🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa105)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon","crawl_time":1774058018,"first_indexed_time":1375979377,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Deepwater Horizon - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Deepwater Horizon\nsemi-submersible\ndrilling rig\nHistory\nName\nDeepwater Horizon\nOwner\nTransocean's Triton Asset Leasing\n[\n1\n]\nOperator\nBP\nPort of registry\nPanama\n(23 February 2001 – 28 December 2004)\nMajuro\n(29 December 2004)\nRoute\nGulf of Mexico\nOrdered\nDecember 1998\nBuilder\nHyundai Heavy Industries\n[\n2\n]\nCost\nUS$560 million\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nWay number\n89\nLaid down\n21 March 2000\nCompleted\n2001\nAcquired\n23 February 2001\nMaiden voyage\nLong Beach, California\n–\nFreeport, Texas\nOut of service\n20 April 2010\nIdentification\nABS class no.\n: 0139290\nCall sign\n: V7HC9\nIMO number\n: \n8764597\nMMSI no.:\n538002213\nFate\nSank on 22 April 2010, after an explosion and fire\nNotes\nLocated in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at\n28°44′30″N\n88°23′03″W\n \/ \n28.7417°N 88.3842°W\n[\n5\n]\nGeneral characteristics\nClass & type\nABS\n+A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU\nDisplacement\n52.587 Mg\nLength\n112 m\nBeam\n78 m\nHeight\n97.5 m\nDraught\n23 m (75 ft)\nDepth\n41.5 m (136 ft)\nDeck clearance\n34.010 m (111.58 ft)\nInstalled power\n7 MW 11 kV\n6 ×\nWärtsilä\n18V32 7.2 MW\ndiesel engines\n6 ×\nABB\nAMG 0900xU10\nAC generators\nPropulsion\n8 ×\nKamewa\n5.5 MW, 6.3 rad fixed-propeller\nazimuth thrusters\nSpeed\n2 m\/s\nCapacity\nLiquid mud\n: 700 m\n3\nDrill water\n: 2100 m\n3\nPotable water\n: 1200 m\n3\nFuel oil\n: 4500 m\n3\nBulk mud\n: 400 m\n3\nBulk cement\n: 250 m\n3\nCrew\n150\nNotes\n[\n6\n]\n[\n7\n]\nDeepwater Horizon\nwas an ultra-deepwater,\ndynamically positioned\n,\nsemi-submersible\noffshore drilling\nrig\n[\n8\n]\nowned by\nTransocean\nand operated by the\nBP\ncompany. On 20 April 2010, while drilling in the\nGulf of Mexico\nat the\nMacondo Prospect\n, a\nblowout\ncaused\nan explosion on the rig\nthat killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away.\n[\n9\n]\nThe fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the\nHorizon\ncollapsed, leaving the well gushing at the\nseabed\nand becoming\nthe largest marine oil spill in history\n.\n[\n10\n]\n[\n11\n]\nBuilt in 2001 in\nSouth Korea\nby\nHyundai Heavy Industries\n,\n[\n12\n]\nthe rig was commissioned by\nR&B Falcon\n(a later asset of Transocean),\n[\n13\n]\nregistered in\nMajuro\n, and under lease to\nBP\nfrom 2001 until September 2013.\n[\n14\n]\nIn September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m)\n[\n15\n]\nin the\nTiber Oil Field\nat\nKeathley Canyon\nblock 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of\nHouston\n, in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water.\n[\n16\n]\nThe\nDeepwater Nautilus\n, similar to the\nDeepwater Horizon\n, being transported aboard a\nheavy-lift ship\n.\nDeepwater Horizon\nwas a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater,\ndynamically positioned\n, column-stabilized,\n[\n2\n]\nsemi-submersible\nmobile offshore drilling unit\n, designed to drill\nsubsea\nwells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa)\nblowout preventer\n, and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter\nmarine riser\n.\n[\n6\n]\nDeepwater Horizon\nwas the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although\nDeepwater Nautilus\n, its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters as deep as 8,000 feet (2,400 m), to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m).\n[\n6\n]\nIn 2010, it was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters deeper than 5,000 ft (1,500 m).\n[\n17\n]\nIts\nAmerican Bureau of Shipping\n(ABS) class notations were \"A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3\".\n[\n2\n]\nIn 2002, the rig was upgraded with \"e-drill\", a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in\nHouston\n, Texas, received\nreal-time\ndrilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information.\n[\n18\n]\nAdvanced systems had a major role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems\n[\n19\n]\nand modelling systems for\ncementing\n. The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by\nHalliburton\nin April 2010, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions became a focus for investigations of the explosion on the rig that month.\n[\n20\n]\nConstruction and ownership\n[\nedit\n]\nDeepwater Horizon\nwas built for R&B Falcon (which later became part of\nTransocean\n)\n[\n21\n]\nby\nHyundai Heavy Industries\nin\nUlsan\n, South Korea.\n[\n2\n]\nConstruction started in December 1998, the\nkeel\nwas laid on 21 March 2000,\n[\n7\n]\nand the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001,\n[\n7\n]\nafter the acquisition of R&B Falcon by Transocean.\n[\n22\n]\nUntil 29 December 2004, the rig was registered in the\nRepublic of Panama\n.\n[\n11\n]\nTransocean, through its\nSteinhausen, Switzerland\n[\n23\n]\nsubsidiary\n[\n24\n]\nTriton Asset Leasing GmbH,\n[\n1\n]\n[\n7\n]\noperated the rig under the\nMarshallese\nflag of convenience\n.\n[\n25\n]\nThe rig was leased to BP by a three-year contract for deployment in the\nGulf of Mexico\nafter construction.\n[\n26\n]\nThe lease was renewed in 2004 for a year,\n[\n27\n]\n2005 for five years,\n[\n28\n]\nand 2009 for three years covering 2010 to 2013.\n[\n25\n]\n[\n29\n]\nThe last contract was worth $544 million, or $496,800 a day,\n[\n30\n]\nfor a \"bare rig\",\n[\n31\n]\nwith crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same.\n[\n31\n]\nAccording to R&B Falcon's filings to\nSEC\nin 2001, the transfer document between R&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001,\n[\n32\n]\nand the rig was specified as \"official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO number of 8764597, with gross tonnage of 32,588 and net tonnage of 9,778\"\n[\n32\n]\nand the transfer value as\nUS$340 million\n.\n[\n32\n]\nAs of 2010\n, the rig was insured for\nUS$560 million\ncovering the replacement cost and wreckage removal.\n[\n22\n]\nDrilling operations\n[\nedit\n]\nDeepwater Horizon\nworked on wells in the\nAtlantis\n(BP 56%,\nBHP\n44%) and\nThunder Horse\n(BP 75%,\nExxonMobil\n25%)\n[\n33\n]\noil fields\n.  It was described at times as a \"lucky\" and \"celebrated\" rig,\n[\n34\n]\nand in 2007 was still described as \"one of the most powerful rigs in the world\".\n[\n35\n]\nIn 2006, it discovered oil in the\nKaskida oil field\nand, in 2009, the \"giant\"\nTiber oil field\n.\n[\n36\n]\n[\n37\n]\nThe well in the Tiber field had a true vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water.\n[\n38\n]\nThe well was the deepest oil well in the world\n[\n37\n]\n[\n38\n]\n[\n39\n]\n[\n40\n]\nand more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) farther below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list.\n[\n41\n]\nIn February 2010,\nDeepwater Horizon\ncommenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect (\nMississippi Canyon\nBlock 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of\nLouisiana\n, at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).\n[\n42\n]\nThe Macondo prospect exploration rights had been acquired by BP in 2009,\n[\n43\n]\nwith the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%),\nAnadarko Petroleum\n(25%) and\nMOEX Offshore 2007\n(10%).\n[\n44\n]\nDeepwater Horizon\nwas still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred resulting in destruction of the rig and the subsequent oil spill.\n[\n45\n]\n[\n46\n]\n[\n47\n]\n[\n48\n]\nThis oil spill has been recorded as the largest offshore spill to occur to date,\n[\n49\n]\nresulting in 40 miles (64 km) of coastal pollution.\n[\n50\n]\nThe well was in the final stages of completion after cement had been emplaced for its last casing string. The exploratory work had been described as \"concluded\" with permission having been requested already from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site.\n[\n51\n]\nThe rig was scheduled to move to its next roles as semi-permanent production platforms, initially at the Tiber site followed by a return to the Kaskida field, an oil dome 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana.\n[\n34\n]\nDuring its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of the time it was in service (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly was time spent moving between sites.\n[\n52\n]\nRegulation, safety, and inspection\n[\nedit\n]\nThe\nMinerals Management Service\n(renamed on 18 June 2010, to the\nBureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement\n, or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE))\n[\n53\n]\nis the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America.\n[\n53\n]\nAccording to an\nAssociated Press\ninvestigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent.\n[\n52\n]\nThe exact number of required monthly inspections performed varied over time; the inspections were performed as required for the first 40 months, but after that about 25% of inspections were omitted,\n[\n52\n]\nalthough the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection.\n[\n52\n]\nReports of the last three inspections for 2010 were provided by\nFreedom of Information legislation\n. Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less.\n[\n52\n]\nDuring its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution).\n[\n52\n]\nA sixth citation in 2007 related to non-\ngrounded\nelectrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations.\n[\n52\n]\nOverall the\nDeepwater Horizon\n's\nsafety record was \"strong\" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information.\n[\n52\n]\nIn 2009 the Minerals Management Service \"herald[ed] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety\".\n[\n52\n]\nAccording to AP's investigation \"its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs\".\n[\n52\n]\nExplosion and oil spill\n[\nedit\n]\nDeepwater Horizon\nin flames after the explosion\nDW Horizon\nLocation of the\nDeepwater Horizon\non\n20 April 2010\nAt 7:45 p.m.\nCDT\non 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well off the gulf of Mexico, a geyser of seawater erupted from the\nmarine riser\nonto the rig, shooting 70 metres (230 ft) into the air.  This was followed soon by the eruption of a slushy combination of\ndrilling mud\n,\nmethane gas\n, and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the\nblowout preventer\n, but it failed.\n[\n54\n]\nThe final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a\nblind shear ram\n, was activated but failed to plug the well.\n[\n55\n]\nTen workers were presumed killed by the initial explosion:\nJason Anderson, 35, of\nMidfield, Texas\n;\nDonald Clark, 49, of\nNewellton, Louisiana\n;\nStephen Ray Curtis, 40, of\nGeorgetown, Louisiana\n;\nGordon Jones, 28, of\nBaton Rouge, Louisiana\n;\nRoy Wyatt Kemp, 27, of\nJonesville, Louisiana\n;\nKarl Kleppinger Jr., 38, of\nNatchez, Mississippi\n;\nKeith Blair Manuel, 56, of\nGonzales, Louisiana\n;\nDewey Revette, 48, of\nState Line, Mississippi\n;\nShane Roshto, 22, of\nLiberty, Mississippi\n;\nAdam Weise, 24, of\nYorktown, Texas\n.\nAn eleventh worker also died in the subsequent fire, a crane operator:\nAaron Dale Burkeen, 37, of\nPhiladelphia, Mississippi\n.\n115 workers survived with 17 injured.\nThe rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours,\nDeepwater Horizon\nsank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the\nseafloor\napproximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) deep at that location, and about 400 metres (1,300 ft) northwest of the well.\n[\n46\n]\n[\n56\n]\n[\n57\n]\nThe\nresultant oil spill\ncontinued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap.\n[\n58\n]\nRelief wells\nwere used to permanently seal the well, which was declared \"effectively dead\" on 19 September 2010.\n[\n59\n]\nNOAA\nestablished the Gulf Spill Restoration project, administered by the Deep Water Horizon National Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, to help to restore much of the coastline.\n[\n60\n]\nTransocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the\nDeepwater Horizon\nof\nUS$401 million\nabout 5 May 2010.\n[\n61\n]\nFinancial analysts\nnoted that the insurance recovery was likely to be more than the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities – the latter estimated at as much as\nUS$200 million\n.\n[\n62\n]\nLitigation, ultimate assessment of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery were all unknown as of June 2010\n, with analysts reporting that the aftermath was of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to resolve.\n[\n63\n]\n[\n64\n]\nA July 2010 analysis by the\nFinancial Times\nof the aftermath cited legal sources as saying that \"at some point the scale of\nthe litigation\nbecomes so large that it really is novel\", that \"the situation is likely to be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called\nclass actions\n\" and that there was \"no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before\".\n[\n65\n]\nAs with the\nExxon Valdez disaster\n, litigation was being discussed in terms of a 20-year timescale.\n[\n63\n]\nIn January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act. BP had earlier agreed to pay $2.4 billion but was liable to additional penalties that could range from $5 billion to $20 billion.\n[\n66\n]\nIn September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against them by paying $1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments during two years.\n[\n67\n]\nOn 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge\nCarl Barbier\nruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct by the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as \"reckless\", while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were \"negligent\". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.\n[\n68\n]\nOn 8 December 2014, the US Supreme Court rejected BP's legal challenge to a compensation deal for the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill.  The settlement agreement had no maximum, but BP initially estimated that it would pay about $7.8bn (£6.1bn) to compensate victims.\n[\n69\n]\nAs of 2018, approximately 390,000 claims for compensations had been filled, with around $65bn paid in settlements; thousands of claims were still outstanding.\n[\n70\n]\nThe\nDeepwater Horizon\noil spill is cited by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of\necocide\n.\n[\n71\n]\n[\n72\n]\n[\n73\n]\n[\n74\n]\nThe biographical disaster movie\nDeepwater Horizon\n, released in 2016, depicts the events of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill. The movie is based on \"Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours\", an article published in\nThe New York Times\n.\n[\n75\n]\nIxtoc I oil spill\nOcean Ranger\nPiper Alpha\nTony Hayward\n^\na\nb\n\"Transocean Ltd., Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2010\"\n. secdatabase.com.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 24 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n15 May\n2018\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nMalcolm Sharples\net al\nfor Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for\nMinerals Management Service\n, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006).\n\"Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan\"\n(PDF)\n.\nUS Government Minerals Management Service\n. pp. \n50–\n51. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 23 August 2006\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (\nlink\n) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update\"\n(Press release). Transocean Ltd. 26 April 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 22 July 2010\n. Retrieved\n21 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events\"\n.\nOffshore-Technology\n. Net Resources International. 7 May 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n21 May\n2010\n.\n^\nUSCG Investigation Team Members (27 April 2010).\nReport of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Explosion, Fire, Sinking and Loss of Eleven Crew Members Aboard the MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNIT\nDEEPWATER HORIZON\nIn the GULF OF MEXICO April 20 – 22, 2010\n(PDF)\n.\nbsee.gov\n(Report). Vol. 1. United States Coast Guard\n. Retrieved\n20 April\n2025\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon\"\n. Transocean. Archived from\nthe original\non 19 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n9 June\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\n\"ABS Record:\nDeepwater Horizon\n\"\n. American Bureau of Shipping. 21 March 2000.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 9 November 2017\n. Retrieved\n9 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon\"\n. Transocean. Archived from\nthe original\non 19 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n9 June\n2010\n.\n^\nCrittenden, Guy (10 May 2010).\n\"Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire\"\n. HazMat Management. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n20 June\n2010\n.\n^\nStaff and wire (27 May 2010).\n\"Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in history as BP continues plug effort\"\n.\nUSA Today\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n9 June\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nDeepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report\n(PDF)\n(Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 28 September 2018\n. Retrieved\n25 February\n2013\n.\n^\nMalcolm Sharples\net al\nfor Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for\nMinerals Management Service\n, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006).\n\"Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan\"\n(PDF)\n.\nUS Government Minerals Management Service\n. pp. \n50–\n51. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 23 August 2006\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (\nlink\n) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January 31, 2001\"\n.\nPR Newswire\n. 29 January 2001. Archived from\nthe original\non 27 May 2012\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Deepwater Horizon contract extended\"\n.\nOffshore Magazine\n.\nPennWell Corporation\n. 1 November 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well\"\n(Press release). Transocean. 2 September 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 26 April 2010\n. Retrieved\n7 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber\"\n. Rigzone. 2 September 2009.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2 March 2017\n. Retrieved\n29 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Rig Data Centre\"\n.\nRigzone\n. 28 May 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 27 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n28 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Monitoring system reduces rig downtime\"\n.\nOffshore Magazine\n.\nPennWell Corporation\n. 1 November 2002. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface\"\n.\nIT news website\n. Computerworld UK. 28 May 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 February 2015\n. Retrieved\n12 November\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable\"\n.\nIT news website\n. Computerworld UK. 12 November 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2015\n. Retrieved\n12 November\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January 31, 2001\"\n.\nPR Newswire\n. 29 January 2001.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 May 2012\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n– date of publication verifiable on\n[1]\n^\na\nb\n\"Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update\"\n.\nWall Street Journal\n. 26 April 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 22 July 2010\n. Retrieved\n20 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH\"\n. Moneyhouse.ch \"Commercial register and company data\".\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 January 2011\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)\"\n. SEC EDGAR database, for the\nU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 28 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nReddall, Braden (22 April 2010).\n\"Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled\"\n.\nReuters\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n1 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF\"\n. Offshore Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF magazine. 1 June 2001. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon\"\n.\nBusiness Wire\n. 26 April 2004.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Transocean Inc. Announces Contract Awards for Two High-Specification Semisubmersible Rigs\"\n.\nBusiness Wire\n. 28 April 2005. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 September 2011\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Deepwater Horizon contract extended\"\n.\nOffshore Magazine\n.\nPennWell Corporation\n. 1 November 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"The Well\"\n.\nThe Houston Chronicle\n. 17 October 2009.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nBartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010).\n\"Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon\"\n(PDF)\n. Robson Forensic. p. 8. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 24 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"R&B FALCON CORP, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 31, 2001\"\n. secdatabase.com.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 24 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n15 May\n2018\n.\n^\nBergin, Tom (17 June 2008).\n\"BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production\"\n.\nReuters\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 13 October 2008\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2009\n.\n^\na\nb\nWashburn, Mark (14 May 2010).\n\"A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck\"\n.\nThe McClatchy Company\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 19 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n18 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Kaskida\"\n. Oil & Gas Investor. 1 April 2007\n. Retrieved\n23 June\n2010\n.\nAlternate link\nArchived\n5 September 2012 at the\nWayback Machine\n^\n\"BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico\"\n(Press release). RigZone. 31 August 2006.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 6 April 2015\n. Retrieved\n24 April\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well\"\n. TransOcean. 2 September 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 29 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n8 August\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico\"\n.\nOffshore Magazine\n.\nPennWell Corporation\n. 2 September 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\nBraden Reddall (2 September 2009).\n\"Transocean says well at BP discovery deepest ever\"\n.\nReuters\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well\"\n. Red Mist Media. Archived from\nthe original\non 27 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n26 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Fleet Status Report\"\n. Transocean. 13 April 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 7 March 2012\n. Retrieved\n9 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA\"\n. offshore-technology.com. 20 October 2005.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 March 2012\n. Retrieved\n9 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information\"\n. US Minerals Management Service. 8 August 2008. Archived from\nthe original\non 7 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n6 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo\"\n. Subsea.Org. Archived from\nthe original\non 31 October 2015\n. Retrieved\n18 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM\"\n. Rigzone. 21 April 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 May 2017\n. Retrieved\n21 April\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nRobertson, Cambell; Robbins, Liz (22 April 2010).\n\"Oil Rig Sinks in the Gulf of Mexico\"\n.\nNew York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today\"\n(Press release).\nBP\n. 21 April 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 25 April 2010\n. Retrieved\n21 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale\"\n. Rigzone. 30 April 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2 March 2017\n. Retrieved\n18 May\n2010\n.\n^\nMichel, Jacqueline; Owens, Edward H.; Zengel, Scott; Graham, Andrew; Nixon, Zachary; Allard, Teresa; Holton, William; Reimer, P. Doug; Lamarche, Alain; White, Mark; Rutherford, Nicolle (12 June 2013).\n\"Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA\"\n.\nPLOS ONE\n.\n8\n(6) e65087.\nBibcode\n:\n2013PLoSO...865087M\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0065087\n.\nISSN\n \n1932-6203\n.\nPMC\n \n3680451\n.\nPMID\n \n23776444\n.\n^\nKujawinski, Elizabeth B.\n; Kido Soule, Melissa C.; Valentine, David L.; Boysen, Angela K.; Longnecker, Krista; Redmond, Molly C. (15 February 2011).\n\"Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\"\n.\nEnvironmental Science & Technology\n.\n45\n(4):\n1298–\n1306.\nBibcode\n:\n2011EnST...45.1298K\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1021\/es103838p\n.\nhdl\n:\n1912\/4332\n.\nISSN\n \n0013-936X\n.\nPMID\n \n21265576\n.\n^\n\"UPDATED: Search Continues for 11 Missing Workers\"\n. RigZone. 22 April 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 May 2017\n. Retrieved\n19 July\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\n\"Review: Oil rig inspections fell short of guidelines\"\n.\nAssociated Press\n. 16 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n8 September\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement\"\n. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. 21 June 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 26 June 2010.\n^\nBrenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Watts, Rob; Pitt, Anthea (29 April 2010).\n\"Horizon crew tried to activate BOP\"\n.\nUpstream Online\n. NHST Media Group.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 September 2012\n. Retrieved\n4 June\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Investigating the Cause of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout\"\n.\nNew York Times\n. 21 June 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 24 March 2018\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2017\n.\n^\nResnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (22 April 2010).\n\"Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico\"\n.\nBloomberg\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 September 2015\n. Retrieved\n22 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico\"\n.\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n,\nOffice of Response and Restoration\n. 24 April 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 29 April 2010\n. Retrieved\n25 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill\"\n.\nNational Wildlife\n. National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n2 May\n2010\n.\n^\n\"US Government: Deepwater Horizon Well Is Effectively Dead\"\n. 19 September 2009.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 September 2011\n. Retrieved\n19 September\n2009\n.\n^\n\"NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration |\"\n.\nwww.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 9 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n5 March\n2021\n.\n^\nGreen, Meg (7 May 2010).\n\"Transocean: Insurers Have Already Paid $401 Million for Deepwater Horizon Loss\"\n. Insurance news net.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 26 April 2012\n. Retrieved\n17 June\n2010\n.\n^\nFortson, Danny (9 May 2010).\n\"Rig firm's $270m profit from deadly spill\"\n.\nThe Sunday Times\n. London. Archived from\nthe original\non 28 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n17 June\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nStempel, Jonathan (30 June 2010).\n\"Special Report – BP oil spill a gusher for lawyers\"\n.\nReuters Africa\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 20 July 2010\n. Retrieved\n19 July\n2010\n.\n^\nKam, Dara (29 June 2010).\n\"Valdez expert: Psychological impact of Gulf oil spill won't fully emerge for years\"\n.\npalm Beach post news\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 28 April 2012\n. Retrieved\n19 July\n2010\n.\n^\n\"BP: Eagles and vultures\"\n.\nFinancial Times\n. 1 July 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 30 January 2011\n. Retrieved\n19 July\n2010\n.\n^\nDavid Malakoff (3 January 2013).\n\"Second Oil Spill Settlement Adds to Gulf Coast Science and Restoration Funding\"\n.\nScience News\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 10 March 2013\n. Retrieved\n4 April\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Halliburton to pay around $1.1 bn for US oil spill claims\"\n.\nReuters\n. 2 September 2014.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n3 September\n2014\n.\n^\n\"BP found \"grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill\"\n. New Orleans Sun. 4 September 2014.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n5 September\n2014\n.\n^\n\"BP loses latest US oil spill appeal\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 8 December 2014.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n21 June\n2018\n.\n^\nVaughan, Adam (16 January 2018).\n\"BP's Deepwater Horizon bill tops $65bn\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\nISSN\n \n0261-3077\n. Retrieved\n7 May\n2024\n.\n^\nWeisbrod, Katelyn (22 June 2021).\n\"As the Gulf of Mexico Heals from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Stringent Safety Proposals Remain Elusive\"\n.\nInside Climate News\n. Retrieved\n3 July\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Why criminalising ecocide won't solve the climate crisis\"\n.\neuronews\n. 13 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n3 July\n2023\n.\n^\nGigova, Radina (2 July 2023).\n\"Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?\"\n.\nCNN\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 January 2024\n. Retrieved\n3 July\n2023\n.\n^\nSarliève, Maud (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), \"Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges\",\nLife on Land\n, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. \n1–\n11,\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/978-3-319-71065-5_110-1\n,\nISBN\n \n978-3-319-71065-5\n,\nS2CID\n \n241216767\n{{\ncitation\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (\nlink\n)\n^\nBarstow, David\n;\nRohde, David\n;\nSaul, Stephanie\n(25 December 2010).\n\"Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 17 December 2016\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2017\n.\nThis audio file\nwas created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2014\n, and does not reflect subsequent edits.\nWikinews has news related to:\nTransocean official website\nDeepwater Horizon\ndetail at Transocean's website\nand at\nRigZone.com\nPhotograph of\nDeepwater Horizon\nin 2004\nat\nGeographic.org\nGriffitt, Michelle.\n\"Initial Exploration Plan Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306\"\n(PDF)\n.\nBP Exploration and Production\n.\nNew Orleans\n, Louisiana:\nMinerals Management Service\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 5 July 2010.\nWashburn, Mark (14 May 2010).\n\"A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck\"\n.\nThe McClatchy Company\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 19 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n18 June\n2010\n.\n– detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion (\nyahoo news mirror\n)\nPhoto history of the fire and loss\nAdditional references explaining events\nBOEM reading room on Deepwater Horizon, including Freedom of Information publications\nVideo explaining the events leading up to the Deepwater Horizon explosion and how it affected the region.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon)\n- [1 Design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#Design)\n- [2 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Construction and ownership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#Construction_and_ownership)\n  - [2\\.2 Drilling operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#Drilling_operations)\n  - [2\\.3 Regulation, safety, and inspection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#Regulation,_safety,_and_inspection)\n- [3 Explosion and oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#Explosion_and_oil_spill)\n- [4 Aftermath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#Aftermath)\n- [5 Movie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#Movie)\n- [6 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#See_also)\n- [7 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#References)\n- [8 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# *Deepwater Horizon*\n30 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86 \"ديب واتر هورايزن – Arabic\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Azerbaijani\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BD \"Дийпуотър Хърайзън – Bulgarian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Czech\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – German\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 \"دیپ‌واتر هاریزون – Persian\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – French\")\n- [Frysk](https:\/\/fy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_\$boarplatfoarm\$ \"Deepwater Horizon (boarplatfoarm) – Western Frisian\")\n- [Gaeilge](https:\/\/ga.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Irish\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Galician\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F \"דיפווטר הורייזן – Hebrew\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Indonesian\")\n- [Íslenska](https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Icelandic\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Italian\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%94%A5%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0_%ED%97%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%8C \"딥워터 허라이즌 – Korean\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Malay\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_\$schip,_2001\$ \"Deepwater Horizon (schip, 2001) – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Russian\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Slovak\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Swedish\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Turkish\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Deepwater Horizon – Vietnamese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B7%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A%E9%91%BD%E4%BA%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0 \"深水地平線鑽井平台 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q212975#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Deepwater_Horizon \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Deepwater_Horizon \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Deepwater_Horizon \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&oldid=1342142906 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Deepwater_Horizon&id=1342142906&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDeepwater_Horizon)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Deepwater_Horizon&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_drilling_rig_explosion)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q212975 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): [28°44′30″N 88°23′03″W \/ 28\\.7417°N 88.3842°W \/ 28\\.7417; -88.3842](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon&params=28.7417_N_88.3842_W_region:US-LA_type:landmark)\n\n[![This is a good article. Click here for more information.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/94\/Symbol_support_vote.svg\/20px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Good_articles* \"This is a good article. Click here for more information.\")\n\n[![Listen to this article](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg\/20px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:En-Deepwater_Horizon-article.ogg \"Listen to this article\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nFormer offshore oil drilling rig\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/16\/Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg\/40px-Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg.png) | This article **contains one or more duplicated citations**. The reason given is: DuplicateReferences script detected: <https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060823190336\/http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf> (refs: 2, 12) <https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100722131354\/http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26> (refs: 3, 22) <https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619121120\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html> (refs: 6, 8) <https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004652\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html> (refs: 14, 29) <http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349> (refs: 45, 51) It is recommended to use [named references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS \"Help:Footnotes\") to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. *(March 2026)* *([Learn how and when to remove this message](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Maintenance_template_removal \"Help:Maintenance template removal\"))* |\n\nThis article is about the drilling rig. For other uses, see [Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_\$disambiguation\$ \"Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation)\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/e\/e0\/Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)*Deepwater Horizon* [semi-submersible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semi-submersible_platform \"Semi-submersible platform\") drilling rig |   |\n| History |   |\n| Name | *Deepwater Horizon* |\n| Owner | [Transocean's Triton Asset Leasing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\")[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1) |\n| Operator | [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") |\n| Port of registry | [Panama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama \"Panama\") (23 February 2001 – 28 December 2004) [Majuro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Majuro \"Majuro\") (29 December 2004) |\n| Route | [Gulf of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") |\n| Ordered | December 1998 |\n| Builder | [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries \"Hyundai Heavy Industries\")[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) |\n| Cost | US\\$560 million[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-4) |\n| Way number | 89 |\n| Laid down | 21 March 2000 |\n| Completed | 2001 |\n| Acquired | 23 February 2001 |\n| Maiden voyage | [Long Beach, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_Beach,_California \"Long Beach, California\") – [Freeport, Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeport,_Texas \"Freeport, Texas\") |\n| Out of service | 20 April 2010 |\n| Identification | [ABS class no.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Bureau_of_Shipping \"American Bureau of Shipping\"): 0139290 [Call sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Call_sign \"Call sign\"): V7HC9 [IMO number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMO_number \"IMO number\"): [8764597](https:\/\/www.marinetraffic.com\/ais\/details\/ships\/imo:8764597) [MMSI no.:](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity \"Maritime Mobile Service Identity\") 538002213 |\n| Fate | Sank on 22 April 2010, after an explosion and fire |\n| Notes | Located in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at [28°44′30″N 88°23′03″W \/ 28\\.7417°N 88.3842°W \/ 28\\.7417; -88.3842](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon&params=28.7417_N_88.3842_W_region:US-LA_type:landmark)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503-5) |\n| General characteristics |   |\n| Class & type | [ABS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Bureau_of_Shipping \"American Bureau of Shipping\") +A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU |\n| Displacement | 52\\.587 Mg |\n| Length | 112 m |\n| Beam | 78 m |\n| Height | 97\\.5 m |\n| Draught | 23 m (75 ft) |\n| Depth | 41\\.5 m (136 ft) |\n| Deck clearance | 34\\.010 m (111.58 ft) |\n| Installed power | 7 MW 11 kV 6 × [Wärtsilä](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4 \"Wärtsilä\") 18V32 7.2 MW [diesel engines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diesel_engines \"Diesel engines\") 6 × [ABB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABB \"ABB\") AMG 0900xU10 [AC generators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AC_generator \"AC generator\") |\n| Propulsion | 8 × [Kamewa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamewa \"Kamewa\") 5.5 MW, 6.3 rad fixed-propeller [azimuth thrusters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azimuth_thruster \"Azimuth thruster\") |\n| Speed | 2 m\/s |\n| Capacity | [Liquid mud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drilling_fluid \"Drilling fluid\"): 700 m3 [Drill water](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water \"Water\"): 2100 m3 [Potable water](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_water \"Drinking water\"): 1200 m3 [Fuel oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuel_oil \"Fuel oil\"): 4500 m3 [Bulk mud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drilling_fluid \"Drilling fluid\"): 400 m3 [Bulk cement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cement \"Cement\"): 250 m3 |\n| Crew | 150 |\n| Notes | [\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) |\n\n***Deepwater Horizon*** was an ultra-deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynamic_positioning \"Dynamic positioning\"), [semi-submersible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semi-submersible_platform \"Semi-submersible platform\") [offshore drilling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Offshore_drilling \"Offshore drilling\") [rig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_platform \"Oil platform\")[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec2-8) owned by [Transocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\") and operated by the [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") company. On 20 April 2010, while drilling in the [Gulf of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") at the [Macondo Prospect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macondo_Prospect \"Macondo Prospect\"), a [blowout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_\$well_drilling\$ \"Blowout (well drilling)\") caused [an explosion on the rig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion \"Deepwater Horizon explosion\") that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-9) The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the *Horizon* collapsed, leaving the well gushing at the [seabed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seabed \"Seabed\") and becoming [the largest marine oil spill in history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-largest_in_US_hist2-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11)\n\nBuilt in 2001 in [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea \"South Korea\") by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries \"Hyundai Heavy Industries\"),[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan2-12) the rig was commissioned by [R\\&B Falcon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%26B_Falcon \"R&B Falcon\") (a later asset of Transocean),[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger2-13) registered in [Majuro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Majuro \"Majuro\"), and under lease to [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") from 2001 until September 2013.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag0111092-14) In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Transocean_Release2-15) in the [Tiber Oil Field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiber_Oil_Field \"Tiber Oil Field\") at [Keathley Canyon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keathley_Canyon \"Keathley Canyon\") block 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\"), in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rigzone200909022-16)\n\n## Design\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Design\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg\/250px-Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg)\n\nThe *Deepwater Nautilus*, similar to the *Deepwater Horizon*, being transported aboard a [heavy-lift ship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heavy-lift_ship \"Heavy-lift ship\").\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| This article is part of a series about the |\n| [*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg\/250px-Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg) |\n| [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") *[Deepwater Horizon]()* [Explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion \"Deepwater Horizon explosion\") [Oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Volume and extent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Closure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_response \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill response\") [Environmental impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Health consequences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Economic effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Reactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Investigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation \"Deepwater Horizon investigation\") [Litigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation \"Deepwater Horizon litigation\") [Compensation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust \"Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series \"Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series \"Template talk:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series\") |\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* was a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynamic_positioning \"Dynamic positioning\"), column-stabilized,[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) semi-submersible [mobile offshore drilling unit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Offshore_drilling \"Offshore drilling\"), designed to drill [subsea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subsea \"Subsea\") wells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa) [blowout preventer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_preventer \"Blowout preventer\"), and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter [marine riser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_riser \"Marine riser\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6)\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although *[Deepwater Nautilus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Nautilus \"Deepwater Nautilus\")*, its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters as deep as 8,000 feet (2,400 m), to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m).[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6) In 2010, it was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters deeper than 5,000 ft (1,500 m).[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-17) Its [American Bureau of Shipping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Bureau_of_Shipping \"American Bureau of Shipping\") (ABS) class notations were \"A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3\".[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2)\n\nIn 2002, the rig was upgraded with \"e-drill\", a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\"), Texas, received [real-time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real-time_computing \"Real-time computing\") drilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-18)\n\nAdvanced systems had a major role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-19) and modelling systems for [cementing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cementing_equipment \"Cementing equipment\"). The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by [Halliburton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halliburton \"Halliburton\") in April 2010, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions became a focus for investigations of the explosion on the rig that month.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-20)\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\n### Construction and ownership\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Construction and ownership\")\\]\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* was built for R\\&B Falcon (which later became part of [Transocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\"))[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger-21) by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries \"Hyundai Heavy Industries\") in [Ulsan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulsan \"Ulsan\"), South Korea.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) Construction started in December 1998, the [keel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keel \"Keel\") was laid on 21 March 2000,[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) and the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001,[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) after the acquisition of R\\&B Falcon by Transocean.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22) Until 29 December 2004, the rig was registered in the [Republic of Panama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Panama \"Republic of Panama\").[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11)\n\nTransocean, through its [Steinhausen, Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steinhausen,_Switzerland \"Steinhausen, Switzerland\")[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-23) subsidiary[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-24) Triton Asset Leasing GmbH,[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) operated the rig under the [Marshallese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\") [flag of convenience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flag_of_convenience \"Flag of convenience\").[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25) The rig was leased to BP by a three-year contract for deployment in the [Gulf of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") after construction.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-26) The lease was renewed in 2004 for a year,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-27) 2005 for five years,[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-28) and 2009 for three years covering 2010 to 2013.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag011109-29) The last contract was worth \\$544 million, or \\$496,800 a day,[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-30) for a \"bare rig\",[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31) with crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31)\n\nAccording to R\\&B Falcon's filings to [SEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission \"Securities & Exchange Commission\") in 2001, the transfer document between R\\&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001,[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the rig was specified as \"official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO number of 8764597, with gross tonnage of 32,588 and net tonnage of 9,778\"[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the transfer value as US\\$340 million.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) As of 2010[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit), the rig was insured for US\\$560 million covering the replacement cost and wreckage removal.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22)\n\n### Drilling operations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Drilling operations\")\\]\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* worked on wells in the [Atlantis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantis_Oil_Field \"Atlantis Oil Field\") (BP 56%, [BHP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BHP \"BHP\") 44%) and [Thunder Horse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thunder_Horse_Oil_Field \"Thunder Horse Oil Field\") (BP 75%, [ExxonMobil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ExxonMobil \"ExxonMobil\") 25%)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-33) [oil fields](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_field \"Oil field\"). It was described at times as a \"lucky\" and \"celebrated\" rig,[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34) and in 2007 was still described as \"one of the most powerful rigs in the world\".[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-35) In 2006, it discovered oil in the [Kaskida oil field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaskida_oil_field \"Kaskida oil field\") and, in 2009, the \"giant\" [Tiber oil field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiber_oil_field \"Tiber oil field\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37) The well in the Tiber field had a true vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38) The well was the deepest oil well in the world[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reuters020909-39)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Deepest-40) and more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) farther below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-41)\n\nIn February 2010, *Deepwater Horizon* commenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect ([Mississippi Canyon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mississippi_Canyon \"Mississippi Canyon\") Block 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louisiana \"Louisiana\"), at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-otMacondo-42) The Macondo prospect exploration rights had been acquired by BP in 2009,[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-auction-43) with the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%), [Anadarko Petroleum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anadarko_Petroleum \"Anadarko Petroleum\") (25%) and [MOEX Offshore 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitsui \"Mitsui\") (10%).[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsea-44) *Deepwater Horizon* was still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred resulting in destruction of the rig and the subsequent oil spill.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone2-45)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-48) This oil spill has been recorded as the largest offshore spill to occur to date,[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-49) resulting in 40 miles (64 km) of coastal pollution.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-50) The well was in the final stages of completion after cement had been emplaced for its last casing string. The exploratory work had been described as \"concluded\" with permission having been requested already from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-51) The rig was scheduled to move to its next roles as semi-permanent production platforms, initially at the Tiber site followed by a return to the Kaskida field, an oil dome 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34)\n\nDuring its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of the time it was in service (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly was time spent moving between sites.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52)\n\n### Regulation, safety, and inspection\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Regulation, safety, and inspection\")\\]\n\nThe [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\") (renamed on 18 June 2010, to the [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement \"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement\"), or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE))[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) is the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) According to an *[Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")* investigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) The exact number of required monthly inspections performed varied over time; the inspections were performed as required for the first 40 months, but after that about 25% of inspections were omitted,[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) although the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Reports of the last three inspections for 2010 were provided by [Freedom of Information legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freedom_of_Information_legislation \"Freedom of Information legislation\"). Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52)\n\nDuring its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution).[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) A sixth citation in 2007 related to non-[grounded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ground_\$electricity\$ \"Ground (electricity)\") electrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Overall the *Deepwater Horizon*'s safety record was \"strong\" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) In 2009 the Minerals Management Service \"herald\\[ed\\] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety\".[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) According to AP's investigation \"its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs\".[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52)\n\n## Explosion and oil spill\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Explosion and oil spill\")\\]\n\nMain articles: [Deepwater Horizon explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion \"Deepwater Horizon explosion\") and [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg\/250px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg)\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* in flames after the explosion\n\n[![site of the explosion](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg\/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg \"site of the explosion\")\n\n![site of the explosion](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\nDW Horizon\n\nLocation of the *Deepwater Horizon* on 20 April 2010\n\nAt 7:45 p.m. [CDT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Time_Zone_\$Americas\$ \"Central Time Zone (Americas)\") on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well off the gulf of Mexico, a geyser of seawater erupted from the [marine riser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_riser \"Marine riser\") onto the rig, shooting 70 metres (230 ft) into the air. This was followed soon by the eruption of a slushy combination of [drilling mud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drilling_fluid \"Drilling fluid\"), [methane gas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methane_gas \"Methane gas\"), and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the [blowout preventer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_preventer \"Blowout preventer\"), but it failed.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-upstream290410-54) The final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a [blind shear ram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_preventer#Types \"Blowout preventer\"), was activated but failed to plug the well.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-55)\n\nTen workers were presumed killed by the initial explosion:\n\n- Jason Anderson, 35, of [Midfield, Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midfield,_Texas \"Midfield, Texas\");\n- Donald Clark, 49, of [Newellton, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newellton,_Louisiana \"Newellton, Louisiana\");\n- Stephen Ray Curtis, 40, of [Georgetown, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgetown,_Louisiana \"Georgetown, Louisiana\");\n- Gordon Jones, 28, of [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\");\n- Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, of [Jonesville, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonesville,_Louisiana \"Jonesville, Louisiana\");\n- Karl Kleppinger Jr., 38, of [Natchez, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natchez,_Mississippi \"Natchez, Mississippi\");\n- Keith Blair Manuel, 56, of [Gonzales, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonzales,_Louisiana \"Gonzales, Louisiana\");\n- Dewey Revette, 48, of [State Line, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Line,_Mississippi \"State Line, Mississippi\");\n- Shane Roshto, 22, of [Liberty, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberty,_Mississippi \"Liberty, Mississippi\");\n- Adam Weise, 24, of [Yorktown, Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yorktown,_Texas \"Yorktown, Texas\").\n\nAn eleventh worker also died in the subsequent fire, a crane operator:\n\n- Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37, of [Philadelphia, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia,_Mississippi \"Philadelphia, Mississippi\").\n\n115 workers survived with 17 injured.\n\nThe rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours, *Deepwater Horizon* sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the [seafloor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seabed \"Seabed\") approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) deep at that location, and about 400 metres (1,300 ft) northwest of the well.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-bloomberg220410-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-57)\n\nThe [resultant oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") continued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-58) [Relief wells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relief_well \"Relief well\") were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared \"effectively dead\" on 19 September 2010.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-59) [NOAA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NOAA \"NOAA\") established the Gulf Spill Restoration project, administered by the Deep Water Horizon National Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, to help to restore much of the coastline.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-60)\n\n## Aftermath\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Aftermath\")\\]\n\nFurther information: [Deepwater Horizon litigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation \"Deepwater Horizon litigation\")\n\nTransocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the *Deepwater Horizon* of US\\$401 million about 5 May 2010.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-61) [Financial analysts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_analyst \"Financial analyst\") noted that the insurance recovery was likely to be more than the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities – the latter estimated at as much as US\\$200 million.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-62)\n\nLitigation, ultimate assessment of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery were all unknown as of June 2010[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit), with analysts reporting that the aftermath was of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to resolve.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-64) A July 2010 analysis by the *[Financial Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* of the aftermath cited legal sources as saying that \"at some point the scale of [the litigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation \"Deepwater Horizon litigation\") becomes so large that it really is novel\", that \"the situation is likely to be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called [class actions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Class_action \"Class action\")\" and that there was \"no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before\".[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-65) As with the [Exxon Valdez disaster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill#Litigation_and_cleanup_costs \"Exxon Valdez oil spill\"), litigation was being discussed in terms of a 20-year timescale.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63)\n\nIn January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US\\$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act. BP had earlier agreed to pay \\$2.4 billion but was liable to additional penalties that could range from \\$5 billion to \\$20 billion.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-66) In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against them by paying \\$1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments during two years.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-HalliburtonDeepwater-67) On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge [Carl Barbier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Barbier \"Carl Barbier\") ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct by the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as \"reckless\", while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were \"negligent\". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BPverdict-68)\n\nOn 8 December 2014, the US Supreme Court rejected BP's legal challenge to a compensation deal for the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The settlement agreement had no maximum, but BP initially estimated that it would pay about \\$7.8bn (£6.1bn) to compensate victims.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal-69) As of 2018, approximately 390,000 claims for compensations had been filled, with around \\$65bn paid in settlements; thousands of claims were still outstanding.[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-70)\n\nThe *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill is cited by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of [ecocide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecocide \"Ecocide\").[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-71)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-72)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-73)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-74)\n\n## Movie\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Movie\")\\]\n\nThe biographical disaster movie *[Deepwater Horizon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_\$film\$ \"Deepwater Horizon (film)\")*, released in 2016, depicts the events of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill. The movie is based on \"Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours\", an article published in *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-DH-FH-nyt-75)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7d\/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg\/40px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg)[Transport portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Transport \"Portal:Transport\")\n\n- [Ixtoc I oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill \"Ixtoc I oil spill\")\n- *[Ocean Ranger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Ranger \"Ocean Ranger\")*\n- *[Piper Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piper_Alpha \"Piper Alpha\")*\n- [Tony Hayward](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony_Hayward \"Tony Hayward\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-1)\n   [\"Transocean Ltd., Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2010\"](http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/1568\/145150510000023\/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210224170129\/http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/1568\/145150510000023\/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-3)\n   Malcolm Sharples *et al* for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). [\"Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060823190336\/http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"). pp. 50–51\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n   \n   `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\"))\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100722131354\/http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) (Press release). Transocean Ltd. 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events\"](https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/features\/feature84446\/). *Offshore-Technology*. Net Resources International. 7 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228231201\/https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/features\/feature84446\/) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2010.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503_5-0)**\n   USCG Investigation Team Members (27 April 2010). [Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Explosion, Fire, Sinking and Loss of Eleven Crew Members Aboard the MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNIT *DEEPWATER HORIZON* In the GULF OF MEXICO April 20 – 22, 2010](https:\/\/www.bsee.gov\/sites\/bsee.gov\/files\/reports\/safety\/2-deepwaterhorizon-roi-uscg-volume-i-20110707-redacted-final.pdf) (PDF). *bsee.gov* (Report). Vol. 1. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 20 April 2025.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-2)\n   [\"Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619121120\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-3)\n   [\"ABS Record: *Deepwater Horizon*\"](http:\/\/www.eagle.org\/safenet\/record\/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290). American Bureau of Shipping. 21 March 2000. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171109191217\/http:\/\/www.eagle.org\/safenet\/record\/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec2_8-0)**\n   [\"Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619121120\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-9)**\n   Crittenden, Guy (10 May 2010). [\"Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100620121041\/http:\/\/www.hazmatmag.com\/issues\/story.aspx?aid=1000370689). HazMat Management. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.hazmatmag.com\/issues\/story.aspx?aid=1000370689) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-largest_in_US_hist2_10-0)**\n    Staff and wire (27 May 2010). [\"Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in history as BP continues plug effort\"](https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/nation\/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm). *USA Today*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528075946\/http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/nation\/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm) from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-1)\n    [Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report](http:\/\/www.register-iri.com\/forms\/upload\/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180928111525\/http:\/\/www.register-iri.com\/forms\/upload\/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2013.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan2_12-0)**\n    Malcolm Sharples *et al* for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). [\"Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060823190336\/http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"). pp. 50–51\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\"))\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger2_13-0)**\n    [\"Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120527094840\/http:\/\/www2.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234). *[PR Newswire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PR_Newswire \"PR Newswire\")*. 29 January 2001. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234) on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag0111092_14-0)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon contract extended\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004652\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Transocean_Release2_15-0)**\n    [\"Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100426171257\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) (Press release). Transocean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rigzone200909022_16-0)**\n    [\"BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=79913). Rigzone. 2 September 2009. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170302121525\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=79913) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2010.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Rig Data Centre\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100527120749\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/data\/). *Rigzone*. 28 May 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/data) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Monitoring system reduces rig downtime\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004206\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/161517\/articles\/offshore\/volume-62\/issue-11\/news\/general-interest\/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 1 November 2002. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/161517\/articles\/offshore\/volume-62\/issue-11\/news\/general-interest\/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-19)**\n    [\"BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface\"](http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/20481\/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface\/). *IT news website*. Computerworld UK. 28 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150223150441\/http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/20481\/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface\/) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable\"](http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/3248321\/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable\/). *IT news website*. Computerworld UK. 12 November 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150423170500\/http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/3248321\/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable\/) from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger_21-0)**\n    [\"Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001\"](http:\/\/www.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234). *PR Newswire*. 29 January 2001. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120527094840\/http:\/\/www2.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234) from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n    \n    – date of publication verifiable on [\\[1\\]](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100624153155\/http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1G1-69685498.html)\n22. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-1)\n    [\"Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100722131354\/http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26). *[Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wall_Street_Journal \"Wall Street Journal\")*. 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH\"](http:\/\/www.moneyhouse.ch\/en\/u\/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm). Moneyhouse.ch \"Commercial register and company data\". [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110120151804\/http:\/\/www.moneyhouse.ch\/en\/u\/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-24)**\n    [\"Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228151536\/http:\/\/www.secinfo.com\/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm). SEC EDGAR database, for the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.secinfo.com\/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm) on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-1)\n    Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). [\"Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSN2211325420100422). *[Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210308230910\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSN2211325420100422) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2010.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-26)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100624153111\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/105846\/articles\/offshore\/volume-61\/issue-6\/departments\/vessels-rigsupgrade\/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html). Offshore Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF magazine. 1 June 2001. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/105846\/articles\/offshore\/volume-61\/issue-6\/departments\/vessels-rigsupgrade\/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-27)**\n    [\"Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon\"](http:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20040426006148\/en\/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer). [Business Wire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Wire \"Business Wire\"). 26 April 2004. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210225053155\/https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20040426006148\/en\/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-28)**\n    [\"Transocean Inc. Announces Contract Awards for Two High-Specification Semisubmersible Rigs\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110920151627\/http:\/\/goliath.ecnext.com\/coms2\/gi_0199-4124320\/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html). [Business Wire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Wire \"Business Wire\"). 28 April 2005. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/goliath.ecnext.com\/coms2\/gi_0199-4124320\/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag011109_29-0)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon contract extended\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004652\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-30)**\n    [\"The Well\"](http:\/\/www.chron.com\/disp\/story.mpl\/business\/6672098.html). *The Houston Chronicle*. 17 October 2009. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100510020808\/http:\/\/www.chron.com\/disp\/story.mpl\/business\/6672098.html) from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n31. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-1)\n    Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010). [\"Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100624153307\/http:\/\/www.robsonforensic.com\/LibraryFiles\/Articles\/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF). Robson Forensic. p. 8. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.robsonforensic.com\/LibraryFiles\/Articles\/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n32. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-2)\n    [\"R\\&B FALCON CORP, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 31, 2001\"](http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/2442\/101540201502602\/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210224230108\/http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/2442\/101540201502602\/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-33)**\n    Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). [\"BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081013104520\/http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/businessNews\/idUKWLA495020080617). *Reuters*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/businessNews\/idUKWLA495020080617) on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009.\n34. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-1)\n    Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). [\"A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619120659\/http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). *[The McClatchy Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_McClatchy_Company \"The McClatchy Company\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-35)**\n    [\"Kaskida\"](https:\/\/news.google.com\/archivesearch?q=%22One+of+the+most+powerful+rigs+in+the+world%22+deepwater+horizon&btnG=Search+Archives&num=100). Oil & Gas Investor. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n    \n    [Alternate link](http:\/\/www.alacrastore.com\/storecontent\/Business-and-Industry\/162363344) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120905170620\/http:\/\/www.alacrastore.com\/storecontent\/Business-and-Industry\/162363344) 5 September 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone_36-0)**\n    [\"BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/oil_gas\/a\/35730\/bp_partners_make_discovery_at_kaskida_prospect_in_the_gulf_of_mexico\/) (Press release). RigZone. 31 August 2006. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150406054937\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/oil_gas\/a\/35730\/BP_Partners_Make_Discovery_at_Kaskida_Prospect_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico) from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2010.\n37. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-1)\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190329165119\/http:\/\/www.beaconmag.com\/deepwaterhorizon.html). TransOcean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.beaconmag.com\/deepwaterhorizon.html) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.\n38. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-1)\n    [\"BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004635\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/7488119241\/articles\/offshore\/drilling-completion\/us-gulf-of-mexico\/2009\/08\/bp-drills__giant_.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/7488119241\/articles\/offshore\/drilling-completion\/us-gulf-of-mexico\/2009\/08\/bp-drills__giant_.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reuters020909_39-0)**\n    Braden Reddall (2 September 2009). [\"Transocean says well at BP discovery deepest ever\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004137\/http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKN02119720090902). *Reuters*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKN02119720090902) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Deepest_40-0)**\n    [\"Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100527120619\/http:\/\/www.yourindustrynews.com\/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html). Red Mist Media. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.yourindustrynews.com\/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-41)**\n    [\"Fleet Status Report\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120307062815\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/_filelib\/FileCabinet\/fleetupdate\/2010\/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls). Transocean. 13 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/_filelib\/FileCabinet\/fleetupdate\/2010\/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-otMacondo_42-0)**\n    [\"Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA\"](https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/projects\/macondoprospect\/). offshore-technology.com. 20 October 2005. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120318041701\/http:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/projects\/macondoprospect) from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2010.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-auction_43-0)**\n    [\"Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100607120431\/http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/homepg\/lsesale\/206\/cgom206.html). US Minerals Management Service. 8 August 2008. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/homepg\/lsesale\/206\/cgom206.html) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsea_44-0)**\n    [\"Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151031035441\/http:\/\/www.subseaiq.com\/data\/Project.aspx?project_id=562). Subsea.Org. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.subseaiq.com\/Data\/Project.aspx?project_Id=562) on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2010.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone2_45-0)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349). Rigzone. 21 April 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170503043454\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2010.\n46. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-1)\n    Robertson, Cambell; Robbins, Liz (22 April 2010). [\"Oil Rig Sinks in the Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/04\/23\/us\/23rig.html). *New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210308124903\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/04\/23\/us\/23rig.html) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_47-0)**\n    [\"BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100425040406\/http:\/\/www.bp.com\/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) (Press release). [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\"). 21 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.bp.com\/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-48)**\n    [\"Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=92025). Rigzone. 30 April 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170302094138\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=92025) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2010.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-49)**\n    Michel, Jacqueline; Owens, Edward H.; Zengel, Scott; Graham, Andrew; Nixon, Zachary; Allard, Teresa; Holton, William; Reimer, P. Doug; Lamarche, Alain; White, Mark; Rutherford, Nicolle (12 June 2013). [\"Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3680451). *PLOS ONE*. **8** (6) e65087. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2013PLoSO...865087M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2013PLoSO...865087M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1371\/journal.pone.0065087](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065087). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1932-6203](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1932-6203). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [3680451](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3680451). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [23776444](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23776444).\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-50)**\n    [Kujawinski, Elizabeth B.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_Kujawinski \"Elizabeth Kujawinski\"); Kido Soule, Melissa C.; Valentine, David L.; Boysen, Angela K.; Longnecker, Krista; Redmond, Molly C. (15 February 2011). [\"Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\"](https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/es103838p). *Environmental Science & Technology*. **45** (4): 1298–1306\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2011EnST...45.1298K](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2011EnST...45.1298K). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1021\/es103838p](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Fes103838p). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\$identifier\$ \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[1912\/4332](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1912%2F4332). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0013-936X](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0013-936X). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [21265576](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21265576).\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-51)**\n    [\"UPDATED: Search Continues for 11 Missing Workers\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349). RigZone. 22 April 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170503043454\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n52. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-9)\n    [\"Review: Oil rig inspections fell short of guidelines\"](https:\/\/www.timesnews.net\/news\/local-news\/review-oil-rig-inspections-fell-short-of-guidelines\/article_faf15ae2-231f-594e-94b3-c811418a6866.html). *[Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")*. 16 May 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2021.\n53. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-1)\n    [\"Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100626003005\/http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/ooc\/press\/2010\/press0621.htm). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. 21 June 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/ooc\/press\/2010\/press0621.htm) on 26 June 2010.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-upstream290410_54-0)**\n    Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Watts, Rob; Pitt, Anthea (29 April 2010). [\"Horizon crew tried to activate BOP\"](http:\/\/www.upstreamonline.com\/live\/article213497.ece). *[Upstream Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upstream_\$newspaper\$ \"Upstream (newspaper)\")*. NHST Media Group. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120929011659\/http:\/\/www.upstreamonline.com\/live\/article213497.ece) from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2010.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-55)**\n    [\"Investigating the Cause of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2010\/06\/21\/us\/20100621-bop.html). *[New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. 21 June 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324051227\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2010\/06\/21\/us\/20100621-bop.html) from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2017.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-bloomberg220410_56-0)**\n    Resnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (22 April 2010). [\"Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924151126\/http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0). *Bloomberg*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-57)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100429002721\/http:\/\/response.restoration.noaa.gov\/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id%2Csubtopic_id%2Ctopic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\"), [Office of Response and Restoration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Response_and_Restoration \"Office of Response and Restoration\"). 24 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/response.restoration.noaa.gov\/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1) on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-58)**\n    [\"Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520003828\/http:\/\/www.nwf.org\/News-and-Magazines\/National-Wildlife\/Birds\/Archives\/2010\/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx). *National Wildlife*. National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.nwf.org\/News-and-Magazines\/National-Wildlife\/Birds\/Archives\/2010\/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-59)**\n    [\"US Government: Deepwater Horizon Well Is Effectively Dead\"](http:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/aspx\/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead). 19 September 2009. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110920151748\/http:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/aspx\/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead) from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2009.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-60)**\n    [\"NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration \\|\"](https:\/\/www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov\/). *www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210309193108\/https:\/\/www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov\/) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-61)**\n    Green, Meg (7 May 2010). [\"Transocean: Insurers Have Already Paid \\$401 Million for Deepwater Horizon Loss\"](http:\/\/insurancenewsnet.com\/article.aspx?id=188498). Insurance news net. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120426212027\/http:\/\/insurancenewsnet.com\/article.aspx?id=188498) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-62)**\n    Fortson, Danny (9 May 2010). [\"Rig firm's \\$270m profit from deadly spill\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528075513\/http:\/\/business.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/business\/industry_sectors\/natural_resources\/article7120655.ece). *The Sunday Times*. London. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/business.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/business\/industry_sectors\/natural_resources\/article7120655.ece) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.\n63. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-1)\n    Stempel, Jonathan (30 June 2010). [\"Special Report – BP oil spill a gusher for lawyers\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100720122018\/http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true). *Reuters Africa*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true) on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-64)**\n    Kam, Dara (29 June 2010). [\"Valdez expert: Psychological impact of Gulf oil spill won't fully emerge for years\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120428002212\/http:\/\/www.palmbeachpost.com\/news\/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html). *palm Beach post news*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.palmbeachpost.com\/news\/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html) on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-65)**\n    [\"BP: Eagles and vultures\"](https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0). *[Financial Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*. 1 July 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110130125838\/http:\/\/www.ft.com\/cms\/s\/0\/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0.html) from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-66)**\n    David Malakoff (3 January 2013). [\"Second Oil Spill Settlement Adds to Gulf Coast Science and Restoration Funding\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130310014941\/http:\/\/news.sciencemag.org\/scienceinsider\/2013\/01\/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html). *Science News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/news.sciencemag.org\/scienceinsider\/2013\/01\/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-HalliburtonDeepwater_67-0)**\n    [\"Halliburton to pay around \\$1.1 bn for US oil spill claims\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902). *Reuters*. 2 September 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211010005143\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2014.\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BPverdict_68-0)**\n    [\"BP found \"grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill\"](http:\/\/www.neworleanssun.com\/index.php\/sid\/225407625). New Orleans Sun. 4 September 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210127125801\/https:\/\/www.neworleanssun.com\/news\/225407625\/bp-found-grossly-negligent-in-gulf-of-mexico-oil-spill) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2014.\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal_69-0)**\n    [\"BP loses latest US oil spill appeal\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-30375089). [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 8 December 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210308032300\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-30375089) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2018.\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-70)**\n    Vaughan, Adam (16 January 2018). [\"BP's Deepwater Horizon bill tops \\$65bn\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2018\/jan\/16\/bps-deepwater-horizon-bill-tops-65bn). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). Retrieved 7 May 2024.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-71)**\n    Weisbrod, Katelyn (22 June 2021). [\"As the Gulf of Mexico Heals from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Stringent Safety Proposals Remain Elusive\"](https:\/\/insideclimatenews.org\/news\/22062021\/gulf-of-mexico-deepwater-horizon-safety-regulation-ecocide\/). *Inside Climate News*. Retrieved 3 July 2023.\n72. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-72)**\n    [\"Why criminalising ecocide won't solve the climate crisis\"](https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/green\/2021\/03\/13\/why-making-ecocide-a-crime-wont-tackle-root-causes-of-climate-crisis). *euronews*. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.\n73. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-73)**\n    Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). [\"Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?\"](https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2023\/07\/02\/world\/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd\/index.html). *CNN*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240125185108\/https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2023\/07\/02\/world\/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd\/index.html) from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2023.\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-74)**\n    Sarliève, Maud (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), \"Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges\", *Life on Land*, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–11, [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/978-3-319-71065-5\\_110-1](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-71065-5_110-1), [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-3-319-71065-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-3-319-71065-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-3-319-71065-5\")\n    \n    , [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [241216767](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:241216767)\n    \n    `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN \"Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN\"))\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-DH-FH-nyt_75-0)**\n    [Barstow, David](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Barstow \"David Barstow\"); [Rohde, David](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_S._Rohde \"David S. Rohde\"); [Saul, Stephanie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephanie_Saul \"Stephanie Saul\") (25 December 2010). [\"Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/12\/26\/us\/26spill.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161217093650\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/12\/26\/us\/26spill.html) from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\nListen to this article (13 minutes)\n\n![Spoken Wikipedia icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg\/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)\n\n[This audio file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:En-Deepwater_Horizon-article.ogg \"File:En-Deepwater Horizon-article.ogg\") was created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2014 (2014-10-19), and does not reflect subsequent edits.\n\n([Audio help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Media_help \"Wikipedia:Media help\") · [More spoken articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles \"Wikipedia:Spoken articles\"))\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Wikinews-logo.svg\/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikinews-logo.svg)\n\nWikinews has news related to:\n\n***[Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion](https:\/\/en.wikinews.org\/wiki\/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_drilling_rig_explosion \"wikinews:Category:Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion\")***\n\n- [Transocean official website](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/)\n- [*Deepwater Horizon* detail at Transocean's website](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619121120\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) and at [*RigZone.com*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121030083458\/http:\/\/rigzone.com\/data\/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=153)\n- [Photograph of *Deepwater Horizon* in 2004](http:\/\/geographic.org\/deepwater_gulf_of_mexico\/drilling_and_development.html#figure29) at *Geographic.org*\n- Griffitt, Michelle. [\"Initial Exploration Plan Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100705055816\/http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/PI\/PDFImages\/PLANS\/29\/29977.pdf) (PDF). *[BP Exploration and Production](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\")*. [New Orleans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), Louisiana: [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/PI\/PDFImages\/PLANS\/29\/29977.pdf) (PDF) on 5 July 2010.\n- Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). [\"A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619120659\/http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). *[The McClatchy Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_McClatchy_Company \"The McClatchy Company\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.\n  – detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion ([yahoo news mirror](https:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/mcclatchy\/20100514\/sc_mcclatchy\/3505296_1))\n- [Photo history of the fire and loss](http:\/\/www.neatorama.com\/spotlight\/2010\/05\/25\/deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-the-first-36-hours\/)\n- [Additional references explaining events](https:\/\/www.probizcap.com\/)\n- [BOEM reading room on Deepwater Horizon, including Freedom of Information publications](https:\/\/deepwater.boem.gov\/)\n- [Video explaining the events leading up to the Deepwater Horizon explosion and how it affected the region.](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ybJX3gqIDkE)\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Transocean_ultra-deepwater_drilling_rigs \"Template:Transocean ultra-deepwater drilling rigs\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Transocean_ultra-deepwater_drilling_rigs \"Template talk:Transocean ultra-deepwater drilling rigs\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Transocean_ultra-deepwater_drilling_rigs \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Transocean ultra-deepwater drilling rigs\")[Transocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\") [ultra-deepwater drilling rigs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean#Ultra_deep_water \"Transocean\") |\n|---|\n| [Deepwater Discovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Discovery \"Deepwater Discovery\") [Deepwater Horizon]() [Deepwater Millennium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Millennium \"Deepwater Millennium\") [Deepwater Nautilus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Nautilus \"Deepwater Nautilus\") [Development Driller III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Development_Driller_III \"Development Driller III\") [Discoverer Americas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discoverer_Americas \"Discoverer Americas\") [Discoverer Clear Leader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discoverer_Clear_Leader \"Discoverer Clear Leader\") [Discoverer Enterprise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discoverer_Enterprise \"Discoverer Enterprise\") [GSF Development Driller II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GSF_Development_Driller_II \"GSF Development Driller II\") [GSF Explorer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glomar_Explorer \"Glomar Explorer\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Template talk:Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill\")[*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") | [*Deepwater Horizon* explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion \"Deepwater Horizon explosion\") [Volume and extent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Efforts to stem the spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [May 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\$May_2010\$ \"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (May 2010)\") [June 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\$June_2010\$ \"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (June 2010)\") [July 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\$July_2010\$ \"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (July 2010)\") [August 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_\$August_2010\$ \"Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (August 2010)\") |\n| Companies and organisations |   |\n|   |   |\n| Owners | [Anadarko Petroleum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anadarko_Petroleum \"Anadarko Petroleum\") [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") [Mitsui Oil Exploration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitsui_Oil_Exploration \"Mitsui Oil Exploration\") |\n| Major contractors | [Cameron International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cameron_International \"Cameron International\") [Halliburton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halliburton \"Halliburton\") [Nalco Holding Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nalco_Holding_Company \"Nalco Holding Company\") [Transocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\") [Wild Well Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wild_Well_Control \"Wild Well Control\") |\n| Other | [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management \"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management\") [Flow Rate Technical Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flow_Rate_Technical_Group \"Flow Rate Technical Group\") [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\") [National Commission on the BP *Deepwater Horizon* Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling \"National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling\") [Unified Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unified_Command_\$Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill\$ \"Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill)\") [U. S. Coast Guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Coast_Guard \"United States Coast Guard\") [Worst Case Discharge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Worst_Case_Discharge \"Worst Case Discharge\") |\n| People |   |\n|   |   |\n| [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") | [Bob Dudley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bob_Dudley \"Bob Dudley\") [Tony Hayward](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony_Hayward \"Tony Hayward\") [Doug Suttles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doug_Suttles \"Doug Suttles\") [Carl-Henric Svanberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl-Henric_Svanberg \"Carl-Henric Svanberg\") [Darryl Willis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darryl_Willis \"Darryl Willis\") |\n| [MMS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\") | [S. Elizabeth Birnbaum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S._Elizabeth_Birnbaum \"S. Elizabeth Birnbaum\") [Michael Bromwich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Bromwich \"Michael Bromwich\") [Chris Oynes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chris_Oynes \"Chris Oynes\") |\n| [U.S. Coast Guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Coast_Guard \"United States Coast Guard\") | [Thad Allen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thad_Allen \"Thad Allen\") [Mary Landry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_Landry \"Mary Landry\") [Peter Neffenger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Neffenger \"Peter Neffenger\") [James A. Watson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_A._Watson \"James A. Watson\") [Paul F. Zukunft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_F._Zukunft \"Paul F. Zukunft\") |\n| Other | [Kenneth Feinberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenneth_Feinberg \"Kenneth Feinberg\") |\n| Places | [Macondo Prospect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macondo_Prospect \"Macondo Prospect\") [Mississippi Canyon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mississippi_Canyon \"Mississippi Canyon\") [Perdido Pass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perdido_Pass \"Perdido Pass\") |\n| Vessels |   |\n|   |   |\n| Drilling | *[Deepwater Horizon]()* |\n| Relief ships\/rigs | *[Development Driller III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Development_Driller_III \"Development Driller III\")* *[Discoverer Clear Leader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discoverer_Clear_Leader \"Discoverer Clear Leader\")* *[Discoverer Enterprise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discoverer_Enterprise \"Discoverer Enterprise\")* *[GSF Development Driller II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GSF_Development_Driller_II \"GSF Development Driller II\")* *[Helix Producer 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helix_Producer_1 \"Helix Producer 1\")* *Loch Rannoch* *[Mighty Servant 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mighty_Servant_3 \"Mighty Servant 3\")* *Overseas Cascade* *[Q4000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Q4000 \"Q4000\")* *[Seacor Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seacor_Lee \"Seacor Lee\")* *[Toisa Pisces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toisa_Pisces \"Toisa Pisces\")* *[A Whale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Whale_\$ship\$ \"A Whale (ship)\")* *[Pacific Responder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Responder \"Pacific Responder\")* *[California Responder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Responder \"California Responder\")* |\n| [Reactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") and impact |   |\n|   |   |\n| Environmental | [Environmental impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Health consequences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [GuLF Study](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GuLF_Study \"GuLF Study\") |\n| Socio-economic | [Deepwater drilling moratorium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2010_United_States_deepwater_drilling_moratorium \"2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium\") [court case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar \"Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar\") [Economic effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Investigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation \"Deepwater Horizon investigation\") [Litigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation \"Deepwater Horizon litigation\") [Response fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust \"Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust\") |\n| Other | [*If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise* (2010 documentary)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/If_God_Is_Willing_and_da_Creek_Don%27t_Rise \"If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise\") [*Deepwater Horizon* (2016 film)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_\$film\$ \"Deepwater Horizon (film)\") *[Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar \"Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar\")* [Spillcam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spillcam \"Spillcam\") [Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wendy_Schmidt_Oil_Cleanup_X_Challenge \"Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge\") [United States offshore drilling debate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate \"United States offshore drilling debate\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) **[Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill\")** [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg \"Commons page\") [**Commons**](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"commons:Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:BP \"Template:BP\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:BP \"Template talk:BP\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:BP \"Special:EditPage\/Template:BP\")[BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Divisions | [Air BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_BP \"Air BP\") [Lightsource BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lightsource_BP \"Lightsource BP\") [Prudhoe Bay Trust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Prudhoe_Bay_Royalty_Trust \"BP Prudhoe Bay Royalty Trust\") [Rosneft (19.75%)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosneft \"Rosneft\") [BP Shipping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Shipping \"BP Shipping\") |\n| Subsidiaries | [Aral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aral_AG \"Aral AG\") [BP Pulse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Pulse \"BP Pulse\") [Castrol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castrol \"Castrol\") (35%) [Castrol India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castrol_India \"Castrol India\") [Jio-bp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jio-bp \"Jio-bp\") [TravelCenters of America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TravelCenters_of_America \"TravelCenters of America\") |\n| Brands | [Ampm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ampm \"Ampm\") [Amoco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoco \"Amoco\") [ARCO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCO \"ARCO\") (Northern CA, OR, and WA locations) [Thorntons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thorntons_LLC \"Thorntons LLC\") [To Go](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=To_Go_\$convenience_store\$&action=edit&redlink=1 \"To Go (convenience store) (page does not exist)\") (BP and Amoco only) |\n| Facilities | *[Atlantis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantis_PQ \"Atlantis PQ\")* [Castrol Technology Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castrol_Technology_Centre \"Castrol Technology Centre\") [Kingsbury](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingsbury_Oil_Terminal \"Kingsbury Oil Terminal\") [Iolair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iolair \"Iolair\") [Lavera Refinery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lavera_Refinery \"Lavera Refinery\") [Mad Dog oil field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mad_Dog_oil_field \"Mad Dog oil field\") [Northstar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northstar_Island \"Northstar Island\") [Oil fields](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_fields_operated_by_BP \"Oil fields operated by BP\") [Sangachal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sangachal_Terminal \"Sangachal Terminal\") [Sullom Voe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sullom_Voe_Terminal \"Sullom Voe Terminal\") [Sunbury](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunbury_Research_Centre \"Sunbury Research Centre\") *[Thunder Horse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thunder_Horse_PDQ \"Thunder Horse PDQ\")* |\n| Sponsorships | [BP Ford World Rally Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ford_World_Rally_Team \"Ford World Rally Team\") [BP National Championships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_National_Championships \"BP National Championships\") [BP Natural World Book Prize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_World_Book_Prize \"Natural World Book Prize\") [BP Pedestrian Bridge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Pedestrian_Bridge \"BP Pedestrian Bridge\") [BP Portrait Award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Portrait_Award \"BP Portrait Award\") [BP Top 8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MTN_8 \"MTN 8\") [BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acropolis_Rally \"Acropolis Rally\") |\n| People | [Robert Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Orville_Anderson \"Robert Orville Anderson\") [Sylvia Baca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sylvia_Baca \"Sylvia Baca\") [John Browne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Browne,_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley \"John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley\") [Robert Dudley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bob_Dudley \"Bob Dudley\") [William Fraser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Fraser,_1st_Baron_Strathalmond \"William Fraser, 1st Baron Strathalmond\") [William D'Arcy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Knox_D%27Arcy \"William Knox D'Arcy\") [Tony Hayward](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony_Hayward \"Tony Hayward\") [Robert Horton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Horton_\$businessman\$ \"Robert Horton (businessman)\") [Angela Strank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angela_Strank \"Angela Strank\") [Doug Suttles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doug_Suttles \"Doug Suttles\") [Carl-Henric Svanberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl-Henric_Svanberg \"Carl-Henric Svanberg\") |\n| Controversies | [Abadan crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abadan_Crisis \"Abadan Crisis\") [ARCO explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1990_ARCO_explosion \"1990 ARCO explosion\") [*Deepwater Horizon* explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion \"Deepwater Horizon explosion\") [*Deepwater Horizon* oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") [Invasion of Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran \"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\") [Iranian coup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1953 Iranian coup d'état\") [Prudhoe Bay oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prudhoe_Bay_oil_spill \"Prudhoe Bay oil spill\") [Texas City refinery explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_City_refinery_explosion \"Texas City refinery explosion\") [*Torrey Canyon* oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torrey_Canyon_oil_spill \"Torrey Canyon oil spill\") |\n| Historical units | [Alyeska Pipeline Service Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alyeska_Pipeline_Service_Company \"Alyeska Pipeline Service Company\") [Amoco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amoco \"Amoco\") [Anglo-Persian Oil Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company \"Anglo-Persian Oil Company\") [Aral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aral_AG \"Aral AG\") [Atlantic Richfield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCO \"ARCO\") [BP Biofuels Highlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Biofuels_Highlands \"BP Biofuels Highlands\") [BP Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Canada \"BP Canada\") [BP Solar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Solar \"BP Solar\") [Britoil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britoil \"Britoil\") [Burmah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burmah_Oil \"Burmah Oil\") [Commonwealth Oil Refineries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_Oil_Refineries \"Commonwealth Oil Refineries\") *[Deepwater Horizon]()* [FPSO *Noble Seillean*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FPSO_Noble_Seillean \"FPSO Noble Seillean\") [Iraq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_Petroleum_Company \"Iraq Petroleum Company\") [Kent Refinery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kent_Refinery \"Kent Refinery\") [Helios House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helios_House \"Helios House\") [Llandarcy Oil Refinery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llandarcy_Oil_Refinery \"Llandarcy Oil Refinery\") [National Benzole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Benzole \"National Benzole\") [Pure Planet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pure_Planet \"Pure Planet\") (24%) *[Sea Quest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_Quest_\$drilling_rig\$ \"Sea Quest (drilling rig)\")* [Purina Mills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Purina_Mills \"Purina Mills\") [Shell-Mex & BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shell-Mex_%26_BP \"Shell-Mex & BP\") [Sidanko](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sidanko \"Sidanko\") (10%) [Sohio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Oil_of_Ohio \"Standard Oil of Ohio\") [Trans-Alaska Pipeline System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System \"Trans-Alaska Pipeline System\") (49%) |\n| Other | [Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Co._case \"Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case\") *[BP America Production Co. v. Burton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_America_Production_Co._v._Burton \"BP America Production Co. v. Burton\")* [BP Structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP_Structure \"BP Structure\") *[Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burmah_Oil_Co_Ltd_v_Lord_Advocate \"Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate\")* [D'Arcy Concession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%27Arcy_Concession \"D'Arcy Concession\") [North Sea crash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bond_Offshore_Helicopters_Flight_85N \"Bond Offshore Helicopters Flight 85N\") [Opal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opal_\$fuel\$ \"Opal (fuel)\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:BP \"Category:BP\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg \"Commons page\") [Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:BP \"commons:Category:BP\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:2010_shipwrecks \"Template:2010 shipwrecks\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:2010_shipwrecks \"Template talk:2010 shipwrecks\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:2010_shipwrecks \"Special:EditPage\/Template:2010 shipwrecks\")Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 2010 |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Shipwrecks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2010 \"List of shipwrecks in 2010\") | 5 Jan: [*Ady Gil*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MY_Ady_Gil \"MY Ady Gil\") 17 Feb: [*Concordia*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concordia_\$ship\$ \"Concordia (ship)\") 21 Feb: [*Angeln*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Angeln \"MV Angeln\") 26 Mar: [ROKS *Cheonan*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ROKS_Cheonan_\$PCC-772\$ \"ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772)\") Apr: [*Chernihiv*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukrainian_corvette_Chernihiv \"Ukrainian corvette Chernihiv\") 20 Apr: [*Northern Belle*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FV_Northern_Belle \"FV Northern Belle\") 22 Apr: [*Deepwater Horizon*]() 10 Jul: [USS *New Orleans*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_New_Orleans_\$LPH-11\$ \"USS New Orleans (LPH-11)\") 14 Jul: [USS *Monticello*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Monticello_\$LSD-35\$ \"USS Monticello (LSD-35)\") 27 Aug: [MV *Ocean Adventurer*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Ocean_Adventurer \"MV Ocean Adventurer\") 20 Sep: [USS *Acadia*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Acadia \"USS Acadia\") 27 Oct: [USNS *Saturn*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RFA_Stromness_\$A344\$ \"RFA Stromness (A344)\") 8 Dec: [*RawFaith*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RawFaith \"RawFaith\") 12 Dec: [*Adriatica*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Adriatica \"MV Adriatica\") |\n| Other incidents | Feb: [*Platinum II*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SS_Independence \"SS Independence\") 31 Mar: [*Titanic*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MY_Titanic \"MY Titanic\") 3 Apr: [*Shen Neng 1*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jia_Yong \"Jia Yong\") 21 Apr: *[Carnival Ecstasy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnival_Ecstasy \"Carnival Ecstasy\")* 8 May: [*Andrew J. Barberi*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Andrew_J._Barberi \"MV Andrew J. Barberi\") Mid-Jun: [USS *Texas*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Texas_\$BB-35\$ \"USS Texas (BB-35)\") 9 Sep: [*Sun Express*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Sun_Express \"MV Sun Express\") 8 Oct: [*YM Uranus*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_YM_Uranus \"MV YM Uranus\") 9 Oct: [*Lisco Gloria*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Lisco_Gloria \"MV Lisco Gloria\") 20 Oct: [HMS *Astute*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMS_Astute_\$S119\$ \"HMS Astute (S119)\") 21 Oct: *[Sahara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NOAAS_Oceanographer_\$R_101\$ \"NOAAS Oceanographer (R 101)\")* 27 Oct: [*Athena*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FV_Athena \"FV Athena\") 28 Oct: [*Fryderyk Chopin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fryderyk_Chopin_\$ship\$ \"Fryderyk Chopin (ship)\") 11 Dec: [*Showboat Branson Belle*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Showboat_Branson_Belle \"Showboat Branson Belle\") |\n| [2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2009 \"List of shipwrecks in 2009\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg\/20px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2009 \"List of shipwrecks in 2009\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg\/20px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2011 \"List of shipwrecks in 2011\") [2011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2011 \"List of shipwrecks in 2011\") |   |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q212975#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| National | [United States](https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/sh2011003603) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007568261605171) |\n| Other | [Yale LUX](https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/5992806f-f601-4be1-b9dc-6b59e4e3e84d) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&oldid=1342142906>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [2001 ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:2001_ships \"Category:2001 ships\")\n- [Collapsed oil platforms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Collapsed_oil_platforms \"Category:Collapsed oil platforms\")\n- [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill\")\n- [Drilling rigs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Drilling_rigs \"Category:Drilling rigs\")\n- [Semi-submersibles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Semi-submersibles \"Category:Semi-submersibles\")\n- [Ships built by Hyundai Heavy Industries Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ships_built_by_Hyundai_Heavy_Industries_Group \"Category:Ships built by Hyundai Heavy Industries Group\")\n- [Ships of BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ships_of_BP \"Category:Ships of BP\")\n- [Ships of the Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ships_of_the_Marshall_Islands \"Category:Ships of the Marshall Islands\")\n- [Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Shipwrecks_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico \"Category:Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico\")\n- [Transocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Transocean \"Category:Transocean\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments \"Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments\")\n- [Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas \"Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas\")\n- [CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\")\n- [CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\")\n- [Webarchive template wayback links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links \"Category:Webarchive template wayback links\")\n- [CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN \"Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN\")\n- [Articles with short description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_short_description \"Category:Articles with short description\")\n- [Short description matches Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata \"Category:Short description matches Wikidata\")\n- [Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2026](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_March_2026 \"Category:Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2026\")\n- [All articles needing references cleanup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup \"Category:All articles needing references cleanup\")\n- [Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2026](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_March_2026 \"Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2026\")\n- [All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify \"Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify\")\n- [All articles with duplicate citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_with_duplicate_citations \"Category:All articles with duplicate citations\")\n- [Good articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Good_articles \"Category:Good articles\")\n- [Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages \"Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages\")\n- [Use dmy dates from April 2024](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024 \"Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024\")\n- [Use British English from August 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2010 \"Category:Use British English from August 2010\")\n- [All Wikipedia articles written in British English](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English \"Category:All Wikipedia articles written in British English\")\n- [IMO numbers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:IMO_numbers \"Category:IMO numbers\")\n- [Coordinates on Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata \"Category:Coordinates on Wikidata\")\n- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010 \"Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010\")\n- [All articles containing potentially dated statements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements \"Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements\")\n- [Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2010 \"Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2010\")\n- [Articles with hAudio microformats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats \"Category:Articles with hAudio microformats\")\n- [Spoken articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Spoken_articles \"Category:Spoken articles\")\n\n- This page was last edited on 7 March 2026, at 07:37 (UTC).\n- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n*Deepwater Horizon*\n\n30 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon)","attrs_readable_markdown":"|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/e\/e0\/Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)*Deepwater Horizon* [semi-submersible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semi-submersible_platform \"Semi-submersible platform\") drilling rig |   |\n| History |   |\n| Name | *Deepwater Horizon* |\n| Owner | [Transocean's Triton Asset Leasing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\")[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1) |\n| Operator | [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") |\n| Port of registry | [Panama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama \"Panama\") (23 February 2001 – 28 December 2004) [Majuro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Majuro \"Majuro\") (29 December 2004) |\n| Route | [Gulf of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") |\n| Ordered | December 1998 |\n| Builder | [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries \"Hyundai Heavy Industries\")[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) |\n| Cost | US\\$560 million[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-4) |\n| Way number | 89 |\n| Laid down | 21 March 2000 |\n| Completed | 2001 |\n| Acquired | 23 February 2001 |\n| Maiden voyage | [Long Beach, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_Beach,_California \"Long Beach, California\") – [Freeport, Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeport,_Texas \"Freeport, Texas\") |\n| Out of service | 20 April 2010 |\n| Identification | [ABS class no.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Bureau_of_Shipping \"American Bureau of Shipping\"): 0139290 [Call sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Call_sign \"Call sign\"): V7HC9 [IMO number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMO_number \"IMO number\"): [8764597](https:\/\/www.marinetraffic.com\/ais\/details\/ships\/imo:8764597) [MMSI no.:](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity \"Maritime Mobile Service Identity\") 538002213 |\n| Fate | Sank on 22 April 2010, after an explosion and fire |\n| Notes | Located in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at [28°44′30″N 88°23′03″W \/ 28\\.7417°N 88.3842°W](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon&params=28.7417_N_88.3842_W_region:US-LA_type:landmark)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503-5) |\n| General characteristics |   |\n| Class & type | [ABS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Bureau_of_Shipping \"American Bureau of Shipping\") +A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU |\n| Displacement | 52\\.587 Mg |\n| Length | 112 m |\n| Beam | 78 m |\n| Height | 97\\.5 m |\n| Draught | 23 m (75 ft) |\n| Depth | 41\\.5 m (136 ft) |\n| Deck clearance | 34\\.010 m (111.58 ft) |\n| Installed power | 7 MW 11 kV 6 × [Wärtsilä](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4 \"Wärtsilä\") 18V32 7.2 MW [diesel engines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diesel_engines \"Diesel engines\") 6 × [ABB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABB \"ABB\") AMG 0900xU10 [AC generators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AC_generator \"AC generator\") |\n| Propulsion | 8 × [Kamewa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamewa \"Kamewa\") 5.5 MW, 6.3 rad fixed-propeller [azimuth thrusters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azimuth_thruster \"Azimuth thruster\") |\n| Speed | 2 m\/s |\n| Capacity | [Liquid mud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drilling_fluid \"Drilling fluid\"): 700 m3 [Drill water](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water \"Water\"): 2100 m3 [Potable water](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drinking_water \"Drinking water\"): 1200 m3 [Fuel oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuel_oil \"Fuel oil\"): 4500 m3 [Bulk mud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drilling_fluid \"Drilling fluid\"): 400 m3 [Bulk cement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cement \"Cement\"): 250 m3 |\n| Crew | 150 |\n| Notes | [\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) |\n\n***Deepwater Horizon*** was an ultra-deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynamic_positioning \"Dynamic positioning\"), [semi-submersible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semi-submersible_platform \"Semi-submersible platform\") [offshore drilling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Offshore_drilling \"Offshore drilling\") [rig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_platform \"Oil platform\")[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec2-8) owned by [Transocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\") and operated by the [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") company. On 20 April 2010, while drilling in the [Gulf of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") at the [Macondo Prospect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macondo_Prospect \"Macondo Prospect\"), a [blowout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_\$well_drilling\$ \"Blowout (well drilling)\") caused [an explosion on the rig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion \"Deepwater Horizon explosion\") that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-9) The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the *Horizon* collapsed, leaving the well gushing at the [seabed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seabed \"Seabed\") and becoming [the largest marine oil spill in history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-largest_in_US_hist2-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11)\n\nBuilt in 2001 in [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea \"South Korea\") by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries \"Hyundai Heavy Industries\"),[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan2-12) the rig was commissioned by [R\\&B Falcon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%26B_Falcon \"R&B Falcon\") (a later asset of Transocean),[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger2-13) registered in [Majuro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Majuro \"Majuro\"), and under lease to [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\") from 2001 until September 2013.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag0111092-14) In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Transocean_Release2-15) in the [Tiber Oil Field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiber_Oil_Field \"Tiber Oil Field\") at [Keathley Canyon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keathley_Canyon \"Keathley Canyon\") block 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\"), in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rigzone200909022-16)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg\/250px-Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg)\n\nThe *Deepwater Nautilus*, similar to the *Deepwater Horizon*, being transported aboard a [heavy-lift ship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heavy-lift_ship \"Heavy-lift ship\").\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* was a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynamic_positioning \"Dynamic positioning\"), column-stabilized,[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) semi-submersible [mobile offshore drilling unit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Offshore_drilling \"Offshore drilling\"), designed to drill [subsea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subsea \"Subsea\") wells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa) [blowout preventer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_preventer \"Blowout preventer\"), and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter [marine riser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_riser \"Marine riser\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6)\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although *[Deepwater Nautilus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Nautilus \"Deepwater Nautilus\")*, its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters as deep as 8,000 feet (2,400 m), to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m).[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6) In 2010, it was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters deeper than 5,000 ft (1,500 m).[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-17) Its [American Bureau of Shipping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Bureau_of_Shipping \"American Bureau of Shipping\") (ABS) class notations were \"A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3\".[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2)\n\nIn 2002, the rig was upgraded with \"e-drill\", a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\"), Texas, received [real-time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real-time_computing \"Real-time computing\") drilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-18)\n\nAdvanced systems had a major role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-19) and modelling systems for [cementing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cementing_equipment \"Cementing equipment\"). The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by [Halliburton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halliburton \"Halliburton\") in April 2010, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions became a focus for investigations of the explosion on the rig that month.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-20)\n\n### Construction and ownership\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Construction and ownership\")\\]\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* was built for R\\&B Falcon (which later became part of [Transocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transocean \"Transocean\"))[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger-21) by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries \"Hyundai Heavy Industries\") in [Ulsan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulsan \"Ulsan\"), South Korea.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) Construction started in December 1998, the [keel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keel \"Keel\") was laid on 21 March 2000,[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) and the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001,[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) after the acquisition of R\\&B Falcon by Transocean.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22) Until 29 December 2004, the rig was registered in the [Republic of Panama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Panama \"Republic of Panama\").[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11)\n\nTransocean, through its [Steinhausen, Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steinhausen,_Switzerland \"Steinhausen, Switzerland\")[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-23) subsidiary[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-24) Triton Asset Leasing GmbH,[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) operated the rig under the [Marshallese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\") [flag of convenience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flag_of_convenience \"Flag of convenience\").[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25) The rig was leased to BP by a three-year contract for deployment in the [Gulf of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") after construction.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-26) The lease was renewed in 2004 for a year,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-27) 2005 for five years,[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-28) and 2009 for three years covering 2010 to 2013.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag011109-29) The last contract was worth \\$544 million, or \\$496,800 a day,[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-30) for a \"bare rig\",[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31) with crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31)\n\nAccording to R\\&B Falcon's filings to [SEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission \"Securities & Exchange Commission\") in 2001, the transfer document between R\\&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001,[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the rig was specified as \"official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO number of 8764597, with gross tonnage of 32,588 and net tonnage of 9,778\"[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the transfer value as US\\$340 million.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) As of 2010, the rig was insured for US\\$560 million covering the replacement cost and wreckage removal.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22)\n\n### Drilling operations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Drilling operations\")\\]\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* worked on wells in the [Atlantis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantis_Oil_Field \"Atlantis Oil Field\") (BP 56%, [BHP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BHP \"BHP\") 44%) and [Thunder Horse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thunder_Horse_Oil_Field \"Thunder Horse Oil Field\") (BP 75%, [ExxonMobil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ExxonMobil \"ExxonMobil\") 25%)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-33) [oil fields](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_field \"Oil field\"). It was described at times as a \"lucky\" and \"celebrated\" rig,[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34) and in 2007 was still described as \"one of the most powerful rigs in the world\".[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-35) In 2006, it discovered oil in the [Kaskida oil field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaskida_oil_field \"Kaskida oil field\") and, in 2009, the \"giant\" [Tiber oil field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiber_oil_field \"Tiber oil field\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37) The well in the Tiber field had a true vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38) The well was the deepest oil well in the world[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reuters020909-39)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Deepest-40) and more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) farther below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-41)\n\nIn February 2010, *Deepwater Horizon* commenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect ([Mississippi Canyon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mississippi_Canyon \"Mississippi Canyon\") Block 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louisiana \"Louisiana\"), at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-otMacondo-42) The Macondo prospect exploration rights had been acquired by BP in 2009,[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-auction-43) with the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%), [Anadarko Petroleum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anadarko_Petroleum \"Anadarko Petroleum\") (25%) and [MOEX Offshore 2007](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitsui \"Mitsui\") (10%).[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsea-44) *Deepwater Horizon* was still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred resulting in destruction of the rig and the subsequent oil spill.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone2-45)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-48) This oil spill has been recorded as the largest offshore spill to occur to date,[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-49) resulting in 40 miles (64 km) of coastal pollution.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-50) The well was in the final stages of completion after cement had been emplaced for its last casing string. The exploratory work had been described as \"concluded\" with permission having been requested already from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-51) The rig was scheduled to move to its next roles as semi-permanent production platforms, initially at the Tiber site followed by a return to the Kaskida field, an oil dome 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34)\n\nDuring its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of the time it was in service (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly was time spent moving between sites.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52)\n\n### Regulation, safety, and inspection\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Regulation, safety, and inspection\")\\]\n\nThe [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\") (renamed on 18 June 2010, to the [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement \"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement\"), or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE))[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) is the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) According to an *[Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")* investigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) The exact number of required monthly inspections performed varied over time; the inspections were performed as required for the first 40 months, but after that about 25% of inspections were omitted,[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) although the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Reports of the last three inspections for 2010 were provided by [Freedom of Information legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freedom_of_Information_legislation \"Freedom of Information legislation\"). Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52)\n\nDuring its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution).[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) A sixth citation in 2007 related to non-[grounded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ground_\$electricity\$ \"Ground (electricity)\") electrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Overall the *Deepwater Horizon*'s safety record was \"strong\" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) In 2009 the Minerals Management Service \"herald\\[ed\\] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety\".[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) According to AP's investigation \"its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs\".[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52)\n\n## Explosion and oil spill\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Explosion and oil spill\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg\/250px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg)\n\n*Deepwater Horizon* in flames after the explosion\n\n[![site of the explosion](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg\/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg \"site of the explosion\")\n\n![site of the explosion](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\nDW Horizon\n\nLocation of the *Deepwater Horizon* on 20 April 2010\n\nAt 7:45 p.m. [CDT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Time_Zone_\$Americas\$ \"Central Time Zone (Americas)\") on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well off the gulf of Mexico, a geyser of seawater erupted from the [marine riser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_riser \"Marine riser\") onto the rig, shooting 70 metres (230 ft) into the air. This was followed soon by the eruption of a slushy combination of [drilling mud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drilling_fluid \"Drilling fluid\"), [methane gas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methane_gas \"Methane gas\"), and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the [blowout preventer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_preventer \"Blowout preventer\"), but it failed.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-upstream290410-54) The final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a [blind shear ram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowout_preventer#Types \"Blowout preventer\"), was activated but failed to plug the well.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-55)\n\nTen workers were presumed killed by the initial explosion:\n\n- Jason Anderson, 35, of [Midfield, Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midfield,_Texas \"Midfield, Texas\");\n- Donald Clark, 49, of [Newellton, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newellton,_Louisiana \"Newellton, Louisiana\");\n- Stephen Ray Curtis, 40, of [Georgetown, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgetown,_Louisiana \"Georgetown, Louisiana\");\n- Gordon Jones, 28, of [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\");\n- Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, of [Jonesville, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonesville,_Louisiana \"Jonesville, Louisiana\");\n- Karl Kleppinger Jr., 38, of [Natchez, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natchez,_Mississippi \"Natchez, Mississippi\");\n- Keith Blair Manuel, 56, of [Gonzales, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonzales,_Louisiana \"Gonzales, Louisiana\");\n- Dewey Revette, 48, of [State Line, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Line,_Mississippi \"State Line, Mississippi\");\n- Shane Roshto, 22, of [Liberty, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberty,_Mississippi \"Liberty, Mississippi\");\n- Adam Weise, 24, of [Yorktown, Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yorktown,_Texas \"Yorktown, Texas\").\n\nAn eleventh worker also died in the subsequent fire, a crane operator:\n\n- Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37, of [Philadelphia, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia,_Mississippi \"Philadelphia, Mississippi\").\n\n115 workers survived with 17 injured.\n\nThe rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours, *Deepwater Horizon* sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the [seafloor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seabed \"Seabed\") approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) deep at that location, and about 400 metres (1,300 ft) northwest of the well.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-bloomberg220410-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-57)\n\nThe [resultant oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill \"Deepwater Horizon oil spill\") continued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-58) [Relief wells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relief_well \"Relief well\") were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared \"effectively dead\" on 19 September 2010.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-59) [NOAA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NOAA \"NOAA\") established the Gulf Spill Restoration project, administered by the Deep Water Horizon National Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, to help to restore much of the coastline.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-60)\n\nTransocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the *Deepwater Horizon* of US\\$401 million about 5 May 2010.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-61) [Financial analysts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_analyst \"Financial analyst\") noted that the insurance recovery was likely to be more than the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities – the latter estimated at as much as US\\$200 million.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-62)\n\nLitigation, ultimate assessment of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery were all unknown as of June 2010, with analysts reporting that the aftermath was of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to resolve.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-64) A July 2010 analysis by the *[Financial Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* of the aftermath cited legal sources as saying that \"at some point the scale of [the litigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation \"Deepwater Horizon litigation\") becomes so large that it really is novel\", that \"the situation is likely to be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called [class actions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Class_action \"Class action\")\" and that there was \"no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before\".[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-65) As with the [Exxon Valdez disaster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill#Litigation_and_cleanup_costs \"Exxon Valdez oil spill\"), litigation was being discussed in terms of a 20-year timescale.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63)\n\nIn January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US\\$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act. BP had earlier agreed to pay \\$2.4 billion but was liable to additional penalties that could range from \\$5 billion to \\$20 billion.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-66) In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against them by paying \\$1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments during two years.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-HalliburtonDeepwater-67) On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge [Carl Barbier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Barbier \"Carl Barbier\") ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct by the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as \"reckless\", while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were \"negligent\". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BPverdict-68)\n\nOn 8 December 2014, the US Supreme Court rejected BP's legal challenge to a compensation deal for the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The settlement agreement had no maximum, but BP initially estimated that it would pay about \\$7.8bn (£6.1bn) to compensate victims.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal-69) As of 2018, approximately 390,000 claims for compensations had been filled, with around \\$65bn paid in settlements; thousands of claims were still outstanding.[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-70)\n\nThe *Deepwater Horizon* oil spill is cited by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of [ecocide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecocide \"Ecocide\").[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-71)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-72)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-73)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-74)\n\nThe biographical disaster movie *[Deepwater Horizon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon_\$film\$ \"Deepwater Horizon (film)\")*, released in 2016, depicts the events of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill. The movie is based on \"Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours\", an article published in *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-DH-FH-nyt-75)\n\n- [Ixtoc I oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill \"Ixtoc I oil spill\")\n- *[Ocean Ranger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Ranger \"Ocean Ranger\")*\n- *[Piper Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piper_Alpha \"Piper Alpha\")*\n- [Tony Hayward](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony_Hayward \"Tony Hayward\")\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-1)\n   [\"Transocean Ltd., Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2010\"](http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/1568\/145150510000023\/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210224170129\/http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/1568\/145150510000023\/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-3)\n   Malcolm Sharples *et al* for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). [\"Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060823190336\/http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"). pp. 50–51\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n   \n   `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\"))\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100722131354\/http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) (Press release). Transocean Ltd. 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events\"](https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/features\/feature84446\/). *Offshore-Technology*. Net Resources International. 7 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228231201\/https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/features\/feature84446\/) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2010.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503_5-0)**\n   USCG Investigation Team Members (27 April 2010). [Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Explosion, Fire, Sinking and Loss of Eleven Crew Members Aboard the MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNIT *DEEPWATER HORIZON* In the GULF OF MEXICO April 20 – 22, 2010](https:\/\/www.bsee.gov\/sites\/bsee.gov\/files\/reports\/safety\/2-deepwaterhorizon-roi-uscg-volume-i-20110707-redacted-final.pdf) (PDF). *bsee.gov* (Report). Vol. 1. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 20 April 2025.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-2)\n   [\"Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619121120\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-3)\n   [\"ABS Record: *Deepwater Horizon*\"](http:\/\/www.eagle.org\/safenet\/record\/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290). American Bureau of Shipping. 21 March 2000. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171109191217\/http:\/\/www.eagle.org\/safenet\/record\/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec2_8-0)**\n   [\"Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619121120\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-9)**\n   Crittenden, Guy (10 May 2010). [\"Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100620121041\/http:\/\/www.hazmatmag.com\/issues\/story.aspx?aid=1000370689). HazMat Management. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.hazmatmag.com\/issues\/story.aspx?aid=1000370689) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-largest_in_US_hist2_10-0)**\n    Staff and wire (27 May 2010). [\"Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in history as BP continues plug effort\"](https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/nation\/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm). *USA Today*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528075946\/http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/nation\/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm) from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-1)\n    [Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report](http:\/\/www.register-iri.com\/forms\/upload\/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180928111525\/http:\/\/www.register-iri.com\/forms\/upload\/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2013.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan2_12-0)**\n    Malcolm Sharples *et al* for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). [\"Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060823190336\/http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"). pp. 50–51\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/tarprojects\/548\/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list \"Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\"))\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger2_13-0)**\n    [\"Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120527094840\/http:\/\/www2.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234). *[PR Newswire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PR_Newswire \"PR Newswire\")*. 29 January 2001. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234) on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag0111092_14-0)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon contract extended\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004652\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Transocean_Release2_15-0)**\n    [\"Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100426171257\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) (Press release). Transocean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rigzone200909022_16-0)**\n    [\"BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=79913). Rigzone. 2 September 2009. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170302121525\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=79913) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2010.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Rig Data Centre\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100527120749\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/data\/). *Rigzone*. 28 May 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/data) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Monitoring system reduces rig downtime\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004206\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/161517\/articles\/offshore\/volume-62\/issue-11\/news\/general-interest\/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 1 November 2002. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/161517\/articles\/offshore\/volume-62\/issue-11\/news\/general-interest\/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-19)**\n    [\"BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface\"](http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/20481\/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface\/). *IT news website*. Computerworld UK. 28 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150223150441\/http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/20481\/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface\/) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable\"](http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/3248321\/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable\/). *IT news website*. Computerworld UK. 12 November 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150423170500\/http:\/\/www.computerworlduk.com\/news\/it-business\/3248321\/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable\/) from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger_21-0)**\n    [\"Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001\"](http:\/\/www.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234). *PR Newswire*. 29 January 2001. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120527094840\/http:\/\/www2.prnewswire.co.uk\/cgi\/news\/release?id=62234) from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n    \n    – date of publication verifiable on [\\[1\\]](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100624153155\/http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1G1-69685498.html)\n22. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-1)\n    [\"Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100722131354\/http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26). *[Wall Street Journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wall_Street_Journal \"Wall Street Journal\")*. 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH\"](http:\/\/www.moneyhouse.ch\/en\/u\/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm). Moneyhouse.ch \"Commercial register and company data\". [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110120151804\/http:\/\/www.moneyhouse.ch\/en\/u\/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-24)**\n    [\"Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228151536\/http:\/\/www.secinfo.com\/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm). SEC EDGAR database, for the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.secinfo.com\/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm) on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-1)\n    Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). [\"Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSN2211325420100422). *[Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210308230910\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSN2211325420100422) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2010.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-26)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100624153111\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/105846\/articles\/offshore\/volume-61\/issue-6\/departments\/vessels-rigsupgrade\/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html). Offshore Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF magazine. 1 June 2001. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/105846\/articles\/offshore\/volume-61\/issue-6\/departments\/vessels-rigsupgrade\/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-27)**\n    [\"Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon\"](http:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20040426006148\/en\/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer). [Business Wire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Wire \"Business Wire\"). 26 April 2004. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210225053155\/https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20040426006148\/en\/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-28)**\n    [\"Transocean Inc. Announces Contract Awards for Two High-Specification Semisubmersible Rigs\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110920151627\/http:\/\/goliath.ecnext.com\/coms2\/gi_0199-4124320\/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html). [Business Wire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Wire \"Business Wire\"). 28 April 2005. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/goliath.ecnext.com\/coms2\/gi_0199-4124320\/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag011109_29-0)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon contract extended\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004652\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/6112303380\/articles\/offshore\/volume-69\/issue-11\/departments\/gulf-of_mexico\/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-30)**\n    [\"The Well\"](http:\/\/www.chron.com\/disp\/story.mpl\/business\/6672098.html). *The Houston Chronicle*. 17 October 2009. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100510020808\/http:\/\/www.chron.com\/disp\/story.mpl\/business\/6672098.html) from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n31. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-1)\n    Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010). [\"Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100624153307\/http:\/\/www.robsonforensic.com\/LibraryFiles\/Articles\/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF). Robson Forensic. p. 8. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.robsonforensic.com\/LibraryFiles\/Articles\/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n32. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-2)\n    [\"R\\&B FALCON CORP, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 31, 2001\"](http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/2442\/101540201502602\/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210224230108\/http:\/\/edgar.secdatabase.com\/2442\/101540201502602\/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-33)**\n    Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). [\"BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081013104520\/http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/businessNews\/idUKWLA495020080617). *Reuters*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/businessNews\/idUKWLA495020080617) on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009.\n34. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-1)\n    Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). [\"A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619120659\/http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). *[The McClatchy Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_McClatchy_Company \"The McClatchy Company\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-35)**\n    [\"Kaskida\"](https:\/\/news.google.com\/archivesearch?q=%22One+of+the+most+powerful+rigs+in+the+world%22+deepwater+horizon&btnG=Search+Archives&num=100). Oil & Gas Investor. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2010.\n    \n    [Alternate link](http:\/\/www.alacrastore.com\/storecontent\/Business-and-Industry\/162363344) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120905170620\/http:\/\/www.alacrastore.com\/storecontent\/Business-and-Industry\/162363344) 5 September 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone_36-0)**\n    [\"BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/oil_gas\/a\/35730\/bp_partners_make_discovery_at_kaskida_prospect_in_the_gulf_of_mexico\/) (Press release). RigZone. 31 August 2006. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150406054937\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/oil_gas\/a\/35730\/BP_Partners_Make_Discovery_at_Kaskida_Prospect_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico) from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2010.\n37. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-1)\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190329165119\/http:\/\/www.beaconmag.com\/deepwaterhorizon.html). TransOcean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.beaconmag.com\/deepwaterhorizon.html) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.\n38. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-1)\n    [\"BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004635\/http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/7488119241\/articles\/offshore\/drilling-completion\/us-gulf-of-mexico\/2009\/08\/bp-drills__giant_.html). *Offshore Magazine*. [PennWell Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PennWell_Corporation \"PennWell Corporation\"). 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/index\/article-display\/7488119241\/articles\/offshore\/drilling-completion\/us-gulf-of-mexico\/2009\/08\/bp-drills__giant_.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reuters020909_39-0)**\n    Braden Reddall (2 September 2009). [\"Transocean says well at BP discovery deepest ever\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520004137\/http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKN02119720090902). *Reuters*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKN02119720090902) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Deepest_40-0)**\n    [\"Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100527120619\/http:\/\/www.yourindustrynews.com\/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html). Red Mist Media. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.yourindustrynews.com\/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-41)**\n    [\"Fleet Status Report\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120307062815\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/_filelib\/FileCabinet\/fleetupdate\/2010\/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls). Transocean. 13 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/_filelib\/FileCabinet\/fleetupdate\/2010\/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-otMacondo_42-0)**\n    [\"Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA\"](https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/projects\/macondoprospect\/). offshore-technology.com. 20 October 2005. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120318041701\/http:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/projects\/macondoprospect) from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2010.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-auction_43-0)**\n    [\"Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100607120431\/http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/homepg\/lsesale\/206\/cgom206.html). US Minerals Management Service. 8 August 2008. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/homepg\/lsesale\/206\/cgom206.html) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsea_44-0)**\n    [\"Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151031035441\/http:\/\/www.subseaiq.com\/data\/Project.aspx?project_id=562). Subsea.Org. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.subseaiq.com\/Data\/Project.aspx?project_Id=562) on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2010.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone2_45-0)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349). Rigzone. 21 April 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170503043454\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2010.\n46. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-1)\n    Robertson, Cambell; Robbins, Liz (22 April 2010). [\"Oil Rig Sinks in the Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/04\/23\/us\/23rig.html). *New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210308124903\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/04\/23\/us\/23rig.html) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_47-0)**\n    [\"BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100425040406\/http:\/\/www.bp.com\/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) (Press release). [BP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\"). 21 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.bp.com\/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-48)**\n    [\"Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=92025). Rigzone. 30 April 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170302094138\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=92025) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2010.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-49)**\n    Michel, Jacqueline; Owens, Edward H.; Zengel, Scott; Graham, Andrew; Nixon, Zachary; Allard, Teresa; Holton, William; Reimer, P. Doug; Lamarche, Alain; White, Mark; Rutherford, Nicolle (12 June 2013). [\"Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3680451). *PLOS ONE*. **8** (6) e65087. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2013PLoSO...865087M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2013PLoSO...865087M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1371\/journal.pone.0065087](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065087). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1932-6203](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1932-6203). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [3680451](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3680451). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [23776444](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23776444).\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-50)**\n    [Kujawinski, Elizabeth B.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_Kujawinski \"Elizabeth Kujawinski\"); Kido Soule, Melissa C.; Valentine, David L.; Boysen, Angela K.; Longnecker, Krista; Redmond, Molly C. (15 February 2011). [\"Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\"](https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/es103838p). *Environmental Science & Technology*. **45** (4): 1298–1306\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2011EnST...45.1298K](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2011EnST...45.1298K). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1021\/es103838p](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Fes103838p). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\$identifier\$ \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[1912\/4332](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1912%2F4332). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0013-936X](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0013-936X). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [21265576](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21265576).\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-51)**\n    [\"UPDATED: Search Continues for 11 Missing Workers\"](http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349). RigZone. 22 April 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170503043454\/http:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n52. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-9)\n    [\"Review: Oil rig inspections fell short of guidelines\"](https:\/\/www.timesnews.net\/news\/local-news\/review-oil-rig-inspections-fell-short-of-guidelines\/article_faf15ae2-231f-594e-94b3-c811418a6866.html). *[Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")*. 16 May 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2021.\n53. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-1)\n    [\"Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100626003005\/http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/ooc\/press\/2010\/press0621.htm). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. 21 June 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mms.gov\/ooc\/press\/2010\/press0621.htm) on 26 June 2010.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-upstream290410_54-0)**\n    Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Watts, Rob; Pitt, Anthea (29 April 2010). [\"Horizon crew tried to activate BOP\"](http:\/\/www.upstreamonline.com\/live\/article213497.ece). *[Upstream Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upstream_\$newspaper\$ \"Upstream (newspaper)\")*. NHST Media Group. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120929011659\/http:\/\/www.upstreamonline.com\/live\/article213497.ece) from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2010.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-55)**\n    [\"Investigating the Cause of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2010\/06\/21\/us\/20100621-bop.html). *[New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. 21 June 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324051227\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2010\/06\/21\/us\/20100621-bop.html) from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2017.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-bloomberg220410_56-0)**\n    Resnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (22 April 2010). [\"Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924151126\/http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0). *Bloomberg*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-57)**\n    [\"Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100429002721\/http:\/\/response.restoration.noaa.gov\/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id%2Csubtopic_id%2Ctopic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration \"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\"), [Office of Response and Restoration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Response_and_Restoration \"Office of Response and Restoration\"). 24 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/response.restoration.noaa.gov\/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1) on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-58)**\n    [\"Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100520003828\/http:\/\/www.nwf.org\/News-and-Magazines\/National-Wildlife\/Birds\/Archives\/2010\/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx). *National Wildlife*. National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.nwf.org\/News-and-Magazines\/National-Wildlife\/Birds\/Archives\/2010\/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-59)**\n    [\"US Government: Deepwater Horizon Well Is Effectively Dead\"](http:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/aspx\/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead). 19 September 2009. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110920151748\/http:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/aspx\/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead) from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2009.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-60)**\n    [\"NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration \\|\"](https:\/\/www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov\/). *www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210309193108\/https:\/\/www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov\/) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-61)**\n    Green, Meg (7 May 2010). [\"Transocean: Insurers Have Already Paid \\$401 Million for Deepwater Horizon Loss\"](http:\/\/insurancenewsnet.com\/article.aspx?id=188498). Insurance news net. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120426212027\/http:\/\/insurancenewsnet.com\/article.aspx?id=188498) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-62)**\n    Fortson, Danny (9 May 2010). [\"Rig firm's \\$270m profit from deadly spill\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528075513\/http:\/\/business.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/business\/industry_sectors\/natural_resources\/article7120655.ece). *The Sunday Times*. London. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/business.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/business\/industry_sectors\/natural_resources\/article7120655.ece) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.\n63. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-1)\n    Stempel, Jonathan (30 June 2010). [\"Special Report – BP oil spill a gusher for lawyers\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100720122018\/http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true). *Reuters Africa*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true) on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-64)**\n    Kam, Dara (29 June 2010). [\"Valdez expert: Psychological impact of Gulf oil spill won't fully emerge for years\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120428002212\/http:\/\/www.palmbeachpost.com\/news\/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html). *palm Beach post news*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.palmbeachpost.com\/news\/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html) on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-65)**\n    [\"BP: Eagles and vultures\"](https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0). *[Financial Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*. 1 July 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110130125838\/http:\/\/www.ft.com\/cms\/s\/0\/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0.html) from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2010.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-66)**\n    David Malakoff (3 January 2013). [\"Second Oil Spill Settlement Adds to Gulf Coast Science and Restoration Funding\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130310014941\/http:\/\/news.sciencemag.org\/scienceinsider\/2013\/01\/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html). *Science News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/news.sciencemag.org\/scienceinsider\/2013\/01\/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-HalliburtonDeepwater_67-0)**\n    [\"Halliburton to pay around \\$1.1 bn for US oil spill claims\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902). *Reuters*. 2 September 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211010005143\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2014.\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BPverdict_68-0)**\n    [\"BP found \"grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill\"](http:\/\/www.neworleanssun.com\/index.php\/sid\/225407625). New Orleans Sun. 4 September 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210127125801\/https:\/\/www.neworleanssun.com\/news\/225407625\/bp-found-grossly-negligent-in-gulf-of-mexico-oil-spill) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2014.\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal_69-0)**\n    [\"BP loses latest US oil spill appeal\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-30375089). [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 8 December 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210308032300\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-30375089) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2018.\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-70)**\n    Vaughan, Adam (16 January 2018). [\"BP's Deepwater Horizon bill tops \\$65bn\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2018\/jan\/16\/bps-deepwater-horizon-bill-tops-65bn). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). Retrieved 7 May 2024.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-71)**\n    Weisbrod, Katelyn (22 June 2021). [\"As the Gulf of Mexico Heals from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Stringent Safety Proposals Remain Elusive\"](https:\/\/insideclimatenews.org\/news\/22062021\/gulf-of-mexico-deepwater-horizon-safety-regulation-ecocide\/). *Inside Climate News*. Retrieved 3 July 2023.\n72. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-72)**\n    [\"Why criminalising ecocide won't solve the climate crisis\"](https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/green\/2021\/03\/13\/why-making-ecocide-a-crime-wont-tackle-root-causes-of-climate-crisis). *euronews*. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.\n73. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-73)**\n    Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). [\"Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?\"](https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2023\/07\/02\/world\/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd\/index.html). *CNN*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240125185108\/https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2023\/07\/02\/world\/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd\/index.html) from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2023.\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-74)**\n    Sarliève, Maud (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), \"Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges\", *Life on Land*, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–11, [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/978-3-319-71065-5\\_110-1](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-71065-5_110-1), [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-3-319-71065-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-3-319-71065-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-3-319-71065-5\")\n    \n    , [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [241216767](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:241216767)\n    \n    `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN \"Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN\"))\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-DH-FH-nyt_75-0)**\n    [Barstow, David](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Barstow \"David Barstow\"); [Rohde, David](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_S._Rohde \"David S. Rohde\"); [Saul, Stephanie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephanie_Saul \"Stephanie Saul\") (25 December 2010). [\"Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/12\/26\/us\/26spill.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161217093650\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/12\/26\/us\/26spill.html) from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.\n\n![Spoken Wikipedia icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg\/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)\n\n[This audio file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:En-Deepwater_Horizon-article.ogg \"File:En-Deepwater Horizon-article.ogg\") was created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2014, and does not reflect subsequent edits.\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Wikinews-logo.svg\/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikinews-logo.svg)\n\nWikinews has news related to:\n\n- [Transocean official website](http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/)\n- [*Deepwater Horizon* detail at Transocean's website](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619121120\/http:\/\/www.deepwater.com\/fw\/main\/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) and at [*RigZone.com*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121030083458\/http:\/\/rigzone.com\/data\/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=153)\n- [Photograph of *Deepwater Horizon* in 2004](http:\/\/geographic.org\/deepwater_gulf_of_mexico\/drilling_and_development.html#figure29) at *Geographic.org*\n- Griffitt, Michelle. [\"Initial Exploration Plan Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100705055816\/http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/PI\/PDFImages\/PLANS\/29\/29977.pdf) (PDF). *[BP Exploration and Production](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BP \"BP\")*. [New Orleans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), Louisiana: [Minerals Management Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minerals_Management_Service \"Minerals Management Service\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.gomr.mms.gov\/PI\/PDFImages\/PLANS\/29\/29977.pdf) (PDF) on 5 July 2010.\n- Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). [\"A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619120659\/http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). *[The McClatchy Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_McClatchy_Company \"The McClatchy Company\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.mcclatchydc.com\/2010\/05\/14\/94184\/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.\n  – detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion ([yahoo news mirror](https:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/mcclatchy\/20100514\/sc_mcclatchy\/3505296_1))\n- [Photo history of the fire and loss](http:\/\/www.neatorama.com\/spotlight\/2010\/05\/25\/deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-the-first-36-hours\/)\n- [Additional references explaining events](https:\/\/www.probizcap.com\/)\n- [BOEM reading room on Deepwater Horizon, including Freedom of Information publications](https:\/\/deepwater.boem.gov\/)\n- [Video explaining the events leading up to the Deepwater Horizon explosion and how it affected the region.](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ybJX3gqIDkE)","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

20 days ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0.7 months ago (distributed domain, exempt)
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon
Last Crawled	2026-03-21 01:53:38 (20 days ago)
First Indexed	2013-08-08 16:29:37 (12 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Deepwater Horizon - Wikipedia
Meta Description	null
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible drilling rig History Name Deepwater Horizon Owner Transocean's Triton Asset Leasing [ 1 ] Operator BP Port of registry Panama (23 February 2001 – 28 December 2004) Majuro (29 December 2004) Route Gulf of Mexico Ordered December 1998 Builder Hyundai Heavy Industries [ 2 ] Cost US$560 million [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Way number 89 Laid down 21 March 2000 Completed 2001 Acquired 23 February 2001 Maiden voyage Long Beach, California – Freeport, Texas Out of service 20 April 2010 Identification ABS class no. : 0139290 Call sign : V7HC9 IMO number : 8764597 MMSI no.: 538002213 Fate Sank on 22 April 2010, after an explosion and fire Notes Located in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at 28°44′30″N 88°23′03″W / 28.7417°N 88.3842°W [ 5 ] General characteristics Class & type ABS +A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU Displacement 52.587 Mg Length 112 m Beam 78 m Height 97.5 m Draught 23 m (75 ft) Depth 41.5 m (136 ft) Deck clearance 34.010 m (111.58 ft) Installed power 7 MW 11 kV 6 × Wärtsilä 18V32 7.2 MW diesel engines 6 × ABB AMG 0900xU10 AC generators Propulsion 8 × Kamewa 5.5 MW, 6.3 rad fixed-propeller azimuth thrusters Speed 2 m/s Capacity Liquid mud : 700 m 3 Drill water : 2100 m 3 Potable water : 1200 m 3 Fuel oil : 4500 m 3 Bulk mud : 400 m 3 Bulk cement : 250 m 3 Crew 150 Notes [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Deepwater Horizon was an ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned , semi-submersible offshore drilling rig [ 8 ] owned by Transocean and operated by the BP company. On 20 April 2010, while drilling in the Gulf of Mexico at the Macondo Prospect , a blowout caused an explosion on the rig that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away. [ 9 ] The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the Horizon collapsed, leaving the well gushing at the seabed and becoming the largest marine oil spill in history . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Built in 2001 in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries , [ 12 ] the rig was commissioned by R&B Falcon (a later asset of Transocean), [ 13 ] registered in Majuro , and under lease to BP from 2001 until September 2013. [ 14 ] In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m) [ 15 ] in the Tiber Oil Field at Keathley Canyon block 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of Houston , in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water. [ 16 ] The Deepwater Nautilus , similar to the Deepwater Horizon , being transported aboard a heavy-lift ship . Deepwater Horizon was a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater, dynamically positioned , column-stabilized, [ 2 ] semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit , designed to drill subsea wells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa) blowout preventer , and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter marine riser . [ 6 ] Deepwater Horizon was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although Deepwater Nautilus , its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters as deep as 8,000 feet (2,400 m), to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m). [ 6 ] In 2010, it was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters deeper than 5,000 ft (1,500 m). [ 17 ] Its American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) class notations were "A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3". [ 2 ] In 2002, the rig was upgraded with "e-drill", a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in Houston , Texas, received real-time drilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information. [ 18 ] Advanced systems had a major role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems [ 19 ] and modelling systems for cementing . The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by Halliburton in April 2010, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions became a focus for investigations of the explosion on the rig that month. [ 20 ] Construction and ownership [ edit ] Deepwater Horizon was built for R&B Falcon (which later became part of Transocean ) [ 21 ] by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan , South Korea. [ 2 ] Construction started in December 1998, the keel was laid on 21 March 2000, [ 7 ] and the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001, [ 7 ] after the acquisition of R&B Falcon by Transocean. [ 22 ] Until 29 December 2004, the rig was registered in the Republic of Panama . [ 11 ] Transocean, through its Steinhausen, Switzerland [ 23 ] subsidiary [ 24 ] Triton Asset Leasing GmbH, [ 1 ] [ 7 ] operated the rig under the Marshallese flag of convenience . [ 25 ] The rig was leased to BP by a three-year contract for deployment in the Gulf of Mexico after construction. [ 26 ] The lease was renewed in 2004 for a year, [ 27 ] 2005 for five years, [ 28 ] and 2009 for three years covering 2010 to 2013. [ 25 ] [ 29 ] The last contract was worth $544 million, or $496,800 a day, [ 30 ] for a "bare rig", [ 31 ] with crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same. [ 31 ] According to R&B Falcon's filings to SEC in 2001, the transfer document between R&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001, [ 32 ] and the rig was specified as "official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO number of 8764597, with gross tonnage of 32,588 and net tonnage of 9,778" [ 32 ] and the transfer value as US$340 million . [ 32 ] As of 2010 , the rig was insured for US$560 million covering the replacement cost and wreckage removal. [ 22 ] Drilling operations [ edit ] Deepwater Horizon worked on wells in the Atlantis (BP 56%, BHP 44%) and Thunder Horse (BP 75%, ExxonMobil 25%) [ 33 ] oil fields . It was described at times as a "lucky" and "celebrated" rig, [ 34 ] and in 2007 was still described as "one of the most powerful rigs in the world". [ 35 ] In 2006, it discovered oil in the Kaskida oil field and, in 2009, the "giant" Tiber oil field . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The well in the Tiber field had a true vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water. [ 38 ] The well was the deepest oil well in the world [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] and more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) farther below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list. [ 41 ] In February 2010, Deepwater Horizon commenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect ( Mississippi Canyon Block 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of Louisiana , at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m). [ 42 ] The Macondo prospect exploration rights had been acquired by BP in 2009, [ 43 ] with the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%), Anadarko Petroleum (25%) and MOEX Offshore 2007 (10%). [ 44 ] Deepwater Horizon was still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred resulting in destruction of the rig and the subsequent oil spill. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] This oil spill has been recorded as the largest offshore spill to occur to date, [ 49 ] resulting in 40 miles (64 km) of coastal pollution. [ 50 ] The well was in the final stages of completion after cement had been emplaced for its last casing string. The exploratory work had been described as "concluded" with permission having been requested already from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site. [ 51 ] The rig was scheduled to move to its next roles as semi-permanent production platforms, initially at the Tiber site followed by a return to the Kaskida field, an oil dome 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana. [ 34 ] During its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of the time it was in service (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly was time spent moving between sites. [ 52 ] Regulation, safety, and inspection [ edit ] The Minerals Management Service (renamed on 18 June 2010, to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement , or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE)) [ 53 ] is the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America. [ 53 ] According to an Associated Press investigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent. [ 52 ] The exact number of required monthly inspections performed varied over time; the inspections were performed as required for the first 40 months, but after that about 25% of inspections were omitted, [ 52 ] although the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection. [ 52 ] Reports of the last three inspections for 2010 were provided by Freedom of Information legislation . Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less. [ 52 ] During its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution). [ 52 ] A sixth citation in 2007 related to non- grounded electrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations. [ 52 ] Overall the Deepwater Horizon 's safety record was "strong" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information. [ 52 ] In 2009 the Minerals Management Service "herald[ed] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety". [ 52 ] According to AP's investigation "its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs". [ 52 ] Explosion and oil spill [ edit ] Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion DW Horizon Location of the Deepwater Horizon on 20 April 2010 At 7:45 p.m. CDT on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well off the gulf of Mexico, a geyser of seawater erupted from the marine riser onto the rig, shooting 70 metres (230 ft) into the air. This was followed soon by the eruption of a slushy combination of drilling mud , methane gas , and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the blowout preventer , but it failed. [ 54 ] The final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a blind shear ram , was activated but failed to plug the well. [ 55 ] Ten workers were presumed killed by the initial explosion: Jason Anderson, 35, of Midfield, Texas ; Donald Clark, 49, of Newellton, Louisiana ; Stephen Ray Curtis, 40, of Georgetown, Louisiana ; Gordon Jones, 28, of Baton Rouge, Louisiana ; Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, of Jonesville, Louisiana ; Karl Kleppinger Jr., 38, of Natchez, Mississippi ; Keith Blair Manuel, 56, of Gonzales, Louisiana ; Dewey Revette, 48, of State Line, Mississippi ; Shane Roshto, 22, of Liberty, Mississippi ; Adam Weise, 24, of Yorktown, Texas . An eleventh worker also died in the subsequent fire, a crane operator: Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37, of Philadelphia, Mississippi . 115 workers survived with 17 injured. The rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours, Deepwater Horizon sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the seafloor approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) deep at that location, and about 400 metres (1,300 ft) northwest of the well. [ 46 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The resultant oil spill continued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap. [ 58 ] Relief wells were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared "effectively dead" on 19 September 2010. [ 59 ] NOAA established the Gulf Spill Restoration project, administered by the Deep Water Horizon National Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, to help to restore much of the coastline. [ 60 ] Transocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the Deepwater Horizon of US$401 million about 5 May 2010. [ 61 ] Financial analysts noted that the insurance recovery was likely to be more than the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities – the latter estimated at as much as US$200 million . [ 62 ] Litigation, ultimate assessment of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery were all unknown as of June 2010 , with analysts reporting that the aftermath was of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to resolve. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] A July 2010 analysis by the Financial Times of the aftermath cited legal sources as saying that "at some point the scale of the litigation becomes so large that it really is novel", that "the situation is likely to be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called class actions " and that there was "no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before". [ 65 ] As with the Exxon Valdez disaster , litigation was being discussed in terms of a 20-year timescale. [ 63 ] In January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act. BP had earlier agreed to pay $2.4 billion but was liable to additional penalties that could range from $5 billion to $20 billion. [ 66 ] In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against them by paying $1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments during two years. [ 67 ] On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct by the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as "reckless", while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed. [ 68 ] On 8 December 2014, the US Supreme Court rejected BP's legal challenge to a compensation deal for the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The settlement agreement had no maximum, but BP initially estimated that it would pay about $7.8bn (£6.1bn) to compensate victims. [ 69 ] As of 2018, approximately 390,000 claims for compensations had been filled, with around $65bn paid in settlements; thousands of claims were still outstanding. [ 70 ] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is cited by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of ecocide . [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] The biographical disaster movie Deepwater Horizon , released in 2016, depicts the events of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill. The movie is based on "Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours", an article published in The New York Times . [ 75 ] Ixtoc I oil spill Ocean Ranger Piper Alpha Tony Hayward ^ a b "Transocean Ltd., Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2010" . secdatabase.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ a b c d Malcolm Sharples et al for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service , Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). "Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan" (PDF) . US Government Minerals Management Service . pp. 50– 51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update" (Press release). Transocean Ltd. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010 . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . ^ "Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events" . Offshore-Technology . Net Resources International. 7 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021 . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . ^ USCG Investigation Team Members (27 April 2010). Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Explosion, Fire, Sinking and Loss of Eleven Crew Members Aboard the MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNIT DEEPWATER HORIZON In the GULF OF MEXICO April 20 – 22, 2010 (PDF) . bsee.gov (Report). Vol. 1. United States Coast Guard . Retrieved 20 April 2025 . ^ a b c "Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon" . Transocean. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ a b c d "ABS Record: Deepwater Horizon " . American Bureau of Shipping. 21 March 2000. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ "Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon" . Transocean. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ Crittenden, Guy (10 May 2010). "Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire" . HazMat Management. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . ^ Staff and wire (27 May 2010). "Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in history as BP continues plug effort" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ a b Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . ^ Malcolm Sharples et al for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service , Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). "Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan" (PDF) . US Government Minerals Management Service . pp. 50– 51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January 31, 2001" . PR Newswire . 29 January 2001. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . ^ "Deepwater Horizon contract extended" . Offshore Magazine . PennWell Corporation . 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ "Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well" (Press release). Transocean. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ "BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber" . Rigzone. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . ^ "Rig Data Centre" . Rigzone . 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ "Monitoring system reduces rig downtime" . Offshore Magazine . PennWell Corporation . 1 November 2002. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ "BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface" . IT news website . Computerworld UK. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . ^ "Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable" . IT news website . Computerworld UK. 12 November 2010. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . ^ "Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January 31, 2001" . PR Newswire . 29 January 2001. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . – date of publication verifiable on [1] ^ a b "Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update" . Wall Street Journal . 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . ^ "Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH" . Moneyhouse.ch "Commercial register and company data". Archived from the original on 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . ^ "Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)" . SEC EDGAR database, for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Archived from the original on 28 February 2021 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . ^ a b Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). "Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . ^ "Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF" . Offshore Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF magazine. 1 June 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . ^ "Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon" . Business Wire . 26 April 2004. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . ^ "Transocean Inc. Announces Contract Awards for Two High-Specification Semisubmersible Rigs" . Business Wire . 28 April 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . ^ "Deepwater Horizon contract extended" . Offshore Magazine . PennWell Corporation . 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ "The Well" . The Houston Chronicle . 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ a b Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010). "Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon" (PDF) . Robson Forensic. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . ^ a b c "R&B FALCON CORP, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 31, 2001" . secdatabase.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). "BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . ^ a b Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). "A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck" . The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . ^ "Kaskida" . Oil & Gas Investor. 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Alternate link Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico" (Press release). RigZone. 31 August 2006. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . ^ a b "Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well" . TransOcean. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019 . Retrieved 8 August 2019 . ^ a b "BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico" . Offshore Magazine . PennWell Corporation . 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ Braden Reddall (2 September 2009). "Transocean says well at BP discovery deepest ever" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ "Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well" . Red Mist Media. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . ^ "Fleet Status Report" . Transocean. 13 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ "Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA" . offshore-technology.com. 20 October 2005. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . ^ "Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information" . US Minerals Management Service. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ "Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo" . Subsea.Org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ "Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM" . Rigzone. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . ^ a b Robertson, Cambell; Robbins, Liz (22 April 2010). "Oil Rig Sinks in the Gulf of Mexico" . New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ "BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today" (Press release). BP . 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . ^ "Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale" . Rigzone. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Michel, Jacqueline; Owens, Edward H.; Zengel, Scott; Graham, Andrew; Nixon, Zachary; Allard, Teresa; Holton, William; Reimer, P. Doug; Lamarche, Alain; White, Mark; Rutherford, Nicolle (12 June 2013). "Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA" . PLOS ONE . 8 (6) e65087. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO...865087M . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0065087 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 3680451 . PMID 23776444 . ^ Kujawinski, Elizabeth B. ; Kido Soule, Melissa C.; Valentine, David L.; Boysen, Angela K.; Longnecker, Krista; Redmond, Molly C. (15 February 2011). "Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill" . Environmental Science & Technology . 45 (4): 1298– 1306. Bibcode : 2011EnST...45.1298K . doi : 10.1021/es103838p . hdl : 1912/4332 . ISSN 0013-936X . PMID 21265576 . ^ "UPDATED: Search Continues for 11 Missing Workers" . RigZone. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Review: Oil rig inspections fell short of guidelines" . Associated Press . 16 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 September 2021 . ^ a b "Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement" . Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. ^ Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Watts, Rob; Pitt, Anthea (29 April 2010). "Horizon crew tried to activate BOP" . Upstream Online . NHST Media Group. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . ^ "Investigating the Cause of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout" . New York Times . 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Resnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (22 April 2010). "Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico" . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . ^ "Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Office of Response and Restoration . 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . ^ "Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill" . National Wildlife . National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . ^ "US Government: Deepwater Horizon Well Is Effectively Dead" . 19 September 2009. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . ^ "NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration \|" . www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov . Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 5 March 2021 . ^ Green, Meg (7 May 2010). "Transocean: Insurers Have Already Paid $401 Million for Deepwater Horizon Loss" . Insurance news net. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . ^ Fortson, Danny (9 May 2010). "Rig firm's $270m profit from deadly spill" . The Sunday Times . London. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . ^ a b Stempel, Jonathan (30 June 2010). "Special Report – BP oil spill a gusher for lawyers" . Reuters Africa . Archived from the original on 20 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Kam, Dara (29 June 2010). "Valdez expert: Psychological impact of Gulf oil spill won't fully emerge for years" . palm Beach post news . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ "BP: Eagles and vultures" . Financial Times . 1 July 2010. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ David Malakoff (3 January 2013). "Second Oil Spill Settlement Adds to Gulf Coast Science and Restoration Funding" . Science News . Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . ^ "Halliburton to pay around $1.1 bn for US oil spill claims" . Reuters . 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . ^ "BP found "grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill" . New Orleans Sun. 4 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . ^ "BP loses latest US oil spill appeal" . BBC News . 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . ^ Vaughan, Adam (16 January 2018). "BP's Deepwater Horizon bill tops $65bn" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ Weisbrod, Katelyn (22 June 2021). "As the Gulf of Mexico Heals from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Stringent Safety Proposals Remain Elusive" . Inside Climate News . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Why criminalising ecocide won't solve the climate crisis" . euronews . 13 March 2021 . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Archived from the original on 25 January 2024 . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ Sarliève, Maud (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), "Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges", Life on Land , Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1– 11, doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_110-1 , ISBN 978-3-319-71065-5 , S2CID 241216767 {{ citation }} : CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ( link ) ^ Barstow, David ; Rohde, David ; Saul, Stephanie (25 December 2010). "Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2014 , and does not reflect subsequent edits. Wikinews has news related to: Transocean official website Deepwater Horizon detail at Transocean's website and at RigZone.com Photograph of Deepwater Horizon in 2004 at Geographic.org Griffitt, Michelle. "Initial Exploration Plan Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306" (PDF) . BP Exploration and Production . New Orleans , Louisiana: Minerals Management Service . Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). "A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck" . The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . – detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion ( yahoo news mirror ) Photo history of the fire and loss Additional references explaining events BOEM reading room on Deepwater Horizon, including Freedom of Information publications Video explaining the events leading up to the Deepwater Horizon explosion and how it affected the region.
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Personal tools - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Deepwater+Horizon "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon) - [1 Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#Design) - [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#History) Toggle History subsection - [2\.1 Construction and ownership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#Construction_and_ownership) - [2\.2 Drilling operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#Drilling_operations) - [2\.3 Regulation, safety, and inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#Regulation,_safety,_and_inspection) - [3 Explosion and oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#Explosion_and_oil_spill) - [4 Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#Aftermath) - [5 Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#Movie) - [6 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#See_also) - [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#References) - [8 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Deepwater Horizon 30 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86 "ديب واتر هورايزن – Arabic") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Azerbaijani") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BD "Дийпуотър Хърайзън – Bulgarian") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Czech") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – German") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 "دیپ‌واتر هاریزون – Persian") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – French") - [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_$boarplatfoarm$ "Deepwater Horizon (boarplatfoarm) – Western Frisian") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Irish") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Galician") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F "דיפווטר הורייזן – Hebrew") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Indonesian") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Italian") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%A5%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0_%ED%97%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%8C "딥워터 허라이즌 – Korean") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_$schip,_2001$ "Deepwater Horizon (schip, 2001) – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Polish") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Portuguese") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Russian") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Slovak") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Swedish") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Turkish") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "Deepwater Horizon – Vietnamese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A%E9%91%BD%E4%BA%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0 "深水地平線鑽井平台 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212975#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Deepwater_Horizon "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Deepwater_Horizon "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Deepwater_Horizon "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&oldid=1342142906 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Deepwater_Horizon&id=1342142906&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDeepwater_Horizon) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Deepwater_Horizon&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_drilling_rig_explosion) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212975 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [28°44′30″N 88°23′03″W / 28\.7417°N 88.3842°W / 28\.7417; -88.3842](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon&params=28.7417_N_88.3842_W_region:US-LA_type:landmark) [![This is a good article. Click here for more information.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/20px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles* "This is a good article. Click here for more information.") [![Listen to this article](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/20px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Deepwater_Horizon-article.ogg "Listen to this article") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Former offshore oil drilling rig \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg/40px-Ionicons_duplicate-sharp.svg.png) \| This article contains one or more duplicated citations. The reason given is: DuplicateReferences script detected: <https://web.archive.org/web/20060823190336/http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf> (refs: 2, 12) <https://web.archive.org/web/20100722131354/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26> (refs: 3, 22) <https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html> (refs: 6, 8) <https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004652/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html> (refs: 14, 29) <http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349> (refs: 45, 51) It is recommended to use [named references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS "Help:Footnotes") to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. (March 2026) ([Learn how and when to remove this message](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal")) \| This article is about the drilling rig. For other uses, see [Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_$disambiguation$ "Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation)"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e0/Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)Deepwater Horizon [semi-submersible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersible_platform "Semi-submersible platform") drilling rig \| \| \| History \| \| \| Name \| Deepwater Horizon \| \| Owner \| [Transocean's Triton Asset Leasing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1) \| \| Operator \| [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") \| \| Port of registry \| [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama "Panama") (23 February 2001 – 28 December 2004) [Majuro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro "Majuro") (29 December 2004) \| \| Route \| [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") \| \| Ordered \| December 1998 \| \| Builder \| [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) \| \| Cost \| US\$560 million[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-4) \| \| Way number \| 89 \| \| Laid down \| 21 March 2000 \| \| Completed \| 2001 \| \| Acquired \| 23 February 2001 \| \| Maiden voyage \| [Long Beach, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California "Long Beach, California") – [Freeport, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport,_Texas "Freeport, Texas") \| \| Out of service \| 20 April 2010 \| \| Identification \| [ABS class no.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bureau_of_Shipping "American Bureau of Shipping"): 0139290 [Call sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign "Call sign"): V7HC9 [IMO number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMO_number "IMO number"): [8764597](https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:8764597) [MMSI no.:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity "Maritime Mobile Service Identity") 538002213 \| \| Fate \| Sank on 22 April 2010, after an explosion and fire \| \| Notes \| Located in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at [28°44′30″N 88°23′03″W / 28\.7417°N 88.3842°W / 28\.7417; -88.3842](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon&params=28.7417_N_88.3842_W_region:US-LA_type:landmark)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503-5) \| \| General characteristics \| \| \| Class & type \| [ABS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bureau_of_Shipping "American Bureau of Shipping") +A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU \| \| Displacement \| 52\.587 Mg \| \| Length \| 112 m \| \| Beam \| 78 m \| \| Height \| 97\.5 m \| \| Draught \| 23 m (75 ft) \| \| Depth \| 41\.5 m (136 ft) \| \| Deck clearance \| 34\.010 m (111.58 ft) \| \| Installed power \| 7 MW 11 kV 6 × [Wärtsilä](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4 "Wärtsilä") 18V32 7.2 MW [diesel engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engines "Diesel engines") 6 × [ABB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB "ABB") AMG 0900xU10 [AC generators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_generator "AC generator") \| \| Propulsion \| 8 × [Kamewa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamewa "Kamewa") 5.5 MW, 6.3 rad fixed-propeller [azimuth thrusters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_thruster "Azimuth thruster") \| \| Speed \| 2 m/s \| \| Capacity \| [Liquid mud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid"): 700 m3 [Drill water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water "Water"): 2100 m3 [Potable water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water "Drinking water"): 1200 m3 [Fuel oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil "Fuel oil"): 4500 m3 [Bulk mud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid"): 400 m3 [Bulk cement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement "Cement"): 250 m3 \| \| Crew \| 150 \| \| Notes \| [\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) \| *Deepwater Horizon* was an ultra-deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning "Dynamic positioning"), [semi-submersible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersible_platform "Semi-submersible platform") [offshore drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling "Offshore drilling") [rig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform "Oil platform")[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec2-8) owned by [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") and operated by the [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") company. On 20 April 2010, while drilling in the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") at the [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect"), a [blowout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_$well_drilling$ "Blowout (well drilling)") caused [an explosion on the rig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-9) The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the Horizon collapsed, leaving the well gushing at the [seabed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed "Seabed") and becoming [the largest marine oil spill in history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-largest_in_US_hist2-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11) Built in 2001 in [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries"),[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan2-12) the rig was commissioned by [R\&B Falcon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B_Falcon "R&B Falcon") (a later asset of Transocean),[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger2-13) registered in [Majuro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro "Majuro"), and under lease to [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") from 2001 until September 2013.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag0111092-14) In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Transocean_Release2-15) in the [Tiber Oil Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber_Oil_Field "Tiber Oil Field") at [Keathley Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keathley_Canyon "Keathley Canyon") block 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rigzone200909022-16) ## Design \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Design")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg/250px-Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg) The Deepwater Nautilus, similar to the Deepwater Horizon, being transported aboard a [heavy-lift ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship "Heavy-lift ship"). \| \| \|---\| \| This article is part of a series about the \| \| [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill") \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg/250px-Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg) \| \| [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") [Deepwater Horizon]() [Explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") [Oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Volume and extent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Closure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_response "Deepwater Horizon oil spill response") [Environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Health consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation "Deepwater Horizon investigation") [Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation") [Compensation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series "Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series "Template talk:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_series "Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill series") \| Deepwater Horizon was a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning "Dynamic positioning"), column-stabilized,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) semi-submersible [mobile offshore drilling unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling "Offshore drilling"), designed to drill [subsea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsea "Subsea") wells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa) [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer"), and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter [marine riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_riser "Marine riser").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6) Deepwater Horizon was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although [Deepwater Nautilus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Nautilus "Deepwater Nautilus"), its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters as deep as 8,000 feet (2,400 m), to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m).[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6) In 2010, it was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters deeper than 5,000 ft (1,500 m).[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-17) Its [American Bureau of Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bureau_of_Shipping "American Bureau of Shipping") (ABS) class notations were "A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3".[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) In 2002, the rig was upgraded with "e-drill", a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas, received [real-time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computing "Real-time computing") drilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-18) Advanced systems had a major role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-19) and modelling systems for [cementing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementing_equipment "Cementing equipment"). The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") in April 2010, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions became a focus for investigations of the explosion on the rig that month.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-20) ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: History")\] ### Construction and ownership \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Construction and ownership")\] Deepwater Horizon was built for R\&B Falcon (which later became part of [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean"))[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger-21) by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries") in [Ulsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan "Ulsan"), South Korea.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) Construction started in December 1998, the [keel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel "Keel") was laid on 21 March 2000,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) and the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) after the acquisition of R\&B Falcon by Transocean.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22) Until 29 December 2004, the rig was registered in the [Republic of Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Panama "Republic of Panama").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11) Transocean, through its [Steinhausen, Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhausen,_Switzerland "Steinhausen, Switzerland")[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-23) subsidiary[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-24) Triton Asset Leasing GmbH,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) operated the rig under the [Marshallese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") [flag of convenience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_convenience "Flag of convenience").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25) The rig was leased to BP by a three-year contract for deployment in the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") after construction.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-26) The lease was renewed in 2004 for a year,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-27) 2005 for five years,[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-28) and 2009 for three years covering 2010 to 2013.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag011109-29) The last contract was worth \$544 million, or \$496,800 a day,[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-30) for a "bare rig",[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31) with crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31) According to R\&B Falcon's filings to [SEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission "Securities & Exchange Commission") in 2001, the transfer document between R\&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the rig was specified as "official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO number of 8764597, with gross tonnage of 32,588 and net tonnage of 9,778"[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the transfer value as US\$340 million.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) As of 2010[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit), the rig was insured for US\$560 million covering the replacement cost and wreckage removal.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22) ### Drilling operations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Drilling operations")\] Deepwater Horizon worked on wells in the [Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Oil_Field "Atlantis Oil Field") (BP 56%, [BHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP "BHP") 44%) and [Thunder Horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Horse_Oil_Field "Thunder Horse Oil Field") (BP 75%, [ExxonMobil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil "ExxonMobil") 25%)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-33) [oil fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field "Oil field"). It was described at times as a "lucky" and "celebrated" rig,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34) and in 2007 was still described as "one of the most powerful rigs in the world".[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-35) In 2006, it discovered oil in the [Kaskida oil field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskida_oil_field "Kaskida oil field") and, in 2009, the "giant" [Tiber oil field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber_oil_field "Tiber oil field").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37) The well in the Tiber field had a true vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38) The well was the deepest oil well in the world[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reuters020909-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Deepest-40) and more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) farther below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-41) In February 2010, Deepwater Horizon commenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect ([Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") Block 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-otMacondo-42) The Macondo prospect exploration rights had been acquired by BP in 2009,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-auction-43) with the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%), [Anadarko Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum "Anadarko Petroleum") (25%) and [MOEX Offshore 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui "Mitsui") (10%).[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsea-44) Deepwater Horizon was still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred resulting in destruction of the rig and the subsequent oil spill.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone2-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-48) This oil spill has been recorded as the largest offshore spill to occur to date,[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-49) resulting in 40 miles (64 km) of coastal pollution.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-50) The well was in the final stages of completion after cement had been emplaced for its last casing string. The exploratory work had been described as "concluded" with permission having been requested already from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-51) The rig was scheduled to move to its next roles as semi-permanent production platforms, initially at the Tiber site followed by a return to the Kaskida field, an oil dome 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34) During its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of the time it was in service (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly was time spent moving between sites.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) ### Regulation, safety, and inspection \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Regulation, safety, and inspection")\] The [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") (renamed on 18 June 2010, to the [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement"), or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE))[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) is the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) According to an [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") investigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) The exact number of required monthly inspections performed varied over time; the inspections were performed as required for the first 40 months, but after that about 25% of inspections were omitted,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) although the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Reports of the last three inspections for 2010 were provided by [Freedom of Information legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_legislation "Freedom of Information legislation"). Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) During its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution).[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) A sixth citation in 2007 related to non-[grounded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_$electricity$ "Ground (electricity)") electrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Overall the Deepwater Horizon's safety record was "strong" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) In 2009 the Minerals Management Service "herald\[ed\] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) According to AP's investigation "its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) ## Explosion and oil spill \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Explosion and oil spill")\] Main articles: [Deepwater Horizon explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") and [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/250px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg) Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion [![site of the explosion](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg "site of the explosion") ![site of the explosion](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) DW Horizon Location of the Deepwater Horizon on 20 April 2010 At 7:45 p.m. [CDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_$Americas$ "Central Time Zone (Americas)") on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well off the gulf of Mexico, a geyser of seawater erupted from the [marine riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_riser "Marine riser") onto the rig, shooting 70 metres (230 ft) into the air. This was followed soon by the eruption of a slushy combination of [drilling mud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid"), [methane gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_gas "Methane gas"), and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer"), but it failed.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-upstream290410-54) The final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a [blind shear ram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer#Types "Blowout preventer"), was activated but failed to plug the well.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-55) Ten workers were presumed killed by the initial explosion: - Jason Anderson, 35, of [Midfield, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfield,_Texas "Midfield, Texas"); - Donald Clark, 49, of [Newellton, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newellton,_Louisiana "Newellton, Louisiana"); - Stephen Ray Curtis, 40, of [Georgetown, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Louisiana "Georgetown, Louisiana"); - Gordon Jones, 28, of [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"); - Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, of [Jonesville, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesville,_Louisiana "Jonesville, Louisiana"); - Karl Kleppinger Jr., 38, of [Natchez, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi "Natchez, Mississippi"); - Keith Blair Manuel, 56, of [Gonzales, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales,_Louisiana "Gonzales, Louisiana"); - Dewey Revette, 48, of [State Line, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Line,_Mississippi "State Line, Mississippi"); - Shane Roshto, 22, of [Liberty, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Mississippi "Liberty, Mississippi"); - Adam Weise, 24, of [Yorktown, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Texas "Yorktown, Texas"). An eleventh worker also died in the subsequent fire, a crane operator: - Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37, of [Philadelphia, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Mississippi "Philadelphia, Mississippi"). 115 workers survived with 17 injured. The rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours, Deepwater Horizon sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the [seafloor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed "Seabed") approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) deep at that location, and about 400 metres (1,300 ft) northwest of the well.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-bloomberg220410-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-57) The [resultant oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill") continued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-58) [Relief wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_well "Relief well") were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared "effectively dead" on 19 September 2010.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-59) [NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA "NOAA") established the Gulf Spill Restoration project, administered by the Deep Water Horizon National Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, to help to restore much of the coastline.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-60) ## Aftermath \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Aftermath")\] Further information: [Deepwater Horizon litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation") Transocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the Deepwater Horizon of US\$401 million about 5 May 2010.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-61) [Financial analysts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analyst "Financial analyst") noted that the insurance recovery was likely to be more than the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities – the latter estimated at as much as US\$200 million.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-62) Litigation, ultimate assessment of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery were all unknown as of June 2010[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit), with analysts reporting that the aftermath was of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to resolve.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-64) A July 2010 analysis by the [Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times") of the aftermath cited legal sources as saying that "at some point the scale of [the litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation") becomes so large that it really is novel", that "the situation is likely to be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called [class actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action")" and that there was "no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before".[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-65) As with the [Exxon Valdez disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill#Litigation_and_cleanup_costs "Exxon Valdez oil spill"), litigation was being discussed in terms of a 20-year timescale.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63) In January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US\$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act. BP had earlier agreed to pay \$2.4 billion but was liable to additional penalties that could range from \$5 billion to \$20 billion.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-66) In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against them by paying \$1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments during two years.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-HalliburtonDeepwater-67) On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge [Carl Barbier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barbier "Carl Barbier") ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct by the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as "reckless", while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BPverdict-68) On 8 December 2014, the US Supreme Court rejected BP's legal challenge to a compensation deal for the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The settlement agreement had no maximum, but BP initially estimated that it would pay about \$7.8bn (£6.1bn) to compensate victims.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal-69) As of 2018, approximately 390,000 claims for compensations had been filled, with around \$65bn paid in settlements; thousands of claims were still outstanding.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-70) The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is cited by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of [ecocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocide "Ecocide").[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-74) ## Movie \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Movie")\] The biographical disaster movie [Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_$film$ "Deepwater Horizon (film)"), released in 2016, depicts the events of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill. The movie is based on "Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours", an article published in [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-DH-FH-nyt-75) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: See also")\] - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg)[Transport portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport "Portal:Transport") - [Ixtoc I oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill "Ixtoc I oil spill") - [Ocean Ranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Ranger "Ocean Ranger") - [Piper Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Alpha "Piper Alpha") - [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-1) ["Transocean Ltd., Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2010"](http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1568/145150510000023/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170129/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1568/145150510000023/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018. 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-3) Malcolm Sharples et al* for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). ["Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060823190336/http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"). pp. 50–51\. Archived from [the original](http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list")) 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-3) ["Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100722131354/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) (Press release). Transocean Ltd. 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-4) ["Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events"](https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/feature84446/). Offshore-Technology. Net Resources International. 7 May 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228231201/https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/feature84446/) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503_5-0) USCG Investigation Team Members (27 April 2010). [Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Explosion, Fire, Sinking and Loss of Eleven Crew Members Aboard the MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNIT DEEPWATER HORIZON In the GULF OF MEXICO April 20 – 22, 2010](https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/reports/safety/2-deepwaterhorizon-roi-uscg-volume-i-20110707-redacted-final.pdf) (PDF). bsee.gov (Report). Vol. 1. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 20 April 2025. 6. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-2) ["Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 7. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-3) ["ABS Record: Deepwater Horizon"](http://www.eagle.org/safenet/record/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290). American Bureau of Shipping. 21 March 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191217/http://www.eagle.org/safenet/record/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec2_8-0)* ["Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-9) Crittenden, Guy (10 May 2010). ["Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100620121041/http://www.hazmatmag.com/issues/story.aspx?aid=1000370689). HazMat Management. Archived from [the original](http://www.hazmatmag.com/issues/story.aspx?aid=1000370689) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-largest_in_US_hist2_10-0) Staff and wire (27 May 2010). ["Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in history as BP continues plug effort"](https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm). USA Today. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100528075946/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm) from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-1) [Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report](http://www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180928111525/http://www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2013. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan2_12-0)* Malcolm Sharples et al for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). ["Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060823190336/http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"). pp. 50–51\. Archived from [the original](http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list")) 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger2_13-0) ["Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527094840/http://www2.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234). [PR Newswire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire "PR Newswire"). 29 January 2001. Archived from [the original](http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234) on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag0111092_14-0) ["Deepwater Horizon contract extended"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004652/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Transocean_Release2_15-0) ["Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) (Press release). Transocean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rigzone200909022_16-0) ["BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=79913). Rigzone. 2 September 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170302121525/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=79913) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2010. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-17) ["Rig Data Centre"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120749/http://www.rigzone.com/data/). Rigzone. 28 May 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.rigzone.com/data) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-18) ["Monitoring system reduces rig downtime"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004206/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/161517/articles/offshore/volume-62/issue-11/news/general-interest/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 1 November 2002. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/161517/articles/offshore/volume-62/issue-11/news/general-interest/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-19) ["BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface"](http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/20481/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface/). IT news website. Computerworld UK. 28 May 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150223150441/http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/20481/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface/) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-20) ["Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable"](http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/3248321/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable/). IT news website. Computerworld UK. 12 November 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150423170500/http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/3248321/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable/) from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger_21-0) ["Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001"](http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234). PR Newswire. 29 January 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527094840/http://www2.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234) from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010. – date of publication verifiable on [\[1\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153155/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-69685498.html) 22. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-1) ["Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100722131354/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26). [Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal "Wall Street Journal"). 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-23)* ["Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH"](http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/u/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm). Moneyhouse.ch "Commercial register and company data". [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110120151804/http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/u/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-24) ["Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228151536/http://www.secinfo.com/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm). SEC EDGAR database, for the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"). Archived from [the original](http://www.secinfo.com/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm) on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 25. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-1) Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). ["Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled"](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2211325420100422). [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308230910/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2211325420100422) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2010. 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-26)* ["Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153111/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/105846/articles/offshore/volume-61/issue-6/departments/vessels-rigsupgrade/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html). Offshore Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF magazine. 1 June 2001. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/105846/articles/offshore/volume-61/issue-6/departments/vessels-rigsupgrade/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-27) ["Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon"](http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040426006148/en/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer). [Business Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire "Business Wire"). 26 April 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225053155/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040426006148/en/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-28) ["Transocean Inc. Announces Contract Awards for Two High-Specification Semisubmersible Rigs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110920151627/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4124320/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html). [Business Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire "Business Wire"). 28 April 2005. Archived from [the original](http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4124320/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag011109_29-0) ["Deepwater Horizon contract extended"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004652/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-30) ["The Well"](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6672098.html). The Houston Chronicle. 17 October 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100510020808/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6672098.html) from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 31. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-1) Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010). ["Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153307/http://www.robsonforensic.com/LibraryFiles/Articles/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF). Robson Forensic. p. 8. Archived from [the original](http://www.robsonforensic.com/LibraryFiles/Articles/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 32. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-2) ["R\&B FALCON CORP, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 31, 2001"](http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2442/101540201502602/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224230108/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2442/101540201502602/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-33)* Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). ["BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081013104520/http://uk.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKWLA495020080617). Reuters. Archived from [the original](http://uk.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKWLA495020080617) on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009. 34. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-1) Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). ["A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619120659/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). [The McClatchy Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company "The McClatchy Company"). Archived from [the original](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-35)* ["Kaskida"](https://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22One+of+the+most+powerful+rigs+in+the+world%22+deepwater+horizon&btnG=Search+Archives&num=100). Oil & Gas Investor. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2010. [Alternate link](http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Business-and-Industry/162363344) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170620/http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Business-and-Industry/162363344) 5 September 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone_36-0) ["BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico"](https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/35730/bp_partners_make_discovery_at_kaskida_prospect_in_the_gulf_of_mexico/) (Press release). RigZone. 31 August 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150406054937/http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/35730/BP_Partners_Make_Discovery_at_Kaskida_Prospect_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico) from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2010. 37. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-1) ["Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190329165119/http://www.beaconmag.com/deepwaterhorizon.html). TransOcean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](https://www.beaconmag.com/deepwaterhorizon.html) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019. 38. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-1) ["BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004635/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/7488119241/articles/offshore/drilling-completion/us-gulf-of-mexico/2009/08/bp-drills__giant_.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/7488119241/articles/offshore/drilling-completion/us-gulf-of-mexico/2009/08/bp-drills__giant_.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reuters020909_39-0)* Braden Reddall (2 September 2009). ["Transocean says well at BP discovery deepest ever"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004137/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN02119720090902). Reuters. Archived from [the original](http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN02119720090902) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Deepest_40-0) ["Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120619/http://www.yourindustrynews.com/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html). Red Mist Media. Archived from [the original](http://www.yourindustrynews.com/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-41) ["Fleet Status Report"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120307062815/http://www.deepwater.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/fleetupdate/2010/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls). Transocean. 13 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/fleetupdate/2010/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-otMacondo_42-0) ["Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA"](https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/macondoprospect/). offshore-technology.com. 20 October 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120318041701/http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/macondoprospect) from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2010. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-auction_43-0) ["Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100607120431/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/lsesale/206/cgom206.html). US Minerals Management Service. 8 August 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/lsesale/206/cgom206.html) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsea_44-0) ["Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151031035441/http://www.subseaiq.com/data/Project.aspx?project_id=562). Subsea.Org. Archived from [the original](http://www.subseaiq.com/Data/Project.aspx?project_Id=562) on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2010. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone2_45-0) ["Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349). Rigzone. 21 April 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170503043454/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2010. 46. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-1) Robertson, Cambell; Robbins, Liz (22 April 2010). ["Oil Rig Sinks in the Gulf of Mexico"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/us/23rig.html). New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124903/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/us/23rig.html) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 47. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_47-0)* ["BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100425040406/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) (Press release). [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP"). 21 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-48) ["Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=92025). Rigzone. 30 April 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170302094138/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=92025) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2010. 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-49) Michel, Jacqueline; Owens, Edward H.; Zengel, Scott; Graham, Andrew; Nixon, Zachary; Allard, Teresa; Holton, William; Reimer, P. Doug; Lamarche, Alain; White, Mark; Rutherford, Nicolle (12 June 2013). ["Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680451). PLOS ONE. 8 (6) e65087. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013PLoSO...865087M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...865087M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1371/journal.pone.0065087](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065087). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1932-6203](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [3680451](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680451). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [23776444](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23776444). 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-50) [Kujawinski, Elizabeth B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kujawinski "Elizabeth Kujawinski"); Kido Soule, Melissa C.; Valentine, David L.; Boysen, Angela K.; Longnecker, Krista; Redmond, Molly C. (15 February 2011). ["Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill"](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es103838p). Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (4): 1298–1306\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2011EnST...45.1298K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnST...45.1298K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1021/es103838p](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes103838p). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_$identifier$ "Hdl (identifier)"):[1912/4332](https://hdl.handle.net/1912%2F4332). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0013-936X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [21265576](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21265576). 51. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-51) ["UPDATED: Search Continues for 11 Missing Workers"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349). RigZone. 22 April 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170503043454/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 52. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-9) ["Review: Oil rig inspections fell short of guidelines"](https://www.timesnews.net/news/local-news/review-oil-rig-inspections-fell-short-of-guidelines/article_faf15ae2-231f-594e-94b3-c811418a6866.html). [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). 16 May 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2021. 53. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-1) ["Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003005/http://www.mms.gov/ooc/press/2010/press0621.htm). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. 21 June 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.mms.gov/ooc/press/2010/press0621.htm) on 26 June 2010. 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-upstream290410_54-0)* Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Watts, Rob; Pitt, Anthea (29 April 2010). ["Horizon crew tried to activate BOP"](http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article213497.ece). [Upstream Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_$newspaper$ "Upstream (newspaper)"). NHST Media Group. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120929011659/http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article213497.ece) from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 55. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-55) ["Investigating the Cause of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/06/21/us/20100621-bop.html). [New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times"). 21 June 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180324051227/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/06/21/us/20100621-bop.html) from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 56. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-bloomberg220410_56-0) Resnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (22 April 2010). ["Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151126/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0). Bloomberg. Archived from [the original](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 57. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-57) ["Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100429002721/http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id%2Csubtopic_id%2Ctopic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"), [Office of Response and Restoration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Response_and_Restoration "Office of Response and Restoration"). 24 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1) on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 58. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-58) ["Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520003828/http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Birds/Archives/2010/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx). National Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Birds/Archives/2010/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010. 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-59) ["US Government: Deepwater Horizon Well Is Effectively Dead"](http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead). 19 September 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110920151748/http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead) from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2009. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-60) ["NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration \\|"](https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/). www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309193108/https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021. 61. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-61) Green, Meg (7 May 2010). ["Transocean: Insurers Have Already Paid \$401 Million for Deepwater Horizon Loss"](http://insurancenewsnet.com/article.aspx?id=188498). Insurance news net. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120426212027/http://insurancenewsnet.com/article.aspx?id=188498) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010. 62. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-62) Fortson, Danny (9 May 2010). ["Rig firm's \$270m profit from deadly spill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100528075513/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article7120655.ece). The Sunday Times. London. Archived from [the original](http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article7120655.ece) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010. 63. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-1) Stempel, Jonathan (30 June 2010). ["Special Report – BP oil spill a gusher for lawyers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100720122018/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true). Reuters Africa. Archived from [the original](https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true) on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 64. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-64)* Kam, Dara (29 June 2010). ["Valdez expert: Psychological impact of Gulf oil spill won't fully emerge for years"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120428002212/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html). palm Beach post news. Archived from [the original](http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html) on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 65. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-65) ["BP: Eagles and vultures"](https://www.ft.com/content/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0). [Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times"). 1 July 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110130125838/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0.html) from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 66. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-66) David Malakoff (3 January 2013). ["Second Oil Spill Settlement Adds to Gulf Coast Science and Restoration Funding"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130310014941/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2013/01/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html). Science News. Archived from [the original](http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2013/01/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013. 67. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-HalliburtonDeepwater_67-0) ["Halliburton to pay around \$1.1 bn for US oil spill claims"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902). Reuters. 2 September 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211010005143/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2014. 68. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BPverdict_68-0) ["BP found "grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill"](http://www.neworleanssun.com/index.php/sid/225407625). New Orleans Sun. 4 September 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210127125801/https://www.neworleanssun.com/news/225407625/bp-found-grossly-negligent-in-gulf-of-mexico-oil-spill) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2014. 69. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal_69-0) ["BP loses latest US oil spill appeal"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30375089). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). 8 December 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032300/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30375089) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2018. 70. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-70) Vaughan, Adam (16 January 2018). ["BP's Deepwater Horizon bill tops \$65bn"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/16/bps-deepwater-horizon-bill-tops-65bn). The Guardian. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 7 May 2024. 71. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-71) Weisbrod, Katelyn (22 June 2021). ["As the Gulf of Mexico Heals from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Stringent Safety Proposals Remain Elusive"](https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22062021/gulf-of-mexico-deepwater-horizon-safety-regulation-ecocide/). Inside Climate News. Retrieved 3 July 2023. 72. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-72) ["Why criminalising ecocide won't solve the climate crisis"](https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/03/13/why-making-ecocide-a-crime-wont-tackle-root-causes-of-climate-crisis). euronews. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023. 73. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-73) Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). ["Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/02/world/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd/index.html). CNN. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240125185108/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/02/world/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd/index.html) from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2023. 74. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-74) Sarliève, Maud (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), "Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges", Life on Land, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–11, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-3-319-71065-5\_110-1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-71065-5_110-1), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-319-71065-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71065-5 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71065-5") , [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [241216767](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241216767) `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN "Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN")) 75. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-DH-FH-nyt_75-0) [Barstow, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barstow "David Barstow"); [Rohde, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Rohde "David S. Rohde"); [Saul, Stephanie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Saul "Stephanie Saul") (25 December 2010). ["Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/us/26spill.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161217093650/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/us/26spill.html) from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: External links")\] Listen to this article (13 minutes) ![Spoken Wikipedia icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png) [This audio file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Deepwater_Horizon-article.ogg "File:En-Deepwater Horizon-article.ogg") was created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2014 (2014-10-19), and does not reflect subsequent edits. ([Audio help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help "Wikipedia:Media help") · [More spoken articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles "Wikipedia:Spoken articles")) [![logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg) Wikinews has news related to: *[Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_drilling_rig_explosion "wikinews:Category:Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion")* - [Transocean official website](http://www.deepwater.com/) - [Deepwater Horizon detail at Transocean's website](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) and at [RigZone.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20121030083458/http://rigzone.com/data/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=153) - [Photograph of Deepwater Horizon in 2004](http://geographic.org/deepwater_gulf_of_mexico/drilling_and_development.html#figure29) at Geographic.org - Griffitt, Michelle. ["Initial Exploration Plan Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100705055816/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/PLANS/29/29977.pdf) (PDF). [BP Exploration and Production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP"). [New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), Louisiana: [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"). Archived from [the original](http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/PLANS/29/29977.pdf) (PDF) on 5 July 2010. - Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). ["A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619120659/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). [The McClatchy Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company "The McClatchy Company"). Archived from [the original](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010. – detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion ([yahoo news mirror](https://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/20100514/sc_mcclatchy/3505296_1)) - [Photo history of the fire and loss](http://www.neatorama.com/spotlight/2010/05/25/deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-the-first-36-hours/) - [Additional references explaining events](https://www.probizcap.com/) - [BOEM reading room on Deepwater Horizon, including Freedom of Information publications](https://deepwater.boem.gov/) - [Video explaining the events leading up to the Deepwater Horizon explosion and how it affected the region.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybJX3gqIDkE) \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transocean_ultra-deepwater_drilling_rigs "Template:Transocean ultra-deepwater drilling rigs") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Transocean_ultra-deepwater_drilling_rigs "Template talk:Transocean ultra-deepwater drilling rigs") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transocean_ultra-deepwater_drilling_rigs "Special:EditPage/Template:Transocean ultra-deepwater drilling rigs")[Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") [ultra-deepwater drilling rigs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean#Ultra_deep_water "Transocean") \| \|---\| \| [Deepwater Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Discovery "Deepwater Discovery") [Deepwater Horizon]() [Deepwater Millennium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Millennium "Deepwater Millennium") [Deepwater Nautilus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Nautilus "Deepwater Nautilus") [Development Driller III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Driller_III "Development Driller III") [Discoverer Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Americas "Discoverer Americas") [Discoverer Clear Leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Clear_Leader "Discoverer Clear Leader") [Discoverer Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Enterprise "Discoverer Enterprise") [GSF Development Driller II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSF_Development_Driller_II "GSF Development Driller II") [GSF Explorer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomar_Explorer "Glomar Explorer") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Template talk:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill")[Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") \| [Deepwater Horizon explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") [Volume and extent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Efforts to stem the spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [May 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_$May_2010$ "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (May 2010)") [June 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_$June_2010$ "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (June 2010)") [July 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_$July_2010$ "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (July 2010)") [August 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_$August_2010$ "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (August 2010)") \| \| Companies and organisations \| \| \| \| \| \| Owners \| [Anadarko Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum "Anadarko Petroleum") [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") [Mitsui Oil Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_Oil_Exploration "Mitsui Oil Exploration") \| \| Major contractors \| [Cameron International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_International "Cameron International") [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") [Nalco Holding Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalco_Holding_Company "Nalco Holding Company") [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") [Wild Well Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Well_Control "Wild Well Control") \| \| Other \| [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management") [Flow Rate Technical Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Rate_Technical_Group "Flow Rate Technical Group") [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") [National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling "National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling") [Unified Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Command_$Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill$ "Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill)") [U. S. Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") [Worst Case Discharge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worst_Case_Discharge "Worst Case Discharge") \| \| People \| \| \| \| \| \| [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") \| [Bob Dudley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dudley "Bob Dudley") [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") [Doug Suttles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles "Doug Suttles") [Carl-Henric Svanberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg "Carl-Henric Svanberg") [Darryl Willis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Willis "Darryl Willis") \| \| [MMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") \| [S. Elizabeth Birnbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Elizabeth_Birnbaum "S. Elizabeth Birnbaum") [Michael Bromwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bromwich "Michael Bromwich") [Chris Oynes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Oynes "Chris Oynes") \| \| [U.S. Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard "United States Coast Guard") \| [Thad Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Allen "Thad Allen") [Mary Landry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Landry "Mary Landry") [Peter Neffenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Neffenger "Peter Neffenger") [James A. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Watson "James A. Watson") [Paul F. Zukunft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Zukunft "Paul F. Zukunft") \| \| Other \| [Kenneth Feinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Feinberg "Kenneth Feinberg") \| \| Places \| [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect") [Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") [Perdido Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdido_Pass "Perdido Pass") \| \| Vessels \| \| \| \| \| \| Drilling \| [Deepwater Horizon]() \| \| Relief ships/rigs \| [Development Driller III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Driller_III "Development Driller III") [Discoverer Clear Leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Clear_Leader "Discoverer Clear Leader") [Discoverer Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverer_Enterprise "Discoverer Enterprise") [GSF Development Driller II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSF_Development_Driller_II "GSF Development Driller II") [Helix Producer 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_Producer_1 "Helix Producer 1") Loch Rannoch [Mighty Servant 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Servant_3 "Mighty Servant 3") Overseas Cascade [Q4000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q4000 "Q4000") [Seacor Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacor_Lee "Seacor Lee") [Toisa Pisces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toisa_Pisces "Toisa Pisces") [A Whale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whale_$ship$ "A Whale (ship)") [Pacific Responder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Responder "Pacific Responder") [California Responder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Responder "California Responder") \| \| [Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") and impact \| \| \| \| \| \| Environmental \| [Environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Health consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [GuLF Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GuLF_Study "GuLF Study") \| \| Socio-economic \| [Deepwater drilling moratorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_deepwater_drilling_moratorium "2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium") [court case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation "Deepwater Horizon investigation") [Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation") [Response fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust") \| \| Other \| [If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise (2010 documentary)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_God_Is_Willing_and_da_Creek_Don%27t_Rise "If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise") [Deepwater Horizon (2016 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_$film$ "Deepwater Horizon (film)") [Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar "Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar") [Spillcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillcam "Spillcam") [Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Schmidt_Oil_Cleanup_X_Challenge "Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge") [United States offshore drilling debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate "United States offshore drilling debate") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "commons:Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BP "Template:BP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BP "Template talk:BP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BP "Special:EditPage/Template:BP")[BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Divisions \| [Air BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_BP "Air BP") [Lightsource BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsource_BP "Lightsource BP") [Prudhoe Bay Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Prudhoe_Bay_Royalty_Trust "BP Prudhoe Bay Royalty Trust") [Rosneft (19.75%)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosneft "Rosneft") [BP Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Shipping "BP Shipping") \| \| Subsidiaries \| [Aral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_AG "Aral AG") [BP Pulse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Pulse "BP Pulse") [Castrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol "Castrol") (35%) [Castrol India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol_India "Castrol India") [Jio-bp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jio-bp "Jio-bp") [TravelCenters of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TravelCenters_of_America "TravelCenters of America") \| \| Brands \| [Ampm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampm "Ampm") [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco") [ARCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCO "ARCO") (Northern CA, OR, and WA locations) [Thorntons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorntons_LLC "Thorntons LLC") [To Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Go_$convenience_store$&action=edit&redlink=1 "To Go (convenience store) (page does not exist)") (BP and Amoco only) \| \| Facilities \| [Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_PQ "Atlantis PQ") [Castrol Technology Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol_Technology_Centre "Castrol Technology Centre") [Kingsbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbury_Oil_Terminal "Kingsbury Oil Terminal") [Iolair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolair "Iolair") [Lavera Refinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavera_Refinery "Lavera Refinery") [Mad Dog oil field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Dog_oil_field "Mad Dog oil field") [Northstar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstar_Island "Northstar Island") [Oil fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fields_operated_by_BP "Oil fields operated by BP") [Sangachal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangachal_Terminal "Sangachal Terminal") [Sullom Voe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullom_Voe_Terminal "Sullom Voe Terminal") [Sunbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre "Sunbury Research Centre") [Thunder Horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Horse_PDQ "Thunder Horse PDQ") \| \| Sponsorships \| [BP Ford World Rally Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_World_Rally_Team "Ford World Rally Team") [BP National Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_National_Championships "BP National Championships") [BP Natural World Book Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_World_Book_Prize "Natural World Book Prize") [BP Pedestrian Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Pedestrian_Bridge "BP Pedestrian Bridge") [BP Portrait Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Portrait_Award "BP Portrait Award") [BP Top 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTN_8 "MTN 8") [BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_Rally "Acropolis Rally") \| \| People \| [Robert Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Orville_Anderson "Robert Orville Anderson") [Sylvia Baca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Baca "Sylvia Baca") [John Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Browne,_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley "John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley") [Robert Dudley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dudley "Bob Dudley") [William Fraser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fraser,_1st_Baron_Strathalmond "William Fraser, 1st Baron Strathalmond") [William D'Arcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy "William Knox D'Arcy") [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") [Robert Horton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Horton_$businessman$ "Robert Horton (businessman)") [Angela Strank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Strank "Angela Strank") [Doug Suttles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Suttles "Doug Suttles") [Carl-Henric Svanberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg "Carl-Henric Svanberg") \| \| Controversies \| [Abadan crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadan_Crisis "Abadan Crisis") [ARCO explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_ARCO_explosion "1990 ARCO explosion") [Deepwater Horizon explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill") [Invasion of Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran") [Iranian coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1953 Iranian coup d'état") [Prudhoe Bay oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_oil_spill "Prudhoe Bay oil spill") [Texas City refinery explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City_refinery_explosion "Texas City refinery explosion") [Torrey Canyon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyon_oil_spill "Torrey Canyon oil spill") \| \| Historical units \| [Alyeska Pipeline Service Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyeska_Pipeline_Service_Company "Alyeska Pipeline Service Company") [Amoco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco "Amoco") [Anglo-Persian Oil Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company "Anglo-Persian Oil Company") [Aral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_AG "Aral AG") [Atlantic Richfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCO "ARCO") [BP Biofuels Highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Biofuels_Highlands "BP Biofuels Highlands") [BP Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Canada "BP Canada") [BP Solar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Solar "BP Solar") [Britoil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britoil "Britoil") [Burmah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmah_Oil "Burmah Oil") [Commonwealth Oil Refineries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Oil_Refineries "Commonwealth Oil Refineries") [Deepwater Horizon]() [FPSO Noble Seillean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPSO_Noble_Seillean "FPSO Noble Seillean") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company "Iraq Petroleum Company") [Kent Refinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Refinery "Kent Refinery") [Helios House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_House "Helios House") [Llandarcy Oil Refinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandarcy_Oil_Refinery "Llandarcy Oil Refinery") [National Benzole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Benzole "National Benzole") [Pure Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Planet "Pure Planet") (24%) [Sea Quest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Quest_$drilling_rig$ "Sea Quest (drilling rig)") [Purina Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purina_Mills "Purina Mills") [Shell-Mex & BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell-Mex_%26_BP "Shell-Mex & BP") [Sidanko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidanko "Sidanko") (10%) [Sohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Ohio "Standard Oil of Ohio") [Trans-Alaska Pipeline System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System "Trans-Alaska Pipeline System") (49%) \| \| Other \| [Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Co._case "Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case") [BP America Production Co. v. Burton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_America_Production_Co._v._Burton "BP America Production Co. v. Burton") [BP Structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Structure "BP Structure") [Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmah_Oil_Co_Ltd_v_Lord_Advocate "Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate") [D'Arcy Concession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Arcy_Concession "D'Arcy Concession") [North Sea crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Offshore_Helicopters_Flight_85N "Bond Offshore Helicopters Flight 85N") [Opal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal_$fuel$ "Opal (fuel)") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BP "Category:BP") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:BP "commons:Category:BP") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2010_shipwrecks "Template:2010 shipwrecks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2010_shipwrecks "Template talk:2010 shipwrecks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2010_shipwrecks "Special:EditPage/Template:2010 shipwrecks")Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 2010 \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Shipwrecks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2010 "List of shipwrecks in 2010") \| 5 Jan: [Ady Gil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MY_Ady_Gil "MY Ady Gil") 17 Feb: [Concordia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_$ship$ "Concordia (ship)") 21 Feb: [Angeln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Angeln "MV Angeln") 26 Mar: [ROKS Cheonan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_$PCC-772$ "ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772)") Apr: [Chernihiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_corvette_Chernihiv "Ukrainian corvette Chernihiv") 20 Apr: [Northern Belle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FV_Northern_Belle "FV Northern Belle") 22 Apr: [Deepwater Horizon]() 10 Jul: [USS New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Orleans_$LPH-11$ "USS New Orleans (LPH-11)") 14 Jul: [USS Monticello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monticello_$LSD-35$ "USS Monticello (LSD-35)") 27 Aug: [MV Ocean Adventurer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Ocean_Adventurer "MV Ocean Adventurer") 20 Sep: [USS Acadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Acadia "USS Acadia") 27 Oct: [USNS Saturn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFA_Stromness_$A344$ "RFA Stromness (A344)") 8 Dec: [RawFaith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RawFaith "RawFaith") 12 Dec: [Adriatica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Adriatica "MV Adriatica") \| \| Other incidents \| Feb: [Platinum II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Independence "SS Independence") 31 Mar: [Titanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MY_Titanic "MY Titanic") 3 Apr: [Shen Neng 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Yong "Jia Yong") 21 Apr: [Carnival Ecstasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Ecstasy "Carnival Ecstasy") 8 May: [Andrew J. Barberi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Andrew_J._Barberi "MV Andrew J. Barberi") Mid-Jun: [USS Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Texas_$BB-35$ "USS Texas (BB-35)") 9 Sep: [Sun Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Sun_Express "MV Sun Express") 8 Oct: [YM Uranus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_YM_Uranus "MV YM Uranus") 9 Oct: [Lisco Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Lisco_Gloria "MV Lisco Gloria") 20 Oct: [HMS Astute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Astute_$S119$ "HMS Astute (S119)") 21 Oct: [Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAS_Oceanographer_$R_101$ "NOAAS Oceanographer (R 101)") 27 Oct: [Athena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FV_Athena "FV Athena") 28 Oct: [Fryderyk Chopin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_$ship$ "Fryderyk Chopin (ship)") 11 Dec: [Showboat Branson Belle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showboat_Branson_Belle "Showboat Branson Belle") \| \| [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2009 "List of shipwrecks in 2009") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/20px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2009 "List of shipwrecks in 2009") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/20px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2011 "List of shipwrecks in 2011") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_2011 "List of shipwrecks in 2011") \| \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212975#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| National \| [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2011003603) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007568261605171) \| \| Other \| [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/5992806f-f601-4be1-b9dc-6b59e4e3e84d) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&oldid=1342142906>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [2001 ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2001_ships "Category:2001 ships") - [Collapsed oil platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Collapsed_oil_platforms "Category:Collapsed oil platforms") - [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill") - [Drilling rigs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Drilling_rigs "Category:Drilling rigs") - [Semi-submersibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Semi-submersibles "Category:Semi-submersibles") - [Ships built by Hyundai Heavy Industries Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ships_built_by_Hyundai_Heavy_Industries_Group "Category:Ships built by Hyundai Heavy Industries Group") - [Ships of BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ships_of_BP "Category:Ships of BP") - [Ships of the Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ships_of_the_Marshall_Islands "Category:Ships of the Marshall Islands") - [Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Shipwrecks_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico "Category:Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico") - [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transocean "Category:Transocean") Hidden categories: - [Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments "Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments") - [Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas "Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas") - [CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list") - [CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list") - [Webarchive template wayback links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links") - [CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN "Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN") - [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description") - [Short description matches Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata "Category:Short description matches Wikidata") - [Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_March_2026 "Category:Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2026") - [All articles needing references cleanup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup "Category:All articles needing references cleanup") - [Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_March_2026 "Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2026") - [All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify "Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify") - [All articles with duplicate citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_duplicate_citations "Category:All articles with duplicate citations") - [Good articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Good_articles "Category:Good articles") - [Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages "Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages") - [Use dmy dates from April 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024 "Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024") - [Use British English from August 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2010 "Category:Use British English from August 2010") - [All Wikipedia articles written in British English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English "Category:All Wikipedia articles written in British English") - [IMO numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:IMO_numbers "Category:IMO numbers") - [Coordinates on Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata "Category:Coordinates on Wikidata") - [Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010") - [All articles containing potentially dated statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements "Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements") - [Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2010 "Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2010") - [Articles with hAudio microformats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats "Category:Articles with hAudio microformats") - [Spoken articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles "Category:Spoken articles") - This page was last edited on 7 March 2026, at 07:37 (UTC). - Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License "Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use") and [Privacy Policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https://wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization. - [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) - [Disclaimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) - [Contact Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) - [Legal & safety contacts](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information) - [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) - [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org/) - [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) - [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) - [Mobile view](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) - [![Wikimedia Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg)](https://www.wikimedia.org/) - [![Powered by MediaWiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/) Search Toggle the table of contents Deepwater Horizon 30 languages [Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon)
Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e0/Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon.jpg)Deepwater Horizon [semi-submersible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersible_platform "Semi-submersible platform") drilling rig \| \| \| History \| \| \| Name \| Deepwater Horizon \| \| Owner \| [Transocean's Triton Asset Leasing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1) \| \| Operator \| [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") \| \| Port of registry \| [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama "Panama") (23 February 2001 – 28 December 2004) [Majuro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro "Majuro") (29 December 2004) \| \| Route \| [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") \| \| Ordered \| December 1998 \| \| Builder \| [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) \| \| Cost \| US\$560 million[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-4) \| \| Way number \| 89 \| \| Laid down \| 21 March 2000 \| \| Completed \| 2001 \| \| Acquired \| 23 February 2001 \| \| Maiden voyage \| [Long Beach, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California "Long Beach, California") – [Freeport, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport,_Texas "Freeport, Texas") \| \| Out of service \| 20 April 2010 \| \| Identification \| [ABS class no.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bureau_of_Shipping "American Bureau of Shipping"): 0139290 [Call sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign "Call sign"): V7HC9 [IMO number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMO_number "IMO number"): [8764597](https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:8764597) [MMSI no.:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity "Maritime Mobile Service Identity") 538002213 \| \| Fate \| Sank on 22 April 2010, after an explosion and fire \| \| Notes \| Located in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at [28°44′30″N 88°23′03″W / 28\.7417°N 88.3842°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deepwater_Horizon&params=28.7417_N_88.3842_W_region:US-LA_type:landmark)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503-5) \| \| General characteristics \| \| \| Class & type \| [ABS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bureau_of_Shipping "American Bureau of Shipping") +A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU \| \| Displacement \| 52\.587 Mg \| \| Length \| 112 m \| \| Beam \| 78 m \| \| Height \| 97\.5 m \| \| Draught \| 23 m (75 ft) \| \| Depth \| 41\.5 m (136 ft) \| \| Deck clearance \| 34\.010 m (111.58 ft) \| \| Installed power \| 7 MW 11 kV 6 × [Wärtsilä](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4 "Wärtsilä") 18V32 7.2 MW [diesel engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engines "Diesel engines") 6 × [ABB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB "ABB") AMG 0900xU10 [AC generators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_generator "AC generator") \| \| Propulsion \| 8 × [Kamewa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamewa "Kamewa") 5.5 MW, 6.3 rad fixed-propeller [azimuth thrusters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_thruster "Azimuth thruster") \| \| Speed \| 2 m/s \| \| Capacity \| [Liquid mud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid"): 700 m3 [Drill water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water "Water"): 2100 m3 [Potable water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water "Drinking water"): 1200 m3 [Fuel oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil "Fuel oil"): 4500 m3 [Bulk mud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid"): 400 m3 [Bulk cement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement "Cement"): 250 m3 \| \| Crew \| 150 \| \| Notes \| [\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) \| *Deepwater Horizon* was an ultra-deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning "Dynamic positioning"), [semi-submersible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersible_platform "Semi-submersible platform") [offshore drilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling "Offshore drilling") [rig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform "Oil platform")[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec2-8) owned by [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean") and operated by the [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") company. On 20 April 2010, while drilling in the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") at the [Macondo Prospect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect "Macondo Prospect"), a [blowout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_$well_drilling$ "Blowout (well drilling)") caused [an explosion on the rig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion "Deepwater Horizon explosion") that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-9) The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the Horizon collapsed, leaving the well gushing at the [seabed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed "Seabed") and becoming [the largest marine oil spill in history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-largest_in_US_hist2-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11) Built in 2001 in [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries"),[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan2-12) the rig was commissioned by [R\&B Falcon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B_Falcon "R&B Falcon") (a later asset of Transocean),[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger2-13) registered in [Majuro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro "Majuro"), and under lease to [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP") from 2001 until September 2013.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag0111092-14) In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Transocean_Release2-15) in the [Tiber Oil Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber_Oil_Field "Tiber Oil Field") at [Keathley Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keathley_Canyon "Keathley Canyon") block 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rigzone200909022-16) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg/250px-Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Nautilus.jpg) The Deepwater Nautilus, similar to the Deepwater Horizon, being transported aboard a [heavy-lift ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship "Heavy-lift ship"). Deepwater Horizon was a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater, [dynamically positioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning "Dynamic positioning"), column-stabilized,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) semi-submersible [mobile offshore drilling unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling "Offshore drilling"), designed to drill [subsea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsea "Subsea") wells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa) [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer"), and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter [marine riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_riser "Marine riser").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6) Deepwater Horizon was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although [Deepwater Nautilus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Nautilus "Deepwater Nautilus"), its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters as deep as 8,000 feet (2,400 m), to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m).[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-rig_spec-6) In 2010, it was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters deeper than 5,000 ft (1,500 m).[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-17) Its [American Bureau of Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bureau_of_Shipping "American Bureau of Shipping") (ABS) class notations were "A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3".[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) In 2002, the rig was upgraded with "e-drill", a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas, received [real-time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computing "Real-time computing") drilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-18) Advanced systems had a major role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-19) and modelling systems for [cementing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementing_equipment "Cementing equipment"). The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") in April 2010, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions became a focus for investigations of the explosion on the rig that month.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-20) ### Construction and ownership \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Construction and ownership")\] Deepwater Horizon was built for R\&B Falcon (which later became part of [Transocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean "Transocean"))[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-merger-21) by [Hyundai Heavy Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries "Hyundai Heavy Industries") in [Ulsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan "Ulsan"), South Korea.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mms_ivan-2) Construction started in December 1998, the [keel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel "Keel") was laid on 21 March 2000,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) and the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) after the acquisition of R\&B Falcon by Transocean.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22) Until 29 December 2004, the rig was registered in the [Republic of Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Panama "Republic of Panama").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-MHL-11) Transocean, through its [Steinhausen, Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhausen,_Switzerland "Steinhausen, Switzerland")[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-23) subsidiary[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-24) Triton Asset Leasing GmbH,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsidiaries-1)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-abs-7) operated the rig under the [Marshallese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") [flag of convenience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_convenience "Flag of convenience").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25) The rig was leased to BP by a three-year contract for deployment in the [Gulf of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico") after construction.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-26) The lease was renewed in 2004 for a year,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-27) 2005 for five years,[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-28) and 2009 for three years covering 2010 to 2013.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-lease-25)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-mag011109-29) The last contract was worth \$544 million, or \$496,800 a day,[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-30) for a "bare rig",[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31) with crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-forensic-31) According to R\&B Falcon's filings to [SEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission "Securities & Exchange Commission") in 2001, the transfer document between R\&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the rig was specified as "official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO number of 8764597, with gross tonnage of 32,588 and net tonnage of 9,778"[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) and the transfer value as US\$340 million.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-sec2001-32) As of 2010, the rig was insured for US\$560 million covering the replacement cost and wreckage removal.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-marketwatch1-22) ### Drilling operations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Drilling operations")\] Deepwater Horizon worked on wells in the [Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Oil_Field "Atlantis Oil Field") (BP 56%, [BHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP "BHP") 44%) and [Thunder Horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Horse_Oil_Field "Thunder Horse Oil Field") (BP 75%, [ExxonMobil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil "ExxonMobil") 25%)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-33) [oil fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field "Oil field"). It was described at times as a "lucky" and "celebrated" rig,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34) and in 2007 was still described as "one of the most powerful rigs in the world".[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-35) In 2006, it discovered oil in the [Kaskida oil field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskida_oil_field "Kaskida oil field") and, in 2009, the "giant" [Tiber oil field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber_oil_field "Tiber oil field").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37) The well in the Tiber field had a true vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38) The well was the deepest oil well in the world[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Discovery-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-offshore-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reuters020909-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Deepest-40) and more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) farther below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-41) In February 2010, Deepwater Horizon commenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect ([Mississippi Canyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon "Mississippi Canyon") Block 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana"), at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-otMacondo-42) The Macondo prospect exploration rights had been acquired by BP in 2009,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-auction-43) with the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%), [Anadarko Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum "Anadarko Petroleum") (25%) and [MOEX Offshore 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui "Mitsui") (10%).[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-subsea-44) Deepwater Horizon was still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred resulting in destruction of the rig and the subsequent oil spill.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-Rigzone2-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-48) This oil spill has been recorded as the largest offshore spill to occur to date,[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-49) resulting in 40 miles (64 km) of coastal pollution.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-50) The well was in the final stages of completion after cement had been emplaced for its last casing string. The exploratory work had been described as "concluded" with permission having been requested already from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-51) The rig was scheduled to move to its next roles as semi-permanent production platforms, initially at the Tiber site followed by a return to the Kaskida field, an oil dome 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-mcclatchy-34) During its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of the time it was in service (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly was time spent moving between sites.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) ### Regulation, safety, and inspection \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Regulation, safety, and inspection")\] The [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service") (renamed on 18 June 2010, to the [Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement"), or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE))[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) is the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-boe-53) According to an [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") investigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) The exact number of required monthly inspections performed varied over time; the inspections were performed as required for the first 40 months, but after that about 25% of inspections were omitted,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) although the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Reports of the last three inspections for 2010 were provided by [Freedom of Information legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_legislation "Freedom of Information legislation"). Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) During its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution).[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) A sixth citation in 2007 related to non-[grounded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_$electricity$ "Ground (electricity)") electrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) Overall the Deepwater Horizon's safety record was "strong" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) In 2009 the Minerals Management Service "herald\[ed\] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) According to AP's investigation "its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-AP_rig_record-52) ## Explosion and oil spill \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Explosion and oil spill")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/250px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg) Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion [![site of the explosion](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg "site of the explosion") ![site of the explosion](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) DW Horizon Location of the Deepwater Horizon on 20 April 2010 At 7:45 p.m. [CDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_$Americas$ "Central Time Zone (Americas)") on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well off the gulf of Mexico, a geyser of seawater erupted from the [marine riser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_riser "Marine riser") onto the rig, shooting 70 metres (230 ft) into the air. This was followed soon by the eruption of a slushy combination of [drilling mud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid "Drilling fluid"), [methane gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_gas "Methane gas"), and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the [blowout preventer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer "Blowout preventer"), but it failed.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-upstream290410-54) The final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a [blind shear ram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer#Types "Blowout preventer"), was activated but failed to plug the well.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-55) Ten workers were presumed killed by the initial explosion: - Jason Anderson, 35, of [Midfield, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfield,_Texas "Midfield, Texas"); - Donald Clark, 49, of [Newellton, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newellton,_Louisiana "Newellton, Louisiana"); - Stephen Ray Curtis, 40, of [Georgetown, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Louisiana "Georgetown, Louisiana"); - Gordon Jones, 28, of [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"); - Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, of [Jonesville, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesville,_Louisiana "Jonesville, Louisiana"); - Karl Kleppinger Jr., 38, of [Natchez, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi "Natchez, Mississippi"); - Keith Blair Manuel, 56, of [Gonzales, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales,_Louisiana "Gonzales, Louisiana"); - Dewey Revette, 48, of [State Line, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Line,_Mississippi "State Line, Mississippi"); - Shane Roshto, 22, of [Liberty, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Mississippi "Liberty, Mississippi"); - Adam Weise, 24, of [Yorktown, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Texas "Yorktown, Texas"). An eleventh worker also died in the subsequent fire, a crane operator: - Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37, of [Philadelphia, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Mississippi "Philadelphia, Mississippi"). 115 workers survived with 17 injured. The rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours, Deepwater Horizon sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the [seafloor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed "Seabed") approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) deep at that location, and about 400 metres (1,300 ft) northwest of the well.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-times_sinks-46)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-bloomberg220410-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-57) The [resultant oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill "Deepwater Horizon oil spill") continued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-58) [Relief wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_well "Relief well") were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared "effectively dead" on 19 September 2010.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-59) [NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA "NOAA") established the Gulf Spill Restoration project, administered by the Deep Water Horizon National Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, to help to restore much of the coastline.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-60) Transocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the Deepwater Horizon of US\$401 million about 5 May 2010.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-61) [Financial analysts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analyst "Financial analyst") noted that the insurance recovery was likely to be more than the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities – the latter estimated at as much as US\$200 million.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-62) Litigation, ultimate assessment of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery were all unknown as of June 2010, with analysts reporting that the aftermath was of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to resolve.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-64) A July 2010 analysis by the [Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times") of the aftermath cited legal sources as saying that "at some point the scale of [the litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation "Deepwater Horizon litigation") becomes so large that it really is novel", that "the situation is likely to be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called [class actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action")" and that there was "no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before".[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-65) As with the [Exxon Valdez disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill#Litigation_and_cleanup_costs "Exxon Valdez oil spill"), litigation was being discussed in terms of a 20-year timescale.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-reutersafrica-63) In January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US\$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act. BP had earlier agreed to pay \$2.4 billion but was liable to additional penalties that could range from \$5 billion to \$20 billion.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-66) In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against them by paying \$1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments during two years.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-HalliburtonDeepwater-67) On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge [Carl Barbier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barbier "Carl Barbier") ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct by the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as "reckless", while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BPverdict-68) On 8 December 2014, the US Supreme Court rejected BP's legal challenge to a compensation deal for the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The settlement agreement had no maximum, but BP initially estimated that it would pay about \$7.8bn (£6.1bn) to compensate victims.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal-69) As of 2018, approximately 390,000 claims for compensations had been filled, with around \$65bn paid in settlements; thousands of claims were still outstanding.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-70) The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is cited by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of [ecocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocide "Ecocide").[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-74) The biographical disaster movie [Deepwater Horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_$film$ "Deepwater Horizon (film)"), released in 2016, depicts the events of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill. The movie is based on "Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours", an article published in [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_note-DH-FH-nyt-75) - [Ixtoc I oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill "Ixtoc I oil spill") - [Ocean Ranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Ranger "Ocean Ranger") - [Piper Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Alpha "Piper Alpha") - [Tony Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hayward "Tony Hayward") 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsidiaries_1-1) ["Transocean Ltd., Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2010"](http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1568/145150510000023/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170129/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1568/145150510000023/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018. 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan_2-3) Malcolm Sharples et al* for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). ["Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060823190336/http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"). pp. 50–51\. Archived from [the original](http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list")) 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-3) ["Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100722131354/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) (Press release). Transocean Ltd. 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-4) ["Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events"](https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/feature84446/). Offshore-Technology. Net Resources International. 7 May 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228231201/https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/feature84446/) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MISLE_Activity_Number:_3721503_5-0) USCG Investigation Team Members (27 April 2010). [Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Explosion, Fire, Sinking and Loss of Eleven Crew Members Aboard the MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNIT DEEPWATER HORIZON In the GULF OF MEXICO April 20 – 22, 2010](https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/reports/safety/2-deepwaterhorizon-roi-uscg-volume-i-20110707-redacted-final.pdf) (PDF). bsee.gov (Report). Vol. 1. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 20 April 2025. 6. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec_6-2) ["Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 7. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-abs_7-3) ["ABS Record: Deepwater Horizon"](http://www.eagle.org/safenet/record/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290). American Bureau of Shipping. 21 March 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191217/http://www.eagle.org/safenet/record/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rig_spec2_8-0)* ["Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html). Transocean. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-9) Crittenden, Guy (10 May 2010). ["Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100620121041/http://www.hazmatmag.com/issues/story.aspx?aid=1000370689). HazMat Management. Archived from [the original](http://www.hazmatmag.com/issues/story.aspx?aid=1000370689) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-largest_in_US_hist2_10-0) Staff and wire (27 May 2010). ["Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in history as BP continues plug effort"](https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm). USA Today. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100528075946/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm) from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-MHL_11-1) [Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report](http://www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180928111525/http://www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2013. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mms_ivan2_12-0)* Malcolm Sharples et al for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"), Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). ["Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060823190336/http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF). [US Government Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"). pp. 50–51\. Archived from [the original](http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/548/Ivan_FinalReport.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list")) 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger2_13-0) ["Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527094840/http://www2.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234). [PR Newswire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire "PR Newswire"). 29 January 2001. Archived from [the original](http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234) on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag0111092_14-0) ["Deepwater Horizon contract extended"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004652/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Transocean_Release2_15-0) ["Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) (Press release). Transocean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html) on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-rigzone200909022_16-0) ["BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=79913). Rigzone. 2 September 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170302121525/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=79913) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2010. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-17) ["Rig Data Centre"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120749/http://www.rigzone.com/data/). Rigzone. 28 May 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.rigzone.com/data) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-18) ["Monitoring system reduces rig downtime"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004206/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/161517/articles/offshore/volume-62/issue-11/news/general-interest/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 1 November 2002. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/161517/articles/offshore/volume-62/issue-11/news/general-interest/monitoring-system-reduces-rig-downtime.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-19) ["BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface"](http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/20481/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface/). IT news website. Computerworld UK. 28 May 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150223150441/http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/20481/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface/) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-20) ["Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable"](http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/3248321/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable/). IT news website. Computerworld UK. 12 November 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150423170500/http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/3248321/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable/) from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2010. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-merger_21-0) ["Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R\&B Falcon on January 31, 2001"](http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234). PR Newswire. 29 January 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527094840/http://www2.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234) from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010. – date of publication verifiable on [\[1\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153155/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-69685498.html) 22. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-marketwatch1_22-1) ["Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100722131354/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26). [Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal "Wall Street Journal"). 26 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26) on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-23)* ["Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH"](http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/u/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm). Moneyhouse.ch "Commercial register and company data". [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110120151804/http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/u/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-24) ["Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228151536/http://www.secinfo.com/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm). SEC EDGAR database, for the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"). Archived from [the original](http://www.secinfo.com/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm) on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 25. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-lease_25-1) Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). ["Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled"](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2211325420100422). [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308230910/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2211325420100422) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2010. 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-26)* ["Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153111/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/105846/articles/offshore/volume-61/issue-6/departments/vessels-rigsupgrade/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html). Offshore Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF magazine. 1 June 2001. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/105846/articles/offshore/volume-61/issue-6/departments/vessels-rigsupgrade/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-27) ["Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon"](http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040426006148/en/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer). [Business Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire "Business Wire"). 26 April 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225053155/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040426006148/en/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-28) ["Transocean Inc. Announces Contract Awards for Two High-Specification Semisubmersible Rigs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110920151627/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4124320/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html). [Business Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire "Business Wire"). 28 April 2005. Archived from [the original](http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4124320/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore-mag011109_29-0) ["Deepwater Horizon contract extended"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004652/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 1 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-30) ["The Well"](http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6672098.html). The Houston Chronicle. 17 October 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100510020808/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6672098.html) from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 31. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-forensic_31-1) Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010). ["Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153307/http://www.robsonforensic.com/LibraryFiles/Articles/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF). Robson Forensic. p. 8. Archived from [the original](http://www.robsonforensic.com/LibraryFiles/Articles/forensic-anatomy-of-deap-water-horizon.pdf) (PDF) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 32. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-sec2001_32-2) ["R\&B FALCON CORP, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 31, 2001"](http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2442/101540201502602/filing-main.htm). secdatabase.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224230108/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2442/101540201502602/filing-main.htm) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2018. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-33)* Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). ["BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081013104520/http://uk.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKWLA495020080617). Reuters. Archived from [the original](http://uk.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKWLA495020080617) on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009. 34. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-mcclatchy_34-1) Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). ["A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619120659/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). [The McClatchy Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company "The McClatchy Company"). Archived from [the original](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-35)* ["Kaskida"](https://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22One+of+the+most+powerful+rigs+in+the+world%22+deepwater+horizon&btnG=Search+Archives&num=100). Oil & Gas Investor. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2010. [Alternate link](http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Business-and-Industry/162363344) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170620/http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Business-and-Industry/162363344) 5 September 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone_36-0) ["BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico"](https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/35730/bp_partners_make_discovery_at_kaskida_prospect_in_the_gulf_of_mexico/) (Press release). RigZone. 31 August 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150406054937/http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/35730/BP_Partners_Make_Discovery_at_Kaskida_Prospect_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico) from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2010. 37. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Discovery_37-1) ["Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190329165119/http://www.beaconmag.com/deepwaterhorizon.html). TransOcean. 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](https://www.beaconmag.com/deepwaterhorizon.html) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019. 38. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-offshore_38-1) ["BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004635/http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/7488119241/articles/offshore/drilling-completion/us-gulf-of-mexico/2009/08/bp-drills__giant_.html). Offshore Magazine. [PennWell Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennWell_Corporation "PennWell Corporation"). 2 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/7488119241/articles/offshore/drilling-completion/us-gulf-of-mexico/2009/08/bp-drills__giant_.html) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reuters020909_39-0)* Braden Reddall (2 September 2009). ["Transocean says well at BP discovery deepest ever"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520004137/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN02119720090902). Reuters. Archived from [the original](http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN02119720090902) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Deepest_40-0) ["Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120619/http://www.yourindustrynews.com/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html). Red Mist Media. Archived from [the original](http://www.yourindustrynews.com/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-41) ["Fleet Status Report"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120307062815/http://www.deepwater.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/fleetupdate/2010/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls). Transocean. 13 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.deepwater.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/fleetupdate/2010/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-otMacondo_42-0) ["Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA"](https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/macondoprospect/). offshore-technology.com. 20 October 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120318041701/http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/macondoprospect) from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2010. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-auction_43-0) ["Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100607120431/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/lsesale/206/cgom206.html). US Minerals Management Service. 8 August 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/lsesale/206/cgom206.html) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-subsea_44-0) ["Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151031035441/http://www.subseaiq.com/data/Project.aspx?project_id=562). Subsea.Org. Archived from [the original](http://www.subseaiq.com/Data/Project.aspx?project_Id=562) on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2010. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-Rigzone2_45-0) ["Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349). Rigzone. 21 April 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170503043454/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2010. 46. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-times_sinks_46-1) Robertson, Cambell; Robbins, Liz (22 April 2010). ["Oil Rig Sinks in the Gulf of Mexico"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/us/23rig.html). New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124903/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/us/23rig.html) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 47. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_47-0)* ["BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100425040406/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) (Press release). [BP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP"). 21 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443) on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-48) ["Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=92025). Rigzone. 30 April 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170302094138/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=92025) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2010. 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-49) Michel, Jacqueline; Owens, Edward H.; Zengel, Scott; Graham, Andrew; Nixon, Zachary; Allard, Teresa; Holton, William; Reimer, P. Doug; Lamarche, Alain; White, Mark; Rutherford, Nicolle (12 June 2013). ["Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680451). PLOS ONE. 8 (6) e65087. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013PLoSO...865087M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...865087M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1371/journal.pone.0065087](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065087). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1932-6203](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [3680451](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680451). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [23776444](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23776444). 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-50) [Kujawinski, Elizabeth B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kujawinski "Elizabeth Kujawinski"); Kido Soule, Melissa C.; Valentine, David L.; Boysen, Angela K.; Longnecker, Krista; Redmond, Molly C. (15 February 2011). ["Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill"](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es103838p). Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (4): 1298–1306\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2011EnST...45.1298K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnST...45.1298K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1021/es103838p](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes103838p). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_$identifier$ "Hdl (identifier)"):[1912/4332](https://hdl.handle.net/1912%2F4332). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0013-936X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [21265576](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21265576). 51. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-51) ["UPDATED: Search Continues for 11 Missing Workers"](http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349). RigZone. 22 April 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170503043454/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349) from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 52. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-AP_rig_record_52-9) ["Review: Oil rig inspections fell short of guidelines"](https://www.timesnews.net/news/local-news/review-oil-rig-inspections-fell-short-of-guidelines/article_faf15ae2-231f-594e-94b3-c811418a6866.html). [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). 16 May 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2021. 53. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-boe_53-1) ["Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003005/http://www.mms.gov/ooc/press/2010/press0621.htm). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. 21 June 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.mms.gov/ooc/press/2010/press0621.htm) on 26 June 2010. 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-upstream290410_54-0)* Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Watts, Rob; Pitt, Anthea (29 April 2010). ["Horizon crew tried to activate BOP"](http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article213497.ece). [Upstream Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_$newspaper$ "Upstream (newspaper)"). NHST Media Group. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120929011659/http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article213497.ece) from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 55. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-55) ["Investigating the Cause of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/06/21/us/20100621-bop.html). [New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times"). 21 June 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180324051227/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/06/21/us/20100621-bop.html) from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2017. 56. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-bloomberg220410_56-0) Resnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (22 April 2010). ["Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151126/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0). Bloomberg. Archived from [the original](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 57. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-57) ["Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100429002721/http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id%2Csubtopic_id%2Ctopic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"), [Office of Response and Restoration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Response_and_Restoration "Office of Response and Restoration"). 24 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=809&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1) on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 58. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-58) ["Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100520003828/http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Birds/Archives/2010/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx). National Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Birds/Archives/2010/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx) on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010. 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-59) ["US Government: Deepwater Horizon Well Is Effectively Dead"](http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead). 19 September 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110920151748/http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201009191214dowjonesdjonline000186&title=us-governmentdeepwater-horizon-well-is-effectively-dead) from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2009. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-60) ["NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration \\|"](https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/). www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309193108/https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021. 61. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-61) Green, Meg (7 May 2010). ["Transocean: Insurers Have Already Paid \$401 Million for Deepwater Horizon Loss"](http://insurancenewsnet.com/article.aspx?id=188498). Insurance news net. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120426212027/http://insurancenewsnet.com/article.aspx?id=188498) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010. 62. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-62) Fortson, Danny (9 May 2010). ["Rig firm's \$270m profit from deadly spill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100528075513/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article7120655.ece). The Sunday Times. London. Archived from [the original](http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article7120655.ece) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010. 63. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-reutersafrica_63-1) Stempel, Jonathan (30 June 2010). ["Special Report – BP oil spill a gusher for lawyers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100720122018/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true). Reuters Africa. Archived from [the original](https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE65T2HB20100630?sp=true) on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 64. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-64)* Kam, Dara (29 June 2010). ["Valdez expert: Psychological impact of Gulf oil spill won't fully emerge for years"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120428002212/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html). palm Beach post news. Archived from [the original](http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/valdez-expert-psychological-impact-of-gulf-oil-spill-776588.html) on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 65. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-65) ["BP: Eagles and vultures"](https://www.ft.com/content/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0). [Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times"). 1 July 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110130125838/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2bf9db9e-8545-11df-9c2f-00144feabdc0.html) from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2010. 66. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-66) David Malakoff (3 January 2013). ["Second Oil Spill Settlement Adds to Gulf Coast Science and Restoration Funding"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130310014941/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2013/01/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html). Science News. Archived from [the original](http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2013/01/second-oil-spill-settlement-adds.html) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013. 67. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-HalliburtonDeepwater_67-0) ["Halliburton to pay around \$1.1 bn for US oil spill claims"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902). Reuters. 2 September 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211010005143/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-halliburton-settlement-macondo-idUSKBN0GX1DT20140902) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2014. 68. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BPverdict_68-0) ["BP found "grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill"](http://www.neworleanssun.com/index.php/sid/225407625). New Orleans Sun. 4 September 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210127125801/https://www.neworleanssun.com/news/225407625/bp-found-grossly-negligent-in-gulf-of-mexico-oil-spill) from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2014. 69. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-BP_loses_latest_US_oil_spill_appeal_69-0) ["BP loses latest US oil spill appeal"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30375089). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). 8 December 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032300/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30375089) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2018. 70. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-70) Vaughan, Adam (16 January 2018). ["BP's Deepwater Horizon bill tops \$65bn"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/16/bps-deepwater-horizon-bill-tops-65bn). The Guardian. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 7 May 2024. 71. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-71) Weisbrod, Katelyn (22 June 2021). ["As the Gulf of Mexico Heals from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Stringent Safety Proposals Remain Elusive"](https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22062021/gulf-of-mexico-deepwater-horizon-safety-regulation-ecocide/). Inside Climate News. Retrieved 3 July 2023. 72. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-72) ["Why criminalising ecocide won't solve the climate crisis"](https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/03/13/why-making-ecocide-a-crime-wont-tackle-root-causes-of-climate-crisis). euronews. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023. 73. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-73) Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). ["Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?"](https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/02/world/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd/index.html). CNN. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240125185108/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/02/world/ukraine-ecocide-dam-collapse-crime-climate-intl-cmd/index.html) from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2023. 74. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-74) Sarliève, Maud (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), "Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges", Life on Land, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–11, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-3-319-71065-5\_110-1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-71065-5_110-1), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-319-71065-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71065-5 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71065-5") , [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [241216767](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241216767) `{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN "Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN")) 75. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon#cite_ref-DH-FH-nyt_75-0) [Barstow, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barstow "David Barstow"); [Rohde, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Rohde "David S. Rohde"); [Saul, Stephanie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Saul "Stephanie Saul") (25 December 2010). ["Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/us/26spill.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161217093650/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/us/26spill.html) from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017. ![Spoken Wikipedia icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png) [This audio file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Deepwater_Horizon-article.ogg "File:En-Deepwater Horizon-article.ogg") was created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2014, and does not reflect subsequent edits. [![logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg) Wikinews has news related to: - [Transocean official website](http://www.deepwater.com/) - [Deepwater Horizon detail at Transocean's website](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html) and at [RigZone.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20121030083458/http://rigzone.com/data/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=153) - [Photograph of Deepwater Horizon in 2004](http://geographic.org/deepwater_gulf_of_mexico/drilling_and_development.html#figure29) at Geographic.org - Griffitt, Michelle. ["Initial Exploration Plan Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100705055816/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/PLANS/29/29977.pdf) (PDF). [BP Exploration and Production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP "BP"). [New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), Louisiana: [Minerals Management Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service "Minerals Management Service"). Archived from [the original](http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/PLANS/29/29977.pdf) (PDF) on 5 July 2010. - Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). ["A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100619120659/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html). [The McClatchy Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company "The McClatchy Company"). Archived from [the original](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html) on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010. – detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion ([yahoo news mirror](https://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/20100514/sc_mcclatchy/3505296_1)) - [Photo history of the fire and loss](http://www.neatorama.com/spotlight/2010/05/25/deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-the-first-36-hours/) - [Additional references explaining events](https://www.probizcap.com/) - [BOEM reading room on Deepwater Horizon, including Freedom of Information publications](https://deepwater.boem.gov/) - [Video explaining the events leading up to the Deepwater Horizon explosion and how it affected the region.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybJX3gqIDkE)
Shard	152 (laksa)
Root Hash	17790707453426894952
Unparsed URL	org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon s443