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| Boilerpipe Text | Deepwater Horizon
oil spill
As seen from space by the
Terra
satellite on 24 May 2010
Interactive map of
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill
Location
Macondo Prospect
(
Mississippi Canyon
Block 252), in the North-central
Gulf of Mexico
, United States (south of Louisiana)
Coordinates
28°44′17″N
88°21′58″W
/
28.73806°N 88.36611°W
[
1
]
Date
20 April – 19 September 2010
(4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)
Cause
Cause
Wellhead
blowout
Casualties
11 people killed
17 people injured
Operator
Transocean
under contract for
BP
[
2
]
Spill characteristics
Volume
4.9 million barrels (210,000,000 U.S. gallons; 780,000 cubic meters) ±10%
[
3
]
Area
2,500 to 68,000 sq mi (6,500 to 176,100 km
2
)
[
4
]
External videos
Frontline: The Spill
(54:25),
Frontline
on
PBS
[
5
]
The
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill
was an
environmental disaster
beginning 20 April 2010 off the coast of the
United States
in the
Gulf of Mexico
, on the
BP
-operated
Macondo Prospect
.
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
8
]
[
9
]
It is considered the largest marine
oil spill
in the history of the
petroleum industry
and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the
Ixtoc I oil spill
, also in the Gulf of Mexico. Caused in the aftermath of a blowout and
explosion on the
Deepwater Horizon
oil platform
, the
United States federal government
estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m
3
).
[
3
]
After
several failed efforts
to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.
[
10
]
Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking.
[
11
]
[
12
]
The
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history.
A massive response ensued to protect beaches,
wetlands
and
estuaries
from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating
booms
, controlled burns and 1,840,000 US gal (7,000 m
3
) of
oil dispersant
.
[
13
]
Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported.
[
14
]
In
Louisiana
, oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 mi (89 km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013. 4,900,000 lb (2,200 t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012.
[
15
]
Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the
Florida panhandle
and
Tampa Bay
, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the
sand
.
[
16
]
In April 2013, it was reported that
dolphins
and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate.
[
17
]
One study released in 2014 reported that
tuna
and
amberjack
exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs which would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening; another study found that
cardiotoxicity
might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill.
[
18
]
[
19
]
Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. The United States Government report, published in September 2011, pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly
BP
, but also rig operator
Transocean
and contractor
Halliburton
.
[
20
]
[
21
]
Earlier in 2011, a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of
cost-cutting
decisions and an inadequate safety system, but also concluded that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur".
[
22
]
In November 2012, BP and the
United States Department of Justice
settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of
manslaughter
, two
misdemeanors
, and a felony count of lying to the
United States Congress
. BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics, and the
Environmental Protection Agency
announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the United States government. BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting $4.525 billion in fines and other payments.
[
23
]
[
24
]
[
25
]
In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct.
[
26
]
In April 2016, BP agreed to pay $20.8 billion in fines, the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history.
[
27
]
As of 2018
, cleanup costs, charges and penalties had cost the company more than $65 billion.
[
28
]
[
29
]
Deepwater Horizon
drilling rig
[
edit
]
Deepwater Horizon
was a 10-year-old
[
30
]
semi-submersible, mobile, floating
,
dynamically positioned
drilling rig
that could operate in waters up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) deep.
[
31
]
Built by South Korean company
Hyundai Heavy Industries
[
32
]
and owned by
Transocean
, the rig operated under the
Marshallese
flag of convenience
, and was chartered to BP from March 2008 to September 2013.
[
2
]
It was drilling a deep exploratory well, 18,360 ft (5,600 m) below sea level, in approximately 5,100 ft (1,600 m) of water. The well is situated in the
Macondo Prospect
in
Mississippi Canyon
Block 253 (MC253) of the
Gulf of Mexico
, in the United States'
exclusive economic zone
. The
Macondo well
is found roughly 41 mi (66 km) off the
Louisiana
coast.
[
33
]
[
34
]
BP was the operator and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect with a 65% share, while 25% was owned by
Anadarko Petroleum
, and 10% by
MOEX Offshore 2007
, a unit of
Mitsui
.
[
35
]
Supply boats battling the fire, viewed from a Coast Guard helicopter
At approximately
7:45 pm
CDT
, on 20 April 2010, high-pressure
methane
gas from the well expanded into the
marine riser
and rose into the drilling rig, where it ignited and exploded, engulfing the platform.
[
36
]
[
37
]
Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day
U.S. Coast Guard
(USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion or its aftermath.
[
38
]
[
39
]
Ninety-four crew members were rescued by
lifeboat
or helicopter, 17 of whom were treated for injuries.
[
36
]
[
40
]
The
Deepwater Horizon
sank on the morning of 22 April 2010.
Volume and extent of oil spill
[
edit
]
Oil from the
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill approaches the coast of Mobile, Alabama, 6 May 2010
Oil-stained beaches in Pensacola, Florida; 1 July 2010
Burning and skimming operations in the Gulf of Mexico; 10 June 2010
Thick oil washes ashore in Louisiana; 10 June 2010
The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site.
[
41
]
The oil flowed for 87 days. BP originally estimated a flow rate of 1,000 to 5,000 barrels per day [bbl/d] (160 to 790 m
3
/d). The
Flow Rate Technical Group
(FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000 bbl/d (9,900 m
3
/d).
[
42
]
[
43
]
[
44
]
The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated
4.9 million barrels (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m
3
)
with plus or minus 10% uncertainty,
[
3
]
including oil that was collected,
[
45
]
making it the world's largest accidental spill.
[
6
]
[
46
]
BP challenged the higher figure, saying that the government overestimated the prefaced volume. Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number.
[
47
]
[
48
]
The company argued that government figures do not reflect over 810,000 bbl (34 million US gal; 129,000 m
3
) of oil that was collected or burned before it could enter the Gulf waters.
[
45
]
According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000 sq mi (180,000 km
2
) of ocean, comparable to the area of
Oklahoma
.
[
4
]
[
49
]
By early June 2010, oil had washed up on 125 mi (201 km) of Louisiana's coast and along the
Mississippi
,
Florida
, and
Alabama
coastlines.
[
50
]
[
51
]
Oil sludge appeared in the
Intracoastal Waterway
and on
Pensacola Beach
and the
Gulf Islands National Seashore
.
[
52
]
In late June, oil reached
Gulf Park Estates
, its first appearance in Mississippi.
[
53
]
In July,
tarballs
reached
Grand Isle
and the shores of
Lake Pontchartrain
.
[
54
]
[
55
]
In September a new wave of oil suddenly coated 16 mi (26 km) of Louisiana coastline and marshes west of the Mississippi River in
Plaquemines Parish
.
[
56
]
In October, weathered oil reached Texas.
[
57
]
As of July 2011
, about 491 mi (790 km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074 mi (1,728 km) had been oiled since the spill began.
[
58
]
As of December 2012
, 339 mi (546 km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations.
[
59
]
The reported 3.19 million barrels of spilled oil was not the only effect of this disaster. A report detailed the release of thousands of tons of
hydrocarbon
gases (HC) into the atmosphere.
[
60
]
Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally-extended plumes of dissolved oil. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long-lasting.
[
61
]
Two weeks after the wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010, the surface oil appeared to have dissipated, while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained.
[
62
]
Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report that claimed about half of the oil remained below the surface to independent estimates of up to 75%.
[
63
]
[
64
]
[
65
]
That means over 100
×
10
6
US gal (380 Ml) (2.4 million barrels) remained in the Gulf.
[
59
]
As of January 2011
, tar balls, oil sheen trails, fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident. Subsurface oil remained offshore and in fine silts.
[
66
]
In April 2012, oil was still found along as much as 200 mi (320 km) of Louisiana coastline and tar balls continued to wash up on the barrier islands.
[
67
]
In 2013, some scientists at the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference said that as much as one-third of the oil may have mixed with
deep ocean sediments
, where it risks damage to ecosystems and commercial fisheries.
[
68
]
In 2013, more than 4,600,000 lb (2,100 t) of "oiled material" was removed from the Louisiana coast.
[
15
]
[
69
]
Although only "minute" quantities of oil continued to wash up in 2013, patches of tar balls were still being reported almost every day from Alabama and Florida Panhandle beaches. Regular cleanup patrols were no longer considered justified but cleanup was being conducted on an as-needed basis, in response to public reports.
[
70
]
It was first thought that oil had not reached as far as
Tampa Bay, Florida
; however, a study done in 2013 found that one of the plumes of dispersant-treated oil had reached a shelf 80 mi (130 km) off the Tampa Bay region. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area".
[
16
]
[
71
]
Efforts to stem the flow of oil
[
edit
]
Concept diagram of underwater oil containment domes originally planned for the
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill. At this stage, there were 2 remaining oil leaks from the fallen pipeline.
Oil
containment dome
under construction in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, at
Wild Well Control
on 26 April
First, BP unsuccessfully attempted to close the
blowout preventer
valves on the wellhead with
remotely operated underwater vehicles
.
[
72
]
[
73
]
Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000 lb)
containment dome
over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form
methane hydrate
crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome.
[
74
]
Pumping heavy
drilling fluids
into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement ("
top kill
") also failed.
[
75
]
[
76
]
BP then inserted a riser insertion tube into the pipe and a stopper-like washer around the tube plugged at the end of the riser and diverted the flow into the insertion tube.
[
77
]
The collected gas was flared and oil stored on board the
drillship
Discoverer Enterprise
.
[
78
]
Before the tube was removed, it collected 924,000 US gal (22,000 bbl; 3,500 m
3
) of oil.
[
79
]
On 3 June 2010, BP removed the damaged
drilling riser
from the top of the blowout preventer and covered the pipe by the cap which connected it to another riser.
[
80
]
On 16 June, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels, where it was consumed in a clean-burning system.
[
81
]
The United States government's estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the leaking oil.
[
52
]
On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10").
[
82
]
[
83
]
Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which did not work either). A final device was created to attach a chamber of larger diameter than the flowing pipe with a flange that bolted to the top of the blowout preventer and a manual valve set to close off the flow once attached. On 15 July, the device was secured and time was taken closing the valves to ensure the attachment under increasing pressure until the valves were closed completing the temporary measures.
[
84
]
Well declared "effectively dead"
[
edit
]
Transocean's
Development Driller III
started drilling a first
relief well
on 2 May 2010.
GSF Development Driller II
started drilling a second relief on 16 May 2010.
[
85
]
[
86
]
[
87
]
On 3 August 2010, first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2 bbl (320 L) per minute into the well-head. Pumping continued for eight hours, at the end of which the well was declared to be "in a static condition."
[
88
]
On 4 August 2010, BP began pumping cement from the top, sealing that part of the flow channel permanently.
[
89
]
On 3 September 2010, the 300-
ton
failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed.
[
90
]
[
91
]
On 16 September 2010, the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began.
[
92
]
On 19 September 2010,
National Incident Commander
Thad Allen
declared the well "effectively dead" and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf.
[
10
]
Recurrent or continued leakage
[
edit
]
The Discoverer Enterprise and the Q4000 work around the clock burning undesirable gases from the still uncapped
Deepwater Horizon
well in the Gulf of Mexico. 26 June 2010
In May 2010, BP admitted they had "discovered things that were broken in the sub-surface" during the "top kill" effort.
[
93
]
Oil slicks were reported in March
[
94
]
and August 2011,
[
95
]
[
96
]
in March
[
11
]
and October 2012,
[
97
]
[
98
]
[
99
]
and in January 2013.
[
100
]
Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well.
[
101
]
[
102
]
The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,
[
103
]
but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil.
[
104
]
USGS director
Marcia McNutt
stated that the riser pipe could hold at most 1,000 bbl (160 m
3
) because it is open on both ends, making it unlikely to hold the amount of oil being observed.
[
105
]
In October 2012, BP reported that they had found and plugged leaking oil from the failed containment dome, now abandoned about 1,500 ft (460 m) from the main well.
[
106
]
[
107
]
[
108
]
In December 2012, the USCG conducted a subsea survey; no oil coming from the wells or the wreckage was found and its source remains unknown.
[
59
]
[
109
]
In addition, a white, milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage. According to BP and the USCG, it is "not oil and it's not harmful."
[
110
]
In January 2013, BP said that they were continuing to investigate possible sources of the oil sheen. Chemical data implied that the substance might be residual oil leaking from the wreckage. If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead. If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. The oil slick was comparable in size to
naturally occurring oil seeps
and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife.
[
11
]
[
111
]
Containment, collection and use of dispersants
[
edit
]
The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. In summer 2010, approximately 47,000 people and 7,000 vessels were involved in the project. By 3 October 2012, federal response costs amounted to $850 million, mostly reimbursed by BP. As of January 2013
, 935 personnel were still involved. By that time cleanup had cost BP over $14 billion.
[
59
]
It was estimated with plus-or-minus 10% uncertainty that 4.9 million barrels (780,000 m
3
) of oil was released from the well; 4.1 million barrels (650,000 m
3
) of oil went into the Gulf.
[
112
]
The report led by the Department of the Interior and the NOAA said that "75% [of oil] has been cleaned up by Man or Mother Nature"; however, only about 25% of released oil was collected or removed while about 75% of oil remained in the environment in one form or another.
[
113
]
In 2012, Markus Huettel, a
benthic ecologist
at Florida State University, maintained that while much of BP's oil was degraded or evaporated, at least 60% remains unaccounted for.
[
114
]
In May 2010, a local native set up a network for people to volunteer their assistance in cleaning up beaches. Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boats to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity; however, an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean-up efforts – only a third of the registered boats. Many local supporters were disappointed with BP's slow response, prompting the formation of The Florida Key Environmental Coalition. This coalition gained significant influence in the clean-up of the oil spill to try to gain some control over the situation.
[
115
]
Oil containment boom used in an attempt to protect barrier islands
Containment booms
stretching over 4,200,000 ft (1,300 km) were deployed, either to corral the oil or as barriers to protect marshes, mangroves, shrimp/crab/oyster ranches or other ecologically sensitive areas. Booms extend 18–48 in (0.46–1.22 m) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters. Including one-time use
sorbent
booms, a total of 13,300,000 ft (4,100 km) of booms were deployed.
[
116
]
Booms were criticized for washing up on the shore with the oil, allowing oil to escape above or below the boom, and for ineffectiveness in more than three- to four-foot (90–120 cm) waves.
[
117
]
[
118
]
[
119
]
The
Louisiana barrier island plan
was developed to construct
barrier islands
to protect the coast of Louisiana. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results.
[
120
]
[
121
]
Critics allege that the decision to pursue the project was political with little scientific input.
[
122
]
The EPA expressed concern that the booms would threaten wildlife.
[
123
]
For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the
Exxon Valdez
disaster
.
[
124
]
[
125
]
Use of Corexit dispersant
[
edit
]
A
C-130 Hercules
sprays
Corexit
dispersant onto the Gulf of Mexico
In addition to use of dispersants by boats and planes, the Deepwater Horizon spill was the first to use subsea dispersant injection
The spill was also notable for the volume of
Corexit
oil dispersant
used and for application methods that were "purely experimental".
[
116
]
Altogether, 1.84
×
10
6
US gal (7,000 m
3
) of dispersants were used; of this, 771,000 US gal (2,920 m
3
) were released at the wellhead.
[
13
]
Subsea injection had never previously been tried but, due to the spill's unprecedented nature, BP, together with USCG and EPA, decided to use it.
[
126
]
Over 400 sorties were flown to release the product.
[
116
]
Although usage of dispersants was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact",
[
116
]
the approach continues to be investigated.
[
127
]
[
128
]
[
129
]
A 2011 analysis conducted by
Earthjustice
and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and
endocrine-disrupting
chemicals.
[
130
]
[
medical citation needed
]
Environmental scientists expressed concerns that the dispersants add to the toxicity of a spill, increasing the threat to
sea turtles
and
bluefin tuna
. The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and wash through the Gulf.
[
131
]
According to BP and federal officials, dispersant use stopped after the cap was in place;
[
132
]
[
133
]
however, marine toxicologist
Riki Ott
wrote in an open letter to the EPA that Corexit use continued after that date
[
134
]
and a
GAP
investigation stated that "[a] majority of GAP witnesses cited indications that Corexit was used after [July 2010]".
[
135
]
According to a NALCO manual obtained by
GAP
, Corexit 9527 is an "eye and skin irritant. Repeated or excessive exposure ... may cause injury to red blood cells (hemolysis), kidney or the liver". The manual adds: "Excessive exposure may cause central nervous system effects, nausea, vomiting, anesthetic or narcotic effects". It advises, "Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing", and "Wear suitable protective clothing". For Corexit 9500, the manual advised, "Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing", "Avoid breathing vapor", and "Wear suitable protective clothing". According to
FOIA
requests obtained by GAP, neither the protective gear nor the manual were distributed to Gulf oil spill cleanup workers.
Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants.
[
136
]
The two formulations are neither the least toxic, nor the most effective, among EPA's approved dispersants, but BP said it chose to use Corexit because it was available the week of the rig explosion.
[
137
]
[
138
]
On 19 May, the EPA gave BP 24 hours to choose less toxic alternatives to Corexit from the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule and begin applying them within 72 hours of EPA approval or provide a detailed reasoning why no approved products met the standards.
[
139
]
[
140
]
On 20 May, BP determined that none of the alternative products met all three criteria of availability, non-toxicity and effectiveness.
[
141
]
On 24 May, EPA Administrator
Lisa P. Jackson
ordered EPA to conduct its own evaluation of alternatives and ordered BP to reduce dispersant use by 75%.
[
142
]
[
143
]
[
144
]
BP reduced Corexit use by 25,689 to 23,250 US gal (97,240 to 88,010 L) per day, a 9% decline.
[
145
]
On 2 August 2010, the EPA said dispersants did no more harm to the environment than the oil and that they stopped a large amount of oil from reaching the coast by breaking it down faster.
[
132
]
However, some independent scientists and EPA's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach.
[
146
]
Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface.
[
138
]
Because the dispersants were applied at depth, much of the oil never rose to the surface.
[
147
]
One plume was 22 mi (35 km) long, more than 1 mi (1,600 m) wide and 650 ft (200 m) deep.
[
148
]
In a major study on the plume, experts were most concerned about the slow pace at which the oil was breaking down in the cold, 40 °F (4 °C) water at depths of 3,000 ft (900 m).
[
149
]
In late 2012, a study from
Georgia Tech
and
Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes
in Environmental Pollution journal reported that Corexit used during the BP oil spill had increased the
toxicity
of the oil by 52 times.
[
150
]
The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse.
[
151
]
[
152
]
Oil skimming vessels (distance) in the Gulf of Mexico
Dark clouds of smoke and fire emerge as oil burns during a controlled fire in the Gulf of Mexico, 6 May 2010
The three basic approaches for removing the oil from the water were: combustion, offshore filtration, and collection for later processing. USCG said 33,000,000 US gal (120,000 m
3
) of tainted water was recovered, including 5,000,000 US gal (19,000 m
3
) of oil. BP said 826,800 bbl (131,450 m
3
) had been recovered or flared.
[
153
]
It is calculated that about 5% of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3% was skimmed.
[
113
]
On the most demanding day, 47,849 people were assigned on the response works and over 6,000 Marine vessels, 82 helicopters, and 20 fixed-wing aircraft were involved.
[
3
]
From April to mid-July 2010, 411 controlled
in-situ
fires remediated approximately 265,000 bbl (11.1 million US gal; 42,100 m
3
).
[
116
]
The fires released small amounts of
toxins
, including cancer-causing
dioxins
. According to
EPA
's report, the released amount is not enough to pose an added cancer risk to workers and coastal residents, while a second research team concluded that there was only a small added risk.
[
154
]
Workers cleaning a beach affected by the spill.
Oil was collected from water by using
skimmers
. In total, 2,063 various skimmers were used.
[
3
]
For offshore, more than 60 open-water skimmers were deployed, including 12 purpose-built vehicles.
[
116
]
EPA regulations prohibited skimmers that left more than 15 parts per million (ppm) of oil in the water. Many large-scale skimmers exceeded the limit.
[
155
]
Due to use of
Corexit
, the oil was too dispersed to collect, according to a spokesperson for shipowner
TMT
.
[
156
]
In mid-June 2010, BP ordered 32 machines that
separate oil and water
, with each machine capable of extracting up to 2,000 bbl/d (320 m
3
/d).
[
157
]
[
158
]
After one week of testing, BP began to proceed
[
159
]
and, by 28 June, had removed 890,000 bbl (141,000 m
3
).
[
160
]
After the well was capped, the cleanup of shore became the main task of the response workers. Two main types of affected coast were sandy beaches and
marshes
. On beaches, the main techniques were sifting sand, removing tar balls, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices.
[
3
]
For marshes, techniques such as vacuum and pumping, low-pressure flush, vegetation cutting, and
bioremediation
were used.
[
116
]
Oil-eating microbes
[
edit
]
Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by
microbes
but conflicting results have been reported on this in the context of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
[
161
]
Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and, in theory, allow microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface. Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals.
[
162
]
Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil.
[
59
]
[
163
]
By mid-September, other research claimed that microbes mainly digested natural gas rather than oil.
[
164
]
[
165
]
David L. Valentine
, a professor of microbial geochemistry at
UC Santa Barbara
, said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated.
[
166
]
However, biogeochemist Chris Reddy said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse.
[
167
]
[
168
]
Genetically modified
Alcanivorax borkumensis
was added to the waters to speed digestion.
[
166
]
[
169
]
The delivery method of microbes to oil patches was proposed by the Russian
Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
.
[
citation needed
]
Access restrictions
[
edit
]
On 18 May 2010, BP was designated the lead "Responsible Party" under the
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
, which meant that BP had operational authority in coordinating the response.
[
170
]
[
171
]
The first video images were released on 12 May, and further video images were released by members of Congress who had been given access to them by BP.
[
172
]
During the spill response operations, at the request of the Coast Guard, the
Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) implemented a 900 sq mi (2,300 km
2
)
temporary flight restriction
zone over the operations area.
[
173
]
[
174
]
[
175
]
Restrictions were to prevent civilian air traffic from interfering with aircraft assisting the response effort.
[
172
]
All flights in the operations' area were prohibited except flight authorized by
air traffic control
; routine flights supporting offshore oil operations; federal, state, local and military flight operations supporting spill response; and air ambulance and law enforcement operations. Exceptions for these restrictions were granted on a case-by-case basis dependent on safety issues, operational requirements, weather conditions, and traffic volume. No flights, except aircraft conducting aerial chemical dispersing operations, or for landing and takeoff, were allowed below 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
[
173
]
Notwithstanding restrictions, there were 800 to 1,000 flights per day during the operations.
[
176
]
Local and federal authorities citing BP's authority denied access to members of the press attempting to document the spill from the air, from boats, and on the ground, blocking access to areas that were open to the public.
[
172
]
[
177
]
[
178
]
[
179
]
[
180
]
[
181
]
[
182
]
In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. In one example, the U.S. Coast Guard stopped
Jean-Michel Cousteau
's boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board.
[
179
]
In another example, a
CBS News
crew was denied access to the oil-covered beaches of the spill area. The CBS crew was told by the authorities, "This is BP's rules, not ours," when trying to film the area.
[
179
]
[
183
]
[
184
]
Some members of Congress criticized the restrictions placed on access by journalists.
[
172
]
The FAA denied that BP employees or contractors made decisions on flights and access, saying those decisions were made by the FAA and Coast Guard.
[
172
]
[
175
]
The FAA acknowledged that media access was limited to hired planes or helicopters, but was arranged through the Coast Guard.
[
176
]
The Coast Guard and BP denied having a policy of restricting journalists; they noted that members of the media had been embedded with the authorities and allowed to cover response efforts since the beginning of the effort, with more than 400 embeds aboard boats and aircraft to date.
[
181
]
They also said that they wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety.
[
181
]
On 15 April 2014, BP announced that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, while the
United States Coast Guard
work continued using physical barriers such as floating booms, the cleanup workers' objective was to keep the oil from spreading any further. They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used
sorbents
to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. Although that method did not remove the oil completely, chemicals called
dispersants
were used to hasten the oil's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000 US gal (5,300,000 L; 1,200,000 imp gal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil.
[
185
]
The state of Louisiana received funding by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
, a chemical used in the clean up. Testing over 2019 reported by GulfSource.org, for the pollutants tested have not produced results.
[
186
]
Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. Thousands of animals were visibly covered in oil.
[
187
]
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, working with the Smithsonian's
National Zoological Park
, rescued animals to help with the spill cleanup, although there were many animals found dead.
Environmental impact
[
edit
]
Capturing heavily oiled young turtles 20 to 40 miles (32 to 64 km) offshore for rehabilitation; 14 June 2010
The spill area hosts 8,332 species, including more than 1,270 fish, 604
polychaetes
, 218 birds, 1,456
mollusks
, 1,503
crustaceans
, 4 sea turtles and 29 marine mammals.
[
188
]
[
189
]
Between May and June 2010, the spill waters contained 40 times more
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) than before the spill.
[
190
]
[
191
]
PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include
carcinogens
and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 2–3 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.
[
191
]
PAHs can harm marine species directly and
microbes
used to consume the oil can reduce marine
oxygen
levels.
[
192
]
The oil contained approximately 40%
methane
by weight, compared to about 5% found in typical oil deposits.
[
193
]
Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is depleted.
[
193
]
A 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on
bluefin tuna
funded by
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA),
Stanford University
, and the
Monterey Bay Aquarium
and published in the journal
Science
, found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to
cardiac arrest
. Calling the vicinity of the spill "one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world", the study found that even at very low concentrations "PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil."
[
18
]
Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
, found that tuna and
amberjack
that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening.
The scientists said that their findings would most likely apply to other large predator fish and "even to humans, whose developing hearts are in many ways similar." BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but
The New York Times
reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.
[
19
]
An oiled
brown pelican
near Grand Isle, Louisiana
The oil dispersant
Corexit
, previously only used as a surface application, was released underwater in unprecedented amounts, with the intent of making it more easily biodegraded by naturally occurring microbes. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was
emulsified
into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor.
[
194
]
The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the
food chain
through
zooplankton
.
[
191
]
[
195
]
[
196
]
Signs of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny
blue crab
larvae.
[
197
]
A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact.
[
198
]
Chemicals from the spill were found in migratory birds as far away as Minnesota.
Pelican
eggs contained "petroleum compounds and Corexit".
[
129
]
Dispersant and PAHs from oil are believed to have caused "disturbing numbers" of
mutated
fish that scientists and commercial fishers saw in 2012, including 50% of shrimp found lacking eyes and eye sockets.
[
199
]
[
200
]
Fish with oozing sores and lesions were first noted by fishermen in November 2010.
[
201
]
Prior to the spill, approximately 0.1% of Gulf fish had lesions or sores. A report from the
University of Florida
said that many locations showed 20% of fish with lesions, while later estimates reached 50%.
[
201
]
In October 2013,
Al Jazeera
reported that the gulf ecosystem was "in crisis", citing a decline in seafood catches, as well as deformities and lesions found in fish.
[
202
]
According to J. Christopher Haney, Harold Geiger, and Jeffrey Short, three researchers with extensive experience in environmental monitoring and post-spill mortality assessments, over one million coastal birds died as a direct result of the
Deepwater Horizon
spill. These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill.
In July 2010, it was reported that the spill was "already having a 'devastating' effect on marine life in the Gulf".
[
203
]
Damage to the
ocean floor
especially endangered the
Louisiana pancake batfish
whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area.
[
204
]
In March 2012, a definitive link was found between the death of a
Gulf coral community
and the spill.
[
205
]
[
206
]
[
207
]
[
208
]
According to NOAA, a
cetacean
Unusual Mortality Event (UME) has been recognized since before the spill began, NOAA is investigating possible contributing factors to the ongoing UME from the
Deepwater Horizon
spill, with the possibility of eventual criminal charges being filed if the spill is shown to be connected.
[
209
]
Some estimates are that only 2% of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered.
[
210
]
Striped dolphins (
Stenella coeruleoalba
) observed in emulsified oil on 29 April 2010
In the first birthing season for dolphins after the spill, dead baby dolphins washed up along Mississippi and Alabama shorelines at about 10 times the normal number.
[
211
]
[
dead link
]
A peer-reviewed NOAA/BP study disclosed that nearly half the bottlenose dolphins tested in mid-2011 in Barataria Bay, a heavily oiled area, were in "guarded or worse" condition, "including 17 percent that were not expected to survive". BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill, saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill.
[
198
]
[
212
]
[
213
]
By 2013, over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area, a four-fold increase over the historical average.
[
214
]
The
National Wildlife Federation
(NWF) reports that sea turtles, mostly endangered
Kemp's ridley sea turtles
, have been stranding at a high rate. Before the spill there was an average of 100 strandings per year; since the spill the number has jumped to roughly 500.
[
215
]
NWF senior scientist Doug Inkley notes that the marine death rates are unprecedented and occurring high in the food chain, strongly suggesting there is "something amiss with the Gulf ecosystem".
[
216
]
In December 2013, the journal
Environmental Science & Technology
published a study finding that of 32
dolphins
briefly captured from 24-km stretch near southeastern Louisiana, half were seriously ill or dying. BP said the report was "inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill".
[
217
]
[
218
]
Heavy oiling of Bay Jimmy, Plaquemines Parish; 15 September 2010
In 2012, tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast
[
219
]
[
220
]
[
221
]
[
222
]
and in 2013, tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil.
[
223
]
In 2013, former NASA physicist Bonny Schumaker noted a "dearth of marine life" in a radius 30 to 50 mi (48 to 80 km) around the well, after flying over the area numerous times since May 2010.
[
224
]
[
225
]
In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,
[
226
]
and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles". The result could have long-term effects because oil could remain in the food chain for generations.
[
227
]
A 2014 bluefin tuna study in
Science
found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.
[
228
]
A 2015 study of the relative toxicity of oil and dispersants to coral also found that the dispersants were more toxic than the oil.
[
229
]
A 2015 study by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
, published in
PLOS ONE
,
links the sharp increase in dolphin deaths to the
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill.
[
230
]
[
231
]
On 12 April 2016, a research team reported that 88 percent of about 360 baby or
stillborn
dolphins within the spill area "had abnormal or under-developed lungs", compared to 15 percent in other areas. The study was published in the April 2016
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
.
[
232
]
Health consequences
[
edit
]
By June 2010, 143 spill-exposure cases had been reported to the
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
; 108 of those involved workers in the clean-up efforts, while 35 were reported by residents.
[
233
]
Chemicals from the oil and dispersant are believed to be the cause; it is believed that the addition of dispersants made the oil more toxic.
[
234
]
A worker cleans up oily waste on Elmer's Island just west of Grand Isle, Louisiana, 21 May 2010
The United States
Department of Health and Human Services
set up the
GuLF Study
in June 2010 in response to these reports. The study is run by the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
, and will last at least five years.
[
235
]
[
236
]
Workers contracted by BP clean up oil on a beach in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, 23 May 2010
Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country."
[
237
]
In July, after testing the blood of BP cleanup workers and residents in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida for
volatile organic compounds
, environmental scientist
Wilma Subra
said she was "finding amounts 5 to 10 times in excess of the 95th percentile"; she said that "the presence of these chemicals in the blood indicates exposure."
[
236
]
[
238
]
[
239
]
Riki Ott
, a marine toxicologist with experience of the
Exxon Valdez oil spill
, advised families to evacuate the Gulf.
[
240
]
She said that workers from the Valdez spill had suffered long-term health consequences.
[
241
]
Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation. This was to cover all offshore cleanup activities; BP later requested a second NIOSH investigation of onshore cleanup operations. Tests for chemical exposure in the seven fishermen were negative; NIOSH concluded that the hospitalizations were most likely a result of heat, fatigue, and terpenes that were being used to clean the decks. Review of 10 later hospitalizations found that heat exposure and dehydration were consistent findings but could not establish chemical exposure. NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds and PAHs never exceeded permissible exposure levels. A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation. In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil. NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning
personal protective equipment
(gloves and impermeable coveralls) as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil. Heat stress was found to be the most pressing safety concern.
[
242
]
Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.
[
243
]
[
244
]
[
245
]
OSHA said "cleanup workers are receiving "minimal" exposure to airborne toxins...OSHA will require that BP provide certain protective clothing, but not respirators."
[
246
]
ProPublica
reported that workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing.
[
247
]
An independent investigation for
Newsweek
showed that BP did not hand out the legally required safety manual for use with Corexit, and were not provided with safety training or protective gear.
[
248
]
A 2012 survey of the health effects of the spill on cleanup workers reported "eye, nose and throat irritation; respiratory problems; blood in urine, vomit and rectal bleeding; seizures; nausea and violent vomiting episodes that last for hours; skin irritation, burning and lesions; short-term memory loss and confusion; liver and kidney damage; central nervous system effects and nervous system damage; hypertension; and miscarriages". Dr. James Diaz, writing for the
American Journal of Disaster Medicine
, said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills, like the Exxon Valdez. Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed". Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected.
[
249
]
Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
found
biomarkers
matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers.
[
citation needed
]
Other studies have reported a variety of mental health issues, skin problems, breathing issues, coughing, and headaches.
[
250
]
In 2013, during the three-day "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference",
[
251
]
findings discussed included a '"significant percentage" of Gulf residents reporting mental health problems like anxiety, depression and
PTSD
. These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of "many chemicals contained in the oil".
[
252
]
[
253
]
A study that investigated the health effects among children in Louisiana and Florida living less than 10 miles from the coast found that more than a third of the parents reported physical or mental health symptoms among their children. The parents reported "unexplained symptoms among their children, including bleeding ears, nose bleeds, and the early start of menstruation among girls," according to David Abramson, director of Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness.
[
252
]
A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing; headaches; watery, burning, itchy eyes and stuffy, itchy, runny nose.
[
254
]
Map of the area where fishing was affected because of the BP oil spill
Sign in
Orange Beach, Alabama
, advising against swimming due to the oil spill
The spill had a strong economic impact to BP
[
255
]
and also the
Gulf Coast
's economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to $22.7 billion through 2013. In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled $32 million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total $153 million in this state alone.
[
256
]
[
257
]
The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247 million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. One study projects that the overall impact of lost or degraded commercial, recreational, and mariculture fisheries in the Gulf could be $8.7 billion by 2020, with a potential loss of 22,000 jobs over the same time frame.
[
257
]
[
258
]
BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties.
[
259
]
Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013.
[
260
]
During the crisis, BP gas stations in the United States reported a sales drop of between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company.
[
261
]
Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling
moratorium
imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state).
[
262
]
NOAA had closed 86,985 sq mi (225,290 km
2
), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing $2.5 billion cost for the fishing industry.
[
263
]
[
264
]
[
265
]
The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately $23 billion, in a region that supports over 400,000 travel industry jobs generating $34 billion in revenue annually.
[
266
]
[
267
]
Offshore drilling policies
[
edit
]
US oil production and imports, 1910–2020
On 30 April 2010, President
Barack Obama
ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster.
[
268
]
[
269
]
Later a six-month offshore drilling (below 500 ft (150 m) of water) moratorium was enforced by the
United States Department of the Interior
.
[
270
]
The moratorium suspended work on 33 rigs,
[
270
]
and a group of affected companies formed the
Back to Work Coalition
.
[
271
]
On 22 June, a
United States federal judge
on the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
Martin Leach-Cross Feldman
when ruling in the case
Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar
, lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified.
[
270
]
The ban was lifted in October 2010.
[
citation needed
]
Prior to the oil spill, on 31 March 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the
East Coast of the United States
and along the coast of
northern Alaska
in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.
[
272
]
On 28 April 2010, the
National Energy Board
of Canada, which regulates offshore drilling in the
Canadian Arctic
and along the
British Columbia Coast
, issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same-season relief wells.
[
273
]
On 3 May California Governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger
withdrew his support for a proposed plan to allow expanded
offshore drilling projects in California
.
[
274
]
[
275
]
On 8 July, Florida Governor
Charlie Crist
called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters, which the legislature rejected on 20 July.
[
276
]
[
277
]
In October 2011, the
United States Department of the Interior
's
Minerals Management Service
was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry. Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
, the
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
, and
Office of Natural Resources Revenue
.
In March 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases.
[
278
]
Protesters advocating boycott of BP
On 30 April, President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the
Department of Interior
and
Homeland Security
, as well as the
EPA Administrator
and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster.
[
279
]
In his 15 June speech, Obama said, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced... Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy."
[
280
]
Interior Secretary
Ken Salazar
stated, "Our job basically is to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum."
[
281
]
Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms, which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis.
[
282
]
Rand Paul
accused President Obama of being anti-business and "un-American".
[
281
]
Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BP's response. Across the US, thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations,
[
283
]
[
284
]
[
285
]
reducing sales at some stations by 10% to 40%.
[
286
]
An academic study that assesses government response to the disaster notes that the severity of disruption substantially influences the social construction of the occasion as policy actors are ill-equipped to handle the challenges at all levels of government.
[
287
]
The petroleum industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility.
[
288
]
The
American Petroleum Institute
(API) stated that the offshore drilling industry is important to job creation and economic growth.
[
288
]
[
289
]
CEOs from the top five oil companies all agreed to work harder at improving safety. API announced the creation of an offshore safety institute, separate from API's lobbying operation.
[
290
]
American protester stands on a
Union Flag
, presumably associating BP with the United Kingdom
The
Organization for International Investment
, a
Washington D.C.
-based advocate for overseas investment in the United States, warned that the heated rhetoric was potentially damaging the reputation of British companies with operations in the United States and could spark a wave of U.S. protectionism that would restrict British firms from government contracts, political donations and lobbying.
[
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]
[
292
]
In July 2010, President Obama issued an executive order, specifically citing the
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill, that adopted recommendations from the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force and established the National Ocean Council.
[
293
]
The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management.
[
294
]
In June 2018, the executive order establishing the National Ocean Council was revoked by then-U.S. president Donald Trump in an effort to roll back bureaucracy and benefit "ocean industries [that] employ millions of Americans".
[
294
]
[
295
]
United Kingdom reactions
[
edit
]
In the UK, there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the misuse of the term "British Petroleum" for the company – a name which has not been used since British Petroleum merged with the American company
Amoco
in 1998 to form BP
Amoco
. It was said that the U.S. was "dumping" the blame onto the British people and there were calls for British Prime Minister
David Cameron
to protect British interests in the United States. British pension fund managers (who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs.
[
282
]
Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO
Tony Hayward
called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean".
[
296
]
Later, he drew an outpouring of criticism when he said that the spill was a disruption to Gulf Coast residents and himself adding, "You know, I'd like my life back."
[
297
]
BP's chief operating officer
Doug Suttles
contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting, "It may be down to how you define what a plume is here… The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities."
[
298
]
In June, BP launched a PR campaign and successfully bid for several search terms related to the spill on Google and other search engines so that the first sponsored search result linked directly to the company's website.
[
299
]
[
300
]
On 26 July 2010, it was announced that CEO Tony Hayward was to resign and would be replaced by
Bob Dudley
, who is an American citizen and previously worked for Amoco.
[
301
]
[
302
]
Hayward's involvement in
Deepwater Horizon
has left him a highly controversial public figure. In May 2013, he was honored as a "distinguished leader" by the University of Birmingham, but his award ceremony was stopped on multiple occasions by jeers and walk-outs and the focus of a protest from
People & Planet
members.
[
303
]
In July 2013, Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from
Robert Gordon University
. This was described as a "sick joke" and "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland.
[
304
]
The student body president expressed that students would be "very disappointed".
[
305
]
International reactions
[
edit
]
The U.S. government rejected offers of cleanup help from Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United Nations. The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted.
[
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]
[
307
]
The USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries.
[
308
]
Legal aspects and settlements
[
edit
]
In the United States the
Deepwater Horizon
investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by:
the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral
Thad Allen
,
the
National Commission on the BP
Deepwater Horizon
Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling
,
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
(BOEMRE),
National Academy of Engineering
,
National Research Council
,
Government Accountability Office
,
National Oil Spill Commission, and
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
.
[
59
]
The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty.
[
2
]
BP conducted its internal investigation.
An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the
Minerals Management Service
.
[
36
]
On 11 May the United States administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation.
[
309
]
The National Commission on the BP
Deepwater Horizon
Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to "consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions."
[
310
]
The investigation by
United States Attorney General
Eric Holder
was announced on 1 June 2010.
[
311
]
Also the
United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce
conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit.
[
81
]
[
312
]
According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's
blowout preventer
, built by
Cameron International Corporation
, had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed.
[
313
]
On 8 September 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on
Halliburton
and
Transocean
.
[
314
]
The report found that on 20 April 2010, managers misread pressure data and gave their approval for rig workers to replace drilling fluid in the well with seawater, which was not heavy enough to prevent gas that had been leaking into the well from firing up the pipe to the rig, causing the explosion. The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame, as was Transocean, which owned the rig. Responding to the report, Transocean and Halliburton placed all blame on BP.
[
315
]
On 9 November 2010, a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions. "There was not a culture of safety on that rig," the co-chair said.
[
316
]
The National Commission on the BP
Deepwater Horizon
Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling released a final report on 5 January 2011.
[
317
]
[
318
]
The panel found that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage.
[
319
]
The report stated that "whether purposeful or not, many of the decisions that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean made that increased the risk of the Macondo blowout clearly saved those companies significant time (and money)."
[
319
]
BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management."
[
320
]
Transocean, however, blamed BP for making the decisions before the actual explosion occurred and government officials for permitting those decisions.
[
321
]
Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well.
[
320
]
[
322
]
It criticized BP for its failure to run a
cement bond log
test.
[
321
]
In the report, BP was accused of nine faults.
[
320
]
[
322
]
One was that it had not used a diagnostic tool to test the strength of the cement.
[
319
]
Another was ignoring a pressure test that had failed.
[
320
]
Still another was for not plugging the pipe with cement.
[
319
]
The study did not, however, place the blame on any one of these events. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling."
[
320
]
[
322
]
The panel also noted that the government regulators did not have sufficient knowledge or authority to notice these cost-cutting decisions.
[
319
]
On 23 March 2011, BOEMRE (former
MMS
) and the
USCG
published a forensic examination report on the blowout preventer, prepared by
Det Norske Veritas
.
[
323
]
The report concluded that the primary cause of failure was that the blind shear rams failed to fully close and seal due to a portion of drill pipe buckling between the shearing blocks.
The US government report issued in September 2011 stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame.
[
20
]
[
324
]
The report states that the main cause was the defective cement job, and Halliburton, BP and Transocean were, in different ways, responsible for the accident.
[
20
]
The report stated that, although the events leading to the sinking of
Deepwater Horizon
were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout, the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies, and acts and omissions by Transocean and its
Deepwater Horizon
crew, that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout. The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management, last‐minute changes to plans, failure to observe and respond to critical indicators, inadequate well control response, and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform.
[
20
]
Spill response fund
[
edit
]
President Barack Obama meets with National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, and EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson to discuss response to the spill.
On 16 June 2010, after BP executives met with President Obama, BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), a $20 billion fund to settle claims arising from the
Deepwater Horizon
spill.
[
81
]
[
325
]
This fund was set aside for natural resource damages, state and local response costs, and individual compensation, but could not be used for fines or penalties.
[
81
]
Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility.
[
326
]
The GCCF was administrated by attorney
Kenneth Feinberg
. The facility began accepting claims on 23 August 2010.
[
325
]
On 8 March 2012, after BP and a team of plaintiffs' attorneys agreed to a class-action settlement, a court-supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration.
[
327
]
[
328
]
Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than $6.2 billion was paid out from the fund. 97% of payments were made to claimants in the
Gulf States
.
[
326
]
In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. During this transition period additional $404 million in claims were paid.
[
329
]
The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency.
[
330
]
An independent audit of the GCCF, announced by Attorney General Eric Holder, was approved by Senate on 21 October 2011.
[
331
]
An auditor
BDO Consulting
found that 7,300 claimants were wrongly denied or underpaid. As a result, about $64 million of additional payments was made.
[
327
]
The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them "navigate the complex claims process." In a
New York Times
opinion piece, Stephen Teague, staff attorney at the Mississippi Center for Justice, argued that BP had become "increasingly brazen" in "stonewalling payments." "But tens of thousands of gulf residents still haven't been fully compensated for their losses, and many are struggling to make ends meet. Many low-wage workers in the fishing and service industries, for example, have been seeking compensation for lost wages and jobs for three years."
[
332
]
In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the
Deepwater Horizon
Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm.
[
332
]
The federal judge assigned to the case, Judge Barbier, refused to halt the settlement program, saying he had not seen evidence of widespread fraud, adding that he was "offended by what he saw as attempts to smear the lawyer administering the claims."
[
333
]
Civil litigation and settlements
[
edit
]
By 26 May 2010, over 130 lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed
[
334
]
against one or more of BP, Transocean,
Cameron International Corporation
, and
Halliburton Energy Services
,
[
335
]
although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a
multidistrict litigation
.
[
335
]
On 21 April 2011, BP issued $40 billion worth of lawsuits against rig owner Transocean, cementer Halliburton and
blowout preventer
manufacturer Cameron. The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions.
[
336
]
The firms deny the allegations.
On 2 March 2012, BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. The deal would settle roughly 100,000 claims filed by individuals and businesses affected by the spill.
[
337
]
[
338
]
On 13 August, BP asked US District Judge
Carl Barbier
to approve the settlement, saying its actions "did not constitute
gross negligence
or willful misconduct".
[
339
]
On 13 January 2013, Judge Barbier approved a medical-benefits portion of BP's proposed $7.8 billion partial settlement. People living for at least 60 days along oil-impacted shores or involved in the clean-up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits, as are those injured during clean-up.
[
340
]
BP also agreed to spend $105 million over five years to set up a Gulf Coast health outreach program and pay for medical examinations.
[
45
]
According to a group presenting the plaintiffs, the deal has no specific cap.
[
341
]
BP says that it has $9.5 billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the $37.2 billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses.
[
337
]
BP originally expected to spend $7.8 billion. By October 2013 it had increased its projection to $9.2 billion, saying it could be "significantly higher."
[
342
]
On 31 August 2012, the US
Department of Justice
(DOJ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of "gross negligence and willful misconduct". In their statement the DOJ said that some of BP's arguments were "plainly misleading" and that the court should ignore BP's
argument that the Gulf region is "undergoing a robust recovery". BP rejected the charges saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January."
[
343
]
[
344
]
The DOJ also said Transocean, the owner and operator of the
Deepwater Horizon
rig, was guilty of gross negligence as well.
[
343
]
[
345
]
On 14 November 2012, BP and the US Department of Justice reached a settlement. BP will pay $4.5 billion in fines and other payments, the largest of its kind in US history. In addition, the U.S. government temporarily banned BP from new federal contracts over its "lack of business integrity".
[
346
]
[
347
]
The plea was accepted by Judge
Sarah Vance
of the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
on 31 January 2013.
[
348
]
The settlement includes payments of $2.394 billion to the
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
, $1.15 billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $350 million to the
National Academy of Sciences
for oil spill prevention and response research, $100 million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund, $6 million to General Treasury and $525 million to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
[
23
]
[
59
]
Oil sector analysts at London-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP.
[
349
]
On 3 January 2013, the US Justice Department announced "Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the
Clean Water Act
and to pay a total of $1.4 billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties".
[
350
]
$800 million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, $300 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $150 million to the
National Wild Turkey Federation
and $150 million to the National Academy of Sciences.
MOEX Offshore 2007
agreed to pay $45 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $25 million to five Gulf state and $20 million to supplemental environmental projects.
[
59
]
On 25 July 2013, Halliburton pleaded guilty to destruction of critical evidence after the oil spill and said it would pay the maximum allowable fine of $200,000 and will be subject to three years of probation.
[
351
]
In January 2014, a panel of the
U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill. BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. The court ruled that BP had not explained "how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of 'claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury.'"
[
342
]
The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical".
[
352
]
[
353
]
The
Supreme Court of the United States
later refused to hear BP's appeal after victims and claimants, along with numerous Gulf coast area chambers of commerce, objected to the oil major's efforts to renege on the Settlement Agreement.
[
354
]
In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it by paying $1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years.
[
355
]
Justice Department lawsuit
[
edit
]
BP and its partners in the oil well, Transocean and Halliburton, went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake. A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims.
[
356
]
The trial's first phase was to determine the liability of BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and other companies, and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct.
[
357
]
[
358
]
The second phase scheduled in September 2013 focused on the flow rate of the oil and the third phase scheduled in 2014 was to consider damages.
[
359
]
According to the plaintiffs' lawyers the major cause of an explosion was the mishandling of a rig safety test, while inadequate training of the staff, poor maintenance of the equipment and substandard cement were also mentioned as things leading to the disaster.
[
358
]
[
359
]
According to
The Wall Street Journal
the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a $16 billion settlement. However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it.
[
360
]
On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge
Carl Barbier
ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. He described BP's actions as "reckless". He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to $4,300, at the discretion of the judge. The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5 million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted, while the court contends 4.2 million barrels were spilled. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.
[
361
]
Barbier ruled that BP had acted with "conscious disregard of known risks" and rejected BP's assertion that other parties were equally responsible for the oil spill. His ruling stated that BP "employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history", that the company was "reckless", and determined that several crucial BP decisions were "primarily driven by a desire to save time and money, rather than ensuring that the well was secure." BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal.
[
26
]
[
362
]
On 2 July 2015, BP, the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of $18.7 billion.
[
363
]
To date BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54 billion.
[
364
]
In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes.
In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a $4 billion fine.
[
23
]
Transocean pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge as part of its $1.4 billion fine.
In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise.
[
365
]
[
366
]
[
367
]
Three more BP employees were charged in November 2012. Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion, and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation.
[
368
]
David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well.
[
369
]
Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well.
[
370
]
None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives. Anthony Badalementi was sentenced to one year probation,
[
370
]
Donald Vidrine paid a $50,000 fine and received 10 months probation,
[
371
]
Kurt Mix received 6 months' probation,
[
372
]
and David Rainey and Robert Kaluza were acquitted.
[
371
]
[
372
]
On 28 March 2011,
Dispatches
aired a documentary by
James Brabazon
,
BP: In Deep Water
, about the oil company, BP, covering oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico and other incidents and its relationship with governments.
[
373
]
[
374
]
In April 2012, the
National Geographic Channel
's documentary series
Seconds From Disaster
featured the accident in an episode titled "The Deepwater Horizon"
[
375
]
In 2012,
Beyond Pollution
2012
[
376
]
[
377
]
[
378
]
traveled across the gulf coast interviewing environmental experts, government authorities, fishermen, scientists, drilling engineers, and key BP contractors, examining economic and health effects.
In 2012,
The Big Fix
, documented the April 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico following the sinking of the
Deepwater Horizon
oil rig
In 2014,
The Great Invisible
, by
Margaret Brown
chose to focus on the social impacts on people whose lives have been affected by this tragedy.
[
379
]
[
380
]
[
381
]
[
382
]
[
383
]
[
384
]
[
385
]
Later airing 19 April 2015 as the season 16, episode 14 of
Independent Lens
.
[
386
]
[
387
]
In 2014,
Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache, Louisiana
, documented a town of nearly 300 struggling to survive following the oil spill that left their crop dead and finances in ruin.
[
388
]
[
389
]
[
390
]
[
391
]
In 2016,
Pretty Slick
documented the cleanup effort and locals across four Gulf states about the largest man-made environmental disaster in U.S. history.
[
392
]
[
393
]
[
394
]
[
395
]
In 2016,
After the Spill
,
[
396
]
Jon Bowermaster
investigates how the disaster affected local economies and the health of humans, animals, and food sources, and with
Corexit
, where all the oil went, as a follow-up to the pre-spill
SoLa, Louisiana Water Stories
, in post-production when the
Deepwater Horizon
exploded.
[
397
]
[
398
]
[
399
]
[
400
]
In 2016,
Dispatches from the Gulf
,
[
401
]
[
402
]
Hal Weiner
[
403
]
[
404
]
follows scientists
[
405
]
[
406
]
investigating the oil spill's effect on the Gulf.
[
407
]
[
408
]
[
409
]
In 2012, "
We Just Decided To
", the pilot of the
HBO
TV series
The Newsroom
, featured its characters covering the
Deepwater Horizon
story.
[
410
]
The 2015 film
The Runner
, directed by
Austin Stark
and starring
Nicolas Cage
, is a fictional story of a politician and his family set in the aftermath of the
Deepwater Horizon
disaster.
[
411
]
[
412
]
In 2016,
Deepwater Horizon
, a film based on the explosion, directed by
Peter Berg
and starring
Mark Wahlberg
,
Kurt Russell
and
John Malkovich
was released.
[
413
]
In 2011,
Jimmy Fallon
, then host of
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
, created a protest song about how there were still
tarballs
floating around the Gulf of Mexico called "Balls In Your Mouth". He performed it a number of times on the show with different guest singers, including
Eddie Vedder
,
[
414
]
Russell Crowe
,
[
415
]
Brad Paisley
,
[
416
]
and
Florence Welch
.
[
417
]
The live recording of the song featuring Eddie Vedder was included in Fallon's comedy album "
Blow Your Pants Off
".
[
citation needed
]
In 2011,
Rise Against
released a song titled "
Help Is on the Way
" on their album
Endgame
. The song is about the slow response time for aid to disaster-stricken areas, with lyrics that allude to the Macondo spill and
Hurricane Katrina
.
[
418
]
In June 2011, Canadian musician
City and Colour
released a song titled "At the Bird's Foot" on his album
Little Hell
. The song is about the event and the greed of those involved.
[
419
]
On election day in the United States, 6 November 2012,
Pete Seeger
and Lorre Wyatt released the music video and single "God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You", which they recorded and filmed live aboard the
Hudson River Sloop Clearwater
in 2010 immediately after the
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill. The song references the spill.
[
420
]
In 2012, American singer-songwriter
Andrew Bird
released the song "Hole in the Ocean Floor" referencing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill as his inspiration.
[
421
]
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is referenced in a 2010 episode of
South Park
, "
Coon 2: Hindsight
". When a BP drilling vessel drills a new hole in the Gulf, it accidentally causes an oil spill in a protected zone, prompting one of the crewmen to exclaim "Oh, don't tell me we did it again?". Later on in the episode, BP drilled again and opened up a portal to another dimension, causing the Gulf to be attacked by its creatures. Then they drilled on the
Moon
hoping to change the gravitational pull on the Earth and quell the swells on the ocean, allowing them to place a cap on the portal. However, in doing this,
Cthulhu
emerged from the portal. Each time they drilled, Tony Hayward released a "we're sorry" campaign.
[
422
]
The hole in the Gulf wasn't shut until
two episodes later
.
[
citation needed
]
The
Beavis and Butt-Head
season 8 episode, "Spill", takes place at the Gulf when their teacher, Mr. Van Driessen, organizes a trip to help clean baby birds affected by the oil spill. The boys mistakenly believe they will be having sex with "filthy chicks" and volunteer to go.
[
citation needed
]
Exxon Valdez oil spill
List of industrial disasters
List of oil spills
Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)
Taylor oil spill
Timeline of the
Deepwater Horizon
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"Russell Crowe and Jimmy Fallon sing 'Balls in Your Mouth'
"
.
Entertainment Weekly
. 23 April 2015
. Retrieved
22 September
2021
.
^
"Jimmy Fallon & Brad Paisley Sing "Balls In Your Mouth" (Late Night with Jimmy Fallon)"
.
YouTube
. 30 July 2013
. Retrieved
22 September
2021
.
^
"Audience Suggestion Box: Jimmy Fallon & Florence Welch Sing "Balls In Your Mouth"
"
.
YouTube
. 13 September 2012. Archived from
the original
on 28 October 2021
. Retrieved
22 September
2021
.
^
Grischow, Chad (14 March 2011).
"Rise Against: Endgame Review"
.
IGN
. Retrieved
14 March
2011
.
^
"City and Colour Remembers BP Oil Spill with New Charity Track | Exclaim!"
.
^
Seeger, Pete.
"God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You"
, YouTube, accessed 5 December 2012
^
"Andrew Bird"
.
The A.V. Club
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. Retrieved
18 May
2023
.
^
South Park - Tony Hayward BP Parody - "We're Sorry"
. 31 October 2010 – via YouTube.
Khatchadourian, Raffi (11 March 2011).
"A Reporter at Large: The Gulf war"
.
The New Yorker
. Vol. 87, no. 4. pp.
36–
59
. Retrieved
15 December
2013
.
Liu, Yonggang; MacFadyen, Amy; Ji, Zhen-Gang; Weisberg, Robert H. (2011).
"Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record-Breaking Enterprise"
.
Geophysical Monograph Series
. Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series.
195
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Bibcode
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2011GMS...195.....L
.
doi
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10.1029/GM195
.
ISBN
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. Archived from
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on 6 November 2014
. Retrieved
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Marghany, Maged (15 December 2014). "Utilization of a genetic algorithm for the automatic detection of oil spill from RADARSAT-2 SAR satellite data".
Marine Pollution Bulletin
.
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.
doi
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10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.041
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.
Erik Stokstad (8 February 2013).
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.
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Daniel Kaniewski
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.
Deepwater BP Oil Spill
at the
Wayback Machine
(archive index) – at
Whitehouse.gov
Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico
from the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)
RestoreTheGulf.gov
official U.S. Government Web site, taking over content and functions from Deepwater Horizon Response site
Smithsonian's Ocean Portal
Science in a Time of Crisis: WHOI's response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
a multimedia presentation from
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
"Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the
Deepwater Horizon
Oil Spill: Interim Report by the National Academy of Sciences"
CDC – Oil Spill Response Resources – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
The Role of BP in the
Deepwater Horizon
Explosion and Oil Spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, June 17, 2010
Lead state agency websites
[
edit
]
Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP)
Archived
20 May 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
Mississippi DEQ
Archived
20 June 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
State of Florida Oil Spill Academic Task Force
Full coverage
from
The New York Times
Full coverage
from
The Times-Picayune
(New Orleans)
ScientificAmerican.com 2015-04020 BP Gulf Oil Spill: 5 Years Later Indepth Report
Deepwater Horizon
oil spill caused lasting damage, report says
Archived
12 September 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
BP Oil Spill
, NPR
Gulf Oil Spill Tracker
interactive map and form for citizen reporting (SkyTruth.org)
Map and Estimates of the Oil Spilled
(
New York Times
)
Where Oil Has Made Landfall
(
New York Times
)
Rig fire at
Deepwater Horizon
4/21/10
, video at CNN iReport
GOES-13 satellite images
on the
CIMSS
Satellite Blog
Underwater Video Examines Multiple Leak Points Causing BP Oil Spill
The Big Fix
. Documentary about the oil spill
Animations and graphics
[
edit
]
Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Interactive: Smithsonian Ocean Portal
BBC News – interactive animation to the disaster and blocking efforts
New York Times
exploded view
diagrams on the methods used to stop the oil spill
Graphic: Where the oil and gas went
Archived
12 August 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
CSB produced blowout animation and technical explanation of cause of disaster |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill)
- [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Background)
Toggle Background subsection
- [1\.1 *Deepwater Horizon* drilling rig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Deepwater_Horizon_drilling_rig)
- [1\.2 Explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Explosion)
- [2 Volume and extent of oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Volume_and_extent_of_oil_spill)
- [3 Efforts to stem the flow of oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Efforts_to_stem_the_flow_of_oil)
Toggle Efforts to stem the flow of oil subsection
- [3\.1 Short-term efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Short-term_efforts)
- [3\.2 Well declared "effectively dead"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Well_declared_"effectively_dead")
- [3\.3 Recurrent or continued leakage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Recurrent_or_continued_leakage)
- [4 Containment, collection and use of dispersants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Containment,_collection_and_use_of_dispersants)
Toggle Containment, collection and use of dispersants subsection
- [4\.1 Containment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Containment)
- [4\.2 Use of Corexit dispersant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Use_of_Corexit_dispersant)
- [4\.3 Removal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Removal)
- [4\.4 Oil-eating microbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Oil-eating_microbes)
- [5 Access restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Access_restrictions)
- [6 Cleanup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Cleanup)
- [7 Consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Consequences)
Toggle Consequences subsection
- [7\.1 Environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Environmental_impact)
- [7\.2 Health consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Health_consequences)
- [7\.3 Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Economy)
- [7\.4 Offshore drilling policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Offshore_drilling_policies)
- [8 Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Reactions)
Toggle Reactions subsection
- [8\.1 U.S. reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#U.S._reactions)
- [8\.2 United Kingdom reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#United_Kingdom_reactions)
- [8\.3 International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#International_reactions)
- [9 Legal aspects and settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Legal_aspects_and_settlements)
Toggle Legal aspects and settlements subsection
- [9\.1 Investigations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Investigations)
- [9\.2 Spill response fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Spill_response_fund)
- [9\.3 Civil litigation and settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Civil_litigation_and_settlements)
- [9\.4 Justice Department lawsuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Justice_Department_lawsuit)
- [9\.5 Criminal charges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Criminal_charges)
- [10 In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#In_popular_culture)
Toggle In popular culture subsection
- [10\.1 Documentary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Documentary)
- [10\.2 Drama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Drama)
- [10\.3 Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Music)
- [10\.4 Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Television)
- [11 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#See_also)
- [12 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#References)
- [13 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Further_reading)
- [14 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#External_links)
Toggle External links subsection
- [14\.1 Lead state agency websites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Lead_state_agency_websites)
- [14\.2 News media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#News_media)
- [14\.3 Interactive maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Interactive_maps)
- [14\.4 Images](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Images)
- [14\.5 Animations and graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Animations_and_graphics)
Toggle the table of contents
# *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill
40 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon-oliestorting "Deepwater Horizon-oliestorting – Afrikaans")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83_2010 "التسرب النفطي في خليج المكسيك 2010 – Arabic")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_neft_s%C4%B1zmas%C4%B1 "Deepwater Horizon neft sızması – Azerbaijani")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2 "Нефтен разлив в Мексиканския залив – Bulgarian")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%A1rie_plo%C5%A1iny_Deepwater_Horizon "Havárie plošiny Deepwater Horizon – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arllwysiad_olew_Deepwater_Horizon "Arllwysiad olew Deepwater Horizon – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olieudslippet_i_den_Mexicanske_Golf_2010 "Olieudslippet i den Mexicanske Golf 2010 – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lpest_im_Golf_von_Mexiko_2010 "Ölpest im Golf von Mexiko 2010 – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_\(2010\) "Πετρελαιοκηλίδα στον κόλπο του Μεξικού (2010) – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekokatastrofo_en_la_Meksika_Golfo_\(2010\) "Ekokatastrofo en la Meksika Golfo (2010) – Esperanto")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010._aasta_Mehhiko_lahe_naftareostus "2010. aasta Mehhiko lahe naftareostus – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikoko_golkoaren_marea_beltza "Mexikoko golkoaren marea beltza – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9 "لکه نفتی خلیج مکزیک – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikonlahden_%C3%B6ljyonnettomuus_2010 "Meksikonlahden öljyonnettomuus 2010 – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A9e_noire_de_Deepwater_Horizon "Marée noire de Deepwater Horizon – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaljeramp_yn_de_Golf_fan_Meksiko_\(2010\) "Oaljeramp yn de Golf fan Meksiko (2010) – Western Frisian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95_\(2010\) "דליפת הנפט במפרץ מקסיקו (2010) – Hebrew")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izljev_nafte_u_Meksi%C4%8Dkom_zaljevu_2010. "Izljev nafte u Meksičkom zaljevu 2010. – Croatian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebocoran_minyak_Deepwater_Horizon "Kebocoran minyak Deepwater Horizon – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disastro_ambientale_della_piattaforma_petrolifera_Deepwater_Horizon "Disastro ambientale della piattaforma petrolifera Deepwater Horizon – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3%E6%B9%BE%E5%8E%9F%E6%B2%B9%E6%B5%81%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85 "2010年メキシコ湾原油流出事故 – Japanese")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86 "ಡೀಪ್ ವಾಟರ್ ಹೊರೈಸನ್ ತೈಲ ಸೋರಿಕೆ – Kannada")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%A5%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0_%ED%97%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%8C_%EA%B8%B0%EB%A6%84_%EC%9C%A0%EC%B6%9C_%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0 "딥워터 허라이즌 기름 유출 사고 – Korean")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010._gada_Meksikas_l%C4%AB%C4%8Da_naftas_izpl%C5%ABdums "2010. gada Meksikas līča naftas izplūdums – Latvian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A "ഡീപ്വാട്ടർ ഹൊറൈസൻ എണ്ണച്ചോർച്ച – Malayalam")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpahan_minyak_Teluk_Mexico_2010 "Tumpahan minyak Teluk Mexico 2010 – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_\(%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%81%E1%81%80\) "မက္ကဆီကို ပင်လယ်ကွေ့ ရေနံယိုဖိတ်မှု (၂၀၁၀) – Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olieramp_in_de_Golf_van_Mexico_2010 "Olieramp in de Golf van Mexico 2010 – Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon-utbl%C3%A5sningen "Deepwater Horizon-utblåsningen – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derramamento_de_%C3%B3leo_da_Deepwater_Horizon "Derramamento de óleo da Deepwater Horizon – Portuguese")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Deepwater_Horizon "Разлив нефти на Deepwater Horizon – Russian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izljev_nafte_u_Meksi%C4%8Dkom_zaljevu_2010. "Izljev nafte u Meksičkom zaljevu 2010. – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill – Simple English")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izliv_nafte_v_Mehi%C5%A1ki_zaliv_\(2010\) "Izliv nafte v Mehiški zaliv (2010) – Slovenian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljeutsl%C3%A4ppet_i_Mexikanska_golfen_2010 "Oljeutsläppet i Mexikanska golfen 2010 – Swedish")
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[Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [28°44′17″N 88°21′58″W / 28\.73806°N 88.36611°W / 28\.73806; -88.36611](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill¶ms=28_44_17_N_88_21_58_W_region:US-LA_type:event_scale:6700000)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
This article is about the oil spill itself. For the initial explosion, see [Deepwater Horizon explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion"). For other related articles, see [Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_\(disambiguation\) "Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation)").
| *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_-_May_24,_2010_-_with_locator.jpg)As seen from space by the [Terra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_\(satellite\) "Terra (satellite)") satellite on 24 May 2010 | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/28.738055555556/-88.366111111111/en)Interactive map of *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill | |
| Location | [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect") ([Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") Block 252), in the North-central [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), United States (south of Louisiana) |
| Coordinates | [28°44′17″N 88°21′58″W / 28\.73806°N 88.36611°W / 28\.73806; -88.36611](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill¶ms=28_44_17_N_88_21_58_W_region:US-LA_type:event_scale:6700000)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-1-1) |
| Date | 20 April – 19 September 2010 (4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) |
| Cause | |
| Cause | [Wellhead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellhead "Wellhead") [blowout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_\(well_drilling\) "Blowout (well drilling)") |
| Casualties | 11 people killed 17 people injured |
| Operator | [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") under contract for [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MHL-2) |
| Spill characteristics | |
| Volume | 4\.9 million barrels (210,000,000 U.S. gallons; 780,000 cubic meters) ±10%[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) |
| Area | 2,500 to 68,000 sq mi (6,500 to 176,100 km2)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-area_of_spill-4) |
| |
|---|
| This article is part of a series about the |
| [*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill]() |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg) |
| [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") *[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")* [Explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") [Oil spill]() [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Volume and extent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Closure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_response "Deepwater Horizon oil spill response") [Environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Health consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation "Deepwater Horizon investigation") [Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation") [Compensation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series "Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series "Template talk:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series "Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series") |
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Frontline: The Spill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzrGZCJojUE&ab_channel=FRONTLINEPBS%7COfficial) (54:25), [Frontline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_\(U.S._TV_series\) "Frontline (U.S. TV series)") on [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-PBS_A-5) |
The ***Deepwater Horizon* oil spill** was an [environmental disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_disaster "Environmental disaster") beginning 20 April 2010 off the coast of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") in the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), on the [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP")\-operated [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt020810-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-4-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-largest_in_US_hist-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-5-9) It is considered the largest marine [oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill "Oil spill") in the history of the [petroleum industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry "Petroleum industry") and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the [Ixtoc I oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill "Ixtoc I oil spill"), also in the Gulf of Mexico. Caused in the aftermath of a blowout and [explosion on the *Deepwater Horizon* oil platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion"), the [United States federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government "United States federal government") estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m3).[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) After [several failed efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Aspress-10) Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera1-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-3-12) The *[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")* oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history.
A massive response ensued to protect beaches, [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh "Salt marsh") and [estuaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary "Estuary") from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating [booms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_\(containment\) "Boom (containment)"), controlled burns and 1,840,000 US gal (7,000 m3) of [oil dispersant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_dispersant "Oil dispersant").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-staff4-13) Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-7-14) In [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 mi (89 km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013. 4,900,000 lb (2,200 t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated7-15) Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the [Florida panhandle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_panhandle "Florida panhandle") and [Tampa Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay "Tampa Bay"), where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the [sand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand "Sand").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated3-16) In April 2013, it was reported that [dolphins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin "Dolphin") and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-17) One study released in 2014 reported that [tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna "Tuna") and [amberjack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberjack "Amberjack") exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs which would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening; another study found that [cardiotoxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity "Cardiotoxicity") might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-LATimes-fish-toxins-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Wines-24-March-14-19)
Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. The United States Government report, published in September 2011, pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP"), but also rig operator [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") and contractor [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton").[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-17-21) Earlier in 2011, a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of [cost-cutting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-cutting "Cost-cutting") decisions and an inadequate safety system, but also concluded that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur".[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-16-22)
In November 2012, BP and the [United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of [manslaughter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter "Manslaughter"), two [misdemeanors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanors "Misdemeanors"), and a felony count of lying to the [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"). BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics, and the [Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency") announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the United States government. BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting \$4.525 billion in fines and other payments.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt151112-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-latimes290113-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-21-25) In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Times_-_barbier_-_18_billion-26) In April 2016, BP agreed to pay \$20.8 billion in fines, the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-27) As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit), cleanup costs, charges and penalties had cost the company more than \$65 billion.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-reuters160118-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ft010518-29)
## Background
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Background")\]
### *Deepwater Horizon* drilling rig
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Deepwater Horizon drilling rig")\]
Main article: [Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")
*[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")* was a 10-year-old[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-30) [semi-submersible, mobile, floating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersible#Mobile_offshore_drilling_units_\(MODU\) "Semi-submersible"), [dynamically positioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning "Dynamic positioning") [drilling rig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig "Drilling rig") that could operate in waters up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) deep.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-22-31) Built by South Korean company [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries")[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-23-32) and owned by [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean"), the rig operated under the [Marshallese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") [flag of convenience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_convenience "Flag of convenience"), and was chartered to BP from March 2008 to September 2013.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MHL-2) It was drilling a deep exploratory well, 18,360 ft (5,600 m) below sea level, in approximately 5,100 ft (1,600 m) of water. The well is situated in the [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect") in [Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") Block 253 (MC253) of the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), in the United States' [exclusive economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone "Exclusive economic zone"). The [Macondo well](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_well "Macondo well") is found roughly 41 mi (66 km) off the [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") coast.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-USA-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP-34) BP was the operator and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect with a 65% share, while 25% was owned by [Anadarko Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum "Anadarko Petroleum"), and 10% by [MOEX Offshore 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_Oil_Exploration_Co.#United_States_operations "Mitsui Oil Exploration Co."), a unit of [Mitsui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui "Mitsui").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-subsea-35)
### Explosion
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Explosion")\]
Main article: [Deepwater Horizon explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion")
Supply boats battling the fire, viewed from a Coast Guard helicopter
At approximately 7:45 pm [CDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_\(Americas\) "Central Time Zone (Americas)"), on 20 April 2010, high-pressure [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane") gas from the well expanded into the [marine riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_riser "Marine riser") and rose into the drilling rig, where it ignited and exploded, engulfing the platform.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream220410-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-yahoo1-37) Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day [U.S. Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") (USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion or its aftermath.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Times_search_end-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-huffington151112a-39) Ninety-four crew members were rescued by [lifeboat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_\(shipboard\) "Lifeboat (shipboard)") or helicopter, 17 of whom were treated for injuries.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream220410-36)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola_0422-40) The *Deepwater Horizon* sank on the morning of 22 April 2010.
## Volume and extent of oil spill
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Volume and extent of oil spill")\]
Main article: [Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
For a chronological guide, see [Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100506-N-6436W-023.jpg)
Oil from the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill approaches the coast of Mobile, Alabama, 6 May 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_Stained_Beaches.jpg)
Oil-stained beaches in Pensacola, Florida; 1 July 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warzone_in_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg)
Burning and skimming operations in the Gulf of Mexico; 10 June 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thick_Oil_Washes_Ashore.jpg)
Thick oil washes ashore in Louisiana; 10 June 2010
The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-24-41) The oil flowed for 87 days. BP originally estimated a flow rate of 1,000 to 5,000 barrels per day \[bbl/d\] (160 to 790 m3/d). The [Flow Rate Technical Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Rate_Technical_Group "Flow Rate Technical Group") (FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000 bbl/d (9,900 m3/d).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_29/4-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-28-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AP_60k_barrels-44) The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated [4\.9 million barrels (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_\(volume\)#Terrestrial "Orders of magnitude (volume)") with plus or minus 10% uncertainty,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) including oil that was collected,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap110113-45) making it the world's largest accidental spill.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt020810-6)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-hoch-46) BP challenged the higher figure, saying that the government overestimated the prefaced volume. Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-oilprice-48) The company argued that government figures do not reflect over 810,000 bbl (34 million US gal; 129,000 m3) of oil that was collected or burned before it could enter the Gulf waters.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap110113-45)
According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000 sq mi (180,000 km2) of ocean, comparable to the area of [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-area_of_spill-4)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Norse-49) By early June 2010, oil had washed up on 125 mi (201 km) of Louisiana's coast and along the [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi"), [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida"), and [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") coastlines.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-49-50)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-50-51) Oil sludge appeared in the [Intracoastal Waterway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway "Intracoastal Waterway") and on [Pensacola Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Beach "Pensacola Beach") and the [Gulf Islands National Seashore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Seashore "Gulf Islands National Seashore").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Kunzelman-52) In late June, oil reached [Gulf Park Estates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Park_Estates,_Mississippi "Gulf Park Estates, Mississippi"), its first appearance in Mississippi.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-McConnaughey-53) In July, [tarballs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarball_\(oil\) "Tarball (oil)") reached [Grand Isle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Louisiana "Grand Isle, Louisiana") and the shores of [Lake Pontchartrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain "Lake Pontchartrain").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Lozano-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-51-55) In September a new wave of oil suddenly coated 16 mi (26 km) of Louisiana coastline and marshes west of the Mississippi River in [Plaquemines Parish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana "Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-52-56) In October, weathered oil reached Texas.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-53-57) As of July 2011[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit), about 491 mi (790 km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074 mi (1,728 km) had been oiled since the spill began.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-12-58) As of December 2012[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit), 339 mi (546 km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59) The reported 3.19 million barrels of spilled oil was not the only effect of this disaster. A report detailed the release of thousands of tons of [hydrocarbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon "Hydrocarbon") gases (HC) into the atmosphere.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-60)
Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally-extended plumes of dissolved oil. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long-lasting.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-62-61) Two weeks after the wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010, the surface oil appeared to have dissipated, while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-GillisRobertson-62) Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report that claimed about half of the oil remained below the surface to independent estimates of up to 75%.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Talev-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-43-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-44-65)
That means over 100×10~~^~~6 US gal (380 Ml) (2.4 million barrels) remained in the Gulf.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59) As of January 2011[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit), tar balls, oil sheen trails, fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident. Subsurface oil remained offshore and in fine silts.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-10-66) In April 2012, oil was still found along as much as 200 mi (320 km) of Louisiana coastline and tar balls continued to wash up on the barrier islands.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-15-67) In 2013, some scientists at the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference said that as much as one-third of the oil may have mixed with [deep ocean sediments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ocean_sediment "Deep ocean sediment"), where it risks damage to ecosystems and commercial fisheries.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nature260113-68)
In 2013, more than 4,600,000 lb (2,100 t) of "oiled material" was removed from the Louisiana coast.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated7-15)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-69) Although only "minute" quantities of oil continued to wash up in 2013, patches of tar balls were still being reported almost every day from Alabama and Florida Panhandle beaches. Regular cleanup patrols were no longer considered justified but cleanup was being conducted on an as-needed basis, in response to public reports.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-70)
It was first thought that oil had not reached as far as [Tampa Bay, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay,_Florida "Tampa Bay, Florida"); however, a study done in 2013 found that one of the plumes of dispersant-treated oil had reached a shelf 80 mi (130 km) off the Tampa Bay region. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area".[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated3-16)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-71)
## Efforts to stem the flow of oil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Efforts to stem the flow of oil")\]
Main article: [Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
See also: [Offshore oil spill prevention and response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_spill_prevention_and_response "Offshore oil spill prevention and response")
### Short-term efforts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Short-term efforts")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BP_oil_containment_domes.jpg)
Concept diagram of underwater oil containment domes originally planned for the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill. At this stage, there were 2 remaining oil leaks from the fallen pipeline.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_containment_chamber_Port_Fourchon_LA_100426-G-8744K-021.jpg)
Oil [containment dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment_dome "Containment dome") under construction in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, at [Wild Well Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Well_Control "Wild Well Control") on 26 April
First, BP unsuccessfully attempted to close the [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer") valves on the wellhead with [remotely operated underwater vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_vehicle "Remotely operated vehicle").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-leakfix-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_02/5-73) Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000 lb) [containment dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment_dome "Containment dome") over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form [methane hydrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate "Methane clathrate") crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-thestar1405-74) Pumping heavy [drilling fluids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid") into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement ("[top kill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_kill "Top kill")") also failed.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-80-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-81-76)
BP then inserted a riser insertion tube into the pipe and a stopper-like washer around the tube plugged at the end of the riser and diverted the flow into the insertion tube.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream150510-77) The collected gas was flared and oil stored on board the [drillship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drillship "Drillship") *[Discoverer Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Enterprise "Discoverer Enterprise")*.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bp240510-78) Before the tube was removed, it collected 924,000 US gal (22,000 bbl; 3,500 m3) of oil.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-82-79) On 3 June 2010, BP removed the damaged [drilling riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_riser "Drilling riser") from the top of the blowout preventer and covered the pipe by the cap which connected it to another riser.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-83-80) On 16 June, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels, where it was consumed in a clean-burning system.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81) The United States government's estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the leaking oil.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Kunzelman-52) On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-84-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-85-83) Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which did not work either). A final device was created to attach a chamber of larger diameter than the flowing pipe with a flange that bolted to the top of the blowout preventer and a manual valve set to close off the flow once attached. On 15 July, the device was secured and time was taken closing the valves to ensure the attachment under increasing pressure until the valves were closed completing the temporary measures.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Yahoo7-20100715-84)
### Well declared "effectively dead"
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Well declared \"effectively dead\"")\]
Transocean's *[Development Driller III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Driller_III "Development Driller III")* started drilling a first [relief well](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_well "Relief well") on 2 May 2010. *[GSF Development Driller II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSF_Development_Driller_II "GSF Development Driller II")* started drilling a second relief on 16 May 2010.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-relief_map-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170510-86)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-90-87) On 3 August 2010, first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2 bbl (320 L) per minute into the well-head. Pumping continued for eight hours, at the end of which the well was declared to be "in a static condition."[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-91-88) On 4 August 2010, BP began pumping cement from the top, sealing that part of the flow channel permanently.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-92-89)
On 3 September 2010, the 300-[ton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton "Ton") failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-20100903BlowoutPreventerRemoved-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-20100904BlowoutPreventerOnBoat-91) On 16 September 2010, the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-93-92) On 19 September 2010, [National Incident Commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Incident_Commander "National Incident Commander") [Thad Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Allen "Thad Allen") declared the well "effectively dead" and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Aspress-10)
### Recurrent or continued leakage
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Recurrent or continued leakage")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Oil_Spill.jpg)
The Discoverer Enterprise and the Q4000 work around the clock burning undesirable gases from the still uncapped *Deepwater Horizon* well in the Gulf of Mexico. 26 June 2010
In May 2010, BP admitted they had "discovered things that were broken in the sub-surface" during the "top kill" effort.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated4-93)
Oil slicks were reported in March[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc220311-94) and August 2011,[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated5-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera3-96) in March[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera1-11) and October 2012,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-98-97)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-99-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-99) and in January 2013.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-onwingsofcare-100) Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-94-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-95-102)
The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola010911-103) but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola101012-104) USGS director [Marcia McNutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_McNutt "Marcia McNutt") stated that the riser pipe could hold at most 1,000 bbl (160 m3) because it is open on both ends, making it unlikely to hold the amount of oil being observed.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bw111012-105)
In October 2012, BP reported that they had found and plugged leaking oil from the failed containment dome, now abandoned about 1,500 ft (460 m) from the main well.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbc171212-106)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbc131212-107)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola251012-108) In December 2012, the USCG conducted a subsea survey; no oil coming from the wells or the wreckage was found and its source remains unknown.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola281212-109) In addition, a white, milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage. According to BP and the USCG, it is "not oil and it's not harmful."[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbs310113-110)
In January 2013, BP said that they were continuing to investigate possible sources of the oil sheen. Chemical data implied that the substance might be residual oil leaking from the wreckage. If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead. If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. The oil slick was comparable in size to [naturally occurring oil seeps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seeps "Cold seeps") and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera1-11)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NBC-Sheen-1-13-111)
## Containment, collection and use of dispersants
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Containment, collection and use of dispersants")\]
Main article: [Deepwater Horizon oil spill response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_response "Deepwater Horizon oil spill response")
The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. In summer 2010, approximately 47,000 people and 7,000 vessels were involved in the project. By 3 October 2012, federal response costs amounted to \$850 million, mostly reimbursed by BP. As of January 2013[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit), 935 personnel were still involved. By that time cleanup had cost BP over \$14 billion.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)
It was estimated with plus-or-minus 10% uncertainty that 4.9 million barrels (780,000 m3) of oil was released from the well; 4.1 million barrels (650,000 m3) of oil went into the Gulf.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-153-112) The report led by the Department of the Interior and the NOAA said that "75% \[of oil\] has been cleaned up by Man or Mother Nature"; however, only about 25% of released oil was collected or removed while about 75% of oil remained in the environment in one form or another.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-149-113) In 2012, Markus Huettel, a [benthic ecologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic_zone "Benthic zone") at Florida State University, maintained that while much of BP's oil was degraded or evaporated, at least 60% remains unaccounted for.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ng220312-114)
In May 2010, a local native set up a network for people to volunteer their assistance in cleaning up beaches. Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boats to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity; however, an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean-up efforts – only a third of the registered boats. Many local supporters were disappointed with BP's slow response, prompting the formation of The Florida Key Environmental Coalition. This coalition gained significant influence in the clean-up of the oil spill to try to gain some control over the situation.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-115)
### Containment
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Containment")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tedx-oil-spill-0075.jpg)
Oil containment boom used in an attempt to protect barrier islands
[Containment booms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_\(containment\) "Boom (containment)") stretching over 4,200,000 ft (1,300 km) were deployed, either to corral the oil or as barriers to protect marshes, mangroves, shrimp/crab/oyster ranches or other ecologically sensitive areas. Booms extend 18–48 in (0.46–1.22 m) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters. Including one-time use [sorbent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbent "Sorbent") booms, a total of 13,300,000 ft (4,100 km) of booms were deployed.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) Booms were criticized for washing up on the shore with the oil, allowing oil to escape above or below the boom, and for ineffectiveness in more than three- to four-foot (90–120 cm) waves.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-104-117)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian190610-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-mnn090610-119)
The [Louisiana barrier island plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_barrier_island_plan "Louisiana barrier island plan") was developed to construct [barrier islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island "Barrier island") to protect the coast of Louisiana. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-sa080610-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pm220610-121) Critics allege that the decision to pursue the project was political with little scientific input.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-advocate110710-122) The EPA expressed concern that the booms would threaten wildlife.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap090910-123)
For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the [*Exxon Valdez* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill "Exxon Valdez oil spill").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_News_human_hair_mats-124)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Wash_Post_May_2010_hair_booms-125)
### Use of Corexit dispersant
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Use of Corexit dispersant")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-130_support_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg)
A [C-130 Hercules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules "Lockheed C-130 Hercules") sprays [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit") dispersant onto the Gulf of Mexico
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_1_Use_of_Chemical_Dispersants_during_a_Subsurface_Oil_Spill_\(51787831851\).jpg)
In addition to use of dispersants by boats and planes, the Deepwater Horizon spill was the first to use subsea dispersant injection
The spill was also notable for the volume of [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit") [oil dispersant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_dispersants "Oil dispersants") used and for application methods that were "purely experimental".[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) Altogether, 1.84×10~~^~~6 US gal (7,000 m3) of dispersants were used; of this, 771,000 US gal (2,920 m3) were released at the wellhead.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-staff4-13) Subsea injection had never previously been tried but, due to the spill's unprecedented nature, BP, together with USCG and EPA, decided to use it.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-120-126) Over 400 sorties were flown to release the product.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) Although usage of dispersants was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact",[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) the approach continues to be investigated.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-113-127)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-114-128)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-115-129)
A 2011 analysis conducted by [Earthjustice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthjustice "Earthjustice") and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and [endocrine-disrupting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor "Endocrine disruptor") chemicals.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pqarchiver-130)\[*[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")*\] Environmental scientists expressed concerns that the dispersants add to the toxicity of a spill, increasing the threat to [sea turtles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle "Sea turtle") and [bluefin tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefin_tuna "Bluefin tuna"). The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and wash through the Gulf.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-127-131) According to BP and federal officials, dispersant use stopped after the cap was in place;[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Bolstad-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-139-133) however, marine toxicologist [Riki Ott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki_Ott "Riki Ott") wrote in an open letter to the EPA that Corexit use continued after that date[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-138-134) and a [GAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project "Government Accountability Project") investigation stated that "\[a\] majority of GAP witnesses cited indications that Corexit was used after \[July 2010\]".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-GAP-135)
According to a NALCO manual obtained by [GAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project "Government Accountability Project"), Corexit 9527 is an "eye and skin irritant. Repeated or excessive exposure ... may cause injury to red blood cells (hemolysis), kidney or the liver". The manual adds: "Excessive exposure may cause central nervous system effects, nausea, vomiting, anesthetic or narcotic effects". It advises, "Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing", and "Wear suitable protective clothing". For Corexit 9500, the manual advised, "Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing", "Avoid breathing vapor", and "Wear suitable protective clothing". According to [FOIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_\(United_States\) "Freedom of Information Act (United States)") requests obtained by GAP, neither the protective gear nor the manual were distributed to Gulf oil spill cleanup workers.
Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-116-136) The two formulations are neither the least toxic, nor the most effective, among EPA's approved dispersants, but BP said it chose to use Corexit because it was available the week of the rig explosion.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csm0515-137)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csm0517-138) On 19 May, the EPA gave BP 24 hours to choose less toxic alternatives to Corexit from the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule and begin applying them within 72 hours of EPA approval or provide a detailed reasoning why no approved products met the standards.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-130-139)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-131-140) On 20 May, BP determined that none of the alternative products met all three criteria of availability, non-toxicity and effectiveness.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-133-141) On 24 May, EPA Administrator [Lisa P. Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson "Lisa P. Jackson") ordered EPA to conduct its own evaluation of alternatives and ordered BP to reduce dispersant use by 75%.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-142)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-134-143)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-135-144) BP reduced Corexit use by 25,689 to 23,250 US gal (97,240 to 88,010 L) per day, a 9% decline.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-136-145) On 2 August 2010, the EPA said dispersants did no more harm to the environment than the oil and that they stopped a large amount of oil from reaching the coast by breaking it down faster.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Bolstad-132) However, some independent scientists and EPA's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian-146)
Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csm0517-138) Because the dispersants were applied at depth, much of the oil never rose to the surface.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-latimes1-147) One plume was 22 mi (35 km) long, more than 1 mi (1,600 m) wide and 650 ft (200 m) deep.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-141-148) In a major study on the plume, experts were most concerned about the slow pace at which the oil was breaking down in the cold, 40 °F (4 °C) water at depths of 3,000 ft (900 m).[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-142-149)
In late 2012, a study from [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech "Georgia Tech") and [Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Autonoma_de_Aguascalientes "Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes") in Environmental Pollution journal reported that Corexit used during the BP oil spill had increased the [toxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity "Toxicity") of the oil by 52 times.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-150) The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-151)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-152)
### Removal
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Removal")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skimming_Oil_in_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg)
Oil skimming vessels (distance) in the Gulf of Mexico
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100506-N-6070S-819.jpg)
Dark clouds of smoke and fire emerge as oil burns during a controlled fire in the Gulf of Mexico, 6 May 2010
The three basic approaches for removing the oil from the water were: combustion, offshore filtration, and collection for later processing. USCG said 33,000,000 US gal (120,000 m3) of tainted water was recovered, including 5,000,000 US gal (19,000 m3) of oil. BP said 826,800 bbl (131,450 m3) had been recovered or flared.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Schoof-153) It is calculated that about 5% of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3% was skimmed.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-149-113) On the most demanding day, 47,849 people were assigned on the response works and over 6,000 Marine vessels, 82 helicopters, and 20 fixed-wing aircraft were involved.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3)
From April to mid-July 2010, 411 controlled *in-situ* fires remediated approximately 265,000 bbl (11.1 million US gal; 42,100 m3).[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) The fires released small amounts of [toxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin "Toxin"), including cancer-causing [dioxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds "Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds"). According to [EPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPA "EPA")'s report, the released amount is not enough to pose an added cancer risk to workers and coastal residents, while a second research team concluded that there was only a small added risk.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap121110-154)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_Clean_up_during_DWH_\(8743617563\).jpg)
Workers cleaning a beach affected by the spill.
Oil was collected from water by using [skimmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmer_\(machine\) "Skimmer (machine)"). In total, 2,063 various skimmers were used.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) For offshore, more than 60 open-water skimmers were deployed, including 12 purpose-built vehicles.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) EPA regulations prohibited skimmers that left more than 15 parts per million (ppm) of oil in the water. Many large-scale skimmers exceeded the limit.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-144-155) Due to use of [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit"), the oil was too dispersed to collect, according to a spokesperson for shipowner [TMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMT_\(Today_Makes_Tomorrow\) "TMT (Today Makes Tomorrow)").[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-148-156) In mid-June 2010, BP ordered 32 machines that [separate oil and water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_water-oil_separator "Centrifugal water-oil separator"), with each machine capable of extracting up to 2,000 bbl/d (320 m3/d).[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-The_Guardian-157)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimes20100624-158) After one week of testing, BP began to proceed[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-abcnews1-159) and, by 28 June, had removed 890,000 bbl (141,000 m3).[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP100626-160)
After the well was capped, the cleanup of shore became the main task of the response workers. Two main types of affected coast were sandy beaches and [marshes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh "Marsh"). On beaches, the main techniques were sifting sand, removing tar balls, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) For marshes, techniques such as vacuum and pumping, low-pressure flush, vegetation cutting, and [bioremediation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation "Bioremediation") were used.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116)
### Oil-eating microbes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Oil-eating microbes")\]
Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by [microbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe "Microbe") but conflicting results have been reported on this in the context of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-161) Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and, in theory, allow microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface. Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-science735-162)
Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-valentine-163) By mid-September, other research claimed that microbes mainly digested natural gas rather than oil.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-158-164)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-165) [David L. Valentine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Valentine_\(scientist\) "David Valentine (scientist)"), a professor of microbial geochemistry at [UC Santa Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Santa_Barbara "UC Santa Barbara"), said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-166) However, biogeochemist Chris Reddy said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MicrobesSA2015-167)[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MicrobesSA2010-168)
[Genetically modified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified "Genetically modified") *[Alcanivorax borkumensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcanivorax_borkumensis "Alcanivorax borkumensis")* was added to the waters to speed digestion.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-166)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-160-169) The delivery method of microbes to oil patches was proposed by the Russian [Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Development_Institute_of_Ecology_and_the_Sustainable_Use_of_Natural_Resources "Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
## Access restrictions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Access restrictions")\]
On 18 May 2010, BP was designated the lead "Responsible Party" under the [Oil Pollution Act of 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990 "Oil Pollution Act of 1990"), which meant that BP had operational authority in coordinating the response.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-170)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-171)
The first video images were released on 12 May, and further video images were released by members of Congress who had been given access to them by BP.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)
During the spill response operations, at the request of the Coast Guard, the [Federal Aviation Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") (FAA) implemented a 900 sq mi (2,300 km2) [temporary flight restriction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_flight_restriction "Temporary flight restriction") zone over the operations area.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-faa-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-airspacemag-174)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-weeklystandard-175) Restrictions were to prevent civilian air traffic from interfering with aircraft assisting the response effort.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172) All flights in the operations' area were prohibited except flight authorized by [air traffic control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control "Air traffic control"); routine flights supporting offshore oil operations; federal, state, local and military flight operations supporting spill response; and air ambulance and law enforcement operations. Exceptions for these restrictions were granted on a case-by-case basis dependent on safety issues, operational requirements, weather conditions, and traffic volume. No flights, except aircraft conducting aerial chemical dispersing operations, or for landing and takeoff, were allowed below 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-faa-173) Notwithstanding restrictions, there were 800 to 1,000 flights per day during the operations.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola290510-176)
Local and federal authorities citing BP's authority denied access to members of the press attempting to document the spill from the air, from boats, and on the ground, blocking access to areas that were open to the public.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-177)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-178)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NewsweekPress-179)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Zak-181)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-182) In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. In one example, the U.S. Coast Guard stopped [Jean-Michel Cousteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau "Jean-Michel Cousteau")'s boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NewsweekPress-179) In another example, a [CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News") crew was denied access to the oil-covered beaches of the spill area. The CBS crew was told by the authorities, "This is BP's rules, not ours," when trying to film the area.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NewsweekPress-179)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-184) Some members of Congress criticized the restrictions placed on access by journalists.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)
The FAA denied that BP employees or contractors made decisions on flights and access, saying those decisions were made by the FAA and Coast Guard.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-weeklystandard-175) The FAA acknowledged that media access was limited to hired planes or helicopters, but was arranged through the Coast Guard.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola290510-176) The Coast Guard and BP denied having a policy of restricting journalists; they noted that members of the media had been embedded with the authorities and allowed to cover response efforts since the beginning of the effort, with more than 400 embeds aboard boats and aircraft to date.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Zak-181) They also said that they wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Zak-181)
## Cleanup
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Cleanup")\]
On 15 April 2014, BP announced that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, while the [United States Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") work continued using physical barriers such as floating booms, the cleanup workers' objective was to keep the oil from spreading any further. They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used [sorbents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbent "Sorbent") to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. Although that method did not remove the oil completely, chemicals called [dispersants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersant "Dispersant") were used to hasten the oil's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000 US gal (5,300,000 L; 1,200,000 imp gal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-185)
The state of Louisiana received funding by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of [dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docusate "Docusate"), a chemical used in the clean up. Testing over 2019 reported by GulfSource.org, for the pollutants tested have not produced results.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-186)
Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. Thousands of animals were visibly covered in oil.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-187) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, working with the Smithsonian's [National Zoological Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_\(United_States\) "National Zoological Park (United States)"), rescued animals to help with the spill cleanup, although there were many animals found dead.
## Consequences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Consequences")\]
### Environmental impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Environmental impact")\]
Main article: [Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turtle_Rescue_and_Rehabilitation.jpg)
Capturing heavily oiled young turtles 20 to 40 miles (32 to 64 km) offshore for rehabilitation; 14 June 2010
The spill area hosts 8,332 species, including more than 1,270 fish, 604 [polychaetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete "Polychaete"), 218 birds, 1,456 [mollusks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks "Mollusks"), 1,503 [crustaceans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean "Crustacean"), 4 sea turtles and 29 marine mammals.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-165-188)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-166-189) Between May and June 2010, the spill waters contained 40 times more [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon") (PAHs) than before the spill.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-190)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-174-191) PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include [carcinogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen "Carcinogen") and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 2–3 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-174-191) PAHs can harm marine species directly and [microbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe "Microbe") used to consume the oil can reduce marine [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen") levels.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-collins-192) The oil contained approximately 40% [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane") by weight, compared to about 5% found in typical oil deposits.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-methane-193) Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is depleted.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-methane-193)
A 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [bluefin tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefin_tuna "Bluefin tuna") funded by [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") (NOAA), [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), and the [Monterey Bay Aquarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium "Monterey Bay Aquarium") and published in the journal *[Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_\(journal\) "Science (journal)")*, found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest "Cardiac arrest"). Calling the vicinity of the spill "one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world", the study found that even at very low concentrations "PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil."[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-LATimes-fish-toxins-18) Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in the [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"), found that tuna and [amberjack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberjack "Amberjack") that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening. The scientists said that their findings would most likely apply to other large predator fish and "even to humans, whose developing hearts are in many ways similar." BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but *The New York Times* reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Wines-24-March-14-19)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oiled_Pelicans.jpg)
An oiled [brown pelican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_pelican "Brown pelican") near Grand Isle, Louisiana
The oil dispersant [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit"), previously only used as a surface application, was released underwater in unprecedented amounts, with the intent of making it more easily biodegraded by naturally occurring microbes. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was [emulsified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsified "Emulsified") into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-194) The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the [food chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain "Food chain") through [zooplankton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton "Zooplankton").[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-174-191)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ortmann-195)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-187-196) Signs of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny [blue crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus "Callinectes sapidus") larvae.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-197) A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-191-198) Chemicals from the spill were found in migratory birds as far away as Minnesota. [Pelican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican "Pelican") eggs contained "petroleum compounds and Corexit".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-115-129) Dispersant and PAHs from oil are believed to have caused "disturbing numbers" of [mutated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutated "Mutated") fish that scientists and commercial fishers saw in 2012, including 50% of shrimp found lacking eyes and eye sockets.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-197-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-196-200) Fish with oozing sores and lesions were first noted by fishermen in November 2010.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera2-201) Prior to the spill, approximately 0.1% of Gulf fish had lesions or sores. A report from the [University of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") said that many locations showed 20% of fish with lesions, while later estimates reached 50%.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera2-201) In October 2013, [Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network") reported that the gulf ecosystem was "in crisis", citing a decline in seafood catches, as well as deformities and lesions found in fish.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-202) According to J. Christopher Haney, Harold Geiger, and Jeffrey Short, three researchers with extensive experience in environmental monitoring and post-spill mortality assessments, over one million coastal birds died as a direct result of the *Deepwater Horizon* spill. These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill.
In July 2010, it was reported that the spill was "already having a 'devastating' effect on marine life in the Gulf".[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-195-203) Damage to the [ocean floor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_floor "Ocean floor") especially endangered the [Louisiana pancake batfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_pancake_batfish "Louisiana pancake batfish") whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-fish2fork-204) In March 2012, a definitive link was found between the death of a [Gulf coral community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-water_coral "Deep-water coral") and the spill.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-188-205)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-189-206)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-190-207)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-abc031210-208) According to NOAA, a [cetacean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean "Cetacean") Unusual Mortality Event (UME) has been recognized since before the spill began, NOAA is investigating possible contributing factors to the ongoing UME from the *Deepwater Horizon* spill, with the possibility of eventual criminal charges being filed if the spill is shown to be connected.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-13-209) Some estimates are that only 2% of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-183-210)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Striped_Dolphins.jpg)
Striped dolphins (*[Stenella coeruleoalba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenella_coeruleoalba "Stenella coeruleoalba")*) observed in emulsified oil on 29 April 2010
In the first birthing season for dolphins after the spill, dead baby dolphins washed up along Mississippi and Alabama shorelines at about 10 times the normal number.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-181-211) \[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\] A peer-reviewed NOAA/BP study disclosed that nearly half the bottlenose dolphins tested in mid-2011 in Barataria Bay, a heavily oiled area, were in "guarded or worse" condition, "including 17 percent that were not expected to survive". BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill, saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-191-198)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-212)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-186-213) By 2013, over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area, a four-fold increase over the historical average.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-214) The [National Wildlife Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Federation "National Wildlife Federation") (NWF) reports that sea turtles, mostly endangered [Kemp's ridley sea turtles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp%27s_ridley_sea_turtle "Kemp's ridley sea turtle"), have been stranding at a high rate. Before the spill there was an average of 100 strandings per year; since the spill the number has jumped to roughly 500.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-215) NWF senior scientist Doug Inkley notes that the marine death rates are unprecedented and occurring high in the food chain, strongly suggesting there is "something amiss with the Gulf ecosystem".[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-216) In December 2013, the journal *[Environmental Science & Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology "Environmental Science & Technology")* published a study finding that of 32 [dolphins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin "Dolphin") briefly captured from 24-km stretch near southeastern Louisiana, half were seriously ill or dying. BP said the report was "inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill".[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-dolphins-huffpo-2-14-217)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Independent-dolphins-2-14-218)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bay_Jimmy,_Plaquemines_Parish_\(9152010\).jpg)
Heavy oiling of Bay Jimmy, Plaquemines Parish; 15 September 2010
In 2012, tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-14-219)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola1012-220)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola0911-221)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wdsu040912-222) and in 2013, tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Dermansky_4-20-13-223) In 2013, former NASA physicist Bonny Schumaker noted a "dearth of marine life" in a radius 30 to 50 mi (48 to 80 km) around the well, after flying over the area numerous times since May 2010.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-224)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-225)
In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-226) and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles". The result could have long-term effects because oil could remain in the food chain for generations.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated1-227)
A 2014 bluefin tuna study in *[Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_\(journal\) "Science (journal)")* found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Australian_-_2014_bluefin_study-228) A 2015 study of the relative toxicity of oil and dispersants to coral also found that the dispersants were more toxic than the oil.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-229)
A 2015 study by the [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"), published in *[PLOS ONE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_ONE "PLOS ONE"),* links the sharp increase in dolphin deaths to the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-230)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-231)
On 12 April 2016, a research team reported that 88 percent of about 360 baby or [stillborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth "Stillbirth") dolphins within the spill area "had abnormal or under-developed lungs", compared to 15 percent in other areas. The study was published in the April 2016 *Diseases of Aquatic Organisms*.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-232)
### Health consequences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Health consequences")\]
Main article: [Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
By June 2010, 143 spill-exposure cases had been reported to the [Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Health_and_Hospitals "Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals"); 108 of those involved workers in the clean-up efforts, while 35 were reported by residents.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-230-233) Chemicals from the oil and dispersant are believed to be the cause; it is believed that the addition of dispersants made the oil more toxic.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-234)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_waste_clean_up_at_Elmer%27s_Island_2010-05-21.jpg)
A worker cleans up oily waste on Elmer's Island just west of Grand Isle, Louisiana, 21 May 2010
The United States [Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Department of Health and Human Services") set up the [GuLF Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GuLF_Study "GuLF Study") in June 2010 in response to these reports. The study is run by the [National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"), and will last at least five years.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-235)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera291010-236)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSE_workers_clean_up_Port_Fourchon_beach_2010-05-23.JPG)
Workers contracted by BP clean up oil on a beach in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, 23 May 2010
Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country."[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera170511-237) In July, after testing the blood of BP cleanup workers and residents in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida for [volatile organic compounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound "Volatile organic compound"), environmental scientist [Wilma Subra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_Subra "Wilma Subra") said she was "finding amounts 5 to 10 times in excess of the 95th percentile"; she said that "the presence of these chemicals in the blood indicates exposure."[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera291010-236)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated6-238)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-democracynow070710-239) [Riki Ott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki_Ott "Riki Ott"), a marine toxicologist with experience of the [Exxon Valdez oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill "Exxon Valdez oil spill"), advised families to evacuate the Gulf.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Aguilar22July-240) She said that workers from the Valdez spill had suffered long-term health consequences.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-241)
Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation. This was to cover all offshore cleanup activities; BP later requested a second NIOSH investigation of onshore cleanup operations. Tests for chemical exposure in the seven fishermen were negative; NIOSH concluded that the hospitalizations were most likely a result of heat, fatigue, and terpenes that were being used to clean the decks. Review of 10 later hospitalizations found that heat exposure and dehydration were consistent findings but could not establish chemical exposure. NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds and PAHs never exceeded permissible exposure levels. A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation. In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil. NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") (gloves and impermeable coveralls) as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil. Heat stress was found to be the most pressing safety concern.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-242)
Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-243)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-244)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-245) OSHA said "cleanup workers are receiving "minimal" exposure to airborne toxins...OSHA will require that BP provide certain protective clothing, but not respirators."[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-246) *ProPublica* reported that workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-247) An independent investigation for [Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek") showed that BP did not hand out the legally required safety manual for use with Corexit, and were not provided with safety training or protective gear.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-248)
A 2012 survey of the health effects of the spill on cleanup workers reported "eye, nose and throat irritation; respiratory problems; blood in urine, vomit and rectal bleeding; seizures; nausea and violent vomiting episodes that last for hours; skin irritation, burning and lesions; short-term memory loss and confusion; liver and kidney damage; central nervous system effects and nervous system damage; hypertension; and miscarriages". Dr. James Diaz, writing for the *American Journal of Disaster Medicine*, said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills, like the Exxon Valdez. Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed". Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-239-249)
Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health") found [biomarkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_\(medicine\) "Biomarker (medicine)") matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers. \[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Other studies have reported a variety of mental health issues, skin problems, breathing issues, coughing, and headaches.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-250) In 2013, during the three-day "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference",[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-251) findings discussed included a '"significant percentage" of Gulf residents reporting mental health problems like anxiety, depression and [PTSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTSD "PTSD"). These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of "many chemicals contained in the oil".[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola220113-252)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-253)
A study that investigated the health effects among children in Louisiana and Florida living less than 10 miles from the coast found that more than a third of the parents reported physical or mental health symptoms among their children. The parents reported "unexplained symptoms among their children, including bleeding ears, nose bleeds, and the early start of menstruation among girls," according to David Abramson, director of Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola220113-252)
A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing; headaches; watery, burning, itchy eyes and stuffy, itchy, runny nose.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-254)
### Economy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Economy")\]
Main article: [Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_fishing_closure_map_2010-06-21.png)
Map of the area where fishing was affected because of the BP oil spill
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_Beach_Do_Not_Swim_sign_walkway.JPG)
Sign in [Orange Beach, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Beach,_Alabama "Orange Beach, Alabama"), advising against swimming due to the oil spill
The spill had a strong economic impact to BP[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pracale-255) and also the [Gulf Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast "Gulf Coast")'s economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to \$22.7 billion through 2013. In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled \$32 million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total \$153 million in this state alone.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-256)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-:0-257) The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost \$247 million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. One study projects that the overall impact of lost or degraded commercial, recreational, and mariculture fisheries in the Gulf could be \$8.7 billion by 2020, with a potential loss of 22,000 jobs over the same time frame.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-:0-257)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-258) BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP_costs_for_oil_spill_response_pass_$3_billion-259) Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-260) During the crisis, BP gas stations in the United States reported a sales drop of between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-224-261)
Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling [moratorium](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moratorium "wikt:moratorium") imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state).[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-CSM_Sasser-262) NOAA had closed 86,985 sq mi (225,290 km2), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing \$2.5 billion cost for the fishing industry.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-202-263)[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-203-264)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-fishing1-265) The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately \$23 billion, in a region that supports over 400,000 travel industry jobs generating \$34 billion in revenue annually.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-219-266)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-220-267)
### Offshore drilling policies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Offshore drilling policies")\]
Main articles: [United States offshore drilling debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate "United States offshore drilling debate") and [2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_deepwater_drilling_moratorium "2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium")
See also: [Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg)
US oil production and imports, 1910–2020
On 30 April 2010, President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg010510-268)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-CBS/AP-269) Later a six-month offshore drilling (below 500 ft (150 m) of water) moratorium was enforced by the [United States Department of the Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior "United States Department of the Interior").[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream240610-270) The moratorium suspended work on 33 rigs,[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream240610-270) and a group of affected companies formed the [Back to Work Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_Work_Coalition "Back to Work Coalition").[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-KATC_web-271) On 22 June, a [United States federal judge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge "United States federal judge") on the [United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana "United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana") [Martin Leach-Cross Feldman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Leach-Cross_Feldman "Martin Leach-Cross Feldman") when ruling in the case *[Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar")*, lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream240610-270) The ban was lifted in October 2010.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Prior to the oil spill, on 31 March 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the [East Coast of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States") and along the coast of [northern Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Alaska "Arctic Alaska") in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-272)
On 28 April 2010, the [National Energy Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Energy_Board "National Energy Board") of Canada, which regulates offshore drilling in the [Canadian Arctic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic "Canadian Arctic") and along the [British Columbia Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast "British Columbia Coast"), issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same-season relief wells.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-canadian_regulator_response-273) On 3 May California Governor [Arnold Schwarzenegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") withdrew his support for a proposed plan to allow expanded [offshore drilling projects in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_and_gas_in_California "Offshore oil and gas in California").[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-CSM20100503-274)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC20100503-275) On 8 July, Florida Governor [Charlie Crist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Crist "Charlie Crist") called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters, which the legislature rejected on 20 July.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-242-276)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-243-277)
In October 2011, the [United States Department of the Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior "United States Department of the Interior")'s [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry. Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the [Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Safety_and_Environmental_Enforcement "Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement"), the [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management"), and [Office of Natural Resources Revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Natural_Resources_Revenue "Office of Natural Resources Revenue").
In March 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Robertson_and_Schwartz-278)
## Reactions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Reactions")\]
Main article: [Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
### U.S. reactions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: U.S. reactions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOLA_BP_Oil_Flood_Protest_Take_Tar_From_Feathers.JPG)
Protesters advocating boycott of BP
On 30 April, President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the [Department of Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior "U.S. Department of the Interior") and [Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security "U.S. Department of Homeland Security"), as well as the [EPA Administrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPA_Administrator "EPA Administrator") and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-278-279) In his 15 June speech, Obama said, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced... Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy."[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-reuters.com-280) Interior Secretary [Ken Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar "Ken Salazar") stated, "Our job basically is to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum."[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Rand_Paul-281) Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms, which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-287-282) [Rand Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul "Rand Paul") accused President Obama of being anti-business and "un-American".[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Rand_Paul-281)
Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BP's response. Across the US, thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations,[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-279-283)[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-280-284)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-281-285) reducing sales at some stations by 10% to 40%.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-282-286) An academic study that assesses government response to the disaster notes that the severity of disruption substantially influences the social construction of the occasion as policy actors are ill-equipped to handle the challenges at all levels of government.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-287)
The petroleum industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-284-288) The [American Petroleum Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute "American Petroleum Institute") (API) stated that the offshore drilling industry is important to job creation and economic growth.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-284-288)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-283-289) CEOs from the top five oil companies all agreed to work harder at improving safety. API announced the creation of an offshore safety institute, separate from API's lobbying operation.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-285-290)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOLA_BP_Oil_Flood_Protest_Union_Jack_stand.JPG)
American protester stands on a [Union Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag "Union Flag"), presumably associating BP with the United Kingdom
The [Organization for International Investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_International_Investment "Organization for International Investment"), a [Washington D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")\-based advocate for overseas investment in the United States, warned that the heated rhetoric was potentially damaging the reputation of British companies with operations in the United States and could spark a wave of U.S. protectionism that would restrict British firms from government contracts, political donations and lobbying.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian140710-291)[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-286-292)
In July 2010, President Obama issued an executive order, specifically citing the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill, that adopted recommendations from the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force and established the National Ocean Council.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-293) The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bglobe-294) In June 2018, the executive order establishing the National Ocean Council was revoked by then-U.S. president Donald Trump in an effort to roll back bureaucracy and benefit "ocean industries \[that\] employ millions of Americans".[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bglobe-294)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-295)
### United Kingdom reactions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: United Kingdom reactions")\]
In the UK, there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the misuse of the term "British Petroleum" for the company – a name which has not been used since British Petroleum merged with the American company [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco") in 1998 to form BP [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco"). It was said that the U.S. was "dumping" the blame onto the British people and there were calls for British Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") to protect British interests in the United States. British pension fund managers (who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-287-282)
Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean".[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-288-296) Later, he drew an outpouring of criticism when he said that the spill was a disruption to Gulf Coast residents and himself adding, "You know, I'd like my life back."[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-289-297) BP's chief operating officer [Doug Suttles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles "Doug Suttles") contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting, "It may be down to how you define what a plume is here… The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities."[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-290-298) In June, BP launched a PR campaign and successfully bid for several search terms related to the spill on Google and other search engines so that the first sponsored search result linked directly to the company's website.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-291-299)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-292-300) On 26 July 2010, it was announced that CEO Tony Hayward was to resign and would be replaced by [Bob Dudley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dudley "Bob Dudley"), who is an American citizen and previously worked for Amoco.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-293-301)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-294-302)
Hayward's involvement in *Deepwater Horizon* has left him a highly controversial public figure. In May 2013, he was honored as a "distinguished leader" by the University of Birmingham, but his award ceremony was stopped on multiple occasions by jeers and walk-outs and the focus of a protest from [People & Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_%26_Planet "People & Planet") members.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-303)
In July 2013, Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from [Robert Gordon University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University "Robert Gordon University"). This was described as a "sick joke" and "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-304) The student body president expressed that students would be "very disappointed".[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-305)
### International reactions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: International reactions")\]
The U.S. government rejected offers of cleanup help from Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United Nations. The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-stpdf-306)[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-295-307) The USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csmhelp-308)
## Legal aspects and settlements
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Legal aspects and settlements")\]
### Investigations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Investigations")\]
Main article: [Deepwater Horizon investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation "Deepwater Horizon investigation")
In the United States the *Deepwater Horizon* investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by:
- the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral [Thad Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Allen "Thad Allen"),
- the [National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling "National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling"),
- [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement") (BOEMRE),
- [National Academy of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering "National Academy of Engineering"),
- [National Research Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council "United States National Research Council"),
- [Government Accountability Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office "Government Accountability Office"),
- National Oil Spill Commission, and
- [Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Safety_and_Hazard_Investigation_Board "Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)
The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MHL-2) BP conducted its internal investigation.
An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream220410-36) On 11 May the United States administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-doi110510-309) The National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to "consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions."[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wh220510-310) The investigation by [United States Attorney General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") [Eric Holder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder "Eric Holder") was announced on 1 June 2010.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Holder-06-01-311) Also the [United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce "United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce") conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81)[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream090710a-312) According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer"), built by [Cameron International Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_International_Corporation "Cameron International Corporation"), had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_13/5-313)
On 8 September 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") and [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean").[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-314) The report found that on 20 April 2010, managers misread pressure data and gave their approval for rig workers to replace drilling fluid in the well with seawater, which was not heavy enough to prevent gas that had been leaking into the well from firing up the pipe to the rig, causing the explosion. The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame, as was Transocean, which owned the rig. Responding to the report, Transocean and Halliburton placed all blame on BP.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-315)
On 9 November 2010, a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions. "There was not a culture of safety on that rig," the co-chair said.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-316)
The National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling released a final report on 5 January 2011.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-telegraph-finalreport-317)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-osc-final-report-318) The panel found that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) The report stated that "whether purposeful or not, many of the decisions that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean made that increased the risk of the Macondo blowout clearly saved those companies significant time (and money)."[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management."[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320) Transocean, however, blamed BP for making the decisions before the actual explosion occurred and government officials for permitting those decisions.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wpost-finalreport-321) Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-startribune-finalreport-322) It criticized BP for its failure to run a [cement bond log](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_bond_log "Cement bond log") test.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wpost-finalreport-321) In the report, BP was accused of nine faults.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-startribune-finalreport-322) One was that it had not used a diagnostic tool to test the strength of the cement.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) Another was ignoring a pressure test that had failed.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320) Still another was for not plugging the pipe with cement.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) The study did not, however, place the blame on any one of these events. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling."[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-startribune-finalreport-322) The panel also noted that the government regulators did not have sufficient knowledge or authority to notice these cost-cutting decisions.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319)
On 23 March 2011, BOEMRE (former [MMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service")) and the [USCG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") published a forensic examination report on the blowout preventer, prepared by *[Det Norske Veritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Norske_Veritas "Det Norske Veritas")*.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-dnv230311-323) The report concluded that the primary cause of failure was that the blind shear rams failed to fully close and seal due to a portion of drill pipe buckling between the shearing blocks.
The US government report issued in September 2011 stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-296-324) The report states that the main cause was the defective cement job, and Halliburton, BP and Transocean were, in different ways, responsible for the accident.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20) The report stated that, although the events leading to the sinking of *Deepwater Horizon* were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout, the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies, and acts and omissions by Transocean and its *Deepwater Horizon* crew, that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout. The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management, last‐minute changes to plans, failure to observe and respond to critical indicators, inadequate well control response, and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20)
### Spill response fund
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Spill response fund")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Administration_Responds_to_BP_Oil_Spill_\(4584731287\).jpg)
President Barack Obama meets with National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, and EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson to discuss response to the spill.
Main article: [Gulf Coast Claims Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Claims_Facility "Gulf Coast Claims Facility")
See also: [Kenneth Feinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Feinberg "Kenneth Feinberg")
On 16 June 2010, after BP executives met with President Obama, BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), a \$20 billion fund to settle claims arising from the *Deepwater Horizon* spill.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-McDonell-325) This fund was set aside for natural resource damages, state and local response costs, and individual compensation, but could not be used for fines or penalties.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81) Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bdo-326)
The GCCF was administrated by attorney [Kenneth Feinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Feinberg "Kenneth Feinberg"). The facility began accepting claims on 23 August 2010.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-McDonell-325) On 8 March 2012, after BP and a team of plaintiffs' attorneys agreed to a class-action settlement, a court-supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-277-327)[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap250412-328) Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than \$6.2 billion was paid out from the fund. 97% of payments were made to claimants in the [Gulf States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States").[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bdo-326) In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. During this transition period additional \$404 million in claims were paid.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap100113-329)
The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-274-330) An independent audit of the GCCF, announced by Attorney General Eric Holder, was approved by Senate on 21 October 2011.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-275-331) An auditor [BDO Consulting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDO_Consulting "BDO Consulting") found that 7,300 claimants were wrongly denied or underpaid. As a result, about \$64 million of additional payments was made.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-277-327) The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them "navigate the complex claims process." In a *New York Times* opinion piece, Stephen Teague, staff attorney at the Mississippi Center for Justice, argued that BP had become "increasingly brazen" in "stonewalling payments." "But tens of thousands of gulf residents still haven't been fully compensated for their losses, and many are struggling to make ends meet. Many low-wage workers in the fishing and service industries, for example, have been seeking compensation for lost wages and jobs for three years."[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTTeague30jul2013-332)
In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the *Deepwater Horizon* Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTTeague30jul2013-332) The federal judge assigned to the case, Judge Barbier, refused to halt the settlement program, saying he had not seen evidence of widespread fraud, adding that he was "offended by what he saw as attempts to smear the lawyer administering the claims."[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-333)
### Civil litigation and settlements
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Civil litigation and settlements")\]
Main article: [Deepwater Horizon litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation")
See also: [Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar")
By 26 May 2010, over 130 lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Timeslitigation-334) against one or more of BP, Transocean, [Cameron International Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_International_Corporation "Cameron International Corporation"), and [Halliburton Energy Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton"),[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP,_Transocean_Lawsuits_Surge-335) although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a [multidistrict litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidistrict_litigation "Multidistrict litigation").[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP,_Transocean_Lawsuits_Surge-335) On 21 April 2011, BP issued \$40 billion worth of lawsuits against rig owner Transocean, cementer Halliburton and [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer") manufacturer Cameron. The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-297-336) The firms deny the allegations.
On 2 March 2012, BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. The deal would settle roughly 100,000 claims filed by individuals and businesses affected by the spill.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-settleAP-337)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt030312-338) On 13 August, BP asked US District Judge [Carl Barbier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barbier "Carl Barbier") to approve the settlement, saying its actions "did not constitute [gross negligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_negligence "Gross negligence") or willful misconduct".[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated2-339) On 13 January 2013, Judge Barbier approved a medical-benefits portion of BP's proposed \$7.8 billion partial settlement. People living for at least 60 days along oil-impacted shores or involved in the clean-up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits, as are those injured during clean-up.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-298-340) BP also agreed to spend \$105 million over five years to set up a Gulf Coast health outreach program and pay for medical examinations.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap110113-45) According to a group presenting the plaintiffs, the deal has no specific cap.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-299-341) BP says that it has \$9.5 billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the \$37.2 billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-settleAP-337) BP originally expected to spend \$7.8 billion. By October 2013 it had increased its projection to \$9.2 billion, saying it could be "significantly higher."[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-2014_appeal_fail-342)
On 31 August 2012, the US [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") (DOJ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of "gross negligence and willful misconduct". In their statement the DOJ said that some of BP's arguments were "plainly misleading" and that the court should ignore BP's argument that the Gulf region is "undergoing a robust recovery". BP rejected the charges saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January."[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cnn050912-343)[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian-9-12-344) The DOJ also said Transocean, the owner and operator of the *Deepwater Horizon* rig, was guilty of gross negligence as well.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cnn050912-343)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-stuartsmith-345)
On 14 November 2012, BP and the US Department of Justice reached a settlement. BP will pay \$4.5 billion in fines and other payments, the largest of its kind in US history. In addition, the U.S. government temporarily banned BP from new federal contracts over its "lack of business integrity".[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ct281112-346)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cnn281112-347) The plea was accepted by Judge [Sarah Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_S._Vance "Sarah S. Vance") of the [United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana "United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana") on 31 January 2013.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream310113-348) The settlement includes payments of \$2.394 billion to the [National Fish and Wildlife Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Foundation "National Fish and Wildlife Foundation"), \$1.15 billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, \$350 million to the [National Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences") for oil spill prevention and response research, \$100 million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund, \$6 million to General Treasury and \$525 million to the Securities and Exchange Commission.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt151112-23)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59) Oil sector analysts at London-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-349)
On 3 January 2013, the US Justice Department announced "Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the [Clean Water Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act "Clean Water Act") and to pay a total of \$1.4 billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties".[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-302-350) \$800 million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, \$300 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, \$150 million to the [National Wild Turkey Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wild_Turkey_Federation "National Wild Turkey Federation") and \$150 million to the National Academy of Sciences. [MOEX Offshore 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOEX_Offshore_2007 "MOEX Offshore 2007") agreed to pay \$45 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, \$25 million to five Gulf state and \$20 million to supplemental environmental projects.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)
On 25 July 2013, Halliburton pleaded guilty to destruction of critical evidence after the oil spill and said it would pay the maximum allowable fine of \$200,000 and will be subject to three years of probation.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-351)
In January 2014, a panel of the [U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fifth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals "U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals") rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill. BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. The court ruled that BP had not explained "how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of 'claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury.'"[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-2014_appeal_fail-342) The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical".[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-352)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-353) The [Supreme Court of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") later refused to hear BP's appeal after victims and claimants, along with numerous Gulf coast area chambers of commerce, objected to the oil major's efforts to renege on the Settlement Agreement.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-354)
In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it by paying \$1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-HalliburtonDeepwater-355)
### Justice Department lawsuit
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Justice Department lawsuit")\]
BP and its partners in the oil well, Transocean and Halliburton, went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake. A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Thompson-356)
The trial's first phase was to determine the liability of BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and other companies, and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream250213-357)[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg260213-358) The second phase scheduled in September 2013 focused on the flow rate of the oil and the third phase scheduled in 2014 was to consider damages.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream260213-359) According to the plaintiffs' lawyers the major cause of an explosion was the mishandling of a rig safety test, while inadequate training of the staff, poor maintenance of the equipment and substandard cement were also mentioned as things leading to the disaster.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg260213-358)[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream260213-359) According to *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a \$16 billion settlement. However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it.[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-reuters230213-360)
On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge [Carl Barbier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barbier "Carl Barbier") ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. He described BP's actions as "reckless". He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to \$4,300, at the discretion of the judge. The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5 million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted, while the court contends 4.2 million barrels were spilled. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BPverdict-361)
Barbier ruled that BP had acted with "conscious disregard of known risks" and rejected BP's assertion that other parties were equally responsible for the oil spill. His ruling stated that BP "employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history", that the company was "reckless", and determined that several crucial BP decisions were "primarily driven by a desire to save time and money, rather than ensuring that the well was secure." BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Times_-_barbier_-_18_billion-26)[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Bloomberg-sept-5-14-362)
On 2 July 2015, BP, the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of \$18.7 billion.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pracale01-363) To date BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached \$54 billion.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-364)
### Criminal charges
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Criminal charges")\]
Main article: [Deepwater Horizon litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation")
In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes.
In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a \$4 billion fine.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt151112-23) Transocean pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge as part of its \$1.4 billion fine.
In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-huffington240412-365)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ProPublica201204-366)[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-WSJ201204-367) Three more BP employees were charged in November 2012. Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion, and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian151112-368) David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg281112-369) Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbshalliburtonmanager-370)
None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives. Anthony Badalementi was sentenced to one year probation,[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbshalliburtonmanager-370) Donald Vidrine paid a \$50,000 fine and received 10 months probation,[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-txmonthlykaluza-371) Kurt Mix received 6 months' probation,[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-neworleansadvocateprosecutionresults-372) and David Rainey and Robert Kaluza were acquitted.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-txmonthlykaluza-371)[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-neworleansadvocateprosecutionresults-372)
## In popular culture
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: In popular culture")\]
### Documentary
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Documentary")\]
- On 28 March 2011, [*Dispatches*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatches_\(TV_programme\) "Dispatches (TV programme)") aired a documentary by [James Brabazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brabazon "James Brabazon"), *BP: In Deep Water*, about the oil company, BP, covering oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico and other incidents and its relationship with governments.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-373)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-374)
- In April 2012, the [National Geographic Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel "National Geographic Channel")'s documentary series *[Seconds From Disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconds_From_Disaster "Seconds From Disaster")* featured the accident in an episode titled "The Deepwater Horizon"[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-375)
- In 2012, *Beyond Pollution* 2012[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-376)[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-377)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-378) traveled across the gulf coast interviewing environmental experts, government authorities, fishermen, scientists, drilling engineers, and key BP contractors, examining economic and health effects.
- In 2012, *[The Big Fix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Fix_\(2012_film\) "The Big Fix (2012 film)")*, documented the April 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico following the sinking of the *Deepwater Horizon* oil rig
- In 2014, *[The Great Invisible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Invisible "The Great Invisible")*, by [Margaret Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brown_\(film_director\) "Margaret Brown (film director)") chose to focus on the social impacts on people whose lives have been affected by this tragedy.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-379)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-380)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-381)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-382)[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-383)[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-384)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-385) Later airing 19 April 2015 as the season 16, episode 14 of *Independent Lens*.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-386)[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-387)
- In 2014, *Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache, Louisiana*, documented a town of nearly 300 struggling to survive following the oil spill that left their crop dead and finances in ruin.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-388)[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-389)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-390)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-391)
- In 2016, *Pretty Slick* documented the cleanup effort and locals across four Gulf states about the largest man-made environmental disaster in U.S. history.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-392)[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-393)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-394)[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-395)
- In 2016, *After the Spill*,[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-396) [Jon Bowermaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bowermaster "Jon Bowermaster") investigates how the disaster affected local economies and the health of humans, animals, and food sources, and with [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit"), where all the oil went, as a follow-up to the pre-spill *SoLa, Louisiana Water Stories*, in post-production when the *Deepwater Horizon* exploded.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-397)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-398)[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-399)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-400)
- In 2016, *Dispatches from the Gulf*,[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-401)[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-402) Hal Weiner[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-403)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-404) follows scientists[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-405)[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-406) investigating the oil spill's effect on the Gulf.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-407)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-408)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-409)
### Drama
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Drama")\]
- In 2012, "[We Just Decided To](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Just_Decided_To "We Just Decided To")", the pilot of the [HBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO "HBO") TV series *[The Newsroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newsroom_\(American_TV_series\) "The Newsroom (American TV series)")*, featured its characters covering the *Deepwater Horizon* story.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-410)
- The 2015 film *[The Runner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Runner_\(2015_film\) "The Runner (2015 film)")*, directed by [Austin Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Stark "Austin Stark") and starring [Nicolas Cage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage "Nicolas Cage"), is a fictional story of a politician and his family set in the aftermath of the *Deepwater Horizon* disaster.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-411)[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-412)
- In 2016, *[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_\(film\) "Deepwater Horizon (film)")*, a film based on the explosion, directed by [Peter Berg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berg "Peter Berg") and starring [Mark Wahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg "Mark Wahlberg"), [Kurt Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Russell "Kurt Russell") and [John Malkovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malkovich "John Malkovich") was released.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-413)
### Music
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Music")\]
- In 2011, [Jimmy Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon "Jimmy Fallon"), then host of *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon")*, created a protest song about how there were still [tarballs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarball_\(oil\) "Tarball (oil)") floating around the Gulf of Mexico called "Balls In Your Mouth". He performed it a number of times on the show with different guest singers, including [Eddie Vedder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder "Eddie Vedder"),[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-414) [Russell Crowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe "Russell Crowe"),[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-415) [Brad Paisley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Paisley "Brad Paisley"),[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-416) and [Florence Welch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Welch "Florence Welch").[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-417) The live recording of the song featuring Eddie Vedder was included in Fallon's comedy album "[Blow Your Pants Off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_Your_Pants_Off "Blow Your Pants Off")".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
- In 2011, [Rise Against](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Against "Rise Against") released a song titled "[Help Is on the Way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Is_on_the_Way "Help Is on the Way")" on their album [*Endgame*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endgame_\(Rise_Against_album\) "Endgame (Rise Against album)"). The song is about the slow response time for aid to disaster-stricken areas, with lyrics that allude to the Macondo spill and [Hurricane Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina").[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-418)
- In June 2011, Canadian musician [City and Colour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_and_Colour "City and Colour") released a song titled "At the Bird's Foot" on his album [*Little Hell*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Hell_\(album\) "Little Hell (album)"). The song is about the event and the greed of those involved.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-419)
- On election day in the United States, 6 November 2012, [Pete Seeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger "Pete Seeger") and Lorre Wyatt released the music video and single "God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You", which they recorded and filmed live aboard the *[Hudson River Sloop Clearwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_Sloop_Clearwater "Hudson River Sloop Clearwater")* in 2010 immediately after the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill. The song references the spill.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-420)
- In 2012, American singer-songwriter [Andrew Bird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bird "Andrew Bird") released the song "Hole in the Ocean Floor" referencing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill as his inspiration.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-421)
### Television
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Television")\]
- The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is referenced in a 2010 episode of *[South Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park "South Park")*, "[Coon 2: Hindsight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon_2:_Hindsight "Coon 2: Hindsight")". When a BP drilling vessel drills a new hole in the Gulf, it accidentally causes an oil spill in a protected zone, prompting one of the crewmen to exclaim "Oh, don't tell me we did it again?". Later on in the episode, BP drilled again and opened up a portal to another dimension, causing the Gulf to be attacked by its creatures. Then they drilled on the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon") hoping to change the gravitational pull on the Earth and quell the swells on the ocean, allowing them to place a cap on the portal. However, in doing this, [Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu "Cthulhu") emerged from the portal. Each time they drilled, Tony Hayward released a "we're sorry" campaign.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-422) The hole in the Gulf wasn't shut until [two episodes later](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon_vs._Coon_and_Friends "Coon vs. Coon and Friends").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
- The *[Beavis and Butt-Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head "Beavis and Butt-Head")* season 8 episode, "Spill", takes place at the Gulf when their teacher, Mr. Van Driessen, organizes a trip to help clean baby birds affected by the oil spill. The boys mistakenly believe they will be having sex with "filthy chicks" and volunteer to go.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg)[Environment portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment")
- [Exxon Valdez oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill "Exxon Valdez oil spill")
- [List of industrial disasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_industrial_disasters "List of industrial disasters")
- [List of oil spills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spills "List of oil spills")
- [Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_and_gas_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico_\(United_States\) "Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)")
- [Taylor oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_oil_spill "Taylor oil spill")
- [Timeline of the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
- [Two barrier rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_barrier_rule "Two barrier rule")
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-1_1-0)**
["Deepwater Horizon"](https://incidentnews.noaa.gov/incident/8220). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"). Retrieved 28 June 2019.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-MHL_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-MHL_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-MHL_2-2)
[Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report](http://www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-5)
[On Scene Coordinator Report on Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill](https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/Attachments/119/DeepwaterHorizonReport%20-31Aug2011%20-CD_2.pdf) (PDF) (Report). September 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120915094912/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/docs/dwh/fosc_dwh_report.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-area_of_spill_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-area_of_spill_4-1)
["BP / Gulf Oil Spill – 68,000 Square Miles of Direct Impact"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811031036/http://blog.skytruth.org/2010/07/bp-gulf-oil-spill-68000-square-miles-of.html) (Press release). SkyTruth.org. 27 July 2010. Archived from [the original](http://blog.skytruth.org/2010/07/bp-gulf-oil-spill-68000-square-miles-of.html) on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2001.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-PBS_A_5-0)**
["Frontline: The Spill"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzrGZCJojUE&ab_channel=FRONTLINEPBS%7COfficial). [Frontline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_\(U.S._TV_series\) "Frontline (U.S. TV series)") on [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS"). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-nyt020810_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-nyt020810_6-1)
Robertson, Campbell; Krauss, Clifford (2 August 2010). ["Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-4_7-0)**
["BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7924009/BP-leak-the-worlds-worst-accidental-oil-spill.html). *The Daily Telegraph*. London. 3 August 2010. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7924009/BP-leak-the-worlds-worst-accidental-oil-spill.html) from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-largest_in_US_hist_8-0)**
Jervis, Rick; Levin, Alan (27 May 2010). ["Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak"](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). Retrieved 3 March 2013.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-5_9-0)**
["Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers"](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-25-oil-spill-victims-memorial_N.htm). *USA Today*.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-Aspress_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-Aspress_10-1)
Weber, Harry R. (19 September 2010). ["Blown-out BP well finally killed at bottom of Gulf"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160130231923/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/09/19/blown_out_bp_well_finally_killed_at_bottom_of_gulf/). *[Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe "Boston Globe")*. Associated Press. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/09/19/blown_out_bp_well_finally_killed_at_bottom_of_gulf/) on 30 January 2016.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-aljazeera1_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-aljazeera1_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-aljazeera1_11-2)
Jamail, Dahr (4 March 2012). ["BP settles while Macondo 'seeps'"](http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/20123313318459762.html). [Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English"). Retrieved 1 June 2012.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-3_12-0)**
["Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rocky-kistner/the-macondo-monkey-on-bps_b_988262.html). *Huffington Post*. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-staff4_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-staff4_13-1)
[The Use of Surface and Subsea Dispersants During the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Draft](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224055811/http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2010/10/06/18/_Staff_Report_No._4.source.prod_affiliate.91.pdf) (PDF) (Report). [National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling "National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling"). 6 October 2010. Archived from [the original](http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2010/10/06/18/_Staff_Report_No._4.source.prod_affiliate.91.pdf) (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-7_14-0)**
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222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-wdsu040912_222-0)**
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230. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-230)** Ryan Grenoble (20 May 2015). [Spike In Dolphin Deaths Directly Tied To Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Researchers Say](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/20/deepwater-horizon-dolphin-deaths_n_7346250.html). *The Huffington Post.* Retrieved 20 May 2015.
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Staletovich, Jenny (13 April 2016). ["Hundreds of baby dolphin deaths tied to BP's Gulf oil spill"](http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/nation-world/national/article71524207.html). *[The Sun News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_News "The Sun News")*. [The Miami Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_Herald "The Miami Herald"). Retrieved 13 April 2016.
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379. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-379)**
Hachard, Tomas (30 October 2014). ["'The Great Invisible' Views An Environmental Catastrophe From Many Sides"](https://www.npr.org/2014/10/30/358578854/the-great-invisible-views-an-environmental-catastrophe-from-many-sides). *NPR.org*. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
380. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-380)** [*The Great Invisible*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4470162/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123536848#P345 "Edit this at Wikidata")
381. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-381)**
["Going Deep"](http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/going-deep/). *texasmonthly.com*. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
382. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-382)**
["'The Great Invisible' Wins Full Frame's Best Environmental Film"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200304161135/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/great-energy-challenge/2014/the-great-invisible-wins-full-frames-best-environmental-film/). *National Geographic*. 9 April 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/great-energy-challenge/2014/the-great-invisible-wins-full-frames-best-environmental-film/) on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
383. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-383)**
DP/30: The Oral History Of Hollywood (30 October 2014). ["The Great Invisible, Margaret Brown"](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/piub_x0XJvs). Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piub_x0XJvs) on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2017 – via YouTube.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list"))
384. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-384)**
Holden, Stephen (28 October 2014). ["Disaster's Toll on the Gulf and Its People"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/movies/the-great-invisible-on-the-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
385. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-385)**
The Aspen Institute (5 September 2014). ["The Great Invisible (Post-Screening Discussion)"](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/6ixO_Ydx3MQ). Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ixO_Ydx3MQ) on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2017 – via YouTube.
386. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-386)** [*The Great Invisible*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3567200/) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\) "IMDb (identifier)") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57960403#P345 "Edit this at Wikidata")
387. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-387)**
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388. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-388)**
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389. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-389)**
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390. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-390)**
Scheib, Ronnie (29 January 2014). ["Slamdance Film Review: 'Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache'"](https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/slamdance-film-review-vanishing-pearls-the-oystermen-of-pointe-a-la-hache-1201075658/).
391. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-391)**
["Review: 'Vanishing Pearls' shows fallout after Gulf disasters"](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-vanishing-pearls-review-20140418-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. 17 April 2014.
392. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-392)**
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393. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-393)**
["Pretty Slick Trailer"](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/7El5PWBJJQY). 6 May 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7El5PWBJJQY) on 28 October 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
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Fox, James. ["Pretty Slick 2014"](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01GSZAI20) \[55min\]. Janson Media.
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Fox, James. ["Pretty Slick: The BP Deepwater Horizon Exposed – Updated and Expanded Directors Cut"](https://www.amazon.com/Pretty-Slick-Deepwater-Expanded-Directors/dp/B01MSVZXDE) \[1h 11min\]. UFOTV.
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399. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-399)**
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401. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-401)**
["Amazon.com: Journey to Planet Earth: Dispatches from the Gulf 1: Matt Damon, Hal Weiner, Hal Weiner, Marilyn Weiner: Prime Video"](https://www.amazon.com/Journey-Planet-Earth-Dispatches-Gulf/dp/B0835QD7J3). *www.amazon.com*.
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["GulfCast: Dispatches from the Gulf"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035413/http://feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundcloud:users:254138835/sounds.rss). *feeds.soundcloud.com*. Archived from [the original](https://feeds.soundcloud.com/users/soundcloud:users:254138835/sounds.rss) on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
405. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-405)**
["Meet David Murphy: The Next Generation of Scientists (Gulf Dispatches)"](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/hhYzLCxhmjU). 21 June 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhYzLCxhmjU) on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2020 – via www.youtube.com.
406. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-406)**
["Press & Outreach"](https://www.murphyfluidslab.com/press-outreach). *murphyfluidslab*. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
407. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-407)**
["Dispatches from the Gulf"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5469654/). 25 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2020 – via www.imdb.com.
408. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-408)**
["Dispatches from the Gulf: A New Documentary"](https://dispatchesfromthegulf.com/dispatches-from-the-gulf-a-new-documentary/). *Dispatches from the Gulf*. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
409. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-409)**
["'Dispatches from the Gulf 2' Selected by the 16th Annual International Ocean Film Festival"](https://dispatchesfromthegulf.com/dispatches-from-the-gulf-2-selected-by-the-16th-annual-international-ocean-film-festival/). *Dispatches from the Gulf*. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
410. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-410)**
Scott Tobias (22 June 2012). ["The Newsroom: "We Just Decided To""](https://www.avclub.com/the-newsroom-we-just-decided-to-1798173264). *AV Club*. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
411. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-411)**
Kornblatt, Andrew (4 August 2015). ["The Movie BP (Probably) Doesn't Want You To See"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151104192231/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/04/the-movie-bp-probably-doesnt-want-you-to-see/). [National Geographic Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society"). Archived from [the original](http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/04/the-movie-bp-probably-doesnt-want-you-to-see/) on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
412. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-412)**
Campbell, Christopher (17 June 2015). ["Nicolas Cage Gets Serious About the BP Oil Spill In The Runner Trailer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211061755/https://filmschoolrejects.com/nicolas-cage-gets-serious-about-the-bp-oil-spill-in-the-the-runner-trailer-6208f9a50995/). [Film School Rejects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_School_Rejects "Film School Rejects"). Archived from [the original](https://filmschoolrejects.com/nicolas-cage-gets-serious-about-the-bp-oil-spill-in-the-the-runner-trailer-6208f9a50995) on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
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Debruge, Peter (14 September 2016). ["Film Review: 'Deepwater Horizon'"](https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/deepwater-horizon-review-mark-wahlberg-1201859869/). Retrieved 1 February 2019.
414. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-414)**
["Eddie Vedder and Jimmy Fallon 'Balls in Your Mouth'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211010023120/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/eddie-vedder-and-jimmy-fallon-balls-in-your-mouth-241884/). *[Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*. 9 September 2011. Archived from [the original](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/eddie-vedder-and-jimmy-fallon-balls-in-your-mouth-241884/) on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
415. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-415)**
["Russell Crowe and Jimmy Fallon sing 'Balls in Your Mouth'"](https://ew.com/article/2015/04/23/russell-crowe-jimmy-fallon-balls-in-your-mouth/). *[Entertainment Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")*. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
416. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-416)**
["Jimmy Fallon & Brad Paisley Sing "Balls In Your Mouth" (Late Night with Jimmy Fallon)"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvBwpIsrSOw). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
417. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-417)**
["Audience Suggestion Box: Jimmy Fallon & Florence Welch Sing "Balls In Your Mouth""](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/Cy2PHZvDD8A). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. 13 September 2012. Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy2PHZvDD8A) on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
418. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-418)**
Grischow, Chad (14 March 2011). ["Rise Against: Endgame Review"](http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/03/14/rise-against-endgame-review). *[IGN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN "IGN")*. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
419. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-419)**
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420. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-420)** Seeger, Pete. ["God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvnsB_kVNYI), YouTube, accessed 5 December 2012
421. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-421)**
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422. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-422)**
[*South Park - Tony Hayward BP Parody - "We're Sorry"*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z_riJgT9RY). 31 October 2010 – via YouTube.
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- Khatchadourian, Raffi (11 March 2011). ["A Reporter at Large: The Gulf war"](http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/03/14/110314fa_fact_khatchadourian). *[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*. Vol. 87, no. 4. pp. 36–59. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- Liu, Yonggang; MacFadyen, Amy; Ji, Zhen-Gang; Weisberg, Robert H. (2011). ["Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record-Breaking Enterprise"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141106110617/http://www.agu.org/books/gm/v195/). *Geophysical Monograph Series*. Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series. **195**. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2011GMS...195.....L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GMS...195.....L). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1029/GM195](https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGM195). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87590-485-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-485-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-485-6")
. Archived from [the original](http://www.agu.org/books/gm/v195/) on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
- Marghany, Maged (15 December 2014). "Utilization of a genetic algorithm for the automatic detection of oil spill from RADARSAT-2 SAR satellite data". *[Marine Pollution Bulletin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Pollution_Bulletin "Marine Pollution Bulletin")*. **89** (1–2\): 20–29\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2014MarPB..89...20M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MarPB..89...20M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.041](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2014.10.041). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [25455367](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455367).
- Erik Stokstad (8 February 2013). ["BP Research Dollars Yield Signs of Cautious Hope"](https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.339.6120.636?sid=afdc38fe-36d8-4607-b42e-d0ee805ba72a). *Science*. **339** (6120): 636–637\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013Sci...339..636S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339..636S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1126/science.339.6120.636](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.339.6120.636). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23393236](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23393236). Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- [Daniel Kaniewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kaniewski "Daniel Kaniewski"); James Carafano (9 August 2010). ["Critical Lessons from the Federal Response to the Gulf Oil Spill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100812021333/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2010/08/Critical-Lessons-from-the-Federal-Response-to-the-Gulf-Oil-Spill). The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: External links")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "commons:Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill").
- [Deepwater BP Oil Spill](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/energy-and-environment/deepwater-bp-oil-spill) at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (archive index) – at [Whitehouse.gov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov "Whitehouse.gov")
- [Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico](https://web.archive.org/web/20170707200242/http://deepwaterhorizon.noaa.gov/) from the [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") (NOAA)
- [RestoreTheGulf.gov](https://www.restorethegulf.gov/) official U.S. Government Web site, taking over content and functions from Deepwater Horizon Response site
- [Smithsonian's Ocean Portal](https://web.archive.org/web/20100704120112/http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-and-you/gulf-oil-spill/)
- [Science in a Time of Crisis: WHOI's response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill](http://www.whoi.edu/deepwaterhorizon/) a multimedia presentation from [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution")
- ["Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill: Interim Report by the National Academy of Sciences"](http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13141)
- [CDC – Oil Spill Response Resources – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/oilspillresponse/)
- [The Role of BP in the *Deepwater Horizon* Explosion and Oil Spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, June 17, 2010](https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35800)
### Lead state agency websites
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Lead state agency websites")\]
- [Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP)](http://www.dep.state.fl.us/deepwaterhorizon/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120520121612/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/deepwaterhorizon/) 20 May 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Mississippi DEQ](http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/Main_OilSpillLinksandPublicInformation2010?OpenDocument) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100620074732/http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/Main_OilSpillLinksandPublicInformation2010?OpenDocument) 20 June 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [State of Florida Oil Spill Academic Task Force](http://oilspill.fsu.edu/)
### News media
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: News media")\]
- [Full coverage](https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/o/oil_spills/index.html) from *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*
- [Full coverage](http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/) from *[The Times-Picayune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune "The Times-Picayune") (New Orleans)*
- [ScientificAmerican.com 2015-04020 BP Gulf Oil Spill: 5 Years Later Indepth Report](http://www.scientificamerican.com/report/bp-gulf-oil-spill-5-years-later/)
- [*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill caused lasting damage, report says](http://cnso.nova.edu/news/articles/-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-caused-lasting-damage,-report-says.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150912025233/http://cnso.nova.edu/news/articles/-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-caused-lasting-damage,-report-says.html) 12 September 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [BP Oil Spill](https://www.npr.org/tags/127868273/bp-oil-spill), NPR
### Interactive maps
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Interactive maps")\]
- [Gulf Oil Spill Tracker](http://oilspill.skytruth.org/) interactive map and form for citizen reporting (SkyTruth.org)
- [Map and Estimates of the Oil Spilled](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/05/01/us/20100501-oil-spill-tracker.html) (*New York Times*)
- [Where Oil Has Made Landfall](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/05/27/us/20100527-oil-landfall.html) (*New York Times*)
### Images
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Images")\]
- [Rig fire at *Deepwater Horizon* 4/21/10](https://web.archive.org/web/20100426123407/http://www.ireport.com/docs/DOC-435316?hpt=C2), video at CNN iReport
- [GOES-13 satellite images](http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/5240) on the [CIMSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIMSS "CIMSS") Satellite Blog
- [Underwater Video Examines Multiple Leak Points Causing BP Oil Spill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RngYv4SYMCY)
- [*The Big Fix*. Documentary about the oil spill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KgFBciS_X0)
### Animations and graphics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Animations and graphics")\]
- [Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Interactive: Smithsonian Ocean Portal](http://ocean.si.edu/gulf-oil-spill-interactive)
- [BBC News – interactive animation to the disaster and blocking efforts](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10317116)
- [*New York Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/05/25/us/20100525-topkill-diagram.html) [exploded view](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploded_view "Exploded view") diagrams on the methods used to stop the oil spill
- [Graphic: Where the oil and gas went](http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20120109/GRAPHICS02/120109575&template=graphics&tc=ar) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140812171014/http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20120109%2FGRAPHICS02%2F120109575&template=graphics&tc=ar) 12 August 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [CSB produced blowout animation and technical explanation of cause of disaster](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCVCOWejlag)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Template talk:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill")[*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill]() | |
|---|---|
| [Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") | [*Deepwater Horizon* explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") [Volume and extent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Efforts to stem the spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [May 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\(May_2010\) "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (May 2010)") [June 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\(June_2010\) "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (June 2010)") [July 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\(July_2010\) "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (July 2010)") [August 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\(August_2010\) "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (August 2010)") |
| Companies and organisations | |
| | |
| Owners | [Anadarko Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum "Anadarko Petroleum") [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") [Mitsui Oil Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_Oil_Exploration "Mitsui Oil Exploration") |
| Major contractors | [Cameron International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_International "Cameron International") [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") [Nalco Holding Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalco_Holding_Company "Nalco Holding Company") [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") [Wild Well Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Well_Control "Wild Well Control") |
| Other | [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management") [Flow Rate Technical Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Rate_Technical_Group "Flow Rate Technical Group") [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") [National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling "National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling") [Unified Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Command_\(Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill\) "Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill)") [U. S. Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") [Worst Case Discharge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worst_Case_Discharge "Worst Case Discharge") |
| People | |
| | |
| [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") | [Bob Dudley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dudley "Bob Dudley") [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") [Doug Suttles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles "Doug Suttles") [Carl-Henric Svanberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg "Carl-Henric Svanberg") [Darryl Willis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Willis "Darryl Willis") |
| [MMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") | [S. Elizabeth Birnbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Elizabeth_Birnbaum "S. Elizabeth Birnbaum") [Michael Bromwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bromwich "Michael Bromwich") [Chris Oynes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Oynes "Chris Oynes") |
| [U.S. Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") | [Thad Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Allen "Thad Allen") [Mary Landry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Landry "Mary Landry") [Peter Neffenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Neffenger "Peter Neffenger") [James A. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Watson "James A. Watson") [Paul F. Zukunft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Zukunft "Paul F. Zukunft") |
| Other | [Kenneth Feinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Feinberg "Kenneth Feinberg") |
| Places | [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect") [Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") [Perdido Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdido_Pass "Perdido Pass") |
| Vessels | |
| | |
| Drilling | *[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")* |
| Relief ships/rigs | *[Development Driller III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Driller_III "Development Driller III")* *[Discoverer Clear Leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Clear_Leader "Discoverer Clear Leader")* *[Discoverer Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Enterprise "Discoverer Enterprise")* *[GSF Development Driller II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSF_Development_Driller_II "GSF Development Driller II")* *[Helix Producer 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_Producer_1 "Helix Producer 1")* *Loch Rannoch* *[Mighty Servant 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Servant_3 "Mighty Servant 3")* *Overseas Cascade* *[Q4000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q4000 "Q4000")* *[Seacor Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacor_Lee "Seacor Lee")* *[Toisa Pisces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toisa_Pisces "Toisa Pisces")* *[A Whale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whale_\(ship\) "A Whale (ship)")* *[Pacific Responder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Responder "Pacific Responder")* *[California Responder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Responder "California Responder")* |
| [Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") and impact | |
| | |
| Environmental | [Environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Health consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [GuLF Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GuLF_Study "GuLF Study") |
| Socio-economic | [Deepwater drilling moratorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_deepwater_drilling_moratorium "2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium") [court case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation "Deepwater Horizon investigation") [Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation") [Response fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust") |
| Other | [*If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise* (2010 documentary)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_God_Is_Willing_and_da_Creek_Don%27t_Rise "If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise") [*Deepwater Horizon* (2016 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_\(film\) "Deepwater Horizon (film)") *[Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar")* [Spillcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillcam "Spillcam") [Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Schmidt_Oil_Cleanup_X_Challenge "Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge") [United States offshore drilling debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate "United States offshore drilling debate") |
|  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill")** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [**Commons**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "commons:Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BP "Template:BP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BP "Template talk:BP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BP "Special:EditPage/Template:BP")[BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") | |
|---|---|
| Divisions | [Air BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_BP "Air BP") [Lightsource BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsource_BP "Lightsource BP") [Prudhoe Bay Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Prudhoe_Bay_Royalty_Trust "BP Prudhoe Bay Royalty Trust") [Rosneft (19.75%)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosneft "Rosneft") [BP Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Shipping "BP Shipping") |
| Subsidiaries | [Aral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_AG "Aral AG") [BP Pulse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Pulse "BP Pulse") [Castrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol "Castrol") (35%) [Castrol India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol_India "Castrol India") [Jio-bp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jio-bp "Jio-bp") [TravelCenters of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TravelCenters_of_America "TravelCenters of America") |
| Brands | [Ampm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampm "Ampm") [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco") [ARCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCO "ARCO") (Northern CA, OR, and WA locations) [Thorntons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorntons_LLC "Thorntons LLC") [To Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Go_\(convenience_store\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "To Go (convenience store) (page does not exist)") (BP and Amoco only) |
| Facilities | *[Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_PQ "Atlantis PQ")* [Castrol Technology Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol_Technology_Centre "Castrol Technology Centre") [Kingsbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbury_Oil_Terminal "Kingsbury Oil Terminal") [Iolair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolair "Iolair") [Lavera Refinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavera_Refinery "Lavera Refinery") [Mad Dog oil field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Dog_oil_field "Mad Dog oil field") [Northstar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstar_Island "Northstar Island") [Oil fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fields_operated_by_BP "Oil fields operated by BP") [Sangachal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangachal_Terminal "Sangachal Terminal") [Sullom Voe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullom_Voe_Terminal "Sullom Voe Terminal") [Sunbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre "Sunbury Research Centre") *[Thunder Horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Horse_PDQ "Thunder Horse PDQ")* |
| Sponsorships | [BP Ford World Rally Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_World_Rally_Team "Ford World Rally Team") [BP National Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_National_Championships "BP National Championships") [BP Natural World Book Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_World_Book_Prize "Natural World Book Prize") [BP Pedestrian Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Pedestrian_Bridge "BP Pedestrian Bridge") [BP Portrait Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Portrait_Award "BP Portrait Award") [BP Top 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTN_8 "MTN 8") [BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_Rally "Acropolis Rally") |
| People | [Robert Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Orville_Anderson "Robert Orville Anderson") [Sylvia Baca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Baca "Sylvia Baca") [John Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Browne,_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley "John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley") [Robert Dudley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dudley "Bob Dudley") [William Fraser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fraser,_1st_Baron_Strathalmond "William Fraser, 1st Baron Strathalmond") [William D'Arcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy "William Knox D'Arcy") [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") [Robert Horton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Horton_\(businessman\) "Robert Horton (businessman)") [Angela Strank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Strank "Angela Strank") [Doug Suttles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles "Doug Suttles") [Carl-Henric Svanberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg "Carl-Henric Svanberg") |
| Controversies | [Abadan crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadan_Crisis "Abadan Crisis") [ARCO explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_ARCO_explosion "1990 ARCO explosion") [*Deepwater Horizon* explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") [*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill]() [Invasion of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran") [Iranian coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1953 Iranian coup d'état") [Prudhoe Bay oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_oil_spill "Prudhoe Bay oil spill") [Texas City refinery explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City_refinery_explosion "Texas City refinery explosion") [*Torrey Canyon* oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyon_oil_spill "Torrey Canyon oil spill") |
| Historical units | [Alyeska Pipeline Service Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyeska_Pipeline_Service_Company "Alyeska Pipeline Service Company") [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco") [Anglo-Persian Oil Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company "Anglo-Persian Oil Company") [Aral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_AG "Aral AG") [Atlantic Richfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCO "ARCO") [BP Biofuels Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Biofuels_Highlands "BP Biofuels Highlands") [BP Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Canada "BP Canada") [BP Solar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Solar "BP Solar") [Britoil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britoil "Britoil") [Burmah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmah_Oil "Burmah Oil") [Commonwealth Oil Refineries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Oil_Refineries "Commonwealth Oil Refineries") *[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")* [FPSO *Noble Seillean*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPSO_Noble_Seillean "FPSO Noble Seillean") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company "Iraq Petroleum Company") [Kent Refinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Refinery "Kent Refinery") [Helios House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_House "Helios House") [Llandarcy Oil Refinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandarcy_Oil_Refinery "Llandarcy Oil Refinery") [National Benzole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Benzole "National Benzole") [Pure Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Planet "Pure Planet") (24%) *[Sea Quest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Quest_\(drilling_rig\) "Sea Quest (drilling rig)")* [Purina Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purina_Mills "Purina Mills") [Shell-Mex & BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell-Mex_%26_BP "Shell-Mex & BP") [Sidanko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidanko "Sidanko") (10%) [Sohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Ohio "Standard Oil of Ohio") [Trans-Alaska Pipeline System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System "Trans-Alaska Pipeline System") (49%) |
| Other | [Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Co._case "Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case") *[BP America Production Co. v. Burton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_America_Production_Co._v._Burton "BP America Production Co. v. Burton")* [BP Impact Structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Impact_Structure "BP Impact Structure") *[Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmah_Oil_Co_Ltd_v_Lord_Advocate "Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate")* [D'Arcy Concession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Arcy_Concession "D'Arcy Concession") [North Sea crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Offshore_Helicopters_Flight_85N "Bond Offshore Helicopters Flight 85N") [Opal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal_\(fuel\) "Opal (fuel)") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BP "Category:BP") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:BP "commons:Category:BP") | |
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*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill
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| Readable Markdown | | *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_-_May_24,_2010_-_with_locator.jpg)As seen from space by the [Terra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_\(satellite\) "Terra (satellite)") satellite on 24 May 2010 | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/28.738055555556/-88.366111111111/en)Interactive map of *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill | |
| Location | [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect") ([Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") Block 252), in the North-central [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), United States (south of Louisiana) |
| Coordinates | [28°44′17″N 88°21′58″W / 28\.73806°N 88.36611°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill¶ms=28_44_17_N_88_21_58_W_region:US-LA_type:event_scale:6700000)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-1-1) |
| Date | 20 April – 19 September 2010 (4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) |
| Cause | |
| Cause | [Wellhead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellhead "Wellhead") [blowout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_\(well_drilling\) "Blowout (well drilling)") |
| Casualties | 11 people killed 17 people injured |
| Operator | [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") under contract for [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MHL-2) |
| Spill characteristics | |
| Volume | 4\.9 million barrels (210,000,000 U.S. gallons; 780,000 cubic meters) ±10%[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) |
| Area | 2,500 to 68,000 sq mi (6,500 to 176,100 km2)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-area_of_spill-4) |
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Frontline: The Spill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzrGZCJojUE&ab_channel=FRONTLINEPBS%7COfficial) (54:25), [Frontline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_\(U.S._TV_series\) "Frontline (U.S. TV series)") on [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-PBS_A-5) |
The ***Deepwater Horizon* oil spill** was an [environmental disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_disaster "Environmental disaster") beginning 20 April 2010 off the coast of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") in the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), on the [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP")\-operated [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt020810-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-4-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-largest_in_US_hist-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-5-9) It is considered the largest marine [oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill "Oil spill") in the history of the [petroleum industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry "Petroleum industry") and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the [Ixtoc I oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill "Ixtoc I oil spill"), also in the Gulf of Mexico. Caused in the aftermath of a blowout and [explosion on the *Deepwater Horizon* oil platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion"), the [United States federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government "United States federal government") estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m3).[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) After [several failed efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Aspress-10) Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera1-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-3-12) The *[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")* oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history.
A massive response ensued to protect beaches, [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh "Salt marsh") and [estuaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary "Estuary") from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating [booms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_\(containment\) "Boom (containment)"), controlled burns and 1,840,000 US gal (7,000 m3) of [oil dispersant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_dispersant "Oil dispersant").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-staff4-13) Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-7-14) In [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 mi (89 km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013. 4,900,000 lb (2,200 t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated7-15) Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the [Florida panhandle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_panhandle "Florida panhandle") and [Tampa Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay "Tampa Bay"), where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the [sand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand "Sand").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated3-16) In April 2013, it was reported that [dolphins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin "Dolphin") and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-17) One study released in 2014 reported that [tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna "Tuna") and [amberjack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberjack "Amberjack") exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs which would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening; another study found that [cardiotoxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity "Cardiotoxicity") might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-LATimes-fish-toxins-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Wines-24-March-14-19)
Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. The United States Government report, published in September 2011, pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP"), but also rig operator [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") and contractor [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton").[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-17-21) Earlier in 2011, a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of [cost-cutting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-cutting "Cost-cutting") decisions and an inadequate safety system, but also concluded that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur".[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-16-22)
In November 2012, BP and the [United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of [manslaughter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter "Manslaughter"), two [misdemeanors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanors "Misdemeanors"), and a felony count of lying to the [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"). BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics, and the [Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency") announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the United States government. BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting \$4.525 billion in fines and other payments.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt151112-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-latimes290113-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-21-25) In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Times_-_barbier_-_18_billion-26) In April 2016, BP agreed to pay \$20.8 billion in fines, the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-27) As of 2018, cleanup costs, charges and penalties had cost the company more than \$65 billion.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-reuters160118-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ft010518-29)
### *Deepwater Horizon* drilling rig
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Deepwater Horizon drilling rig")\]
*[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon")* was a 10-year-old[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-30) [semi-submersible, mobile, floating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersible#Mobile_offshore_drilling_units_\(MODU\) "Semi-submersible"), [dynamically positioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning "Dynamic positioning") [drilling rig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig "Drilling rig") that could operate in waters up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) deep.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-22-31) Built by South Korean company [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries")[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-23-32) and owned by [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean"), the rig operated under the [Marshallese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") [flag of convenience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_convenience "Flag of convenience"), and was chartered to BP from March 2008 to September 2013.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MHL-2) It was drilling a deep exploratory well, 18,360 ft (5,600 m) below sea level, in approximately 5,100 ft (1,600 m) of water. The well is situated in the [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect") in [Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") Block 253 (MC253) of the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"), in the United States' [exclusive economic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone "Exclusive economic zone"). The [Macondo well](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_well "Macondo well") is found roughly 41 mi (66 km) off the [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") coast.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-USA-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP-34) BP was the operator and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect with a 65% share, while 25% was owned by [Anadarko Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum "Anadarko Petroleum"), and 10% by [MOEX Offshore 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_Oil_Exploration_Co.#United_States_operations "Mitsui Oil Exploration Co."), a unit of [Mitsui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui "Mitsui").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-subsea-35)
Supply boats battling the fire, viewed from a Coast Guard helicopter
At approximately 7:45 pm [CDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_\(Americas\) "Central Time Zone (Americas)"), on 20 April 2010, high-pressure [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane") gas from the well expanded into the [marine riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_riser "Marine riser") and rose into the drilling rig, where it ignited and exploded, engulfing the platform.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream220410-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-yahoo1-37) Eleven missing workers were never found despite a three-day [U.S. Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") (USCG) search operation and are believed to have died in the explosion or its aftermath.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Times_search_end-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-huffington151112a-39) Ninety-four crew members were rescued by [lifeboat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_\(shipboard\) "Lifeboat (shipboard)") or helicopter, 17 of whom were treated for injuries.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream220410-36)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola_0422-40) The *Deepwater Horizon* sank on the morning of 22 April 2010.
## Volume and extent of oil spill
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Volume and extent of oil spill")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100506-N-6436W-023.jpg)
Oil from the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill approaches the coast of Mobile, Alabama, 6 May 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_Stained_Beaches.jpg)
Oil-stained beaches in Pensacola, Florida; 1 July 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warzone_in_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg)
Burning and skimming operations in the Gulf of Mexico; 10 June 2010
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thick_Oil_Washes_Ashore.jpg)
Thick oil washes ashore in Louisiana; 10 June 2010
The oil leak was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-24-41) The oil flowed for 87 days. BP originally estimated a flow rate of 1,000 to 5,000 barrels per day \[bbl/d\] (160 to 790 m3/d). The [Flow Rate Technical Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Rate_Technical_Group "Flow Rate Technical Group") (FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000 bbl/d (9,900 m3/d).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_29/4-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-28-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AP_60k_barrels-44) The total estimated volume of leaked oil approximated [4\.9 million barrels (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_\(volume\)#Terrestrial "Orders of magnitude (volume)") with plus or minus 10% uncertainty,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) including oil that was collected,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap110113-45) making it the world's largest accidental spill.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt020810-6)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-hoch-46) BP challenged the higher figure, saying that the government overestimated the prefaced volume. Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-oilprice-48) The company argued that government figures do not reflect over 810,000 bbl (34 million US gal; 129,000 m3) of oil that was collected or burned before it could enter the Gulf waters.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap110113-45)
According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected 70,000 sq mi (180,000 km2) of ocean, comparable to the area of [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-area_of_spill-4)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Norse-49) By early June 2010, oil had washed up on 125 mi (201 km) of Louisiana's coast and along the [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi"), [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida"), and [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") coastlines.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-49-50)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-50-51) Oil sludge appeared in the [Intracoastal Waterway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway "Intracoastal Waterway") and on [Pensacola Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Beach "Pensacola Beach") and the [Gulf Islands National Seashore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Seashore "Gulf Islands National Seashore").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Kunzelman-52) In late June, oil reached [Gulf Park Estates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Park_Estates,_Mississippi "Gulf Park Estates, Mississippi"), its first appearance in Mississippi.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-McConnaughey-53) In July, [tarballs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarball_\(oil\) "Tarball (oil)") reached [Grand Isle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Louisiana "Grand Isle, Louisiana") and the shores of [Lake Pontchartrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain "Lake Pontchartrain").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Lozano-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-51-55) In September a new wave of oil suddenly coated 16 mi (26 km) of Louisiana coastline and marshes west of the Mississippi River in [Plaquemines Parish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana "Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-52-56) In October, weathered oil reached Texas.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-53-57) As of July 2011, about 491 mi (790 km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074 mi (1,728 km) had been oiled since the spill began.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-12-58) As of December 2012, 339 mi (546 km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59) The reported 3.19 million barrels of spilled oil was not the only effect of this disaster. A report detailed the release of thousands of tons of [hydrocarbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon "Hydrocarbon") gases (HC) into the atmosphere.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-60)
Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally-extended plumes of dissolved oil. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long-lasting.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-62-61) Two weeks after the wellhead was capped on 15 July 2010, the surface oil appeared to have dissipated, while an unknown amount of subsurface oil remained.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-GillisRobertson-62) Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report that claimed about half of the oil remained below the surface to independent estimates of up to 75%.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Talev-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-43-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-44-65)
That means over 100×106 US gal (380 Ml) (2.4 million barrels) remained in the Gulf.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59) As of January 2011, tar balls, oil sheen trails, fouled wetlands marsh grass and coastal sands were still evident. Subsurface oil remained offshore and in fine silts.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-10-66) In April 2012, oil was still found along as much as 200 mi (320 km) of Louisiana coastline and tar balls continued to wash up on the barrier islands.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-15-67) In 2013, some scientists at the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science Conference said that as much as one-third of the oil may have mixed with [deep ocean sediments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ocean_sediment "Deep ocean sediment"), where it risks damage to ecosystems and commercial fisheries.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nature260113-68)
In 2013, more than 4,600,000 lb (2,100 t) of "oiled material" was removed from the Louisiana coast.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated7-15)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-69) Although only "minute" quantities of oil continued to wash up in 2013, patches of tar balls were still being reported almost every day from Alabama and Florida Panhandle beaches. Regular cleanup patrols were no longer considered justified but cleanup was being conducted on an as-needed basis, in response to public reports.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-70)
It was first thought that oil had not reached as far as [Tampa Bay, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay,_Florida "Tampa Bay, Florida"); however, a study done in 2013 found that one of the plumes of dispersant-treated oil had reached a shelf 80 mi (130 km) off the Tampa Bay region. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area".[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated3-16)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-71)
## Efforts to stem the flow of oil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Efforts to stem the flow of oil")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BP_oil_containment_domes.jpg)
Concept diagram of underwater oil containment domes originally planned for the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill. At this stage, there were 2 remaining oil leaks from the fallen pipeline.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_containment_chamber_Port_Fourchon_LA_100426-G-8744K-021.jpg)
Oil [containment dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment_dome "Containment dome") under construction in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, at [Wild Well Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Well_Control "Wild Well Control") on 26 April
First, BP unsuccessfully attempted to close the [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer") valves on the wellhead with [remotely operated underwater vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_vehicle "Remotely operated vehicle").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-leakfix-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_02/5-73) Next, it placed a 125-tonne (280,000 lb) [containment dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment_dome "Containment dome") over the largest leak and piped the oil to a storage vessel. While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form [methane hydrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate "Methane clathrate") crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-thestar1405-74) Pumping heavy [drilling fluids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid") into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement ("[top kill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_kill "Top kill")") also failed.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-80-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-81-76)
BP then inserted a riser insertion tube into the pipe and a stopper-like washer around the tube plugged at the end of the riser and diverted the flow into the insertion tube.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream150510-77) The collected gas was flared and oil stored on board the [drillship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drillship "Drillship") *[Discoverer Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Enterprise "Discoverer Enterprise")*.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bp240510-78) Before the tube was removed, it collected 924,000 US gal (22,000 bbl; 3,500 m3) of oil.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-82-79) On 3 June 2010, BP removed the damaged [drilling riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_riser "Drilling riser") from the top of the blowout preventer and covered the pipe by the cap which connected it to another riser.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-83-80) On 16 June, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels, where it was consumed in a clean-burning system.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81) The United States government's estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the leaking oil.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Kunzelman-52) On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-84-82)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-85-83) Mud and cement were later pumped in through the top of the well to reduce the pressure inside it (which did not work either). A final device was created to attach a chamber of larger diameter than the flowing pipe with a flange that bolted to the top of the blowout preventer and a manual valve set to close off the flow once attached. On 15 July, the device was secured and time was taken closing the valves to ensure the attachment under increasing pressure until the valves were closed completing the temporary measures.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Yahoo7-20100715-84)
### Well declared "effectively dead"
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Well declared \"effectively dead\"")\]
Transocean's *[Development Driller III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Driller_III "Development Driller III")* started drilling a first [relief well](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_well "Relief well") on 2 May 2010. *[GSF Development Driller II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSF_Development_Driller_II "GSF Development Driller II")* started drilling a second relief on 16 May 2010.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-relief_map-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170510-86)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-90-87) On 3 August 2010, first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2 bbl (320 L) per minute into the well-head. Pumping continued for eight hours, at the end of which the well was declared to be "in a static condition."[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-91-88) On 4 August 2010, BP began pumping cement from the top, sealing that part of the flow channel permanently.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-92-89)
On 3 September 2010, the 300-[ton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton "Ton") failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-20100903BlowoutPreventerRemoved-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-20100904BlowoutPreventerOnBoat-91) On 16 September 2010, the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-93-92) On 19 September 2010, [National Incident Commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Incident_Commander "National Incident Commander") [Thad Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Allen "Thad Allen") declared the well "effectively dead" and said that it posed no further threat to the Gulf.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Aspress-10)
### Recurrent or continued leakage
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Recurrent or continued leakage")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Oil_Spill.jpg)
The Discoverer Enterprise and the Q4000 work around the clock burning undesirable gases from the still uncapped *Deepwater Horizon* well in the Gulf of Mexico. 26 June 2010
In May 2010, BP admitted they had "discovered things that were broken in the sub-surface" during the "top kill" effort.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated4-93)
Oil slicks were reported in March[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc220311-94) and August 2011,[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated5-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera3-96) in March[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera1-11) and October 2012,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-98-97)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-99-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-99) and in January 2013.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-onwingsofcare-100) Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-94-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-95-102)
The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola010911-103) but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola101012-104) USGS director [Marcia McNutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_McNutt "Marcia McNutt") stated that the riser pipe could hold at most 1,000 bbl (160 m3) because it is open on both ends, making it unlikely to hold the amount of oil being observed.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bw111012-105)
In October 2012, BP reported that they had found and plugged leaking oil from the failed containment dome, now abandoned about 1,500 ft (460 m) from the main well.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbc171212-106)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbc131212-107)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola251012-108) In December 2012, the USCG conducted a subsea survey; no oil coming from the wells or the wreckage was found and its source remains unknown.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola281212-109) In addition, a white, milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage. According to BP and the USCG, it is "not oil and it's not harmful."[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbs310113-110)
In January 2013, BP said that they were continuing to investigate possible sources of the oil sheen. Chemical data implied that the substance might be residual oil leaking from the wreckage. If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead. If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. The oil slick was comparable in size to [naturally occurring oil seeps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seeps "Cold seeps") and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera1-11)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NBC-Sheen-1-13-111)
## Containment, collection and use of dispersants
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Containment, collection and use of dispersants")\]
The fundamental strategies for addressing the spill were containment, dispersal and removal. In summer 2010, approximately 47,000 people and 7,000 vessels were involved in the project. By 3 October 2012, federal response costs amounted to \$850 million, mostly reimbursed by BP. As of January 2013, 935 personnel were still involved. By that time cleanup had cost BP over \$14 billion.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)
It was estimated with plus-or-minus 10% uncertainty that 4.9 million barrels (780,000 m3) of oil was released from the well; 4.1 million barrels (650,000 m3) of oil went into the Gulf.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-153-112) The report led by the Department of the Interior and the NOAA said that "75% \[of oil\] has been cleaned up by Man or Mother Nature"; however, only about 25% of released oil was collected or removed while about 75% of oil remained in the environment in one form or another.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-149-113) In 2012, Markus Huettel, a [benthic ecologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic_zone "Benthic zone") at Florida State University, maintained that while much of BP's oil was degraded or evaporated, at least 60% remains unaccounted for.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ng220312-114)
In May 2010, a local native set up a network for people to volunteer their assistance in cleaning up beaches. Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boats to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity; however, an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean-up efforts – only a third of the registered boats. Many local supporters were disappointed with BP's slow response, prompting the formation of The Florida Key Environmental Coalition. This coalition gained significant influence in the clean-up of the oil spill to try to gain some control over the situation.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-115)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tedx-oil-spill-0075.jpg)
Oil containment boom used in an attempt to protect barrier islands
[Containment booms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_\(containment\) "Boom (containment)") stretching over 4,200,000 ft (1,300 km) were deployed, either to corral the oil or as barriers to protect marshes, mangroves, shrimp/crab/oyster ranches or other ecologically sensitive areas. Booms extend 18–48 in (0.46–1.22 m) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters. Including one-time use [sorbent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbent "Sorbent") booms, a total of 13,300,000 ft (4,100 km) of booms were deployed.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) Booms were criticized for washing up on the shore with the oil, allowing oil to escape above or below the boom, and for ineffectiveness in more than three- to four-foot (90–120 cm) waves.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-104-117)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian190610-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-mnn090610-119)
The [Louisiana barrier island plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_barrier_island_plan "Louisiana barrier island plan") was developed to construct [barrier islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island "Barrier island") to protect the coast of Louisiana. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-sa080610-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pm220610-121) Critics allege that the decision to pursue the project was political with little scientific input.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-advocate110710-122) The EPA expressed concern that the booms would threaten wildlife.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap090910-123)
For a time, a group called Matter of Trust, citing insufficient availability of manufactured oil absorption booms, campaigned to encourage hair salons, dog groomers and sheep farmers to donate hair, fur and wool clippings, stuffed in pantyhose or tights, to help contain oil near impacted shores, a technique dating back to the [*Exxon Valdez* disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill "Exxon Valdez oil spill").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_News_human_hair_mats-124)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Wash_Post_May_2010_hair_booms-125)
### Use of Corexit dispersant
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Use of Corexit dispersant")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-130_support_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg)
A [C-130 Hercules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules "Lockheed C-130 Hercules") sprays [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit") dispersant onto the Gulf of Mexico
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_1_Use_of_Chemical_Dispersants_during_a_Subsurface_Oil_Spill_\(51787831851\).jpg)
In addition to use of dispersants by boats and planes, the Deepwater Horizon spill was the first to use subsea dispersant injection
The spill was also notable for the volume of [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit") [oil dispersant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_dispersants "Oil dispersants") used and for application methods that were "purely experimental".[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) Altogether, 1.84×106 US gal (7,000 m3) of dispersants were used; of this, 771,000 US gal (2,920 m3) were released at the wellhead.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-staff4-13) Subsea injection had never previously been tried but, due to the spill's unprecedented nature, BP, together with USCG and EPA, decided to use it.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-120-126) Over 400 sorties were flown to release the product.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) Although usage of dispersants was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact",[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) the approach continues to be investigated.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-113-127)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-114-128)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-115-129)
A 2011 analysis conducted by [Earthjustice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthjustice "Earthjustice") and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and [endocrine-disrupting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor "Endocrine disruptor") chemicals.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pqarchiver-130)\[*[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")*\] Environmental scientists expressed concerns that the dispersants add to the toxicity of a spill, increasing the threat to [sea turtles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle "Sea turtle") and [bluefin tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefin_tuna "Bluefin tuna"). The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and wash through the Gulf.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-127-131) According to BP and federal officials, dispersant use stopped after the cap was in place;[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Bolstad-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-139-133) however, marine toxicologist [Riki Ott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki_Ott "Riki Ott") wrote in an open letter to the EPA that Corexit use continued after that date[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-138-134) and a [GAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project "Government Accountability Project") investigation stated that "\[a\] majority of GAP witnesses cited indications that Corexit was used after \[July 2010\]".[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-GAP-135)
According to a NALCO manual obtained by [GAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project "Government Accountability Project"), Corexit 9527 is an "eye and skin irritant. Repeated or excessive exposure ... may cause injury to red blood cells (hemolysis), kidney or the liver". The manual adds: "Excessive exposure may cause central nervous system effects, nausea, vomiting, anesthetic or narcotic effects". It advises, "Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing", and "Wear suitable protective clothing". For Corexit 9500, the manual advised, "Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing", "Avoid breathing vapor", and "Wear suitable protective clothing". According to [FOIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_\(United_States\) "Freedom of Information Act (United States)") requests obtained by GAP, neither the protective gear nor the manual were distributed to Gulf oil spill cleanup workers.
Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A were the principal variants.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-116-136) The two formulations are neither the least toxic, nor the most effective, among EPA's approved dispersants, but BP said it chose to use Corexit because it was available the week of the rig explosion.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csm0515-137)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csm0517-138) On 19 May, the EPA gave BP 24 hours to choose less toxic alternatives to Corexit from the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule and begin applying them within 72 hours of EPA approval or provide a detailed reasoning why no approved products met the standards.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-130-139)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-131-140) On 20 May, BP determined that none of the alternative products met all three criteria of availability, non-toxicity and effectiveness.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-133-141) On 24 May, EPA Administrator [Lisa P. Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson "Lisa P. Jackson") ordered EPA to conduct its own evaluation of alternatives and ordered BP to reduce dispersant use by 75%.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-142)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-134-143)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-135-144) BP reduced Corexit use by 25,689 to 23,250 US gal (97,240 to 88,010 L) per day, a 9% decline.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-136-145) On 2 August 2010, the EPA said dispersants did no more harm to the environment than the oil and that they stopped a large amount of oil from reaching the coast by breaking it down faster.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Bolstad-132) However, some independent scientists and EPA's own experts continue to voice concerns about the approach.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian-146)
Underwater injection of Corexit into the leak may have created the oil plumes which were discovered below the surface.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csm0517-138) Because the dispersants were applied at depth, much of the oil never rose to the surface.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-latimes1-147) One plume was 22 mi (35 km) long, more than 1 mi (1,600 m) wide and 650 ft (200 m) deep.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-141-148) In a major study on the plume, experts were most concerned about the slow pace at which the oil was breaking down in the cold, 40 °F (4 °C) water at depths of 3,000 ft (900 m).[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-142-149)
In late 2012, a study from [Georgia Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech "Georgia Tech") and [Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Autonoma_de_Aguascalientes "Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes") in Environmental Pollution journal reported that Corexit used during the BP oil spill had increased the [toxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity "Toxicity") of the oil by 52 times.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-150) The scientists concluded that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-151)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-152)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skimming_Oil_in_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg)
Oil skimming vessels (distance) in the Gulf of Mexico
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100506-N-6070S-819.jpg)
Dark clouds of smoke and fire emerge as oil burns during a controlled fire in the Gulf of Mexico, 6 May 2010
The three basic approaches for removing the oil from the water were: combustion, offshore filtration, and collection for later processing. USCG said 33,000,000 US gal (120,000 m3) of tainted water was recovered, including 5,000,000 US gal (19,000 m3) of oil. BP said 826,800 bbl (131,450 m3) had been recovered or flared.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Schoof-153) It is calculated that about 5% of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3% was skimmed.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-149-113) On the most demanding day, 47,849 people were assigned on the response works and over 6,000 Marine vessels, 82 helicopters, and 20 fixed-wing aircraft were involved.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3)
From April to mid-July 2010, 411 controlled *in-situ* fires remediated approximately 265,000 bbl (11.1 million US gal; 42,100 m3).[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) The fires released small amounts of [toxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin "Toxin"), including cancer-causing [dioxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds "Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds"). According to [EPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPA "EPA")'s report, the released amount is not enough to pose an added cancer risk to workers and coastal residents, while a second research team concluded that there was only a small added risk.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap121110-154)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_Clean_up_during_DWH_\(8743617563\).jpg)
Workers cleaning a beach affected by the spill.
Oil was collected from water by using [skimmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmer_\(machine\) "Skimmer (machine)"). In total, 2,063 various skimmers were used.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) For offshore, more than 60 open-water skimmers were deployed, including 12 purpose-built vehicles.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116) EPA regulations prohibited skimmers that left more than 15 parts per million (ppm) of oil in the water. Many large-scale skimmers exceeded the limit.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-144-155) Due to use of [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit"), the oil was too dispersed to collect, according to a spokesperson for shipowner [TMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMT_\(Today_Makes_Tomorrow\) "TMT (Today Makes Tomorrow)").[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-148-156) In mid-June 2010, BP ordered 32 machines that [separate oil and water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_water-oil_separator "Centrifugal water-oil separator"), with each machine capable of extracting up to 2,000 bbl/d (320 m3/d).[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-The_Guardian-157)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimes20100624-158) After one week of testing, BP began to proceed[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-abcnews1-159) and, by 28 June, had removed 890,000 bbl (141,000 m3).[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP100626-160)
After the well was capped, the cleanup of shore became the main task of the response workers. Two main types of affected coast were sandy beaches and [marshes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh "Marsh"). On beaches, the main techniques were sifting sand, removing tar balls, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-report2011-3) For marshes, techniques such as vacuum and pumping, low-pressure flush, vegetation cutting, and [bioremediation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation "Bioremediation") were used.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-butler-116)
### Oil-eating microbes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Oil-eating microbes")\]
Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by [microbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe "Microbe") but conflicting results have been reported on this in the context of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-161) Mixing dispersants with oil at the wellhead would keep some oil below the surface and, in theory, allow microbes to digest the oil before it reached the surface. Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-science735-162)
Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-valentine-163) By mid-September, other research claimed that microbes mainly digested natural gas rather than oil.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-158-164)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-165) [David L. Valentine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Valentine_\(scientist\) "David Valentine (scientist)"), a professor of microbial geochemistry at [UC Santa Barbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Santa_Barbara "UC Santa Barbara"), said that the capability of microbes to break down the leaked oil had been greatly exaggerated.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-166) However, biogeochemist Chris Reddy said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MicrobesSA2015-167)[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MicrobesSA2010-168)
[Genetically modified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified "Genetically modified") *[Alcanivorax borkumensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcanivorax_borkumensis "Alcanivorax borkumensis")* was added to the waters to speed digestion.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-166)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-160-169) The delivery method of microbes to oil patches was proposed by the Russian [Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Development_Institute_of_Ecology_and_the_Sustainable_Use_of_Natural_Resources "Research and Development Institute of Ecology and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
## Access restrictions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Access restrictions")\]
On 18 May 2010, BP was designated the lead "Responsible Party" under the [Oil Pollution Act of 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990 "Oil Pollution Act of 1990"), which meant that BP had operational authority in coordinating the response.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-170)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-171)
The first video images were released on 12 May, and further video images were released by members of Congress who had been given access to them by BP.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)
During the spill response operations, at the request of the Coast Guard, the [Federal Aviation Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") (FAA) implemented a 900 sq mi (2,300 km2) [temporary flight restriction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_flight_restriction "Temporary flight restriction") zone over the operations area.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-faa-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-airspacemag-174)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-weeklystandard-175) Restrictions were to prevent civilian air traffic from interfering with aircraft assisting the response effort.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172) All flights in the operations' area were prohibited except flight authorized by [air traffic control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control "Air traffic control"); routine flights supporting offshore oil operations; federal, state, local and military flight operations supporting spill response; and air ambulance and law enforcement operations. Exceptions for these restrictions were granted on a case-by-case basis dependent on safety issues, operational requirements, weather conditions, and traffic volume. No flights, except aircraft conducting aerial chemical dispersing operations, or for landing and takeoff, were allowed below 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-faa-173) Notwithstanding restrictions, there were 800 to 1,000 flights per day during the operations.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola290510-176)
Local and federal authorities citing BP's authority denied access to members of the press attempting to document the spill from the air, from boats, and on the ground, blocking access to areas that were open to the public.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-177)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-178)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NewsweekPress-179)[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Zak-181)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-182) In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. In one example, the U.S. Coast Guard stopped [Jean-Michel Cousteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau "Jean-Michel Cousteau")'s boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NewsweekPress-179) In another example, a [CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News") crew was denied access to the oil-covered beaches of the spill area. The CBS crew was told by the authorities, "This is BP's rules, not ours," when trying to film the area.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NewsweekPress-179)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-183)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-184) Some members of Congress criticized the restrictions placed on access by journalists.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)
The FAA denied that BP employees or contractors made decisions on flights and access, saying those decisions were made by the FAA and Coast Guard.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimesLimits-172)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-weeklystandard-175) The FAA acknowledged that media access was limited to hired planes or helicopters, but was arranged through the Coast Guard.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola290510-176) The Coast Guard and BP denied having a policy of restricting journalists; they noted that members of the media had been embedded with the authorities and allowed to cover response efforts since the beginning of the effort, with more than 400 embeds aboard boats and aircraft to date.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Zak-181) They also said that they wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Zak-181)
On 15 April 2014, BP announced that cleanup along the coast was substantially complete, while the [United States Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") work continued using physical barriers such as floating booms, the cleanup workers' objective was to keep the oil from spreading any further. They used skimmer boats to remove a majority of the oil and they used [sorbents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbent "Sorbent") to absorb any remnant of oil like a sponge. Although that method did not remove the oil completely, chemicals called [dispersants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersant "Dispersant") were used to hasten the oil's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000 US gal (5,300,000 L; 1,200,000 imp gal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-185)
The state of Louisiana received funding by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of [dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docusate "Docusate"), a chemical used in the clean up. Testing over 2019 reported by GulfSource.org, for the pollutants tested have not produced results.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-186)
Due to the Deepwater Horizon spill, marine life was suffering. Thousands of animals were visibly covered in oil.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-187) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, working with the Smithsonian's [National Zoological Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_\(United_States\) "National Zoological Park (United States)"), rescued animals to help with the spill cleanup, although there were many animals found dead.
### Environmental impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Environmental impact")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turtle_Rescue_and_Rehabilitation.jpg)
Capturing heavily oiled young turtles 20 to 40 miles (32 to 64 km) offshore for rehabilitation; 14 June 2010
The spill area hosts 8,332 species, including more than 1,270 fish, 604 [polychaetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete "Polychaete"), 218 birds, 1,456 [mollusks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks "Mollusks"), 1,503 [crustaceans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean "Crustacean"), 4 sea turtles and 29 marine mammals.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-165-188)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-166-189) Between May and June 2010, the spill waters contained 40 times more [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon") (PAHs) than before the spill.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-190)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-174-191) PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include [carcinogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen "Carcinogen") and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. The PAHs were most concentrated near the Louisiana Coast, but levels also jumped 2–3 fold in areas off Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-174-191) PAHs can harm marine species directly and [microbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe "Microbe") used to consume the oil can reduce marine [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen") levels.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-collins-192) The oil contained approximately 40% [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane") by weight, compared to about 5% found in typical oil deposits.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-methane-193) Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is depleted.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-methane-193)
A 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on [bluefin tuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefin_tuna "Bluefin tuna") funded by [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") (NOAA), [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), and the [Monterey Bay Aquarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium "Monterey Bay Aquarium") and published in the journal *[Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_\(journal\) "Science (journal)")*, found that the toxins from oil spills can cause irregular heartbeats leading to [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest "Cardiac arrest"). Calling the vicinity of the spill "one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world", the study found that even at very low concentrations "PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil."[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-LATimes-fish-toxins-18) Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in the [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"), found that tuna and [amberjack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberjack "Amberjack") that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening. The scientists said that their findings would most likely apply to other large predator fish and "even to humans, whose developing hearts are in many ways similar." BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but *The New York Times* reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Wines-24-March-14-19)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oiled_Pelicans.jpg)
An oiled [brown pelican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_pelican "Brown pelican") near Grand Isle, Louisiana
The oil dispersant [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit"), previously only used as a surface application, was released underwater in unprecedented amounts, with the intent of making it more easily biodegraded by naturally occurring microbes. Thus, oil that would normally rise to the surface of the water was [emulsified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsified "Emulsified") into tiny droplets and remained suspended in the water and on the sea floor.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-194) The oil and dispersant mixture permeated the [food chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain "Food chain") through [zooplankton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton "Zooplankton").[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-174-191)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ortmann-195)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-187-196) Signs of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny [blue crab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus "Callinectes sapidus") larvae.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-197) A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-191-198) Chemicals from the spill were found in migratory birds as far away as Minnesota. [Pelican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican "Pelican") eggs contained "petroleum compounds and Corexit".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-115-129) Dispersant and PAHs from oil are believed to have caused "disturbing numbers" of [mutated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutated "Mutated") fish that scientists and commercial fishers saw in 2012, including 50% of shrimp found lacking eyes and eye sockets.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-197-199)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-196-200) Fish with oozing sores and lesions were first noted by fishermen in November 2010.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera2-201) Prior to the spill, approximately 0.1% of Gulf fish had lesions or sores. A report from the [University of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") said that many locations showed 20% of fish with lesions, while later estimates reached 50%.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera2-201) In October 2013, [Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network "Al Jazeera Media Network") reported that the gulf ecosystem was "in crisis", citing a decline in seafood catches, as well as deformities and lesions found in fish.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-202) According to J. Christopher Haney, Harold Geiger, and Jeffrey Short, three researchers with extensive experience in environmental monitoring and post-spill mortality assessments, over one million coastal birds died as a direct result of the *Deepwater Horizon* spill. These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well after the acute phase, have led scientists to conclude that more than one million birds ultimately succumbed to the lethal effects of the Gulf oil spill.
In July 2010, it was reported that the spill was "already having a 'devastating' effect on marine life in the Gulf".[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-195-203) Damage to the [ocean floor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_floor "Ocean floor") especially endangered the [Louisiana pancake batfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_pancake_batfish "Louisiana pancake batfish") whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-fish2fork-204) In March 2012, a definitive link was found between the death of a [Gulf coral community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-water_coral "Deep-water coral") and the spill.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-188-205)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-189-206)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-190-207)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-abc031210-208) According to NOAA, a [cetacean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean "Cetacean") Unusual Mortality Event (UME) has been recognized since before the spill began, NOAA is investigating possible contributing factors to the ongoing UME from the *Deepwater Horizon* spill, with the possibility of eventual criminal charges being filed if the spill is shown to be connected.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-13-209) Some estimates are that only 2% of the carcasses of killed mammals have been recovered.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-183-210)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Striped_Dolphins.jpg)
Striped dolphins (*[Stenella coeruleoalba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenella_coeruleoalba "Stenella coeruleoalba")*) observed in emulsified oil on 29 April 2010
In the first birthing season for dolphins after the spill, dead baby dolphins washed up along Mississippi and Alabama shorelines at about 10 times the normal number.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-181-211) \[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\] A peer-reviewed NOAA/BP study disclosed that nearly half the bottlenose dolphins tested in mid-2011 in Barataria Bay, a heavily oiled area, were in "guarded or worse" condition, "including 17 percent that were not expected to survive". BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill, saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-191-198)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-212)[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-186-213) By 2013, over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area, a four-fold increase over the historical average.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-214) The [National Wildlife Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Federation "National Wildlife Federation") (NWF) reports that sea turtles, mostly endangered [Kemp's ridley sea turtles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp%27s_ridley_sea_turtle "Kemp's ridley sea turtle"), have been stranding at a high rate. Before the spill there was an average of 100 strandings per year; since the spill the number has jumped to roughly 500.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-215) NWF senior scientist Doug Inkley notes that the marine death rates are unprecedented and occurring high in the food chain, strongly suggesting there is "something amiss with the Gulf ecosystem".[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-216) In December 2013, the journal *[Environmental Science & Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology "Environmental Science & Technology")* published a study finding that of 32 [dolphins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin "Dolphin") briefly captured from 24-km stretch near southeastern Louisiana, half were seriously ill or dying. BP said the report was "inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill".[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-dolphins-huffpo-2-14-217)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Independent-dolphins-2-14-218)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bay_Jimmy,_Plaquemines_Parish_\(9152010\).jpg)
Heavy oiling of Bay Jimmy, Plaquemines Parish; 15 September 2010
In 2012, tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-14-219)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola1012-220)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola0911-221)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wdsu040912-222) and in 2013, tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Dermansky_4-20-13-223) In 2013, former NASA physicist Bonny Schumaker noted a "dearth of marine life" in a radius 30 to 50 mi (48 to 80 km) around the well, after flying over the area numerous times since May 2010.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-224)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-225)
In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-226) and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles". The result could have long-term effects because oil could remain in the food chain for generations.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated1-227)
A 2014 bluefin tuna study in *[Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_\(journal\) "Science (journal)")* found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Australian_-_2014_bluefin_study-228) A 2015 study of the relative toxicity of oil and dispersants to coral also found that the dispersants were more toxic than the oil.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-229)
A 2015 study by the [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"), published in *[PLOS ONE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_ONE "PLOS ONE"),* links the sharp increase in dolphin deaths to the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-230)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-231)
On 12 April 2016, a research team reported that 88 percent of about 360 baby or [stillborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth "Stillbirth") dolphins within the spill area "had abnormal or under-developed lungs", compared to 15 percent in other areas. The study was published in the April 2016 *Diseases of Aquatic Organisms*.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-232)
### Health consequences
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Health consequences")\]
By June 2010, 143 spill-exposure cases had been reported to the [Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Health_and_Hospitals "Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals"); 108 of those involved workers in the clean-up efforts, while 35 were reported by residents.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-230-233) Chemicals from the oil and dispersant are believed to be the cause; it is believed that the addition of dispersants made the oil more toxic.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-234)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_waste_clean_up_at_Elmer%27s_Island_2010-05-21.jpg)
A worker cleans up oily waste on Elmer's Island just west of Grand Isle, Louisiana, 21 May 2010
The United States [Department of Health and Human Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Department of Health and Human Services") set up the [GuLF Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GuLF_Study "GuLF Study") in June 2010 in response to these reports. The study is run by the [National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"), and will last at least five years.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-235)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera291010-236)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSE_workers_clean_up_Port_Fourchon_beach_2010-05-23.JPG)
Workers contracted by BP clean up oil on a beach in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, 23 May 2010
Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country."[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera170511-237) In July, after testing the blood of BP cleanup workers and residents in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida for [volatile organic compounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound "Volatile organic compound"), environmental scientist [Wilma Subra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_Subra "Wilma Subra") said she was "finding amounts 5 to 10 times in excess of the 95th percentile"; she said that "the presence of these chemicals in the blood indicates exposure."[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-aljazeera291010-236)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated6-238)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-democracynow070710-239) [Riki Ott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki_Ott "Riki Ott"), a marine toxicologist with experience of the [Exxon Valdez oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill "Exxon Valdez oil spill"), advised families to evacuate the Gulf.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Aguilar22July-240) She said that workers from the Valdez spill had suffered long-term health consequences.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-241)
Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation. This was to cover all offshore cleanup activities; BP later requested a second NIOSH investigation of onshore cleanup operations. Tests for chemical exposure in the seven fishermen were negative; NIOSH concluded that the hospitalizations were most likely a result of heat, fatigue, and terpenes that were being used to clean the decks. Review of 10 later hospitalizations found that heat exposure and dehydration were consistent findings but could not establish chemical exposure. NIOSH personnel performed air monitoring around cleanup workers at sea, on land, and during the application of Corexit. Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds and PAHs never exceeded permissible exposure levels. A limitation of their methodology was that some VOCs may have already evaporated from the oil before they began their investigation. In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil. NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") (gloves and impermeable coveralls) as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil. Heat stress was found to be the most pressing safety concern.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-242)
Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-243)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-244)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-245) OSHA said "cleanup workers are receiving "minimal" exposure to airborne toxins...OSHA will require that BP provide certain protective clothing, but not respirators."[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-246) *ProPublica* reported that workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-247) An independent investigation for [Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek") showed that BP did not hand out the legally required safety manual for use with Corexit, and were not provided with safety training or protective gear.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-248)
A 2012 survey of the health effects of the spill on cleanup workers reported "eye, nose and throat irritation; respiratory problems; blood in urine, vomit and rectal bleeding; seizures; nausea and violent vomiting episodes that last for hours; skin irritation, burning and lesions; short-term memory loss and confusion; liver and kidney damage; central nervous system effects and nervous system damage; hypertension; and miscarriages". Dr. James Diaz, writing for the *American Journal of Disaster Medicine*, said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills, like the Exxon Valdez. Diaz warned that "chronic adverse health effects, including cancers, liver and kidney disease, mental health disorders, birth defects and developmental disorders should be anticipated among sensitive populations and those most heavily exposed". Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-239-249)
Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health") found [biomarkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_\(medicine\) "Biomarker (medicine)") matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers. \[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Other studies have reported a variety of mental health issues, skin problems, breathing issues, coughing, and headaches.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-250) In 2013, during the three-day "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference",[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-251) findings discussed included a '"significant percentage" of Gulf residents reporting mental health problems like anxiety, depression and [PTSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTSD "PTSD"). These studies also showed that the bodies of former spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of "many chemicals contained in the oil".[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola220113-252)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-253)
A study that investigated the health effects among children in Louisiana and Florida living less than 10 miles from the coast found that more than a third of the parents reported physical or mental health symptoms among their children. The parents reported "unexplained symptoms among their children, including bleeding ears, nose bleeds, and the early start of menstruation among girls," according to David Abramson, director of Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nola220113-252)
A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing; headaches; watery, burning, itchy eyes and stuffy, itchy, runny nose.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-254)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_fishing_closure_map_2010-06-21.png)
Map of the area where fishing was affected because of the BP oil spill
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_Beach_Do_Not_Swim_sign_walkway.JPG)
Sign in [Orange Beach, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Beach,_Alabama "Orange Beach, Alabama"), advising against swimming due to the oil spill
The spill had a strong economic impact to BP[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pracale-255) and also the [Gulf Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast "Gulf Coast")'s economy sectors such as offshore drilling, fishing and tourism. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to \$22.7 billion through 2013. In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled \$32 million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total \$153 million in this state alone.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-256)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-:0-257) The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost \$247 million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. One study projects that the overall impact of lost or degraded commercial, recreational, and mariculture fisheries in the Gulf could be \$8.7 billion by 2020, with a potential loss of 22,000 jobs over the same time frame.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-:0-257)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-258) BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP_costs_for_oil_spill_response_pass_$3_billion-259) Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-260) During the crisis, BP gas stations in the United States reported a sales drop of between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-224-261)
Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling [moratorium](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moratorium "wikt:moratorium") imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state).[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-CSM_Sasser-262) NOAA had closed 86,985 sq mi (225,290 km2), or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing \$2.5 billion cost for the fishing industry.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-202-263)[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-203-264)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-fishing1-265) The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately \$23 billion, in a region that supports over 400,000 travel industry jobs generating \$34 billion in revenue annually.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-219-266)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-220-267)
### Offshore drilling policies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Offshore drilling policies")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg)
US oil production and imports, 1910–2020
On 30 April 2010, President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases and authorized the investigation of 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg010510-268)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-CBS/AP-269) Later a six-month offshore drilling (below 500 ft (150 m) of water) moratorium was enforced by the [United States Department of the Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior "United States Department of the Interior").[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream240610-270) The moratorium suspended work on 33 rigs,[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream240610-270) and a group of affected companies formed the [Back to Work Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_Work_Coalition "Back to Work Coalition").[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-KATC_web-271) On 22 June, a [United States federal judge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge "United States federal judge") on the [United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana "United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana") [Martin Leach-Cross Feldman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Leach-Cross_Feldman "Martin Leach-Cross Feldman") when ruling in the case *[Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar")*, lifted the moratorium finding it too broad, arbitrary and not adequately justified.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream240610-270) The ban was lifted in October 2010.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Prior to the oil spill, on 31 March 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the [East Coast of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States "East Coast of the United States") and along the coast of [northern Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Alaska "Arctic Alaska") in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-272)
On 28 April 2010, the [National Energy Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Energy_Board "National Energy Board") of Canada, which regulates offshore drilling in the [Canadian Arctic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic "Canadian Arctic") and along the [British Columbia Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast "British Columbia Coast"), issued a letter to oil companies asking them to explain their argument against safety rules which require same-season relief wells.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-canadian_regulator_response-273) On 3 May California Governor [Arnold Schwarzenegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") withdrew his support for a proposed plan to allow expanded [offshore drilling projects in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_and_gas_in_California "Offshore oil and gas in California").[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-CSM20100503-274)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC20100503-275) On 8 July, Florida Governor [Charlie Crist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Crist "Charlie Crist") called for a special session of the state legislature to draft an amendment to the state constitution banning offshore drilling in state waters, which the legislature rejected on 20 July.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-242-276)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-243-277)
In October 2011, the [United States Department of the Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior "United States Department of the Interior")'s [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry. Three new agencies replaced it, separating the regulation, leasing, and revenue collection responsibilities respectively, among the [Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Safety_and_Environmental_Enforcement "Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement"), the [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management"), and [Office of Natural Resources Revenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Natural_Resources_Revenue "Office of Natural Resources Revenue").
In March 2014, BP was again allowed to bid for oil and gas leases.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Robertson_and_Schwartz-278)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOLA_BP_Oil_Flood_Protest_Take_Tar_From_Feathers.JPG)
Protesters advocating boycott of BP
On 30 April, President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the [Department of Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior "U.S. Department of the Interior") and [Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security "U.S. Department of Homeland Security"), as well as the [EPA Administrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPA_Administrator "EPA Administrator") and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-278-279) In his 15 June speech, Obama said, "This oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced... Make no mistake: we will fight this spill with everything we've got for as long as it takes. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever's necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy."[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-reuters.com-280) Interior Secretary [Ken Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar "Ken Salazar") stated, "Our job basically is to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum."[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Rand_Paul-281) Some observers suggested that the Obama administration was being overly aggressive in its criticisms, which some BP investors saw as an attempt to deflect criticism of his own handling of the crisis.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-287-282) [Rand Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul "Rand Paul") accused President Obama of being anti-business and "un-American".[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Rand_Paul-281)
Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BP's response. Across the US, thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations,[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-279-283)[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-280-284)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-281-285) reducing sales at some stations by 10% to 40%.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-282-286) An academic study that assesses government response to the disaster notes that the severity of disruption substantially influences the social construction of the occasion as policy actors are ill-equipped to handle the challenges at all levels of government.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-287)
The petroleum industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-284-288) The [American Petroleum Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute "American Petroleum Institute") (API) stated that the offshore drilling industry is important to job creation and economic growth.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-284-288)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-283-289) CEOs from the top five oil companies all agreed to work harder at improving safety. API announced the creation of an offshore safety institute, separate from API's lobbying operation.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-285-290)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOLA_BP_Oil_Flood_Protest_Union_Jack_stand.JPG)
American protester stands on a [Union Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag "Union Flag"), presumably associating BP with the United Kingdom
The [Organization for International Investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_International_Investment "Organization for International Investment"), a [Washington D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.")\-based advocate for overseas investment in the United States, warned that the heated rhetoric was potentially damaging the reputation of British companies with operations in the United States and could spark a wave of U.S. protectionism that would restrict British firms from government contracts, political donations and lobbying.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian140710-291)[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-286-292)
In July 2010, President Obama issued an executive order, specifically citing the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill, that adopted recommendations from the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force and established the National Ocean Council.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-293) The council called together a number of federal committees and departments engaged in ocean issues to work with a newly established committee for conservation and resource management.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bglobe-294) In June 2018, the executive order establishing the National Ocean Council was revoked by then-U.S. president Donald Trump in an effort to roll back bureaucracy and benefit "ocean industries \[that\] employ millions of Americans".[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bglobe-294)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-295)
### United Kingdom reactions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: United Kingdom reactions")\]
In the UK, there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the misuse of the term "British Petroleum" for the company – a name which has not been used since British Petroleum merged with the American company [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco") in 1998 to form BP [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco"). It was said that the U.S. was "dumping" the blame onto the British people and there were calls for British Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") to protect British interests in the United States. British pension fund managers (who have large holdings of BP shares and rely upon its dividends) accepted that while BP had to pay compensation for the spill and the environmental damage, they argued that the cost to the company's market value from President Obama's criticism was far outweighing the direct clean-up costs.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-287-282)
Initially, BP downplayed the incident; its CEO [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") called the amount of oil and dispersant "relatively tiny" in comparison with the "very big ocean".[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-288-296) Later, he drew an outpouring of criticism when he said that the spill was a disruption to Gulf Coast residents and himself adding, "You know, I'd like my life back."[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-289-297) BP's chief operating officer [Doug Suttles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles "Doug Suttles") contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting, "It may be down to how you define what a plume is here… The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities."[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-290-298) In June, BP launched a PR campaign and successfully bid for several search terms related to the spill on Google and other search engines so that the first sponsored search result linked directly to the company's website.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-291-299)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-292-300) On 26 July 2010, it was announced that CEO Tony Hayward was to resign and would be replaced by [Bob Dudley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dudley "Bob Dudley"), who is an American citizen and previously worked for Amoco.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-293-301)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-294-302)
Hayward's involvement in *Deepwater Horizon* has left him a highly controversial public figure. In May 2013, he was honored as a "distinguished leader" by the University of Birmingham, but his award ceremony was stopped on multiple occasions by jeers and walk-outs and the focus of a protest from [People & Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_%26_Planet "People & Planet") members.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-303)
In July 2013, Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from [Robert Gordon University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University "Robert Gordon University"). This was described as a "sick joke" and "a very serious error of judgement" by Friends of the Earth Scotland.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-304) The student body president expressed that students would be "very disappointed".[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-305)
### International reactions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: International reactions")\]
The U.S. government rejected offers of cleanup help from Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United Nations. The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-stpdf-306)[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-295-307) The USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-csmhelp-308)
## Legal aspects and settlements
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Legal aspects and settlements")\]
In the United States the *Deepwater Horizon* investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by:
- the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral [Thad Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Allen "Thad Allen"),
- the [National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling "National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling"),
- [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement") (BOEMRE),
- [National Academy of Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering "National Academy of Engineering"),
- [National Research Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council "United States National Research Council"),
- [Government Accountability Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office "Government Accountability Office"),
- National Oil Spill Commission, and
- [Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Safety_and_Hazard_Investigation_Board "Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)
The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-MHL-2) BP conducted its internal investigation.
An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream220410-36) On 11 May the United States administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-doi110510-309) The National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to "consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions."[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wh220510-310) The investigation by [United States Attorney General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") [Eric Holder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder "Eric Holder") was announced on 1 June 2010.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Holder-06-01-311) Also the [United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce "United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce") conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81)[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream090710a-312) According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer"), built by [Cameron International Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_International_Corporation "Cameron International Corporation"), had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BBC_13/5-313)
On 8 September 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") and [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean").[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-314) The report found that on 20 April 2010, managers misread pressure data and gave their approval for rig workers to replace drilling fluid in the well with seawater, which was not heavy enough to prevent gas that had been leaking into the well from firing up the pipe to the rig, causing the explosion. The conclusion was that BP was partly to blame, as was Transocean, which owned the rig. Responding to the report, Transocean and Halliburton placed all blame on BP.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-315)
On 9 November 2010, a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions. "There was not a culture of safety on that rig," the co-chair said.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-316)
The National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling released a final report on 5 January 2011.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-telegraph-finalreport-317)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-osc-final-report-318) The panel found that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) The report stated that "whether purposeful or not, many of the decisions that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean made that increased the risk of the Macondo blowout clearly saved those companies significant time (and money)."[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management."[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320) Transocean, however, blamed BP for making the decisions before the actual explosion occurred and government officials for permitting those decisions.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wpost-finalreport-321) Halliburton stated that it was acting only upon the orders of BP when it injected the cement into the wall of the well.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-startribune-finalreport-322) It criticized BP for its failure to run a [cement bond log](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_bond_log "Cement bond log") test.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-wpost-finalreport-321) In the report, BP was accused of nine faults.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-startribune-finalreport-322) One was that it had not used a diagnostic tool to test the strength of the cement.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) Another was ignoring a pressure test that had failed.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320) Still another was for not plugging the pipe with cement.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319) The study did not, however, place the blame on any one of these events. Rather, it concluded that "notwithstanding these inherent risks, the accident of April 20 was avoidable" and that "it resulted from clear mistakes made in the first instance by BP, Halliburton and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too much on industry's assertions of the safety of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly minimized the risk of deepwater drilling."[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt-finalreport-320)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-startribune-finalreport-322) The panel also noted that the government regulators did not have sufficient knowledge or authority to notice these cost-cutting decisions.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-msnbc-finalreport-319)
On 23 March 2011, BOEMRE (former [MMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service")) and the [USCG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") published a forensic examination report on the blowout preventer, prepared by *[Det Norske Veritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Norske_Veritas "Det Norske Veritas")*.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-dnv230311-323) The report concluded that the primary cause of failure was that the blind shear rams failed to fully close and seal due to a portion of drill pipe buckling between the shearing blocks.
The US government report issued in September 2011 stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-296-324) The report states that the main cause was the defective cement job, and Halliburton, BP and Transocean were, in different ways, responsible for the accident.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20) The report stated that, although the events leading to the sinking of *Deepwater Horizon* were set into motion by the failure to prevent a well blowout, the investigation revealed numerous systems deficiencies, and acts and omissions by Transocean and its *Deepwater Horizon* crew, that had an adverse impact on the ability to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. The report also states that a central cause of the blowout was failure of a cement barrier allowing hydrocarbons to flow up the wellbore, through the riser and onto the rig, resulting in the blowout. The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management, last‐minute changes to plans, failure to observe and respond to critical indicators, inadequate well control response, and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BOERMEPR-20)
### Spill response fund
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Spill response fund")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Administration_Responds_to_BP_Oil_Spill_\(4584731287\).jpg)
President Barack Obama meets with National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, and EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson to discuss response to the spill.
On 16 June 2010, after BP executives met with President Obama, BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), a \$20 billion fund to settle claims arising from the *Deepwater Horizon* spill.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-McDonell-325) This fund was set aside for natural resource damages, state and local response costs, and individual compensation, but could not be used for fines or penalties.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream170610-81) Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bdo-326)
The GCCF was administrated by attorney [Kenneth Feinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Feinberg "Kenneth Feinberg"). The facility began accepting claims on 23 August 2010.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-McDonell-325) On 8 March 2012, after BP and a team of plaintiffs' attorneys agreed to a class-action settlement, a court-supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-277-327)[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap250412-328) Until this more than one million claims of 220,000 individual and business claimants were processed and more than \$6.2 billion was paid out from the fund. 97% of payments were made to claimants in the [Gulf States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States").[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bdo-326) In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. During this transition period additional \$404 million in claims were paid.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap100113-329)
The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-274-330) An independent audit of the GCCF, announced by Attorney General Eric Holder, was approved by Senate on 21 October 2011.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-275-331) An auditor [BDO Consulting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDO_Consulting "BDO Consulting") found that 7,300 claimants were wrongly denied or underpaid. As a result, about \$64 million of additional payments was made.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-277-327) The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them "navigate the complex claims process." In a *New York Times* opinion piece, Stephen Teague, staff attorney at the Mississippi Center for Justice, argued that BP had become "increasingly brazen" in "stonewalling payments." "But tens of thousands of gulf residents still haven't been fully compensated for their losses, and many are struggling to make ends meet. Many low-wage workers in the fishing and service industries, for example, have been seeking compensation for lost wages and jobs for three years."[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTTeague30jul2013-332)
In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the *Deepwater Horizon* Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. The attorney is said to have received portions of settlement claims for clients he referred to the firm.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-NYTTeague30jul2013-332) The federal judge assigned to the case, Judge Barbier, refused to halt the settlement program, saying he had not seen evidence of widespread fraud, adding that he was "offended by what he saw as attempts to smear the lawyer administering the claims."[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-333)
### Civil litigation and settlements
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Civil litigation and settlements")\]
By 26 May 2010, over 130 lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Timeslitigation-334) against one or more of BP, Transocean, [Cameron International Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_International_Corporation "Cameron International Corporation"), and [Halliburton Energy Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton"),[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP,_Transocean_Lawsuits_Surge-335) although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a [multidistrict litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidistrict_litigation "Multidistrict litigation").[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BP,_Transocean_Lawsuits_Surge-335) On 21 April 2011, BP issued \$40 billion worth of lawsuits against rig owner Transocean, cementer Halliburton and [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer") manufacturer Cameron. The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-297-336) The firms deny the allegations.
On 2 March 2012, BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. The deal would settle roughly 100,000 claims filed by individuals and businesses affected by the spill.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-settleAP-337)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt030312-338) On 13 August, BP asked US District Judge [Carl Barbier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barbier "Carl Barbier") to approve the settlement, saying its actions "did not constitute [gross negligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_negligence "Gross negligence") or willful misconduct".[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-autogenerated2-339) On 13 January 2013, Judge Barbier approved a medical-benefits portion of BP's proposed \$7.8 billion partial settlement. People living for at least 60 days along oil-impacted shores or involved in the clean-up who can document one or more specific health conditions caused by the oil or dispersants are eligible for benefits, as are those injured during clean-up.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-298-340) BP also agreed to spend \$105 million over five years to set up a Gulf Coast health outreach program and pay for medical examinations.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ap110113-45) According to a group presenting the plaintiffs, the deal has no specific cap.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-299-341) BP says that it has \$9.5 billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the \$37.2 billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-settleAP-337) BP originally expected to spend \$7.8 billion. By October 2013 it had increased its projection to \$9.2 billion, saying it could be "significantly higher."[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-2014_appeal_fail-342)
On 31 August 2012, the US [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") (DOJ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of "gross negligence and willful misconduct". In their statement the DOJ said that some of BP's arguments were "plainly misleading" and that the court should ignore BP's argument that the Gulf region is "undergoing a robust recovery". BP rejected the charges saying "BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January."[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cnn050912-343)[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian-9-12-344) The DOJ also said Transocean, the owner and operator of the *Deepwater Horizon* rig, was guilty of gross negligence as well.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cnn050912-343)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-stuartsmith-345)
On 14 November 2012, BP and the US Department of Justice reached a settlement. BP will pay \$4.5 billion in fines and other payments, the largest of its kind in US history. In addition, the U.S. government temporarily banned BP from new federal contracts over its "lack of business integrity".[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ct281112-346)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cnn281112-347) The plea was accepted by Judge [Sarah Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_S._Vance "Sarah S. Vance") of the [United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana "United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana") on 31 January 2013.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream310113-348) The settlement includes payments of \$2.394 billion to the [National Fish and Wildlife Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Foundation "National Fish and Wildlife Foundation"), \$1.15 billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, \$350 million to the [National Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences") for oil spill prevention and response research, \$100 million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund, \$6 million to General Treasury and \$525 million to the Securities and Exchange Commission.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt151112-23)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59) Oil sector analysts at London-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-349)
On 3 January 2013, the US Justice Department announced "Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the [Clean Water Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act "Clean Water Act") and to pay a total of \$1.4 billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties".[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-AutoBB-302-350) \$800 million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, \$300 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, \$150 million to the [National Wild Turkey Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wild_Turkey_Federation "National Wild Turkey Federation") and \$150 million to the National Academy of Sciences. [MOEX Offshore 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOEX_Offshore_2007 "MOEX Offshore 2007") agreed to pay \$45 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, \$25 million to five Gulf state and \$20 million to supplemental environmental projects.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Ramseur-59)
On 25 July 2013, Halliburton pleaded guilty to destruction of critical evidence after the oil spill and said it would pay the maximum allowable fine of \$200,000 and will be subject to three years of probation.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-351)
In January 2014, a panel of the [U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fifth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals "U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals") rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill. BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. The court ruled that BP had not explained "how this court or the district court should identify or even discern the existence of 'claimants that have suffered no cognizable injury.'"[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-2014_appeal_fail-342) The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical".[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-352)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-353) The [Supreme Court of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") later refused to hear BP's appeal after victims and claimants, along with numerous Gulf coast area chambers of commerce, objected to the oil major's efforts to renege on the Settlement Agreement.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-354)
In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it by paying \$1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-HalliburtonDeepwater-355)
### Justice Department lawsuit
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Justice Department lawsuit")\]
BP and its partners in the oil well, Transocean and Halliburton, went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake. A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Thompson-356)
The trial's first phase was to determine the liability of BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and other companies, and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream250213-357)[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg260213-358) The second phase scheduled in September 2013 focused on the flow rate of the oil and the third phase scheduled in 2014 was to consider damages.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream260213-359) According to the plaintiffs' lawyers the major cause of an explosion was the mishandling of a rig safety test, while inadequate training of the staff, poor maintenance of the equipment and substandard cement were also mentioned as things leading to the disaster.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg260213-358)[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-upstream260213-359) According to *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a \$16 billion settlement. However, it was not clear if this deal had been officially proposed to BP and if BP has accepted it.[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-reuters230213-360)
On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge [Carl Barbier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barbier "Carl Barbier") ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. He described BP's actions as "reckless". He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to \$4,300, at the discretion of the judge. The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5 million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted, while the court contends 4.2 million barrels were spilled. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-BPverdict-361)
Barbier ruled that BP had acted with "conscious disregard of known risks" and rejected BP's assertion that other parties were equally responsible for the oil spill. His ruling stated that BP "employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history", that the company was "reckless", and determined that several crucial BP decisions were "primarily driven by a desire to save time and money, rather than ensuring that the well was secure." BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Times_-_barbier_-_18_billion-26)[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-Bloomberg-sept-5-14-362)
On 2 July 2015, BP, the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of \$18.7 billion.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-pracale01-363) To date BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached \$54 billion.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-364)
In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes.
In the November 2012 resolution of the federal charges against it, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers and paid a \$4 billion fine.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-nyt151112-23) Transocean pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge as part of its \$1.4 billion fine.
In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-huffington240412-365)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-ProPublica201204-366)[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-WSJ201204-367) Three more BP employees were charged in November 2012. Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion, and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-guardian151112-368) David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-bloomberg281112-369) Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbshalliburtonmanager-370)
None of the charges against individuals resulted in any prison time, and no charges were levied against upper level executives. Anthony Badalementi was sentenced to one year probation,[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-cbshalliburtonmanager-370) Donald Vidrine paid a \$50,000 fine and received 10 months probation,[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-txmonthlykaluza-371) Kurt Mix received 6 months' probation,[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-neworleansadvocateprosecutionresults-372) and David Rainey and Robert Kaluza were acquitted.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-txmonthlykaluza-371)[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-neworleansadvocateprosecutionresults-372)
- On 28 March 2011, [*Dispatches*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatches_\(TV_programme\) "Dispatches (TV programme)") aired a documentary by [James Brabazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brabazon "James Brabazon"), *BP: In Deep Water*, about the oil company, BP, covering oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico and other incidents and its relationship with governments.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-373)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-374)
- In April 2012, the [National Geographic Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel "National Geographic Channel")'s documentary series *[Seconds From Disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconds_From_Disaster "Seconds From Disaster")* featured the accident in an episode titled "The Deepwater Horizon"[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-375)
- In 2012, *Beyond Pollution* 2012[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-376)[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-377)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-378) traveled across the gulf coast interviewing environmental experts, government authorities, fishermen, scientists, drilling engineers, and key BP contractors, examining economic and health effects.
- In 2012, *[The Big Fix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Fix_\(2012_film\) "The Big Fix (2012 film)")*, documented the April 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico following the sinking of the *Deepwater Horizon* oil rig
- In 2014, *[The Great Invisible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Invisible "The Great Invisible")*, by [Margaret Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brown_\(film_director\) "Margaret Brown (film director)") chose to focus on the social impacts on people whose lives have been affected by this tragedy.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-379)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-380)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-381)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-382)[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-383)[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-384)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-385) Later airing 19 April 2015 as the season 16, episode 14 of *Independent Lens*.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-386)[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-387)
- In 2014, *Vanishing Pearls: The Oystermen of Pointe a la Hache, Louisiana*, documented a town of nearly 300 struggling to survive following the oil spill that left their crop dead and finances in ruin.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-388)[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-389)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-390)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-391)
- In 2016, *Pretty Slick* documented the cleanup effort and locals across four Gulf states about the largest man-made environmental disaster in U.S. history.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-392)[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-393)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-394)[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-395)
- In 2016, *After the Spill*,[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-396) [Jon Bowermaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bowermaster "Jon Bowermaster") investigates how the disaster affected local economies and the health of humans, animals, and food sources, and with [Corexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corexit "Corexit"), where all the oil went, as a follow-up to the pre-spill *SoLa, Louisiana Water Stories*, in post-production when the *Deepwater Horizon* exploded.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-397)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-398)[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-399)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-400)
- In 2016, *Dispatches from the Gulf*,[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-401)[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-402) Hal Weiner[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-403)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-404) follows scientists[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-405)[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-406) investigating the oil spill's effect on the Gulf.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-407)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-408)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-409)
- In 2012, "[We Just Decided To](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Just_Decided_To "We Just Decided To")", the pilot of the [HBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO "HBO") TV series *[The Newsroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newsroom_\(American_TV_series\) "The Newsroom (American TV series)")*, featured its characters covering the *Deepwater Horizon* story.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-410)
- The 2015 film *[The Runner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Runner_\(2015_film\) "The Runner (2015 film)")*, directed by [Austin Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Stark "Austin Stark") and starring [Nicolas Cage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage "Nicolas Cage"), is a fictional story of a politician and his family set in the aftermath of the *Deepwater Horizon* disaster.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-411)[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-412)
- In 2016, *[Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_\(film\) "Deepwater Horizon (film)")*, a film based on the explosion, directed by [Peter Berg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berg "Peter Berg") and starring [Mark Wahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg "Mark Wahlberg"), [Kurt Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Russell "Kurt Russell") and [John Malkovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malkovich "John Malkovich") was released.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-413)
- In 2011, [Jimmy Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon "Jimmy Fallon"), then host of *[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon")*, created a protest song about how there were still [tarballs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarball_\(oil\) "Tarball (oil)") floating around the Gulf of Mexico called "Balls In Your Mouth". He performed it a number of times on the show with different guest singers, including [Eddie Vedder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder "Eddie Vedder"),[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-414) [Russell Crowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe "Russell Crowe"),[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-415) [Brad Paisley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Paisley "Brad Paisley"),[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-416) and [Florence Welch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Welch "Florence Welch").[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-417) The live recording of the song featuring Eddie Vedder was included in Fallon's comedy album "[Blow Your Pants Off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_Your_Pants_Off "Blow Your Pants Off")".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
- In 2011, [Rise Against](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Against "Rise Against") released a song titled "[Help Is on the Way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Is_on_the_Way "Help Is on the Way")" on their album [*Endgame*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endgame_\(Rise_Against_album\) "Endgame (Rise Against album)"). The song is about the slow response time for aid to disaster-stricken areas, with lyrics that allude to the Macondo spill and [Hurricane Katrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina "Hurricane Katrina").[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-418)
- In June 2011, Canadian musician [City and Colour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_and_Colour "City and Colour") released a song titled "At the Bird's Foot" on his album [*Little Hell*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Hell_\(album\) "Little Hell (album)"). The song is about the event and the greed of those involved.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-419)
- On election day in the United States, 6 November 2012, [Pete Seeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger "Pete Seeger") and Lorre Wyatt released the music video and single "God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You", which they recorded and filmed live aboard the *[Hudson River Sloop Clearwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_Sloop_Clearwater "Hudson River Sloop Clearwater")* in 2010 immediately after the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill. The song references the spill.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-420)
- In 2012, American singer-songwriter [Andrew Bird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bird "Andrew Bird") released the song "Hole in the Ocean Floor" referencing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill as his inspiration.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-421)
- The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is referenced in a 2010 episode of *[South Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park "South Park")*, "[Coon 2: Hindsight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon_2:_Hindsight "Coon 2: Hindsight")". When a BP drilling vessel drills a new hole in the Gulf, it accidentally causes an oil spill in a protected zone, prompting one of the crewmen to exclaim "Oh, don't tell me we did it again?". Later on in the episode, BP drilled again and opened up a portal to another dimension, causing the Gulf to be attacked by its creatures. Then they drilled on the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon") hoping to change the gravitational pull on the Earth and quell the swells on the ocean, allowing them to place a cap on the portal. However, in doing this, [Cthulhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu "Cthulhu") emerged from the portal. Each time they drilled, Tony Hayward released a "we're sorry" campaign.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_note-422) The hole in the Gulf wasn't shut until [two episodes later](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon_vs._Coon_and_Friends "Coon vs. Coon and Friends").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
- The *[Beavis and Butt-Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head "Beavis and Butt-Head")* season 8 episode, "Spill", takes place at the Gulf when their teacher, Mr. Van Driessen, organizes a trip to help clean baby birds affected by the oil spill. The boys mistakenly believe they will be having sex with "filthy chicks" and volunteer to go.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
- [Exxon Valdez oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill "Exxon Valdez oil spill")
- [List of industrial disasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_industrial_disasters "List of industrial disasters")
- [List of oil spills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spills "List of oil spills")
- [Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_and_gas_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico_\(United_States\) "Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)")
- [Taylor oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_oil_spill "Taylor oil spill")
- [Timeline of the *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill")
- [Two barrier rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_barrier_rule "Two barrier rule")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-1_1-0)**
["Deepwater Horizon"](https://incidentnews.noaa.gov/incident/8220). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"). Retrieved 28 June 2019.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-MHL_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-MHL_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-MHL_2-2)
[Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report](http://www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-report2011_3-5)
[On Scene Coordinator Report on Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill](https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/Attachments/119/DeepwaterHorizonReport%20-31Aug2011%20-CD_2.pdf) (PDF) (Report). September 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120915094912/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/docs/dwh/fosc_dwh_report.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-area_of_spill_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-area_of_spill_4-1)
["BP / Gulf Oil Spill – 68,000 Square Miles of Direct Impact"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811031036/http://blog.skytruth.org/2010/07/bp-gulf-oil-spill-68000-square-miles-of.html) (Press release). SkyTruth.org. 27 July 2010. Archived from [the original](http://blog.skytruth.org/2010/07/bp-gulf-oil-spill-68000-square-miles-of.html) on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2001.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-PBS_A_5-0)**
["Frontline: The Spill"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzrGZCJojUE&ab_channel=FRONTLINEPBS%7COfficial). [Frontline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_\(U.S._TV_series\) "Frontline (U.S. TV series)") on [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS"). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-nyt020810_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-nyt020810_6-1)
Robertson, Campbell; Krauss, Clifford (2 August 2010). ["Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-4_7-0)**
["BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7924009/BP-leak-the-worlds-worst-accidental-oil-spill.html). *The Daily Telegraph*. London. 3 August 2010. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7924009/BP-leak-the-worlds-worst-accidental-oil-spill.html) from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-largest_in_US_hist_8-0)**
Jervis, Rick; Levin, Alan (27 May 2010). ["Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak"](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). Retrieved 3 March 2013.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-5_9-0)**
["Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers"](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-25-oil-spill-victims-memorial_N.htm). *USA Today*.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-Aspress_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-Aspress_10-1)
Weber, Harry R. (19 September 2010). ["Blown-out BP well finally killed at bottom of Gulf"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160130231923/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/09/19/blown_out_bp_well_finally_killed_at_bottom_of_gulf/). *[Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe "Boston Globe")*. Associated Press. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/09/19/blown_out_bp_well_finally_killed_at_bottom_of_gulf/) on 30 January 2016.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-aljazeera1_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-aljazeera1_11-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-aljazeera1_11-2)
Jamail, Dahr (4 March 2012). ["BP settles while Macondo 'seeps'"](http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/20123313318459762.html). [Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English "Al Jazeera English"). Retrieved 1 June 2012.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-3_12-0)**
["Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rocky-kistner/the-macondo-monkey-on-bps_b_988262.html). *Huffington Post*. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-staff4_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-staff4_13-1)
[The Use of Surface and Subsea Dispersants During the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Draft](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224055811/http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2010/10/06/18/_Staff_Report_No._4.source.prod_affiliate.91.pdf) (PDF) (Report). [National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling "National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling"). 6 October 2010. Archived from [the original](http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2010/10/06/18/_Staff_Report_No._4.source.prod_affiliate.91.pdf) (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-7_14-0)**
Tangley, Laura (30 April 2010). ["Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill"](http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Birds/Archives/2010/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx). *National Wildlife*. National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-autogenerated7_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-autogenerated7_15-1)
Elliott, Debbie (21 December 2013). ["For BP Cleanup, 2013 Meant 4.6 Million Pounds Of Oily Gunk"](https://www.npr.org/2013/12/21/255843362/for-bp-cleanup-2013-meant-4-6-million-pounds-of-gulf-coast-oil). *NPR*.
16. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-autogenerated3_16-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-autogenerated3_16-1)
["Oil from BP spill pushed onto shelf off Tampa Bay by underwater currents, study finds"](https://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/water/oil-from-bp-spill-was-pushed-onto-shelf-off-tampa-bay-by-underwater/2137406/). *Tampa Bay Times*. 20 August 2013.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-17)**
Viegas, Jen (2 April 2013). ["Record Dolphin, Sea Turtle Deaths Since Gulf Spill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160130231923/http://news.discovery.com/animals/whales-dolphins/record-dolphin-sea-turtle-deaths-since-gulf-spill-130402.htm). Archived from [the original](http://news.discovery.com/animals/whales-dolphins/record-dolphin-sea-turtle-deaths-since-gulf-spill-130402.htm) on 30 January 2016.
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-LATimes-fish-toxins_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-LATimes-fish-toxins_18-1)
Sahagun, Louis (13 February 2014). ["Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest"](http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story#ixzz2tbQVLgxI). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-Wines-24-March-14_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-Wines-24-March-14_19-1)
Wines, Michael (24 March 2014). ["Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/fish-embryos-exposed-to-oil-from-bp-spill-develop-deformities-a-study-finds.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
20. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-BOERMEPR_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-BOERMEPR_20-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-BOERMEPR_20-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-BOERMEPR_20-3)
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE)/U.S. Coast Guard Joint Investigation Team (14 September 2011). ["Deepwater Horizon Joint Investigation Team Releases Final Report"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110924075744/http://www.boemre.gov/ooc/press/2011/press0914.htm) (Press release). U.S. Government. Archived from [the original](http://www.boemre.gov/ooc/press/2011/press0914.htm) on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-17_21-0)**
["BP Mostly, But Not Entirely, to Blame for Gulf Spill – National"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130802093130/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2011/09/bp-mostly-not-entirely-blame-gulf-spill/42470/). The Atlantic Wire. 14 September 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2011/09/bp-mostly-not-entirely-blame-gulf-spill/42470/) on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-AutoBB-16_22-0)**
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389. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-389)**
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392. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-392)**
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393. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-393)**
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399. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-399)**
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408. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-408)**
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["'Dispatches from the Gulf 2' Selected by the 16th Annual International Ocean Film Festival"](https://dispatchesfromthegulf.com/dispatches-from-the-gulf-2-selected-by-the-16th-annual-international-ocean-film-festival/). *Dispatches from the Gulf*. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
410. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-410)**
Scott Tobias (22 June 2012). ["The Newsroom: "We Just Decided To""](https://www.avclub.com/the-newsroom-we-just-decided-to-1798173264). *AV Club*. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
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Kornblatt, Andrew (4 August 2015). ["The Movie BP (Probably) Doesn't Want You To See"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151104192231/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/04/the-movie-bp-probably-doesnt-want-you-to-see/). [National Geographic Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society"). Archived from [the original](http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/04/the-movie-bp-probably-doesnt-want-you-to-see/) on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
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Campbell, Christopher (17 June 2015). ["Nicolas Cage Gets Serious About the BP Oil Spill In The Runner Trailer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211061755/https://filmschoolrejects.com/nicolas-cage-gets-serious-about-the-bp-oil-spill-in-the-the-runner-trailer-6208f9a50995/). [Film School Rejects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_School_Rejects "Film School Rejects"). Archived from [the original](https://filmschoolrejects.com/nicolas-cage-gets-serious-about-the-bp-oil-spill-in-the-the-runner-trailer-6208f9a50995) on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
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Debruge, Peter (14 September 2016). ["Film Review: 'Deepwater Horizon'"](https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/deepwater-horizon-review-mark-wahlberg-1201859869/). Retrieved 1 February 2019.
414. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-414)**
["Eddie Vedder and Jimmy Fallon 'Balls in Your Mouth'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211010023120/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/eddie-vedder-and-jimmy-fallon-balls-in-your-mouth-241884/). *[Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*. 9 September 2011. Archived from [the original](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/eddie-vedder-and-jimmy-fallon-balls-in-your-mouth-241884/) on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
415. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-415)**
["Russell Crowe and Jimmy Fallon sing 'Balls in Your Mouth'"](https://ew.com/article/2015/04/23/russell-crowe-jimmy-fallon-balls-in-your-mouth/). *[Entertainment Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")*. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
416. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-416)**
["Jimmy Fallon & Brad Paisley Sing "Balls In Your Mouth" (Late Night with Jimmy Fallon)"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvBwpIsrSOw). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
417. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-417)**
["Audience Suggestion Box: Jimmy Fallon & Florence Welch Sing "Balls In Your Mouth""](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/Cy2PHZvDD8A). *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube")*. 13 September 2012. Archived from [the original](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy2PHZvDD8A) on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
418. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-418)**
Grischow, Chad (14 March 2011). ["Rise Against: Endgame Review"](http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/03/14/rise-against-endgame-review). *[IGN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN "IGN")*. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
419. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-419)**
["City and Colour Remembers BP Oil Spill with New Charity Track \| Exclaim!"](https://exclaim.ca/music/article/city_colour_remembers_bp_oil_spill_with_new_charity_track).
420. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-420)** Seeger, Pete. ["God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvnsB_kVNYI), YouTube, accessed 5 December 2012
421. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-421)**
["Andrew Bird"](https://www.avclub.com/andrew-bird-1798230238). *The A.V. Club*. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
422. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#cite_ref-422)**
[*South Park - Tony Hayward BP Parody - "We're Sorry"*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z_riJgT9RY). 31 October 2010 – via YouTube.
- Khatchadourian, Raffi (11 March 2011). ["A Reporter at Large: The Gulf war"](http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/03/14/110314fa_fact_khatchadourian). *[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*. Vol. 87, no. 4. pp. 36–59. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
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[978-0-87590-485-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-485-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-485-6")
. Archived from [the original](http://www.agu.org/books/gm/v195/) on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
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- Erik Stokstad (8 February 2013). ["BP Research Dollars Yield Signs of Cautious Hope"](https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.339.6120.636?sid=afdc38fe-36d8-4607-b42e-d0ee805ba72a). *Science*. **339** (6120): 636–637\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013Sci...339..636S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339..636S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1126/science.339.6120.636](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.339.6120.636). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23393236](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23393236). Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- [Daniel Kaniewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kaniewski "Daniel Kaniewski"); James Carafano (9 August 2010). ["Critical Lessons from the Federal Response to the Gulf Oil Spill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100812021333/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2010/08/Critical-Lessons-from-the-Federal-Response-to-the-Gulf-Oil-Spill). The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- [Deepwater BP Oil Spill](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/energy-and-environment/deepwater-bp-oil-spill) at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (archive index) – at [Whitehouse.gov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov "Whitehouse.gov")
- [Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico](https://web.archive.org/web/20170707200242/http://deepwaterhorizon.noaa.gov/) from the [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") (NOAA)
- [RestoreTheGulf.gov](https://www.restorethegulf.gov/) official U.S. Government Web site, taking over content and functions from Deepwater Horizon Response site
- [Smithsonian's Ocean Portal](https://web.archive.org/web/20100704120112/http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-and-you/gulf-oil-spill/)
- [Science in a Time of Crisis: WHOI's response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill](http://www.whoi.edu/deepwaterhorizon/) a multimedia presentation from [Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution")
- ["Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill: Interim Report by the National Academy of Sciences"](http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13141)
- [CDC – Oil Spill Response Resources – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/oilspillresponse/)
- [The Role of BP in the *Deepwater Horizon* Explosion and Oil Spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, June 17, 2010](https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35800)
### Lead state agency websites
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Lead state agency websites")\]
- [Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP)](http://www.dep.state.fl.us/deepwaterhorizon/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120520121612/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/deepwaterhorizon/) 20 May 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Mississippi DEQ](http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/Main_OilSpillLinksandPublicInformation2010?OpenDocument) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100620074732/http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/Main_OilSpillLinksandPublicInformation2010?OpenDocument) 20 June 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [State of Florida Oil Spill Academic Task Force](http://oilspill.fsu.edu/)
- [Full coverage](https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/o/oil_spills/index.html) from *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*
- [Full coverage](http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/) from *[The Times-Picayune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune "The Times-Picayune") (New Orleans)*
- [ScientificAmerican.com 2015-04020 BP Gulf Oil Spill: 5 Years Later Indepth Report](http://www.scientificamerican.com/report/bp-gulf-oil-spill-5-years-later/)
- [*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill caused lasting damage, report says](http://cnso.nova.edu/news/articles/-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-caused-lasting-damage,-report-says.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150912025233/http://cnso.nova.edu/news/articles/-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-caused-lasting-damage,-report-says.html) 12 September 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [BP Oil Spill](https://www.npr.org/tags/127868273/bp-oil-spill), NPR
- [Gulf Oil Spill Tracker](http://oilspill.skytruth.org/) interactive map and form for citizen reporting (SkyTruth.org)
- [Map and Estimates of the Oil Spilled](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/05/01/us/20100501-oil-spill-tracker.html) (*New York Times*)
- [Where Oil Has Made Landfall](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/05/27/us/20100527-oil-landfall.html) (*New York Times*)
- [Rig fire at *Deepwater Horizon* 4/21/10](https://web.archive.org/web/20100426123407/http://www.ireport.com/docs/DOC-435316?hpt=C2), video at CNN iReport
- [GOES-13 satellite images](http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/5240) on the [CIMSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIMSS "CIMSS") Satellite Blog
- [Underwater Video Examines Multiple Leak Points Causing BP Oil Spill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RngYv4SYMCY)
- [*The Big Fix*. Documentary about the oil spill](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KgFBciS_X0)
### Animations and graphics
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Animations and graphics")\]
- [Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Interactive: Smithsonian Ocean Portal](http://ocean.si.edu/gulf-oil-spill-interactive)
- [BBC News – interactive animation to the disaster and blocking efforts](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10317116)
- [*New York Times*](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/05/25/us/20100525-topkill-diagram.html) [exploded view](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploded_view "Exploded view") diagrams on the methods used to stop the oil spill
- [Graphic: Where the oil and gas went](http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20120109/GRAPHICS02/120109575&template=graphics&tc=ar) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140812171014/http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20120109%2FGRAPHICS02%2F120109575&template=graphics&tc=ar) 12 August 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [CSB produced blowout animation and technical explanation of cause of disaster](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCVCOWejlag) |
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