone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone "Acetone") [Acetophenone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetophenone "Acetophenone") [Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate "Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate") [Aliflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliflurane "Aliflurane") [Benzene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene "Benzene") [Butane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butane "Butane") [Butylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylene "Butylene") [Centalun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centalun "Centalun") [Chloral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral "Chloral") [Chloral betaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_betaine "Chloral betaine") [Chloral hydrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydrate "Chloral hydrate") [Chloroform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform") [Cryofluorane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryofluorane "Cryofluorane") [Desflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desflurane "Desflurane") [Dichloralphenazone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloralphenazone "Dichloralphenazone") [Dichloromethane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloromethane "Dichloromethane") [Diethyl ether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether "Diethyl ether") [Enflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enflurane "Enflurane") [Ethyl chloride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroethane "Chloroethane") [Ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene "Ethylene") [Fluroxene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluroxene "Fluroxene") [Gasoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline "Gasoline") [Halopropane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halopropane "Halopropane") [Halothane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halothane "Halothane") [Isoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane "Isoflurane") [Kerosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene "Kerosene") [Methoxyflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyflurane "Methoxyflurane") [Methoxypropane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxypropane "Methoxypropane") [Nitric oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide "Nitric oxide") [Nitrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen "Nitrogen") [Nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide") [Norflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norflurane "Norflurane") [Paraldehyde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraldehyde "Paraldehyde") [Propane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane "Propane") [Propylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propene "Propene") [Roflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roflurane "Roflurane") [Sevoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoflurane "Sevoflurane") [Synthane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthane "Synthane") [Teflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflurane "Teflurane") [Toluene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene "Toluene") [Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane "1,1,1-Trichloroethane") [Trichloroethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylene "Trichloroethylene") [Vinyl ether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinyl_ether "Divinyl ether") \| \| Others/unsorted \| [3-Hydroxybutanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxybutanal "3-Hydroxybutanal") [α-EMTBL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Α-Ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)") [AA-29504](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AA-29504&action=edit&redlink=1 "AA-29504 (page does not exist)") [Alogabat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alogabat "Alogabat") [Avermectins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avermectin "Avermectin") (e.g., [ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin "Ivermectin")) [Bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide "Bromide") compounds (e.g., [lithium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_bromide "Lithium bromide"), [potassium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide "Potassium bromide"), [sodium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bromide "Sodium bromide")) [Carbamazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine "Carbamazepine") [Chloralose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloralose "Chloralose") [Chlormezanone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormezanone "Chlormezanone") [Clomethiazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomethiazole "Clomethiazole") [Darigabat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darigabat "Darigabat") [DEABL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone "3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone") [Deuterated etifoxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterated_etifoxine "Deuterated etifoxine") [Dihydroergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergoline "Dihydroergoline") (e.g., [dihydroergocryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine "Dihydroergocryptine"), [dihydroergosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergosine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dihydroergosine (page does not exist)"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoloid "Ergoloid")) [DS2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-Chloro-N-$2-\(2-thienyl$imidazo$1,2-a$pyridin-3-yl\)benzamide&action=edit&redlink=1 "4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (page does not exist)") [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Etazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etazepine "Etazepine") [Etifoxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etifoxine "Etifoxine") [Fenamates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenamate "Fenamate") (e.g., [flufenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flufenamic_acid "Flufenamic acid"), [mefenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefenamic_acid "Mefenamic acid"), [niflumic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niflumic_acid "Niflumic acid"), [tolfenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid "Tolfenamic acid")) [Fluoxetine]() [Flupirtine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupirtine "Flupirtine") [Hopantenic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopantenic_acid "Hopantenic acid") [KRM-II-81](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRM-II-81 "KRM-II-81") [Lanthanum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum "Lanthanum") [Lavender oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_oil "Lavender oil") [Lignans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignan "Lignan") (e.g., [4-O-methylhonokiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-O-methylhonokiol "4-O-methylhonokiol"), [honokiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honokiol "Honokiol"), [magnolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolol "Magnolol"), [obovatol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obovatol "Obovatol")) [Loreclezole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreclezole "Loreclezole") [Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthyl_isovalerate "Menthyl isovalerate") [Monastrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastrol "Monastrol") [Nicotinic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acid "Nicotinic acid") [Nicotinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide "Nicotinamide") [Org 25,435](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org_25435 "Org 25435") [Phenytoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin "Phenytoin") [Propanidid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanidid "Propanidid") [Retigabine (ezogabine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retigabine "Retigabine") [Safranal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safranal "Safranal") [Seproxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seproxetine "Seproxetine") [Stiripentol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiripentol "Stiripentol") [Sulfonylalkanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)") (e.g., [sulfonmethane (sulfonal)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonmethane "Sulfonmethane"), [tetronal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetronal "Tetronal"), [trional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trional "Trional")) [Terpenoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoid "Terpenoid") (e.g., [borneol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneol "Borneol")) [Topiramate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate "Topiramate") [Valerian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_$herb$ "Valerian (herb)") constituents (e.g., [isovaleric acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-methylbutanoic_acid "3-methylbutanoic acid"), [isovaleramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleramide "Isovaleramide"), [valerenic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerenic_acid "Valerenic acid"), [valerenol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerenol&action=edit&redlink=1 "Valerenol (page does not exist)")) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: [α-Pinene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene "Α-Pinene") [MRK-409 (MK-0343)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRK-409_$MK-0343$ "MRK-409 (MK-0343)") [TCS-1105](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1 "TCS-1105 (page does not exist)") [TCS-1205](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCS-1205 "TCS-1205") \| \| *See also: [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators") • [GABA receptor modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators "Template:GABA receptor modulators") • [GABA metabolism/transport modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators "Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators")* \| \| [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"): - ![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png) [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine "Portal:Medicine") \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422244#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| National \| [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90005418) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12387253f) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12387253f) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539315005171) \| \| Other \| [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/b9700566-68bc-48e6-bb3c-2f5d481a0da0) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&oldid=1346192887>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl compounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:4-$Trifluoromethyl$phenyl_compounds "Category:4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl compounds") - [5-HT2C antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:5-HT2C_antagonists "Category:5-HT2C antagonists") - [5-HT3 antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:5-HT3_antagonists "Category:5-HT3 antagonists") - 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modulators") - [Nicotinic antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicotinic_antagonists "Category:Nicotinic antagonists") - [Phenol ethers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Phenol_ethers "Category:Phenol ethers") - [Premature ejaculation drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Premature_ejaculation_drugs "Category:Premature ejaculation drugs") - [Secondary amines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Secondary_amines "Category:Secondary amines") - [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Category:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors") - [Sigma agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sigma_agonists "Category:Sigma agonists") - [World Health Organization essential medicines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Health_Organization_essential_medicines "Category:World Health Organization essential medicines") - [CYP2C19 inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CYP2C19_inhibitors "Category:CYP2C19 inhibitors") Hidden categories: - [CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_$pt-br$ "Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)") - [CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:Vancouver_names_with_accept_markup "Category:CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup") - [Pages containing links to subscription-only content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content "Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content") - [Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2026 "Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2026") - [Articles with short 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Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fluoxetine.svg/250px-Fluoxetine.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluoxetine.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png/250px-R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png)(R)-fluoxetine (left), (S)-fluoxetine (right) \| \| \| Clinical data \| \| \| Pronunciation \| US: [floo-AHKS\-ə-teen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key") UK: [floo-OKS\-ə-teen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key") \| \| [Trade names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names "Drug nomenclature") \| Prozac, Sarafem, others \| \| [AHFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists "American Society of Health-System Pharmacists")/[Drugs.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs.com "Drugs.com") \| [Monograph](https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) \| \| [MedlinePlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlus "MedlinePlus") \| [a689006](https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a689006.html) \| \| [License data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods "Regulation of therapeutic goods") \| US [DailyMed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DailyMed "DailyMed"): [Fluoxetine](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fluoxetine) \| \| [Pregnancy category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_category "Pregnancy category") \| AU : C \| \| [Addiction liability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction "Addiction") \| None[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Hub2001-1) \| \| [Routes of administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration "Route of administration") \| [By mouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration "Oral administration") \| \| [Drug class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class "Drug class") \| [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") (SSRI)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) \| \| [ATC code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System "Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System") \| [N06AB03](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06 "ATC code N06") ([WHO](https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06AB03)) [QN06AB03](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06 "ATC code N06") ([WHO](https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QN06AB03)) \| \| Legal status \| \| \| [Legal status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods "Regulation of therapeutic goods") \| AU : [S4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4 "Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons") (Prescription only)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-3) BR : [Class C1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1 "Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act") (Other controlled substances)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-4) CA : [℞-only](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-5) UK : [POM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug") (Prescription only) US : [℞-only](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug")[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7) EU : Rx-only \| \| [Pharmacokinetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics "Pharmacokinetics") data \| \| \| [Bioavailability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability "Bioavailability") \| 60–80%[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) \| \| [Protein binding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding "Plasma protein binding") \| 94–95%[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) \| \| [Metabolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism "Drug metabolism") \| [Liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver "Liver") (mostly [CYP2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 "CYP2D6")\-mediated)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) \| \| [Metabolites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite "Metabolite") \| [Norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine") Desmethylfluoxetine \| \| [Elimination half-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life "Biological half-life") \| 1–3 days (acute) 4–6 days (chronic)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) \| \| [Excretion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion "Excretion") \| Urine (80%), feces (15%)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PK-9) \| \| Identifiers \| \| \| [IUPAC name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry "IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry") N\-methyl-3-phenyl-3-\[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy\]propan-1-amine \| \| \| [CAS Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number "CAS Registry Number") \| [54910-89-3](https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54910-89-3) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [56296-78-7](https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56296-78-7) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| [PubChem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubChem#CID "PubChem") CID \| [3386](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3386) as HCl: [62857](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/62857) \| \| [IUPHAR/BPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology "Guide to Pharmacology") \| [203](https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=203) \| \| [DrugBank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DrugBank "DrugBank") \| [DB00472](https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00472) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [DBSALT000087](https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DBSALT000087) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| [ChemSpider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemSpider "ChemSpider") \| [3269](https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3269.html) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [56589](https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.56589.html) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| [UNII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier "Unique Ingredient Identifier") \| [01K63SUP8D](https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/01K63SUP8D) as HCl: [I9W7N6B1KJ](https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/I9W7N6B1KJ) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| [KEGG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGG "KEGG") \| [D00326](https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00326) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [D00823](https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00823) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| [ChEBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEBI "ChEBI") \| [CHEBI:5118](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5118) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [CHEBI:5119](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:5119) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| [ChEMBL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEMBL "ChEMBL") \| [ChEMBL41](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL41) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) as HCl: [ChEMBL1201082](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1201082) ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| [PDB ligand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank "Protein Data Bank") \| RFX ([PDBe](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=RFX), [RCSB PDB](https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/RFX)) \| \| [CompTox Dashboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard") ( EPA ) \| [DTXSID7023067](https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7023067) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422244#P3117 "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| [ECHA InfoCard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard "ECHA InfoCard") \| [100\.125.370](https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.125.370) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422244#P2566 "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| Chemical and physical data \| \| \| [Formula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula "Chemical formula") \| C17H18F3NO \| \| [Molar mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass "Molar mass") \| 309\.332 g·mol−1 \| \| 3D model ([JSmol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSmol "JSmol")) \| [Interactive image](https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CNCCC%28c1ccccc1%29Oc2ccc%28cc2%29C%28F%29%28F%29F) \| \| [Chirality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_$chemistry$ "Chirality (chemistry)") \| [Racemic mixture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemic_mixture "Racemic mixture") \| \| [Melting point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point "Melting point") \| 179 to 182 °C (354 to 360 °F) \| \| [Boiling point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point "Boiling point") \| 395 °C (743 °F) \| \| [SMILES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system "Simplified molecular-input line-entry system") CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F \| \| \| [InChI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier "International Chemical Identifier") InChI=1S/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3 ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) Key:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ![check](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png) \| \| \| [(verify)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=456481815&page2=Fluoxetine) \| \| Fluoxetine, sold under the brand name Prozac, among others, is an [antidepressant medication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") of the [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") (SSRI) class[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) used for the treatment of [major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") (OCD), [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder"), and [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) It is also approved for treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and children 8 years of age and over.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-10) It has also been used to treat [premature ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation "Premature ejaculation").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) Fluoxetine is [taken by mouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration "Oral administration").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) Common side effects include [loss of appetite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_$symptom$ "Anorexia (symptom)"), [nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea"), [diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea"), [headache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache "Headache"), [trouble sleeping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), [dry mouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerostomia "Xerostomia"), and [sexual dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction "Sexual dysfunction"). Serious side effects include [serotonin syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome "Serotonin syndrome"), [mania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania "Mania"), [seizures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure "Seizure"), an increased risk of [suicidal behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide "Suicide"), and an increased risk of [bleeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding "Bleeding").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) [Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome") is less likely to occur with fluoxetine than with other antidepressants. Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in [congenital heart defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect "Congenital heart defect") in newborns.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) It has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during [breastfeeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding "Breastfeeding") if it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants were ineffective.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-PB2015-13) Fluoxetine was invented by [Eli Lilly and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company "Eli Lilly and Company") in 1972. Eli Lilly filed a new drug application for the US Food and Drug Administration in 1974, which was accepted in 1977.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-14) It subsequently entered medical use in 1986.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-15) It is on the [World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines")[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-WHO23rd-16) and is available as a [generic medication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_medication "Generic medication").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) In 2023, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States and the fourth most common antidepressant, with more than 27 million prescriptions.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Top300Drugs-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-18) Eli Lilly also markets fluoxetine in a fixed-dose combination with [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine") as [olanzapine/fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine "Olanzapine/fluoxetine") (Symbyax), which was approved by the US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) for the treatment of depressive episodes of [bipolar I disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder "Bipolar I disorder") in 2003 and for [treatment-resistant depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression "Treatment-resistant depression") in 2009.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Symbyax_FDA_label-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-20) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg/250px-Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluoxetine_20mg_with_Packet.jpg) fluoxetine [blister pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister_pack "Blister pack") 20 mg capsules [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg/250px-10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10mgBlueProzacPills.jpg) Fluoxetine 10 mg tablets Fluoxetine is frequently used to treat [major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") (OCD), [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") (PTSD), [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa"), [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder"), [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder"), and [trichotillomania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania "Trichotillomania").[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Trichotillomania-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-25) It has also been used for [cataplexy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataplexy "Cataplexy"), [obesity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity "Obesity"), [alcohol dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependence "Alcohol dependence"), [social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder"),[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AHFS2015-2) as well as [binge eating disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder "Binge eating disorder").[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-27) Studies do not support a benefit in children with [autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism "Autism"), though there is weak evidence for benefit in adult autism.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-31) Fluoxetine and the related [fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") have shown some initial promise as a potential treatment for reducing [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") severity if given early.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-32) Fluoxetine is approved for the treatment of major depression in children and adults.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A meta-analysis of trials in adults concluded that fluoxetine modestly outperforms placebo.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid29477251-33) Fluoxetine may be less effective than other antidepressants, but has high acceptability.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_versus_other_types_of_pharmacotherapy_for_depression-34) For children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe depressive disorder, fluoxetine seems to be the best treatment (either with or without [cognitive behavioural therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy"), although fluoxetine alone does not appear to be superior to CBT alone) but more research is needed to be certain, as effect sizes are small and the existing evidence is of dubious quality.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:4-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:5-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:6-38) A 2022 systematic review and trial restoration of the two original blinded-control trials used to approve the use of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression found that both of the trials were severely flawed, and therefore did not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of the medication.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Int_J_Risk_Saf_Med_33,_385%E2%80%93408-39) In 2025, a trial restoration of the influential TADS study found that fluoxetine had not been superior to placebo in the treatment of depressed adolescents, contradicting previously reported results used in meta-analyses and guidelines.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-40) ### Obsessive–compulsive disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Obsessive–compulsive disorder")\] Fluoxetine is effective in the treatment of [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") (OCD).[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-41) It is effective for treating OCD in children, adolescents and adults.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:02-42)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:42-37)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:52-43) The [American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry "American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry") state that [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI "SSRI"), including fluoxetine, should be used as first-line therapy in children, along with [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT), for the treatment of moderate to severe OCD.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-44) The efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") was demonstrated in two 12-week randomized multicenter [phase III clinical trials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phases "Clinical trial") that enrolled patients diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without [agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia"). In the first trial, 42% of subjects in the fluoxetine-treated arm were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 28% in the placebo arm. In the second trial, 62% of fluoxetine-treated patients were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 44% in the placebo arm.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A 2011 [systematic review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") discussed seven trials that compared fluoxetine to a [placebo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo "Placebo") in the treatment of [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa"), six of which found a statistically significant reduction in symptoms such as vomiting and binge eating.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-45) However, no difference was observed between treatment arms when fluoxetine and [psychotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy") were compared to psychotherapy alone. ### Premenstrual dysphoric disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder")\] Fluoxetine is used to treat [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder"), a condition where individuals have [affective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_$psychology$ "Affect (psychology)") and [somatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptoms "Somatic symptoms") symptoms monthly during the [luteal phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteal_phase "Luteal phase") of menstruation.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sarafem_FDA_label-7)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Rapkin-46) Taking fluoxetine 20 mg/d can be effective in treating PMDD,[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-48) though doses of 10 mg/d have also been prescribed effectively.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-50) ### Impulsive aggression \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Impulsive aggression")\] Fluoxetine is considered a first-line medication for the treatment of impulsive aggression of low intensity.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51) Fluoxetine reduced low-intensity aggressive behavior in patients in [intermittent explosive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder "Intermittent explosive disorder") and [borderline personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder "Borderline personality disorder").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Felthous-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-53) Fluoxetine also reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-54) ### Obesity and overweight adults \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Obesity and overweight adults")\] In 2019 a [systematic review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") compared the effects on weight of various doses of fluoxetine (60 mg/d, 40 mg/d, 20 mg/d, 10 mg/d) in obese and overweight adults.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When compared to placebo, all dosages of fluoxetine appeared to contribute to weight loss but lead to increased risk of experiencing side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea, during the period of treatment. However, these conclusions were from low-certainty evidence.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) When comparing, in the same review, the effects of fluoxetine on the weight of obese and overweight adults, to other anti-obesity agents, omega-3 [gel capsule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_capsule "Gel capsule") and not receiving treatment, the authors could not reach conclusive results due to poor quality of evidence.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55) ### Special populations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Special populations")\] In children and adolescents, fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to tentative evidence favoring efficacy and tolerability.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-57) Evidence supporting an increased risk of major fetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency "Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency") (MHRA) of the United Kingdom has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, formation of the fetal organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital [cardiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart "Heart") malformations in the newborn.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Preg-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MHRA-60) Furthermore, an association between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor fetal malformations was observed in one study.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59) However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies—published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada—concluded, "the apparent increased risk of fetal cardiac malformations associated with maternal use of fluoxetine has recently been shown also in depressed women who deferred SSRI therapy in pregnancy, and therefore most probably reflects an ascertainment bias. Overall, women who are treated with fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy do not appear to have an increased risk of major fetal malformations."[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid26334601-61) Per the US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA), infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy may have an increased risk for [persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation "Persistent fetal circulation"). Limited data support this risk, but the FDA recommends physicians consider tapering SSRIs such as fluoxetine during the third trimester.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Prozac_FDA_label-6) A 2009 review recommended against fluoxetine as a first-line SSRI during lactation, stating, "Fluoxetine should be viewed as a less-preferred SSRI for breastfeeding mothers, particularly with newborn infants, and in those mothers who consumed fluoxetine during gestation."[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19652194-62) [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") is often the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal fetal exposure observed and its safety profile while breastfeeding.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Maudsley-63) Side effects observed in fluoxetine-treated persons in clinical trials with an incidence \>5% and at least twice as common in fluoxetine-treated persons compared to those who received a placebo pill include abnormal dreams, abnormal [ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculation "Ejaculation"), anorexia, anxiety, [asthenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenia "Asthenia"), [diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea"), dizziness, dry mouth, [dyspepsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspepsia "Dyspepsia"), fatigue, [flu syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_syndrome "Flu syndrome"), [impotence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction "Erectile dysfunction"), [insomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), decreased [libido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido "Libido"), nausea, nervousness, [pharyngitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngitis "Pharyngitis"), rash, [sinusitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis "Sinusitis"), [somnolence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence "Somnolence"), sweating, [tremor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor "Tremor"), [vasodilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation "Vasodilation"), and [yawning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawn "Yawn").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:1-55)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pkginsert-64) Fluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is, it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation).[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Young-65) It also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g. [urticaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives "Hives") (hives), rash, itchiness, etc.).[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-MD-59) Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, [erectile dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction "Erectile dysfunction"), lack of vaginal lubrication, and [anorgasmia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgasmia "Anorgasmia"), are some of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is \>70%.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-66) In 2019, the [Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency#Pharmacovigilance_Risk_Assessment_Committee "European Medicines Agency") of the [European Medicines Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency "European Medicines Agency") recommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRIs "SNRIs") should be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-67) Following on the European assessment, a safety review by [Health Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada") "could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link ... which was long lasting in rare cases", but recommended that "healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment".[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-HealthCanada-68) Fluoxetine's longer [half-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life "Half-life") makes it less common to develop [antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome") following cessation of therapy, especially when compared with antidepressants with shorter half-lives such as [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine").[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bhat-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-AFP-70) Although gradual dose reductions are recommended with antidepressants with shorter [half-lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life "Half-life"), tapering may not be necessary with fluoxetine.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CMAJ-71) It has been recommended as a treatment option for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-72) Antidepressant exposure (including fluoxetine) is associated with shorter average duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower [Apgar scores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apgar_score "Apgar score") (by \<0.4 points).[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-74) There is 30–36% increase in [congenital heart defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect "Congenital heart defect") among children whose mothers were prescribed fluoxetine during pregnancy,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid33354752-12) with fluoxetine use in the first trimester associated with 38–65% increase in [septal heart defects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_septal_defect "Heart septal defect").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid28513059-75)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid30415641-11) \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png) \| This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022) \| In recent years, the clinical understanding of the FDA's "black box" warning has evolved to focus on the balance between medication risks and the risks of untreated depression. While the 2004 and 2006 warnings regarding increased suicidal ideation in children and young adults (under 25) remain, long-term data published through 2024 suggests that these warnings may have led to an unintended decline in depression treatment, which some studies correlate with an increase in suicide deaths among adolescents. Statistical meta-analyses updated in 2022 confirm that while the risk of suicidal thoughts in youth on antidepressants like fluoxetine is approximately twice that of a placebo (4% vs 2%), there remains no statistically significant increase in completed suicides across dozens of pediatric trials. Furthermore, recent data continues to show a protective effect in older populations; for adults aged 65 and older, antidepressant use is associated with a statistically significant decrease in suicidality.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-76) Regarding specific treatments, research published between 2021 and 2023 reinforces that fluoxetine is most effective and carries the lowest risk of adverse behavioral events when paired with psychotherapy. A 2022 meta-analysis found that combination therapy (medication plus CBT) resulted in a lower incidence of suicidal events compared to fluoxetine alone. While fluoxetine remains the only FDA-approved antidepressant for children as young as 8, modern clinical guidelines emphasize rigorous monitoring during the first 12 weeks of treatment—the period identified as having the highest risk for the onset of suicidal ideation.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-77) Fluoxetine can affect the [electrical currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel "Ion channel") that [heart muscle cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_muscle_cell "Cardiac muscle cell") use to coordinate their contraction, specifically the [potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium "Potassium") currents Ito and IKs that repolarise the [cardiac action potential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential "Cardiac action potential").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-78) Under certain circumstances, this can lead to prolongation of the [QT interval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT_interval "QT interval"), a measurement made on an [electrocardiogram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography "Electrocardiography") reflecting how long it takes for the heart to electrically recharge after each heartbeat. When fluoxetine is taken alongside other drugs that prolong the QT interval, or by those with a susceptibility to [long QT syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome "Long QT syndrome"), there is a small risk of potentially lethal [abnormal heart rhythms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia "Heart arrhythmia") such as [torsades de pointes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes "Torsades de pointes").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-79) A study completed in 2011 found that fluoxetine does not alter the QT interval and has no clinically meaningful effects on the cardiac action potential.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-80) In overdose, most frequent adverse effects include:[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pubchem-81) Contraindications include prior treatment (within the past 2 weeks)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-83) with [MAOIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors") such as [phenelzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenelzine "Phenelzine") and [tranylcypromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranylcypromine "Tranylcypromine"), due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome "Serotonin syndrome").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Its use in those concurrently receiving [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide") or [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine") is also advised against.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) In case of short-term administration of codeine for pain management, it is advised to monitor and adjust dosage. Codeine might not provide sufficient analgesia when fluoxetine is co-administered.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-84) If opioid treatment is required, oxycodone use should be monitored since [oxycodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone "Oxycodone") is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system and fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 enzymes.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-85) This means combinations of codeine or oxycodone with fluoxetine antidepressant may lead to reduced analgesia.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-86) In some cases, use of [dextromethorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan")\-containing cold and cough medications with fluoxetine is advised against, due to fluoxetine increasing serotonin levels, as well as the fact that fluoxetine is a [cytochrome P450 2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_2D6 "Cytochrome P450 2D6") inhibitor, which causes dextromethorphan to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome and other potential side effects of dextromethorphan.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_1-87) Patients who are taking [NSAIDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug"), [antiplatelet drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug "Antiplatelet drug"), [anticoagulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant "Anticoagulant"), [omega-3 fatty acids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid "Omega-3 fatty acid"), [vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E"), and garlic [supplements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement "Dietary supplement") must be careful when taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs, as they can sometimes increase the blood-thinning effects of these medications.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Drugs.com_2-88)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-89) Fluoxetine and [norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine") [inhibit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor "Enzyme inhibitor") many [isozymes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isozyme "Isozyme") of the [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450 "Cytochrome P450") system that are involved in [drug metabolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism "Drug metabolism"). Both are potent inhibitors of [CYP2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 "CYP2D6") (which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and [CYP2C19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C19 "CYP2C19"), and mild to moderate inhibitors of [CYP2B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6 "CYP2B6") and [CYP2C9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C9 "CYP2C9").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-91) [In vivo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo "In vivo"), fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do not significantly affect the activity of [CYP1A2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2 "CYP1A2") and [CYP3A4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4 "CYP3A4").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-FAN-90) They also inhibit the activity of [P-glycoprotein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-glycoprotein "P-glycoprotein"), a type of [membrane transport protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein "Membrane transport protein") that plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates, such as [loperamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamide "Loperamide"), may have their central effects potentiated.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92) This extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential for [interactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_interaction "Drug interaction") with many commonly used drugs.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Sandson-92)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-93) Its use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"), [tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants"), [methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine"), [amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine"), [MDMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxymethamphetamine "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine"), [triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan"), [buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone"), [ginseng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng "Ginseng"), [dextromethorphan (DXM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan"), [linezolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linezolid "Linezolid"), [tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol"), [serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors") (SNRIs), and other SSRIs due to the potential for [serotonin syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome "Serotonin syndrome") to develop as a result.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-94) Fluoxetine may also increase the risk of opioid overdose in some instances, in part due to its inhibitory effect on cytochrome P-450.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-96) Similar to how fluoxetine can effect the metabolization of dextromethorphan, it may cause medications like [oxycodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone "Oxycodone") to not be metabolized at a normal rate, thus increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome as well as resulting in an increased concentration of oxycodone in the blood, which may lead to [accidental overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_overdose "Accidental overdose"). A 2022 study that examined the health insurance claims of over 2 million Americans who began taking oxycodone while using SSRIs between 2000 and 2020, found that patients taking [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") or fluoxetine had a 23% higher risk of overdosing on oxycodone than those using other SSRIs.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Popsci-95) There is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) \| Molecular target \| Fluoxetine \| Norfluoxetine \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [SERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter") \| 1 \| 19 \| \| [NET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter") \| 574 \| 2700 \| \| [DAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter") \| 1092 \| 420 \| \| [5-HT1A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor") \| 32400 \| 13700 \| \| [5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor "5-HT2A receptor") \| 147 \| 295 \| \| [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor "5-HT2C receptor") \| 112 \| 91 \| \| [α1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor") \| 3800 \| 3900 \| \| [M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1") \| 702–1030 \| 1200 \| \| [M2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2") \| 2700 \| 4600 \| \| [M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3") \| 1000 \| 760 \| \| [M4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4") \| 2900 \| 2600 \| \| [M5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5 "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5") \| 2700 \| 2200 \| \| [H1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor "Histamine H1 receptor") \| 3250 \| \>10000 \| Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and does not appreciably inhibit [norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") and [dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") reuptake at therapeutic doses. It does, however, delay the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Large doses in rats have been shown to induce a significant increase in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-102)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11919662-103)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Thus, dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine in humans at supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg).[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12464452-104)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid19298831-106) This effect may be mediated by 5HT2C receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8876023-107) Fluoxetine increases the concentration of circulating [allopregnanolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopregnanolone "Allopregnanolone"), a potent [GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator "GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator"), at concentrations that are inactive on serotonin reuptake.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-108) [Norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine"), a primary [active metabolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_metabolite "Active metabolite") of fluoxetine, produces a similar effect on allopregnanolone levels in the brains of mice.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Fluoxetine_SBSS-105) Additionally, both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are such modulators themselves, actions which may be clinically relevant.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109) In addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an [agonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist "Agonist") of the [σ1\-receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor"), with a [potency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_$pharmacology$ "Potency (pharmacology)") greater than that of [citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") but less than that of [fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine"). However, the significance of this property is not fully clear.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid8831113-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid20021354-111) Fluoxetine also functions as a channel blocker of [anoctamin 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoctamin_1 "Anoctamin 1"), a [calcium-activated chloride channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel "Calcium-activated chloride channel").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-113) A number of other [ion channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel "Ion channel"), including [nicotinic acetylcholine receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor") and [5-HT3 receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor "5-HT3 receptor"), are also known to be inhibited at similar concentrations.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12604672-109) Fluoxetine has been shown to inhibit [acid sphingomyelinase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_sphingomyelinase "Acid sphingomyelinase"), a key regulator of [ceramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide "Ceramide") levels which derives ceramide from [sphingomyelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin "Sphingomyelin").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-114)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-115) ### Mechanism of action \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Mechanism of action")\] While it is unclear how fluoxetine exerts its effect on mood, it has been suggested that fluoxetine elicits an antidepressant effect by inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the synapse by binding to the reuptake pump on the neuronal membrane[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116) to increase serotonin availability and enhance neurotransmission.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-117) Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic [5-HT1A receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor"), which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of [brain-derived neurotrophic factor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor"), which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-119) Norfluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine are metabolites of fluoxetine and also act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increasing the duration of action of the drug.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-120)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-drugbank-116) Prolonged exposure to fluoxetine changes the expression of genes involved in myelination, a process that shapes brain connectivity and contributes to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. The regulation of genes involved with myelination is partially responsible for the long-term therapeutic benefits of chronic SSRI exposure.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-121) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Seproxetine.svg/250px-Seproxetine.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seproxetine.svg) The S [enantiomer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer "Enantiomer") of [norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine"), fluoxetine's chief active metabolite The [bioavailability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability "Bioavailability") of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6–8 hours. It is highly [bound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding "Plasma protein binding") to plasma proteins, mostly [albumin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin "Human serum albumin") and α1\-glycoprotein.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Fluoxetine is [metabolized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism "Drug metabolism") in the [liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver "Liver") by [isoenzymes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoenzyme "Isoenzyme") of the [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450 "Cytochrome P450") system, including [CYP2D6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 "CYP2D6").[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122) The role of CYP2D6 in the [metabolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism "Metabolism") of fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great [genetic variability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variability "Genetic variability") in the function of this enzyme among people. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, [norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-123) Both drugs are also potent [inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor "Enzyme inhibitor") of CYP2D6.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-124) The extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine [elimination half-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_half-life "Elimination half-life") increases from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-TGA-8) Similarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-RxList-122)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Newcastle-126) Therefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid12063152-128) Moreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) For major depressive disorder, while onset of antidepressant action may be felt as early as 1–2 weeks,[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-130) the full benefit of the current dose a patient receives is not realized for at least a month following ingestion. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid11199945-127) Likewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases by only 50%,[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid15886723-129) The blood level of norfluoxetine four weeks after treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and, seven weeks after discontinuation, norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-pmid10917403-125) ### Measurement in body fluids \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Measurement in body fluids")\] Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized persons, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg/L in survivors of acute overdosage, and 1000–7000 μg/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy but may be substantially less following acute overdosage since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-131)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-133) The work which eventually led to the invention of fluoxetine began at [Eli Lilly and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company "Eli Lilly and Company") in 1970 as a collaboration between [Bryan Molloy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Molloy "Bryan Molloy") and Ray Fuller.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) It was known at that time that the [antihistamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") [diphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine") (DPH) showed some antidepressant-like properties. [3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPA_$drug$ "PPPA (drug)"), a compound structurally similar to DPH, was taken as a starting point. Molloy and fellow Eli Lilly chemist [Klaus Schmiegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Schmiegel "Klaus Schmiegel") synthesized a series of dozens of its derivatives.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wong-135)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-136) Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only [serotonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") reuptake, another Eli Lilly scientist, [David T. Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Wong "David T. Wong"), proposed to retest the series for the [in vitro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro "In vitro") reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and [dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine"), using a technique developed by neuroscientist [Solomon Snyder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder "Solomon H. Snyder").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:2-134) This test showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) The first article about fluoxetine was published in 1974,[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-wong1974-137) following talks given at [FASEB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology "Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology") and [ASPET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Experimental_Therapeutics "American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-138) A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the brand name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA) for fluoxetine.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139) Fluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-140) In the U.S., the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987,[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-141) and a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached \$350 million within a year.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Bregginpp1-2-139) Worldwide sales eventually reached a peak of \$2.6 billion a year.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-142) Lilly tried several [product line extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_line_extension "Product line extension") strategies, including extended-release formulations and paying for clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in [premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder") and rebranding fluoxetine for that indication as "Sarafem" after it was approved by the FDA in 2000, following the recommendation of an advisory committee in 1999.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-144)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-SarafemRec-145) The invention of using fluoxetine to treat PMDD was made by [Richard Wurtman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wurtman "Richard Wurtman") at MIT; the patent was licensed to his startup, Interneuron, which in turn sold it to Lilly.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-146) To defend its Prozac revenue from generic competition, Lilly also fought a five-year, multimillion-dollar battle in court with the generic company [Barr Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_Pharmaceuticals "Barr Pharmaceuticals") to protect its patents on fluoxetine, and lost the cases for its line-extension patents, other than those for Sarafem, opening fluoxetine to generic manufacturers starting in 2001.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-147) When Lilly's patent expired in August 2001,[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-148) [generic drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_drug "Generic drug") competition decreased Lilly's sales of fluoxetine by 70% within two months.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-CEN2002-143) In 2000 an investment bank had projected that annual sales of Sarafem could reach \$250M/year.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Sales of Sarafem reached about \$85M/year in 2002, and in that year Lilly sold its assets connected with the drug for \$295M to Galen Holdings, a small Irish pharmaceutical company specializing in dermatology and women's health that had a sales force tasked to gynecologists' offices; analysts found the deal sensible since the annual sales of Sarafem made a material financial difference to Galen, but not to Lilly.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-150)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Telegraph2002-151) Bringing Sarafem to market harmed Lilly's reputation in some quarters. The diagnostic category of PMDD was [controversial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder#History "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder") since it was first proposed in 1987, and Lilly's role in retaining it in the appendix of the [DSM-IV-TR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV-TR "DSM-IV-TR"), the discussions for which got underway in 1998, has been criticized.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) Lilly was accused of inventing a disease to make money,[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-VV2000-149) and for not innovating but rather just seeking ways to continue making money from existing drugs.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-152) It was also criticized by the FDA and groups concerned with women's health for marketing Sarafem too aggressively when it was first launched; the campaign included a television commercial featuring a harried woman at the grocery store who asks herself if she has PMDD.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-153) ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] ### Prescription trends \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: Prescription trends")\] In 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic fluoxetine were filled in the United States,[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154) making it the third-most prescribed antidepressant after [sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") and [citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram").[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-generic_drugs_2010-154) In 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United Kingdom.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-155) Between 1998 and 2017, along with [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), it was the most commonly prescribed first antidepressant for adolescents aged 12–17 years in England.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-156) ### Environmental effects \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: Environmental effects")\] Fluoxetine has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, especially in North America.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-157) There is a growing body of research addressing the effects of fluoxetine (among other SSRIs) exposure on non-target aquatic species.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-158)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Menningen2011rev-161) In 2003, one of the first studies addressed in detail the potential effects of fluoxetine on aquatic wildlife; this research concluded that exposure at environmental concentrations was of little risk to [aquatic systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem "Aquatic ecosystem") if a hazard quotient approach was applied to risk assessment.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160) However, they also stated the need for further research addressing sub-lethal consequences of fluoxetine, specifically focusing on study species' sensitivity, behavioural responses, and endpoints modulated by the [serotonin system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_system "Serotonin system").[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Brooks2003-160) Fluoxetine – similar to several other SSRIs – induces [reproductive behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_behavior "Reproductive behavior") in some [shellfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish "Shellfish") at concentrations as low as 10\-10 [M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration "Molar concentration"), or 30 [parts per trillion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_trillion "Parts per trillion").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Pharmaceuticals-and-Care-Products-162): 21 Since 2003, several studies have reported fluoxetine-induced impacts on many behavioural and physiological endpoints, inducing antipredator behaviour,[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-163)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-164)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-165) reproduction,[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-166)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Schultz_38%E2%80%9347-167) and foraging[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-168)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-169) at or below field-detected concentrations. However, a 2014 review on the [ecotoxicology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotoxicology "Ecotoxicology") of fluoxetine concluded that, at that time, a consensus on the ability of environmentally realistic dosages to affect the behaviour of wildlife could not be reached.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-:0-159) At environmentally realistic concentrations, fluoxetine alters [insect emergence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_emergence "Insect emergence") timing.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170) Richmond et al., 2019 find that at low concentrations it accelerates emergence of [Diptera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera "Diptera"), while at unusually high concentrations it has no discernable effect.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Richmond-et-al-2019-bundle-170) Several common plants are known to absorb fluoxetine.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Several crops have been tested, and Redshaw et al. 2008 find that [cauliflower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower "Cauliflower") absorbs large amounts into the stem and leaf but not the head or root.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu et al. 2012 find that [lettuce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce "Lettuce") and [spinach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach "Spinach") also absorb detectable amounts, while Carter et al. 2014 find that [radish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish "Radish") (Raphanus sativus), ryegrass ([Lolium perenne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolium_perenne "Lolium perenne")) – and Wu et al. 2010 find that [soybean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean "Soybean") (Glycine max) – absorb little.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Wu tested all tissues of soybean and all showed only low concentrations.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) By contrast various Reinhold et al. 2010 find [duckweeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckweed "Duckweed") have a high uptake of fluoxetine and show promise for [bioremediation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation "Bioremediation") of contaminated water, especially [Lemna minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna_minor "Lemna minor") and [Landoltia punctata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landoltia_punctata "Landoltia punctata").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Wu-et-al-2010-bundle-171) Ecotoxicity for organisms involved in [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture "Aquaculture") is well documented.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172): 275–276 Fluoxetine affects both aquacultured [invertebrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate "Invertebrate") and [vertebrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate "Vertebrate"), and [inhibits soil microbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial "Antimicrobial") including a large [antibacterial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial "Antibacterial") effect.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172) During the 1990 campaign for [governor of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Florida "Governor of Florida"), it was disclosed that one of the candidates, [Lawton Chiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton_Chiles "Lawton Chiles"), had depression and had resumed taking fluoxetine, leading his political opponents to question his fitness to serve as governor.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-173) ### American aircraft pilots \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoxetine&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: American aircraft pilots")\] Beginning in April 2010, fluoxetine became one of four antidepressant drugs that the [FAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA "FAA") permitted for [pilots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_in_command "Pilot in command") with authorization from an [aviation medical examiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_medical_examiner "Aviation medical examiner"). The other permitted antidepressants are [sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") (Zoloft), [citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") (Celexa), and [escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram") (Lexapro).[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-174) These four remain the only antidepressants permitted by FAA as of 2 December 2016.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-175) Sertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram are the only antidepressants permitted for [EASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EASA "EASA") medical certification, as of January 2019.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-176)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-177) The antibacterial effect described above ([§ Environmental effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#Environmental_effects)) could be applied against [multiresistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance "Multiple drug resistance") biotypes in [crop bacterial diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_bacterial_disease "Crop bacterial disease") and bacterial [aquaculture diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_disease "Aquaculture disease").[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Solsona-et-al-eds-2021-172) In a [glucocorticoid receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor "Glucocorticoid receptor")\-defective [zebrafish mutant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_zebrafish "Genetically modified zebrafish") (Danio rerio) with reduced [exploratory behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration "Exploration"), fluoxetine rescued the normal exploratory behavior.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178) This demonstrates relationships between glucocorticoids, fluoxetine, and exploration in this fish.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Affective-Disorder-178) Fluoxetine has an [anti-nematode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nematode "Anti-nematode") effect.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179) Choy et al., 1999 found some of this effect is due to interference with certain [transmembrane proteins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein "Transmembrane protein").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-Repurposing-179) Fluoxetine is commonly used and effective in treating anxiety-related behaviours and [separation anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_in_dogs "Separation anxiety in dogs") in dogs, especially when given as supplementation to [behaviour modification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_training "Dog training").[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_note-181) - [List of antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antidepressants "List of antidepressants") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Hub2001_1-0) Hubbard JR, Martin PR (2001). [Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled](https://books.google.com/books?id=MY1kFYk98mQC&pg=PA26). CRC Press. p. 26. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8247-4497-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4497-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4497-7") . 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-AHFS2015_2-8) ["Fluoxetine Hydrochloride"](https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html). The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151208193110/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluoxetine-hydrochloride.html) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-3)* ["Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017"](https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/publications/prescription-medicines-registration-new-generic-medicines-and-biosimilar-medicines-2017). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-4) [Anvisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency "Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency") (31 March 2023). ["RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"](https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992) \[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control\] (in Brazilian Portuguese). [Diário Oficial da União](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o "Diário Oficial da União") (published 4 April 2023). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-5) ["Mental health"](https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/drug-health-products/drug-medical-device-highlights-2017/approved-drugs/mental-health.html). [Health Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada "Health Canada"). 9 May 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2024. 6. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Prozac_FDA_label_6-4) ["Prozac- fluoxetine hydrochloride capsule"](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c88f33ed-6dfb-4c5e-bc01-d8e36dd97299). DailyMed. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2023. 7. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Sarafem_FDA_label_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-Sarafem_FDA_label_7-1) ["Sarafem (fluoxetine hydrochloride tablets ) for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 1987"](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=600145). DailyMed. Retrieved 12 March 2023. 8. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-TGA_8-9) ["Prozac Fluoxetine Hydrochloride"](https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-04098-3) (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Eli Lilly Australia Pty. Limited. 9 October 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170425231029/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-04098-3) from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2013. 9. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-PK_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-PK_9-1) Altamura AC, Moro AR, Percudani M (March 1994). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 26* (3): 201–14\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2165/00003088-199426030-00004](https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-199426030-00004). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [8194283](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8194283). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [1406955](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1406955). 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-10) ["Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics"](https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/mental-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/depressive-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents). Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 25 December 2020. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-pmid30415641_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-pmid30415641_11-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine#cite_ref-pmid30415641_11-2) Gao SY, Wu QJ, Sun C, Zhang TN, Shen ZQ, Liu CX, et al. (November 2018). ["Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of more than 9 million births"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6231277). BMC Medicine. 16* (1) 205. 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