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| Boilerpipe Text | Elon Musk
FRS
Musk in 2025
Born
Elon Reeve Musk
June 28, 1971
(age 54)
Pretoria
, South Africa
Citizenship
South Africa
Canada
United States (since 2002)
Education
University of Pennsylvania
(
BA
,
BS
)
Occupations
CEO and product architect of
Tesla
Founder, CEO, and chief engineer of
SpaceX
Founder and CEO of
xAI
Founder and CTO of
X Corp.
Co-founder of
Neuralink
,
the Boring Company
,
OpenAI
,
Zip2
, and
X.com
(part of
PayPal
)
President of the
Musk Foundation
Political party
Independent
Spouses
Justine Wilson
(
m.
2000;
div.
2008)
Talulah Riley
(
m.
2010;
div.
2012)
(
m.
2013;
div.
2016)
Children
14
[
a
]
(publicly known), including
Vivian Wilson
Parents
Errol Musk
(father)
Maye Musk
(mother)
Relatives
Musk family
Awards
Full list
Senior Advisor to the President
In office
January 20, 2025 – May 28, 2025
Serving with
Massad Boulos
President
Donald Trump
Musk on his departure from the
Department of Government Efficiency
Recorded May 30, 2025
Signature
Elon Reeve Musk
(
EE
-lon
; born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and entrepreneur known for
his leadership
of
Tesla
,
SpaceX
,
X
, and
xAI
. Musk has been the
wealthiest person in the world
since 2025; as of April 2026,
Forbes
estimates
his net worth
to be US$809 billion.
Born into
a wealthy family
in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk emigrated in 1989 to Canada; he has Canadian citizenship since his mother was born there. He received bachelor's degrees in 1997 from the
University of Pennsylvania
before moving to
California
to pursue business ventures. In 1995, Musk co-founded the software company
Zip2
. Following its sale in 1999, he co-founded
X.com
, an online payment company that later merged to form
PayPal
, which was acquired by
eBay
in 2002. Musk also became an American citizen in 2002.
In 2002, Musk founded the
space technology
company SpaceX, becoming its CEO and
chief engineer
; the company has since led innovations in
reusable rockets
and
commercial spaceflight
. Musk joined the automaker Tesla as an early investor in 2004 and became its CEO and product architect in 2008; it has since become a leader in
electric vehicles
. In 2015, he co-founded
OpenAI
to advance
artificial intelligence
(AI) research, but later left; growing discontent with the organization's direction and leadership in the
AI boom
in the 2020s led him to establish xAI, which became a subsidiary of SpaceX in 2026. In 2022,
he acquired
the social network Twitter,
implementing significant changes
, and rebranding it as X in 2023. His other businesses include the
neurotechnology
company
Neuralink
, which he co-founded in 2016, and the tunneling company
the Boring Company
, which he founded in 2017. In November 2025, a Tesla pay package worth $1 trillion for Musk was approved, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.
Musk was the largest donor in the
2024 U.S. presidential election
, where he supported
Donald Trump
. After Trump was inaugurated as president in early 2025, Musk served as
Senior Advisor to the President
and as the
de facto
head of the
Department of Government Efficiency
(DOGE). After
a public feud with Trump
, Musk left the Trump administration and returned to managing his companies. Musk is a supporter of global
far-right
figures, causes, and political parties.
His political activities
,
views
, and statements have made him
a polarizing figure
. Musk has been criticized for
COVID-19 misinformation
,
promoting conspiracy theories
, and
affirming antisemitic
, racist, and
transphobic comments
. His acquisition of Twitter was controversial due to
a subsequent increase in hate speech
and the
spread of misinformation on the service
, following his pledge to decrease
censorship
. His role in the
second Trump administration
attracted
public backlash
, particularly in
response to DOGE
. The emails he sent to
Jeffrey Epstein
are included in the
Epstein files
, which were published between 2025–26 and became a topic of worldwide debate.
Early life
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in
Pretoria
, South Africa's administrative capital.
[
1
]
[
2
]
He is of British and
Pennsylvania Dutch
ancestry.
[
3
]
[
4
]
His mother,
Maye
(
née
Haldeman
), is a model and dietitian born in
Saskatchewan
, Canada, and raised in South Africa.
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
Musk therefore holds both South African and Canadian citizenship from birth.
[
8
]
His father,
Errol Musk
, is a South African
electromechanical engineer
, pilot, sailor, consultant,
emerald
dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at
Timbavati Private Nature Reserve
.
[
9
]
[
10
]
[
11
]
[
12
]
His maternal grandfather,
Joshua N. Haldeman
, who died in a plane crash when Elon was a toddler, was an American-born Canadian
chiropractor
, aviator and political activist in the
technocracy movement
[
13
]
[
14
]
who moved to South Africa in 1950.
[
15
]
Elon has a younger brother,
Kimbal
, a younger sister,
Tosca
, and four paternal half-siblings.
[
16
]
[
17
]
[
7
]
[
18
]
Musk was
baptized
as a child in the
Anglican Church of Southern Africa
.
[
19
]
[
20
]
Despite both Elon and Errol previously stating that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine,
[
12
]
in 2023, Errol recounted that the deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines".
[
21
]
[
22
]
Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid
Progressive Party
and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of
apartheid
.
[
1
]
After his parents divorced in 1979, Elon, aged around 9, chose to live with his father because Errol Musk had an
Encyclopædia Britannica
and a computer.
[
23
]
[
3
]
[
9
]
Elon later regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.
[
24
]
Elon has recounted trips to a wilderness school that he described as a "paramilitary
Lord of the Flies
" where "bullying was a virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.
[
25
]
In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him being hospitalized for his injuries.
[
26
]
Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the hospital.
[
26
]
Errol denied berating Elon and claimed, "The [other] boy had just lost his father to suicide, and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid. How could I possibly blame that child?"
[
27
]
Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, and had attributed his success in part to having read
The Lord of the Rings
, the
Foundation
series
, and
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
.
[
11
]
[
28
]
At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the
VIC-20
user manual.
[
29
]
At age twelve, Elon sold his
BASIC
-based game
Blastar
to
PC and Office Technology
magazine for approximately $500 (equivalent to $1,600 in 2025).
[
30
]
[
31
]
Education
Musk graduated from
Pretoria Boys High School
in South Africa.
Musk attended
Waterkloof House Preparatory School
,
Bryanston High School
, and then
Pretoria Boys High School
, where he graduated.
[
32
]
Musk was a decent but unexceptional student, earning a 61/100 in
Afrikaans
and a B on his senior math certification.
[
33
]
Musk applied for a Canadian passport
through
his Canadian-born mother to avoid South Africa's
mandatory military service
,
[
34
]
[
35
]
which would have forced him to participate in the apartheid regime,
[
1
]
as well as to ease his path to immigration to the United States.
[
36
]
While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the
University of Pretoria
for five months.
[
37
]
Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in
Saskatchewan
,
[
38
]
[
39
]
and worked odd jobs, including at a farm and a lumber mill.
[
40
]
In 1990, he entered
Queen's University
in
Kingston, Ontario
.
[
41
]
[
42
]
Two years later, he transferred to the
University of Pennsylvania
, where he studied until 1995.
[
43
]
Although Musk has said that he earned his degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997 – a
Bachelor of Arts
in physics and a
Bachelor of Science
in economics from the university's
Wharton School
.
[
44
]
[
45
]
[
46
]
[
47
]
[
48
]
He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to
Google Books
.
[
49
]
In 1994, Musk held two internships in
Silicon Valley
: one at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic
supercapacitors
for energy storage, and another at
Palo Alto
–based startup
Rocket Science Games
.
[
50
]
[
51
]
In 1995, he was accepted to a graduate program in
materials science
at
Stanford University
, but did not enroll.
[
46
]
[
44
]
[
52
]
Musk decided to join the
Internet boom
of the 1990s, applying for a job at
Netscape
, to which he reportedly never received a response.
[
53
]
[
34
]
The Washington Post
reported that Musk lacked legal authorization to remain and work in the United States after failing to enroll at Stanford.
[
52
]
In response, Musk said he was allowed to work at that time and that his student visa transitioned to an
H1-B
. According to numerous former business associates and shareholders, Musk said he was on a student visa at the time.
[
54
]
Business career
Zip2
Main article:
Zip2
External videos
Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at University of Southern California
on YouTube
In 1995, Musk, his brother
Kimbal
, and Greg Kouri founded the web software company
Zip2
with funding from a group of angel investors.
[
55
]
They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto.
[
56
]
Replying to
Rolling Stone
, Musk denounced the notion that they started their company with funds borrowed from Elon's father Errol Musk,
[
24
]
but in a tweet, he recognized that his father contributed 10% of a later funding round.
[
57
]
The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages.
[
58
]
According to Musk, "The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time."
[
56
]
To impress investors, Musk built a large plastic structure around a standard computer to create the impression that Zip2 was powered by a small supercomputer.
[
59
]
The Musk brothers obtained contracts with
The New York Times
and the
Chicago Tribune
,
[
60
]
and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with
CitySearch
.
[
61
]
Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted by the board.
[
62
]
Compaq
acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999 (equivalent to $590,000,000 in 2025),
[
63
]
[
64
]
and Musk received $22 million (equivalent to $43,000,000 in 2025) for his 7-percent share.
[
65
]
X.com and PayPal
In 1999, Musk co-founded
X.com
, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.
[
66
]
The startup was one of the first
federally insured
online banks, and, in its initial months of operation, over 200,000 customers joined the service.
[
67
]
The company's investors regarded Musk as inexperienced and replaced him with
Intuit
CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.
[
68
]
The following year, X.com merged with online bank
Confinity
to avoid competition.
[
56
]
[
68
]
[
69
]
Founded by
Max Levchin
and
Peter Thiel
,
[
70
]
Confinity had its own money-transfer service,
PayPal
, which was more popular than X.com's service.
[
71
]
Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for
Microsoft
software over
Unix
created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign.
[
72
]
Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in 2000.
[
73
]
[
b
]
Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.
[
75
]
[
76
]
In 2002, PayPal was acquired by
eBay
for $1.5 billion (equivalent to $2,700,000,000 in 2025) in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million (equivalent to $320,000,000 in 2025).
[
77
]
[
78
]
In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, stating that it had sentimental value.
[
79
]
[
80
]
SpaceX
Musk tours SpaceX with President
Barack Obama
in 2010.
Musk explains
Starship
capabilities to leaders of
North American Aerospace Defense Command
, U.S. Northern Command, and
Air Force Space Command
in 2019.
In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit
Mars Society
and discussed funding plans to place a
growth-chamber for plants
on
Mars
.
[
81
]
Seeking a way to launch the greenhouse payloads into space, Musk made two unsuccessful trips to Moscow to purchase
intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs) from Russian companies
NPO Lavochkin
and
Kosmotras
. Musk instead decided to start a company to build affordable rockets.
[
82
]
With $100 million of his early fortune,
[
83
]
(equivalent to $180,000,000 in 2025) Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.
[
84
]
[
85
]
SpaceX attempted its first launch of the
Falcon 1
rocket in 2006.
[
86
]
Although the rocket failed to reach
Earth orbit
, it was awarded a
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
program contract from
NASA
, then led by
Mike Griffin
.
[
87
]
[
88
]
After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk to go bankrupt,
[
86
]
SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.
[
89
]
Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion NASA contract (equivalent to $2,400,000,000 in 2025) for
Falcon 9
-launched
Dragon spacecraft
flights to the
International Space Station
(ISS), replacing the
Space Shuttle
after its 2011
retirement
.
[
90
]
In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked
with the ISS
, a first for a commercial spacecraft.
[
91
]
Working towards its goal of
reusable rockets
, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the
first stage
of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.
[
92
]
Later landings were achieved on
autonomous spaceport drone ships
, an ocean-based recovery platform.
[
93
]
In 2018, SpaceX launched the
Falcon Heavy
; the
inaugural mission
carried
Musk's personal Tesla Roadster
as a
dummy payload
.
[
94
]
[
95
]
Since 2019,
[
96
]
SpaceX has been developing
Starship
, a reusable,
super heavy-lift launch vehicle
intended to replace the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.
[
97
]
In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the
Demo-2
, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.
[
98
]
In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an $843 million (equivalent to $865,000,000 in 2025) contract to build a spacecraft that NASA will use to
deorbit
the ISS at the end of its lifespan.
[
99
]
Starlink
50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019
In 2015, SpaceX began development of the
Starlink
constellation of
low Earth orbit
satellites to provide
satellite Internet access
.
[
100
]
After the launch of prototype satellites in 2018, the first large constellation was deployed in May 2019.
[
101
]
As of May 2025
, over 7,600 Starlink satellites are operational,
[
102
]
comprising 65% of all operational Earth satellites.
[
103
]
The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be $10 billion (equivalent to $12,000,000,000 in 2025).
[
104
]
[
c
]
During the
Russian invasion of Ukraine
, Musk provided free
Starlink service to Ukraine
, permitting Internet access and communication at a yearly cost to SpaceX of $400 million (equivalent to $440,000,000 in 2025).
[
107
]
[
108
]
[
109
]
[
110
]
[
111
]
However, Musk refused to block
Russian state media
on Starlink.
[
112
]
[
113
]
In 2023, Musk denied Ukraine's request to activate Starlink over
Crimea
to aid an attack against the Russian navy, citing fears of a nuclear response.
[
114
]
[
115
]
[
116
]
Tesla
Musk next to a
Tesla Model S
, 2011
Tesla, Inc.
, originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by
Martin Eberhard
and
Marc Tarpenning
. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.
[
117
]
Musk led the
Series A round
of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.35 million (equivalent to $11,000,000 in 2025), became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.
[
118
]
[
119
]
Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw
Roadster
product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.
[
120
]
Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the
2008 financial crisis
, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.
[
121
]
[
page needed
]
[
122
]
Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.
[
123
]
A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.
[
124
]
[
125
]
Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first
mass production
all-electric car to use
lithium-ion battery
cells.
[
126
]
Under Musk, Tesla has since launched several well-selling electric vehicles, including the four-door sedan
Model S
(2012), the
crossover
Model X
(2015), the mass-market sedan
Model 3
(2017), the crossover
Model Y
(2020), and the pickup truck
Cybertruck
(2023).
[
127
]
[
128
]
[
129
]
[
130
]
[
131
]
The company has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, called
Gigafactories
.
[
132
]
In 2026,
Jon McNeill
, who served as president of Tesla from 2015 to 2018 and oversaw a period of revenue growth from $2 billion to $20 billion, published
The Algorithm
, a book detailing the five-step operational framework used at Tesla and SpaceX.
[
133
]
In May 2020, Musk resigned as chairman of the board as part of the settlement of a
lawsuit from the SEC
over him tweeting that funding had been "secured" for potentially taking Tesla private.
[
134
]
[
135
]
Since its
initial public offering
in 2010,
[
136
]
Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,
[
137
]
[
138
]
and it entered the
S&P 500
later that year.
[
139
]
[
140
]
In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion (equivalent to $1,200,000,000,000 in 2025), the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.
[
141
]
SolarCity and Tesla Energy
Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for
SolarCity
, which his cousins
Lyndon
and Peter Rive founded in 2006.
[
142
]
By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.
[
143
]
In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in
Buffalo
, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.
[
144
]
Construction of
the factory
started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with
Panasonic
until early 2020.
[
145
]
[
146
]
Tesla acquired SolarCity for $2 billion in 2016 (equivalent to $2,700,000,000 in 2025) and merged it with its battery unit to create
Tesla Energy
. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.
[
147
]
Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.
[
148
]
[
149
]
Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.
[
150
]
[
151
]
Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.
[
147
]
Neuralink
Musk discussing a
Neuralink
device during a live demonstration in 2020
In 2016, Musk co-founded
Neuralink
, a
neurotechnology
startup, with an investment of $100 million.
[
152
]
[
153
]
Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with
artificial intelligence
(AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.
[
153
]
[
154
]
The company also hopes to develop devices to treat neurological conditions like
spinal cord injuries
.
[
155
]
In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.
[
156
]
In September 2023, the
Food and Drug Administration
approved Neuralink to initiate six-year human trials.
[
157
]
Neuralink has conducted
animal testing
on
macaques
at the
University of California, Davis
. In 2021, the company released a video in which a macaque played the video game
Pong
via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of
animal cruelty
. The
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
has alleged that Neuralink violated the
Animal Welfare Act
.
[
158
]
Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.
[
159
]
[
needs update
]
The Boring Company
Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the
Boring test tunnel
in
Hawthorne, California
In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels; he also revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.
[
160
]
[
161
]
Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.
[
162
]
The
Los Angeles tunnel
, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.
[
163
]
Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.
[
164
]
[
165
]
A tunnel beneath the
Las Vegas Convention Center
was completed in early 2021.
[
166
]
Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.
[
167
]
X Corp.
In early 2017, Musk expressed interest in buying
Twitter
and had questioned the platform's commitment to
freedom of speech
.
[
169
]
[
170
]
[
171
]
By 2022, Musk had reached 9.2% stake in the company,
[
172
]
making him the largest shareholder.
[
173
]
[
d
]
Musk later agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.
[
175
]
[
176
]
Days later, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter.
[
173
]
[
177
]
By the end of April Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.
[
178
]
This included approximately $12.5 billion in loans and $21 billion in
equity financing
.
[
179
]
[
180
]
Having backtracked on his initial decision,
[
181
]
Musk bought the company on October 27, 2022.
[
182
]
Immediately after
the acquisition
, Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO
Parag Agrawal
;
[
182
]
[
183
]
Musk became the CEO instead.
[
184
]
Under Elon Musk
, Twitter instituted monthly subscriptions for a "
blue check
",
[
185
]
[
186
]
[
187
]
and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.
[
188
]
[
189
]
Musk lessened content moderation and hate speech also increased on the platform after his takeover.
[
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]
[
191
]
[
192
]
[
193
]
In late 2022, Musk released
internal documents
relating to Twitter's moderation of
Hunter Biden's laptop controversy
in the lead-up to the
2020 presidential election
.
[
194
]
Musk also promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll,
[
195
]
[
196
]
and five months later, Musk stepped down as CEO and transitioned his role to
executive chairman
and
chief technology officer
(CTO).
[
197
]
Despite Musk stepping down as CEO, X continues to struggle with challenges such as viral
misinformation
,
[
198
]
hate speech
, and
antisemitism
controversies.
[
199
]
[
200
]
Musk has been accused of
trying to silence some of his critics
such as
Twitch
streamer
Asmongold
, who criticized him during one of his streams.
[
201
]
Musk has been accused of removing their accounts'
blue checkmarks
, which hinders visibility and is considered a form of
shadow banning
,
[
202
]
[
203
]
or suspending their accounts without justification.
[
204
]
Other activities
Hyperloop
A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition, sponsored by SpaceX
In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a
vactrain
, and assigned engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to design a transport system between
Greater Los Angeles
and the
San Francisco Bay Area
, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.
[
205
]
[
206
]
Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, dubbed the
Hyperloop
,
[
207
]
intended to make travel cheaper than any other
mode of transport
for such long distances.
[
208
]
OpenAI and xAI
In December 2015, Musk co-founded
OpenAI
, a
not-for-profit
artificial intelligence
(AI) research company aiming to develop
artificial general intelligence
, intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.
[
209
]
Musk pledged $1 billion of funding to the company,
[
210
]
and initially gave $50 million.
[
211
]
In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board.
[
212
]
Since 2018, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning.
[
213
]
In July 2023, Musk launched the artificial intelligence company
xAI
, which aims to develop a
generative AI
program that competes with existing offerings like OpenAI's
ChatGPT
. Musk obtained funding from investors in SpaceX and Tesla,
[
214
]
and xAI hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.
[
215
]
Private jet
Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.
[
217
]
[
218
]
His heavy use of the jets and the consequent
fossil fuel
usage have received criticism.
[
217
]
[
219
]
Musk's flight usage is tracked on social media through
ElonJet
.
[
220
]
[
221
]
[
222
]
In December 2022, Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, and made temporary bans on the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including
Donie O'Sullivan
,
Keith Olbermann
, and journalists from
The New York Times
,
The Washington Post
, CNN, and
The Intercept
.
[
223
]
Grokipedia
In October 2025, Musk's company xAI launched Grokipedia, an AI-generated online encyclopedia that he promoted as an alternative to Wikipedia.
[
224
]
[
225
]
Articles on Grokipedia are generated and reviewed by xAI's
Grok
chatbot.
[
226
]
Media coverage and academic analysis described Grokipedia as frequently reusing Wikipedia content but framing contested political and social topics in line with Musk's own views and right-wing narratives. A study by Cornell University researchers and NBC News stated that Grokipedia cites sources that are blacklisted or considered "generally unreliable" on Wikipedia, for example, the conspiracy site
Infowars
and the neo-Nazi forum
Stormfront
.
Wired
,
The Guardian
and
Time
criticized Grokipedia for factual errors and for presenting Musk himself in unusually positive terms while downplaying controversies.
[
224
]
[
227
]
[
228
]
[
229
]
Politics
This section
may be
unbalanced
toward certain viewpoints
.
Please help
improve it
by adding information on neglected viewpoints. Relevant discussion may be found on the
talk page
.
(
April 2026
)
Musk with then-president-elect
Donald Trump
in November 2024
Musk is an outlier among business leaders who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.
[
230
]
[
231
]
[
232
]
Musk was a registered
independent voter
when he lived in California.
[
233
]
Historically, he has donated to both
Democrats
and
Republicans
,
[
234
]
many of whom serve in states in which he has a vested interest.
[
235
]
Musk supported Democrat
Barack Obama
in
2008
and
2012
,
[
236
]
Democrat
Hillary Clinton
in
2016
, and Democrat
Joe Biden
in
2020
.
[
237
]
In the
2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
, Musk endorsed candidate
Andrew Yang
and expressed support for Yang's proposed
universal basic income
,
[
238
]
and endorsed
Kanye West
's
2020 presidential campaign
.
[
239
]
At an August 5, 2021 event, Biden signed an
Executive Order
targeting that half of cars sold in 2030 should be electric.
[
240
]
General Motors
CEO
Mary Barra
was in attendance.
[
240
]
Musk commented, "seems odd that Tesla wasn't invited."
[
241
]
Barra said in 2024 Musk never forgave not being invited.
[
242
]
[
243
]
In 2025, former vice-president
Kamala Harris
said that "snubbing" at the event Musk was a "big mistake".
[
244
]
[
245
]
In September 2021, Musk criticized Biden as "not the friendliest administration."
[
246
]
In December 2021, Musk publicly expressed opposition to the
Build Back Better Act
.
[
247
]
[
248
]
Since 2022, his political contributions have mostly supported Republicans, with his first vote for a Republican going to
Mayra Flores
in the
2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election
.
[
249
]
[
250
]
In 2022, Musk gave over $50 million to
Citizens for Sanity
, a conservative
political action committee
.
[
251
]
In 2023, he supported Republican
Ron DeSantis
for the
2024 U.S. presidential election
, giving $10 million to his campaign,
[
251
]
and hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a
Twitter Spaces
event.
[
252
]
[
253
]
[
254
]
From June 2023 to January 2024, Musk hosted a bipartisan set of X Spaces with Republican and Democratic candidates, including
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
,
[
255
]
Vivek Ramaswamy
,
[
256
]
and
Dean Phillips
.
[
257
]
In 2024, he started supporting international
far-right
political parties, activists, and causes,
[
258
]
and has shared misinformation
[
259
]
[
260
]
[
261
]
and numerous
conspiracy theories
.
[
262
]
[
263
]
Since 2024,
his views
have been generally described as right-wing.
[
264
]
Musk at a 2024 gathering with Trump and other political leaders
By early 2024, Musk had become a vocal and financial supporter of Donald Trump.
[
265
]
In July 2024, minutes after the
attempted assassination of Donald Trump
, Musk
endorsed him for president
saying; "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery."
[
266
]
[
267
]
During the
presidential campaign
, Musk joined Trump on stage at a campaign rally,
[
268
]
and during the campaign promoted conspiracy theories and falsehoods about Democrats,
election fraud
[
269
]
and immigration, in support of Trump.
[
270
]
[
271
]
Musk was the largest individual donor of the 2024 election.
[
272
]
Jacob Silverman, author of the 2025 book
Gilded Rage: Elon Musk and the Radicalization of Silicon Valley
, said that the tech industry represented by Musk, Thiel,
Andreessen
and other capitalists, actually flourished under Biden, but the tech leaders chose Trump for their common ground on cultural issues.
[
273
]
In 2025, Musk contributed $19 million to the
Wisconsin Supreme Court race
, hoping to influence the state's future
redistricting
efforts and its regulations governing car manufacturers and dealers.
[
274
]
[
275
]
In 2023, Musk said he shunned the
World Economic Forum
(WEF) because it was boring. The organization commented that they had not invited him since 2015.
[
276
]
Musk made a last-minute WEF debut in an interview with the organization's interim co-chair
Larry Fink
during the
2026 WEF
.
[
277
]
[
278
]
He also participated in
Dialog
, dubbed "Tech
Bilderberg
" and organized by
Peter Thiel
and
Auren Hoffman
.
[
279
]
[
280
]
Starting in January 20205, Musk's international political actions and comments came under increasing scrutiny and criticism, especially from the governments and leaders of France, Germany, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom, particularly due to his position in the
U.S. government
from January to May 2025,
[
281
]
as well as ownership of X.
[
282
]
[
283
]
[
284
]
A February 2025 NBC News analysis found he had boosted far-right political movements to cut immigration and curtail regulation of business in at least 18 countries on six continents since 2023.
[
285
]
Salute at Trump's second inauguration
Musk giving a gesture at the
second inauguration of Donald Trump
before saying "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."
[
286
]
[
287
]
During his speech after the
second inauguration of Donald Trump
, Musk twice made a gesture interpreted by many as a
Nazi
or a fascist
Roman salute
.
[
e
]
He thumped his right hand over his heart, fingers spread wide, and then extended his right arm out, emphatically, at an upward angle, palm down and fingers together. He then repeated the gesture to the crowd behind him. As he finished the gestures, he said to the crowd, "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."
[
286
]
[
287
]
It was widely condemned as an intentional Nazi salute in Germany,
[
289
]
[
290
]
where
making such gestures is illegal
.
[
291
]
The
Anti-Defamation League
said it was not a Nazi salute,
[
292
]
but other Jewish organizations disagreed and condemned the salute.
[
293
]
[
294
]
American public opinion was divided on partisan lines as to whether it was a fascist salute.
[
295
]
Musk dismissed the accusations of
Nazi
sympathies, deriding them as "dirty tricks" and a "tired" attack.
[
296
]
[
297
]
Neo-Nazi
and
white supremacist
groups celebrated it as a Nazi salute.
[
292
]
[
298
]
Multiple European political parties demanded that Musk be banned from entering their countries.
[
299
]
[
300
]
Department of Government Efficiency
Elon Musk wielding a chainsaw at the
Conservative Political Action Conference
(CPAC) in 2025, imitating a publicity stunt used by
Javier Milei
symbolic of efficiency,
federal mass layoffs
and
tax cutting
The concept of DOGE emerged in a discussion between Musk and
Donald Trump
, and in August 2024, Trump committed to giving Musk an advisory role, with Musk accepting the offer.
[
301
]
In November and December 2024, Musk suggested that the organization could help to cut the
U.S. federal budget
, consolidate the number of federal agencies,
[
302
]
[
303
]
and eliminate the
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
,
[
304
]
[
305
]
and that its final stage would be "deleting itself".
[
306
]
In January 2025, the organization was created by
executive order
, and Musk was designated a "
special government employee
".
[
307
]
[
308
]
Musk led the organization and was a
senior advisor to the president
,
[
309
]
although his
official role
is not clear.
[
310
]
In sworn statement during a lawsuit, the director of the White House
Office of Administration
stated that Musk "is not an employee of the U.S. DOGE Service or U.S. DOGE Service Temporary Organization", "is not the U.S. DOGE Service administrator", and has "no actual or formal authority to make government decisions himself".
[
311
]
[
312
]
Trump said two days later that he had put Musk in charge of DOGE.
[
313
]
A federal judge has ruled that Musk acted as the
de facto
leader of DOGE.
[
314
]
Elon Musk participating in a press conference with
Donald Trump
shortly before his departure from
DOGE
Musk's role in the
second Trump administration
, particularly in
response to DOGE
, has
attracted public backlash
. He was criticized for his treatment of federal government employees,
[
315
]
[
316
]
[
317
]
including his influence over the
mass layoffs of the federal workforce
.
[
318
]
[
319
]
[
320
]
He has prioritized secrecy within the organization
[
321
]
and has accused others of violating privacy laws.
[
307
]
A Senate report alleged that Musk could avoid up to $2 billion in legal liability as a result of DOGE's actions.
[
322
]
In May 2025,
Bill Gates
accused Musk of "killing the world's poorest children" through his cuts to
USAID
.
[
323
]
Modeling by
Boston University
estimated the cuts resulted in 400,000 children and 200,000 adults deaths by November.
[
324
]
[
325
]
[
326
]
Musk departed on May 28, 2025, when the special government employee's 130 day deadline expired.
[
327
]
[
328
]
[
329
]
Feud with Donald Trump
After leaving office, Musk criticized the Trump administration's
Big Beautiful Bill
, calling it a "disgusting abomination" due to its provisions increasing the deficit.
[
331
]
A feud began between Musk and Trump, with its most notable event being Musk alleging Trump had ties to sex offender
Jeffrey Epstein
on X (formerly Twitter) on June 5, 2025.
[
332
]
[
333
]
Trump responded on
Truth Social
stating that Musk went "CRAZY" after the "EV Mandate" was purportedly taken away and threatened to cut Musk's government contracts.
Musk then called for a third Trump impeachment.
[
336
]
The next day, Trump stated that he did not wish to reconcile with Musk, and added that Musk would face "very serious consequences" if he funds Democratic candidates.
[
337
]
On June 11, Musk publicly apologized for the tweets against Trump before deleting them, saying they "went too far".
[
338
]
Views
Rejecting the
conservative
label,
[
340
]
Musk has described himself as a
political moderate
, even as his views have become more
right-wing
over time.
[
341
]
His views have been characterized as
libertarian
and
far-right
,
[
342
]
[
343
]
and after
his involvement in European politics
, they have received criticism from world leaders such as
Emmanuel Macron
and
Olaf Scholz
.
[
344
]
[
345
]
[
346
]
[
347
]
Within the context of
American politics
, Musk supported Democratic candidates up until 2022, at which point he voted for a Republican for the first time.
[
236
]
[
348
]
He has stated support for
universal basic income
,
[
349
]
gun rights
,
[
350
]
freedom of speech
,
[
351
]
a
tax on carbon emissions
,
[
352
]
and
H-1B visas
.
[
353
]
Musk has expressed concern about issues such as
artificial intelligence
(AI)
[
354
]
and
climate change
,
[
355
]
and has been a critic of
wealth tax
,
[
356
]
short-selling
,
[
357
]
and
government subsidies
.
[
358
]
An immigrant himself, Musk has been accused of being
anti-immigration
, and regularly blames
immigration policies
for
illegal immigration
.
[
359
]
He is also a
pronatalist
who believes
population decline
is the biggest threat to civilization,
[
360
]
and identifies as a
cultural Christian
.
[
361
]
[
362
]
Musk has long been an advocate for
space colonization
, especially the
colonization of Mars
. He has repeatedly pushed for humanity colonizing Mars, in order to become an interplanetary species and lower the risks of
human extinction
.
[
363
]
Musk has
promoted conspiracy theories
and
made controversial statements
that have led to accusations of
racism
,
sexism
,
antisemitism
,
[
364
]
[
365
]
transphobia
,
[
366
]
disseminating
disinformation
, and support of
white pride
.
[
367
]
[
368
]
While describing himself as a "pro-Semite",
[
369
]
his comments regarding
George Soros
and
Jewish communities
have been condemned by the
Anti-Defamation League
and the Biden
White House
.
[
370
]
Musk was criticized during the COVID-19 pandemic for making unfounded epidemiological claims,
[
371
]
defying
COVID-19 lockdowns
restrictions,
[
372
]
and supporting the
Canada convoy protest
against
vaccine mandates
.
[
373
]
[
374
]
He has amplified false claims of
white genocide
in South Africa.
[
375
]
International relations
Musk with Israeli president
Isaac Herzog
, November 2023
Musk has been critical of Israel's
actions
in the
Gaza Strip
during the
Gaza war
,
[
376
]
praised China's economic and climate goals,
[
377
]
[
378
]
suggested that
Taiwan
and China should resolve
cross-strait relations
,
[
379
]
[
380
]
and was described as having a close relationship with the
Chinese government
.
[
377
]
[
378
]
In Europe, Musk expressed support for Ukraine in 2022 during the
Russian invasion
, recommended referendums and peace deals on the annexed
Russia-occupied territories
,
[
381
]
[
382
]
and supported the far-right
Alternative for Germany
political party in 2024.
[
383
]
Regarding
British politics
, Musk blamed the
2024 UK riots
on
mass migration
and
open borders
,
[
384
]
[
385
]
criticized Prime Minister
Keir Starmer
for what he described as a "two-tier" policing system,
[
386
]
[
387
]
[
385
]
and was subsequently attacked as being responsible for spreading
misinformation
and amplifying the far-right.
[
388
]
He has also voiced his support for far-right UK activist
Tommy Robinson
and pledged electoral support for
Reform UK
.
[
389
]
[
390
]
In February 2026, Musk described Spanish Prime Minister
Pedro Sánchez
as a "tyrant" following Sánchez's proposal to
prohibit minors
under the age of 16 from accessing social media platforms.
[
391
]
Legal affairs
In 2018, Musk was
sued
by the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) for a
tweet
stating that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.
[
134
]
[
f
]
The securities fraud lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of
publicly traded companies
.
[
134
]
[
395
]
[
396
]
Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.
[
135
]
Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,
[
397
]
and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.
[
398
]
Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.
[
399
]
[
400
]
In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.
[
401
]
The SEC reacted by asking a court to hold him
in contempt
for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous agreement details,
[
402
]
including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.
[
403
]
In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high
imo
") violated the agreement.
[
404
]
[
405
]
Freedom of Information Act
(FOIA)-released records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "
Tesla's solar roof
production volumes and its stock price".
[
406
]
In October 2023, the SEC sued Musk over his refusal to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in 2022.
[
407
]
[
408
]
[
409
]
In February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.
[
410
]
In January 2025, the SEC filed a lawsuit against Musk for securities violations related to his purchase of Twitter.
[
411
]
In January 2024, Delaware judge
Kathaleen McCormick
ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's $55 billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.
[
412
]
McCormick called the compensation granted by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders.
[
413
]
The
Delaware Supreme Court
overturned McCormick's decision in December 2025, restoring Musk's compensation package and awarding $1 in
nominal damages
.
[
414
]
On March 20, 2026, a jury in
San Francisco, California
, found Musk liable for misleading investors during his
acquisition of Twitter
, though they absolved him of some fraud allegations, finding he did not "scheme" to defraud investors.
[
415
]
[
416
]
Specifically, Musk was found to have misled shareholders in two tweets, but not in a podcast, as the views he expressed in that were deemed by the jury to be an opinion.
[
415
]
[
416
]
Damages have yet to be calculated, but plaintiffs' lawyers estimated them to be $2.5 billion.
[
417
]
Personal life
Musk became a U.S. citizen in 2002.
[
43
]
From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.
[
418
]
He then relocated to
Cameron County, Texas
,
[
419
]
[
420
]
saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.
[
418
]
[
421
]
[
422
]
While hosting
Saturday Night Live
in 2021, Musk stated that he has
Asperger syndrome
(an outdated term for a mild strain of
autism spectrum disorder
), although he has never been formally diagnosed.
[
423
]
[
424
]
When asked about his experience growing up with Asperger's syndrome in a
TED conference
in Vancouver in 2022, Musk stated that "the social cues were not intuitive
... I would just tend to take things very literally
... but then that turned out to be wrong — [people were not] simply saying exactly what they mean, there's all sorts of other things that are meant, and [it] took me a while to figure that out."
[
425
]
Musk suffers from back pain and has undergone several spine-related surgeries, including a
disc
replacement.
[
426
]
[
427
]
In 2000, he contracted a severe case of
malaria
while on vacation in South Africa.
[
428
]
Musk has stated he uses doctor-prescribed
ketamine
for occasional depression and that he doses "a small amount once every other week or something like that";
[
429
]
since January 2024, some media outlets have reported that he takes
ketamine
,
marijuana
,
LSD
,
ecstasy
,
mushrooms
,
cocaine
and other drugs. Musk at first refused to comment on his alleged drug use, before responding that he had not
tested
positive for drugs, and that if drugs somehow improved his productivity, "I would definitely take them!".
[
430
]
The New York Times'
investigations revealed Musk's overuse of ketamine and numerous other drugs, as well as strained family relationships and concerns from close associates who have become troubled by his public behavior as he became more involved in political activities and government work.
[
431
]
According to
The Washington Post
, President Trump described Musk as "a big-time drug addict".
[
432
]
Through his own label Emo G Records, Musk released a
rap
track, "RIP
Harambe
", on
SoundCloud
in March 2019.
[
433
]
[
434
]
[
435
]
The following year, he released an
EDM
track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.
[
436
]
Musk plays video games, which he stated has a "'restoring effect' that helps his 'mental calibration'".
[
437
]
Some games he plays include
Quake
,
Diablo IV
,
Elden Ring
, and
Polytopia
.
[
438
]
[
439
]
Musk once claimed to be one of the world's top video game players but has since admitted to "
account boosting
", or cheating by hiring outside services to achieve top player rankings.
[
440
]
[
441
]
[
442
]
Musk has justified the boosting by claiming that all top accounts do it so he has to as well to remain competitive.
[
443
]
[
442
]
[
444
]
In 2024 and 2025, Musk criticized the video game
Assassin's Creed Shadows
and its creator
Ubisoft
for "woke" content.
[
445
]
Musk posted to X that "DEI kills art" and specified the inclusion of the historical figure
Yasuke
in the
Assassin's Creed
game as offensive; he also called the game "terrible". Ubisoft responded by saying that Musk's comments were "just feeding hatred" and that they were focused on producing a game not pushing politics.
[
446
]
[
447
]
Relationships and children
Musk with his son, X Æ A-Xii, in the
Oval Office
on February 11, 2025
Musk has fathered at least 14 children, one of whom died as an infant.
[
448
]
The Wall Street Journal
reported in 2025 that sources close to Musk suggest that the "true number of Musk's children is much higher than publicly known".
[
449
]
He had six children with his first wife, Canadian author
Justine Wilson
, whom he met while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in 2000.
[
450
]
In 2002, their first child Nevada Musk died of
sudden infant death syndrome
at the age of 10 weeks.
[
451
]
After his death, the couple used
in vitro fertilization
(IVF) to continue their family;
[
452
]
they had twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006.
[
452
]
The couple divorced in 2008 and have
shared custody
of their children.
[
453
]
[
454
]
The elder twin he had with Wilson
came out
as a
trans woman
and, in 2022, officially
changed her name
to
Vivian Jenna Wilson
,
[
455
]
adopting her mother's surname because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.
[
455
]
Musk began dating English actress
Talulah Riley
in 2008.
[
456
]
They married two years later at
Dornoch Cathedral
in Scotland.
[
457
]
[
458
]
In 2012, the couple divorced, then remarried the following year.
[
459
]
After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,
[
459
]
Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.
[
460
]
Musk then dated the American actress
Amber Heard
for several months in 2017;
[
461
]
he had reportedly been "pursuing" her since 2012.
[
462
]
In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician
Grimes
confirmed they were dating.
[
463
]
Grimes and Musk have three children, born in 2020, 2021, and 2022.
[
g
]
Musk and Grimes originally gave their eldest child the name "X
Æ
A-12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet;
[
468
]
[
469
]
the names registered on the birth certificate are "X" as a first name, "Æ A-
Xii
" as a middle name, and "Musk" as a last name.
[
470
]
[
471
]
They received criticism for choosing a name perceived to be impractical and difficult to pronounce;
[
472
]
Musk has said the intended pronunciation is "X Ash A Twelve".
[
471
]
Their second child was born via
surrogacy
.
[
473
]
Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with
Time
in December 2021, he said he was single.
[
474
]
[
475
]
In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of X Æ A-Xii.
[
476
]
[
477
]
[
478
]
Elon Musk has taken X Æ A-Xii to multiple official events in Washington, D.C. during
Trump's second term in office
.
[
479
]
Also in July 2022,
The Wall Street Journal
reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with
Nicole Shanahan
, the wife of Google co-founder
Sergey Brin
, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.
[
480
]
Musk denied the report.
[
481
]
Musk also had a relationship with Australian actress
Natasha Bassett
, who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend".
[
482
]
In October 2024,
The New York Times
reported Musk bought a Texas compound for his children and their mothers,
[
483
]
though Musk denied having done so.
[
484
]
Musk also has four children with
Shivon Zilis
, director of operations and special projects at
Neuralink
: twins born via
IVF
in 2021, a child born in 2024 via surrogacy and a child born in 2025.
[
h
]
On February 14, 2025,
Ashley St. Clair
, an influencer and author, posted on X claiming to have given birth to Musk's son Romulus five months earlier, which media outlets reported as Musk's supposed thirteenth child.
[
i
]
On February 22, 2025, it was reported that St Clair had filed for sole custody of her five-month-old son and for Musk to be recognised as the child's father.
[
494
]
[
495
]
On March 31, 2025, Musk wrote that, while he was unsure if he was the father of St. Clair's child, he had paid St. Clair $2.5
million and would continue paying her $500,000 per year.
[
j
]
Later reporting from the
Wall Street Journal
indicated that $1
million of these payments to St. Clair were structured as a loan.
[
449
]
Involvement with Jeffrey Epstein
In 2014, Musk and
Ghislaine Maxwell
appeared together in a photograph taken at an Academy Awards after-party, which Musk later described as a "
photobomb
".
[
501
]
[
502
]
The January 2026
Epstein files
contain emails between Musk and Epstein from 2012 to 2013, after
Epstein's first conviction
.
Emails released on January 30, 2026, indicated that Epstein invited Musk to visit his private island on multiple occasions.
[
503
]
The correspondence showed that while Epstein repeatedly encouraged Musk to attend, Musk did not visit the island. In one instance, Musk discussed the possibility of attending a party with his then-wife
Talulah Riley
and asked which day would be the "wildest party"; according to the emails, the visit did not take place after Epstein later cancelled the plans.
[
k
]
On
Christmas day
in 2012, Musk emailed Epstein asking "Do you have any parties planned? I’ve been working to the edge of sanity this year and so, once my kids head home after Christmas, I really want to hit the party scene in
St Barts
or elsewhere and let loose. The invitation is much appreciated, but a peaceful island experience is the opposite of what I’m looking for".
[
509
]
Epstein replied that the "ratio on my island" might make Musk's wife uncomfortable to which Musk responded, "Ratio is not a problem for Talulah".
[
509
]
On September 11, 2013, Epstein sent an email asking Musk if he had any plans for coming to New York for the opening of the
United Nations General Assembly
, saying that many "interesting people" would be coming to Epstein's house. Musk responded that "Flying to NY to see UN diplomats do nothing would be an unwise use of time".
[
510
]
Epstein responded by stating "Do you think i am retarded. Just kidding, there is no one over 25 and all very cute."
[
510
]
Musk has denied any close relationship with Epstein and described him as a "creep" who attempted to ingratiate himself with influential people.
[
502
]
When Musk was asked in 2019 if he introduced Epstein to
Mark Zuckerberg
, Musk responded: "I don’t recall introducing Epstein to anyone, as I don’t know the guy well enough to do so."
[
510
]
The released emails nonetheless showed cordial exchanges on a range of topics, including Musk's inquiry about parties on the island.
[
507
]
[
511
]
[
502
]
The correspondence also indicated that Musk suggested hosting Epstein at SpaceX, while Epstein separately discussed plans to tour SpaceX and bring "the girls", though there is no evidence that such a visit occurred.
[
512
]
Musk has described the release of the files a "distraction", later accusing the
second Trump administration
of suppressing them to protect powerful individuals, including Trump himself.
[
l
]
Wealth
Elon Musk is the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated
net worth
of US$636 billion as of March 2026, according to the
Bloomberg Billionaires Index
,
[
516
]
and $809 billion according to
Forbes
,
[
517
]
primarily from his ownership stakes in
SpaceX
and
Tesla
.
Having been first listed on the
Forbes Billionaires List
in 2012,
[
518
]
around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,
[
519
]
although he describes himself as "
cash poor
".
[
520
]
[
521
]
According to
Forbes
, he became the first person in the world to achieve a net worth of $300 billion in 2021; $400 billion in December 2024;
[
522
]
$500 billion in October 2025;
[
523
]
$600 billion in mid-December 2025;
[
524
]
$700 billion later that month;
[
525
]
and $800 billion in February 2026.
[
526
]
In November 2025, a Tesla pay package worth potentially $1 trillion for Musk was approved, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.
[
527
]
Musk Foundation
The Musk Foundation is a United States–based charitable
foundation
funded and directed primarily by Musk. The foundation is dedicated to promoting
renewable energy
,
crewed space exploration
,
pediatrics
, science and engineering education, and the "development of safe
artificial intelligence
for the benefit of humanity".
[
528
]
At the end of 2024, the Musk Foundation had over $14 billion in assets. Since 2020, donations have largely been sent to organizations affiliated with Musk and his businesses.
Public image
Caricature of Musk,
Bill Gates
, and
Jeff Bezos
concerning their
net worths
, 2024.
Although his ventures have been highly influential within their separate industries starting in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and impactful decisions, while also often making controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. Musk's actions and
his expressed views
have made him a polarizing figure.
[
529
]
Biographer
Ashlee Vance
described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher, part
troll
" persona on Twitter.
[
530
]
He has drawn denouncement for using his platform to mock the self-selection of
personal pronouns
,
[
531
]
while also receiving praise for bringing international attention to matters like
British
survivors of
grooming gangs
.
[
532
]
Musk has been described as an American
oligarch
due to his extensive influence over public discourse, social media, industry, politics, and government policy.
[
533
]
After Trump's re-election, Musk's
influence and actions
during the transition period and the
second presidency of Donald Trump
led some to call him "President Musk", the "actual president-elect", "shadow president" or "co-president".
[
534
]
[
535
]
Accolades
Musk receiving the
Order of Defence Merit
from the
Brazilian Armed Forces
in 2022
[
536
]
Awards for his contributions to the development of the
Falcon rockets
include the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
George Low Transportation Award in 2008,
[
537
]
the
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
Gold Space Medal in 2010,
[
538
]
and the
Royal Aeronautical Society
Gold Medal in 2012.
[
539
]
In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from
Yale University
[
540
]
and an
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership
.
[
541
]
Musk was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society
(FRS) in 2018.
[
542
]
[
m
]
In 2022, Musk was elected to the
National Academy of Engineering
.
[
544
]
Time
has listed Musk as
one of the most influential people in the world
in 2010,
[
545
]
2013,
[
546
]
2018,
[
547
]
and 2021.
[
548
]
Musk was selected as
Time
'
s "
Person of the Year
" for 2021. Then
Time
editor-in-chief
Edward Felsenthal
wrote that, "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too."
[
549
]
[
550
]
Notes
^
One of the 14 is deceased.
^
Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.
[
74
]
[
75
]
^
SpaceX received nearly $900 million in
Federal Communications Commission
subsidies for Starlink.
[
105
]
[
106
]
^
He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of US securities laws and the centerpiece of a current
SEC investigation and lawsuit
against him.
[
174
]
^
The "Roman salute" is a gesture which was used by
Italian Fascists
, then adopted by the Nazis. It is not believed to have been used by ancient Romans.
[
288
]
^
Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to
marijuana
.
[
392
]
Members of Tesla's board and rapper
Azealia Banks
alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.
[
393
]
[
394
]
^
Attributed to mutliple sources:
[
464
]
[
465
]
[
466
]
[
467
]
^
Attributed to mutliple sources:
[
485
]
[
486
]
[
487
]
[
488
]
[
489
]
[
490
]
^
Attributed to mutliple sources:
[
449
]
[
491
]
[
492
]
[
493
]
^
Attributed to mutliple sources:
[
496
]
[
497
]
[
498
]
[
499
]
[
500
]
^
Attributed to mutliple sources:
[
504
]
[
505
]
[
506
]
[
502
]
[
507
]
[
508
]
^
Attributed to mutliple sources:
[
513
]
[
508
]
[
514
]
[
515
]
^
In 2024, Musk's
Royal Society
membership was criticized by 74 members over his alleged anti-scientific behavior and promotion of misinformation, prompting debates about the society's standards on membership and leading to the resignation of
Dorothy Bishop
, a neuropsychologist at the
University of Oxford
, who cited her dissatisfaction with the Society's response.
[
543
]
References
^
a
b
c
Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022).
"Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on November 11, 2022
. Retrieved
May 5,
2022
.
^
Vance (2017)
, pp. 25, 31.
^
a
b
Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014).
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.
The Mercury News
.
Archived
from the original on April 14, 2014
. Retrieved
August 5,
2025
.
^
Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012).
"At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on May 27, 2012
. Retrieved
May 30,
2015
.
^
His biography author Ashlee Vance
interviewed on the TV show
Triangulation
on the
TWiT.tv
network, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute
^
Vargas, Chanel (March 6, 2018).
"11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk"
.
Town & Country
.
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. Retrieved
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^
a
b
Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018).
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.
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.
ISSN
0261-3077
.
Archived
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March 25,
2020
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^
Minks, Caroline (March 4, 2025).
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.
CIC News
. Retrieved
August 23,
2025
.
^
a
b
Isaacson (2023)
, p. 23.
^
Hull, Dana; May, Patrick.
"Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk"
.
The Buffalo News
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
.
^
a
b
Friend, Tad (August 17, 2009).
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The New Yorker
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Archived
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^
a
b
Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021).
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.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on November 25, 2021
. Retrieved
December 20,
2021
.
teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: "We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe," adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. "And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets."
^
Vance (2017)
, pp. 26–30.
^
Isaacson (2023)
, p. 16.
^
McGreal, Chris (January 26, 2025).
"How the roots of the 'PayPal mafia' extend to apartheid South Africa"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
January 28,
2025
.
^
Kay, Grace (September 30, 2023).
"Elon Musk's dad, 77, says he'd have more kids — but only if he could find a woman under 35"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on February 23, 2024
. Retrieved
February 23,
2024
.
^
Crilly, Rob (March 25, 2018).
"Elon Musk's father has baby with step-daughter he has known since she was four"
.
The Daily Telegraph
.
Archived
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^
Lieberman, Hallie.
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.
Wired
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
September 2,
2020
.
^
Higgins, Tim (August 17, 2024).
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.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on January 14, 2025
. Retrieved
February 4,
2025
.
^
Rees, Anna (July 24, 2024).
"Elon Musk says Christian teachings are 'good and wise'
"
.
Premier
.
Archived
from the original on November 2, 2024
. Retrieved
February 4,
2025
.
^
Mann, Jyoti (September 11, 2023).
"Elon Musk really was telling the truth by saying his father Errol never owned an emerald mine, biographer says"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on November 22, 2023
. Retrieved
February 22,
2024
.
^
Crellin, Zac (September 22, 2023).
"Elon Musk's Dad Shares Deadly Secrets of Fabled Emerald Mine"
.
The Daily Beast
.
Archived
from the original on March 13, 2024
. Retrieved
March 13,
2024
.
^
Cao, Sissi (January 7, 2020).
"At 71, Elon Musk's Model Mom, Maye Musk, Is at Her Peak as a Style Icon"
.
Observer
.
Archived
from the original on June 30, 2023
. Retrieved
June 30,
2023
.
^
a
b
Strauss, Neil (November 15, 2017).
"Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow"
.
Rolling Stone
. Archived from
the original
on August 17, 2020
. Retrieved
November 15,
2017
.
^
"Does Elon Musk have PTSD? Biographer Walter Isaacson says the billionaire's turbulent childhood with an abusive father left him scarred"
.
Archived
from the original on June 15, 2024
. Retrieved
June 15,
2024
.
^
a
b
Isaacson (2023)
, pp. 2–3.
^
Bhaimiya, Sawdah.
"Errol Musk denies berating his son after an attack at school put Elon Musk in hospital"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on December 5, 2023
. Retrieved
December 5,
2023
.
^
"Elon Musk shares the science fiction book series that inspired him to start SpaceX"
.
CNBC
. February 22, 2020.
Archived
from the original on November 4, 2023
. Retrieved
November 9,
2023
.
^
Vance (2017)
, p. 38.
^
O'Kane, Sean (June 9, 2015).
"Play the PC game Elon Musk wrote as a pre-teen"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on February 7, 2018
. Retrieved
January 12,
2019
.
^
Belfiore (2007)
, pp. 166–195.
^
Mak, Aaron (December 4, 2019).
"Elon Musk Says 'Pedo Guy' Was a Common Insult in His Youth. We Checked With His Schoolmates"
.
Slate
. Archived from
the original
on October 6, 2020
. Retrieved
December 7,
2019
.
^
Isaacson (2023)
, p. 26.
^
a
b
Clifford, Catherine (June 12, 2018).
"Multi-billionaire Elon Musk: 'I arrived in North America at 17 with $2,000'
"
. CNBC. Archived from
the original
on August 2, 2020
. Retrieved
September 14,
2020
.
^
Vance (2017)
, p. 44.
Musk's opportunity to flee arrived with a change in the law that allowed Maye to pass her Canadian citizenship to her children.
^
Junod, Tom
(November 15, 2012).
"Elon Musk: Triumph of His Will"
.
Esquire
. Archived from
the original
on August 18, 2020
. Retrieved
May 29,
2020
.
^
Vance (2017)
, pp. 43–44.
What rarely gets mentioned is that Musk attended the University of Pretoria for five months before heading off on his grand adventure.
... Musk characterized the time at university as just something to do while he awaited his Canadian documentation.
^
Vance (2017)
, p. 45.
After a 1,900-mile bus ride, he ended up in Swift Current, a town of fifteen thousand people. Musk called a second cousin out of the blue from the bus station and hitched a ride to his house.
^
Minks, Caroline (March 4, 2025).
"How did Elon Musk become a Canadian citizen?"
.
CIC News
. Retrieved
March 13,
2025
.
^
Vance (2017)
, p. 46.
Musk spent the next year working a series of odd jobs around Canada. He tended vegetables and shoved out grain bins at a cousin's farm located in the tiny town of Waldeck.
... He inquired about the job with the best wage, which turned out to be a gig cleaning the boiler room of a lumber mill for eighteen dollars an hour.
^
Vance (2017)
, pp. 46–47.
Elon ended up enrolling at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1989.
^
Locke, Taylor (December 20, 2019).
"Elon Musk's college pal: This is what 'differentiates Elon from the rest of humanity'
"
. CNBC.
Archived
from the original on December 14, 2020
. Retrieved
January 8,
2021
.
^
a
b
Shoichet, Catherine E. (September 29, 2024).
"Elon Musk is one of illegal immigration's harshest critics. He once described his past immigration status as a 'gray area'
"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on November 13, 2024
. Retrieved
November 19,
2024
.
^
a
b
Vance (2017)
, p. 368.
Musk produced a document for me dated June 22, 2009, that came from Judith Haccou, the director of graduate admissions in the office of the registrar at Stanford University. It read, "As per special request from my colleagues in the School of Engineering, I have searched Stanford's admission data base and acknowledge that you applied and were admitted to the graduate program in Material Science Engineering in 1995. Since you did not enroll, Stanford is not able to issue you an official certification document." Musk also had an explanation for the weird timing on his degrees from Penn. "I had a History and an English credit that I agreed with Penn that I would do at Stanford," he said. "The I put Stanford on deferment. Later, Penn's requirements changed so that you don't need the English and History credit. So they awarded me the degree in '97 when it was clear I was not going to go to grad school, and their requirement was no longer there."
^
Kasprak, Alex (December 21, 2022).
"Does Elon Musk Have an Undergraduate Degree in Physics?"
.
Snopes
.
Archived
from the original on December 23, 2022
. Retrieved
December 23,
2022
.
^
a
b
Vance (2017)
, Appendix 1.
I called Penn's registrar and verified these findings. Copies of Musk's records show that he received a dual degree in economics and physics in May 1997. O'Reilly also subpoenaed the registrar's office at Stanford to verify Musk's admittance in 1995 for his doctorate work in physics. "Based on the information you provided, we are unable to locate a record in our office for Elon Musk," wrote the director of graduate admissions.
^
Meisenzahl, Elizabeth.
"SpaceX, founded by Penn graduate Elon Musk, launches U.S. astronauts into space"
.
The Daily Pennsylvanian
. Archived from
the original
on August 7, 2020
. Retrieved
June 1,
2020
.
^
McCray, Patrick W. (June 11, 2012).
"A pioneer in space and on Earth"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on November 28, 2022
. Retrieved
November 19,
2022
.
^
Hern, Alex (February 9, 2018).
"Elon Musk: the real-life Iron Man"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on June 11, 2022
. Retrieved
November 3,
2022
.
^
"How internships helped Elon Musk figure out his future"
. CNBC. July 16, 2018. Archived from
the original
on December 28, 2019
. Retrieved
December 28,
2019
.
^
Soni, Jimmi (February 22, 2022).
"The little-known story about Elon Musk's first post-grad internship"
.
Fortune
.
Archived
from the original on March 7, 2022.
^
a
b
Sacchetti, Maria; Siddiqui, Faiz; Miroff, Nick (October 26, 2024).
"Elon Musk, enemy of 'open borders', launched his career working illegally"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
October 26,
2024
.
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Works cited
Belfiore, Michael
(2007).
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978-1-9821-8128-4
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OCLC
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Jackson, Eric M.
(2004).
The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth
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Hoffman, Reid
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Further reading
Conger, Kate
;
Mac, Ryan
(2024).
Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter
(1st hardcover ed.). New York: Penguin Press.
ISBN
978-0593656136
.
OCLC
1432234243
.
Farrow, Ronan
(August 28, 2023) [August 21, 2023 (online)].
"Elon Musk's Shadow Rule"
. A Reporter at Large (story series).
The New Yorker
. Retrieved
August 25,
2023
.
Tarnoff, Ben,
"Ultra Hardcore"
(subscription required)
(review of
Walter Isaacson
,
Elon Musk
, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 670 pp.),
The New York Review of Books
, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (January 18, 2024), pp. 6, 8, 10. "There is an anti-modern impulse to Musk, a craving for lordship that can't be entirely satisfied within the confines of a capitalist economy. A king doesn't have advertisers or shareholders or customers, and Musk, if he continues on his current trajectory, may very well be abandoned by all three.
Aristotle
says a good ending should be surprising but inevitable. It's possible to imagine multiple finales for Musk that meet these criteria, but the story always begins the same way. Once upon a time in
Pretoria
, there was a boy who wanted to be a man." (p. 10.)
External links
Appearances
on
C-SPAN
Elon Musk
on
LittleSis
, a website that publishes data on who-knows-who between government, donors and business
Elon Musk
on
X
Elon Musk
at
IMDb |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk)
- [1 Early life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Early_life)
Toggle Early life subsection
- [1\.1 Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Education)
- [2 Business career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Business_career)
Toggle Business career subsection
- [2\.1 Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Zip2)
- [2\.2 X.com and PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#X.com_and_PayPal)
- [2\.3 SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#SpaceX)
- [2\.3.1 Starlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Starlink)
- [2\.4 Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Tesla)
- [2\.4.1 SolarCity and Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#SolarCity_and_Tesla_Energy)
- [2\.5 Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Neuralink)
- [2\.6 The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#The_Boring_Company)
- [2\.7 X Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#X_Corp.)
- [3 Other activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Other_activities)
Toggle Other activities subsection
- [3\.1 Hyperloop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Hyperloop)
- [3\.2 OpenAI and xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#OpenAI_and_xAI)
- [3\.3 Private jet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Private_jet)
- [3\.4 Grokipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Grokipedia)
- [4 Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Politics)
Toggle Politics subsection
- [4\.1 Salute at Trump's second inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Salute_at_Trump's_second_inauguration)
- [4\.2 Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Department_of_Government_Efficiency)
- [4\.3 Feud with Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Feud_with_Donald_Trump)
- [5 Views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Views)
Toggle Views subsection
- [5\.1 International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#International_relations)
- [6 Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Legal_affairs)
- [7 Personal life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Personal_life)
Toggle Personal life subsection
- [7\.1 Relationships and children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Relationships_and_children)
- [7\.2 Involvement with Jeffrey Epstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Involvement_with_Jeffrey_Epstein)
- [8 Wealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Wealth)
Toggle Wealth subsection
- [8\.1 Musk Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Musk_Foundation)
- [9 Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Public_image)
Toggle Public image subsection
- [9\.1 Accolades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Accolades)
- [10 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Notes)
- [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#References)
- [12 Works cited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Works_cited)
- [13 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Further_reading)
- [14 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Elon Musk
159 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Afrikaans")
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD "ኢሎን ማስክ – Amharic")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Aragonese")
- [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Old English")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83 "إيلون ماسك – Arabic")
- [الدارجة](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83 "إيلون ماسك – Moroccan Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83 "ايلون مسك – Egyptian Arabic")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D "ইলন মাস্ক্ – Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Asturian")
- [अवधी](https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95 "एलन मस्क – Awadhi")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lon_Mask "İlon Mask – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9 "ایلان ماسک – South Azerbaijani")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Balinese")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Bavarian")
- [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Samogitian")
- [Batak Toba](https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Batak Toba")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Central Bikol")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Ілан Маск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Ілан Маск – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Мъск – Bulgarian")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95 "ईलोन मस्क – Bhojpuri")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95 "ইলন মাস্ক – Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Bosnian")
- [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Маск – Russia Buriat")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Catalan")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Cebuano")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%DA%A9 "ئیلۆن مەسک – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Czech")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD "Маск Илон – Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Dimli")
- [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95 "एलन मस्क – Doteli")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA "Ίλον Μασκ – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9 "ایلان ماسک – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – French")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Northern Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Galician")
- [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95 "એલોન મસ્ક – Gujarati")
- [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Manx")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Hausa")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Hakka Chinese")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7 "אילון מאסק – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95 "एलन मस्क – Hindi")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Fiji Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Croatian")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Upper Sorbian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Haitian Creole")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF "Իլոն Մասկ – Armenian")
- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%84 "Իլան Մասք – Western Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Interlingua")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Indonesian")
- [Interlingue](https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Interlingue")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF "イーロン・マスク – Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Javanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98 "ილონ მასკი – Georgian")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilon_Mask "Ilon Mask – Kara-Kalpak")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Маск – Kazakh")
- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8D "អេឡុន ម៉ាសក៍ – Khmer")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D "ಎಲಾನ್ ಮಸ್ಕ್ – Kannada")
- [Yerwa Kanuri](https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Reeve_Musk "Elon Reeve Musk – Central Kanuri")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%A0_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC "일론 머스크 – Korean")
- [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B3%D9%95%DA%A9 "ایلان مَسٕک – Kashmiri")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Kurdish")
- [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Cornish")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Маск – Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Latin")
- [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Luxembourgish")
- [Ladin](https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Ladin")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Lombard")
- [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99_%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94 "ອີລອນ ມັດ – Lao")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAlons_Masks "Īlons Masks – Latvian")
- [Madhurâ](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Madurese")
- [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95 "एलन मस्क – Maithili")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Malagasy")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Маск – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D "ഈലോൺ മസ്ക് – Malayalam")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Элон Маск – Mongolian")
- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%9B "ꯏꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯁ꯭ꯛ – Manipuri")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95 "इलॉन मस्क – Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA "အီလွန် မက်စ် – Burmese")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9 "ایلان ماسک – Mazanderani")
- [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Low Saxon")
- [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95 "एलन मस्क – Nepali")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Nupe](https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Nupe")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Occitan")
- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95 "ଇଲନ ମସ୍କ – Odia")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95 "ਐਲੋਨ ਮਸਕ – Punjabi")
- [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Pampanga")
- [Deitsch](https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Pennsylvania German")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Polish")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9 "ایلون مسک – Western Punjabi")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9 "ایلان ماسک – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Quechua")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA,_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD "Маск, Илон – Russian")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Маск – Yakut")
- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0 "ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ – Santali")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Scots")
- [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%AA "ايلون مسڪ – Sindhi")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Serbo-Croatian")
- [တႆး](https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_%E1%80%99%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA "ဢီႇလွၼ်ႇ မသ်ႉၵ် – Shan")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A "ඊලෝන් මස්ක් – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Маск – Serbian")
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Sundanese")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Swahili")
- [ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ](https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%98_%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%8D%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%87 "ꠁꠟꠘ ꠝꠣꠍ꠆ꠇ – Sylheti")
- [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Silesian")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D "எலான் மசுக் – Tamil")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D "ఎలన్ మస్క్ – Telugu")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Илон Маск – Tajik")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C "อีลอน มัสก์ – Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Tagalog")
- [Toki pona](https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/jan_Ilan_Ma "jan Ilan Ma – Toki Pona")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Turkish")
- [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lon_Mask "İlon Mask – Tatar")
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83 "ئەلون ماسك – Uyghur")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA "Ілон Маск – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9 "ایلون مسک – Urdu")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Uzbek")
- [Vepsän kel’](https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_Ilon "Mask Ilon – Veps")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Vietnamese")
- [Volapük](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Volapük")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9A%86%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B "伊隆·马斯克 – Wu")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98 "ილონ მასკი – Mingrelian")
- [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7 "אילאן מאסק – Yiddish")
- [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_musk "Elon musk – Yoruba")
- [Zeêuws](https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Zeelandic")
- [ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ](https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BD "ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk – Minnan")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9A%86%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B "伊隆馬斯克 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%9A%86%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B "埃隆·马斯克 – Chinese")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Elon_Musk "U-Elon Musk – Zulu")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Businessman and entrepreneur (born 1971)
For other uses, see [Elon Musk (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_\(disambiguation\) "Elon Musk (disambiguation)").
| Elon Musk[FRS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_\(54816836217\)_\(cropped_2\)_\(b\).jpg)Musk in 2025 | |
| Born | Elon Reeve Musk (1971-06-28) June 28, 1971 (age 54) [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"), South Africa |
| Citizenship | South Africa Canada United States (since 2002) |
| Education | [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") ([BA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts"), [BS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science")) |
| Occupations | CEO and product architect of [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") Founder, CEO, and chief engineer of [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") Founder and CEO of [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)") Founder and CTO of [X Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corp. "X Corp.") Co-founder of [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"), [the Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company"), [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI"), [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2"), and [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)") (part of [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal")) President of the [Musk Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_Foundation "Musk Foundation") |
| Political party | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Republican_\(United_States\) "Independent Republican (United States)") |
| Spouses | [Justine Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Musk "Justine Musk") ( m. 2000; div. 2008\) [Talulah Riley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley "Talulah Riley") ( m. 2010; div. 2012\) ( m. 2013; div. 2016\) |
| Children | 14[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-1) (publicly known), including [Vivian Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Wilson "Vivian Wilson") |
| Parents | [Errol Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Musk "Errol Musk") (father) [Maye Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maye_Musk "Maye Musk") (mother) |
| Relatives | [Musk family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family") |
| Awards | [Full list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk "List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk") |
| [Senior Advisor to the President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States "Senior Advisor to the President of the United States") | |
| **In office** January 20, 2025 – May 28, 2025 Serving with [Massad Boulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massad_Boulos "Massad Boulos") | |
| President | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") |
| [Musk's voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_on_his_departure_from_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency.wav "File:Elon Musk on his departure from the Department of Government Efficiency.wav") Musk on his departure from the [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") Recorded May 30, 2025 | |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Signature.svg) | |
| | |
|---|---|
| | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_\(54816836217\)_\(cropped_4\).jpg) | This article is part of a series about[Elon Musk]() |
| Personal [Awards and honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk "List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk") [Business career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk "Business career of Elon Musk") [Views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family") [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_Elon_Musk "International relations of Elon Musk") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk "Legal affairs of Elon Musk") [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk "Public image of Elon Musk") [Texas Institute of Technology and Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science "Texas Institute of Technology and Science") [Wealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk "Wealth of Elon Musk") [Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_Foundation "Musk Foundation") Companies [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2") [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") [Starlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink "Starlink") [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)") [X Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corp. "X Corp.") [Twitter under Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk") [acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") [investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_investigation_into_the_acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "SEC investigation into the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") [Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity") [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI") [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink") [The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company") [Terafab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terafab "Terafab") [Thud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thud_\(media_company\) "Thud (media company)") Politics [Activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk") [America PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_PAC "America PAC") [America Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Party "America Party") [Building America's Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_America%27s_Future "Building America's Future") [Dept. of Govt. Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") [Salute controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy "Elon Musk salute controversy") [Trade unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions "Elon Musk and trade unions") [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_trade_unions "Tesla and trade unions") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk") [Tesla Takedown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Takedown "Tesla Takedown") [vandalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tesla_vandalism "2025 Tesla vandalism") [Trump feud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "Trump–Musk feud") In the arts and media [*Character Limit*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Limit:_How_Elon_Musk_Destroyed_Twitter "Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter") [*Elon Musk* by Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future "Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future") [Elon Musk's Crash Course](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Crash_Course "Elon Musk's Crash Course") [*Elon Musk* by Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_\(Isaacson_book\) "Elon Musk (Isaacson book)") [Filmography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_filmography "Elon Musk filmography") [*Ludicrous*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors "Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors") *[Make America Wait Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Wait_Again "Make America Wait Again")* "[The Musk Who Fell to Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth "The Musk Who Fell to Earth")" [*Musk* (film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_\(film\) "Musk (film)") [*Power Play*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century "Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century") *[Return to Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Space "Return to Space")* *[Revenge of the Electric Car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car "Revenge of the Electric Car")* *[The Space Barons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Barons "The Space Barons")* | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk_series "Template:Elon Musk series") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk_series "Template talk:Elon Musk series") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elon_Musk_series "Special:EditPage/Template:Elon Musk series") | |
**Elon Reeve Musk** ([/ˈiːlɒn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [*EE\-lon*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key"); born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and entrepreneur known for [his leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk "Business career of Elon Musk") of [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc."), [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX"), [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_\(social_network\) "X (social network)"), and [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)"). Musk has been the [wealthiest person in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires "The World's Billionaires") since 2025; as of April 2026,[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elon_Musk&action=edit) *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* estimates [his net worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk "Wealth of Elon Musk") to be US\$809 billion.
Born into [a wealthy family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family") in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk emigrated in 1989 to Canada; he has Canadian citizenship since his mother was born there. He received bachelor's degrees in 1997 from the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") before moving to [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") to pursue business ventures. In 1995, Musk co-founded the software company [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2"). Following its sale in 1999, he co-founded [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)"), an online payment company that later merged to form [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal"), which was acquired by [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") in 2002. Musk also became an American citizen in 2002.
In 2002, Musk founded the [space technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology "Space technology") company SpaceX, becoming its CEO and [chief engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer "Chief technology officer"); the company has since led innovations in [reusable rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_rocket "Reusable rocket") and [commercial spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_spaceflight "Commercial spaceflight"). Musk joined the automaker Tesla as an early investor in 2004 and became its CEO and product architect in 2008; it has since become a leader in [electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle"). In 2015, he co-founded [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI") to advance [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) research, but later left; growing discontent with the organization's direction and leadership in the [AI boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom "AI boom") in the 2020s led him to establish xAI, which became a subsidiary of SpaceX in 2026. In 2022, [he acquired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") the social network Twitter, [implementing significant changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk"), and rebranding it as X in 2023. His other businesses include the [neurotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology "Neurotechnology") company [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"), which he co-founded in 2016, and the tunneling company [the Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company"), which he founded in 2017. In November 2025, a Tesla pay package worth \$1 trillion for Musk was approved, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.
Musk was the largest donor in the [2024 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_U.S._presidential_election "2024 U.S. presidential election"), where he supported [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"). After Trump was inaugurated as president in early 2025, Musk served as [Senior Advisor to the President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President "Senior Advisor to the President") and as the *[de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto "De facto")* head of the [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") (DOGE). After [a public feud with Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "Trump–Musk feud"), Musk left the Trump administration and returned to managing his companies. Musk is a supporter of global [far-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right "Far-right") figures, causes, and political parties. [His political activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk"), [views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk"), and statements have made him [a polarizing figure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk "Public image of Elon Musk"). Musk has been criticized for [COVID-19 misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#COVID-19_pandemic "Views of Elon Musk"), [promoting conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Conspiracy_theories "Views of Elon Musk"), and [affirming antisemitic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Race_and_white_nationalism "Views of Elon Musk"), racist, and [transphobic comments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Transgender_issues "Views of Elon Musk"). His acquisition of Twitter was controversial due to [a subsequent increase in hate speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk#Increase_in_hate_speech "Twitter under Elon Musk") and the [spread of misinformation on the service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk#Handling_of_misinformation_and_disinformation "Twitter under Elon Musk"), following his pledge to decrease [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship "Censorship"). His role in the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration") attracted [public backlash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk"), particularly in [response to DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Response to the Department of Government Efficiency"). The emails he sent to [Jeffrey Epstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein") are included in the [Epstein files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein_files "Epstein files"), which were published between 2025–26 and became a topic of worldwide debate.
## Early life
See also: [Musk family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family")
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"), South Africa's administrative capital.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Eligon-2022-2)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-3) He is of British and [Pennsylvania Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch "Pennsylvania Dutch") ancestry.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sjmn20140411-4)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-5) His mother, [Maye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maye_Musk "Maye Musk") ([née](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names "Birth name") Haldeman), is a model and dietitian born in [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan"), Canada, and raised in South Africa.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Biog-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Usborne-2018-8) Musk therefore holds both South African and Canadian citizenship from birth.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-9) His father, [Errol Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Musk "Errol Musk"), is a South African [electromechanical engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics "Electromechanics"), pilot, sailor, consultant, [emerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald "Emerald") dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at [Timbavati Private Nature Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbavati_Private_Nature_Reserve "Timbavati Private Nature Reserve").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson-10)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-11)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NewYorker2009-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Smith-13)
His maternal grandfather, [Joshua N. Haldeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_N._Haldeman "Joshua N. Haldeman"), who died in a plane crash when Elon was a toddler, was an American-born Canadian [chiropractor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractic "Chiropractic"), aviator and political activist in the [technocracy movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy_movement "Technocracy movement")[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-14)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:8-15) who moved to South Africa in 1950.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-McGreal-16)
Elon has a younger brother, [Kimbal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal_Musk "Kimbal Musk"), a younger sister, [Tosca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca_Musk "Tosca Musk"), and four paternal half-siblings.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-18)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Usborne-2018-8)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-19) Musk was [baptized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism "Baptism") as a child in the [Anglican Church of Southern Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa "Anglican Church of Southern Africa").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Higgins2024-20)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rees2024-21) Despite both Elon and Errol previously stating that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Smith-13) in 2023, Errol recounted that the deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines".[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-22)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-23) Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid [Progressive Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(South_Africa\) "Progressive Party (South Africa)") and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of [apartheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Eligon-2022-2)
After his parents divorced in 1979, Elon, aged around 9, chose to live with his father because Errol Musk had an *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")* and a computer.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-24)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sjmn20140411-4)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson-10) Elon later regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-rollingstone20171115-25) Elon has recounted trips to a wilderness school that he described as a "paramilitary *[Lord of the Flies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies "Lord of the Flies")*" where "bullying was a virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-26) In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him being hospitalized for his injuries.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson23-27) Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the hospital.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson23-27) Errol denied berating Elon and claimed, "The \[other\] boy had just lost his father to suicide, and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid. How could I possibly blame that child?"[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bhaimiya-28)
Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, and had attributed his success in part to having read *[The Lord of the Rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings "The Lord of the Rings")*, the [*Foundation* series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_\(book_series\) "Foundation (book series)"), and [*The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_\(novel\) "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NewYorker2009-12)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-29) At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the [VIC-20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIC-20 "VIC-20") user manual.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance-30) At age twelve, Elon sold his [BASIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC "BASIC")\-based game *Blastar* to *PC and Office Technology* magazine for approximately \$500 (equivalent to \$1,600 in 2025).[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-play-31)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-32)
### Education
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PBHS-facade.jpg)
Musk graduated from [Pretoria Boys High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School "Pretoria Boys High School") in South Africa.
Musk attended [Waterkloof House Preparatory School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkloof_House_Preparatory_School "Waterkloof House Preparatory School"), [Bryanston High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryanston_High_School "Bryanston High School"), and then [Pretoria Boys High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School "Pretoria Boys High School"), where he graduated.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-slate20191204-33) Musk was a decent but unexceptional student, earning a 61/100 in [Afrikaans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans") and a B on his senior math certification.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-34) Musk applied for a Canadian passport [through](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinis "Jus sanguinis") his Canadian-born mother to avoid South Africa's [mandatory military service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa "Conscription in South Africa"),[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-arrived-35)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-36) which would have forced him to participate in the apartheid regime,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Eligon-2022-2) as well as to ease his path to immigration to the United States.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Esquire-37) While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the [University of Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pretoria "University of Pretoria") for five months.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-38)
Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan"),[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-40) and worked odd jobs, including at a farm and a lumber mill.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-41) In 1990, he entered [Queen's University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston "Queen's University at Kingston") in [Kingston, Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario "Kingston, Ontario").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-43) Two years later, he transferred to the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"), where he studied until 1995.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:6-44) Although Musk has said that he earned his degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997 – a [Bachelor of Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") in physics and a [Bachelor of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science") in economics from the university's [Wharton School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School "Wharton School").[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance368-45)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-46)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-VanceA1-47)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-49) He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to [Google Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-ironman-50)
In 1994, Musk held two internships in [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley"): one at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic [supercapacitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercapacitor "Supercapacitor") for energy storage, and another at [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California")–based startup [Rocket Science Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_Games "Rocket Science Games").[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-52) In 1995, he was accepted to a graduate program in [materials science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science "Materials science") at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), but did not enroll.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-VanceA1-47)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance368-45)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Sacchetti1026-53) Musk decided to join the [Internet boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble") of the 1990s, applying for a job at [Netscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape "Netscape"), to which he reportedly never received a response.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-54)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-arrived-35) *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* reported that Musk lacked legal authorization to remain and work in the United States after failing to enroll at Stanford.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Sacchetti1026-53) In response, Musk said he was allowed to work at that time and that his student visa transitioned to an [H1-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visa "H-1B visa"). According to numerous former business associates and shareholders, Musk said he was on a student visa at the time.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-55)
## Business career
Main article: [Business career of Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk "Business career of Elon Musk")
### Zip2
Main article: [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2")
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at University of Southern California](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7Qh-vwpYH8) on YouTube |
In 1995, Musk, his brother [Kimbal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal "Kimbal"), and Greg Kouri founded the web software company [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2") with funding from a group of angel investors.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-56) They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-shower-57) Replying to *[Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*, Musk denounced the notion that they started their company with funds borrowed from Elon's father Errol Musk,[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-rollingstone20171115-25) but in a tweet, he recognized that his father contributed 10% of a later funding round.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-twitterzip2-58) The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-59)
According to Musk, "The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time."[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-shower-57) To impress investors, Musk built a large plastic structure around a standard computer to create the impression that Zip2 was powered by a small supercomputer.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance201764-60) The Musk brothers obtained contracts with *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and the *[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune"),*[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-61) and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with [CitySearch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySearch "CitySearch").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-62) Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted by the board.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-63) [Compaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq "Compaq") acquired Zip2 for \$307 million in cash in February 1999 (equivalent to \$590,000,000 in 2025),[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-65) and Musk received \$22 million (equivalent to \$43,000,000 in 2025) for his 7-percent share.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance109-66)
### X.com and PayPal
Main articles: [X.com (bank)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)"), [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal"), and [PayPal Mafia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal_Mafia "PayPal Mafia")
In 1999, Musk co-founded [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)"), an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-67) The startup was one of the first [federally insured](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation") online banks, and, in its initial months of operation, over 200,000 customers joined the service.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-68) The company's investors regarded Musk as inexperienced and replaced him with [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance86-69) The following year, X.com merged with online bank [Confinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confinity "Confinity") to avoid competition.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-shower-57)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance86-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-70) Founded by [Max Levchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchin "Max Levchin") and [Peter Thiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel "Peter Thiel"),[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-71) Confinity had its own money-transfer service, [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal"), which was more popular than X.com's service.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-72)
Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") software over [Unix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix "Unix") created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-73) Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in 2000.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-74)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-77) Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance89-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-78) In 2002, PayPal was acquired by [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") for \$1.5 billion (equivalent to \$2,700,000,000 in 2025) in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received \$175.8 million (equivalent to \$320,000,000 in 2025).[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-79)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-80) In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, stating that it had sentimental value.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-81)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-82)
### SpaceX
Main article: [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX")
Musk tours SpaceX with President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in 2010.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_\(190416-F-ZZ999-006\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
Musk explains [Starship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship "SpaceX Starship") capabilities to leaders of [North American Aerospace Defense Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD "NORAD"), U.S. Northern Command, and [Air Force Space Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Operations_Command "Space Operations Command") in 2019.
In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit [Mars Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Society "Mars Society") and discussed funding plans to place a [growth-chamber for plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_farming "Space farming") on [Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars "Mars").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-83) Seeking a way to launch the greenhouse payloads into space, Musk made two unsuccessful trips to Moscow to purchase [intercontinental ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missiles "Intercontinental ballistic missiles") (ICBMs) from Russian companies [NPO Lavochkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPO_Lavochkin "NPO Lavochkin") and [Kosmotras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmotras "Kosmotras"). Musk instead decided to start a company to build affordable rockets.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance-2015-84) With \$100 million of his early fortune,[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-85) (equivalent to \$180,000,000 in 2025) Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-86)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-87)
SpaceX attempted its first launch of the [Falcon 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_1 "Falcon 1") rocket in 2006.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2021178%E2%80%93182-88) Although the rocket failed to reach [Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_orbit "Geocentric orbit"), it was awarded a [Commercial Orbital Transportation Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services "Commercial Orbital Transportation Services") program contract from [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA"), then led by [Mike Griffin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin "Michael D. Griffin").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-89)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-90) After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk to go bankrupt,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2021178%E2%80%93182-88) SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-91) Later that year, SpaceX received a \$1.6 billion NASA contract (equivalent to \$2,400,000,000 in 2025) for [Falcon 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9 "Falcon 9")\-launched [Dragon spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon "SpaceX Dragon") flights to the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (ISS), replacing the [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") after its 2011 [retirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement "Space Shuttle retirement").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-92) In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked [with the ISS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2 "SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2"), a first for a commercial spacecraft.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-93)
Working towards its goal of [reusable rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program "SpaceX reusable launch system development program"), in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the [first stage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_rocket "Multistage rocket") of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-94) Later landings were achieved on [autonomous spaceport drone ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship "Autonomous spaceport drone ship"), an ocean-based recovery platform.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-95) In 2018, SpaceX launched the [Falcon Heavy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Heavy "Falcon Heavy"); the [inaugural mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight "Falcon Heavy test flight") carried [Musk's personal Tesla Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster "Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster") as a [dummy payload](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_\(spaceflight\) "Boilerplate (spaceflight)").[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-96)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-97) Since 2019,[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-98) SpaceX has been developing [Starship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship "SpaceX Starship"), a reusable, [super heavy-lift launch vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle "Super heavy-lift launch vehicle") intended to replace the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Roulette-2022-99) In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the [Demo-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2 "Crew Dragon Demo-2"), becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-100) In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an \$843 million (equivalent to \$865,000,000 in 2025) contract to build a spacecraft that NASA will use to [deorbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry "Atmospheric entry") the ISS at the end of its lifespan.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-101)
#### Starlink
Main article: [Starlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink "Starlink")
See also: [Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War "Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starlink_Mission_\(47926144123\).jpg)
50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019
In 2015, SpaceX began development of the [Starlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink "Starlink") constellation of [low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit") satellites to provide [satellite Internet access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access "Satellite Internet access").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-102) After the launch of prototype satellites in 2018, the first large constellation was deployed in May 2019.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NYT-20190601-103) As of May 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elon_Musk&action=edit), over 7,600 Starlink satellites are operational,[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sn2674441-104) comprising 65% of all operational Earth satellites.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-d933-105) The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be \$10 billion (equivalent to \$12,000,000,000 in 2025).[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-106)[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-109)
During the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), Musk provided free [Starlink service to Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War "Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War"), permitting Internet access and communication at a yearly cost to SpaceX of \$400 million (equivalent to \$440,000,000 in 2025).[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-110)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CNN_2022-10-13-111)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-112)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-113)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-114) However, Musk refused to block [Russian state media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia "Mass media in Russia") on Starlink.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-115)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-116) In 2023, Musk denied Ukraine's request to activate Starlink over [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea "Crimea") to aid an attack against the Russian navy, citing fears of a nuclear response.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Copp_2023_b431-117)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-118)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-119)
### Tesla
Main article: [Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk,_Tesla_Factory,_Fremont_\(CA,_USA\)_\(8765031426\).jpg)
Musk next to a [Tesla Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S"), 2011
[Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc."), originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") and [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning"). Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-timelinefacts-120) Musk led the [Series A round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_round "Series A round") of investment in February 2004; he invested \$6.35 million (equivalent to \$11,000,000 in 2025), became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-121)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-122) Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw [Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)") product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-123) Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis"), Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-124)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\][\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-125) Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-126) A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CNET-127)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FastCompany-128)
Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first [mass production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production "Mass production") all-electric car to use [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") cells.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-129) Under Musk, Tesla has since launched several well-selling electric vehicles, including the four-door sedan [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") (2012), the [crossover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)") [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") (2015), the mass-market sedan [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") (2017), the crossover [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") (2020), and the pickup truck [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck "Tesla Cybertruck") (2023).[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-130)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-131)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-132)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-133)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Krisher_2023-134) The company has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, called [Gigafactories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory "Gigafactory").[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-135) In 2026, [Jon McNeill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_McNeill "Jon McNeill"), who served as president of Tesla from 2015 to 2018 and oversaw a period of revenue growth from \$2 billion to \$20 billion, published *The Algorithm*, a book detailing the five-step operational framework used at Tesla and SpaceX.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-136)
In May 2020, Musk resigned as chairman of the board as part of the settlement of a [lawsuit from the SEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Legal_affairs) over him tweeting that funding had been "secured" for potentially taking Tesla private.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-137)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:7-138)
Since its [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in 2010,[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-139) Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-140)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-141) and it entered the [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500") later that year.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-142)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-143) In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of \$1 trillion (equivalent to \$1,200,000,000,000 in 2025), the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-144)
#### SolarCity and Tesla Energy
Main articles: [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity") and [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy")
Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity"), which his cousins [Lyndon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Rive "Lyndon Rive") and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-145) By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-146) In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in [Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York"), New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-147) Construction of [the factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") until early 2020.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-148)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-149)
Tesla acquired SolarCity for \$2 billion in 2016 (equivalent to \$2,700,000,000 in 2025) and merged it with its battery unit to create [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy"). The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:5-150) Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-151)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-152) Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-153)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-154) Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:5-150)
### Neuralink
Main article: [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg)
Musk discussing a [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink") device during a live demonstration in 2020
In 2016, Musk co-founded [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"), a [neurotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology "Neurotechnology") startup, with an investment of \$100 million.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sew-155)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-neuraverge-156) Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-neuraverge-156)[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-157) The company also hopes to develop devices to treat neurological conditions like [spinal cord injuries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury "Spinal cord injury").[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-pig-158) In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-159) In September 2023, the [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") approved Neuralink to initiate six-year human trials.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-160)
Neuralink has conducted [animal testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing "Animal testing") on [macaques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaque "Macaque") at the [University of California, Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis "University of California, Davis"). In 2021, the company released a video in which a macaque played the video game *[Pong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong "Pong")* via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of [animal cruelty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals "Cruelty to animals"). The [Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine "Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine") has alleged that Neuralink violated the [Animal Welfare Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966 "Animal Welfare Act of 1966").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-161) Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-botched_monkeys-162)\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\]
### The Boring Company
Main article: [The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Accelerates_the_Boring_\(45716125474\).jpg)
Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the [Boring test tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_test_tunnel "Boring test tunnel") in [Hawthorne, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_California "Hawthorne, California")
In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels; he also revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-163)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-cnndogecoin-164) Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-boring-165)
The [Los Angeles tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_test_tunnel "Boring test tunnel"), less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-166) Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-167)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-168) A tunnel beneath the [Las Vegas Convention Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center "Las Vegas Convention Center") was completed in early 2021.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-169) Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-170)
### X Corp.
Main articles: [Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") and [Twitter under Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk")
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| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Royal_Society_\(crop2\).jpg "Avatar of Elon Musk") Avatar of Elon Musk [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter_Verified_Badge.svg) | **Elon Musk [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter_Verified_Badge.svg)** (@elonmusk ) tweeted: |
> I made an offer
> [https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar...](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001418091/000110465922045641/tm2212748d1_sc13da.htm)
April 14, 2022[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-171)
In early 2017, Musk expressed interest in buying [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter,_Inc. "Twitter, Inc.") and had questioned the platform's commitment to [freedom of speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-172)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-173)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-174) By 2022, Musk had reached 9.2% stake in the company,[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-elder-175) making him the largest shareholder.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bloomberg4.14.22-176)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-178) Musk later agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-179)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-180) Days later, Musk made a \$43 billion offer to buy Twitter.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bloomberg4.14.22-176)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-181) By the end of April Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately \$44 billion.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-182) This included approximately \$12.5 billion in loans and \$21 billion in [equity financing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_\(finance\) "Equity (finance)").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-183)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-184) Having backtracked on his initial decision,[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-185) Musk bought the company on October 27, 2022.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-deal_closed-186)
Immediately after [the acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk"), Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO [Parag Agrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parag_Agrawal "Parag Agrawal");[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-deal_closed-186)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-187) Musk became the CEO instead.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-188) [Under Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk"), Twitter instituted monthly subscriptions for a "[blue check](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_verification "Twitter verification")",[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-189)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-190)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Binoy-2022-191) and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-192)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-193) Musk lessened content moderation and hate speech also increased on the platform after his takeover.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Knight-2022-194)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-independent2023-195)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wapo-196)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-197) In late 2022, Musk released [internal documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_Files "Twitter Files") relating to Twitter's moderation of [Hunter Biden's laptop controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy "Hunter Biden laptop controversy") in the lead-up to the [2020 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election").[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-198) Musk also promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll,[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-199)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-200) and five months later, Musk stepped down as CEO and transitioned his role to [executive chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_\(officer\) "Chair (officer)") and [chief technology officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer "Chief technology officer") (CTO).[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-201)
Despite Musk stepping down as CEO, X continues to struggle with challenges such as viral [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation"),[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-202) [hate speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech "Hate speech"), and [antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism") controversies.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-203)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-204) Musk has been accused of [trying to silence some of his critics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk#Lawsuits "Twitter under Elon Musk") such as [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_\(service\) "Twitch (service)") streamer [Asmongold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmongold "Asmongold"), who criticized him during one of his streams.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-free-speech-205) Musk has been accused of removing their accounts' [blue checkmarks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_verification "Twitter verification"), which hinders visibility and is considered a form of [shadow banning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banning "Shadow banning"),[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-206)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-207) or suspending their accounts without justification.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-208)
## Other activities
### Hyperloop
Main articles: [Hyperloop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop "Hyperloop") and [Hyperloop pod competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition "Hyperloop pod competition")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperloop_pod_competition_tube.jpg)
A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition, sponsored by SpaceX
In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a [vactrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrain "Vactrain"), and assigned engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to design a transport system between [Greater Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles "Greater Los Angeles") and the [San Francisco Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area"), at an estimated cost of \$6 billion.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-209)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-210) Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, dubbed the [Hyperloop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop "Hyperloop"),[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-211) intended to make travel cheaper than any other [mode of transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transport "Mode of transport") for such long distances.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-212)
### OpenAI and xAI
Main articles: [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI") and [xAI (company)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)")
In December 2015, Musk co-founded [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI"), a [not-for-profit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation "Nonprofit corporation") [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) research company aiming to develop [artificial general intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence "Artificial general intelligence"), intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NYT_AI-213) Musk pledged \$1 billion of funding to the company,[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-214) and initially gave \$50 million.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-215) In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-216) Since 2018, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-217) In July 2023, Musk launched the artificial intelligence company [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)"), which aims to develop a [generative AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") program that competes with existing offerings like OpenAI's [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT"). Musk obtained funding from investors in SpaceX and Tesla,[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-218) and xAI hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-219)
### Private jet
Main articles: [ElonJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElonJet "ElonJet") and [2022 Twitter suspensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Twitter_suspensions "2022 Twitter suspensions")
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| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Royal_Society_\(crop2\).jpg "Avatar of Elon Musk") Avatar of Elon Musk | **Elon Musk** (@elonmusk ) tweeted: |
> Same doxxing rules apply to "journalists" as to everyone else
December 16, 2022[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-220)
Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-flight-221)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-222) His heavy use of the jets and the consequent [fossil fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel") usage have received criticism.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-flight-221)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-223) Musk's flight usage is tracked on social media through [ElonJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElonJet "ElonJet").[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-224)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WP-225)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Sky-226) In December 2022, Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, and made temporary bans on the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including [Donie O'Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donie_O%27Sullivan_\(journalist\) "Donie O'Sullivan (journalist)"), [Keith Olbermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Olbermann "Keith Olbermann"), and journalists from *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, CNN, and *[The Intercept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept "The Intercept").[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Taylor-2022-227)*
### Grokipedia
Main article: [Grokipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grokipedia "Grokipedia")
In October 2025, Musk's company xAI launched Grokipedia, an AI-generated online encyclopedia that he promoted as an alternative to Wikipedia.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:11-228)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-229) Articles on Grokipedia are generated and reviewed by xAI's [Grok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_\(chatbot\) "Grok (chatbot)") chatbot.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-230)
Media coverage and academic analysis described Grokipedia as frequently reusing Wikipedia content but framing contested political and social topics in line with Musk's own views and right-wing narratives. A study by Cornell University researchers and NBC News stated that Grokipedia cites sources that are blacklisted or considered "generally unreliable" on Wikipedia, for example, the conspiracy site [Infowars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infowars "Infowars") and the neo-Nazi forum [Stormfront](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormfront_\(website\) "Stormfront (website)"). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*, *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* and *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* criticized Grokipedia for factual errors and for presenting Musk himself in unusually positive terms while downplaying controversies.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:11-228)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-231)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-232)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-233)
## Politics
| | |
|---|---|
|  | This section **may be [unbalanced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view") toward certain viewpoints**. Please help [improve it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elon_Musk&action=edit) by adding information on neglected viewpoints. Relevant discussion may be found on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Elon_Musk "Talk:Elon Musk"). *(April 2026)* |
Main article: [Political activities of Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk")
See also: [Protests against Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_UFC_2024_03_\(cropped\).jpg)
Musk with then-president-elect [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in November 2024
Musk is an outlier among business leaders who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-234)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-235)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-236) Musk was a registered [independent voter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_voter "Independent voter") when he lived in California.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NBCNewsMail-237) Historically, he has donated to both [Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republicans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)"),[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-238) many of whom serve in states in which he has a vested interest.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Peters-2022-239) Musk supported Democrat [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_US_presidential_election "2008 US presidential election") and [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election"),[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:0-240) Democrat [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") in [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"), and Democrat [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") in [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-241) In the [2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries"), Musk endorsed candidate [Andrew Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Yang "Andrew Yang") and expressed support for Yang's proposed [universal basic income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income "Universal basic income"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-bloomberg.com-242) and endorsed [Kanye West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West "Kanye West")'s [2020 presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign "Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign").[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-243)
At an August 5, 2021 event, Biden signed an [Executive Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order "Executive order") targeting that half of cars sold in 2030 should be electric.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:2-244) [General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") CEO [Mary Barra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Barra "Mary Barra") was in attendance.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:2-244) Musk commented, "seems odd that Tesla wasn't invited."[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-245) Barra said in 2024 Musk never forgave not being invited.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-246)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-247) In 2025, former vice-president [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") said that "snubbing" at the event Musk was a "big mistake".[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-248)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-249) In September 2021, Musk criticized Biden as "not the friendliest administration."[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-250) In December 2021, Musk publicly expressed opposition to the [Build Back Better Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Act "Build Back Better Act").[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-251)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-252)
Since 2022, his political contributions have mostly supported Republicans, with his first vote for a Republican going to [Mayra Flores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayra_Flores "Mayra Flores") in the [2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Texas%27s_34th_congressional_district_special_election "2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election").[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-253)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-254) In 2022, Musk gave over \$50 million to [Citizens for Sanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_Sanity "Citizens for Sanity"), a conservative [political action committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee "Political action committee").[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-mattioli-255) In 2023, he supported Republican [Ron DeSantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_DeSantis "Ron DeSantis") for the [2024 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_US_presidential_election "2024 US presidential election"), giving \$10 million to his campaign,[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-mattioli-255) and hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a [Twitter Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_Spaces "Twitter Spaces") event.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-256)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WaPoDesantis-257)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-258) From June 2023 to January 2024, Musk hosted a bipartisan set of X Spaces with Republican and Democratic candidates, including [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr. "Robert F. Kennedy Jr."),[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-259) [Vivek Ramaswamy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy "Vivek Ramaswamy"),[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-260) and [Dean Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Phillips "Dean Phillips").[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-261)
In 2024, he started supporting international [far-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right "Far-right") political parties, activists, and causes,[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Far-right=2025-262) and has shared misinformation[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-263)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-264)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-265) and numerous [conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories "Conspiracy theories").[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-266)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-267) Since 2024, [his views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") have been generally described as right-wing.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-268)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_UFC_2024.jpg)
Musk at a 2024 gathering with Trump and other political leaders
By early 2024, Musk had become a vocal and financial supporter of Donald Trump.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-269) In July 2024, minutes after the [attempted assassination of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania "Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania"), Musk [endorsed him for president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements") saying; "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery."[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-270)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-fucked-271) During the [presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign"), Musk joined Trump on stage at a campaign rally,[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-272) and during the campaign promoted conspiracy theories and falsehoods about Democrats, [election fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States "Election denial movement in the United States")[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Meyer_11012024-273) and immigration, in support of Trump.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-274)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-275) Musk was the largest individual donor of the 2024 election.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Thadani_12062024-276) Jacob Silverman, author of the 2025 book *Gilded Rage: Elon Musk and the Radicalization of Silicon Valley*, said that the tech industry represented by Musk, Thiel, [Andreessen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen "Marc Andreessen") and other capitalists, actually flourished under Biden, but the tech leaders chose Trump for their common ground on cultural issues.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-277)
In 2025, Musk contributed \$19 million to the [Wisconsin Supreme Court race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_election "2025 Wisconsin Supreme Court election"), hoping to influence the state's future [redistricting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting "Redistricting") efforts and its regulations governing car manufacturers and dealers.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-278)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-279)
In 2023, Musk said he shunned the [World Economic Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum "World Economic Forum") (WEF) because it was boring. The organization commented that they had not invited him since 2015.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-280) Musk made a last-minute WEF debut in an interview with the organization's interim co-chair [Larry Fink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fink "Larry Fink") during the [2026 WEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_World_Economic_Forum "56th World Economic Forum").[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-281)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-282) He also participated in [Dialog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_\(organization\) "Dialog (organization)"), dubbed "Tech [Bilderberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting "Bilderberg Meeting")" and organized by [Peter Thiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel "Peter Thiel") and [Auren Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auren_Hoffman "Auren Hoffman").[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-283)[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-284)
Starting in January 20205, Musk's international political actions and comments came under increasing scrutiny and criticism, especially from the governments and leaders of France, Germany, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom, particularly due to his position in the [U.S. government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration") from January to May 2025,[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Musk-bids-farewell-285) as well as ownership of X.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Times-286)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-European-287)[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-AfD-288) A February 2025 NBC News analysis found he had boosted far-right political movements to cut immigration and curtail regulation of business in at least 18 countries on six continents since 2023.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-289)
### Salute at Trump's second inauguration
Main article: [Elon Musk salute controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy "Elon Musk salute controversy")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_gesture.gif)
Musk giving a gesture at the [second inauguration of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump") before saying "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-cpdxzjw9p47o-290)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nx-s1-5269719-291)
During his speech after the [second inauguration of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump"), Musk twice made a gesture interpreted by many as a [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salute "Nazi salute") or a fascist [Roman salute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_salute "Roman salute").[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-293) He thumped his right hand over his heart, fingers spread wide, and then extended his right arm out, emphatically, at an upward angle, palm down and fingers together. He then repeated the gesture to the crowd behind him. As he finished the gestures, he said to the crowd, "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-cpdxzjw9p47o-290)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nx-s1-5269719-291)
It was widely condemned as an intentional Nazi salute in Germany,[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bennhold-2025-294)[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-295) where [making such gestures is illegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a "Strafgesetzbuch section 86a").[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-rbb24.de-296) The [Anti-Defamation League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") said it was not a Nazi salute,[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:12-297) but other Jewish organizations disagreed and condemned the salute.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:82-298)[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:9-299) American public opinion was divided on partisan lines as to whether it was a fascist salute.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:10-300) Musk dismissed the accusations of [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") sympathies, deriding them as "dirty tricks" and a "tired" attack.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-301)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Fortinsky-2025a-302) [Neo-Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazi "Neo-Nazi") and [white supremacist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist "White supremacist") groups celebrated it as a Nazi salute.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:12-297)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Condon-2025-303) Multiple European political parties demanded that Musk be banned from entering their countries.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-304)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-305)
### Department of Government Efficiency
Main article: [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_\(54350004520\).jpg)
Elon Musk wielding a chainsaw at the [Conservative Political Action Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference "Conservative Political Action Conference") (CPAC) in 2025, imitating a publicity stunt used by [Javier Milei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei "Javier Milei") symbolic of efficiency, [federal mass layoffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_mass_layoffs "2025 United States federal mass layoffs") and [tax cutting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_cut "Tax cut")
The concept of DOGE emerged in a discussion between Musk and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"), and in August 2024, Trump committed to giving Musk an advisory role, with Musk accepting the offer.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Shepardson-306) In November and December 2024, Musk suggested that the organization could help to cut the [U.S. federal budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget "United States federal budget"), consolidate the number of federal agencies,[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-307)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-308) and eliminate the [Consumer Financial Protection Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"),[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-309)[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-310) and that its final stage would be "deleting itself".[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-311)
In January 2025, the organization was created by [executive order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order "Executive order"), and Musk was designated a "[special government employee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_government_employee "Special government employee")".[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-MD2-312)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Ngo_1212025-313) Musk led the organization and was a [senior advisor to the president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States "Senior Advisor to the President of the United States"),[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-314) although his [official role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk") is not clear.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wolf2-315) In sworn statement during a lawsuit, the director of the White House [Office of Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Administration "Office of Administration") stated that Musk "is not an employee of the U.S. DOGE Service or U.S. DOGE Service Temporary Organization", "is not the U.S. DOGE Service administrator", and has "no actual or formal authority to make government decisions himself".[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-316)[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-317) Trump said two days later that he had put Musk in charge of DOGE.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-318) A federal judge has ruled that Musk acted as the *de facto* leader of DOGE.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-319)
Elon Musk participating in a press conference with [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") shortly before his departure from [DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency")
Musk's role in the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration"), particularly in [response to DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Response to the Department of Government Efficiency"), has [attracted public backlash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk"). He was criticized for his treatment of federal government employees,[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nyt-young-aides-25-320)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nyt-swan-musk-feb-25-321)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-wp-zs-25-322) including his influence over the [mass layoffs of the federal workforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_mass_layoffs "2025 United States federal mass layoffs").[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-323)[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-324)[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-325) He has prioritized secrecy within the organization[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-326) and has accused others of violating privacy laws.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-MD2-312) A Senate report alleged that Musk could avoid up to \$2 billion in legal liability as a result of DOGE's actions.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-327) In May 2025, [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") accused Musk of "killing the world's poorest children" through his cuts to [USAID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development "United States Agency for International Development").[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-328) Modeling by [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") estimated the cuts resulted in 400,000 children and 200,000 adults deaths by November.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-329)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-330)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-usaid-shutdown-331) Musk departed on May 28, 2025, when the special government employee's 130 day deadline expired.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-332)[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-333)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-334)
### Feud with Donald Trump
Main article: [Trump–Musk feud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "Trump–Musk feud")
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Royal_Society_\(cropped\).jpg "Avatar of Elon Musk") Avatar of Elon Musk | **Elon Musk** (@elonmusk ) tweeted: |
> Time to drop the really big bomb:
>
> @realDonaldTrump is in the Epstein files. That is the real reason they have not been made public.
>
> Have a nice day, [DJT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")\!
June 5, 2025[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-335)
After leaving office, Musk criticized the Trump administration's [Big Beautiful Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Big_Beautiful_Bill_Act "One Big Beautiful Bill Act"), calling it a "disgusting abomination" due to its provisions increasing the deficit.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-336) A feud began between Musk and Trump, with its most notable event being Musk alleging Trump had ties to sex offender [Jeffrey Epstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein") on X (formerly Twitter) on June 5, 2025.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Epstein1-337)[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Epstein2-338) Trump responded on [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social "Truth Social") stating that Musk went "CRAZY" after the "EV Mandate" was purportedly taken away and threatened to cut Musk's government contracts.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPager2025d-339)[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPager2025e-340) Musk then called for a third Trump impeachment.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu2025-341) The next day, Trump stated that he did not wish to reconcile with Musk, and added that Musk would face "very serious consequences" if he funds Democratic candidates.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-342) On June 11, Musk publicly apologized for the tweets against Trump before deleting them, saying they "went too far".[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-343)
## Views
Main article: [Views of Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk")
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Royal_Society_\(cropped\).jpg "Avatar of Elon Musk") Avatar of Elon Musk | **Elon Musk** (@elonmusk ) tweeted: |
> My commitment to free speech extends even to not banning the account following my plane, even though that is a direct personal safety risk
November 6, 2022[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-plane-344)
Rejecting the [conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States") label,[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-345) Musk has described himself as a [political moderate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_moderate "Political moderate"), even as his views have become more [right-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing "Right-wing") over time.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Right-wing-346) His views have been characterized as [libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States "Libertarianism in the United States") and [far-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right "Far-right"),[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Libertarian-347)[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Far-right-348) and after [his involvement in European politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk"), they have received criticism from world leaders such as [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") and [Olaf Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz "Olaf Scholz").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-olaf-349)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Henley-2025-350)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-351)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-352)
Within the context of [American politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#U.S._politics "Views of Elon Musk"), Musk supported Democratic candidates up until 2022, at which point he voted for a Republican for the first time.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:0-240)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:1-353) He has stated support for [universal basic income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income "Universal basic income"),[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-uni2-354) [gun rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_rights "Gun rights"),[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-355) [freedom of speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech"),[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-356) a [tax on carbon emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_on_carbon_emissions "Tax on carbon emissions"),[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-357) and [H-1B visas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visa "H-1B visa").[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CBS_News-2024-358) Musk has expressed concern about issues such as [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI)[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-wp2015-359) and [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"),[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-360) and has been a critic of [wealth tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_tax "Wealth tax"),[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-361) [short-selling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-selling "Short-selling"),[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-362) and [government subsidies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_subsidies "Government subsidies").[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-363) An immigrant himself, Musk has been accused of being [anti-immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-immigration "Anti-immigration"), and regularly blames [immigration policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_United_States "Immigration policy of the United States") for [illegal immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States "Illegal immigration to the United States").[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Fearmongering-364) He is also a [pronatalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronatalist "Pronatalist") who believes [population decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_decline "Population decline") is the biggest threat to civilization,[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Pronatlist-365) and identifies as a [cultural Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Christian "Cultural Christian").[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-O'Mahony2024-366)[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-367) Musk has long been an advocate for [space colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization "Space colonization"), especially the [colonization of Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars "Colonization of Mars"). He has repeatedly pushed for humanity colonizing Mars, in order to become an interplanetary species and lower the risks of [human extinction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_extinction "Human extinction").[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-SpaceX-368)
Musk has [promoted conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Conspiracy_theories "Views of Elon Musk") and [made controversial statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Race_and_white_nationalism "Views of Elon Musk") that have led to accusations of [racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism "Racism"), [sexism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism "Sexism"), [antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism"),[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-369)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Truth-370) [transphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia "Transphobia"),[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-371) disseminating [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation"), and support of [white pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pride "White pride").[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Proud-372)[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Derbyshire-2025-373) While describing himself as a "pro-Semite",[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CNBC160523-374) his comments regarding [George Soros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros") and [Jewish communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_communities "Jewish communities") have been condemned by the [Anti-Defamation League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") and the Biden [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House").[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Condemned-375) Musk was criticized during the COVID-19 pandemic for making unfounded epidemiological claims,[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-kolodny-2020a-376) defying [COVID-19 lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") restrictions,[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:3-377) and supporting the [Canada convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") against [vaccine mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_mandates "COVID-19 vaccine mandates").[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-378)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-379) He has amplified false claims of [white genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#South_Africa "White genocide conspiracy theory") in South Africa.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-380)
### International relations
Main article: [International relations of Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_Elon_Musk "International relations of Elon Musk")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog_in_Beit_HaNassi,_November_2023_\(GPOHZ02222_2\).jpeg)
Musk with Israeli president [Isaac Herzog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Herzog "Isaac Herzog"), November 2023
Musk has been critical of Israel's [actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip "Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip") in the [Gaza Strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip") during the [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war "Gaza war"),[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Robertson-20232-381) praised China's economic and climate goals,[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-He-20212-382)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Choi-20192-383) suggested that [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") and China should resolve [cross-strait relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-strait_relations "Cross-strait relations"),[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Liang-20222-384)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Khalaf-20222-385) and was described as having a close relationship with the [Chinese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government "Chinese government").[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-He-20212-382)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Choi-20192-383)
In Europe, Musk expressed support for Ukraine in 2022 during the [Russian invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), recommended referendums and peace deals on the annexed [Russia-occupied territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine "Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine"),[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Oshin-20222-386)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wilson-20222-387) and supported the far-right [Alternative for Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany "Alternative for Germany") political party in 2024.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gold-20242-388)
Regarding [British politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_politics "British politics"), Musk blamed the [2024 UK riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots "2024 United Kingdom riots") on [mass migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom "Modern immigration to the United Kingdom") and [open borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_border "Open border"),[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gregory-20242-389)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News-2024a2-390) criticized Prime Minister [Keir Starmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Starmer "Keir Starmer") for what he described as a "two-tier" policing system,[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-The_Independent-20242-391)[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-The_Daily_Telegraph-20242-392)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News-2024a2-390) and was subsequently attacked as being responsible for spreading [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and amplifying the far-right.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News2-393) He has also voiced his support for far-right UK activist [Tommy Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Robinson "Tommy Robinson") and pledged electoral support for [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK").[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News-20252-394)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Turvill-20242-395)
In February 2026, Musk described Spanish Prime Minister [Pedro Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez "Pedro Sánchez") as a "tyrant" following Sánchez's proposal to [prohibit minors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_age_verification_laws_by_country#Spain "Social media age verification laws by country") under the age of 16 from accessing social media platforms.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-396)
## Legal affairs
Main article: [Legal affairs of Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk "Legal affairs of Elon Musk")
Further information: [List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc. "List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.") and [Criticism of Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc. "Criticism of Tesla, Inc.")
In 2018, Musk was [sued](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Lawsuits_and_controversies "Tesla, Inc.") by the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) for a [tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)") stating that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-137)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-400) The securities fraud lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of [publicly traded companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-137)[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-401)[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-OkaneLopatto18-402) Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined \$20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:7-138) Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-403) and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-404) Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-405)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-406)
In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-407) The SEC reacted by asking a court to hold him [in contempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_court "Contempt of court") for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous agreement details,[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-408) including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-409) In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high [imo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acronyms:_I "List of acronyms: I")") violated the agreement.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-410)[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-411) [Freedom of Information Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_\(United_States\) "Freedom of Information Act (United States)") (FOIA)-released records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "[Tesla's solar roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") production volumes and its stock price".[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-412)
In October 2023, the SEC sued Musk over his refusal to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in 2022.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Brodkin-2023-413)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-414)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Regulator_sues_Musk_to_force_testimony_in_X_probe-2023-415) In February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-416) In January 2025, the SEC filed a lawsuit against Musk for securities violations related to his purchase of Twitter.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-417)
In January 2024, Delaware judge [Kathaleen McCormick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathaleen_McCormick "Kathaleen McCormick") ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's \$55 billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-418) McCormick called the compensation granted by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-419) The [Delaware Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court "Delaware Supreme Court") overturned McCormick's decision in December 2025, restoring Musk's compensation package and awarding \$1 in [nominal damages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_damages "Nominal damages").[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-420)
On March 20, 2026, a jury in [San Francisco, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California "San Francisco, California"), found Musk liable for misleading investors during his [acquisition of Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk"), though they absolved him of some fraud allegations, finding he did not "scheme" to defraud investors.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-misleadverdict-421)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-lat-jury-finds-elon-musk-misled-investors-during-twitter-purchase-422) Specifically, Musk was found to have misled shareholders in two tweets, but not in a podcast, as the views he expressed in that were deemed by the jury to be an opinion.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-misleadverdict-421)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-lat-jury-finds-elon-musk-misled-investors-during-twitter-purchase-422) Damages have yet to be calculated, but plaintiffs' lawyers estimated them to be \$2.5 billion.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-423)
## Personal life
Musk became a U.S. citizen in 2002.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:6-44) From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-bloomberg20201208-424) He then relocated to [Cameron County, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas "Cameron County, Texas"),[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-425)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-426) saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-bloomberg20201208-424)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-427)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-428)
While hosting *[Saturday Night Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live")* in 2021, Musk stated that he has [Asperger syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome "Asperger syndrome") (an outdated term for a mild strain of [autism spectrum disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism "Autism")), although he has never been formally diagnosed.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-429)[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-430) When asked about his experience growing up with Asperger's syndrome in a [TED conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_\(conference\) "TED (conference)") in Vancouver in 2022, Musk stated that "the social cues were not intuitive ... I would just tend to take things very literally ... but then that turned out to be wrong — \[people were not\] simply saying exactly what they mean, there's all sorts of other things that are meant, and \[it\] took me a while to figure that out."[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-431) Musk suffers from back pain and has undergone several spine-related surgeries, including a [disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc "Intervertebral disc") replacement.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-432)[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-433) In 2000, he contracted a severe case of [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria "Malaria") while on vacation in South Africa.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-434)
Musk has stated he uses doctor-prescribed [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") for occasional depression and that he doses "a small amount once every other week or something like that";[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-435) since January 2024, some media outlets have reported that he takes [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine"), [marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana "Marijuana"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [ecstasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_\(drug\) "Ecstasy (drug)"), [mushrooms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogenic_mushrooms "Hallucinogenic mushrooms"), [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") and other drugs. Musk at first refused to comment on his alleged drug use, before responding that he had not [tested](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test "Drug test") positive for drugs, and that if drugs somehow improved his productivity, "I would definitely take them!".[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-436) *[The New York Times'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* investigations revealed Musk's overuse of ketamine and numerous other drugs, as well as strained family relationships and concerns from close associates who have become troubled by his public behavior as he became more involved in political activities and government work.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-437) According to *The Washington Post*, President Trump described Musk as "a big-time drug addict".[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-438)
Through his own label Emo G Records, Musk released a [rap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap "Rap") track, "RIP [Harambe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harambe "Harambe")", on [SoundCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud "SoundCloud") in March 2019.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-439)[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-440)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Fitzgerald-441) The following year, he released an [EDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music "Electronic dance music") track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Etherington-442)
Musk plays video games, which he stated has a "'restoring effect' that helps his 'mental calibration'".[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-443) Some games he plays include [*Quake*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_\(series\) "Quake (series)"), *[Diablo IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_IV "Diablo IV")*, *[Elden Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elden_Ring "Elden Ring")*, and [*Polytopia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Polytopia "The Battle of Polytopia").[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-444)[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-445) Musk once claimed to be one of the world's top video game players but has since admitted to "[account boosting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosting_\(video_games\) "Boosting (video games)")", or cheating by hiring outside services to achieve top player rankings.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-446)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-447)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gizmodo_Paying-448) Musk has justified the boosting by claiming that all top accounts do it so he has to as well to remain competitive.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-449)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gizmodo_Paying-448)[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-450) In 2024 and 2025, Musk criticized the video game *[Assassin's Creed Shadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Shadows "Assassin's Creed Shadows")* and its creator [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") for "woke" content.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-PC_Gamer_Ratio-451) Musk posted to X that "DEI kills art" and specified the inclusion of the historical figure [Yasuke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuke "Yasuke") in the *Assassin's Creed* game as offensive; he also called the game "terrible". Ubisoft responded by saying that Musk's comments were "just feeding hatred" and that they were focused on producing a game not pushing politics.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-452)[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-453)
### Relationships and children
Further information: [Musk family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X_%C3%86_A-Xii,_Elon_Musk_and_Donald_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office_-_P20250207DT-0103_\(54320797642\).jpg)
Musk with his son, X Æ A-Xii, in the [Oval Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office "Oval Office") on February 11, 2025
Musk has fathered at least 14 children, one of whom died as an infant.[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-454) *The Wall Street Journal* reported in 2025 that sources close to Musk suggest that the "true number of Musk's children is much higher than publicly known".[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Mattioli_16APR2025-455) He had six children with his first wife, Canadian author [Justine Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Wilson "Justine Wilson"), whom he met while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in 2000.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Streisand-2015-456) In 2002, their first child Nevada Musk died of [sudden infant death syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome "Sudden infant death syndrome") at the age of 10 weeks.[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sids-457) After his death, the couple used [in vitro fertilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation "In vitro fertilisation") (IVF) to continue their family;[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-holywoodlife2021-458) they had twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006.[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-holywoodlife2021-458) The couple divorced in 2008 and have [shared custody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_custody_\(United_States\) "Joint custody (United States)") of their children.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-459)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-460) The elder twin he had with Wilson [came out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity "Gender identity") as a [trans woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman "Trans woman") and, in 2022, officially [changed her name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_change "Name change") to [Vivian Jenna Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Wilson "Vivian Wilson"),[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-06-23-22-461) adopting her mother's surname because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-06-23-22-461)
Musk began dating English actress [Talulah Riley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley "Talulah Riley") in 2008.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-462) They married two years later at [Dornoch Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornoch_Cathedral "Dornoch Cathedral") in Scotland.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-marriage-463)[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-464) In 2012, the couple divorced, then remarried the following year.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-talulah-465) After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-talulah-465) Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-466) Musk then dated the American actress [Amber Heard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Heard "Amber Heard") for several months in 2017;[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-467) he had reportedly been "pursuing" her since 2012.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-hollywood-468)
In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician [Grimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes "Grimes") confirmed they were dating.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-469) Grimes and Musk have three children, born in 2020, 2021, and 2022.[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-474) Musk and Grimes originally gave their eldest child the name "X [Æ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86 "Æ") A-12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet;[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-475)[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-476) the names registered on the birth certificate are "X" as a first name, "Æ A-[Xii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals "Roman numerals")" as a middle name, and "Musk" as a last name.[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-477)[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-xaea-xii.cnet-478) They received criticism for choosing a name perceived to be impractical and difficult to pronounce;[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-479) Musk has said the intended pronunciation is "X Ash A Twelve".[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-xaea-xii.cnet-478) Their second child was born via [surrogacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy "Surrogacy").[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-GrimesVanityFair2022-480) Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with [*Time*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)") in December 2021, he said he was single.[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-481)[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-482) In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of X Æ A-Xii.[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-483)[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-484)[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-485) Elon Musk has taken X Æ A-Xii to multiple official events in Washington, D.C. during [Trump's second term in office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump").[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-486)
Also in July 2022, *The Wall Street Journal* reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with [Nicole Shanahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan "Nicole Shanahan"), the wife of Google co-founder [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"), in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-487) Musk denied the report.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-488) Musk also had a relationship with Australian actress [Natasha Bassett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Bassett "Natasha Bassett"), who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend".[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20237,_265-489) In October 2024, *The New York Times* reported Musk bought a Texas compound for his children and their mothers,[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-490) though Musk denied having done so.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-491)
Musk also has four children with [Shivon Zilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivon_Zilis "Shivon Zilis"), director of operations and special projects at [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"): twins born via [IVF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation "In vitro fertilisation") in 2021, a child born in 2024 via surrogacy and a child born in 2025.[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-498)
On February 14, 2025, [Ashley St. Clair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_St._Clair "Ashley St. Clair"), an influencer and author, posted on X claiming to have given birth to Musk's son Romulus five months earlier, which media outlets reported as Musk's supposed thirteenth child.[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-502) On February 22, 2025, it was reported that St Clair had filed for sole custody of her five-month-old son and for Musk to be recognised as the child's father.[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-503)[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-504) On March 31, 2025, Musk wrote that, while he was unsure if he was the father of St. Clair's child, he had paid St. Clair \$2.5 million and would continue paying her \$500,000 per year.[\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-510) Later reporting from the *Wall Street Journal* indicated that \$1 million of these payments to St. Clair were structured as a loan.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Mattioli_16APR2025-455)
### Involvement with Jeffrey Epstein
See also: [List of people named in the Epstein files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_named_in_the_Epstein_files "List of people named in the Epstein files")
In 2014, Musk and [Ghislaine Maxwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell "Ghislaine Maxwell") appeared together in a photograph taken at an Academy Awards after-party, which Musk later described as a "[photobomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobombing "Photobombing")".[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-511)[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512) The January 2026 [Epstein files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein_files "Epstein files") contain emails between Musk and Epstein from 2012 to 2013, after [Epstein's first conviction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein#First_criminal_case_\(2005%E2%80%932011\) "Jeffrey Epstein").
Emails released on January 30, 2026, indicated that Epstein invited Musk to visit his private island on multiple occasions.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-513) The correspondence showed that while Epstein repeatedly encouraged Musk to attend, Musk did not visit the island. In one instance, Musk discussed the possibility of attending a party with his then-wife [Talulah Riley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley "Talulah Riley") and asked which day would be the "wildest party"; according to the emails, the visit did not take place after Epstein later cancelled the plans.[\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-519)
On [Christmas day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_day "Christmas day") in 2012, Musk emailed Epstein asking "Do you have any parties planned? I’ve been working to the edge of sanity this year and so, once my kids head home after Christmas, I really want to hit the party scene in [St Barts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Barts "St. Barts") or elsewhere and let loose. The invitation is much appreciated, but a peaceful island experience is the opposite of what I’m looking for".[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-RobinsEarly2026-520) Epstein replied that the "ratio on my island" might make Musk's wife uncomfortable to which Musk responded, "Ratio is not a problem for Talulah".[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-RobinsEarly2026-520)
On September 11, 2013, Epstein sent an email asking Musk if he had any plans for coming to New York for the opening of the [United Nations General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly"), saying that many "interesting people" would be coming to Epstein's house. Musk responded that "Flying to NY to see UN diplomats do nothing would be an unwise use of time".[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rascius2026-521) Epstein responded by stating "Do you think i am retarded. Just kidding, there is no one over 25 and all very cute."[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rascius2026-521)
Musk has denied any close relationship with Epstein and described him as a "creep" who attempted to ingratiate himself with influential people.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512) When Musk was asked in 2019 if he introduced Epstein to [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg"), Musk responded: "I don’t recall introducing Epstein to anyone, as I don’t know the guy well enough to do so."[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rascius2026-521) The released emails nonetheless showed cordial exchanges on a range of topics, including Musk's inquiry about parties on the island.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-theguardian.com-517)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-522)[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512) The correspondence also indicated that Musk suggested hosting Epstein at SpaceX, while Epstein separately discussed plans to tour SpaceX and bring "the girls", though there is no evidence that such a visit occurred.[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-523) Musk has described the release of the files a "distraction", later accusing the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") of suppressing them to protect powerful individuals, including Trump himself.[\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-527)
## Wealth
These paragraphs are an excerpt from [Wealth of Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk "Wealth of Elon Musk").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wealth_of_Elon_Musk&action=edit)\]
Elon Musk is the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated [net worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth "Net worth") of US\$636 billion as of March 2026, according to the *[Bloomberg Billionaires Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index "Bloomberg Billionaires Index")*,[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-528) and \$809 billion according to *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*,[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-529) primarily from his ownership stakes in [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") and [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.").
Having been first listed on the [*Forbes Billionaires List*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires "The World's Billionaires") in 2012,[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_:1-530) around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_gates-531) although he describes himself as "[cash poor](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cash_poor "wikt:cash poor")".[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_cash-532)[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_wsj-533) According to *Forbes*, he became the first person in the world to achieve a net worth of \$300 billion in 2021; \$400 billion in December 2024;[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_maruf-534) \$500 billion in October 2025;[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_Elon_$500M_Forbes-535) \$600 billion in mid-December 2025;[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_$600B-536) \$700 billion later that month;[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-537) and \$800 billion in February 2026.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_$800B-538)
In November 2025, a Tesla pay package worth potentially \$1 trillion for Musk was approved, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_$1_trillion_package_approved-539)
### Musk Foundation
Main article: [Musk Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_Foundation "Musk Foundation")
The Musk Foundation is a United States–based charitable [foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_\(nonprofit\) "Foundation (nonprofit)") funded and directed primarily by Musk. The foundation is dedicated to promoting [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy"), [crewed space exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration "Space exploration"), [pediatrics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics "Pediatrics"), science and engineering education, and the "development of safe [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") for the benefit of humanity".[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-secretive_foundation-540)
At the end of 2024, the Musk Foundation had over \$14 billion in assets. Since 2020, donations have largely been sent to organizations affiliated with Musk and his businesses.
## Public image
Main article: [Public image of Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk "Public image of Elon Musk")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billions_and_Billions_Self-Served.jpg)
Caricature of Musk, [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates"), and [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") concerning their [net worths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth "Net worth"), 2024.
Although his ventures have been highly influential within their separate industries starting in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and impactful decisions, while also often making controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. Musk's actions and [his expressed views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") have made him a polarizing figure.[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Trouble-541) Biographer [Ashlee Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Vance "Ashlee Vance") described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher, part [troll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_\(slang\) "Troll (slang)")" persona on Twitter.[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-celebrity-542) He has drawn denouncement for using his platform to mock the self-selection of [personal pronouns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronoun "Preferred gender pronoun"),[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-543) while also receiving praise for bringing international attention to matters like [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people "British people") survivors of [grooming gangs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooming_gangs_scandal "Grooming gangs scandal").[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-544)
Musk has been described as an American [oligarch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy") due to his extensive influence over public discourse, social media, industry, politics, and government policy.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-545) After Trump's re-election, Musk's [influence and actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk#United_States "Political activities of Elon Musk") during the transition period and the [second presidency of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") led some to call him "President Musk", the "actual president-elect", "shadow president" or "co-president".[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-546)[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-547)
### Accolades
Main article: [List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk "List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conectividade_e_Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Amaz%C3%B4nia_com_Elon_Musk_-_52089866211.png)
Musk receiving the [Order of Defence Merit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Defence_Merit "Order of Defence Merit") from the [Brazilian Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces "Brazilian Armed Forces") in 2022[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Costa2022-548)
Awards for his contributions to the development of the [Falcon rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_rocket "Falcon rocket") include the [American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics") George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-549) the [Fédération Aéronautique Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale") Gold Space Medal in 2010,[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-550) and the [Royal Aeronautical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society "Royal Aeronautical Society") Gold Medal in 2012.[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-551) In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University")[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-552) and an [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Honorary_Membership "IEEE Honorary Membership").[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-553) Musk was elected a [Fellow of the Royal Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") (FRS) in 2018.[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-554)[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-556) In 2022, Musk was elected to the [National Academy of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering "National Academy of Engineering").[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-lat20141214-557)
*[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* has listed Musk as [one of the most influential people in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100 "Time 100") in 2010,[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-558) 2013,[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-559) 2018,[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-560) and 2021.[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-561) Musk was selected as *Time*'s "[Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year")" for 2021. Then *Time* editor-in-chief [Edward Felsenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Felsenthal "Edward Felsenthal") wrote that, "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too."[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-562)[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-563)
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-1)** One of the 14 is deceased.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-77)** Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-75)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance89-76)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-109)** SpaceX received nearly \$900 million in [Federal Communications Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") subsidies for Starlink.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-107)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-108)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-178)** He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of US securities laws and the centerpiece of a current [SEC investigation and lawsuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_investigation_into_the_acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "SEC investigation into the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") against him.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-twitter_buy-177)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-293)** The "Roman salute" is a gesture which was used by [Italian Fascists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascist "Italian Fascist"), then adopted by the Nazis. It is not believed to have been used by ancient Romans.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-292)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-400)** Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of \$420 a share, an alleged reference to [marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_\(drug\) "Cannabis (drug)").[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-397) Members of Tesla's board and rapper [Azealia Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azealia_Banks "Azealia Banks") alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-398)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-399)
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-474)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-470)[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-471)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-472)[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-473)
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-498)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Zilis-492)[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-493)[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NYTTAU-494)[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WhoIs-495)[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-496)[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-497)
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-502)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Mattioli_16APR2025-455)[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-499)[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-500)[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-501)
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-510)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-505)[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-506)[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-507)[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-508)[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-509)
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-519)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-e-514)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-515)[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Robins-Early-516)[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512)[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-theguardian.com-517)[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:4-518)
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-527)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WSJ-timeline2-524)[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:4-518)[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-doj-525)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:14-526)
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-556)** In 2024, Musk's [Royal Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society "Royal Society") membership was criticized by 74 members over his alleged anti-scientific behavior and promotion of misinformation, prompting debates about the society's standards on membership and leading to the resignation of [Dorothy Bishop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_V._M._Bishop "Dorothy V. M. Bishop"), a neuropsychologist at the [University of Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"), who cited her dissatisfaction with the Society's response.[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-555)
## References
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_2-2)
Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). ["Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221111015804/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html) from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-3)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), pp. 25, 31.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-sjmn20140411_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-sjmn20140411_4-1)
Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). ["Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk"](https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/04/10/2014-rocket-man-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/). *[The Mercury News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_News "The Mercury News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk) from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-5)**
Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). ["At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527053447/http://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/) from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Biog_6-0)** [His biography author Ashlee Vance](https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/203/) interviewed on the TV show *Triangulation* on the [TWiT.tv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWiT.tv "TWiT.tv") network, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-7)**
Vargas, Chanel (March 6, 2018). ["11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk"](https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/). *Town & Country*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023138/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/) from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Usborne-2018_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Usborne-2018_8-1)
Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018). ["Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200527001143/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family) from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
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Minks, Caroline (March 4, 2025). ["How did Elon Musk become a Canadian citizen?"](https://www.cicnews.com/2025/03/how-did-elon-musk-become-a-canadian-citizen-0352253.html). *CIC News*. Retrieved August 23, 2025.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Isaacson_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Isaacson_10-1) [Isaacson (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Isaacson), p. 23.
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Hull, Dana; May, Patrick. ["Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk"](https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html). *[The Buffalo News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News "The Buffalo News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220926055648/https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html) from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-NewYorker2009_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-NewYorker2009_12-1)
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12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Smith_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Smith_13-1)
Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). ["50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034322/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html) from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021. "teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: "We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe," adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. "And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets.""
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-14)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), pp. 26–30.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-:8_15-0)** [Isaacson (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Isaacson), p. 16.
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McGreal, Chris (January 26, 2025). ["How the roots of the 'PayPal mafia' extend to apartheid South Africa"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/26/elon-musk-peter-thiel-apartheid-south-africa). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved January 28, 2025.
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Kay, Grace (September 30, 2023). ["Elon Musk's dad, 77, says he'd have more kids — but only if he could find a woman under 35"](https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-musk-have-more-kids-young-woman-2023-9). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223104804/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-musk-have-more-kids-young-woman-2023-9) from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
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Crilly, Rob (March 25, 2018). ["Elon Musk's father has baby with step-daughter he has known since she was four"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-since-four/). *[The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210426231132/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-since-four/) from the original on April 26, 2021.
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Mann, Jyoti (September 11, 2023). ["Elon Musk really was telling the truth by saying his father Errol never owned an emerald mine, biographer says"](https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-never-owned-emerald-mine-telling-truth-2023-9). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231122193226/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-never-owned-emerald-mine-telling-truth-2023-9) from the original on November 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
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Cao, Sissi (January 7, 2020). ["At 71, Elon Musk's Model Mom, Maye Musk, Is at Her Peak as a Style Icon"](https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/). *Observer*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230630122429/https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/) from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
24. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-rollingstone20171115_25-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-rollingstone20171115_25-1)
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26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Isaacson23_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Isaacson23_27-1) [Isaacson (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Isaacson), pp. 2–3.
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Bhaimiya, Sawdah. ["Errol Musk denies berating his son after an attack at school put Elon Musk in hospital"](https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231205050228/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9) from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
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29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Vance_30-0)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), p. 38.
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33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-34)** [Isaacson (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Isaacson), p. 26.
34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-arrived_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-arrived_35-1)
Clifford, Catherine (June 12, 2018). ["Multi-billionaire Elon Musk: 'I arrived in North America at 17 with \$2,000'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200802083529/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html). CNBC. Archived from [the original](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html) on August 2, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-36)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), p. 44. *Musk's opportunity to flee arrived with a change in the law that allowed Maye to pass her Canadian citizenship to her children.*
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Esquire_37-0)**
[Junod, Tom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Junod "Tom Junod") (November 15, 2012). ["Elon Musk: Triumph of His Will"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200818171231/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/). *Esquire*. Archived from [the original](https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/) on August 18, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-38)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), pp. 43–44. *What rarely gets mentioned is that Musk attended the University of Pretoria for five months before heading off on his grand adventure. ... Musk characterized the time at university as just something to do while he awaited his Canadian documentation.*
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-39)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), p. 45. *After a 1,900-mile bus ride, he ended up in Swift Current, a town of fifteen thousand people. Musk called a second cousin out of the blue from the bus station and hitched a ride to his house.*
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-40)**
Minks, Caroline (March 4, 2025). ["How did Elon Musk become a Canadian citizen?"](https://www.cicnews.com/2025/03/how-did-elon-musk-become-a-canadian-citizen-0352253.html#gs.k94fdp). *CIC News*. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-41)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), p. 46. *Musk spent the next year working a series of odd jobs around Canada. He tended vegetables and shoved out grain bins at a cousin's farm located in the tiny town of Waldeck. ... He inquired about the job with the best wage, which turned out to be a gig cleaning the boiler room of a lumber mill for eighteen dollars an hour.*
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-42)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), pp. 46–47. *Elon ended up enrolling at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1989.*
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Locke, Taylor (December 20, 2019). ["Elon Musk's college pal: This is what 'differentiates Elon from the rest of humanity'"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-different-from-everyone-else.html). CNBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201214162910/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-different-from-everyone-else.html) from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
43. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-:6_44-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-:6_44-1)
Shoichet, Catherine E. (September 29, 2024). ["Elon Musk is one of illegal immigration's harshest critics. He once described his past immigration status as a 'gray area'"](https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/29/us/elon-musk-immigration-gray-area-cec/index.html). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241113024641/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/29/us/elon-musk-immigration-gray-area-cec/index.html) from the original on November 13, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
44. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Vance368_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Vance368_45-1) [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), p. 368. *Musk produced a document for me dated June 22, 2009, that came from Judith Haccou, the director of graduate admissions in the office of the registrar at Stanford University. It read, "As per special request from my colleagues in the School of Engineering, I have searched Stanford's admission data base and acknowledge that you applied and were admitted to the graduate program in Material Science Engineering in 1995. Since you did not enroll, Stanford is not able to issue you an official certification document." Musk also had an explanation for the weird timing on his degrees from Penn. "I had a History and an English credit that I agreed with Penn that I would do at Stanford," he said. "The I put Stanford on deferment. Later, Penn's requirements changed so that you don't need the English and History credit. So they awarded me the degree in '97 when it was clear I was not going to go to grad school, and their requirement was no longer there."*
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-46)**
Kasprak, Alex (December 21, 2022). ["Does Elon Musk Have an Undergraduate Degree in Physics?"](https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/musk-physics-degree/). *Snopes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221223061035/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/musk-physics-degree/) from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-VanceA1_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-VanceA1_47-1) [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), Appendix 1. *I called Penn's registrar and verified these findings. Copies of Musk's records show that he received a dual degree in economics and physics in May 1997. O'Reilly also subpoenaed the registrar's office at Stanford to verify Musk's admittance in 1995 for his doctorate work in physics. "Based on the information you provided, we are unable to locate a record in our office for Elon Musk," wrote the director of graduate admissions.*
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52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Sacchetti1026_53-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Sacchetti1026_53-1)
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[978-1-9821-8128-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8128-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8128-4")
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## Further reading
- [Conger, Kate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Conger "Kate Conger"); [Mac, Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Mac "Ryan Mac") (2024). [*Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Limit:_How_Elon_Musk_Destroyed_Twitter "Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter") (1st hardcover ed.). New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0593656136](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593656136 "Special:BookSources/978-0593656136")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1432234243](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1432234243).
- [Farrow, Ronan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Farrow "Ronan Farrow") (August 28, 2023) \[August 21, 2023 (online)\]. ["Elon Musk's Shadow Rule"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/08/28/elon-musks-shadow-rule). A Reporter at Large (story series). *[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
- Tarnoff, Ben, ["Ultra Hardcore"](https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/01/18/ultra-hardcore-elon-musk-walter-isaacson/) (subscription required) (review of [Walter Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson"), *Elon Musk*, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 670 pp.), *[The New York Review of Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books "The New York Review of Books")*, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (January 18, 2024), pp. 6, 8, 10. "There is an anti-modern impulse to Musk, a craving for lordship that can't be entirely satisfied within the confines of a capitalist economy. A king doesn't have advertisers or shareholders or customers, and Musk, if he continues on his current trajectory, may very well be abandoned by all three. [Aristotle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle") says a good ending should be surprising but inevitable. It's possible to imagine multiple finales for Musk that meet these criteria, but the story always begins the same way. Once upon a time in [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"), there was a boy who wanted to be a man." (p. 10.)
## External links
**Elon Musk** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk "c:Category:Elon Musk") from Commons
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg)[News](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk "n:Category:Elon Musk") from Wikinews
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "q:Elon Musk") from Wikiquote
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Elon_Reeve_Musk "s:Author:Elon Reeve Musk") from Wikisource
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317521 "d:Q317521") from Wikidata
- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?1020671) on [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN")
- [Elon Musk](https://www.littlesis.org/person/38805) on [LittleSis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LittleSis "LittleSis"), a website that publishes data on who-knows-who between government, donors and business [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317521#P3398 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Elon Musk](https://x.com/elonmusk) on [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_\(social_network\) "X (social network)")
- [Elon Musk](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1907769/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)")
| Articles related to Elon Musk | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PayPal_Mafia "Template:PayPal Mafia") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PayPal_Mafia "Template talk:PayPal Mafia") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PayPal_Mafia "Special:EditPage/Template:PayPal Mafia")[PayPal Mafia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal_Mafia "PayPal Mafia") | |
| Individuals | [Peter Thiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel "Peter Thiel") [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") [Max Levchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchin "Max Levchin") [Ken Howery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Howery "Ken Howery") [Luke Nosek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Nosek "Luke Nosek") [Elon Musk]() [Steve Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Chen "Steve Chen") [Keith Rabois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Rabois "Keith Rabois") [Chad Hurley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hurley "Chad Hurley") [Roelof Botha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelof_Botha "Roelof Botha") [Jawed Karim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawed_Karim "Jawed Karim") [Yishan Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishan_Wong "Yishan Wong") [Eric M. Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_M._Jackson "Eric M. Jackson") [David O. Sacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Sacks "David O. Sacks") [Premal Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premal_Shah "Premal Shah") [Russel Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russel_Simmons "Russel Simmons") [Jeremy Stoppelman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Stoppelman "Jeremy Stoppelman") |
| Companies founded or co-founded | [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [LinkedIn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [Yelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp "Yelp") [Geni.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni.com "Geni.com") [Yammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yammer "Yammer") [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") [Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") [Palantir Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir_Technologies "Palantir Technologies") [Kiva.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva_\(organization\) "Kiva (organization)") [Affirm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirm_\(company\) "Affirm (company)") [The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company") [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink") |
| Investments | [Friendster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendster "Friendster") [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") [Powerset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerset_\(company\) "Powerset (company)") [Six Apart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Apart "Six Apart") [Zynga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zynga "Zynga") [IronPort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IronPort "IronPort") [Flickr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr "Flickr") [Digg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg "Digg") [Grockit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grockit "Grockit") [Ooma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooma "Ooma") [Quantcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast "Quantcast") [RapLeaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapLeaf "RapLeaf") [SmartDrive Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartDrive_Systems "SmartDrive Systems") [Wise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_\(company\) "Wise (company)") [Ping.fm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping.fm "Ping.fm") [Nanosolar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosolar "Nanosolar") [Knewton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knewton "Knewton") [Kongregate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregate "Kongregate") [Last.fm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last.fm "Last.fm") [TokBox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TokBox "TokBox") [Xoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoom_\(web_hosting\) "Xoom (web hosting)") [Joost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost "Joost") |
| Funds | [Founders Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_Fund "Founders Fund") [Clarium Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarium_Capital "Clarium Capital") [Greylock Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners "Greylock Partners") [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital") [Valar Ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valar_Ventures "Valar Ventures") [Thiel Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiel_Capital "Thiel Capital") [Mithril Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithril_Capital "Mithril Capital") [Khosla Ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosla_Ventures "Khosla Ventures") |
| Other | *[The PayPal Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_PayPal_Wars "The PayPal Wars")* *[Thank You for Smoking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You_for_Smoking_\(film\) "Thank You for Smoking (film)")* *[The Stanford Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanford_Review "The Stanford Review")* |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:FRS_2018 "Template:FRS 2018") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_2018 "Template talk:FRS 2018") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_2018 "Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 2018")[Fellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") of the [Royal Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society "Royal Society") elected [in 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2018 "List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2018") | |
| Fellows | [Jim Al-Khalili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili "Jim Al-Khalili") [Polly Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Arnold "Polly Arnold") [Jillian Banfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillian_Banfield "Jillian Banfield") [Margaret Brimble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brimble "Margaret Brimble") [Neil Brockdorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Brockdorff "Neil Brockdorff") [Frank Caruso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Caruso_\(chemical_engineer\) "Frank Caruso (chemical engineer)") [Vincenzo Cerundolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Cerundolo "Vincenzo Cerundolo") [Kevin Costello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costello "Kevin Costello") [Robert Crabtree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Crabtree "Robert H. Crabtree") [Philip Dawid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Dawid "Philip Dawid") [Peter Dayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dayan "Peter Dayan") [Richard Dixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dixon_\(biologist\) "Richard Dixon (biologist)") [Gregory Edgecombe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Edgecombe "Gregory Edgecombe") [Wenfei Fan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenfei_Fan "Wenfei Fan") [Roger Goody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_S._Goody "Roger S. Goody") [Robin Grimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Grimes "Robin Grimes") [Gregory Hannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hannon "Gregory Hannon") [Demis Hassabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis "Demis Hassabis") [Judy Hirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Hirst "Judy Hirst") [Graeme Jameson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Jameson "Graeme Jameson") [Harren Jhoti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harren_Jhoti "Harren Jhoti") [Sophien Kamoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophien_Kamoun "Sophien Kamoun") [Andrew King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_King_\(neurophysiologist\) "Andrew King (neurophysiologist)") [Dimitri Kullmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Kullmann "Dimitri Kullmann") [Dominic Kwiatkowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Kwiatkowski "Dominic Kwiatkowski") [Richard Marais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marais "Richard Marais") [Cathie Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathie_Martin "Cathie Martin") [Elon Musk]() [Peter O'Hearn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Hearn "Peter O'Hearn") [Vassilis Pachnis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassilis_Pachnis "Vassilis Pachnis") [Tracy Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Palmer "Tracy Palmer") [Colin Prentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Prentice "Colin Prentice") [Lalita Ramakrishnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalita_Ramakrishnan "Lalita Ramakrishnan") [Nancy Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reid "Nancy Reid") [Graham Richards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Richards "Graham Richards") [David Richardson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Richardson_\(physicist\) "David Richardson (physicist)") [Sheila Rowan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Rowan_\(physicist\) "Sheila Rowan (physicist)") [Ingrid Scheffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Scheffer "Ingrid Scheffer") [Michelle Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Simmons "Michelle Simmons") [John Smol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smol "John Smol") [Timothy Softley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Softley "Timothy Softley") [John Speakman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Speakman "John Speakman") [Graeme Stephens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Stephens "Graeme Stephens") [Angela Strank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Strank "Angela Strank") [Charles Swanton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Swanton "Charles Swanton") [Peter Visscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Visscher "Peter Visscher") [Guy Wilkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Wilkinson_\(physicist\) "Guy Wilkinson (physicist)") [Geordie Williamson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie_Williamson "Geordie Williamson") [Daniel Wise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wise_\(mathematician\) "Daniel Wise (mathematician)") [Nikolay Zheludev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Zheludev "Nikolay Zheludev") |
| Honorary | [David Willetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Willetts "David Willetts") (Baron Willetts of Havant) |
| Foreign | [Carolyn Bertozzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi "Carolyn Bertozzi") [Martin Chalfie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chalfie "Martin Chalfie") [Sebsebe Demissew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebsebe_Demissew "Sebsebe Demissew") [Jeffrey Friedman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman "Jeffrey M. Friedman") [Fabiola Gianotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti "Fabiola Gianotti") [Albrecht Hofmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Hofmann "Albrecht Hofmann") [Butler Lampson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Lampson "Butler Lampson") [Tullio Pozzan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullio_Pozzan "Tullio Pozzan") [Joachim Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Sauer "Joachim Sauer") [Adi Shamir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir "Adi Shamir") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence "Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence "Template talk:Existential risk from artificial intelligence") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence "Special:EditPage/Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence")[Existential risk from artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence "Existential risk from artificial intelligence") | |
| Concepts | [AGI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence "Artificial general intelligence") [AI alignment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment "AI alignment") [AI boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom "AI boom") [AI capability control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_capability_control "AI capability control") [AI safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_safety "AI safety") [AI takeover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_takeover "AI takeover") [Effective accelerationism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_accelerationism "Effective accelerationism") [Ethics of artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence "Ethics of artificial intelligence") [Existential risk from artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence "Existential risk from artificial intelligence") [Friendly artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence "Friendly artificial intelligence") [Instrumental convergence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_convergence "Instrumental convergence") [Intelligence explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_explosion "Intelligence explosion") [Longtermism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtermism "Longtermism") [Machine ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_ethics "Machine ethics") [Suffering risks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_of_astronomical_suffering "Risk of astronomical suffering") [Superintelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence "Superintelligence") [Technological singularity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity "Technological singularity") [Vulnerable world hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_world_hypothesis "Vulnerable world hypothesis") |
| Organizations | [AI Futures Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Futures_Project "AI Futures Project") [Alignment Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center "Alignment Research Center") [Center for AI Safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety "Center for AI Safety") [Center for Applied Rationality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Rationality "Center for Applied Rationality") [Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence "Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence") [Centre for the Study of Existential Risk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk "Centre for the Study of Existential Risk") [Future of Humanity Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute "Future of Humanity Institute") [Future of Life Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute "Future of Life Institute") [Google DeepMind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind "Google DeepMind") [Humanity+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity%2B "Humanity+") [Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies") [Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence "Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence") [Machine Intelligence Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute "Machine Intelligence Research Institute") [METR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METR "METR") [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI") [PauseAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PauseAI "PauseAI") [Safe Superintelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Superintelligence_Inc. "Safe Superintelligence Inc.") [Stop AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_AI "Stop AI") |
| People | [Scott Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex "Slate Star Codex") [Sam Altman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman "Sam Altman") [Dario Amodei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Amodei "Dario Amodei") [Yoshua Bengio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio "Yoshua Bengio") [Nick Bostrom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom "Nick Bostrom") [Paul Christiano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Christiano "Paul Christiano") [Eric Drexler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler "K. Eric Drexler") [Owain Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Evans "Owain Evans") [Sam Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris "Sam Harris") [Stephen Hawking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking "Stephen Hawking") [Dan Hendrycks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hendrycks "Dan Hendrycks") [Geoffrey Hinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton "Geoffrey Hinton") [Bill Joy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy "Bill Joy") [Daniel Kokotajlo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kokotajlo_\(researcher\) "Daniel Kokotajlo (researcher)") [Shane Legg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Legg "Shane Legg") [Jan Leike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Leike "Jan Leike") [Elon Musk]() [Steve Omohundro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Omohundro "Steve Omohundro") [Toby Ord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Ord "Toby Ord") [Huw Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huw_Price "Huw Price") [Martin Rees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rees "Martin Rees") [Stuart J. Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell "Stuart J. Russell") [Nate Soares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Soares "Nate Soares") [Ilya Sutskever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever "Ilya Sutskever") [Jaan Tallinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn "Jaan Tallinn") [Max Tegmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Tegmark "Max Tegmark") [Alan Turing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing "Alan Turing") [Frank Wilczek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek "Frank Wilczek") [Roman Yampolskiy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy "Roman Yampolskiy") [Eliezer Yudkowsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky "Eliezer Yudkowsky") |
| Books | *[Do You Trust This Computer?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Trust_This_Computer%3F "Do You Trust This Computer?")* *[Human Compatible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Compatible "Human Compatible")* *[If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Anyone_Builds_It,_Everyone_Dies "If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies")* *[Our Final Invention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Final_Invention "Our Final Invention")* *[Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies "Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies")* *[The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity "The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity")* |
| Other | [Artificial Intelligence Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act "Artificial Intelligence Act") [Open letter on artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence "Open letter on artificial intelligence") [Regulation of artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence "Regulation of artificial intelligence") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence_in_the_United_States "Regulation of artificial intelligence in the United States") [Statement on AI Risk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_AI_Risk "Statement on AI Risk") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence "Category:Existential risk from artificial intelligence") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transhumanism_footer "Template:Transhumanism footer") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Transhumanism_footer "Template talk:Transhumanism footer") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism_footer "Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism footer")[Transhumanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism "Transhumanism") | |
| Overviews | [Transhuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhuman "Transhuman") [Transhumanism in fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction "Transhumanism in fiction") |
| Currents | [Accelerationism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerationism "Accelerationism") *[Effective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_accelerationism "Effective accelerationism")* [Antinaturalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinaturalism_\(politics\) "Antinaturalism (politics)") [Cypherpunk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypherpunk "Cypherpunk") [Dataism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataism "Dataism") [Eradication of suffering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering "Eradication of suffering") [Extropianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extropianism "Extropianism") [Immortalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aging_movement "Anti-aging movement") [Postgenderism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgenderism "Postgenderism") [Posthumanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanism "Posthumanism") [Postpoliticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-politics "Post-politics") [Russian cosmism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cosmism "Russian cosmism") [Singularitarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism "Singularitarianism") [Technogaianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism "Technogaianism") [Technolibertarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technolibertarianism "Technolibertarianism") [Technological utopianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism "Technological utopianism") [Techno-progressivism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism "Techno-progressivism") |
| Organizations | [Foresight Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresight_Institute "Foresight Institute") [Humanity+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity%2B "Humanity+") [Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies") [Future of Humanity Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute "Future of Humanity Institute") *[LessWrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LessWrong "LessWrong")* [US Transhumanist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanist_Party "Transhumanist Party") |
| People | [Andrews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Andrews_\(biologist\) "William H. Andrews (biologist)") [Bostrom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom "Nick Bostrom") [Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church_\(geneticist\) "George Church (geneticist)") [José Luis Cordeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cordeiro "José Luis Cordeiro") [K. Eric Drexler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler "K. Eric Drexler") [Fahy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Fahy "Greg Fahy") [FM-2030](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-2030 "FM-2030") [Freitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Freitas "Robert Freitas") [Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Fuller_\(sociologist\) "Steve Fuller (sociologist)") [Fyodorov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Fyodorov_\(philosopher\) "Nikolai Fyodorov (philosopher)") [de Garis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Garis "Hugo de Garis") [Gasson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gasson "Mark Gasson") [David Gobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gobel "David Gobel") [Ben Goertzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel "Ben Goertzel") [de Grey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey "Aubrey de Grey") [Haldane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Social_and_scientific_views "J. B. S. Haldane") [Hanson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson "Robin Hanson") [Harari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari "Yuval Noah Harari") [Harbisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Harbisson "Neil Harbisson") [Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harris_\(bioethicist\) "John Harris (bioethicist)") [Huxley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley "Julian Huxley") [Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hughes_\(sociologist\) "James Hughes (sociologist)") [Zoltan Istvan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan "Zoltan Istvan") [Ray Kurzweil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil "Ray Kurzweil") [Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Land "Nick Land") [Ole Martin Moen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Martin_Moen "Ole Martin Moen") [Hans Moravec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec "Hans Moravec") [Max More](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_More "Max More") [Elon Musk]() [Osborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Osborn "Frederick Osborn") [David Pearce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pearce_\(philosopher\) "David Pearce (philosopher)") [Martine Rothblatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_Rothblatt "Martine Rothblatt") [Anders Sandberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Sandberg "Anders Sandberg") [Savulescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Savulescu "Julian Savulescu") [Sorgner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner "Stefan Lorenz Sorgner") [Spencer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer "Herbert Spencer") [Stock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Stock "Gregory Stock") [Gennady Stolyarov II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Stolyarov_II "Gennady Stolyarov II") [Teilhard de Chardin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin "Pierre Teilhard de Chardin") [Vernor Vinge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernor_Vinge "Vernor Vinge") [Natasha Vita-More](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Vita-More "Natasha Vita-More") [Mark Alan Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Alan_Walker "Mark Alan Walker") [Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warwick "Kevin Warwick") [Eliezer Yudkowsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky "Eliezer Yudkowsky") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transhumanism "Category:Transhumanism") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year "Template:Time Persons of the Year") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year "Template talk:Time Persons of the Year") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year "Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year")[*Time* Persons of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") | |
| 1927–1950 | [Charles Lindbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh "Charles Lindbergh") (1927) [Walter Chrysler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chrysler "Walter Chrysler") (1928) [Owen D. Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_D._Young "Owen D. Young") (1929) [Mahatma Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi") (1930) [Pierre Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval "Pierre Laval") (1931) [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (1932) [Hugh S. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson "Hugh S. Johnson") (1933) [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (1934) [Haile Selassie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie "Haile Selassie") (1935) [Wallis Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson "Wallis Simpson") (1936) [Chiang Kai-shek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") / [Soong Mei-ling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling "Soong Mei-ling") (1937) [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") (1938) [Joseph Stalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") (1939) [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") (1940) [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (1941) [Joseph Stalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") (1942) [George Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall") (1943) [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") (1944) [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") (1945) [James F. Byrnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes "James F. Byrnes") (1946) [George Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall") (1947) [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") (1948) [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") (1949) [The American Fighting-Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") (1950) |
| 1951–1975 | [Mohammed Mosaddeq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh "Mohammad Mosaddegh") (1951) [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II") (1952) [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") (1953) [John Foster Dulles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles "John Foster Dulles") (1954) [Harlow Curtice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Curtice "Harlow Curtice") (1955) [Hungarian Freedom Fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 "Hungarian Revolution of 1956") (1956) [Nikita Khrushchev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev") (1957) [Charles de Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle") (1958) [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") (1959) U.S. Scientists: [George Beadle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Beadle "George Beadle") / [Charles Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper") / [John Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders "John Franklin Enders") / [Donald Glaser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glaser "Donald Glaser") / [Joshua Lederberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg "Joshua Lederberg") / [Willard Libby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Libby "Willard Libby") / [Linus Pauling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling "Linus Pauling") / [Edward Purcell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell "Edward Mills Purcell") / [Isidor Rabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Rabi "Isidor Rabi") / [Emilio Segrè](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8 "Emilio Segrè") / [William Shockley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley "William Shockley") / [Edward Teller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teller "Edward Teller") / [Charles Townes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes "Charles H. Townes") / [James Van Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Allen "James Van Allen") / [Robert Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward "Robert Burns Woodward") (1960) [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") (1961) [Pope John XXIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII "Pope John XXIII") (1962) [Martin Luther King Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.") (1963) [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") (1964) [William Westmoreland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland "William Westmoreland") (1965) [The Generation Twenty-Five and Under](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers "Baby boomers") (1966) [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") (1967) [The Apollo 8 Astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8"): [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders") / [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman") / [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") (1968) [The Middle Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_America_\(United_States\) "Middle America (United States)") (1969) [Willy Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt") (1970) [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") (1971) [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") / [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") (1972) [John Sirica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica "John Sirica") (1973) [King Faisal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia "Faisal of Saudi Arabia") (1974) American Women: [Susan Brownmiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller "Susan Brownmiller") / [Kathleen Byerly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly "Kathleen Byerly") / [Alison Cheek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Cheek "Alison Cheek") / [Jill Conway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway "Jill Ker Conway") / [Betty Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford "Betty Ford") / [Ella Grasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Grasso "Ella Grasso") / [Carla Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills "Carla Anderson Hills") / [Barbara Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jordan "Barbara Jordan") / [Billie Jean King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King "Billie Jean King") / [Susie Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Sharp "Susie Sharp") / [Carol Sutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Sutton_\(journalist\) "Carol Sutton (journalist)") / [Addie Wyatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt "Addie L. Wyatt") (1975) |
| 1976–2000 | [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") (1976) [Anwar Sadat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat "Anwar Sadat") (1977) [Deng Xiaoping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping "Deng Xiaoping") (1978) [Ayatollah Khomeini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini "Ruhollah Khomeini") (1979) [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") (1980) [Lech Wałęsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa "Lech Wałęsa") (1981) [The Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer") (1982) [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") / [Yuri Andropov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov "Yuri Andropov") (1983) [Peter Ueberroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth "Peter Ueberroth") (1984) [Deng Xiaoping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping "Deng Xiaoping") (1985) [Corazon Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino") (1986) [Mikhail Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") (1987) [The Endangered Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism "Environmentalism") (1988) [Mikhail Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") (1989) [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") (1990) [Ted Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner "Ted Turner") (1991) [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") (1992) The Peacemakers: [Yasser Arafat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat") / [F. W. de Klerk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk "F. W. de Klerk") / [Nelson Mandela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela "Nelson Mandela") / [Yitzhak Rabin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin") (1993) [Pope John Paul II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II") (1994) [Newt Gingrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich "Newt Gingrich") (1995) [David Ho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ho "David Ho") (1996) [Andrew Grove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Grove "Andrew Grove") (1997) [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") / [Ken Starr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Starr "Ken Starr") (1998) [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") (1999) [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (2000) |
| 2001–present | [Rudolph Giuliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani "Rudy Giuliani") (2001) The Whistleblowers: [Cynthia Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_\(accountant\) "Cynthia Cooper (accountant)") / [Coleen Rowley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleen_Rowley "Coleen Rowley") / [Sherron Watkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherron_Watkins "Sherron Watkins") (2002) [The American Soldier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") (2003) [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (2004) The Good Samaritans: [Bono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono "Bono") / [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") / [Melinda Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates "Melinda French Gates") (2005) [You](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_\(Time_Person_of_the_Year\) "You (Time Person of the Year)") (2006) [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") (2007) [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (2008) [Ben Bernanke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke "Ben Bernanke") (2009) [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") (2010) [The Protester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest "Protest") (2011) [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (2012) [Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis "Pope Francis") (2013) [Ebola Fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic "Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic"): Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. [Kent Brantly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Brantly "Kent Brantly") / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / [Salome Karwah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Karwah "Salome Karwah") (2014) [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") (2015) [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (2016) [The Silence Breakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeToo_movement "MeToo movement") (2017) The Guardians: [Jamal Khashoggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi "Jamal Khashoggi") / [Maria Ressa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ressa "Maria Ressa") / [Wa Lone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_Lone "Wa Lone") / [Kyaw Soe Oo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo "Kyaw Soe Oo") / Staff of *[The Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting "Capital Gazette shooting")* (2018) [Greta Thunberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Thunberg "Greta Thunberg") (2019) [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") / [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") (2020) [Elon Musk]() (2021) [Volodymyr Zelenskyy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy "Volodymyr Zelenskyy") / [Spirit of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians "Ukrainians") (2022) [Taylor Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift "Taylor Swift") (2023) [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (2024) The Architects of AI: [Sam Altman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman "Sam Altman") / [Dario Amodei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Amodei "Dario Amodei") / [Demis Hassabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis "Demis Hassabis") / [Jensen Huang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen_Huang "Jensen Huang") / [Fei-Fei Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li "Fei-Fei Li") / [Elon Musk]() / [Lisa Su](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Su "Lisa Su") / [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") (2025) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal "Template:John Fritz Medal") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal "Template talk:John Fritz Medal") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal "Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal")[John Fritz Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal "John Fritz Medal") | |
| 1902–1924 | 1902 : [John Fritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fritz "John Fritz") 1903 : *No award* 1904 : *No award* 1905 : [Lord Kelvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin "Lord Kelvin") 1906 : [George Westinghouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse "George Westinghouse") 1907 : [Alexander Graham Bell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell "Alexander Graham Bell") 1908 : [Thomas Alva Edison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison "Thomas Edison") 1909 : [Charles Talbot Porter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter "Charles Talbot Porter") 1910 : [Alfred Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Noble_\(engineer\) "Alfred Noble (engineer)") 1911 : Sir [William Henry White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_White "William Henry White") 1912 : [Robert Woolston Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt "Robert Woolston Hunt") 1913 : *No award* 1914 : [John Edson Sweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet "John Edson Sweet") 1915 : [James Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas_\(businessman\) "James Douglas (businessman)") 1916 : [Elihu Thomson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Thomson "Elihu Thomson") 1917 : [Henry Marion Howe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe "Henry Marion Howe") 1918 : [J. Waldo Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith "J. Waldo Smith") 1919 : Gen. [George W. Goethals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Goethals "George W. Goethals") 1920 : [Orville Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers "Wright brothers") 1921 : Sir [Robert Hadfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hadfield "Robert Hadfield") 1922 : [Charles P. E. Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II "Eugène Schneider II") 1923 : [Guglielmo Marconi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi "Guglielmo Marconi") 1924 : [Ambrose Swasey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey "Ambrose Swasey") |
| 1925–1949 | 1925 : [John Frank Stevens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens "John Frank Stevens") 1926 : [Edward Dean Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams "Edward Dean Adams") 1927 : [Elmer Ambrose Sperry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry "Elmer Ambrose Sperry") 1928 : [John Joseph Carty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty "John Joseph Carty") 1929 : [Herbert Clark Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover "Herbert Clark Hoover") 1930 : [Ralph Modjeski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski "Ralph Modjeski") 1931 : [David Watson Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor "David Watson Taylor") 1932 : [Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin "Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin") 1933 : [Daniel Cowan Jackling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling "Daniel Cowan Jackling") 1934 : [John Ripley Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman "John Ripley Freeman") (posthumous) 1935 : [Frank Julian Sprague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague "Frank Julian Sprague") (posthumous) 1936 : [William Frederick Durand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand "William Frederick Durand") 1937 : [Arthur Newell Talbot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot "Arthur Newell Talbot") 1938 : [Paul Dyer Merica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica "Paul Dyer Merica") 1939 : [Frank Baldwin Jewett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett "Frank Baldwin Jewett") 1940 : [Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld "Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld") (posthumous) 1941 : [Ralph Budd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Budd "Ralph Budd") 1942 : [Everette Lee DeGolyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer "Everette Lee DeGolyer") 1943 : [Willis Rodney Whitney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney "Willis Rodney Whitney") 1944 : [Charles F. Kettering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering "Charles F. Kettering") 1945 : [John Lucian Savage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Savage "John L. Savage") 1946 : [Zay Jeffries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zay_Jeffries "Zay Jeffries") 1947 : [Lewis Warrington Chubb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb "Lewis Warrington Chubb") 1948 : [Theodore von Kármán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n "Theodore von Kármán") 1949 : [Charles Metcalf Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen "Charles Metcalf Allen") |
| 1950–1974 | 1950 : [Walter H. Aldridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge "Walter H. Aldridge") 1951 : [Vannevar Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush "Vannevar Bush") 1952 : [Ervin George Bailey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey "Ervin George Bailey") 1953 : [Benjamin F. Fairless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless "Benjamin F. Fairless") 1954 : [William Embry Wrather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather "William Embry Wrather") 1955 : [Harry Alonzo Winne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)") 1956 : [Philip Sporn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sporn "Philip Sporn") 1957 : [Ben Moreell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Moreell "Ben Moreell") 1958 : [John R. Suman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Suman "John R. Suman") 1959 : [Mervin J. Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervin_Kelly "Mervin Kelly") 1960 : [Gwilym A. Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price "Gwilym A. Price") 1961 : [Stephen D. Bechtel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel "Stephen D. Bechtel") 1962 : [Crawford H. Greenewalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt "Crawford H. Greenewalt") 1963 : [Hugh L. Dryden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden "Hugh L. Dryden") 1964 : [Lucius D. Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay "Lucius D. Clay") 1965 : [Frederick Kappel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Kappel "Frederick Kappel") 1966 : [Warren K. Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis "Warren K. Lewis") 1967 : [Walker L. Cisler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler "Walker L. Cisler") 1968 : [Igor Ivan Sikorsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky "Igor Ivan Sikorsky") 1969 : [Michael Lawrence Haider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider "Michael Lawrence Haider") 1970 : [Glenn B. Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren "Glenn B. Warren") 1971 : [Patrick E. Haggerty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty "Patrick E. Haggerty") 1972 : [William Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_\(engineer\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)") 1973 : [Lyman Wilber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)") 1974 : [H. I. Romnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1 "H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)") |
| 1975–1999 | 1975 : [Manson Benedict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_Benedict "Manson Benedict") 1976 : [Thomas O. Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine") 1977 : [George R. Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Brown "George R. Brown") 1978 : [Robert G. Heitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)") 1979 : [Nathan M. Newmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark "Nathan M. Newmark") 1980 : [T. Louis Austin, Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1 "T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)") 1981 : [Ian MacGregor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_MacGregor "Ian MacGregor") 1982 : [David Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Packard "David Packard") 1983 : [Claude Elwood Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon "Claude Elwood Shannon") 1984 : [Kenneth A. Roe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)") 1985 : [Daniel C. Drucker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker "Daniel C. Drucker") 1986 : [Simon Ramo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ramo "Simon Ramo") 1987 : [Ralph Landau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Landau "Ralph Landau") 1988 : [Ralph B. Peck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck "Ralph B. Peck") 1989 : [Robert N. Noyce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce "Robert N. Noyce") 1990 : [Gordon A. Cain](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)") 1991 : [Hunter Rouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Rouse "Hunter Rouse") 1992 : [Serge Gratch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Serge Gratch (page does not exist)") 1993 : [Gordon Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moore "Gordon Moore") 1994 : [Hoyt C. Hottel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel "Hoyt C. Hottel") 1995 : [Lynn S. Beedle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle "Lynn S. Beedle") 1996 : [George N. Hatsopoulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos "George N. Hatsopoulos") 1997 : [Arthur E. Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey "Arthur E. Humphrey") 1998 : [Ivan A. Getting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting "Ivan A. Getting") 1999 : [George H. Heilmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier "George H. Heilmeier") |
| 2000– | 2000 : [John W. Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Fisher "John W. Fisher") 2001 : [Paul C. W. Chu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu "Paul C. W. Chu") 2002 : [Daniel Goldin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Goldin "Daniel Goldin") 2003 : [Robert S. Langer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Langer "Robert S. Langer") 2004 : [John A. Swanson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Swanson "John A. Swanson") 2005 : [George Tamaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tamaro "George Tamaro") 2006 : *No award* 2007 : [Gavriel Salvendy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy "Gavriel Salvendy") 2008 : [Kristina M. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson "Kristina M. Johnson") 2009 : [Yvonne Claeys Brill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill "Yvonne Claeys Brill") 2010 : [Gerald J. Posakony](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)") 2011 : [Andrew Viterbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi "Andrew Viterbi") 2012 : [Leslie E. Robertson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson "Leslie E. Robertson") 2013 : [Gregory Stephanopoulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos "Gregory Stephanopoulos") 2014 : [Julia Weertman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Weertman "Julia Weertman") 2015 : [Jon D. Magnusson](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)") 2017 : [Frank Kreith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kreith "Frank Kreith") 2018 : [Anne S. Kiremidjian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian "Anne S. Kiremidjian") 2019 : *No award* 2020 : *No award* 2021 : [Elon Musk]() 2022 : *No award* 2023 : [Asad M. Madni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asad_M._Madni "Asad M. Madni") 2024 : [Alan Bovik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bovik "Alan Bovik") |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317521#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000426582862) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/306339060) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/1062481119) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1915600) [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgX9wM8mkBhm9rr8FWYyd) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014017754) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001156447) [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV397513) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2015891473&CON_LNG=ENG) [Russia](http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000169083&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5628980) [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p400969408) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15034797) [Taiwan](http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=017374621&CON_LNG=ENG) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249697&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000732338&local_base=nsk10) [Chile](http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000903534) [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201806268) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/1ll8gmrlzrq64ps7) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569544605606) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007592088005171) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620098506706) |
| Academics | [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1840265X?l=en) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8013-3548) [Scopus](https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8602050800) |
| Artists | [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e515c7ca-cc78-4bd1-b3c4-aacbf9a0687a) |
| People | [LibraryThing](https://www.librarything.com/author/muskelon) [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/1062481119.html?language=en) [Deutsche Synchronkartei](https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/E7wIyFuBb) [DDB](https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1062481119) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/20408878X) [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7797825A?mode=all) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62g0hbz) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/fc19d8c5-87a9-4287-9b27-843104220c5a) |
[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):
-  [Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography "Portal:Biography")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg) [Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business "Portal:Business")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maple_Leaf_\(from_roundel\).svg) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada "Portal:Canada")
-  [Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cars "Portal:Cars")
-  [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies "Portal:Companies")
-  [Conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Conservatism "Portal:Conservatism")
-  [Ecology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology "Portal:Ecology")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg) [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy "Portal:Energy")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg) [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet "Portal:Internet")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics "Portal:Politics")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg) [Renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy "Portal:Renewable energy")
-  [Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Space "Portal:Space")
-  [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:South_Africa "Portal:South Africa")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg) [Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology "Portal:Technology")
-  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elon_Musk&oldid=1346980897>"
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):
- [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk "Category:Elon Musk")
- [1971 births](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1971_births "Category:1971 births")
- [Living people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Living_people "Category:Living people")
- [20th-century American businesspeople](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_businesspeople "Category:20th-century American businesspeople")
- [20th-century American engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_engineers "Category:20th-century American engineers")
- [20th-century Canadian businesspeople](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_Canadian_businesspeople "Category:20th-century Canadian businesspeople")
- [20th-century Canadian engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_Canadian_engineers "Category:20th-century Canadian engineers")
- [20th-century South African businesspeople](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_South_African_businesspeople "Category:20th-century South African businesspeople")
- [21st-century American businesspeople](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_businesspeople "Category:21st-century American businesspeople")
- [21st-century American engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_engineers "Category:21st-century American engineers")
- [21st-century Canadian businesspeople](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_Canadian_businesspeople "Category:21st-century Canadian businesspeople")
- [21st-century Canadian engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_Canadian_engineers "Category:21st-century Canadian engineers")
- [21st-century South African businesspeople](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_South_African_businesspeople "Category:21st-century South African businesspeople")
- [Alumni of Pretoria Boys High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Pretoria_Boys_High_School "Category:Alumni of Pretoria Boys High School")
- [American businesspeople in aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_businesspeople_in_aerospace "Category:American businesspeople in aerospace")
- [American aerospace engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_aerospace_engineers "Category:American aerospace engineers")
- [American automotive pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_automotive_pioneers "Category:American automotive pioneers")
- [American billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_billionaires "Category:American billionaires")
- [American chairpersons of corporations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_chairpersons_of_corporations "Category:American chairpersons of corporations")
- [American chief executives in the automotive industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_chief_executives_in_the_automotive_industry "Category:American chief executives in the automotive industry")
- [American chief executives in the energy industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_chief_executives_in_the_energy_industry "Category:American chief executives in the energy industry")
- [American chief executives in the manufacturing industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_chief_executives_in_the_manufacturing_industry "Category:American chief executives in the manufacturing industry")
- [American chief technology officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_chief_technology_officers "Category:American chief technology officers")
- [American computer programmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_computer_programmers "Category:American computer programmers")
- [American conspiracy theorists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_conspiracy_theorists "Category:American conspiracy theorists")
- [American businesspeople in construction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_businesspeople_in_construction "Category:American businesspeople in construction")
- [American businesspeople in the energy industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_businesspeople_in_the_energy_industry "Category:American businesspeople in the energy industry")
- [American founders of motor vehicle manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_founders_of_motor_vehicle_manufacturers "Category:American founders of motor vehicle manufacturers")
- [American free speech activists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_free_speech_activists "Category:American free speech activists")
- [American Internet company founders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Internet_company_founders "Category:American Internet company founders")
- [American investors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_investors "Category:American investors")
- [American nonprofit executives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_nonprofit_executives "Category:American nonprofit executives")
- [American people of Canadian descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Canadian_descent "Category:American people of Canadian descent")
- [American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Pennsylvania_Dutch_descent "Category:American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent")
- [American people of Swiss descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Swiss_descent "Category:American people of Swiss descent")
- [American political party founders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_political_party_founders "Category:American political party founders")
- [American software engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_software_engineers "Category:American software engineers")
- [American chief executives in technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_chief_executives_in_technology "Category:American chief executives in technology")
- [American technology company founders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_technology_company_founders "Category:American technology company founders")
- [American autistic people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_autistic_people "Category:American autistic people")
- [The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Boring_Company "Category:The Boring Company")
- [Businesspeople from Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Austin,_Texas "Category:Businesspeople from Austin, Texas")
- [Businesspeople from Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Ontario "Category:Businesspeople from Ontario")
- [Businesspeople in the software industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_the_software_industry "Category:Businesspeople in the software industry")
- [Canadian aerospace engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_aerospace_engineers "Category:Canadian aerospace engineers")
- [Canadian automotive pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_automotive_pioneers "Category:Canadian automotive pioneers")
- [Canadian billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_billionaires "Category:Canadian billionaires")
- [Canadian chairpersons of corporations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_chairpersons_of_corporations "Category:Canadian chairpersons of corporations")
- [Canadian businesspeople in the computer industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_businesspeople_in_the_computer_industry "Category:Canadian businesspeople in the computer industry")
- [Canadian conspiracy theorists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_conspiracy_theorists "Category:Canadian conspiracy theorists")
- [Canadian businesspeople in construction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_businesspeople_in_construction "Category:Canadian businesspeople in construction")
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Elon Musk
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| Readable Markdown | | Elon Musk[FRS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_\(54816836217\)_\(cropped_2\)_\(b\).jpg)Musk in 2025 | |
| Born | Elon Reeve Musk June 28, 1971 (age 54) [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"), South Africa |
| Citizenship | South Africa Canada United States (since 2002) |
| Education | [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") ([BA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts"), [BS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science")) |
| Occupations | CEO and product architect of [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") Founder, CEO, and chief engineer of [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") Founder and CEO of [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)") Founder and CTO of [X Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corp. "X Corp.") Co-founder of [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"), [the Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company"), [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI"), [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2"), and [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)") (part of [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal")) President of the [Musk Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_Foundation "Musk Foundation") |
| Political party | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Republican_\(United_States\) "Independent Republican (United States)") |
| Spouses | [Justine Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Musk "Justine Musk") (m. 2000; div. 2008) [Talulah Riley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley "Talulah Riley") (m. 2010; div. 2012) (m. 2013; div. 2016) |
| Children | 14[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-1) (publicly known), including [Vivian Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Wilson "Vivian Wilson") |
| Parents | [Errol Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Musk "Errol Musk") (father) [Maye Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maye_Musk "Maye Musk") (mother) |
| Relatives | [Musk family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family") |
| Awards | [Full list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk "List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk") |
| [Senior Advisor to the President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States "Senior Advisor to the President of the United States") | |
| **In office** January 20, 2025 – May 28, 2025 Serving with [Massad Boulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massad_Boulos "Massad Boulos") | |
| President | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") |
| Musk on his departure from the [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") Recorded May 30, 2025 | |
| Signature | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Signature.svg) | |
**Elon Reeve Musk** ( [*EE\-lon*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key"); born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and entrepreneur known for [his leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk "Business career of Elon Musk") of [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc."), [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX"), [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_\(social_network\) "X (social network)"), and [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)"). Musk has been the [wealthiest person in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires "The World's Billionaires") since 2025; as of April 2026, *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* estimates [his net worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk "Wealth of Elon Musk") to be US\$809 billion.
Born into [a wealthy family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family") in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk emigrated in 1989 to Canada; he has Canadian citizenship since his mother was born there. He received bachelor's degrees in 1997 from the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania") before moving to [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") to pursue business ventures. In 1995, Musk co-founded the software company [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2"). Following its sale in 1999, he co-founded [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)"), an online payment company that later merged to form [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal"), which was acquired by [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") in 2002. Musk also became an American citizen in 2002.
In 2002, Musk founded the [space technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology "Space technology") company SpaceX, becoming its CEO and [chief engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer "Chief technology officer"); the company has since led innovations in [reusable rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_rocket "Reusable rocket") and [commercial spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_spaceflight "Commercial spaceflight"). Musk joined the automaker Tesla as an early investor in 2004 and became its CEO and product architect in 2008; it has since become a leader in [electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle"). In 2015, he co-founded [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI") to advance [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) research, but later left; growing discontent with the organization's direction and leadership in the [AI boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom "AI boom") in the 2020s led him to establish xAI, which became a subsidiary of SpaceX in 2026. In 2022, [he acquired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") the social network Twitter, [implementing significant changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk"), and rebranding it as X in 2023. His other businesses include the [neurotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology "Neurotechnology") company [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"), which he co-founded in 2016, and the tunneling company [the Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company"), which he founded in 2017. In November 2025, a Tesla pay package worth \$1 trillion for Musk was approved, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.
Musk was the largest donor in the [2024 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_U.S._presidential_election "2024 U.S. presidential election"), where he supported [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"). After Trump was inaugurated as president in early 2025, Musk served as [Senior Advisor to the President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President "Senior Advisor to the President") and as the *[de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto "De facto")* head of the [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") (DOGE). After [a public feud with Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "Trump–Musk feud"), Musk left the Trump administration and returned to managing his companies. Musk is a supporter of global [far-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right "Far-right") figures, causes, and political parties. [His political activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk"), [views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk"), and statements have made him [a polarizing figure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk "Public image of Elon Musk"). Musk has been criticized for [COVID-19 misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#COVID-19_pandemic "Views of Elon Musk"), [promoting conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Conspiracy_theories "Views of Elon Musk"), and [affirming antisemitic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Race_and_white_nationalism "Views of Elon Musk"), racist, and [transphobic comments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Transgender_issues "Views of Elon Musk"). His acquisition of Twitter was controversial due to [a subsequent increase in hate speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk#Increase_in_hate_speech "Twitter under Elon Musk") and the [spread of misinformation on the service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk#Handling_of_misinformation_and_disinformation "Twitter under Elon Musk"), following his pledge to decrease [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship "Censorship"). His role in the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration") attracted [public backlash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk"), particularly in [response to DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Response to the Department of Government Efficiency"). The emails he sent to [Jeffrey Epstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein") are included in the [Epstein files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein_files "Epstein files"), which were published between 2025–26 and became a topic of worldwide debate.
Early life
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"), South Africa's administrative capital.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Eligon-2022-2)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-3) He is of British and [Pennsylvania Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch "Pennsylvania Dutch") ancestry.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sjmn20140411-4)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-5) His mother, [Maye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maye_Musk "Maye Musk") ([née](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names "Birth name") Haldeman), is a model and dietitian born in [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan"), Canada, and raised in South Africa.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Biog-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Usborne-2018-8) Musk therefore holds both South African and Canadian citizenship from birth.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-9) His father, [Errol Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Musk "Errol Musk"), is a South African [electromechanical engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics "Electromechanics"), pilot, sailor, consultant, [emerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald "Emerald") dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at [Timbavati Private Nature Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbavati_Private_Nature_Reserve "Timbavati Private Nature Reserve").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson-10)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-11)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NewYorker2009-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Smith-13)
His maternal grandfather, [Joshua N. Haldeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_N._Haldeman "Joshua N. Haldeman"), who died in a plane crash when Elon was a toddler, was an American-born Canadian [chiropractor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractic "Chiropractic"), aviator and political activist in the [technocracy movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy_movement "Technocracy movement")[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-14)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:8-15) who moved to South Africa in 1950.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-McGreal-16)
Elon has a younger brother, [Kimbal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal_Musk "Kimbal Musk"), a younger sister, [Tosca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca_Musk "Tosca Musk"), and four paternal half-siblings.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-18)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Usborne-2018-8)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-19) Musk was [baptized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism "Baptism") as a child in the [Anglican Church of Southern Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa "Anglican Church of Southern Africa").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Higgins2024-20)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rees2024-21) Despite both Elon and Errol previously stating that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Smith-13) in 2023, Errol recounted that the deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines".[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-22)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-23) Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid [Progressive Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(South_Africa\) "Progressive Party (South Africa)") and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of [apartheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Eligon-2022-2)
After his parents divorced in 1979, Elon, aged around 9, chose to live with his father because Errol Musk had an *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "Encyclopædia Britannica")* and a computer.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-24)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sjmn20140411-4)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson-10) Elon later regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-rollingstone20171115-25) Elon has recounted trips to a wilderness school that he described as a "paramilitary *[Lord of the Flies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies "Lord of the Flies")*" where "bullying was a virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-26) In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him being hospitalized for his injuries.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson23-27) Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the hospital.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Isaacson23-27) Errol denied berating Elon and claimed, "The \[other\] boy had just lost his father to suicide, and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid. How could I possibly blame that child?"[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bhaimiya-28)
Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, and had attributed his success in part to having read *[The Lord of the Rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings "The Lord of the Rings")*, the [*Foundation* series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_\(book_series\) "Foundation (book series)"), and [*The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_\(novel\) "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NewYorker2009-12)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-29) At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the [VIC-20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIC-20 "VIC-20") user manual.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance-30) At age twelve, Elon sold his [BASIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC "BASIC")\-based game *Blastar* to *PC and Office Technology* magazine for approximately \$500 (equivalent to \$1,600 in 2025).[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-play-31)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-32)
Education
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PBHS-facade.jpg)
Musk graduated from [Pretoria Boys High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School "Pretoria Boys High School") in South Africa.
Musk attended [Waterkloof House Preparatory School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkloof_House_Preparatory_School "Waterkloof House Preparatory School"), [Bryanston High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryanston_High_School "Bryanston High School"), and then [Pretoria Boys High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School "Pretoria Boys High School"), where he graduated.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-slate20191204-33) Musk was a decent but unexceptional student, earning a 61/100 in [Afrikaans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans") and a B on his senior math certification.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-34) Musk applied for a Canadian passport [through](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinis "Jus sanguinis") his Canadian-born mother to avoid South Africa's [mandatory military service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa "Conscription in South Africa"),[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-arrived-35)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-36) which would have forced him to participate in the apartheid regime,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Eligon-2022-2) as well as to ease his path to immigration to the United States.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Esquire-37) While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the [University of Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pretoria "University of Pretoria") for five months.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-38)
Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan "Saskatchewan"),[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-39)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-40) and worked odd jobs, including at a farm and a lumber mill.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-41) In 1990, he entered [Queen's University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston "Queen's University at Kingston") in [Kingston, Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario "Kingston, Ontario").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-43) Two years later, he transferred to the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"), where he studied until 1995.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:6-44) Although Musk has said that he earned his degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997 – a [Bachelor of Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") in physics and a [Bachelor of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science "Bachelor of Science") in economics from the university's [Wharton School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School "Wharton School").[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance368-45)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-46)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-VanceA1-47)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-49) He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to [Google Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books").[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-ironman-50)
In 1994, Musk held two internships in [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley"): one at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic [supercapacitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercapacitor "Supercapacitor") for energy storage, and another at [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California")–based startup [Rocket Science Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_Games "Rocket Science Games").[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-52) In 1995, he was accepted to a graduate program in [materials science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science "Materials science") at [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), but did not enroll.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-VanceA1-47)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance368-45)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Sacchetti1026-53) Musk decided to join the [Internet boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble") of the 1990s, applying for a job at [Netscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape "Netscape"), to which he reportedly never received a response.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-54)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-arrived-35) *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* reported that Musk lacked legal authorization to remain and work in the United States after failing to enroll at Stanford.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Sacchetti1026-53) In response, Musk said he was allowed to work at that time and that his student visa transitioned to an [H1-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visa "H-1B visa"). According to numerous former business associates and shareholders, Musk said he was on a student visa at the time.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-55)
Business career
Zip2
Main article: [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2")
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at University of Southern California](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7Qh-vwpYH8) on YouTube |
In 1995, Musk, his brother [Kimbal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal "Kimbal"), and Greg Kouri founded the web software company [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2") with funding from a group of angel investors.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-56) They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-shower-57) Replying to *[Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*, Musk denounced the notion that they started their company with funds borrowed from Elon's father Errol Musk,[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-rollingstone20171115-25) but in a tweet, he recognized that his father contributed 10% of a later funding round.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-twitterzip2-58) The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-59)
According to Musk, "The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time."[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-shower-57) To impress investors, Musk built a large plastic structure around a standard computer to create the impression that Zip2 was powered by a small supercomputer.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance201764-60) The Musk brothers obtained contracts with *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and the *[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "Chicago Tribune"),*[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-61) and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with [CitySearch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySearch "CitySearch").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-62) Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted by the board.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-63) [Compaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq "Compaq") acquired Zip2 for \$307 million in cash in February 1999 (equivalent to \$590,000,000 in 2025),[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-65) and Musk received \$22 million (equivalent to \$43,000,000 in 2025) for his 7-percent share.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance109-66)
X.com and PayPal
In 1999, Musk co-founded [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)"), an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-67) The startup was one of the first [federally insured](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation") online banks, and, in its initial months of operation, over 200,000 customers joined the service.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-68) The company's investors regarded Musk as inexperienced and replaced him with [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance86-69) The following year, X.com merged with online bank [Confinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confinity "Confinity") to avoid competition.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-shower-57)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance86-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-70) Founded by [Max Levchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchin "Max Levchin") and [Peter Thiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel "Peter Thiel"),[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-71) Confinity had its own money-transfer service, [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal"), which was more popular than X.com's service.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-72)
Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") software over [Unix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix "Unix") created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-73) Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in 2000.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-74)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-77) Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance89-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-78) In 2002, PayPal was acquired by [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") for \$1.5 billion (equivalent to \$2,700,000,000 in 2025) in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received \$175.8 million (equivalent to \$320,000,000 in 2025).[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-79)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-80) In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, stating that it had sentimental value.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-81)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-82)
SpaceX
Musk tours SpaceX with President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in 2010.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpaceX_CEO_Elon_Musk_visits_N%26NC_and_AFSPC_\(190416-F-ZZ999-006\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
Musk explains [Starship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship "SpaceX Starship") capabilities to leaders of [North American Aerospace Defense Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD "NORAD"), U.S. Northern Command, and [Air Force Space Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Operations_Command "Space Operations Command") in 2019.
In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit [Mars Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Society "Mars Society") and discussed funding plans to place a [growth-chamber for plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_farming "Space farming") on [Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars "Mars").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-83) Seeking a way to launch the greenhouse payloads into space, Musk made two unsuccessful trips to Moscow to purchase [intercontinental ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missiles "Intercontinental ballistic missiles") (ICBMs) from Russian companies [NPO Lavochkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPO_Lavochkin "NPO Lavochkin") and [Kosmotras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmotras "Kosmotras"). Musk instead decided to start a company to build affordable rockets.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Vance-2015-84) With \$100 million of his early fortune,[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-85) (equivalent to \$180,000,000 in 2025) Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-86)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-87)
SpaceX attempted its first launch of the [Falcon 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_1 "Falcon 1") rocket in 2006.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2021178%E2%80%93182-88) Although the rocket failed to reach [Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_orbit "Geocentric orbit"), it was awarded a [Commercial Orbital Transportation Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services "Commercial Orbital Transportation Services") program contract from [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA"), then led by [Mike Griffin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin "Michael D. Griffin").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-89)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-90) After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk to go bankrupt,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2021178%E2%80%93182-88) SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-91) Later that year, SpaceX received a \$1.6 billion NASA contract (equivalent to \$2,400,000,000 in 2025) for [Falcon 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9 "Falcon 9")\-launched [Dragon spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon "SpaceX Dragon") flights to the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (ISS), replacing the [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") after its 2011 [retirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement "Space Shuttle retirement").[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-92) In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked [with the ISS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2 "SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2"), a first for a commercial spacecraft.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-93)
Working towards its goal of [reusable rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program "SpaceX reusable launch system development program"), in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the [first stage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_rocket "Multistage rocket") of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-94) Later landings were achieved on [autonomous spaceport drone ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship "Autonomous spaceport drone ship"), an ocean-based recovery platform.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-95) In 2018, SpaceX launched the [Falcon Heavy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Heavy "Falcon Heavy"); the [inaugural mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight "Falcon Heavy test flight") carried [Musk's personal Tesla Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster "Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster") as a [dummy payload](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_\(spaceflight\) "Boilerplate (spaceflight)").[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-96)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-97) Since 2019,[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-98) SpaceX has been developing [Starship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship "SpaceX Starship"), a reusable, [super heavy-lift launch vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle "Super heavy-lift launch vehicle") intended to replace the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Roulette-2022-99) In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the [Demo-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2 "Crew Dragon Demo-2"), becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-100) In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an \$843 million (equivalent to \$865,000,000 in 2025) contract to build a spacecraft that NASA will use to [deorbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry "Atmospheric entry") the ISS at the end of its lifespan.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-101)
Starlink
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starlink_Mission_\(47926144123\).jpg)
50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019
In 2015, SpaceX began development of the [Starlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink "Starlink") constellation of [low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit") satellites to provide [satellite Internet access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access "Satellite Internet access").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-102) After the launch of prototype satellites in 2018, the first large constellation was deployed in May 2019.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NYT-20190601-103) As of May 2025, over 7,600 Starlink satellites are operational,[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sn2674441-104) comprising 65% of all operational Earth satellites.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-d933-105) The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be \$10 billion (equivalent to \$12,000,000,000 in 2025).[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-106)[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-109)
During the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), Musk provided free [Starlink service to Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War "Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War"), permitting Internet access and communication at a yearly cost to SpaceX of \$400 million (equivalent to \$440,000,000 in 2025).[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-110)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CNN_2022-10-13-111)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-112)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-113)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-114) However, Musk refused to block [Russian state media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia "Mass media in Russia") on Starlink.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-115)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-116) In 2023, Musk denied Ukraine's request to activate Starlink over [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea "Crimea") to aid an attack against the Russian navy, citing fears of a nuclear response.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Copp_2023_b431-117)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-118)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-119)
Tesla
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk,_Tesla_Factory,_Fremont_\(CA,_USA\)_\(8765031426\).jpg)
Musk next to a [Tesla Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S"), 2011
[Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc."), originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") and [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning"). Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-timelinefacts-120) Musk led the [Series A round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_round "Series A round") of investment in February 2004; he invested \$6.35 million (equivalent to \$11,000,000 in 2025), became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-121)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-122) Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw [Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)") product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-123) Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis"), Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-124)\[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\][\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-125) Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-126) A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CNET-127)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FastCompany-128)
Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first [mass production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production "Mass production") all-electric car to use [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") cells.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-129) Under Musk, Tesla has since launched several well-selling electric vehicles, including the four-door sedan [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") (2012), the [crossover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)") [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") (2015), the mass-market sedan [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") (2017), the crossover [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") (2020), and the pickup truck [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck "Tesla Cybertruck") (2023).[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-130)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-131)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-132)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-133)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Krisher_2023-134) The company has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, called [Gigafactories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory "Gigafactory").[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-135) In 2026, [Jon McNeill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_McNeill "Jon McNeill"), who served as president of Tesla from 2015 to 2018 and oversaw a period of revenue growth from \$2 billion to \$20 billion, published *The Algorithm*, a book detailing the five-step operational framework used at Tesla and SpaceX.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-136)
In May 2020, Musk resigned as chairman of the board as part of the settlement of a [lawsuit from the SEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Legal_affairs) over him tweeting that funding had been "secured" for potentially taking Tesla private.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-137)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:7-138)
Since its [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in 2010,[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-139) Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-140)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-141) and it entered the [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500") later that year.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-142)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-143) In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of \$1 trillion (equivalent to \$1,200,000,000,000 in 2025), the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-144)
SolarCity and Tesla Energy
Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity"), which his cousins [Lyndon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Rive "Lyndon Rive") and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-145) By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-146) In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in [Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York"), New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-147) Construction of [the factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") until early 2020.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-148)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-149)
Tesla acquired SolarCity for \$2 billion in 2016 (equivalent to \$2,700,000,000 in 2025) and merged it with its battery unit to create [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy"). The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:5-150) Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-151)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-152) Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-153)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-154) Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:5-150)
Neuralink
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_and_the_Neuralink_Future.jpg)
Musk discussing a [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink") device during a live demonstration in 2020
In 2016, Musk co-founded [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"), a [neurotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology "Neurotechnology") startup, with an investment of \$100 million.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sew-155)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-neuraverge-156) Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-neuraverge-156)[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-157) The company also hopes to develop devices to treat neurological conditions like [spinal cord injuries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury "Spinal cord injury").[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-pig-158) In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-159) In September 2023, the [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") approved Neuralink to initiate six-year human trials.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-160)
Neuralink has conducted [animal testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing "Animal testing") on [macaques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaque "Macaque") at the [University of California, Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis "University of California, Davis"). In 2021, the company released a video in which a macaque played the video game *[Pong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong "Pong")* via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of [animal cruelty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals "Cruelty to animals"). The [Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine "Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine") has alleged that Neuralink violated the [Animal Welfare Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966 "Animal Welfare Act of 1966").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-161) Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-botched_monkeys-162)\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\]
The Boring Company
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_Accelerates_the_Boring_\(45716125474\).jpg)
Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the [Boring test tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_test_tunnel "Boring test tunnel") in [Hawthorne, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_California "Hawthorne, California")
In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels; he also revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-163)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-cnndogecoin-164) Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-boring-165)
The [Los Angeles tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_test_tunnel "Boring test tunnel"), less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-166) Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-167)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-168) A tunnel beneath the [Las Vegas Convention Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center "Las Vegas Convention Center") was completed in early 2021.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-169) Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-170)
X Corp.
In early 2017, Musk expressed interest in buying [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter,_Inc. "Twitter, Inc.") and had questioned the platform's commitment to [freedom of speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-172)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-173)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-174) By 2022, Musk had reached 9.2% stake in the company,[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-elder-175) making him the largest shareholder.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bloomberg4.14.22-176)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-178) Musk later agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-179)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-180) Days later, Musk made a \$43 billion offer to buy Twitter.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bloomberg4.14.22-176)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-181) By the end of April Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately \$44 billion.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-182) This included approximately \$12.5 billion in loans and \$21 billion in [equity financing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_\(finance\) "Equity (finance)").[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-183)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-184) Having backtracked on his initial decision,[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-185) Musk bought the company on October 27, 2022.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-deal_closed-186)
Immediately after [the acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk"), Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO [Parag Agrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parag_Agrawal "Parag Agrawal");[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-deal_closed-186)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-187) Musk became the CEO instead.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-188) [Under Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk"), Twitter instituted monthly subscriptions for a "[blue check](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_verification "Twitter verification")",[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-189)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-190)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Binoy-2022-191) and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-192)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-193) Musk lessened content moderation and hate speech also increased on the platform after his takeover.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Knight-2022-194)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-independent2023-195)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wapo-196)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-197) In late 2022, Musk released [internal documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_Files "Twitter Files") relating to Twitter's moderation of [Hunter Biden's laptop controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy "Hunter Biden laptop controversy") in the lead-up to the [2020 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election").[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-198) Musk also promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll,[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-199)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-200) and five months later, Musk stepped down as CEO and transitioned his role to [executive chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_\(officer\) "Chair (officer)") and [chief technology officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer "Chief technology officer") (CTO).[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-201)
Despite Musk stepping down as CEO, X continues to struggle with challenges such as viral [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation"),[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-202) [hate speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech "Hate speech"), and [antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism") controversies.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-203)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-204) Musk has been accused of [trying to silence some of his critics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk#Lawsuits "Twitter under Elon Musk") such as [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_\(service\) "Twitch (service)") streamer [Asmongold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmongold "Asmongold"), who criticized him during one of his streams.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-free-speech-205) Musk has been accused of removing their accounts' [blue checkmarks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_verification "Twitter verification"), which hinders visibility and is considered a form of [shadow banning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banning "Shadow banning"),[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-206)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-207) or suspending their accounts without justification.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-208)
Other activities
Hyperloop
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperloop_pod_competition_tube.jpg)
A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition, sponsored by SpaceX
In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a [vactrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrain "Vactrain"), and assigned engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to design a transport system between [Greater Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles "Greater Los Angeles") and the [San Francisco Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area "San Francisco Bay Area"), at an estimated cost of \$6 billion.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-209)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-210) Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, dubbed the [Hyperloop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop "Hyperloop"),[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-211) intended to make travel cheaper than any other [mode of transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transport "Mode of transport") for such long distances.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-212)
OpenAI and xAI
In December 2015, Musk co-founded [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI"), a [not-for-profit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation "Nonprofit corporation") [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) research company aiming to develop [artificial general intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence "Artificial general intelligence"), intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NYT_AI-213) Musk pledged \$1 billion of funding to the company,[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-214) and initially gave \$50 million.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-215) In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-216) Since 2018, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-217) In July 2023, Musk launched the artificial intelligence company [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)"), which aims to develop a [generative AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") program that competes with existing offerings like OpenAI's [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT"). Musk obtained funding from investors in SpaceX and Tesla,[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-218) and xAI hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-219)
Private jet
Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-flight-221)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-222) His heavy use of the jets and the consequent [fossil fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel") usage have received criticism.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-flight-221)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-223) Musk's flight usage is tracked on social media through [ElonJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElonJet "ElonJet").[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-224)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WP-225)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Sky-226) In December 2022, Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, and made temporary bans on the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including [Donie O'Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donie_O%27Sullivan_\(journalist\) "Donie O'Sullivan (journalist)"), [Keith Olbermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Olbermann "Keith Olbermann"), and journalists from *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, CNN, and *[The Intercept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercept "The Intercept").[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Taylor-2022-227)*
Grokipedia
In October 2025, Musk's company xAI launched Grokipedia, an AI-generated online encyclopedia that he promoted as an alternative to Wikipedia.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:11-228)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-229) Articles on Grokipedia are generated and reviewed by xAI's [Grok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_\(chatbot\) "Grok (chatbot)") chatbot.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-230)
Media coverage and academic analysis described Grokipedia as frequently reusing Wikipedia content but framing contested political and social topics in line with Musk's own views and right-wing narratives. A study by Cornell University researchers and NBC News stated that Grokipedia cites sources that are blacklisted or considered "generally unreliable" on Wikipedia, for example, the conspiracy site [Infowars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infowars "Infowars") and the neo-Nazi forum [Stormfront](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormfront_\(website\) "Stormfront (website)"). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*, *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* and *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* criticized Grokipedia for factual errors and for presenting Musk himself in unusually positive terms while downplaying controversies.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:11-228)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-231)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-232)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-233)
Politics
| | |
|---|---|
|  | This section **may be [unbalanced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view") toward certain viewpoints**. Please help [improve it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elon_Musk&action=edit) by adding information on neglected viewpoints. Relevant discussion may be found on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Elon_Musk "Talk:Elon Musk"). *(April 2026)* |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_UFC_2024_03_\(cropped\).jpg)
Musk with then-president-elect [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in November 2024
Musk is an outlier among business leaders who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-234)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-235)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-236) Musk was a registered [independent voter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_voter "Independent voter") when he lived in California.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NBCNewsMail-237) Historically, he has donated to both [Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republicans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)"),[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-238) many of whom serve in states in which he has a vested interest.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Peters-2022-239) Musk supported Democrat [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_US_presidential_election "2008 US presidential election") and [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election"),[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:0-240) Democrat [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") in [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"), and Democrat [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") in [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-241) In the [2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries"), Musk endorsed candidate [Andrew Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Yang "Andrew Yang") and expressed support for Yang's proposed [universal basic income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income "Universal basic income"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-bloomberg.com-242) and endorsed [Kanye West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West "Kanye West")'s [2020 presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign "Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign").[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-243)
At an August 5, 2021 event, Biden signed an [Executive Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order "Executive order") targeting that half of cars sold in 2030 should be electric.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:2-244) [General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") CEO [Mary Barra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Barra "Mary Barra") was in attendance.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:2-244) Musk commented, "seems odd that Tesla wasn't invited."[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-245) Barra said in 2024 Musk never forgave not being invited.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-246)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-247) In 2025, former vice-president [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") said that "snubbing" at the event Musk was a "big mistake".[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-248)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-249) In September 2021, Musk criticized Biden as "not the friendliest administration."[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-250) In December 2021, Musk publicly expressed opposition to the [Build Back Better Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Act "Build Back Better Act").[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-251)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-252)
Since 2022, his political contributions have mostly supported Republicans, with his first vote for a Republican going to [Mayra Flores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayra_Flores "Mayra Flores") in the [2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Texas%27s_34th_congressional_district_special_election "2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election").[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-253)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-254) In 2022, Musk gave over \$50 million to [Citizens for Sanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_Sanity "Citizens for Sanity"), a conservative [political action committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee "Political action committee").[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-mattioli-255) In 2023, he supported Republican [Ron DeSantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_DeSantis "Ron DeSantis") for the [2024 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_US_presidential_election "2024 US presidential election"), giving \$10 million to his campaign,[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-mattioli-255) and hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a [Twitter Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_Spaces "Twitter Spaces") event.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-256)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WaPoDesantis-257)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-258) From June 2023 to January 2024, Musk hosted a bipartisan set of X Spaces with Republican and Democratic candidates, including [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr. "Robert F. Kennedy Jr."),[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-259) [Vivek Ramaswamy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy "Vivek Ramaswamy"),[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-260) and [Dean Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Phillips "Dean Phillips").[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-261)
In 2024, he started supporting international [far-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right "Far-right") political parties, activists, and causes,[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Far-right=2025-262) and has shared misinformation[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-263)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-264)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-265) and numerous [conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories "Conspiracy theories").[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-266)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-267) Since 2024, [his views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") have been generally described as right-wing.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-268)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_UFC_2024.jpg)
Musk at a 2024 gathering with Trump and other political leaders
By early 2024, Musk had become a vocal and financial supporter of Donald Trump.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-269) In July 2024, minutes after the [attempted assassination of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania "Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania"), Musk [endorsed him for president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements") saying; "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery."[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-270)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-fucked-271) During the [presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign"), Musk joined Trump on stage at a campaign rally,[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-272) and during the campaign promoted conspiracy theories and falsehoods about Democrats, [election fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States "Election denial movement in the United States")[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Meyer_11012024-273) and immigration, in support of Trump.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-274)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-275) Musk was the largest individual donor of the 2024 election.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Thadani_12062024-276) Jacob Silverman, author of the 2025 book *Gilded Rage: Elon Musk and the Radicalization of Silicon Valley*, said that the tech industry represented by Musk, Thiel, [Andreessen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen "Marc Andreessen") and other capitalists, actually flourished under Biden, but the tech leaders chose Trump for their common ground on cultural issues.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-277)
In 2025, Musk contributed \$19 million to the [Wisconsin Supreme Court race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_election "2025 Wisconsin Supreme Court election"), hoping to influence the state's future [redistricting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting "Redistricting") efforts and its regulations governing car manufacturers and dealers.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-278)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-279)
In 2023, Musk said he shunned the [World Economic Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum "World Economic Forum") (WEF) because it was boring. The organization commented that they had not invited him since 2015.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-280) Musk made a last-minute WEF debut in an interview with the organization's interim co-chair [Larry Fink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fink "Larry Fink") during the [2026 WEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_World_Economic_Forum "56th World Economic Forum").[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-281)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-282) He also participated in [Dialog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_\(organization\) "Dialog (organization)"), dubbed "Tech [Bilderberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting "Bilderberg Meeting")" and organized by [Peter Thiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel "Peter Thiel") and [Auren Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auren_Hoffman "Auren Hoffman").[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-283)[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-284)
Starting in January 20205, Musk's international political actions and comments came under increasing scrutiny and criticism, especially from the governments and leaders of France, Germany, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom, particularly due to his position in the [U.S. government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration") from January to May 2025,[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Musk-bids-farewell-285) as well as ownership of X.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Times-286)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-European-287)[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-AfD-288) A February 2025 NBC News analysis found he had boosted far-right political movements to cut immigration and curtail regulation of business in at least 18 countries on six continents since 2023.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-289)
Salute at Trump's second inauguration
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_gesture.gif)
Musk giving a gesture at the [second inauguration of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump") before saying "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-cpdxzjw9p47o-290)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nx-s1-5269719-291)
During his speech after the [second inauguration of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump"), Musk twice made a gesture interpreted by many as a [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salute "Nazi salute") or a fascist [Roman salute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_salute "Roman salute").[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-293) He thumped his right hand over his heart, fingers spread wide, and then extended his right arm out, emphatically, at an upward angle, palm down and fingers together. He then repeated the gesture to the crowd behind him. As he finished the gestures, he said to the crowd, "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-cpdxzjw9p47o-290)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nx-s1-5269719-291)
It was widely condemned as an intentional Nazi salute in Germany,[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Bennhold-2025-294)[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-295) where [making such gestures is illegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a "Strafgesetzbuch section 86a").[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-rbb24.de-296) The [Anti-Defamation League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") said it was not a Nazi salute,[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:12-297) but other Jewish organizations disagreed and condemned the salute.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:82-298)[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:9-299) American public opinion was divided on partisan lines as to whether it was a fascist salute.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:10-300) Musk dismissed the accusations of [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") sympathies, deriding them as "dirty tricks" and a "tired" attack.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-301)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Fortinsky-2025a-302) [Neo-Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazi "Neo-Nazi") and [white supremacist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist "White supremacist") groups celebrated it as a Nazi salute.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:12-297)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Condon-2025-303) Multiple European political parties demanded that Musk be banned from entering their countries.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-304)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-305)
Department of Government Efficiency
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_\(54350004520\).jpg)
Elon Musk wielding a chainsaw at the [Conservative Political Action Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference "Conservative Political Action Conference") (CPAC) in 2025, imitating a publicity stunt used by [Javier Milei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei "Javier Milei") symbolic of efficiency, [federal mass layoffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_mass_layoffs "2025 United States federal mass layoffs") and [tax cutting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_cut "Tax cut")
The concept of DOGE emerged in a discussion between Musk and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"), and in August 2024, Trump committed to giving Musk an advisory role, with Musk accepting the offer.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Shepardson-306) In November and December 2024, Musk suggested that the organization could help to cut the [U.S. federal budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget "United States federal budget"), consolidate the number of federal agencies,[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-307)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-308) and eliminate the [Consumer Financial Protection Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"),[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-309)[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-310) and that its final stage would be "deleting itself".[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-311)
In January 2025, the organization was created by [executive order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order "Executive order"), and Musk was designated a "[special government employee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_government_employee "Special government employee")".[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-MD2-312)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Ngo_1212025-313) Musk led the organization and was a [senior advisor to the president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States "Senior Advisor to the President of the United States"),[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-314) although his [official role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk") is not clear.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wolf2-315) In sworn statement during a lawsuit, the director of the White House [Office of Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Administration "Office of Administration") stated that Musk "is not an employee of the U.S. DOGE Service or U.S. DOGE Service Temporary Organization", "is not the U.S. DOGE Service administrator", and has "no actual or formal authority to make government decisions himself".[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-316)[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-317) Trump said two days later that he had put Musk in charge of DOGE.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-318) A federal judge has ruled that Musk acted as the *de facto* leader of DOGE.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-319)
Elon Musk participating in a press conference with [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") shortly before his departure from [DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency")
Musk's role in the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_administration "Second Trump administration"), particularly in [response to DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Response to the Department of Government Efficiency"), has [attracted public backlash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk"). He was criticized for his treatment of federal government employees,[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nyt-young-aides-25-320)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-nyt-swan-musk-feb-25-321)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-wp-zs-25-322) including his influence over the [mass layoffs of the federal workforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_mass_layoffs "2025 United States federal mass layoffs").[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-323)[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-324)[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-325) He has prioritized secrecy within the organization[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-326) and has accused others of violating privacy laws.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-MD2-312) A Senate report alleged that Musk could avoid up to \$2 billion in legal liability as a result of DOGE's actions.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-327) In May 2025, [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") accused Musk of "killing the world's poorest children" through his cuts to [USAID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development "United States Agency for International Development").[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-328) Modeling by [Boston University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University "Boston University") estimated the cuts resulted in 400,000 children and 200,000 adults deaths by November.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-329)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-330)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-usaid-shutdown-331) Musk departed on May 28, 2025, when the special government employee's 130 day deadline expired.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-332)[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-333)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-334)
Feud with Donald Trump
After leaving office, Musk criticized the Trump administration's [Big Beautiful Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Big_Beautiful_Bill_Act "One Big Beautiful Bill Act"), calling it a "disgusting abomination" due to its provisions increasing the deficit.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-336) A feud began between Musk and Trump, with its most notable event being Musk alleging Trump had ties to sex offender [Jeffrey Epstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein "Jeffrey Epstein") on X (formerly Twitter) on June 5, 2025.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Epstein1-337)[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Epstein2-338) Trump responded on [Truth Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Social "Truth Social") stating that Musk went "CRAZY" after the "EV Mandate" was purportedly taken away and threatened to cut Musk's government contracts. Musk then called for a third Trump impeachment.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu2025-341) The next day, Trump stated that he did not wish to reconcile with Musk, and added that Musk would face "very serious consequences" if he funds Democratic candidates.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-342) On June 11, Musk publicly apologized for the tweets against Trump before deleting them, saying they "went too far".[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-343)
Views
Rejecting the [conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States") label,[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-345) Musk has described himself as a [political moderate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_moderate "Political moderate"), even as his views have become more [right-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing "Right-wing") over time.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Right-wing-346) His views have been characterized as [libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States "Libertarianism in the United States") and [far-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right "Far-right"),[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Libertarian-347)[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Far-right-348) and after [his involvement in European politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk"), they have received criticism from world leaders such as [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") and [Olaf Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz "Olaf Scholz").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-olaf-349)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Henley-2025-350)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-351)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-352)
Within the context of [American politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#U.S._politics "Views of Elon Musk"), Musk supported Democratic candidates up until 2022, at which point he voted for a Republican for the first time.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:0-240)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:1-353) He has stated support for [universal basic income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income "Universal basic income"),[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-uni2-354) [gun rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_rights "Gun rights"),[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-355) [freedom of speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech"),[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-356) a [tax on carbon emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_on_carbon_emissions "Tax on carbon emissions"),[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-357) and [H-1B visas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visa "H-1B visa").[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CBS_News-2024-358) Musk has expressed concern about issues such as [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI)[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-wp2015-359) and [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"),[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-360) and has been a critic of [wealth tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_tax "Wealth tax"),[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-361) [short-selling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-selling "Short-selling"),[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-362) and [government subsidies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_subsidies "Government subsidies").[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-363) An immigrant himself, Musk has been accused of being [anti-immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-immigration "Anti-immigration"), and regularly blames [immigration policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_United_States "Immigration policy of the United States") for [illegal immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States "Illegal immigration to the United States").[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Fearmongering-364) He is also a [pronatalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronatalist "Pronatalist") who believes [population decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_decline "Population decline") is the biggest threat to civilization,[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Pronatlist-365) and identifies as a [cultural Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Christian "Cultural Christian").[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-O'Mahony2024-366)[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-367) Musk has long been an advocate for [space colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization "Space colonization"), especially the [colonization of Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars "Colonization of Mars"). He has repeatedly pushed for humanity colonizing Mars, in order to become an interplanetary species and lower the risks of [human extinction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_extinction "Human extinction").[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-SpaceX-368)
Musk has [promoted conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Conspiracy_theories "Views of Elon Musk") and [made controversial statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk#Race_and_white_nationalism "Views of Elon Musk") that have led to accusations of [racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism "Racism"), [sexism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism "Sexism"), [antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism"),[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-369)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Truth-370) [transphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia "Transphobia"),[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-371) disseminating [disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation "Disinformation"), and support of [white pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pride "White pride").[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Proud-372)[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Derbyshire-2025-373) While describing himself as a "pro-Semite",[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-CNBC160523-374) his comments regarding [George Soros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros") and [Jewish communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_communities "Jewish communities") have been condemned by the [Anti-Defamation League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") and the Biden [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House").[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Condemned-375) Musk was criticized during the COVID-19 pandemic for making unfounded epidemiological claims,[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-kolodny-2020a-376) defying [COVID-19 lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") restrictions,[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:3-377) and supporting the [Canada convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") against [vaccine mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_mandates "COVID-19 vaccine mandates").[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-378)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-379) He has amplified false claims of [white genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#South_Africa "White genocide conspiracy theory") in South Africa.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-380)
International relations
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog_in_Beit_HaNassi,_November_2023_\(GPOHZ02222_2\).jpeg)
Musk with Israeli president [Isaac Herzog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Herzog "Isaac Herzog"), November 2023
Musk has been critical of Israel's [actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip "Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip") in the [Gaza Strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip") during the [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war "Gaza war"),[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Robertson-20232-381) praised China's economic and climate goals,[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-He-20212-382)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Choi-20192-383) suggested that [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") and China should resolve [cross-strait relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-strait_relations "Cross-strait relations"),[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Liang-20222-384)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Khalaf-20222-385) and was described as having a close relationship with the [Chinese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government "Chinese government").[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-He-20212-382)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Choi-20192-383)
In Europe, Musk expressed support for Ukraine in 2022 during the [Russian invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), recommended referendums and peace deals on the annexed [Russia-occupied territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine "Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine"),[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Oshin-20222-386)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wilson-20222-387) and supported the far-right [Alternative for Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany "Alternative for Germany") political party in 2024.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gold-20242-388)
Regarding [British politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_politics "British politics"), Musk blamed the [2024 UK riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots "2024 United Kingdom riots") on [mass migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom "Modern immigration to the United Kingdom") and [open borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_border "Open border"),[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gregory-20242-389)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News-2024a2-390) criticized Prime Minister [Keir Starmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Starmer "Keir Starmer") for what he described as a "two-tier" policing system,[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-The_Independent-20242-391)[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-The_Daily_Telegraph-20242-392)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News-2024a2-390) and was subsequently attacked as being responsible for spreading [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and amplifying the far-right.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News2-393) He has also voiced his support for far-right UK activist [Tommy Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Robinson "Tommy Robinson") and pledged electoral support for [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK").[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-BBC_News-20252-394)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Turvill-20242-395)
In February 2026, Musk described Spanish Prime Minister [Pedro Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez "Pedro Sánchez") as a "tyrant" following Sánchez's proposal to [prohibit minors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_age_verification_laws_by_country#Spain "Social media age verification laws by country") under the age of 16 from accessing social media platforms.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-396)
Legal affairs
In 2018, Musk was [sued](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Lawsuits_and_controversies "Tesla, Inc.") by the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) for a [tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)") stating that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-137)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-400) The securities fraud lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of [publicly traded companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Goldstein_27-9-18-137)[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-401)[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-OkaneLopatto18-402) Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined \$20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:7-138) Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-403) and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-404) Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-405)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-406)
In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-407) The SEC reacted by asking a court to hold him [in contempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_court "Contempt of court") for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous agreement details,[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-408) including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-409) In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high [imo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acronyms:_I "List of acronyms: I")") violated the agreement.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-410)[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-411) [Freedom of Information Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_\(United_States\) "Freedom of Information Act (United States)") (FOIA)-released records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "[Tesla's solar roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") production volumes and its stock price".[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-412)
In October 2023, the SEC sued Musk over his refusal to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in 2022.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Brodkin-2023-413)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-414)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Regulator_sues_Musk_to_force_testimony_in_X_probe-2023-415) In February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-416) In January 2025, the SEC filed a lawsuit against Musk for securities violations related to his purchase of Twitter.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-417)
In January 2024, Delaware judge [Kathaleen McCormick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathaleen_McCormick "Kathaleen McCormick") ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's \$55 billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-418) McCormick called the compensation granted by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-419) The [Delaware Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court "Delaware Supreme Court") overturned McCormick's decision in December 2025, restoring Musk's compensation package and awarding \$1 in [nominal damages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_damages "Nominal damages").[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-420)
On March 20, 2026, a jury in [San Francisco, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California "San Francisco, California"), found Musk liable for misleading investors during his [acquisition of Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk"), though they absolved him of some fraud allegations, finding he did not "scheme" to defraud investors.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-misleadverdict-421)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-lat-jury-finds-elon-musk-misled-investors-during-twitter-purchase-422) Specifically, Musk was found to have misled shareholders in two tweets, but not in a podcast, as the views he expressed in that were deemed by the jury to be an opinion.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-misleadverdict-421)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-lat-jury-finds-elon-musk-misled-investors-during-twitter-purchase-422) Damages have yet to be calculated, but plaintiffs' lawyers estimated them to be \$2.5 billion.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-423)
Personal life
Musk became a U.S. citizen in 2002.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:6-44) From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-bloomberg20201208-424) He then relocated to [Cameron County, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas "Cameron County, Texas"),[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-425)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-426) saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-bloomberg20201208-424)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-427)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-428)
While hosting *[Saturday Night Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live")* in 2021, Musk stated that he has [Asperger syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome "Asperger syndrome") (an outdated term for a mild strain of [autism spectrum disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism "Autism")), although he has never been formally diagnosed.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-429)[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-430) When asked about his experience growing up with Asperger's syndrome in a [TED conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_\(conference\) "TED (conference)") in Vancouver in 2022, Musk stated that "the social cues were not intuitive ... I would just tend to take things very literally ... but then that turned out to be wrong — \[people were not\] simply saying exactly what they mean, there's all sorts of other things that are meant, and \[it\] took me a while to figure that out."[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-431) Musk suffers from back pain and has undergone several spine-related surgeries, including a [disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc "Intervertebral disc") replacement.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-432)[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-433) In 2000, he contracted a severe case of [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria "Malaria") while on vacation in South Africa.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-434)
Musk has stated he uses doctor-prescribed [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") for occasional depression and that he doses "a small amount once every other week or something like that";[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-435) since January 2024, some media outlets have reported that he takes [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine"), [marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana "Marijuana"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [ecstasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_\(drug\) "Ecstasy (drug)"), [mushrooms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogenic_mushrooms "Hallucinogenic mushrooms"), [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") and other drugs. Musk at first refused to comment on his alleged drug use, before responding that he had not [tested](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test "Drug test") positive for drugs, and that if drugs somehow improved his productivity, "I would definitely take them!".[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-436) *[The New York Times'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* investigations revealed Musk's overuse of ketamine and numerous other drugs, as well as strained family relationships and concerns from close associates who have become troubled by his public behavior as he became more involved in political activities and government work.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-437) According to *The Washington Post*, President Trump described Musk as "a big-time drug addict".[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-438)
Through his own label Emo G Records, Musk released a [rap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap "Rap") track, "RIP [Harambe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harambe "Harambe")", on [SoundCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud "SoundCloud") in March 2019.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-439)[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-440)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Fitzgerald-441) The following year, he released an [EDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music "Electronic dance music") track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Etherington-442)
Musk plays video games, which he stated has a "'restoring effect' that helps his 'mental calibration'".[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-443) Some games he plays include [*Quake*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_\(series\) "Quake (series)"), *[Diablo IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_IV "Diablo IV")*, *[Elden Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elden_Ring "Elden Ring")*, and [*Polytopia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Polytopia "The Battle of Polytopia").[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-444)[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-445) Musk once claimed to be one of the world's top video game players but has since admitted to "[account boosting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosting_\(video_games\) "Boosting (video games)")", or cheating by hiring outside services to achieve top player rankings.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-446)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-447)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gizmodo_Paying-448) Musk has justified the boosting by claiming that all top accounts do it so he has to as well to remain competitive.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-449)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Gizmodo_Paying-448)[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-450) In 2024 and 2025, Musk criticized the video game *[Assassin's Creed Shadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Shadows "Assassin's Creed Shadows")* and its creator [Ubisoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") for "woke" content.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-PC_Gamer_Ratio-451) Musk posted to X that "DEI kills art" and specified the inclusion of the historical figure [Yasuke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuke "Yasuke") in the *Assassin's Creed* game as offensive; he also called the game "terrible". Ubisoft responded by saying that Musk's comments were "just feeding hatred" and that they were focused on producing a game not pushing politics.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-452)[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-453)
Relationships and children
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X_%C3%86_A-Xii,_Elon_Musk_and_Donald_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office_-_P20250207DT-0103_\(54320797642\).jpg)
Musk with his son, X Æ A-Xii, in the [Oval Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office "Oval Office") on February 11, 2025
Musk has fathered at least 14 children, one of whom died as an infant.[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-454) *The Wall Street Journal* reported in 2025 that sources close to Musk suggest that the "true number of Musk's children is much higher than publicly known".[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Mattioli_16APR2025-455) He had six children with his first wife, Canadian author [Justine Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Wilson "Justine Wilson"), whom he met while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in 2000.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Streisand-2015-456) In 2002, their first child Nevada Musk died of [sudden infant death syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome "Sudden infant death syndrome") at the age of 10 weeks.[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-sids-457) After his death, the couple used [in vitro fertilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation "In vitro fertilisation") (IVF) to continue their family;[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-holywoodlife2021-458) they had twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006.[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-holywoodlife2021-458) The couple divorced in 2008 and have [shared custody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_custody_\(United_States\) "Joint custody (United States)") of their children.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-459)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-460) The elder twin he had with Wilson [came out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity "Gender identity") as a [trans woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman "Trans woman") and, in 2022, officially [changed her name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_change "Name change") to [Vivian Jenna Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Wilson "Vivian Wilson"),[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-06-23-22-461) adopting her mother's surname because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-06-23-22-461)
Musk began dating English actress [Talulah Riley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley "Talulah Riley") in 2008.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-462) They married two years later at [Dornoch Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornoch_Cathedral "Dornoch Cathedral") in Scotland.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-marriage-463)[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-464) In 2012, the couple divorced, then remarried the following year.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-talulah-465) After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-talulah-465) Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-466) Musk then dated the American actress [Amber Heard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Heard "Amber Heard") for several months in 2017;[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-467) he had reportedly been "pursuing" her since 2012.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-hollywood-468)
In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician [Grimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes "Grimes") confirmed they were dating.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-469) Grimes and Musk have three children, born in 2020, 2021, and 2022.[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-474) Musk and Grimes originally gave their eldest child the name "X [Æ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86 "Æ") A-12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet;[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-475)[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-476) the names registered on the birth certificate are "X" as a first name, "Æ A-[Xii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals "Roman numerals")" as a middle name, and "Musk" as a last name.[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-477)[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-xaea-xii.cnet-478) They received criticism for choosing a name perceived to be impractical and difficult to pronounce;[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-479) Musk has said the intended pronunciation is "X Ash A Twelve".[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-xaea-xii.cnet-478) Their second child was born via [surrogacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy "Surrogacy").[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-GrimesVanityFair2022-480) Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with [*Time*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)") in December 2021, he said he was single.[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-481)[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-482) In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of X Æ A-Xii.[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-483)[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-484)[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-485) Elon Musk has taken X Æ A-Xii to multiple official events in Washington, D.C. during [Trump's second term in office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump").[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-486)
Also in July 2022, *The Wall Street Journal* reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with [Nicole Shanahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan "Nicole Shanahan"), the wife of Google co-founder [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin"), in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-487) Musk denied the report.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-488) Musk also had a relationship with Australian actress [Natasha Bassett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Bassett "Natasha Bassett"), who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend".[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson20237,_265-489) In October 2024, *The New York Times* reported Musk bought a Texas compound for his children and their mothers,[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-490) though Musk denied having done so.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-491)
Musk also has four children with [Shivon Zilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivon_Zilis "Shivon Zilis"), director of operations and special projects at [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink"): twins born via [IVF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation "In vitro fertilisation") in 2021, a child born in 2024 via surrogacy and a child born in 2025.[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-498)
On February 14, 2025, [Ashley St. Clair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_St._Clair "Ashley St. Clair"), an influencer and author, posted on X claiming to have given birth to Musk's son Romulus five months earlier, which media outlets reported as Musk's supposed thirteenth child.[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-502) On February 22, 2025, it was reported that St Clair had filed for sole custody of her five-month-old son and for Musk to be recognised as the child's father.[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-503)[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-504) On March 31, 2025, Musk wrote that, while he was unsure if he was the father of St. Clair's child, he had paid St. Clair \$2.5 million and would continue paying her \$500,000 per year.[\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-510) Later reporting from the *Wall Street Journal* indicated that \$1 million of these payments to St. Clair were structured as a loan.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Mattioli_16APR2025-455)
Involvement with Jeffrey Epstein
In 2014, Musk and [Ghislaine Maxwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell "Ghislaine Maxwell") appeared together in a photograph taken at an Academy Awards after-party, which Musk later described as a "[photobomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobombing "Photobombing")".[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-511)[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512) The January 2026 [Epstein files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein_files "Epstein files") contain emails between Musk and Epstein from 2012 to 2013, after [Epstein's first conviction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein#First_criminal_case_\(2005%E2%80%932011\) "Jeffrey Epstein").
Emails released on January 30, 2026, indicated that Epstein invited Musk to visit his private island on multiple occasions.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-513) The correspondence showed that while Epstein repeatedly encouraged Musk to attend, Musk did not visit the island. In one instance, Musk discussed the possibility of attending a party with his then-wife [Talulah Riley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley "Talulah Riley") and asked which day would be the "wildest party"; according to the emails, the visit did not take place after Epstein later cancelled the plans.[\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-519)
On [Christmas day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_day "Christmas day") in 2012, Musk emailed Epstein asking "Do you have any parties planned? I’ve been working to the edge of sanity this year and so, once my kids head home after Christmas, I really want to hit the party scene in [St Barts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Barts "St. Barts") or elsewhere and let loose. The invitation is much appreciated, but a peaceful island experience is the opposite of what I’m looking for".[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-RobinsEarly2026-520) Epstein replied that the "ratio on my island" might make Musk's wife uncomfortable to which Musk responded, "Ratio is not a problem for Talulah".[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-RobinsEarly2026-520)
On September 11, 2013, Epstein sent an email asking Musk if he had any plans for coming to New York for the opening of the [United Nations General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly"), saying that many "interesting people" would be coming to Epstein's house. Musk responded that "Flying to NY to see UN diplomats do nothing would be an unwise use of time".[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rascius2026-521) Epstein responded by stating "Do you think i am retarded. Just kidding, there is no one over 25 and all very cute."[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rascius2026-521)
Musk has denied any close relationship with Epstein and described him as a "creep" who attempted to ingratiate himself with influential people.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512) When Musk was asked in 2019 if he introduced Epstein to [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg"), Musk responded: "I don’t recall introducing Epstein to anyone, as I don’t know the guy well enough to do so."[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Rascius2026-521) The released emails nonetheless showed cordial exchanges on a range of topics, including Musk's inquiry about parties on the island.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-theguardian.com-517)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-522)[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512) The correspondence also indicated that Musk suggested hosting Epstein at SpaceX, while Epstein separately discussed plans to tour SpaceX and bring "the girls", though there is no evidence that such a visit occurred.[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-523) Musk has described the release of the files a "distraction", later accusing the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") of suppressing them to protect powerful individuals, including Trump himself.[\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-527)
Wealth
Elon Musk is the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated [net worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth "Net worth") of US\$636 billion as of March 2026, according to the *[Bloomberg Billionaires Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index "Bloomberg Billionaires Index")*,[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-528) and \$809 billion according to *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*,[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-529) primarily from his ownership stakes in [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") and [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.").
Having been first listed on the [*Forbes Billionaires List*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires "The World's Billionaires") in 2012,[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_:1-530) around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_gates-531) although he describes himself as "[cash poor](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cash_poor "wikt:cash poor")".[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_cash-532)[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_wsj-533) According to *Forbes*, he became the first person in the world to achieve a net worth of \$300 billion in 2021; \$400 billion in December 2024;[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_maruf-534) \$500 billion in October 2025;[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_Elon_$500M_Forbes-535) \$600 billion in mid-December 2025;[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_$600B-536) \$700 billion later that month;[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-537) and \$800 billion in February 2026.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_$800B-538)
In November 2025, a Tesla pay package worth potentially \$1 trillion for Musk was approved, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Wealth_of_Elon_Musk_$1_trillion_package_approved-539)
Musk Foundation
The Musk Foundation is a United States–based charitable [foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_\(nonprofit\) "Foundation (nonprofit)") funded and directed primarily by Musk. The foundation is dedicated to promoting [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy"), [crewed space exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration "Space exploration"), [pediatrics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics "Pediatrics"), science and engineering education, and the "development of safe [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") for the benefit of humanity".[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-secretive_foundation-540)
At the end of 2024, the Musk Foundation had over \$14 billion in assets. Since 2020, donations have largely been sent to organizations affiliated with Musk and his businesses.
Public image
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billions_and_Billions_Self-Served.jpg)
Caricature of Musk, [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates"), and [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") concerning their [net worths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth "Net worth"), 2024.
Although his ventures have been highly influential within their separate industries starting in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and impactful decisions, while also often making controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. Musk's actions and [his expressed views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") have made him a polarizing figure.[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Trouble-541) Biographer [Ashlee Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Vance "Ashlee Vance") described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher, part [troll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_\(slang\) "Troll (slang)")" persona on Twitter.[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-celebrity-542) He has drawn denouncement for using his platform to mock the self-selection of [personal pronouns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronoun "Preferred gender pronoun"),[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-543) while also receiving praise for bringing international attention to matters like [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people "British people") survivors of [grooming gangs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooming_gangs_scandal "Grooming gangs scandal").[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-544)
Musk has been described as an American [oligarch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy "Oligarchy") due to his extensive influence over public discourse, social media, industry, politics, and government policy.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-545) After Trump's re-election, Musk's [influence and actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk#United_States "Political activities of Elon Musk") during the transition period and the [second presidency of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") led some to call him "President Musk", the "actual president-elect", "shadow president" or "co-president".[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-546)[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-547)
Accolades
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conectividade_e_Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Amaz%C3%B4nia_com_Elon_Musk_-_52089866211.png)
Musk receiving the [Order of Defence Merit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Defence_Merit "Order of Defence Merit") from the [Brazilian Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces "Brazilian Armed Forces") in 2022[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Costa2022-548)
Awards for his contributions to the development of the [Falcon rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_rocket "Falcon rocket") include the [American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics") George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-549) the [Fédération Aéronautique Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale") Gold Space Medal in 2010,[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-550) and the [Royal Aeronautical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society "Royal Aeronautical Society") Gold Medal in 2012.[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-551) In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University")[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-552) and an [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Honorary_Membership "IEEE Honorary Membership").[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-553) Musk was elected a [Fellow of the Royal Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") (FRS) in 2018.[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-554)[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-556) In 2022, Musk was elected to the [National Academy of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering "National Academy of Engineering").[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-lat20141214-557)
*[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* has listed Musk as [one of the most influential people in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100 "Time 100") in 2010,[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-558) 2013,[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-559) 2018,[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-560) and 2021.[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-561) Musk was selected as *Time*'s "[Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year")" for 2021. Then *Time* editor-in-chief [Edward Felsenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Felsenthal "Edward Felsenthal") wrote that, "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too."[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-562)[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-563)
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-1)** One of the 14 is deceased.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-77)** Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-75)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-vance89-76)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-109)** SpaceX received nearly \$900 million in [Federal Communications Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") subsidies for Starlink.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-107)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-108)
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-178)** He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of US securities laws and the centerpiece of a current [SEC investigation and lawsuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_investigation_into_the_acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "SEC investigation into the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") against him.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-twitter_buy-177)
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-293)** The "Roman salute" is a gesture which was used by [Italian Fascists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascist "Italian Fascist"), then adopted by the Nazis. It is not believed to have been used by ancient Romans.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-292)
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-400)** Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of \$420 a share, an alleged reference to [marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_\(drug\) "Cannabis (drug)").[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-397) Members of Tesla's board and rapper [Azealia Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azealia_Banks "Azealia Banks") alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-398)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-399)
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-474)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-470)[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-471)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-472)[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-473)
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-498)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Zilis-492)[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-493)[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-NYTTAU-494)[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WhoIs-495)[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-496)[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-497)
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-502)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Mattioli_16APR2025-455)[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-499)[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-500)[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-501)
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-510)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-505)[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-506)[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-507)[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-508)[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-509)
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-519)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-e-514)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-515)[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-Robins-Early-516)[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:13-512)[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-theguardian.com-517)[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:4-518)
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-527)** Attributed to mutliple sources:[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-WSJ-timeline2-524)[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:4-518)[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-doj-525)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-:14-526)
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-556)** In 2024, Musk's [Royal Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society "Royal Society") membership was criticized by 74 members over his alleged anti-scientific behavior and promotion of misinformation, prompting debates about the society's standards on membership and leading to the resignation of [Dorothy Bishop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_V._M._Bishop "Dorothy V. M. Bishop"), a neuropsychologist at the [University of Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "University of Oxford"), who cited her dissatisfaction with the Society's response.[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_note-555)
References
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Eligon-2022_2-2)
Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). ["Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221111015804/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html) from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-3)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), pp. 25, 31.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-sjmn20140411_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-sjmn20140411_4-1)
Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). ["Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk"](https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/04/10/2014-rocket-man-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/). *[The Mercury News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_News "The Mercury News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk) from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-5)**
Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). ["At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527053447/http://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/) from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Biog_6-0)** [His biography author Ashlee Vance](https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/203/) interviewed on the TV show *Triangulation* on the [TWiT.tv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWiT.tv "TWiT.tv") network, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-7)**
Vargas, Chanel (March 6, 2018). ["11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk"](https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/). *Town & Country*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023138/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/) from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Usborne-2018_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Usborne-2018_8-1)
Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018). ["Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200527001143/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family) from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-9)**
Minks, Caroline (March 4, 2025). ["How did Elon Musk become a Canadian citizen?"](https://www.cicnews.com/2025/03/how-did-elon-musk-become-a-canadian-citizen-0352253.html). *CIC News*. Retrieved August 23, 2025.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Isaacson_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Isaacson_10-1) [Isaacson (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Isaacson), p. 23.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-11)**
Hull, Dana; May, Patrick. ["Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk"](https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html). *[The Buffalo News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News "The Buffalo News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220926055648/https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html) from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-NewYorker2009_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-NewYorker2009_12-1)
Friend, Tad (August 17, 2009). ["Plugged In"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in). *[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220308155550/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in) from the original on March 8, 2022.
12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Smith_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-Smith_13-1)
Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). ["50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html). *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034322/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html) from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021. "teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: "We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe," adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. "And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets.""
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-14)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), pp. 26–30.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-:8_15-0)** [Isaacson (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Isaacson), p. 16.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-McGreal_16-0)**
McGreal, Chris (January 26, 2025). ["How the roots of the 'PayPal mafia' extend to apartheid South Africa"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/26/elon-musk-peter-thiel-apartheid-south-africa). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved January 28, 2025.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-17)**
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[Junod, Tom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Junod "Tom Junod") (November 15, 2012). ["Elon Musk: Triumph of His Will"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200818171231/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/). *Esquire*. Archived from [the original](https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/) on August 18, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
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38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-39)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), p. 45. *After a 1,900-mile bus ride, he ended up in Swift Current, a town of fifteen thousand people. Musk called a second cousin out of the blue from the bus station and hitched a ride to his house.*
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40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-41)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), p. 46. *Musk spent the next year working a series of odd jobs around Canada. He tended vegetables and shoved out grain bins at a cousin's farm located in the tiny town of Waldeck. ... He inquired about the job with the best wage, which turned out to be a gig cleaning the boiler room of a lumber mill for eighteen dollars an hour.*
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-42)** [Vance (2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#Vance), pp. 46–47. *Elon ended up enrolling at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1989.*
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56. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-shower_57-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-shower_57-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-shower_57-2)
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@elonmusk (December 28, 2019). ["We started Zip2 with ~\$2k from me plus my overclocked home-built PC, ~\$5k from my bro & ~\$8k from Greg Kouri (such a good guy — he is greatly missed). My Dad provided 10% of a ~\$200k angel funding round much later, but by then risk was reduced & round would've happened anyway"](https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1211064937004589056) ([Tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)")) – via [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter").
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Ghaffary, Shirin (May 20, 2023). ["Elon Musk won't stop tweeting his way into trouble"](https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/5/20/23730607/elon-musk-conspiracy-twitter-texas-shooting-bellingcat-taylor-lorenz-psyops). *Vox*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231027100923/https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/5/20/23730607/elon-musk-conspiracy-twitter-texas-shooting-bellingcat-taylor-lorenz-psyops) from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
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Robertson, Nic; Davey-Attlee, Florence; Kennedy, Niamh (February 6, 2025). ["Musk's posts on UK child sex abuse gangs cast a spotlight on survivors. But he also stoked the fire of the far-right"](https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/06/uk/musk-uk-child-sex-abuse-gbr-intl-cmd). *CNN*. Retrieved October 4, 2025.
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Parker, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh; Scherer, Michael (November 13, 2024). ["Elon Musk, the richest man in the world, becomes Donald Trump's 'first buddy'"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/11/13/elon-musk-trump-presidential-transition/). *The Washington Post*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). Retrieved December 19, 2024. "Now, during the transition, Musk has emerged somewhere between unofficial co-president and "first buddy", as he put it in an X posting — bounding in and out of meetings, sitting in on phone calls, weighing résumés and generally becoming as ubiquitous at Mar-a-Lago as the club's gilded inlay."
531. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-547)**
Metzger, Bryan (December 19, 2024). ["Trump team makes clear Elon Musk isn't the leader of the GOP"](https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-team-says-elon-musk-is-not-actually-in-charge-2024-12). *Business Insider*. "It came after scores of Democrats baited Trump with social media posts accusing Musk of being the actual president-elect, the "shadow president", "President Musk" or the "co-president"."
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Costa, Mariana (May 20, 2022). ["Musk recebe de Bolsonaro a medalha de Ordem do Mérito da Defesa"](https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/musk-recebe-de-bolsonaro-a-medalha-de-ordem-do-merito-da-defesa) \[Musk receives the Order of Defense Merit medal from Bolsonaro\]. *Metrópoles* (in Brazilian Portuguese). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230205115416/https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/musk-recebe-de-bolsonaro-a-medalha-de-ordem-do-merito-da-defesa) from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
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["Barron Hilton and Elon Musk honoured with the highest FAI awards"](https://www.fai.org/news/barron-hilton-and-elon-musk-honoured-highest-fai-awards). [Fédération Aéronautique Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale"). December 16, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150419204916/http://www.fai.org/envc-awards/envc-news-awards/35094-barron-hilton-and-elon-musk-honoured-with-the-highest-awards) from the original on April 19, 2015.
535. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-551)**
["2012 RAeS Gold Medal"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121128025956/http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight/2012/11/23/video-elon-musk-interview/7553/). Archived from [the original](http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight/2012/11/23/video-elon-musk-interview/7553) on November 28, 2012.
536. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-552)**
["SEAS Celebrates Class of 2015, Honors Innovators Elon Musk and Dean Kamen"](https://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/seas-celebrates-class-2015-honors-innovators-elon-musk-and-dean-kamen). [Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Engineering_%26_Applied_Science "Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science"). May 18, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150520024948/http://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/seas-celebrates-class-2015-honors-innovators-elon-musk-and-dean-kamen) from the original on May 20, 2015.
537. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-553)**
["IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021316/http://www.ieee.org/documents/hon_mem_rl.pdf) (PDF). [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"). Archived from [the original](https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/hon_mem_rl.pdf) (PDF) on June 29, 2011.
538. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-554)**
["Elon Musk elected as Fellow of the Royal Society"](https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-elected-as-fellow-of-the-royal-society-11365298). Sky News. May 9, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210104135155/https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-elected-as-fellow-of-the-royal-society-11365298) from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
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["Elon Musk is causing problems for the Royal Society"](https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/11/28/elon-musk-is-causing-problems-for-the-royal-society). *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")*. November 28, 2024. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0013-0613](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613). Retrieved December 1, 2024.
540. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-lat20141214_557-0)**
["For breakthroughs in the design, engineering, manufacturing, and operation of reusable launch vehicles and sustainable transportation and energy systems"](https://www.nae.edu/271501.aspx). National Academy of Engineering. February 9, 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220325232302/https://www.nae.edu/271501.aspx) from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
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543. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-560)**
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544. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-561)**
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545. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#cite_ref-562)**
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[Felsenthal, Edward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Felsenthal "Edward Felsenthal") (December 13, 2021). ["Time 2021 The choice Elon Musk"](https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2021-elon-musk-choice/). *Time*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211213124509/https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2021-elon-musk-choice/) from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
Works cited
- [Belfiore, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Belfiore "Michael Belfiore") (2007). *Rocketeers*. New York: HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-06-114902-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114902-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114902-3")
.
- [Berger, Eric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Berger_\(journalist\) "Eric Berger (journalist)") (2021). *Liftoff*. William Morrow and Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-06-297997-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-297997-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-06-297997-1")
.
- [Isaacson, Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson") (2023). *[Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_\(Isaacson_book\) "Elon Musk (Isaacson book)")*. New York: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-9821-8128-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8128-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8128-4")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1395888338](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338).
- [Jackson, Eric M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_M._Jackson "Eric M. Jackson") (2004). *[The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_PayPal_Wars "The PayPal Wars")*. Los Angeles, California: World Ahead Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-9746701-0-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9746701-0-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9746701-0-2")
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- Kidder, David; [Hoffman, Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") (2013). *The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs*. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4521-0504-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0504-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0504-8")
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- [Vance, Ashlee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Vance "Ashlee Vance") (2017) \[2015\]. *[Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future "Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future")* (2nd ed.). New York: Ecco. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-06-230125-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-230125-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-06-230125-3")
.
Further reading
- [Conger, Kate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Conger "Kate Conger"); [Mac, Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Mac "Ryan Mac") (2024). [*Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Limit:_How_Elon_Musk_Destroyed_Twitter "Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter") (1st hardcover ed.). New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0593656136](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593656136 "Special:BookSources/978-0593656136")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1432234243](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1432234243).
- [Farrow, Ronan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Farrow "Ronan Farrow") (August 28, 2023) \[August 21, 2023 (online)\]. ["Elon Musk's Shadow Rule"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/08/28/elon-musks-shadow-rule). A Reporter at Large (story series). *[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
- Tarnoff, Ben, ["Ultra Hardcore"](https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/01/18/ultra-hardcore-elon-musk-walter-isaacson/) (subscription required) (review of [Walter Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson "Walter Isaacson"), *Elon Musk*, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 670 pp.), *[The New York Review of Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books "The New York Review of Books")*, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (January 18, 2024), pp. 6, 8, 10. "There is an anti-modern impulse to Musk, a craving for lordship that can't be entirely satisfied within the confines of a capitalist economy. A king doesn't have advertisers or shareholders or customers, and Musk, if he continues on his current trajectory, may very well be abandoned by all three. [Aristotle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle") says a good ending should be surprising but inevitable. It's possible to imagine multiple finales for Musk that meet these criteria, but the story always begins the same way. Once upon a time in [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria "Pretoria"), there was a boy who wanted to be a man." (p. 10.)
External links
- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?1020671) on [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN")
- [Elon Musk](https://www.littlesis.org/person/38805) on [LittleSis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LittleSis "LittleSis"), a website that publishes data on who-knows-who between government, donors and business [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317521#P3398 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Elon Musk](https://x.com/elonmusk) on [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_\(social_network\) "X (social network)")
- [Elon Musk](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1907769/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)") |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Elon_Musk s443 |