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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa114)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines","crawl_time":1754537781,"first_indexed_time":0,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Divorce in the Philippines - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Divorce  is a contentious issue for the  Philippines , which has a  predominantly Catholic population  even though other nation\/states of such characterization already have it. It is not typically legally available to Filipino citizens, and  annulment  is the usual legal alternative. The Muslim Personal Code, however, allows for divorce for couples who got  married through the Islamic rite  under specific circumstances. [ 1 ]  The Philippines is often cited as the \"only country in the world\" where divorce is illegal, aside from the  Vatican City  after  Malta  had divorce legalized in 2011. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Couples may also opt for  legal separation , alternatively referred to as \"relative divorce\", although this process does not dissolve the marriage. Relative divorce is contrasted with \"absolute divorce\", a setup where previously married individuals are allowed to remarry. [ 5 ] There have been several attempts to legalize absolute divorce in the Philippine Congress. [ 6 ] Spanish colonial era [ edit ] During the  Spanish era  in the Philippines, absolute divorce was unrecognized. The colony was under the jurisdiction of the  Siete Partidas , which only ever granted couples \"relative divorce,\" which is  mensa et thoro  or legal separation and does not legally dissolve the actual marital ties. The following are the prerequisite for a relative divorce under the  Siete Partidas . [ 5 ] [ 7 ] One spouse seeks to enter a religious order with consent from the other Adultery  has been committed by either spouse Heresy  has been demonstrated by one of the spouses, or the spouse has converted to Islam or Judaism American colonial era [ edit ] The United States would take over the Philippines after the conclusion of the  Spanish–American War . During this period Act No. 2710, or the Divorce Law, became law on March 11, 1917. The legislation provided for  divorce a vinculo matrimonii  or absolute divorce. Divorce permissibility was fault-based, with the following prerequisite. [ 7 ] Adultery must have been committed by the wife, with criminal conviction Concubinage must have been committed by the husband, with criminal conviction Japanese occupation [ edit ] When the  Japanese Empire  occupied the Philippines during the  World War II , the Japanese-installed  Philippine Executive Commission  issued Executive Order No. 141 on March 25, 1943, which repealed Act No. 2710 and expanded the divorce law in the archipelago through the new decree providing eleven grounds for a valid absolute divorce. [ 7 ]  Following the end of Axis occupation of the islands and the proclamation of the revival of the  Philippine Commonwealth  on October 23, 1944 by General  Douglas MacArthur , [ 5 ]  Act No. 2710 became, once again, the prevailing law on divorce matters in the Philippines. [ 8 ] Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era [ edit ] Following the  Philippines independence from the United States  in the Philippines in 1946, Act No. 2710 remained applicable for a time. Until the enactment of the Republic Act No. 386 or the  Civil Code  on August 30, 1950 which only allowed for legal separation or what was before known as 'relative divorce' and does not allow for absolute divorce. [ 5 ]  The grounds were adultery\/concubinage by a spouse and an attempt on one's life of one spouse over another. There was deliberation within the Code Commission to include provisions on absolute divorce which was opposed by conservatives. [ 8 ] The Civil Code would be updated through the Family Code in 1987 but the newer law did not allow for absolute divorce. [ 8 ]  The Civil Code allows for divorce for Muslims for a period of twenty years.\n In 1977, President  Ferdinand Marcos  enacted the  Code of Muslim Personal Laws  which included absolute divorce provisions for Muslims.\n Presidents  Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Benigno Aquino III , [ 11 ] [ 12 ]  and  Rodrigo Duterte [ 13 ]  have expressed they would not support the passage of an absolute divorce bill during their presidencies, although Aquino mentioned he was open to a 'legal separation' law which would allow couples to remarry. [ 11 ] Current president  Bongbong Marcos  has said that he was open to legalizing divorce when he was still a candidate for the  2022 presidential election  provided that the option is not made \"easy\". [ 14 ] Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry [ edit ] The  Family Code  provides that Philippine courts can recognize any divorce obtained by Filipinos from foreign spouses overseas for as along as the proceeding is valid under the law of the foreign spouse's country. In addition, the regional trial court can take cognizance of a conjunctive petition for declaration of the capacity to remarry. [ 15 ] A widely-known example of this is the case of former celebrity couple  Carla Abellana  and  Tom Rodriguez . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] . Rodriguez is a US citizen, and is currently unclear if he also reacquired his Filipino citizenship. A publication about the topic however implies that it's not possible that both of them have Filipino citizenship as of the time of divorce. [ 18 ] By custom or rite of union [ edit ] Several  indigenous peoples ' cultures recognize divorce in their marriages including the  Ibaloi  of  Benguet , [ 19 ] Tagbanwa  of  Palawan ,  Gaddangs  of  Nueva Vizcaya , the  Kankanaeys  and  Bontocs  of the  Cordilleras , and the  Manobos  and  B'laans  of  Mindanao . [ 7 ]  However, the dissolution of marriages conducted under indigenous peoples' rites through divorce are not recognized by the government. [ 19 ] The  Code of Muslim Personal Laws  of 1977 allows divorce for  Filipino Muslims , many of who are part of the  Moro people . [ 20 ]  Divorce is unavailable for Muslims, including converts, who got married under the Civil Code. [ 21 ] Transnational marriages [ edit ] Where a non-Filipino is married to a Filipino citizen and a divorce is obtained abroad by the non-Filipino spouse, the Filipino spouse can remarry under Philippine law, [ 22 ]  even if the non-Filipino spouse acquired foreign citizenship after the marriage. [ 23 ] The following are the current proposals to legalize divorce in the current  19th Congress of the Philippines .\n Instituting absolute divorce and dissolution of marriage in the Philippines \/ House Bill No. 4998 – by Davao del Norte 1st district representative  Pantaleon Alvarez ; [ 24 ] Dissolution of Marriage Act (2022) – by Senator  Risa Hontiveros ;  no-fault divorce ; parties are not prove criminal offense or 'psychological incapacity' of one party. [ 25 ] Unnumbered consolidated bill [ 26 ]  – absence of  no-fault  provision, excluded chronic unhappiness as grounds. Absolute Divorce Act [ edit ] On May 15, 2024, the  House of Representatives  in a  plenary session  presided by  Aurelio Gonzales Jr.  via  voice vote  approved on  \"Second Reading\"  \" Edcel Lagman \" House  Bill  9349, the proposed \"Absolute Divorce Act\". As the spouses' fourth way to separate, the bill enumerated limited grounds of the petition as defined by  Loreto B. Acharon : Article 45 of the Family Code on  annulment of marriage , spouses'  de facto  5 years separation,  gender-affirming surgery  by a spouse or  gender transition ,  psychological incapacity  under Article 36 of the Family Code,  irreconcilable differences ,  domestic, marital abuse  or physical violence under Republic Act 9262, the  Violence against women  and Their Children Act of 2004 and  moral pressure  to change religious or political  affiliation . The  legal separation  grounds under the Article 97 of the New  Civil Code of the Philippines  (2) and Article 55 of the  Family Code of the Philippines  (10) are also, for now, absolute divorce grounds. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ]  The bill also provides validity recognition of a foreign  divorce decree  by either the  alien  or Filipino spouse with proper  authentication  by the Philippine  Consul . [ 31 ] The legalization of divorce has been opposed on religious grounds. Among those groups who oppose it are the Roman Catholic Church. [ 32 ] Opponents of legalization of divorce have also argued that the state sanctioning such process is unconstitutional on the basis of the provision which mandates the state to uphold the \"sanctity of marriage and its being the foundation of the family\". [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Views of religious groups [ edit ] The  Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines  through the  Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines  (CBCP) has historically lobbied against any legislation to legalize absolute divorce in the country viewing the sanction of the state of such process as \"anti-marriage\" and \"anti-family\". [ 32 ] [ 37 ]  It maintains that the process of legal separation and  annulment  for aggrieved married couples are sufficient. [ 38 ] Bishop  Socrates Villegas  as  CBCP President  in 2015, in a published position argued that legalizing divorce is contrary to human rights especially of the children of divorce couples. He said that allowing divorce would deter couples from working on their relationship first. He added that children whose married parents availed legal separation are already traumatized and that divorce would allow \"a total stranger\" to enter their lives in a form of a new legal spouse which would make their situation worse. [ 39 ] In May 2024, the CBCP's Fr. Jerome Secillano told the  Philippine Daily Inquirer  that it strongly opposes the bill's approval for being \"anti-family, anti-marriage and anti-children and a betrayal of their constitutional mandate to uphold marriage and the family.” [ 40 ] The  Couples for Christ  strongly opposed any divorce law in the Philippines. In June 2024, it published a  manifesto  stating \"Marriages formed in love and mutual understanding can be happy, enduring, and fulfilling.\" It stressed that  single parent  children become victims of parental  breakup  resulting in permanent emotional, psychological, financial or even physical  social stigma . [ 41 ] Other Christian groups [ edit ] The  Iglesia ni Cristo  prohibits its members from availing  divorce , and maintains that couples in a troubled marriages should work on their differences. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Bishop Modesto Villasanta of the  United Church of Christ in the Philippines  (UCCP) meanwhile expressed that his group is open to discuss the issue of divorce. Villasanta states that it is \"up to the Church on how they will teach their people the importance of marriage and not on barring its (a divorce bill's) approval\". [ 44 ] Alternatives to divorce [ edit ] While divorce is largely not recognized by the state, marriages can be ended in the Philippines through annulment or declaring it null and void. Couples can also avail of legal separation. [ 45 ] Method\n Grounds\n Limitations\n Notes\n Legal separation\n Repeated violence and physical abuse Sexual infidelity Conviction of a criminal offense with a penalty of more than six years Abandonment Either parties cannot remarry or have sexual relations with a third party\n Declaration of nullity of marriage\n Nonvalid marriages\n Minors married without parental consent Married by an unauthorized person Bigamous marriages 'Mistaken identity' Incestuous marriages Children arising from couples under voided marriages are considered as illegitimate\n Annulment  (Civil)\n Minors married without parental consent Individuals who have been of 'unsound mind' at the time of marriages Couples married under 'deceitful circumstances'\n Included failure of one to inform the other party:\n Infliction of a sexually transmitted disease Pregnancy involving another man Criminal conviction of one party Addiction Impotence Homosexuality 'Psychological incapacity' of one party which caused the inability to perform one's marital obligations  (e.g. Philippine Law school staple \"Chi Ming Tsoi\" case  [ 46 ] ) Annulment sought from religious institutions does not automatically void marriages. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Marriage is considered valid by the state until the point it was annulled\n Divorce for couples who are \"irreconcilably separated\"\n Date\n For\n Against\n Undecided\n Conducted by\n Ref. May 2005 43% 45% 12% Social Weather Stations [ 49 ] [ 50 ] March 2011 50% 32% 16%\n December 2014 60% 29% 11%\n March 2015 48% 35% 17%\n September 2016 55% 30% 14%\n March 2017 51% 32% 17%\n December 2017 55% 31% 14%\n December 2019 50% 39% 12%\n September 2021 46% 36% 17%\n March 2023 65% 21% 15%\n June 2023 55% 27% 17%\n March 2024 50% 32% 17%\n","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages)\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Divorce+in+the+Philippines \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Divorce+in+the+Philippines \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Divorce+in+the+Philippines \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Divorce+in+the+Philippines \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPages for logged out editors [learn more](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction)\n\n- [Contributions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyContributions \"A list of edits made from this IP address [y]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyTalk \"Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Spanish colonial era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Spanish_colonial_era)\n  - [1\\.2 American colonial era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#American_colonial_era)\n  - [1\\.3 Japanese occupation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Japanese_occupation)\n  - [1\\.4 Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Post-Commonwealth_and_contemporary_era)\n    - [1\\.4.1 Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Judicial_recognition_of_foreign_divorce_decree_and_declaration_of_capacity_to_remarry)\n- [2 By custom or rite of union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#By_custom_or_rite_of_union)\n  Toggle By custom or rite of union subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Indigenous peoples](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Indigenous_peoples)\n  - [2\\.2 Muslims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Muslims)\n  - [2\\.3 Transnational marriages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Transnational_marriages)\n- [3 Legalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Legalization)\n  Toggle Legalization subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Current proposals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Current_proposals)\n  - [3\\.2 Absolute Divorce Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Absolute_Divorce_Act)\n- [4 Opposition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Opposition)\n- [5 Views of religious groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Views_of_religious_groups)\n  Toggle Views of religious groups subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Catholic Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Catholic_Church)\n  - [5\\.2 Other Christian groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Other_Christian_groups)\n- [6 Alternatives to divorce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Alternatives_to_divorce)\n- [7 Opinion polling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Opinion_polling)\n- [8 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#See_also)\n- [9 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#References)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Divorce in the Philippines\nAdd languages\n\n[Add links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q117751696#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Add interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Divorce_in_the_Philippines \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1301702261 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&id=1301702261&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDivorce_in_the_Philippines)\n- [Download QR code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDivorce_in_the_Philippines)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q117751696 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n[Divorce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce \"Divorce\") is a contentious issue for the [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines \"Philippines\"), which has a [predominantly Catholic population](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines \"Catholic Church in the Philippines\") even though other nation\/states of such characterization already have it. It is not typically legally available to Filipino citizens, and [annulment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annulment \"Annulment\") is the usual legal alternative. The Muslim Personal Code, however, allows for divorce for couples who got [married through the Islamic rite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage_in_Islam \"Marriage in Islam\") under specific circumstances.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-1) The Philippines is often cited as the \"only country in the world\" where divorce is illegal, aside from the [Vatican City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vatican_City \"Vatican City\") after [Malta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malta \"Malta\") had divorce legalized in 2011.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-4)\n\nCouples may also opt for [legal separation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_separation \"Legal separation\"), alternatively referred to as \"relative divorce\", although this process does not dissolve the marriage. Relative divorce is contrasted with \"absolute divorce\", a setup where previously married individuals are allowed to remarry.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5)\n\nThere have been several attempts to legalize absolute divorce in the Philippine Congress.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-6)\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\n### Spanish colonial era\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Spanish colonial era\")\\]\n\nDuring the [Spanish era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Colonial_Era_\\(Philippines\\) \"Spanish Colonial Era (Philippines)\") in the Philippines, absolute divorce was unrecognized. The colony was under the jurisdiction of the *[Siete Partidas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siete_Partidas \"Siete Partidas\")*, which only ever granted couples \"relative divorce,\" which is *[mensa et thoro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_separation \"Legal separation\")* or legal separation and does not legally dissolve the actual marital ties. The following are the prerequisite for a relative divorce under the *Siete Partidas*.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7)\n\n- One spouse seeks to enter a religious order with consent from the other\n- [Adultery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adultery \"Adultery\") has been committed by either spouse\n- [Heresy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heresy \"Heresy\") has been demonstrated by one of the spouses, or the spouse has converted to Islam or Judaism\n\n### American colonial era\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: American colonial era\")\\]\n\nThe United States would take over the Philippines after the conclusion of the [Spanish–American War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\"). During this period Act No. 2710, or the Divorce Law, became law on March 11, 1917. The legislation provided for *divorce a vinculo matrimonii* or absolute divorce. Divorce permissibility was fault-based, with the following prerequisite.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7)\n\n- Adultery must have been committed by the wife, with criminal conviction\n- Concubinage must have been committed by the husband, with criminal conviction\n\n### Japanese occupation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Japanese occupation\")\\]\n\nWhen the [Japanese Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_Empire \"Japanese Empire\") occupied the Philippines during the [World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the Japanese-installed [Philippine Executive Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Executive_Commission \"Philippine Executive Commission\") issued Executive Order No. 141 on March 25, 1943, which repealed Act No. 2710 and expanded the divorce law in the archipelago through the new decree providing eleven grounds for a valid absolute divorce.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7) Following the end of Axis occupation of the islands and the proclamation of the revival of the [Philippine Commonwealth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Commonwealth \"Philippine Commonwealth\") on October 23, 1944 by General [Douglas MacArthur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\"),[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5) Act No. 2710 became, once again, the prevailing law on divorce matters in the Philippines.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-pcw1-8)\n\n### Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era\")\\]\n\nFollowing the [Philippines independence from the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_Day_\\(Philippines\\) \"Republic Day (Philippines)\") in the Philippines in 1946, Act No. 2710 remained applicable for a time. Until the enactment of the Republic Act No. 386 or the [Civil Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Code_of_the_Philippines \"Civil Code of the Philippines\") on August 30, 1950 which only allowed for legal separation or what was before known as 'relative divorce' and does not allow for absolute divorce.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5) The grounds were adultery\/concubinage by a spouse and an attempt on one's life of one spouse over another. There was deliberation within the Code Commission to include provisions on absolute divorce which was opposed by conservatives.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-pcw1-8)\n\nThe Civil Code would be updated through the Family Code in 1987 but the newer law did not allow for absolute divorce.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-pcw1-8) The Civil Code allows for divorce for Muslims for a period of twenty years.\n\nIn 1977, President [Ferdinand Marcos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ferdinand_Marcos \"Ferdinand Marcos\") enacted the [Code of Muslim Personal Laws](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Code_of_Muslim_Personal_Laws \"Code of Muslim Personal Laws\") which included absolute divorce provisions for Muslims.\n\nPresidents [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo \"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo\"),[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-10) [Benigno Aquino III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benigno_Aquino_III \"Benigno Aquino III\"),[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-aquino1-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-korean-herald-12) and [Rodrigo Duterte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rodrigo_Duterte \"Rodrigo Duterte\")[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-13) have expressed they would not support the passage of an absolute divorce bill during their presidencies, although Aquino mentioned he was open to a 'legal separation' law which would allow couples to remarry.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-aquino1-11)\n\nCurrent president [Bongbong Marcos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bongbong_Marcos \"Bongbong Marcos\") has said that he was open to legalizing divorce when he was still a candidate for the [2022 presidential election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Philippine_presidential_election \"2022 Philippine presidential election\") provided that the option is not made \"easy\".[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-14)\n\n#### Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry\")\\]\n\nThe [Family Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_Code_of_the_Philippines \"Family Code of the Philippines\") provides that Philippine courts can recognize any divorce obtained by Filipinos from foreign spouses overseas for as along as the proceeding is valid under the law of the foreign spouse's country. In addition, the regional trial court can take cognizance of a conjunctive petition for declaration of the capacity to remarry.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-15)\n\nA widely-known example of this is the case of former celebrity couple [Carla Abellana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carla_Abellana \"Carla Abellana\") and [Tom Rodriguez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Rodriguez \"Tom Rodriguez\").[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-rappler_2022_divorce-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-inq_divorce_final-17). Rodriguez is a US citizen, and is currently unclear if he also reacquired his Filipino citizenship. A publication about the topic however implies that it's not possible that both of them have Filipino citizenship as of the time of divorce.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-faq_2-18)\n\n## By custom or rite of union\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: By custom or rite of union\")\\]\n\n### Indigenous peoples\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Indigenous peoples\")\\]\n\nSeveral [indigenous peoples](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines \"Indigenous peoples of the Philippines\")' cultures recognize divorce in their marriages including the [Ibaloi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibaloi_people \"Ibaloi people\") of [Benguet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benguet \"Benguet\"),[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-ibaloi-19) [Tagbanwa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tagbanwa \"Tagbanwa\") of [Palawan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palawan \"Palawan\"), [Gaddangs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaddang_people \"Gaddang people\") of [Nueva Vizcaya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nueva_Vizcaya \"Nueva Vizcaya\"), the [Kankanaeys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kankanaey_people \"Kankanaey people\") and [Bontocs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bontoc_people \"Bontoc people\") of the [Cordilleras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordillera_Administrative_Region \"Cordillera Administrative Region\"), and the [Manobos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manobo \"Manobo\") and [B'laans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blaan_people \"Blaan people\") of [Mindanao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindanao \"Mindanao\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7) However, the dissolution of marriages conducted under indigenous peoples' rites through divorce are not recognized by the government.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-ibaloi-19)\n\n### Muslims\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Muslims\")\\]\n\nThe [Code of Muslim Personal Laws](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Code_of_Muslim_Personal_Laws \"Code of Muslim Personal Laws\") of 1977 allows divorce for [Filipino Muslims](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filipino_Muslims \"Filipino Muslims\"), many of who are part of the [Moro people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moro_people \"Moro people\").[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-20) Divorce is unavailable for Muslims, including converts, who got married under the Civil Code.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-21)\n\n### Transnational marriages\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Transnational marriages\")\\]\n\nWhere a non-Filipino is married to a Filipino citizen and a divorce is obtained abroad by the non-Filipino spouse, the Filipino spouse can remarry under Philippine law,[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-22) even if the non-Filipino spouse acquired foreign citizenship after the marriage.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-23)\n\n## Legalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Legalization\")\\]\n\n### Current proposals\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Current proposals\")\\]\n\nThe following are the current proposals to legalize divorce in the current [19th Congress of the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines \"19th Congress of the Philippines\").\n\n- Instituting absolute divorce and dissolution of marriage in the Philippines \/ House Bill No. 4998 – by Davao del Norte 1st district representative [Pantaleon Alvarez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pantaleon_Alvarez \"Pantaleon Alvarez\");[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-24)\n- Dissolution of Marriage Act (2022) – by Senator [Risa Hontiveros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risa_Hontiveros \"Risa Hontiveros\"); [no-fault divorce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-fault_divorce \"No-fault divorce\"); parties are not prove criminal offense or 'psychological incapacity' of one party.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-no-fault-hontiveros-25)\n- Unnumbered consolidated bill[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-house-panel-26) – absence of [no-fault](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-fault_divorce \"No-fault divorce\") provision, excluded chronic unhappiness as grounds.\n\n- Senate Bill 2443 - On September 20, 2023, the [Philippine Senate Committee on Women, Children, Family Relations and Gender Equality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Senate_Committee_on_Women,_Children,_Family_Relations_and_Gender_Equality \"Philippine Senate Committee on Women, Children, Family Relations and Gender Equality\") Panel's Committee Report 124 recommended the approval of Senate Bill 2443 It is a substitution of consolidated Senate Bills 147, 213, 237, 554, 555, 1198 and 2047 on the \"Dissolution of Marriage Act\" sponsored by committee chair Sen. [Risa Hontiveros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risa_Hontiveros \"Risa Hontiveros\"). The bill defines absolute divorce as the “legal termination of a marriage by a court in a legal proceeding.”[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-27)\n\n### Absolute Divorce Act\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Absolute Divorce Act\")\\]\n\nOn May 15, 2024, the [House of Representatives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines \"House of Representatives of the Philippines\") in a [plenary session](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plenary_session \"Plenary session\") presided by [Aurelio Gonzales Jr.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aurelio_Gonzales_Jr. \"Aurelio Gonzales Jr.\") via [voice vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voice_vote \"Voice vote\") approved on [\"Second Reading\"](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reading_\\(legislature\\) \"Reading (legislature)\") \"[Edcel Lagman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edcel_Lagman \"Edcel Lagman\")\" House [Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bill_\\(law\\) \"Bill (law)\") 9349, the proposed \"Absolute Divorce Act\". As the spouses' fourth way to separate, the bill enumerated limited grounds of the petition as defined by [Loreto B. Acharon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Santos%27s_at-large_congressional_district \"General Santos's at-large congressional district\"): Article 45 of the Family Code on [annulment of marriage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annulment_of_marriage \"Annulment of marriage\"), spouses' [de facto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_facto \"De facto\") 5 years separation, [gender-affirming surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender-affirming_surgery \"Gender-affirming surgery\") by a spouse or [gender transition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender_transition \"Gender transition\"), [psychological incapacity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorder \"Mental disorder\") under Article 36 of the Family Code, [irreconcilable differences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irreconcilable_differences \"Irreconcilable differences\"), [domestic, marital abuse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domestic_violence \"Domestic violence\") or physical violence under Republic Act 9262, the [Violence against women](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Violence_against_women \"Violence against women\") and Their Children Act of 2004 and [moral pressure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_influence \"Social influence\") to change religious or political [affiliation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Affiliation_\\(family_law\\) \"Affiliation (family law)\"). The [legal separation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_separation \"Legal separation\") grounds under the Article 97 of the New [Civil Code of the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Code_of_the_Philippines \"Civil Code of the Philippines\") (2) and Article 55 of the [Family Code of the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_Code_of_the_Philippines \"Family Code of the Philippines\") (10) are also, for now, absolute divorce grounds.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-28)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-29)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-30) The bill also provides validity recognition of a foreign [divorce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce \"Divorce\") [decree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decree \"Decree\") by either the [alien](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alien_\\(law\\) \"Alien (law)\") or Filipino spouse with proper [authentication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Authentication \"Authentication\") by the Philippine [Consul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consul_\\(representative\\) \"Consul (representative)\").[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-31)\n\n## Opposition\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Opposition\")\\]\n\nThe legalization of divorce has been opposed on religious grounds. Among those groups who oppose it are the Roman Catholic Church.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-noneed-32)\n\nOpponents of legalization of divorce have also argued that the state sanctioning such process is unconstitutional on the basis of the provision which mandates the state to uphold the \"sanctity of marriage and its being the foundation of the family\".[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-unconst-mb-33)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-34)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-36)\n\n## Views of religious groups\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Views of religious groups\")\\]\n\n### Catholic Church\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Catholic Church\")\\]\n\nThe [Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines \"Catholic Church in the Philippines\") through the [Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines \"Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines\") (CBCP) has historically lobbied against any legislation to legalize absolute divorce in the country viewing the sanction of the state of such process as \"anti-marriage\" and \"anti-family\".[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-noneed-32)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-37) It maintains that the process of legal separation and [annulment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annulment \"Annulment\") for aggrieved married couples are sufficient.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-unconstitutional-38)\n\nBishop [Socrates Villegas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socrates_Villegas \"Socrates Villegas\") as [CBCP President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines \"President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines\") in 2015, in a published position argued that legalizing divorce is contrary to human rights especially of the children of divorce couples. He said that allowing divorce would deter couples from working on their relationship first. He added that children whose married parents availed legal separation are already traumatized and that divorce would allow \"a total stranger\" to enter their lives in a form of a new legal spouse which would make their situation worse.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-39)\n\nIn May 2024, the CBCP's Fr. Jerome Secillano told the [Philippine Daily Inquirer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer \"Philippine Daily Inquirer\") that it strongly opposes the bill's approval for being \"anti-family, anti-marriage and anti-children and a betrayal of their constitutional mandate to uphold marriage and the family.”[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-40)\n\nThe [Couples for Christ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Couples_for_Christ \"Couples for Christ\") strongly opposed any divorce law in the Philippines. In June 2024, it published a [manifesto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manifesto \"Manifesto\") stating \"Marriages formed in love and mutual understanding can be happy, enduring, and fulfilling.\" It stressed that [single parent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_parent \"Single parent\") children become victims of parental [breakup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breakup \"Breakup\") resulting in permanent emotional, psychological, financial or even physical [social stigma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_stigma \"Social stigma\").[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-41)\n\n### Other Christian groups\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Other Christian groups\")\\]\n\nThe [Iglesia ni Cristo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iglesia_ni_Cristo \"Iglesia ni Cristo\") prohibits its members from availing [divorce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce \"Divorce\"), and maintains that couples in a troubled marriages should work on their differences.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-43)\n\nBishop Modesto Villasanta of the [United Church of Christ in the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines \"United Church of Christ in the Philippines\") (UCCP) meanwhile expressed that his group is open to discuss the issue of divorce. Villasanta states that it is \"up to the Church on how they will teach their people the importance of marriage and not on barring its (a divorce bill's) approval\".[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-44)\n\n## Alternatives to divorce\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Alternatives to divorce\")\\]\n\nWhile divorce is largely not recognized by the state, marriages can be ended in the Philippines through annulment or declaring it null and void. Couples can also avail of legal separation.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-45)\n\n| Method | Grounds | Limitations | Notes |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| Legal separation | Repeated violence and physical abuse Sexual infidelity Conviction of a criminal offense with a penalty of more than six years Abandonment | Either parties cannot remarry or have sexual relations with a third party |   |\n| Declaration of nullity of marriage | Nonvalid marriages Minors married without parental consent Married by an unauthorized person Bigamous marriages 'Mistaken identity' Incestuous marriages | Children arising from couples under voided marriages are considered as illegitimate |   |\n| [Annulment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annulment \"Annulment\") (Civil) | Minors married without parental consent Individuals who have been of 'unsound mind' at the time of marriages Couples married under 'deceitful circumstances' Included failure of one to inform the other party: Infliction of a sexually transmitted disease Pregnancy involving another man Criminal conviction of one party Addiction Impotence Homosexuality 'Psychological incapacity' of one party which caused the inability to perform one's marital obligations (e.g. Philippine Law school staple \"Chi Ming Tsoi\" case [\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-jur_cmt-46)) | Annulment sought from religious institutions does not automatically void marriages.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-files-civil-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-48) | Marriage is considered valid by the state until the point it was annulled |\n\n## Opinion polling\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Opinion polling\")\\]\n\n| Date | For | Against | Undecided | Conducted by | Ref. |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| May 2005 | 43% | **45%** | 12% | [Social Weather Stations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Weather_Stations \"Social Weather Stations\") | [\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sws-march2024-50) |\n| March 2011 | **50%** | 32% | 16% |   |   |\n| December 2014 | **60%** | 29% | 11% |   |   |\n| March 2015 | **48%** | 35% | 17% |   |   |\n| September 2016 | **55%** | 30% | 14% |   |   |\n| March 2017 | **51%** | 32% | 17% |   |   |\n| December 2017 | **55%** | 31% | 14% |   |   |\n| December 2019 | **50%** | 39% | 12% |   |   |\n| September 2021 | **46%** | 36% | 17% |   |   |\n| March 2023 | **65%** | 21% | 15% |   |   |\n| June 2023 | **55%** | 27% | 17% |   |   |\n| March 2024 | **50%** | 32% | 17% |   |   |\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Divorce law by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_law_by_country \"Divorce law by country\")\n- [Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage_and_wedding_customs_in_the_Philippines \"Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines\")\n- [Single mother phenomenon of Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographics_of_the_Philippines#Single \"Demographics of the Philippines\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-1)**\n   The Week Staff (April 9, 2019). [\"Countries where divorce is illegal\"](https:\/\/theweek.com\/100683\/countries-where-divorce-is-illegal). *[The Week](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Week \"The Week\")*. Retrieved May 25, 2024.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-2)**\n   Santos, Ana (June 25, 2015). [\"The Only Country in the World That Bans Divorce\"](https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2015\/06\/divorce-philippines-annulment\/396449\/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"The Philippines: a global holdout in divorce\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230415103115\/https:\/\/newint.org\/blog\/majority\/2011\/07\/05\/philippines-last-bastion-divorce-illegal). *New Internationalist*. July 5, 2011. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/newint.org\/blog\/majority\/2011\/07\/05\/philippines-last-bastion-divorce-illegal) on April 15, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-4)**\n   Hundley, Tom; Santos, Ana (January 19, 2015). [\"The Last Country in the World Where Divorce Is Illegal\"](https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2015\/01\/19\/the-last-country-in-the-world-where-divorce-is-illegal-philippines-catholic-church\/). *Foreign Policy*. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-3)\n   Juco, Jorge (April 1966). [\"Fault, Consent and Breakdown-The Sociology of Divorce Legislation in the Philippines\"](https:\/\/www.pssc.org.ph\/wp-content\/pssc-archives\/Philippine%20Sociological%20Review\/1966\/Num%202\/04_Fault,%20Consent%20and%20Breakdown_The%20Sociology%20of%20Divorce%20Legislation%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf) (PDF). *Philippine Sociological Review*: 67–76. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-6)**\n   [\"House okays on final reading bill legalizing divorce\"](https:\/\/manilastandard.net\/news\/314449877\/314449877.html). Manila Standard.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-3)\n   Foja, Alnie (August 2017). [*Reintroducing Absolute Divorce in the Philippines & Thoughts on the Divorce Bill*](https:\/\/issuu.com\/updilimangenderoffice\/docs\/dgo_monograph_series_no._2_reintrod) (Monograph Series No. 2 ed.). UP Diliman Gender Office. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-pcw1_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-pcw1_8-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-pcw1_8-2)\n   [\"Women's Priority Legislative Agenda for the 18th Congress: Adopting Divorce in the Family Code\"](https:\/\/pcw.gov.ph\/assets\/files\/2020\/03\/PCW-WPLA-PB-09-Adopting-Divorce-in-the-Family-Code.pdf?x16895) (PDF). Philippine Commission on Women. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"Philippine President Arroyo Opposes Constitutional Amendments, Divorce\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB99440316376640885). *Wall Street Journal*. July 6, 2001. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-10)**\n    [\"Arroyo opposes divorce bill\"](https:\/\/www.news24.com\/news24\/arroyo-opposes-divorce-bill-20050319). *News24*. March 19, 2005. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-aquino1_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-aquino1_11-1)\n    Beltran, Jill (August 19, 2010). [\"Aquino won't support divorce (12:59 p.m.)\"](https:\/\/www.sunstar.com.ph\/article\/210450\/aquino-wont-support-divorce-1259-pm). *SunStar*. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-korean-herald_12-0)**\n    [\"Divorce? No way, stresses Philippine government\"](https:\/\/www.koreaherald.com\/view.php?ud=20130107000504). *The Korea Herald*. January 7, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-13)**\n    Salaverria, Leila (March 20, 2018). [\"Duterte opposed to divorce – Roque\"](https:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/976579\/duterte-opposed-to-divorce-roque). *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-14)**\n    Patag, Kristine Joy (March 19, 2022). [\"Marcos open to divorce, 'but don't make it easy'\"](https:\/\/www.philstar.com\/headlines\/2022\/03\/19\/2168525\/marcos-open-divorce-but-dont-make-it-easy). *The Philippine Star*. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-15)**\n    Casilao, Johanna (September 20, 2024). [\"PH courts can recognize divorce obtained abroad\"](https:\/\/www.gmanetwork.com\/news\/topstories\/nation\/921152\/ph-courts-can-recognize-divorce-obtained-abroad-sc\/story\/). *[GMA Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GMA_Network \"GMA Network\")*. Retrieved September 23, 2024.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-rappler_2022_divorce_16-0)** <https:\/\/www.rappler.com\/entertainment\/celebrities\/tom-rodriguez-speaks-up-split-carla-abellana-says-they-are-divorced\/>\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-inq_divorce_final_17-0)** <https:\/\/entertainment.inquirer.net\/563944\/carla-abellana-tom-rodriguezs-divorce-now-recognized-by-ph-court>\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-faq_2_18-0)** <https:\/\/lawyerphilippines.org\/faq-guide-recognition-of-foreign-divorce>\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-ibaloi_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-ibaloi_19-1)\n    Pulta, Benjamin (June 8, 2021). [\"SC rules in favor of Ibaloi heirs claim on father's estate\"](https:\/\/www.pna.gov.ph\/articles\/1143049). *Philippine News Agency*. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Shariah Law and the Code of Muslim Personal Laws\"](https:\/\/iag.org.ph\/think\/1057-shariah-law-and-the-code-of-muslim-personal-laws). *Institute for Autonomy and Governance*. Sun Star Davao. January 21, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-21)**\n    Eugenio, Ara (February 14, 2024). [\"Converting to Islam falsely touted as 'pathway to divorce' in Catholic-majority Philippines\"](https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/doc.afp.com.34HR798). *AFP Fact Check*. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved March 9, 2024.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"Family Code of the Philippines\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20000819002657\/http:\/\/www.chanrobles.com\/executiveorderno209.htm). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.chanrobles.com\/executiveorderno209.htm) on August 19, 2000. Retrieved September 6, 2006.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Republic of the Philippines vs Orbeceido\"](http:\/\/www.lawphil.net\/judjuris\/juri2005\/oct2005\/gr_154380_2005.html). *Lawphil Project*. Arellano Law. Retrieved January 26, 2018.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-24)**\n    Quismoro, Elson (February 23, 2023). [\"Many marriages are 'mistakes', says pro-divorce solon\"](https:\/\/mb.com.ph\/2023\/02\/23\/many-marriages-are-mistakes-says-pro-divorce-solon\/). *Manila Bulletin*. Retrieved April 15, 2023.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-no-fault-hontiveros_25-0)**\n    Torres, Sherrie Ann (July 12, 2022). [\"Hontiveros files 'no-fault' divorce bill amid church objection\"](https:\/\/news.abs-cbn.com\/news\/07\/12\/22\/hontiveros-files-no-fault-divorce-bill-amid-church-objection). *ABS-CBN News*. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-house-panel_26-0)**\n    Cruz, RG (February 20, 2018). [\"House panel drops chronic unhappiness, no-fault provision in divorce bill\"](https:\/\/news.abs-cbn.com\/news\/02\/20\/18\/house-panel-drops-chronic-unhappiness-no-fault-provision-in-divorce-bill). *ABS-CBN News*. Retrieved April 13, 2023.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-27)**\n    Felipe, Cecille Suerte (September 20, 2023). [\"Senate panel OKs absolute divorce bill\"](https:\/\/qa.philstar.com\/headlines\/2023\/09\/20\/2297576\/senate-panel-oks-absolute-divorce-bill). [The Philippine Star](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Philippine_Star \"The Philippine Star\"). Retrieved May 16, 2024.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-28)**\n    Cervantes, Filane Mike (May 16, 2024). [\"Absolute divorce bill hurdles 2nd reading in House\"](https:\/\/www.pna.gov.ph\/articles\/1224828). *[Philippine News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_News_Agency \"Philippine News Agency\")*. Retrieved May 16, 2024.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-29)**\n    Garcia, Nick (May 16, 2024). [\"House approves divorce bill on second reading\"](https:\/\/philstarlife.com\/news-and-views\/741572-house-committee-divorce-bill-second-reading?page=3). [The Philippine Star](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Philippine_Star \"The Philippine Star\"). Retrieved May 16, 2024.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-30)**\n    Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 15, 2024). [\"House approves divorce bill on 2nd reading\"](https:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/1941047\/house-approves-divorce-bill-on-2nd-reading). [Philippine Daily Inquirer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer \"Philippine Daily Inquirer\"). Retrieved May 16, 2024.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-31)**\n    Cruz, Maricel (May 15, 2024). [\"Bill on 'absolute divorce' gets House vote on second reading\"](https:\/\/manilastandard.net\/news\/314447319\/bill-on-absolute-divorce-gets-house-vote-on-second-reading.html). [Manila Standard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manila_Standard \"Manila Standard\"). Retrieved May 16, 2024.\n32. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-noneed_32-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-noneed_32-1)\n    Patinio, Ferdinand (September 18, 2019). [\"No need for divorce, legal methods available for couples: CBCP\"](https:\/\/www.pna.gov.ph\/articles\/1080768). *Philippine News Agency*. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-unconst-mb_33-0)**\n    Rosario, Ben (August 20, 2021). [\"Oppositors confident 'unconstitutional' divorce bill will not get Lower House nod\"](https:\/\/mb.com.ph\/2021\/08\/19\/oppositors-confident-unconstitutional-divorce-bill-will-not-get-lower-house-nod\/). *Manila Bulletin*. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-34)**\n    Diaz, Jess (March 16, 2018). [\"'Divorce law will violate Constitution'\"](https:\/\/www.philstar.com\/headlines\/2018\/03\/16\/1797128\/divorce-law-will-violate-constitution). *Philstar.com*. The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-35)**\n    Fides, Agenzia (September 20, 2019). [\"Bishops: No to bills on divorce, anti-constitutional and anti-family - Agenzia Fides\"](http:\/\/www.fides.org\/en\/news\/66656-ASIA_PHILIPPINES_Bishops_No_to_bills_on_divorce_anti_constitutional_and_anti_family). Agenzia Fides. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-36)**\n    [\"Our Right To Self-determination: Pilipina's Position On The Issues Of Divorce And Abortion\"](https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/philippinen\/50068.pdf) (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-37)**\n    [\"CBCP: Divorce bill 'anti-marriage and anti-family'\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180225171450\/http:\/\/cnnphilippines.com\/news\/2018\/02\/23\/cbcp-divorce-bill.html). *CNN Philippines*. February 23, 2018. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.cnnphilippines.com\/news\/2018\/02\/23\/cbcp-divorce-bill.html) on February 25, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-unconstitutional_38-0)**\n    Medenilla, Samuel (September 22, 2019). [\"CBCP: Divorce unconstitutional in PHL; legal methods available\"](https:\/\/businessmirror.com.ph\/2019\/09\/22\/cbcp-divorce-unconstitutional-in-phl-legal-methods-available\/). *Business Mirror*. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-39)**\n    [\"CBCP Position against the Divorce Bill and against the Decriminalization of Adultery and Concubinage\"](https:\/\/cbcponline.net\/cbcp-position-against-the-divorce-bill-and-against-the-decriminalization-of-adultery-and-concubinage\/#:~:text=Let%20the%20Word%20of%20God%20guide%20us.&text=For%20this%20reason%20a%20man,10%3A2-9\\).). CBCP Online. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-40)**\n    Mendoza, John (May 23, 2024). [\"CBCP hits House for approving divorce bill\"](https:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/1943976\/cbcp-hits-house-for-finally-approving-divorce-bill). [Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines \"Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines\"). Retrieved May 23, 2024.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-41)**\n    Tolentino, Ma. Reina Leanne (June 24, 2024). [\"Couples for Christ issues anti-divorce manifesto\"](https:\/\/www.manilatimes.net\/2024\/06\/24\/news\/national\/couples-for-christ-issues-anti-divorce-manifesto\/1952909). [The Manila Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Manila_Times \"The Manila Times\"). Retrieved June 24, 2024.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-42)**\n    [\"For they are no longer two, but one\"](https:\/\/iglesianicristo.net\/for-they-are-no-longer-two-but-one\/). Iglesia Ni Cristo. November 23, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-43)**\n    Alignay, Moses (September 30, 2021). [\"What Does the Bible Say About Divorce?\"](https:\/\/incmedia.org\/what-does-the-bible-say-about-divorce\/). *INC Media*. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-44)**\n    Escareal-Go, Chiqui (2014). [\"Driven to Survive: Four Filipino Women CEOs' Stories on Separation or Annulment\"](https:\/\/journals.upd.edu.ph\/index.php\/pssr\/article\/download\/4525\/4086). *Philippine Social Sciences Review*: 52. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-45)**\n    [\"Is the Philippines Ready for Divorce?\"](https:\/\/lifestyle.inquirer.net\/5183\/is-the-philippines-ready-for-divorce\/). *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. July 9, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2023.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-jur_cmt_46-0)** <https:\/\/jur.ph\/jurisprudence\/digest\/chi-ming-tsoi-v-court-of-appeals>\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-files-civil_47-0)**\n    Bordey, Hana (March 31, 2023). [\"Padilla files bill recognizing civil effect of church decreed annulment\"](https:\/\/www.gmanetwork.com\/news\/topstories\/nation\/865653\/padilla-files-bill-recognizing-civil-effect-of-church-decreed-annulment\/story\/). *GMA News*. Retrieved June 14, 2024.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-48)**\n    Quisimorio, Ellson. [\"'Significant development' on bill simplifying annulment of marriage hailed\"](https:\/\/mb.com.ph\/2023\/02\/24\/significant-development-in-proposed-law-simplifying-church-annulment-hailed\/). *Manila Bulletin*. Retrieved June 14, 2024.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-49)**\n    [\"Social Weather Report \\| 50% of Filipino adults agree, 31% disagree, and 17% are undecided about legalizing divorce for irreconcilably separated couples\"](https:\/\/www.sws.org.ph\/swsmain\/artcldisppage\/?artcsyscode=ART-20240531152134&mc_cid=f78a1cee5b&mc_eid=1eeee26a57). Social Weather Stations. Retrieved June 1, 2024.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sws-march2024_50-0)**\n    Parungao, Adrian (June 1, 2024). [\"SWS: 50% OKs divorce for 'irreconcilably separated' couples\"](https:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/1947224\/sws-50-oks-divorce-for-irreconcilably-separated-couples). *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. 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Boilerpipe Text	Divorce is a contentious issue for the Philippines , which has a predominantly Catholic population even though other nation/states of such characterization already have it. It is not typically legally available to Filipino citizens, and annulment is the usual legal alternative. The Muslim Personal Code, however, allows for divorce for couples who got married through the Islamic rite under specific circumstances. [ 1 ] The Philippines is often cited as the "only country in the world" where divorce is illegal, aside from the Vatican City after Malta had divorce legalized in 2011. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Couples may also opt for legal separation , alternatively referred to as "relative divorce", although this process does not dissolve the marriage. Relative divorce is contrasted with "absolute divorce", a setup where previously married individuals are allowed to remarry. [ 5 ] There have been several attempts to legalize absolute divorce in the Philippine Congress. [ 6 ] Spanish colonial era [ edit ] During the Spanish era in the Philippines, absolute divorce was unrecognized. The colony was under the jurisdiction of the Siete Partidas , which only ever granted couples "relative divorce," which is mensa et thoro or legal separation and does not legally dissolve the actual marital ties. The following are the prerequisite for a relative divorce under the Siete Partidas . [ 5 ] [ 7 ] One spouse seeks to enter a religious order with consent from the other Adultery has been committed by either spouse Heresy has been demonstrated by one of the spouses, or the spouse has converted to Islam or Judaism American colonial era [ edit ] The United States would take over the Philippines after the conclusion of the Spanish–American War . During this period Act No. 2710, or the Divorce Law, became law on March 11, 1917. The legislation provided for divorce a vinculo matrimonii or absolute divorce. Divorce permissibility was fault-based, with the following prerequisite. [ 7 ] Adultery must have been committed by the wife, with criminal conviction Concubinage must have been committed by the husband, with criminal conviction Japanese occupation [ edit ] When the Japanese Empire occupied the Philippines during the World War II , the Japanese-installed Philippine Executive Commission issued Executive Order No. 141 on March 25, 1943, which repealed Act No. 2710 and expanded the divorce law in the archipelago through the new decree providing eleven grounds for a valid absolute divorce. [ 7 ] Following the end of Axis occupation of the islands and the proclamation of the revival of the Philippine Commonwealth on October 23, 1944 by General Douglas MacArthur , [ 5 ] Act No. 2710 became, once again, the prevailing law on divorce matters in the Philippines. [ 8 ] Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era [ edit ] Following the Philippines independence from the United States in the Philippines in 1946, Act No. 2710 remained applicable for a time. Until the enactment of the Republic Act No. 386 or the Civil Code on August 30, 1950 which only allowed for legal separation or what was before known as 'relative divorce' and does not allow for absolute divorce. [ 5 ] The grounds were adultery/concubinage by a spouse and an attempt on one's life of one spouse over another. There was deliberation within the Code Commission to include provisions on absolute divorce which was opposed by conservatives. [ 8 ] The Civil Code would be updated through the Family Code in 1987 but the newer law did not allow for absolute divorce. [ 8 ] The Civil Code allows for divorce for Muslims for a period of twenty years. In 1977, President Ferdinand Marcos enacted the Code of Muslim Personal Laws which included absolute divorce provisions for Muslims. Presidents Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Benigno Aquino III , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] and Rodrigo Duterte [ 13 ] have expressed they would not support the passage of an absolute divorce bill during their presidencies, although Aquino mentioned he was open to a 'legal separation' law which would allow couples to remarry. [ 11 ] Current president Bongbong Marcos has said that he was open to legalizing divorce when he was still a candidate for the 2022 presidential election provided that the option is not made "easy". [ 14 ] Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry [ edit ] The Family Code provides that Philippine courts can recognize any divorce obtained by Filipinos from foreign spouses overseas for as along as the proceeding is valid under the law of the foreign spouse's country. In addition, the regional trial court can take cognizance of a conjunctive petition for declaration of the capacity to remarry. [ 15 ] A widely-known example of this is the case of former celebrity couple Carla Abellana and Tom Rodriguez . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] . Rodriguez is a US citizen, and is currently unclear if he also reacquired his Filipino citizenship. A publication about the topic however implies that it's not possible that both of them have Filipino citizenship as of the time of divorce. [ 18 ] By custom or rite of union [ edit ] Several indigenous peoples ' cultures recognize divorce in their marriages including the Ibaloi of Benguet , [ 19 ] Tagbanwa of Palawan , Gaddangs of Nueva Vizcaya , the Kankanaeys and Bontocs of the Cordilleras , and the Manobos and B'laans of Mindanao . [ 7 ] However, the dissolution of marriages conducted under indigenous peoples' rites through divorce are not recognized by the government. [ 19 ] The Code of Muslim Personal Laws of 1977 allows divorce for Filipino Muslims , many of who are part of the Moro people . [ 20 ] Divorce is unavailable for Muslims, including converts, who got married under the Civil Code. [ 21 ] Transnational marriages [ edit ] Where a non-Filipino is married to a Filipino citizen and a divorce is obtained abroad by the non-Filipino spouse, the Filipino spouse can remarry under Philippine law, [ 22 ] even if the non-Filipino spouse acquired foreign citizenship after the marriage. [ 23 ] The following are the current proposals to legalize divorce in the current 19th Congress of the Philippines . Instituting absolute divorce and dissolution of marriage in the Philippines / House Bill No. 4998 – by Davao del Norte 1st district representative Pantaleon Alvarez ; [ 24 ] Dissolution of Marriage Act (2022) – by Senator Risa Hontiveros ; no-fault divorce ; parties are not prove criminal offense or 'psychological incapacity' of one party. [ 25 ] Unnumbered consolidated bill [ 26 ] – absence of no-fault provision, excluded chronic unhappiness as grounds. Absolute Divorce Act [ edit ] On May 15, 2024, the House of Representatives in a plenary session presided by Aurelio Gonzales Jr. via voice vote approved on "Second Reading" " Edcel Lagman " House Bill 9349, the proposed "Absolute Divorce Act". As the spouses' fourth way to separate, the bill enumerated limited grounds of the petition as defined by Loreto B. Acharon : Article 45 of the Family Code on annulment of marriage , spouses' de facto 5 years separation, gender-affirming surgery by a spouse or gender transition , psychological incapacity under Article 36 of the Family Code, irreconcilable differences , domestic, marital abuse or physical violence under Republic Act 9262, the Violence against women and Their Children Act of 2004 and moral pressure to change religious or political affiliation . The legal separation grounds under the Article 97 of the New Civil Code of the Philippines (2) and Article 55 of the Family Code of the Philippines (10) are also, for now, absolute divorce grounds. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The bill also provides validity recognition of a foreign divorce decree by either the alien or Filipino spouse with proper authentication by the Philippine Consul . [ 31 ] The legalization of divorce has been opposed on religious grounds. Among those groups who oppose it are the Roman Catholic Church. [ 32 ] Opponents of legalization of divorce have also argued that the state sanctioning such process is unconstitutional on the basis of the provision which mandates the state to uphold the "sanctity of marriage and its being the foundation of the family". [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Views of religious groups [ edit ] The Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines through the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) has historically lobbied against any legislation to legalize absolute divorce in the country viewing the sanction of the state of such process as "anti-marriage" and "anti-family". [ 32 ] [ 37 ] It maintains that the process of legal separation and annulment for aggrieved married couples are sufficient. [ 38 ] Bishop Socrates Villegas as CBCP President in 2015, in a published position argued that legalizing divorce is contrary to human rights especially of the children of divorce couples. He said that allowing divorce would deter couples from working on their relationship first. He added that children whose married parents availed legal separation are already traumatized and that divorce would allow "a total stranger" to enter their lives in a form of a new legal spouse which would make their situation worse. [ 39 ] In May 2024, the CBCP's Fr. Jerome Secillano told the Philippine Daily Inquirer that it strongly opposes the bill's approval for being "anti-family, anti-marriage and anti-children and a betrayal of their constitutional mandate to uphold marriage and the family.” [ 40 ] The Couples for Christ strongly opposed any divorce law in the Philippines. In June 2024, it published a manifesto stating "Marriages formed in love and mutual understanding can be happy, enduring, and fulfilling." It stressed that single parent children become victims of parental breakup resulting in permanent emotional, psychological, financial or even physical social stigma . [ 41 ] Other Christian groups [ edit ] The Iglesia ni Cristo prohibits its members from availing divorce , and maintains that couples in a troubled marriages should work on their differences. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Bishop Modesto Villasanta of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) meanwhile expressed that his group is open to discuss the issue of divorce. Villasanta states that it is "up to the Church on how they will teach their people the importance of marriage and not on barring its (a divorce bill's) approval". [ 44 ] Alternatives to divorce [ edit ] While divorce is largely not recognized by the state, marriages can be ended in the Philippines through annulment or declaring it null and void. Couples can also avail of legal separation. [ 45 ] Method Grounds Limitations Notes Legal separation Repeated violence and physical abuse Sexual infidelity Conviction of a criminal offense with a penalty of more than six years Abandonment Either parties cannot remarry or have sexual relations with a third party Declaration of nullity of marriage Nonvalid marriages Minors married without parental consent Married by an unauthorized person Bigamous marriages 'Mistaken identity' Incestuous marriages Children arising from couples under voided marriages are considered as illegitimate Annulment (Civil) Minors married without parental consent Individuals who have been of 'unsound mind' at the time of marriages Couples married under 'deceitful circumstances' Included failure of one to inform the other party: Infliction of a sexually transmitted disease Pregnancy involving another man Criminal conviction of one party Addiction Impotence Homosexuality 'Psychological incapacity' of one party which caused the inability to perform one's marital obligations (e.g. Philippine Law school staple "Chi Ming Tsoi" case [ 46 ] ) Annulment sought from religious institutions does not automatically void marriages. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Marriage is considered valid by the state until the point it was annulled Divorce for couples who are "irreconcilably separated" Date For Against Undecided Conducted by Ref. May 2005 43% 45% 12% Social Weather Stations [ 49 ] [ 50 ] March 2011 50% 32% 16% December 2014 60% 29% 11% March 2015 48% 35% 17% September 2016 55% 30% 14% March 2017 51% 32% 17% December 2017 55% 31% 14% December 2019 50% 39% 12% September 2021 46% 36% 17% March 2023 65% 21% 15% June 2023 55% 27% 17% March 2024 50% 32% 17%
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Divorce+in+the+Philippines "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Divorce+in+the+Philippines "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[1\.4.1 Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Judicial_recognition_of_foreign_divorce_decree_and_declaration_of_capacity_to_remarry) - [2 By custom or rite of union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#By_custom_or_rite_of_union) Toggle By custom or rite of union subsection - [2\.1 Indigenous peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Indigenous_peoples) - [2\.2 Muslims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Muslims) - [2\.3 Transnational marriages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Transnational_marriages) - [3 Legalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Legalization) Toggle Legalization subsection - [3\.1 Current proposals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Current_proposals) - [3\.2 Absolute Divorce Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Absolute_Divorce_Act) - [4 Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Opposition) - [5 Views of religious groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Views_of_religious_groups) Toggle Views of religious groups subsection - [5\.1 Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Catholic_Church) - [5\.2 Other Christian groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Other_Christian_groups) - [6 Alternatives to divorce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Alternatives_to_divorce) - [7 Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#Opinion_polling) - [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#See_also) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#References) Toggle the table of contents # Divorce in the Philippines Add languages [Add links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q117751696#sitelinks-wikipedia "Add interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Divorce_in_the_Philippines "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Divorce_in_the_Philippines "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - 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[Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q117751696 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Divorce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce "Divorce") is a contentious issue for the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), which has a [predominantly Catholic population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines "Catholic Church in the Philippines") even though other nation/states of such characterization already have it. It is not typically legally available to Filipino citizens, and [annulment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment "Annulment") is the usual legal alternative. The Muslim Personal Code, however, allows for divorce for couples who got [married through the Islamic rite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam "Marriage in Islam") under specific circumstances.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-1) The Philippines is often cited as the "only country in the world" where divorce is illegal, aside from the [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City "Vatican City") after [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta "Malta") had divorce legalized in 2011.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-4) Couples may also opt for [legal separation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separation "Legal separation"), alternatively referred to as "relative divorce", although this process does not dissolve the marriage. Relative divorce is contrasted with "absolute divorce", a setup where previously married individuals are allowed to remarry.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5) There have been several attempts to legalize absolute divorce in the Philippine Congress.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-6) ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\] ### Spanish colonial era \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Spanish colonial era")\] During the [Spanish era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Era_\(Philippines\) "Spanish Colonial Era (Philippines)") in the Philippines, absolute divorce was unrecognized. The colony was under the jurisdiction of the [Siete Partidas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_Partidas "Siete Partidas"), which only ever granted couples "relative divorce," which is [mensa et thoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separation "Legal separation") or legal separation and does not legally dissolve the actual marital ties. The following are the prerequisite for a relative divorce under the Siete Partidas.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7) - One spouse seeks to enter a religious order with consent from the other - [Adultery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery "Adultery") has been committed by either spouse - [Heresy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy "Heresy") has been demonstrated by one of the spouses, or the spouse has converted to Islam or Judaism ### American colonial era \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: American colonial era")\] The United States would take over the Philippines after the conclusion of the [Spanish–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War"). During this period Act No. 2710, or the Divorce Law, became law on March 11, 1917. The legislation provided for divorce a vinculo matrimonii or absolute divorce. Divorce permissibility was fault-based, with the following prerequisite.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7) - Adultery must have been committed by the wife, with criminal conviction - Concubinage must have been committed by the husband, with criminal conviction ### Japanese occupation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Japanese occupation")\] When the [Japanese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Empire "Japanese Empire") occupied the Philippines during the [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the Japanese-installed [Philippine Executive Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Executive_Commission "Philippine Executive Commission") issued Executive Order No. 141 on March 25, 1943, which repealed Act No. 2710 and expanded the divorce law in the archipelago through the new decree providing eleven grounds for a valid absolute divorce.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7) Following the end of Axis occupation of the islands and the proclamation of the revival of the [Philippine Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth "Philippine Commonwealth") on October 23, 1944 by General [Douglas MacArthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5) Act No. 2710 became, once again, the prevailing law on divorce matters in the Philippines.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-pcw1-8) ### Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era")\] Following the [Philippines independence from the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day_\(Philippines\) "Republic Day (Philippines)") in the Philippines in 1946, Act No. 2710 remained applicable for a time. Until the enactment of the Republic Act No. 386 or the [Civil Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_Philippines "Civil Code of the Philippines") on August 30, 1950 which only allowed for legal separation or what was before known as 'relative divorce' and does not allow for absolute divorce.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sociological_review-5) The grounds were adultery/concubinage by a spouse and an attempt on one's life of one spouse over another. There was deliberation within the Code Commission to include provisions on absolute divorce which was opposed by conservatives.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-pcw1-8) The Civil Code would be updated through the Family Code in 1987 but the newer law did not allow for absolute divorce.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-pcw1-8) The Civil Code allows for divorce for Muslims for a period of twenty years. In 1977, President [Ferdinand Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos "Ferdinand Marcos") enacted the [Code of Muslim Personal Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Muslim_Personal_Laws "Code of Muslim Personal Laws") which included absolute divorce provisions for Muslims. Presidents [Gloria Macapagal Arroyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo"),[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-10) [Benigno Aquino III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III "Benigno Aquino III"),[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-aquino1-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-korean-herald-12) and [Rodrigo Duterte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte "Rodrigo Duterte")[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-13) have expressed they would not support the passage of an absolute divorce bill during their presidencies, although Aquino mentioned he was open to a 'legal separation' law which would allow couples to remarry.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-aquino1-11) Current president [Bongbong Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos "Bongbong Marcos") has said that he was open to legalizing divorce when he was still a candidate for the [2022 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election "2022 Philippine presidential election") provided that the option is not made "easy".[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-14) #### Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Judicial recognition of foreign divorce decree and declaration of capacity to remarry")\] The [Family Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Code_of_the_Philippines "Family Code of the Philippines") provides that Philippine courts can recognize any divorce obtained by Filipinos from foreign spouses overseas for as along as the proceeding is valid under the law of the foreign spouse's country. In addition, the regional trial court can take cognizance of a conjunctive petition for declaration of the capacity to remarry.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-15) A widely-known example of this is the case of former celebrity couple [Carla Abellana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Abellana "Carla Abellana") and [Tom Rodriguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Rodriguez "Tom Rodriguez").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-rappler_2022_divorce-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-inq_divorce_final-17). Rodriguez is a US citizen, and is currently unclear if he also reacquired his Filipino citizenship. A publication about the topic however implies that it's not possible that both of them have Filipino citizenship as of the time of divorce.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-faq_2-18) ## By custom or rite of union \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: By custom or rite of union")\] ### Indigenous peoples \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Indigenous peoples")\] Several [indigenous peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines "Indigenous peoples of the Philippines")' cultures recognize divorce in their marriages including the [Ibaloi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaloi_people "Ibaloi people") of [Benguet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet "Benguet"),[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-ibaloi-19) [Tagbanwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagbanwa "Tagbanwa") of [Palawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan "Palawan"), [Gaddangs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddang_people "Gaddang people") of [Nueva Vizcaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya "Nueva Vizcaya"), the [Kankanaeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankanaey_people "Kankanaey people") and [Bontocs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc_people "Bontoc people") of the [Cordilleras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region "Cordillera Administrative Region"), and the [Manobos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobo "Manobo") and [B'laans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaan_people "Blaan people") of [Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-updgo-7) However, the dissolution of marriages conducted under indigenous peoples' rites through divorce are not recognized by the government.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-ibaloi-19) ### Muslims \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Muslims")\] The [Code of Muslim Personal Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Muslim_Personal_Laws "Code of Muslim Personal Laws") of 1977 allows divorce for [Filipino Muslims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Muslims "Filipino Muslims"), many of who are part of the [Moro people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people "Moro people").[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-20) Divorce is unavailable for Muslims, including converts, who got married under the Civil Code.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-21) ### Transnational marriages \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Transnational marriages")\] Where a non-Filipino is married to a Filipino citizen and a divorce is obtained abroad by the non-Filipino spouse, the Filipino spouse can remarry under Philippine law,[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-22) even if the non-Filipino spouse acquired foreign citizenship after the marriage.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-23) ## Legalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Legalization")\] ### Current proposals \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Current proposals")\] The following are the current proposals to legalize divorce in the current [19th Congress of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines "19th Congress of the Philippines"). - Instituting absolute divorce and dissolution of marriage in the Philippines / House Bill No. 4998 – by Davao del Norte 1st district representative [Pantaleon Alvarez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantaleon_Alvarez "Pantaleon Alvarez");[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-24) - Dissolution of Marriage Act (2022) – by Senator [Risa Hontiveros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risa_Hontiveros "Risa Hontiveros"); [no-fault divorce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fault_divorce "No-fault divorce"); parties are not prove criminal offense or 'psychological incapacity' of one party.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-no-fault-hontiveros-25) - Unnumbered consolidated bill[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-house-panel-26) – absence of [no-fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fault_divorce "No-fault divorce") provision, excluded chronic unhappiness as grounds. - Senate Bill 2443 - On September 20, 2023, the [Philippine Senate Committee on Women, Children, Family Relations and Gender Equality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Senate_Committee_on_Women,_Children,_Family_Relations_and_Gender_Equality "Philippine Senate Committee on Women, Children, Family Relations and Gender Equality") Panel's Committee Report 124 recommended the approval of Senate Bill 2443 It is a substitution of consolidated Senate Bills 147, 213, 237, 554, 555, 1198 and 2047 on the "Dissolution of Marriage Act" sponsored by committee chair Sen. [Risa Hontiveros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risa_Hontiveros "Risa Hontiveros"). The bill defines absolute divorce as the “legal termination of a marriage by a court in a legal proceeding.”[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-27) ### Absolute Divorce Act \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Absolute Divorce Act")\] On May 15, 2024, the [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines "House of Representatives of the Philippines") in a [plenary session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenary_session "Plenary session") presided by [Aurelio Gonzales Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Gonzales_Jr. "Aurelio Gonzales Jr.") via [voice vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_vote "Voice vote") approved on ["Second Reading"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_\(legislature\) "Reading (legislature)") "[Edcel Lagman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edcel_Lagman "Edcel Lagman")" House [Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_\(law\) "Bill (law)") 9349, the proposed "Absolute Divorce Act". As the spouses' fourth way to separate, the bill enumerated limited grounds of the petition as defined by [Loreto B. Acharon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Santos%27s_at-large_congressional_district "General Santos's at-large congressional district"): Article 45 of the Family Code on [annulment of marriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment_of_marriage "Annulment of marriage"), spouses' [de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto "De facto") 5 years separation, [gender-affirming surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery "Gender-affirming surgery") by a spouse or [gender transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_transition "Gender transition"), [psychological incapacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder") under Article 36 of the Family Code, [irreconcilable differences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreconcilable_differences "Irreconcilable differences"), [domestic, marital abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence "Domestic violence") or physical violence under Republic Act 9262, the [Violence against women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women "Violence against women") and Their Children Act of 2004 and [moral pressure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence "Social influence") to change religious or political [affiliation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliation_\(family_law\) "Affiliation (family law)"). The [legal separation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separation "Legal separation") grounds under the Article 97 of the New [Civil Code of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_Philippines "Civil Code of the Philippines") (2) and Article 55 of the [Family Code of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Code_of_the_Philippines "Family Code of the Philippines") (10) are also, for now, absolute divorce grounds.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-30) The bill also provides validity recognition of a foreign [divorce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce "Divorce") [decree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree "Decree") by either the [alien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_\(law\) "Alien (law)") or Filipino spouse with proper [authentication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication "Authentication") by the Philippine [Consul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_\(representative\) "Consul (representative)").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-31) ## Opposition \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Opposition")\] The legalization of divorce has been opposed on religious grounds. Among those groups who oppose it are the Roman Catholic Church.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-noneed-32) Opponents of legalization of divorce have also argued that the state sanctioning such process is unconstitutional on the basis of the provision which mandates the state to uphold the "sanctity of marriage and its being the foundation of the family".[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-unconst-mb-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-36) ## Views of religious groups \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Views of religious groups")\] ### Catholic Church \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Catholic Church")\] The [Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines "Catholic Church in the Philippines") through the [Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines "Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines") (CBCP) has historically lobbied against any legislation to legalize absolute divorce in the country viewing the sanction of the state of such process as "anti-marriage" and "anti-family".[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-noneed-32)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-37) It maintains that the process of legal separation and [annulment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment "Annulment") for aggrieved married couples are sufficient.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-unconstitutional-38) Bishop [Socrates Villegas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_Villegas "Socrates Villegas") as [CBCP President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines "President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines") in 2015, in a published position argued that legalizing divorce is contrary to human rights especially of the children of divorce couples. He said that allowing divorce would deter couples from working on their relationship first. He added that children whose married parents availed legal separation are already traumatized and that divorce would allow "a total stranger" to enter their lives in a form of a new legal spouse which would make their situation worse.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-39) In May 2024, the CBCP's Fr. Jerome Secillano told the [Philippine Daily Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer "Philippine Daily Inquirer") that it strongly opposes the bill's approval for being "anti-family, anti-marriage and anti-children and a betrayal of their constitutional mandate to uphold marriage and the family.”[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-40) The [Couples for Christ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couples_for_Christ "Couples for Christ") strongly opposed any divorce law in the Philippines. In June 2024, it published a [manifesto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto "Manifesto") stating "Marriages formed in love and mutual understanding can be happy, enduring, and fulfilling." It stressed that [single parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parent "Single parent") children become victims of parental [breakup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup "Breakup") resulting in permanent emotional, psychological, financial or even physical [social stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma "Social stigma").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-41) ### Other Christian groups \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Other Christian groups")\] The [Iglesia ni Cristo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo "Iglesia ni Cristo") prohibits its members from availing [divorce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce "Divorce"), and maintains that couples in a troubled marriages should work on their differences.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-43) Bishop Modesto Villasanta of the [United Church of Christ in the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines "United Church of Christ in the Philippines") (UCCP) meanwhile expressed that his group is open to discuss the issue of divorce. Villasanta states that it is "up to the Church on how they will teach their people the importance of marriage and not on barring its (a divorce bill's) approval".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-44) ## Alternatives to divorce \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Alternatives to divorce")\] While divorce is largely not recognized by the state, marriages can be ended in the Philippines through annulment or declaring it null and void. Couples can also avail of legal separation.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-45) \| Method \| Grounds \| Limitations \| Notes \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Legal separation \| Repeated violence and physical abuse Sexual infidelity Conviction of a criminal offense with a penalty of more than six years Abandonment \| Either parties cannot remarry or have sexual relations with a third party \| \| \| Declaration of nullity of marriage \| Nonvalid marriages Minors married without parental consent Married by an unauthorized person Bigamous marriages 'Mistaken identity' Incestuous marriages \| Children arising from couples under voided marriages are considered as illegitimate \| \| \| [Annulment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment "Annulment") (Civil) \| Minors married without parental consent Individuals who have been of 'unsound mind' at the time of marriages Couples married under 'deceitful circumstances' Included failure of one to inform the other party: Infliction of a sexually transmitted disease Pregnancy involving another man Criminal conviction of one party Addiction Impotence Homosexuality 'Psychological incapacity' of one party which caused the inability to perform one's marital obligations (e.g. Philippine Law school staple "Chi Ming Tsoi" case [\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-jur_cmt-46)) \| Annulment sought from religious institutions does not automatically void marriages.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-files-civil-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-48) \| Marriage is considered valid by the state until the point it was annulled \| ## Opinion polling \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Opinion polling")\] \| Date \| For \| Against \| Undecided \| Conducted by \| Ref. \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| May 2005 \| 43% \| 45% \| 12% \| [Social Weather Stations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Weather_Stations "Social Weather Stations") \| [\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-sws-march2024-50) \| \| March 2011 \| 50% \| 32% \| 16% \| \| \| \| December 2014 \| 60% \| 29% \| 11% \| \| \| \| March 2015 \| 48% \| 35% \| 17% \| \| \| \| September 2016 \| 55% \| 30% \| 14% \| \| \| \| March 2017 \| 51% \| 32% \| 17% \| \| \| \| December 2017 \| 55% \| 31% \| 14% \| \| \| \| December 2019 \| 50% \| 39% \| 12% \| \| \| \| September 2021 \| 46% \| 36% \| 17% \| \| \| \| March 2023 \| 65% \| 21% \| 15% \| \| \| \| June 2023 \| 55% \| 27% \| 17% \| \| \| \| March 2024 \| 50% \| 32% \| 17% \| \| \| ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Divorce law by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country "Divorce law by country") - [Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_and_wedding_customs_in_the_Philippines "Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines") - [Single mother phenomenon of Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines#Single "Demographics of the Philippines") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-1) The Week Staff (April 9, 2019). ["Countries where divorce is illegal"](https://theweek.com/100683/countries-where-divorce-is-illegal). [The Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week "The Week"). Retrieved May 25, 2024. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-2) Santos, Ana (June 25, 2015). ["The Only Country in the World That Bans Divorce"](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/06/divorce-philippines-annulment/396449/). The Atlantic. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-3) ["The Philippines: a global holdout in divorce"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230415103115/https://newint.org/blog/majority/2011/07/05/philippines-last-bastion-divorce-illegal). New Internationalist. July 5, 2011. Archived from [the original](https://newint.org/blog/majority/2011/07/05/philippines-last-bastion-divorce-illegal) on April 15, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-4) Hundley, Tom; Santos, Ana (January 19, 2015). ["The Last Country in the World Where Divorce Is Illegal"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/19/the-last-country-in-the-world-where-divorce-is-illegal-philippines-catholic-church/). Foreign Policy. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sociological_review_5-3) Juco, Jorge (April 1966). ["Fault, Consent and Breakdown-The Sociology of Divorce Legislation in the Philippines"](https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Sociological%20Review/1966/Num%202/04_Fault,%20Consent%20and%20Breakdown_The%20Sociology%20of%20Divorce%20Legislation%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf) (PDF). Philippine Sociological Review: 67–76. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-6)* ["House okays on final reading bill legalizing divorce"](https://manilastandard.net/news/314449877/314449877.html). Manila Standard. 7. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-updgo_7-3) Foja, Alnie (August 2017). [Reintroducing Absolute Divorce in the Philippines & Thoughts on the Divorce Bill](https://issuu.com/updilimangenderoffice/docs/dgo_monograph_series_no._2_reintrod) (Monograph Series No. 2 ed.). UP Diliman Gender Office. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 8. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-pcw1_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-pcw1_8-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-pcw1_8-2) ["Women's Priority Legislative Agenda for the 18th Congress: Adopting Divorce in the Family Code"](https://pcw.gov.ph/assets/files/2020/03/PCW-WPLA-PB-09-Adopting-Divorce-in-the-Family-Code.pdf?x16895) (PDF). Philippine Commission on Women. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-9)* ["Philippine President Arroyo Opposes Constitutional Amendments, Divorce"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB99440316376640885). Wall Street Journal. July 6, 2001. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-10) ["Arroyo opposes divorce bill"](https://www.news24.com/news24/arroyo-opposes-divorce-bill-20050319). News24. March 19, 2005. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-aquino1_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-aquino1_11-1) Beltran, Jill (August 19, 2010). ["Aquino won't support divorce (12:59 p.m.)"](https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/210450/aquino-wont-support-divorce-1259-pm). SunStar. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-korean-herald_12-0)* ["Divorce? No way, stresses Philippine government"](https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130107000504). The Korea Herald. January 7, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-13) Salaverria, Leila (March 20, 2018). ["Duterte opposed to divorce – Roque"](https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/976579/duterte-opposed-to-divorce-roque). Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-14) Patag, Kristine Joy (March 19, 2022). ["Marcos open to divorce, 'but don't make it easy'"](https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/19/2168525/marcos-open-divorce-but-dont-make-it-easy). The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-15) Casilao, Johanna (September 20, 2024). ["PH courts can recognize divorce obtained abroad"](https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/921152/ph-courts-can-recognize-divorce-obtained-abroad-sc/story/). [GMA Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network "GMA Network"). Retrieved September 23, 2024. 16. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-20)* ["Shariah Law and the Code of Muslim Personal Laws"](https://iag.org.ph/think/1057-shariah-law-and-the-code-of-muslim-personal-laws). Institute for Autonomy and Governance. Sun Star Davao. January 21, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-21) Eugenio, Ara (February 14, 2024). ["Converting to Islam falsely touted as 'pathway to divorce' in Catholic-majority Philippines"](https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.34HR798). AFP Fact Check. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved March 9, 2024. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-22) ["Family Code of the Philippines"](https://web.archive.org/web/20000819002657/http://www.chanrobles.com/executiveorderno209.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.chanrobles.com/executiveorderno209.htm) on August 19, 2000. Retrieved September 6, 2006. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-23) ["Republic of the Philippines vs Orbeceido"](http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/oct2005/gr_154380_2005.html). Lawphil Project. Arellano Law. Retrieved January 26, 2018. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-24) Quismoro, Elson (February 23, 2023). ["Many marriages are 'mistakes', says pro-divorce solon"](https://mb.com.ph/2023/02/23/many-marriages-are-mistakes-says-pro-divorce-solon/). Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 15, 2023. 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-no-fault-hontiveros_25-0) Torres, Sherrie Ann (July 12, 2022). ["Hontiveros files 'no-fault' divorce bill amid church objection"](https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/12/22/hontiveros-files-no-fault-divorce-bill-amid-church-objection). ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-house-panel_26-0) Cruz, RG (February 20, 2018). ["House panel drops chronic unhappiness, no-fault provision in divorce bill"](https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/20/18/house-panel-drops-chronic-unhappiness-no-fault-provision-in-divorce-bill). ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 13, 2023. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-27) Felipe, Cecille Suerte (September 20, 2023). ["Senate panel OKs absolute divorce bill"](https://qa.philstar.com/headlines/2023/09/20/2297576/senate-panel-oks-absolute-divorce-bill). [The Philippine Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star "The Philippine Star"). Retrieved May 16, 2024. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-28) Cervantes, Filane Mike (May 16, 2024). ["Absolute divorce bill hurdles 2nd reading in House"](https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1224828). [Philippine News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_News_Agency "Philippine News Agency"). Retrieved May 16, 2024. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-29) Garcia, Nick (May 16, 2024). ["House approves divorce bill on second reading"](https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/741572-house-committee-divorce-bill-second-reading?page=3). [The Philippine Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star "The Philippine Star"). Retrieved May 16, 2024. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-30) Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 15, 2024). ["House approves divorce bill on 2nd reading"](https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1941047/house-approves-divorce-bill-on-2nd-reading). [Philippine Daily Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer "Philippine Daily Inquirer"). Retrieved May 16, 2024. 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-31) Cruz, Maricel (May 15, 2024). ["Bill on 'absolute divorce' gets House vote on second reading"](https://manilastandard.net/news/314447319/bill-on-absolute-divorce-gets-house-vote-on-second-reading.html). [Manila Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard "Manila Standard"). Retrieved May 16, 2024. 32. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-noneed_32-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-noneed_32-1) Patinio, Ferdinand (September 18, 2019). ["No need for divorce, legal methods available for couples: CBCP"](https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1080768). Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-unconst-mb_33-0)* Rosario, Ben (August 20, 2021). ["Oppositors confident 'unconstitutional' divorce bill will not get Lower House nod"](https://mb.com.ph/2021/08/19/oppositors-confident-unconstitutional-divorce-bill-will-not-get-lower-house-nod/). Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-34) Diaz, Jess (March 16, 2018). ["'Divorce law will violate Constitution'"](https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/03/16/1797128/divorce-law-will-violate-constitution). Philstar.com. The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-35) Fides, Agenzia (September 20, 2019). ["Bishops: No to bills on divorce, anti-constitutional and anti-family - Agenzia Fides"](http://www.fides.org/en/news/66656-ASIA_PHILIPPINES_Bishops_No_to_bills_on_divorce_anti_constitutional_and_anti_family). Agenzia Fides. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-36) ["Our Right To Self-determination: Pilipina's Position On The Issues Of Divorce And Abortion"](https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/philippinen/50068.pdf) (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-37) ["CBCP: Divorce bill 'anti-marriage and anti-family'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180225171450/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/02/23/cbcp-divorce-bill.html). CNN Philippines. February 23, 2018. Archived from [the original](https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/02/23/cbcp-divorce-bill.html) on February 25, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-unconstitutional_38-0) Medenilla, Samuel (September 22, 2019). ["CBCP: Divorce unconstitutional in PHL; legal methods available"](https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/09/22/cbcp-divorce-unconstitutional-in-phl-legal-methods-available/). Business Mirror. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-39) ["CBCP Position against the Divorce Bill and against the Decriminalization of Adultery and Concubinage"](https://cbcponline.net/cbcp-position-against-the-divorce-bill-and-against-the-decriminalization-of-adultery-and-concubinage/#:~:text=Let%20the%20Word%20of%20God%20guide%20us.&text=For%20this%20reason%20a%20man,10%3A2-9\).). CBCP Online. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-40) Mendoza, John (May 23, 2024). ["CBCP hits House for approving divorce bill"](https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1943976/cbcp-hits-house-for-finally-approving-divorce-bill). [Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines "Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines"). Retrieved May 23, 2024. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-41) Tolentino, Ma. Reina Leanne (June 24, 2024). ["Couples for Christ issues anti-divorce manifesto"](https://www.manilatimes.net/2024/06/24/news/national/couples-for-christ-issues-anti-divorce-manifesto/1952909). [The Manila Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manila_Times "The Manila Times"). Retrieved June 24, 2024. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-42) ["For they are no longer two, but one"](https://iglesianicristo.net/for-they-are-no-longer-two-but-one/). Iglesia Ni Cristo. November 23, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-43) Alignay, Moses (September 30, 2021). ["What Does the Bible Say About Divorce?"](https://incmedia.org/what-does-the-bible-say-about-divorce/). INC Media. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-44) Escareal-Go, Chiqui (2014). ["Driven to Survive: Four Filipino Women CEOs' Stories on Separation or Annulment"](https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pssr/article/download/4525/4086). Philippine Social Sciences Review: 52. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-45) ["Is the Philippines Ready for Divorce?"](https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/5183/is-the-philippines-ready-for-divorce/). Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 9, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2023. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-jur_cmt_46-0) <https://jur.ph/jurisprudence/digest/chi-ming-tsoi-v-court-of-appeals> 47. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-files-civil_47-0) Bordey, Hana (March 31, 2023). ["Padilla files bill recognizing civil effect of church decreed annulment"](https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/865653/padilla-files-bill-recognizing-civil-effect-of-church-decreed-annulment/story/). GMA News. Retrieved June 14, 2024. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-48) Quisimorio, Ellson. ["'Significant development' on bill simplifying annulment of marriage hailed"](https://mb.com.ph/2023/02/24/significant-development-in-proposed-law-simplifying-church-annulment-hailed/). Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 14, 2024. 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-49) ["Social Weather Report \\| 50% of Filipino adults agree, 31% disagree, and 17% are undecided about legalizing divorce for irreconcilably separated couples"](https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20240531152134&mc_cid=f78a1cee5b&mc_eid=1eeee26a57). Social Weather Stations. Retrieved June 1, 2024. 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines#cite_ref-sws-march2024_50-0) Parungao, Adrian (June 1, 2024). ["SWS: 50% OKs divorce for 'irreconcilably separated' couples"](https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1947224/sws-50-oks-divorce-for-irreconcilably-separated-couples). Philippine Daily Inquirer. 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![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divorce_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1301702261>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Divorce by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Divorce_by_country "Category:Divorce by country") - [Marriage, unions and partnerships in the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marriage,_unions_and_partnerships_in_the_Philippines "Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in the Philippines") Hidden categories: - [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description") - [Short description with empty Wikidata description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description "Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description") - [Use mdy dates from April 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