🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa142)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD","crawl_time":1775470145,"first_indexed_time":1375978894,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/DVD s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"DVD - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"This article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see\nDVD-Video\n. For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see\nDVD-Audio\n. For other uses, see\nDVD (disambiguation)\n.\n\"MMCD\" redirects here. For Sony's proprietary CD-ROM XA-based multimedia software format, see\nSony Multimedia CD-ROM Player\n.\nDVD\nThe data side of a DVD manufactured by\nSony DADC\nMedia type\nOptical disc\nCapacity\n4.7 \nGB\n(1 side, 1 layer)\n8.5 GB (1 side, 2 layers)\n9.4 GB (2 sides, 1 layer)\n17.08 GB (2 sides, 2 layers)\nRead\n \nmechanism\n650 nm\nlaser diode\n, 10.5 \nMbit\/s\n(1×)\nWrite\n \nmechanism\n650 nm laser diode, 10.5 Mbit\/s (1×)\nStandard\nDVD Forum\n's DVD Books\n[\n1\n]\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\nDVD+RW Alliance specifications\nDeveloped\n \nby\nSony\nPanasonic\nPhilips\nToshiba\nDimensions\nDiameter\n: 120 mm (4.7 in)\nThickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in)\nWeight\n16 g (0.56 oz)\nUsage\nHome video\n,\nComputer data storage\nExtended\n \nfrom\nLaserDisc\nCompact disc\nExtended\n \nto\nDVD+RW\nDVD-RAM\nHD DVD\nBlu-ray\nReleased\nJP\n: November 1, 1996\n[\n4\n]\nAsia\/\nCIS\n: January 1997\nUS\n: March 24, 1997\n[\n5\n]\nUK\n: June 1997\nEU\n: March 1998\n[\n6\n]\nAUS\n\/\nNZ\n: February 1999\nDVD\n(\ndigital video disc\nor\ndigital versatile disc\n)\n[\n7\n]\n[\n8\n]\nis a\ndigital\noptical disc\ndata storage\nformat. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in\nJapan\n. The medium can store any kind of\ndigital data\nand has been widely used to store video programs (watched using\nDVD players\n), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than\ncompact discs\n(CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7\nGB\nof data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Dual-layer, double-sided DVDs can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.\n[\n9\n]\nPrerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using\nmolding machines\nthat physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank\nrecordable DVD\ndiscs (\nDVD-R\nand\nDVD+R\n) can be recorded once using a\nDVD recorder\nand then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs (\nDVD-RW\n,\nDVD+RW\n, and\nDVD-RAM\n) can be recorded and erased many times.\nDVDs are used in\nDVD-Video\nconsumer digital video format and less commonly in\nDVD-Audio\nconsumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special\nAVCHD\nformat to hold\nhigh definition\nmaterial (often in conjunction with AVCHD format\ncamcorders\n). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs.\nEtymology\nThe\nOxford English Dictionary\ncomments that, \"In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc.\" The OED also states that in 1995, \"The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD.\nToshiba\nhad been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications.\"\n[\n10\n]\n\"Digital versatile disc\" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000\n[\n11\n]\nand in the\nDVD Forum\n's mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.\n[\n12\n]\nBecause DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term\nDVD\nbecame popularly used in English as a\nnoun\nto describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the phrase \"to watch a DVD\" describes watching a movie on DVD.\n[\n13\n]\nHistory\nDevelopment and launch\nKees Schouhamer Immink\nreceived a personal technical\nEmmy\naward for his contributions to DVD and\nBlu-ray\ndisc.\nReleased in 1987,\nCD Video\nused analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs.\nVideo CD\n(VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing\ndigitally\nencoded films in this format, in 1993.\n[\n14\n]\nIn the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia\nCompact Disc\n(MMCD), backed by\nPhilips\nand\nSony\n(developers of the CD and\nCD-i\n), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by\nToshiba\n,\nTime Warner\n,\nMatsushita Electric\n,\nHitachi\n,\nMitsubishi Electric\n,\nPioneer\n,\nThomson\n, and\nJVC\n. By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).\n[\n15\n]\n[\n16\n]\nOn May 3, 1995, an\nad hoc\n, industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple,\nCompaq\n,\nHewlett-Packard\n, and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.\n[\n17\n]\n[\n18\n]\nThe group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited\nLou Gerstner\n, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips\/Sony strongly insisted on the source code,\nEFMPlus\n, that\nKees Schouhamer Immink\nhad designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity.\n[\n19\n]\n[\n20\n]\nAs a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7\nGB\n(4.38\nGiB\n)\n[\na\n]\nfor a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.\n[\n21\n]\nThe DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.\n[\n16\n]\nPhilips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.\n[\n22\n]\nAfter other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the\nOptical Storage Technology Association\n(OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as\nUniversal Disk Format\n) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.\n[\n23\n]\nIn November 1995,\nSamsung\nannounced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.\n[\n24\n]\nThe format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with\nmusic video\nreleases. The first major releases from\nWarner Home Video\narrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.\n[\nb\n]\n[\n4\n]\nThe format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,\n[\n25\n]\nto October 1996,\n[\n26\n]\nNovember 1996,\n[\n27\n]\nbefore finally settling on early 1997.\n[\n28\n]\nPlayers began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.\n[\nc\n]\n[\n5\n]\n[\n29\n]\nApproximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the\nWarner Bros.\n,\nMGM\n, and\nNew Line\nlibraries,\n[\n30\n]\n[\nd\n]\nwith the notable inclusion of the 1996 film\nTwister\n.\n[\n31\n]\nHowever, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the\nstreet date\n.\n[\n32\n]\nThe nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.\n[\n33\n]\n[\nbetter source needed\n]\nDTS\nannounced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.\n[\n34\n]\nHowever, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999\nConsumer Electronics Show\n.\n[\n35\n]\nIn 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of $27.34\nUS dollars\nin 2022.\n[\n36\n]\n[\n37\n]\nAdoption\nPlayStation 2\n, the first video game console to run DVDs\nMovie\nand\nhome entertainment\ndistributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous\nVHS\ntape as the primary consumer video distribution format.\n[\n38\n]\nImmediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading\nvideo game console\ncompanies (\nSega\nand\nThe 3DO Company\n) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.\n[\n39\n]\nSony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.\n[\n39\n]\nGame consoles such as the\nPlayStation 2\n,\nXbox\n, and\nXbox 360\nuse DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using\nDLT\ntape,\n[\n40\n]\nbut using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.\n[\n41\n]\nTV DVD combos\n, combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and\nVCR\/DVD combos\nwere also available for purchase.\n[\n42\n]\nFor consumers, DVD soon overtook VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. \nIn 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player.\n[\n43\n]\nBy 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television.\n[\n44\n]\nSpecifications\nComparison of several forms of disk storage. Green denotes start and red denotes end of track.\nThe DVD specifications created and updated by the\nDVD Forum\nare published as so-called\nDVD Books\n(e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book,\nDVD-VR\n(Video Recording) Book, etc.).\n[\n1\n]\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\nDVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both\nbirefringence\nand \"disc tilt\", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.\n[\n45\n]\n[\n46\n]\nSome specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the\nISO\nwebsite.\n[\n47\n]\nThere are also equivalent\nEuropean Computer Manufacturers Association\n(Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.\n[\n48\n]\nAlso, the\nDVD+RW Alliance\npublishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or\nDVD+RW DL\n. These DVD formats are also ISO standards.\n[\n49\n]\n[\n50\n]\n[\n51\n]\n[\n52\n]\nSome DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format\/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US$5000.\n[\n53\n]\n[\n54\n]\nEvery subscriber must sign a\nnon-disclosure agreement\nas certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.\n[\n53\n]\nIn January 2025, the DVD FLLC announced its own dissolution on January 31, 2025 (together with the DVD Forum itself, according to its charter\n[\n55\n]\n) and the deposit of the DVD specifications at the\nNational Diet Library\nof Japan in early 2025.\n[\n56\n]\nAs of August 2025, the specification documents are only available at the National Diet Library in Tokyo.\n[\n57\n]\nDouble-sided discs\nBorrowing from the\nLaserDisc\nformat, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.\n[\n47\n]\nDual-layer discs\nDVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A\/V playback on earlier\nDVD players\n, the length of which varies between hardware.\n[\n58\n]\nA printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD\nkeep cases\n. During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of\nToy Story\n.\n[\n59\n]\nLater in the format's life, larger\ndata buffers\nand faster\noptical pickups\nin DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nDual-layer DVDs are recorded using\nOpposite Track Path\n(OTP).\n[\n60\n]\nCombinations of the above\nThe DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.\n[\n61\n]\nDVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.\n[\n47\n]\nBoth of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.\n[\n61\n]\nFor this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets.\nNote\n:\nThe above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down.\nDVD recordable and rewritable\nSony Rewritable DVD\nA DVD-ROM drive for a PC\nHP\ninitially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.\n[\n62\n]\n[\nfailed verification\n]\nDVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed:\nDVD-R\n\/\nRW\n,\nDVD+R\n\/\nRW\n(plus), and\nDVD-RAM\n. DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with\nCSS\nencrypted video content but General discs may not.\n[\n63\n]\nDual-layer recording\nDual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows\nDVD-R\nand\nDVD+R\ndiscs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7\ngigabyte\ncapacities, respectively.\n[\n64\n]\nThe additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.\n[\n65\n]\nDVD-R DL\nwas developed for the\nDVD Forum\nby\nPioneer Corporation\n;\nDVD+R DL\nwas developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by\nMitsubishi Kagaku Media\n(MKM) and\nPhilips\n.\n[\n66\n]\nRecordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.\n[\n66\n]\nCapacity\nCapacity and nomenclature\n[\n67\n]\n[\n68\n]\nSS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer\nDesignation\nSides\nLayers\n(total)\nDiameter\n(cm)\nCapacity\n(\nGB\n)\nDVD-1\n[\n69\n]\nSS SL\n1\n1\n8\n1.46\nDVD-2\nSS DL\n1\n2\n8\n2.65\nDVD-3\nDS SL\n2\n2\n8\n2.92\nDVD-4\nDS DL\n2\n4\n8\n5.31\nDVD-5\nSS SL\n1\n1\n12\n4.70\nDVD-9\nSS DL\n1\n2\n12\n8.54\nDVD-10\nDS SL\n2\n2\n12\n9.40\nDVD-14\n[\n61\n]\nDS SL+DL\n2\n3\n12\n13.24\nDVD-18\nDS DL\n2\n4\n12\n17.08\nAll units are expressed with\nSI\n\/\nIEC\nprefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\nSize comparison: a 12 cm\nDVD+RW\nand a 19 cm\npencil\nDVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed\nCapacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs\nDesignation\nSides\nLayers\n(total)\nDiameter\n(cm)\nCapacity\n(GB)\nDVD-R\nSS SL (1.0)\n1\n1\n12\n3.95\nDVD-R\nSS SL (2.0)\n1\n1\n12\n4.70\nDVD-RW\nSS SL\n1\n1\n12\n4.70\nDVD+R\nSS SL\n1\n1\n12\n4.70\nDVD+RW\nSS SL\n1\n1\n12\n4.70\nDVD-R\nSS DL\n1\n2\n12\n8.50\nDVD-RW\nSS DL\n1\n2\n12\n8.54\nDVD+R\nSS DL\n1\n2\n12\n8.54\nDVD+RW\nSS DL\n1\n2\n12\n8.54\nDVD-RAM\nSS SL\n1\n1\n8\n1.46*\nDVD-RAM\nDS SL\n2\n1\n8\n2.47*\nDVD-RAM\nSS SL (1.0)\n1\n1\n12\n2.58\nDVD-RAM\nSS SL (2.0)\n1\n1\n12\n4.70\nDVD-RAM\nDS SL (1.0)\n2\n1\n12\n5.15\nDVD-RAM\nDS SL (2.0)\n2\n1\n12\n9.39*\nAll units are expressed with\nSI\n\/\nIEC\nprefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\nCapacity differences of writable DVD formats\nType\nSectors\nBytes\nkB\nMB\nGB\nDVD-R SL\n2,298,496\n4,707,319,808\n4,707,320\n4,707\n4.7\nDVD+R SL\n2,295,104\n4,700,372,992\n4,700,373\n4,700\n4.7\nDVD-R DL\n4,171,712\n8,543,666,176\n8,543,666\n8,544\n8.5\nDVD+R DL\n4,173,824\n8,547,991,552\n8,547,992\n8,548\n8.5\nAll units are expressed with\nSI\n\/\nIEC\nprefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\nDVD drives and players\nDVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer.\nDVD players\nare a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read\nDVD-Video\nand\nDVD-Audio\ndiscs.\nTransfer rates\nInternal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details.\nRead and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 \nkB\n\/s (1,353 \nKiB\n\/s); this speed is usually called \"1×\". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB\/s (150 KiB\/s), about one-ninth as swift.\n[\n69\n]\n[\n70\n]\nDVD drive speeds\nDrive speed (not rotations)\nData rate\n~Write time (minutes)\n[\ne\n]\nRevolutions per minute (\nconstant linear velocity\n, CLV)\n[\n71\n]\n[\n72\n]\n[\nf\n]\nMbit\/s\nMB\/s\nSingle-Layer\nDual-Layer\n1×\n11\n1.4\n57\n103\n1400 (inner) 580 (outer)\n[\n70\n]\n2×\n22\n2.8\n28\n51\n2800 (inner) 1160 (outer)\n2.4×\n27\n3.3\n24\n43\n3360 (inner) 1392 (outer)\n2.6×\n29\n3.6\n22\n40\n3640 (inner) 1508 (outer)\n3×\n33\n4.1\n19\n34\n4200 (inner) 2320 (outer)\n4×\n44\n5.5\n14\n26\n5600 (inner) 2900 (outer)\n6×\n67\n8.3\n9\n17\n8400 (inner) 3480 (outer)\n8×\n89\n11.1\n7\n13\n4640 (\nCAV\n; no longer uses pure CLV)\n10×\n111\n13.9\n6\n10\n5800\n12×\n133\n16.6\n5\n9\n6960\n16×\n177\n22.2\n4\n6\n9280\n18×\n199\n24.9\n3\n6\n10440\n20×\n222\n27.7\n3\n5\n11600\n22×\n244\n30.5\n3\n5\n12760\n24×\n266\n33.2\n2\n4\n13920\nDVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000\nRPM\nvs 23000 for CDs.\n[\n73\n]\nIn practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits.\n[\n74\n]\n[\n75\n]\n[\n76\n]\nDVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either\nconstant angular velocity\n(CAV),\nconstant linear velocity\n(CLV),\nPartial constant angular velocity\n(P-CAV) or\nZoned Constant Linear Velocity\n(Z-CLV or ZCLV).\n[\n77\n]\nDue to the slightly lower data density of\ndual layer\nDVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× (\nconstant angular velocity\n) for\nhalf-height\noptical drives released since around 2005,\n[\ng\n]\nand\nslim type optical drives\nare only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.\n[\n82\n]\n[\n75\n]\n[\n74\n]\nDisc quality measurements\nError rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range.\nThe quality and\ndata integrity\nof optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by\ndeteriorating media\ncan be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.\n[\n83\n]\nThe types of errors that can occur on a DVD are a PIE (Parity Inner Error), 8PIE (Parity Inner Sum Eight Error), PIF (Parity Inner Failure), POE (Parity Outer Error), and POF (Parity Outer Failure), the last of which indicates data loss. Too many small errors within a small space create a POF condition. The difference between POE and POF is that a POE is generated on a first failed read attempt whereas a POF indicates an uncorrectable error after repeated attempts to read the data.\n[\n84\n]\n[\n85\n]\nSupport of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.\n[\n84\n]\n[\n86\n]\nUnreadable data can be found using any drive using general-purpose tools like\nbadblocks\n.\nDVD-Video\nDVD-Video is a standard for distributing video\/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,\n[\n4\n]\nin the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the\n69th Academy Awards\nthat day;\n[\n5\n]\nin Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,\n[\n6\n]\nAustralia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.\n[\n87\n]\nSecurity\nThe purpose of CSS is twofold:\nCSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an\nMPEG\n(digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD.\nCSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system (\nregion codes\n,\nMacrovision\n, and\nuser operation prohibition\n) be implemented.\n[\n88\n]\nSuccessors and decline\nIn 2006, two new formats called\nHD DVD\nand\nBlu-ray Disc\nwere released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the\nformat war\nof\n2006–2008\n. A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.\n[\n89\n]\n[\n90\n]\nHowever, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD would gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.\n[\n91\n]\n[\n92\n]\nConsumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.\n[\n93\n]\nBy 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.\n[\n94\n]\nA\nlibrary\noffering\nphysical media\nincluding DVDs\nDVDs started to face competition from\nvideo on demand\nservices around 2015 or 2016.\n[\n95\n]\n[\n96\n]\n[\n97\n]\n[\n98\n]\nWith increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.\n[\n99\n]\nUntil the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as\nStar Trek: The Original Series\n, could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.\n[\n100\n]\nShows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes.\nStar Trek: The Next Generation\nwas the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.\n[\n101\n]\nBy the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall,\nsubscription streaming\nof TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.\n[\n102\n]\nBy 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where\nUltra HD Blu-ray\nand regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.\n[\n103\n]\nThe decline continued further into the 2020s with the closure of\nRedBox\nin 2024, Best Buy and Target stopped selling DVDs in 2023, and the cease of by mail service by Netflix in 2025.\n[\n104\n]\nLongevity\nLongevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.\n[\n105\n]\nAccording to\nNIST\n, \"[a] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH [Relative Humidity] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage.\"\n[\n106\n]\nAs with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.\n[\n107\n]\nAccording to the\nOptical Storage Technology Association\n(OSTA), \"Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM.\"\n[\n108\n]\nAccording to a NIST\/\nLoC\nresearch project conducted in 2005–2007 using\naccelerated life testing\n, \"There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions.\" The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:\n[\n105\n]\n[\ndubious\n–\ndiscuss\n]\nDisc type\n0–15 years\n15–30 years\n30–45 years\nover 45 years\nDVD-R\n20%\n20%\n0%\n60%\nDVD+R\n20%\n0%\n40%\n40%\nDVD-RW\n0%\n0%\n50%\n50%\nDVD+RW\n0%\n33.3%\n33.3%\n33.3%\n[\n105\n]\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\n100\nDVD-R\nDVD+R\nDVD-RW\nDVD+RW\n \n0–15 years\n \n15–30 years\n \n30–45 years\n \nover 45 years\nSee also\nBook type\nComparison of popular optical data-storage systems\nDigital video recorder\nDVD authoring\nDVD region code\nDVD single –\nMusic video\nDVD TV game –\nInteractive film\nGlossary of computer hardware terms\nHard disk drive performance characteristics\nM-DISC\nProfessional Disc\nRipping\nNotes\n^\n1 GB is one billion\nbytes\n^\nThe four titles being\nThe Fugitive\n,\nBlade Runner: Director's Cut\n,\nEraser\n, and\nAssassins\n.\n^\nThese test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.\n^\nThree additional titles, including\nGoldenEye\n; are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links.\n^\nThe write time is wildly optimistic for higher (>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\n^\nDue to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a\nconstant angular velocity\nnumber equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same\nconstant linear velocity\nnumber at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number.\n^\nThe first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the\nPioneer\nDVR-107\n(2004).\n[\n78\n]\n[\n79\n]\nLater optical drives such as the\nHL data storage\nGSA-H10N\n(2006)\n[\n80\n]\nhave also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on\nrecordable\ndual-layer media (\nDVD-R DL\n,\nDVD+R DL\n), and\nTSSTcorp\nSH-S202\/S203\/TS-H653B\n(2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on\nDVD-R DL\nand\nDVD+R DL\nrespectively, on quality media from selected vendors.\n[\n81\n]\nReferences\n^\na\nb\n\"DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book\"\n.\nDvdfllc.co.jp\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 25, 2010\n. 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Retrieved\nAugust 17,\n2020\n.\n^\nSuper -writemaster DVD Writer SH-S203B(TS-H653B)\/ SH-S203D(TS-H653D)\n(User manual) (in Korean),\nSamsung Electronics\n, 2007\n^\n\"View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives\"\n.\nLG USA\n. Archived from\nthe original\non August 17, 2020\n. Retrieved\nAugust 11,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"QPxTool – check the quality\"\n.\nqpxtool.sourceforge.io\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 6, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJuly 30,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"QPxTool glossary\"\n.\nqpxtool.sourceforge.io\n. QPxTool. August 1, 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 1, 2021\n. Retrieved\nJuly 22,\n2020\n.\n^\nWells, Daniel Patrick (July 14, 2008).\nPredicting the Longevity of DVDR Media by Periodic Analysis of Parity, Jitter, and ECC Performance Parameters\n. Brigham Young University. pp. 25, 26, 44.\n^\n\"One DVD \"DATA\" Sector – LightByte\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 3, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJuly 30,\n2020\n.\n^\nBakalis, Anna (June 20, 2003).\n\"It's unreel: DVD rentals overtake videocassettes\"\n.\nThe Washington Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on May 26, 2007.\n^\n\"IEEE – Copy Protection for DVD Video p.2\"\n(PDF)\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non March 18, 2009.\n^\n\"What is Blu-ray Disc?\"\n. Sony.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 3, 2009\n. Retrieved\nNovember 25,\n2008\n.\n^\n\"DVD FAQ: 3.13 – What about the new HD formats?\"\n. September 21, 2008. Archived from\nthe original\non August 22, 2009\n. Retrieved\nNovember 25,\n2008\n.\n^\n\"High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years\"\n. Movieweb.com. February 20, 2008. Archived from\nthe original\non September 14, 2008\n. Retrieved\nAugust 22,\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Blu-ray takes 25% Market share\"\n. September 21, 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on June 23, 2011\n. Retrieved\nJune 28,\n2011\n.\n^\nMartorana, Robert (November 4, 2009).\n\"Slow Blu-ray Adoption: A Threat to Hollywood's Bottom Line?\"\n.\nSeeking Alpha\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 4, 2016\n. Retrieved\nAugust 9,\n2011\n.\n^\n\"Gates And Ballmer On \"Making The Transition\"\n\"\n.\nBusinessWeek\n. April 19, 2004. Archived from\nthe original\non August 26, 2009\n. Retrieved\nAugust 22,\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Are DVDs becoming obsolete?\"\n.\nElectronics.howstuffworks.com\n. November 1, 2014.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 5, 2015\n. Retrieved\nDecember 30,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Amazon.com: Customer Discussions: When will DVDs be obsolete?\"\n.\nAmazon.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 5, 2016\n. Retrieved\nDecember 30,\n2016\n.\n^\nRomano, Nick (June 5, 2014).\n\"Is the DVD Becoming Obsolete?\"\n. ScreenCrush.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 12, 2015\n. Retrieved\nDecember 30,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"DVD Going The Way Of VHS In 2016 – CINEMABLEND\"\n.\nCinemablend.com\n. June 6, 2014.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 12, 2015\n. Retrieved\nDecember 30,\n2016\n.\n^\nSweney, Mark (January 5, 2017).\n\"Film and TV streaming and downloads overtake DVD sales for first time\"\n.\nTheguardian.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 3, 2018\n. Retrieved\nOctober 28,\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Kirk\/Spock STAR TREK To Get All-New HD Spaceships\"\n.\nAintitcool.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 9, 2012\n. Retrieved\nAugust 22,\n2009\n.\n^\nBurt, Kayti (February 6, 2017).\n\"Star Trek: DS9 & Voyager HD Blu-Ray Will Likely Never Happen\"\n.\nDen of Geek\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 17, 2018\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 12,\n2019\n.\n^\nWitten, Sarah (November 8, 2019).\n\"The death of the DVD - Why sales fell more than 86 percent in 13 years\"\n.\nCNBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 29, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 15,\n2023\n.\n^\nSvetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022).\n\"DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive\"\n.\nWhat Hi-Fi\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 15, 2023\n. Retrieved\nMarch 15,\n2023\n.\n^\nSteiner, Robert (February 28, 2025).\n\"It's Official: The DVD Business Died Last Year\"\n.\nVariety\n. Retrieved\nOctober 30,\n2025\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nFinal Report: NIST\/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study\nArchived\nFebruary 28, 2017, at the\nWayback Machine\n, Loc.gov, September 2007 (table derived from figure 7)\n^\nChang, Wo (August 21, 2007).\n\"NIST Digital Media Group: docs\/disccare\"\n. National Institute of Standards and Technology.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 4, 2013\n. Retrieved\nDecember 18,\n2013\n.\n^\n\"How Long Do CDs\/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot\"\n. Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 18, 2022\n. Retrieved\nJuly 19,\n2022\n.\n^\n\"Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity\"\n.\nOsta.org\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on May 2, 2010\n. Retrieved\nOctober 28,\n2017\n.\nFurther reading\nBennett, Hugh (April 2004).\n\"Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD\"\n.\nOptical Storage Technology Association\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 4, 2012\n. Retrieved\nDecember 17,\n2006\n.\nLabarge, Ralph (2001).\nDVD Authoring and Production\n. Gilroy, California: CMP Books.\nISBN\n \n1-57820-082-2\n.\nTaylor, Jim (2000).\nDVD Demystified\n(2nd ed.). New York:\nMcGraw-Hill\nProfessional.\nISBN\n \n0-07-135026-8\n.\nExternal links\nAll About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD\nat Wikibooks\nDvddemystified.com:  DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers\nDual Layer Explained\n – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process\nWikimedia Commons has media related to\nDVD\n.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=DVD \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=DVD \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=DVD \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=DVD \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD)\n- [1 Etymology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Etymology)\n- [2 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Development and launch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Development_and_launch)\n  - [2\\.2 Adoption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Adoption)\n- [3 Specifications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Specifications)\n  Toggle Specifications subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Double-sided discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Double-sided_discs)\n  - [3\\.2 Dual-layer discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Dual-layer_discs)\n  - [3\\.3 Combinations of the above](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Combinations_of_the_above)\n- [4 DVD recordable and rewritable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#DVD_recordable_and_rewritable)\n  Toggle DVD recordable and rewritable subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Dual-layer recording](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Dual-layer_recording)\n- [5 Capacity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Capacity)\n- [6 DVD drives and players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#DVD_drives_and_players)\n  Toggle DVD drives and players subsection\n  - [6\\.1 Transfer rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Transfer_rates)\n  - [6\\.2 Disc quality measurements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Disc_quality_measurements)\n- [7 DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#DVD-Video)\n  Toggle DVD-Video subsection\n  - [7\\.1 Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Security)\n- [8 Successors and decline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Successors_and_decline)\n- [9 Longevity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Longevity)\n- [10 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#See_also)\n- [11 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Notes)\n- [12 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#References)\n- [13 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Further_reading)\n- [14 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# DVD\n99 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Afrikaans\")\n- [Alemannisch](https:\/\/als.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Alemannic\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA \"قرص رقمي متعدد الاستخدامات – Arabic\")\n- [الدارجة](https:\/\/ary.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%D9%8A_%DA%A4%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A \"دي ڤي دي – Moroccan Arabic\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Asturian\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Azerbaijani\")\n- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https:\/\/be-tarask.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)\")\n- [Беларуская](https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Belarusian\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Bulgarian\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF \"ডিভিডি – Bangla\")\n- [Bosanski](https:\/\/bs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Bosnian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Catalan\")\n- [کوردی](https:\/\/ckb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C \"دی ڤی دی – Central Kurdish\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Czech\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dvd \"Dvd – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C \"دی‌وی‌دی – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – French\")\n- [Frysk](https:\/\/fy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Western Frisian\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Galician\")\n- [Gaelg](https:\/\/gv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Manx\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80 \"डीवीडी – Hindi\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Croatian\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Armenian\")\n- [Interlingua](https:\/\/ia.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Interlingua\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Indonesian\")\n- [Ilokano](https:\/\/ilo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Iloko\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Ido\")\n- [Íslenska](https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mynddiskur \"Mynddiskur – Icelandic\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Japanese\")\n- [Jawa](https:\/\/jv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Javanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Georgian\")\n- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https:\/\/km.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8 \"ឌីវីឌី – Khmer\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Korean\")\n- [Kurdî](https:\/\/ku.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Kurdish\")\n- [Кыргызча](https:\/\/ky.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Kyrgyz\")\n- [Latina](https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discus_versatilis_digitalis \"Discus versatilis digitalis – Latin\")\n- [Lombard](https:\/\/lmo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Lombard\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Lithuanian\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Latvian\")\n- [Minangkabau](https:\/\/min.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Minangkabau\")\n- [Македонски](https:\/\/mk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA \"Дигитален видеодиск – Macedonian\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF. \"ഡി.വി.ഡി. – Malayalam\")\n- [मराठी](https:\/\/mr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80 \"डीव्हीडी – Marathi\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Malay\")\n- [Mirandés](https:\/\/mwl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Mirandese\")\n- [Nāhuatl](https:\/\/nah.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C4%ABdeocaquizcop%C4%ABnal%C5%8Dni \"Vīdeocaquizcopīnalōni – Nahuatl\")\n- [नेपाली](https:\/\/ne.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF \"डिभिडि – Nepali\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dvd \"Dvd – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Kapampangan](https:\/\/pam.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Pampanga\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Polish\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C \"ڈی وی ڈی – Western Punjabi\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Portuguese\")\n- [Runa Simi](https:\/\/qu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%91it%27isqa_%C3%B1awra_phiruru \"Ñit'isqa ñawra phiruru – Quechua\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Russian\")\n- [Саха тыла](https:\/\/sah.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Yakut\")\n- [Sicilianu](https:\/\/scn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Sicilian\")\n- [Scots](https:\/\/sco.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Scots\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Slovak\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Slovenian\")\n- [Soomaaliga](https:\/\/so.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Somali\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Albanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%92%D0%94 \"ДВД – Serbian\")\n- [Sunda](https:\/\/su.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Sundanese\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Swedish\")\n- [Ślůnski](https:\/\/szl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Silesian\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81 \"இலக்கமுறைப் பல்திறவாற்றல் வட்டு – Tamil\")\n- [తెలుగు](https:\/\/te.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80 \"డీవీడీ – Telugu\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5 \"ดีวีดี – Thai\")\n- [Tagalog](https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Tagalog\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C \"ڈی وی ڈی – Urdu\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Uzbek\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Vietnamese\")\n- [Winaray](https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Waray\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Wu\")\n- [მარგალური](https:\/\/xmf.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Mingrelian\")\n- [Yorùbá](https:\/\/yo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Yoruba\")\n- [ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ](https:\/\/zgh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89_%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%89_%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89 \"ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉ ⴷⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight\")\n- [閩南語 \/ Bân-lâm-gí](https:\/\/zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Minnan\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q5294#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:DVD \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&action=edit \"This page is protected.\n  You can view its source [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&action=edit)\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/DVD \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/DVD \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&oldid=1343534601 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=DVD&id=1343534601&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDVD)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=DVD&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/DVD)\n- [Wikiquote](https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/DVD)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q5294 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![Page semi-protected](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Semi-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi \"This article is semi-protected.\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nDigital optical disc data storage format\n\nThis article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\"). For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see [DVD-Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\"). For other uses, see [DVD (disambiguation)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_\$disambiguation\$ \"DVD (disambiguation)\").\n\n\"MMCD\" redirects here. For Sony's proprietary CD-ROM XA-based multimedia software format, see [Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Multimedia_CD-ROM_Player \"Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9b\/DVD_logo.svg\/250px-DVD_logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DVD_logo.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d3\/DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg\/250px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)The data side of a DVD manufactured by [Sony DADC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_DADC \"Sony DADC\") |   |\n| Media type | [Optical disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc \"Optical disc\") |\n| Capacity | 4\\.7 [GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") (1 side, 1 layer) 8\\.5 GB (1 side, 2 layers) 9\\.4 GB (2 sides, 1 layer) 17\\.08 GB (2 sides, 2 layers) |\n| Read mechanism | 650 nm [laser diode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_diode \"Laser diode\"), 10.5 [Mbit\/s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megabit_per_second \"Megabit per second\") (1×) |\n| Write mechanism | 650 nm laser diode, 10.5 Mbit\/s (1×) |\n| [Standard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_standard \"International standard\") | [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\")'s DVD Books[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD+RW Alliance specifications |\n| Developed by | [Sony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony \"Sony\") [Panasonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic \"Panasonic\") [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\") [Toshiba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshiba \"Toshiba\") |\n| Dimensions | [Diameter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diameter \"Diameter\"): 120 mm (4.7 in) Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in) |\n| Weight | 16 g (0.56 oz) |\n| Usage | [Home video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_video \"Home video\"), [Computer data storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_data_storage \"Computer data storage\") |\n| Extended from | [LaserDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\") [Compact disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") |\n| Extended to | [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\") [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\") [HD DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD \"HD DVD\") [Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") |\n| Released | [JP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\"): November 1, 1996 (1996-11-01)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) Asia\/[CIS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\"): January 1997 (1997-01) [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\"): March 24, 1997 (1997-03-24)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_kingdom \"United kingdom\"): June 1997 (1997-06) [EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europe \"Europe\"): March 1998 (1998-03)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) [AUS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia \"Australia\")\/[NZ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"): February 1999 (1999-02) |\n\n| [Optical discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc \"Optical disc\") |\n|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/CD_icon_test.svg\/250px-CD_icon_test.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:CD_icon_test.svg) |\n| General [Optical disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc \"Optical disc\") [Optical disc drive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive \"Optical disc drive\") [Optical disc authoring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_authoring \"Optical disc authoring\") [Authoring software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_authoring#Software \"Optical disc authoring\") [Recording technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_recording_technologies \"Optical disc recording technologies\") [Recording modes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_recording_modes \"Optical disc recording modes\") [Packet writing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Packet_writing \"Packet writing\") [Burst cutting area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burst_cutting_area \"Burst cutting area\") |\n| Optical media types **Compact disc ([CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\")):** [CD-DA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio \"Compact Disc Digital Audio\"), [CD-ROM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-ROM \"CD-ROM\"), [CD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-R \"CD-R\"), [CD-RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-RW \"CD-RW\"), [5\\.1 Music Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5.1_Music_Disc \"5.1 Music Disc\"), Super Audio CD ([SACD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Audio_CD \"Super Audio CD\")), [Photo CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photo_CD \"Photo CD\"), CD Video ([CDV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_Video \"CD Video\")), Video CD ([VCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_CD \"Video CD\")), Super Video CD ([SVCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Video_CD \"Super Video CD\")), [CD+G](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD%2BG \"CD+G\"), [CD-Text](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-Text \"CD-Text\"), [CD-ROM XA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-ROM_XA \"CD-ROM XA\"), [CD-i](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-i \"CD-i\"), [MIL-CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIL-CD \"MIL-CD\"), [Mini CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mini_CD \"Mini CD\") **Digital Versatile Disc ([DVD]()):** [DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\"), [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\"), [DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\"), [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\"), [DVD-R DS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DS \"DVD-R DS\"), [DVD+R DS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DS \"DVD+R DS\"), [DVD-RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RW \"DVD-RW\"), [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\"), [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\"), [DVD-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-D \"DVD-D\"), [DVD-A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\"), [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\"), [HVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc \"High-Definition Versatile Disc\"), [Flexplay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flexplay \"Flexplay\"), [EcoDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EcoDisc \"EcoDisc\"), [MiniDVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MiniDVD \"MiniDVD\") **Blu-ray Disc ([BD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\")):** [BD-R & BD-RE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable \"Blu-ray Disc recordable\"), [Blu-ray 3D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray_3D \"Blu-ray 3D\"), [Mini Blu-ray Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc \"Blu-ray\"), 4K Blu-ray ([Ultra HD Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray \"Ultra HD Blu-ray\")) **[M-DISC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M-DISC \"M-DISC\")** **[Universal Media Disc (UMD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Media_Disc \"Universal Media Disc\")** **[Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc \"Enhanced Versatile Disc\")** **[Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forward_Versatile_Disc \"Forward Versatile Disc\")** **[Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holographic_Versatile_Disc \"Holographic Versatile Disc\")** **[China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc \"China Blue High-definition Disc\")** **[HD DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD \"HD DVD\"):** [HD DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD-R \"HD DVD-R\"), [HD DVD-RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD-RW \"HD DVD-RW\"), [HD DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD-RAM \"HD DVD-RAM\") **[High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc \"High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc\")** **[VCDHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VCDHD \"VCDHD\")** **[GD-ROM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GD-ROM \"GD-ROM\")** **[Personal Video Disc (PVD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personal_Video_Disc \"Personal Video Disc\")** **MiniDisc ([MD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MiniDisc \"MiniDisc\")):** [MD Data, MD Data2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MD_Data \"MD Data\") **[Hi-MD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hi-MD \"Hi-MD\")** **LaserDisc ([LD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\")):** [LD-ROM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LD-ROM \"LD-ROM\"), [LV-ROM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LV-ROM \"LV-ROM\") **[Video Single Disc (VSD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_Single_Disc \"Video Single Disc\")** **[Magneto-optical discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magneto-optical_drive \"Magneto-optical drive\")** **[Ultra Density Optical (UDO)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra_Density_Optical \"Ultra Density Optical\")** **[3D optical data storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3D_optical_data_storage \"3D optical data storage\")** **[Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc \"Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc\")** **[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc \"Fluorescent Multilayer Disc\")** **[Hyper CD-ROM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyper_CD-ROM \"Hyper CD-ROM\")** **[Nintendo optical disc (NOD)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nintendo_optical_discs \"Nintendo optical discs\")** **[Archival Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archival_Disc \"Archival Disc\") (AD)** **[Professional Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_Disc \"Professional Disc\")** **[DataPlay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DataPlay \"DataPlay\")** |\n| Standards [SFF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Small_Form_Factor_Committee \"Small Form Factor Committee\") [ATAPI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATA_Packet_Interface \"ATA Packet Interface\")\/[MMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands \"SCSI Multimedia Commands\") [Mount Rainier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Rainier_\$packet_writing\$ \"Mount Rainier (packet writing)\") (packet writing) [Mount Fuji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Layer_Jump_Recording \"Layer Jump Recording\") (layer jump recording) [Rainbow Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainbow_Books \"Rainbow Books\") File systems [ISO 9660](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_9660 \"ISO 9660\") [Joliet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joliet_\$file_system\$ \"Joliet (file system)\") [Romeo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romeo_file_system \"Romeo file system\") [Rock Ridge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rock_Ridge \"Rock Ridge\") \/ SUSP [El Torito](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Torito_\$CD-ROM_standard\$ \"El Torito (CD-ROM standard)\") [Apple ISO 9660 Extensions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions \"Apple ISO 9660 Extensions\") Universal Disk Format ([UDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Disk_Format \"Universal Disk Format\")) [ISO 13490](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_13490 \"ISO 13490\") |\n| See also [History of optical storage media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_optical_storage_media \"History of optical storage media\") [High-definition optical disc format war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war \"High-definition optical disc format war\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Optical_disc \"Template:Optical disc\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Optical_disc \"Template talk:Optical disc\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Optical_disc \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Optical disc\") |\n\n**DVD** (**digital video disc** or **digital versatile disc**)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-8) is a [digital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_media \"Digital media\") [optical disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc \"Optical disc\") [data storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_storage \"Data storage\") format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\"). The medium can store any kind of [digital data](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_data \"Digital data\") and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using [DVD players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\")), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than [compact discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") (CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7 [GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Dual-layer, double-sided DVDs can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-9)\n\nPrerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using [molding machines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Injection_molding_machine \"Injection molding machine\") that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank [recordable DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recordable_DVD \"Recordable DVD\") discs ([DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\") and [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\")) can be recorded once using a [DVD recorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive \"Optical disc drive\") and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs ([DVD-RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RW \"DVD-RW\"), [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\"), and [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\")) can be recorded and erased many times.\n\nDVDs are used in [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\") consumer digital video format and less commonly in [DVD-Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\") consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special [AVCHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVCHD#AVCHD_as_distribution_format \"AVCHD\") format to hold [high definition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-definition_video \"High-definition video\") material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format [camcorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camcorder \"Camcorder\")). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs.\n\n## Etymology\nThe *[Oxford English Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\")* comments that, \"In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc.\" The OED also states that in 1995, \"The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. [Toshiba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshiba \"Toshiba\") had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications.\"[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-10)\n\n\"Digital versatile disc\" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-11) and in the [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\")'s mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-12)\n\nBecause DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term *DVD* became popularly used in English as a [noun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noun \"Noun\") to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the phrase \"to watch a DVD\" describes watching a movie on DVD.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-13)\n\n## History\n### Development and launch\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Schouhamerimmink.jpg\/250px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg)\n\n[Kees Schouhamer Immink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink \"Kees Schouhamer Immink\") received a personal technical [Emmy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emmy \"Emmy\") award for his contributions to DVD and [Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") disc.\n\nReleased in 1987, [CD Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_Video \"CD Video\") used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs. [Video CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_CD \"Video CD\") (VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing *digitally* encoded films in this format, in 1993.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-14) In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia [Compact Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_Disc \"Compact Disc\") (MMCD), backed by [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\") and [Sony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony \"Sony\") (developers of the CD and [CD-i](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-i \"CD-i\")), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by [Toshiba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshiba \"Toshiba\"), [Time Warner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_Warner \"Time Warner\"), [Matsushita Electric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matsushita_Electric \"Matsushita Electric\"), [Hitachi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hitachi,_Ltd. \"Hitachi, Ltd.\"), [Mitsubishi Electric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitsubishi_Electric \"Mitsubishi Electric\"), [Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_Corporation \"Pioneer Corporation\"), [Thomson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomson_SA \"Thomson SA\"), and [JVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JVC \"JVC\"). By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16)\n\nOn May 3, 1995, an [ad hoc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ad_hoc \"Ad hoc\"), industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple, [Compaq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compaq \"Compaq\"), [Hewlett-Packard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hewlett-Packard \"Hewlett-Packard\"), and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-18) The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited [Lou Gerstner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lou_Gerstner \"Lou Gerstner\"), president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips\/Sony strongly insisted on the source code, [EFMPlus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EFMPlus \"EFMPlus\"), that [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink \"Kees Schouhamer Immink\") had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-20)\n\nAs a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 [GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") (4.38 [GiB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibibyte \"Gibibyte\"))[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-GB-21) for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-22) The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16)\n\nPhilips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-23) After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association \"Optical Storage Technology Association\") (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as [Universal Disk Format](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Disk_Format \"Universal Disk Format\")) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-24)\n\nIn November 1995, [Samsung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung \"Samsung\") announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-25) The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with [music video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_video \"Music video\") releases. The first major releases from [Warner Home Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Home_Video \"Warner Home Video\") arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.[\\[b\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-26)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-27) to October 1996,[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-28) November 1996,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-29) before finally settling on early 1997.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-30) Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.[\\[c\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-31)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-32) Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the [Warner Bros.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Bros. \"Warner Bros.\"), [MGM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"), and [New Line](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Line_Cinema \"New Line Cinema\") libraries,[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-33)[\\[d\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-34) with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film [*Twister*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twister_\$1996_film\$ \"Twister (1996 film)\").[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-35) However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the [street date](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Street_date \"Street date\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-36) The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-37)\\[*[better source needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\n[DTS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DTS_\$sound_system_company\$ \"DTS (sound system company)\") announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-38) However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999 [Consumer Electronics Show](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_Electronics_Show \"Consumer Electronics Show\").[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-39)\n\nIn 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of \\$27.34 [US dollars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\") in 2022.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-40)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-41)\n\n### Adoption\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg\/250px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg)\n\n[PlayStation 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"), the first video game console to run DVDs\n\n[Movie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Movie \"Movie\") and [home entertainment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_video \"Home video\") distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous [VHS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHS \"VHS\") tape as the primary consumer video distribution format.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-42)\n\nImmediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading [video game console](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_game_console \"Video game console\") companies ([Sega](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sega \"Sega\") and [The 3DO Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_3DO_Company \"The 3DO Company\")) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Game consoles such as the [PlayStation 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"), [Xbox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xbox_\$console\$ \"Xbox (console)\"), and [Xbox 360](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xbox_360 \"Xbox 360\") use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using [DLT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Linear_Tape \"Digital Linear Tape\") tape,[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-44) but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-45) [TV DVD combos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Combo_television_unit \"Combo television unit\"), combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and [VCR\/DVD combos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VCR\/DVD_combo \"VCR\/DVD combo\") were also available for purchase.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-46)\n\nFor consumers, DVD soon overtook VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-47) By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-48)\n\n## Specifications\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/Comparison_disk_storage.svg\/250px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg)\n\nComparison of several forms of disk storage. Green denotes start and red denotes end of track.\n\nThe DVD specifications created and updated by the [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\") are published as so-called *DVD Books* (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book, [DVD-VR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-VR \"DVD-VR\") (Video Recording) Book, etc.).[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both [birefringence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birefringence \"Birefringence\") and \"disc tilt\", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-49)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-50)\n\nSome specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the [ISO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Organization_for_Standardization \"International Organization for Standardization\") website.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) There are also equivalent [European Computer Manufacturers Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association \"European Computer Manufacturers Association\") (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-52) Also, the [DVD+RW Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW_Alliance \"DVD+RW Alliance\") publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or [DVD+RW DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW_DL \"DVD+RW DL\"). These DVD formats are also ISO standards.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-53)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-54)[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-55)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-56)\n\nSome DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format\/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US\\$5000.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-58) Every subscriber must sign a [non-disclosure agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-disclosure_agreement \"Non-disclosure agreement\") as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57)\n\nIn January 2025, the DVD FLLC announced its own dissolution on January 31, 2025 (together with the DVD Forum itself, according to its charter[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-59)) and the deposit of the DVD specifications at the [National Diet Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Diet_Library \"National Diet Library\") of Japan in early 2025.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-60)\n\nAs of August 2025, the specification documents are only available at the National Diet Library in Tokyo.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-61)\n\n### Double-sided discs\nMain article: [Double-sided disk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double-sided_disk \"Double-sided disk\")\n\nBorrowing from the [LaserDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\") format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51)\n\n### Dual-layer discs\nDVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A\/V playback on earlier [DVD players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\"), the length of which varies between hardware.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-62) A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD [keep cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keep_case \"Keep case\"). During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of *[Toy Story](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toy_Story \"Toy Story\")*.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-63) Later in the format's life, larger [data buffers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_buffer \"Data buffer\") and faster [optical pickups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive#Optical_pickup_system \"Optical disc drive\") in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nDual-layer DVDs are recorded using [Opposite Track Path](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposite_Track_Path \"Opposite Track Path\") (OTP).[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-64)\n\n### Combinations of the above\nThe DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51)\n\nBoth of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets.\n\n**Note**: *The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down.*\n\n## DVD recordable and rewritable\nMain article: [DVD recordable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_recordable \"DVD recordable\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a2\/Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg)\n\nSony Rewritable DVD\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/70\/Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg\/250px-Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg)\n\nA DVD-ROM drive for a PC\n\n[HP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hewlett-Packard \"Hewlett-Packard\") initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-66)\\[*[failed verification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\] DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: [DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\")\/[RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RW \"DVD-RW\"), [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\")\/[RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\") (plus), and [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\"). DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with [CSS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_Scramble_System \"Content Scramble System\") encrypted video content but General discs may not.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-67)\n\n### Dual-layer recording\nDual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows [DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\") and [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\") discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7 [gigabyte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") capacities, respectively.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-68) The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-69) [DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\") was developed for the [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\") by [Pioneer Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_Corporation \"Pioneer Corporation\"); [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\") was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by [Mitsubishi Kagaku Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitsubishi_Kagaku_Media \"Mitsubishi Kagaku Media\") (MKM) and [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\").[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70)\n\nRecordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70)\n\n## Capacity\n| Designation | Sides | Layers (total) | Diameter (cm) | Capacity |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| ([GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\")) |   |   |   |   |   |\n| DVD-1[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73) | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1\\.46 |\n| DVD-2 | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 8 | 2\\.65 |\n| DVD-3 | DS SL | 2 | 2 | 8 | 2\\.92 |\n| DVD-4 | DS DL | 2 | 4 | 8 | 5\\.31 |\n| DVD-5 | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-9 | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD-10 | DS SL | 2 | 2 | 12 | 9\\.40 |\n| DVD-14[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) | DS SL+DL | 2 | 3 | 12 | 13\\.24 |\n| DVD-18 | DS DL | 2 | 4 | 12 | 17\\.08 |\n\nAll units are expressed with [SI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\")\/[IEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Electrotechnical_Commission \"International Electrotechnical Commission\") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png\/250px-Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png)\n\nSize comparison: a 12 cm [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\") and a 19 cm [pencil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pencil \"Pencil\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/17\/Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG\/250px-Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG)\n\nDVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed\n\n| Designation | Sides | Layers (total) | Diameter (cm) | Capacity |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| (GB) |   |   |   |   |   |\n| DVD-R | SS SL (1.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 3\\.95 |\n| DVD-R | SS SL (2.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-RW | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD+R | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD+RW | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-R | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.50 |\n| DVD-RW | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD+R | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD+RW | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD-RAM | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1\\.46\\* |\n| DVD-RAM | DS SL | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2\\.47\\* |\n| DVD-RAM | SS SL (1.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 2\\.58 |\n| DVD-RAM | SS SL (2.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-RAM | DS SL (1.0) | 2 | 1 | 12 | 5\\.15 |\n| DVD-RAM | DS SL (2.0) | 2 | 1 | 12 | 9\\.39\\* |\n\nAll units are expressed with [SI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\")\/[IEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Electrotechnical_Commission \"International Electrotechnical Commission\") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\n\n| Type | Sectors | Bytes | [kB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kilobyte \"Kilobyte\") | [MB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megabyte \"Megabyte\") | GB |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| DVD-R SL | 2,298,496 | 4,707,319,808 | 4,707,320 | 4,707 | 4\\.7 |\n| DVD+R SL | 2,295,104 | 4,700,372,992 | 4,700,373 | 4,700 | 4\\.7 |\n| DVD-R DL | 4,171,712 | 8,543,666,176 | 8,543,666 | 8,544 | 8\\.5 |\n| DVD+R DL | 4,173,824 | 8,547,991,552 | 8,547,992 | 8,548 | 8\\.5 |\n\nAll units are expressed with [SI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\")\/[IEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Electrotechnical_Commission \"International Electrotechnical Commission\") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\n\n## DVD drives and players\nSee also: [Optical disc drive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive \"Optical disc drive\") and [DVD player](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\")\n\nDVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer. [DVD players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\") are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\") and [DVD-Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\") discs.\n\n### Transfer rates\nSee also: [DVD recordable § Transfer rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_recordable#Transfer_rates \"DVD recordable\"); and [CD and DVD writing speed § CD, DVD and Blu-ray writing speeds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_and_DVD_writing_speed#CD,_DVD_and_Blu-ray_writing_speeds \"CD and DVD writing speed\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Dismdvd.jpg\/250px-Dismdvd.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dismdvd.jpg)\n\nInternal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details.\n\nRead and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 [kB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kilobyte \"Kilobyte\")\/s (1,353 [KiB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kibibyte \"Kibibyte\")\/s); this speed is usually called \"1×\". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB\/s (150 KiB\/s), about one-ninth as swift.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74)\n\n| Drive speed (not rotations) | Data rate | ~Write time (minutes)[\\[e\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-75) | Revolutions per minute ([constant linear velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_linear_velocity \"Constant linear velocity\"), CLV)[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-76)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-77)[\\[f\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-78) |   |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| [Mbit\/s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mbit\/s \"Mbit\/s\") | [MB\/s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MB\/s \"MB\/s\") | Single-Layer | Dual-Layer |   |   |\n| 1× | 11 | 1\\.4 | 57 | 103 | 1400 (inner) 580 (outer)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74) |\n| 2× | 22 | 2\\.8 | 28 | 51 | 2800 (inner) 1160 (outer) |\n| 2\\.4× | 27 | 3\\.3 | 24 | 43 | 3360 (inner) 1392 (outer) |\n| 2\\.6× | 29 | 3\\.6 | 22 | 40 | 3640 (inner) 1508 (outer) |\n| 3× | 33 | 4\\.1 | 19 | 34 | 4200 (inner) 2320 (outer) |\n| 4× | 44 | 5\\.5 | 14 | 26 | 5600 (inner) 2900 (outer) |\n| 6× | 67 | 8\\.3 | 9 | 17 | 8400 (inner) 3480 (outer) |\n| 8× | 89 | 11\\.1 | 7 | 13 | 4640 ([CAV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\"); no longer uses pure CLV) |\n| 10× | 111 | 13\\.9 | 6 | 10 | 5800 |\n| 12× | 133 | 16\\.6 | 5 | 9 | 6960 |\n| 16× | 177 | 22\\.2 | 4 | 6 | 9280 |\n| 18× | 199 | 24\\.9 | 3 | 6 | 10440 |\n| 20× | 222 | 27\\.7 | 3 | 5 | 11600 |\n| 22× | 244 | 30\\.5 | 3 | 5 | 12760 |\n| 24× | 266 | 33\\.2 | 2 | 4 | 13920 |\n\nDVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000 [RPM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotations_per_minute \"Rotations per minute\") vs 23000 for CDs.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-79) In practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-82)\n\nDVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either [constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\") (CAV), [constant linear velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_linear_velocity \"Constant linear velocity\") (CLV), [Partial constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partial_constant_angular_velocity \"Partial constant angular velocity\") (P-CAV) or [Zoned Constant Linear Velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoned_constant_linear_velocity \"Zoned constant linear velocity\") (Z-CLV or ZCLV).[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-83)\n\nDue to the slightly lower data density of [dual layer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Dual-layer_discs) DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× ([constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\")) for [half-height](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors \"Optical disc drive\") optical drives released since around 2005,[\\[g\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-88) and [slim type optical drives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors \"Optical disc drive\") are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued-89)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80)\n\n### Disc quality measurements\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/85\/QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png\/250px-QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png)\n\nError rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range.\n\nMain article: [Optical disc § Surface error scanning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning \"Optical disc\")\n\nThe quality and [data integrity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_integrity \"Data integrity\") of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by [deteriorating media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disc_rot \"Disc rot\") can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-qpx-90)\n\nThe types of errors that can occur on a DVD are a PIE (Parity Inner Error), 8PIE (Parity Inner Sum Eight Error), PIF (Parity Inner Failure), POE (Parity Outer Error), and POF (Parity Outer Failure), the last of which indicates data loss. Too many small errors within a small space create a POF condition. The difference between POE and POF is that a POE is generated on a first failed read attempt whereas a POF indicates an uncorrectable error after repeated attempts to read the data.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-92)\n\nSupport of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-LightByte-93) Unreadable data can be found using any drive using general-purpose tools like [badblocks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Badblocks \"Badblocks\").\n\n## DVD-Video\nMain article: [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\")\n\nDVD-Video is a standard for distributing video\/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the [69th Academy Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/69th_Academy_Awards \"69th Academy Awards\") that day;[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-94)\n\n### Security\nMain article: [Content Scramble System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_Scramble_System \"Content Scramble System\")\n\nThe purpose of CSS is twofold:\n\n1. CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an [MPEG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group \"Moving Picture Experts Group\") (digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD.\n2. CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system ([region codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_region_code \"DVD region code\"), [Macrovision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macrovision \"Macrovision\"), and [user operation prohibition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User_operation_prohibition \"User operation prohibition\")) be implemented.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-95)\n## Successors and decline\nIn 2006, two new formats called [HD DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD \"HD DVD\") and [Blu-ray Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the [format war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Format_war \"Format war\") of [2006–2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war \"High-definition optical disc format war\"). A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-96)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-97)\n\nHowever, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD would gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-98)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-99)\n\nConsumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-100) By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-101)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG\/250px-DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG)\n\nA [library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library \"Library\") offering [physical media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_media \"Physical media\") including DVDs\n\nDVDs started to face competition from [video on demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_on_demand \"Video on demand\") services around 2015 or 2016.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-102)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-103)[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-104)[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-105) With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-106)\n\nUntil the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as *[Star Trek: The Original Series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series \"Star Trek: The Original Series\")*, could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-107) Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes. *[Star Trek: The Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\")* was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-108)\n\nBy the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall, [subscription streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_streaming_media_services \"List of streaming media services\") of TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-109)\n\nBy 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where [Ultra HD Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray \"Ultra HD Blu-ray\") and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-110)\n\nThe decline continued further into the 2020s with the closure of [RedBox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redbox \"Redbox\") in 2024, Best Buy and Target stopped selling DVDs in 2023, and the cease of by mail service by Netflix in 2025.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-111)\n\n## Longevity\nLongevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) According to [NIST](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIST \"NIST\"), \"\\[a\\] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH \\[Relative Humidity\\] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage.\"[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-113)\n\nAs with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-114)\n\nAccording to the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association \"Optical Storage Technology Association\") (OSTA), \"Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM.\"[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-115)\n\nAccording to a NIST\/[LoC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\") research project conducted in 2005–2007 using [accelerated life testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accelerated_life_testing \"Accelerated life testing\"), \"There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions.\" The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112)\\[*[dubious](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement \"Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute\") – [discuss](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:DVD#DVD_lifetime \"Talk:DVD\")*\\]\n\n| Disc type | 0–15 years | 15–30 years | 30–45 years | over 45 years |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| DVD-R | 20% | 20% | 0% | 60% |\n| DVD+R | 20% | 0% | 40% | 40% |\n| DVD-RW | 0% | 0% | 50% | 50% |\n| DVD+RW | 0% | 33\\.3% | 33\\.3% | 33\\.3%[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) |\n\n10\n\n20\n\n30\n\n40\n\n50\n\n60\n\n70\n\n80\n\n90\n\n100\n\nDVD-R\n\nDVD+R\n\nDVD-RW\n\nDVD+RW\n\n- 0–15 years\n- 15–30 years\n- 30–45 years\n- over 45 years\n## See also\n- [Book type](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_type \"Book type\")\n- [Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_popular_optical_data-storage_systems \"Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems\")\n- [Digital video recorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_video_recorder \"Digital video recorder\")\n- [DVD authoring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_authoring \"DVD authoring\")\n- [DVD region code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_region_code \"DVD region code\")\n- DVD single – [Music video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_video \"Music video\")\n- DVD TV game – [Interactive film](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interactive_film \"Interactive film\")\n- [Glossary of computer hardware terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms \"Glossary of computer hardware terms\")\n- [Hard disk drive performance characteristics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics \"Hard disk drive performance characteristics\")\n- [M-DISC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M-DISC \"M-DISC\")\n- [Professional Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_Disc \"Professional Disc\")\n- [Ripping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ripping \"Ripping\")\n## Notes\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-GB_21-0)** 1 GB is one billion [bytes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bytes \"Bytes\")\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-26)** The four titles being *[The Fugitive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Fugitive_\$1993_film\$ \"The Fugitive (1993 film)\")*, *[Blade Runner: Director's Cut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blade_Runner \"Blade Runner\")*, *[Eraser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eraser_\$film\$ \"Eraser (film)\")*, and *[Assassins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassins_\$1995_film\$ \"Assassins (1995 film)\")*.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-31)** These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-34)** Three additional titles, including *[GoldenEye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GoldenEye \"GoldenEye\")*; are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-75)** The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (\\>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-78)** Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a [constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\") number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same [constant linear velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_linear_velocity \"Constant linear velocity\") number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-88)** The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the [Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_Electronics \"Pioneer Electronics\") *DVR-107* (2004).[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVR-107-84)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVR-A06-brochure-85) Later optical drives such as the [HL data storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=HL_data_storage&action=edit&redlink=1 \"HL data storage (page does not exist)\") *GSA-H10N* (2006)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-86) have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on [recordable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_recordable \"DVD recordable\") dual-layer media ([DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\"), [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\")), and [TSSTcorp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TSSTcorp \"TSSTcorp\") *SH-S202\/S203\/TS-H653B* (2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on [DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\") and [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\") respectively, on quality media from selected vendors.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-87)\n## References\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-1)\n   [\"DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book\"](http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_bconst.html). *Dvdfllc.co.jp*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100425061731\/http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_bconst.html) from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-1)\n   [\"DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book\"](http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_histry.html). *Dvdfllc.co.jp*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100202031353\/http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_histry.html) from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-1)\n   [\"BOOKS OVERVIEW\"](http:\/\/www.mpeg.org\/MPEG\/DVD\/General\/Books.html). *Mpeg.org*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100501012533\/http:\/\/www.mpeg.org\/MPEG\/DVD\/General\/Books.html) from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-2)\n   Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997). [\"DVD Frequently Asked Questions (with answers!)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970329103433\/http:\/\/www.videodiscovery.com\/vdyweb\/dvd\/dvdfaq.html). *Video Discovery*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.videodiscovery.com\/vdyweb\/dvd\/dvdfaq.html) on March 29, 1997. Retrieved August 20, 2019.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-2)\n   - Johnson, Lawrence B. (September 7, 1997). [\"For the DVD, Disney Magic May Be the Key\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/09\/07\/movies\/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180729081959\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/09\/07\/movies\/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html) from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2009.\n   - Copeland, Jeff B. (March 23, 1997). [\"Oscar Day Is Also DVD Day\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970411035822\/http:\/\/www.eonline.com\/News\/Items\/0,1,841,00.html). *E! Online*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.eonline.com\/News\/Items\/0,1,841,00.html) on April 11, 1997. Retrieved August 21, 2019.\n   - Staff (March 24, 1997). [\"Creative Does DVD\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19980218070742\/http:\/\/www.pcgamer.com\/news\/news-1997-03-24.html). *PC Gamer*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.pcgamer.com\/news\/news-1997-03-24.html) on February 18, 1998. Retrieved December 5, 2019.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-1)\n   Andrews, Sam (March 28, 1998). [\"DVD Gets 'Soft Launch' In Britain\"](https:\/\/www.worldradiohistory.com\/Archive-All-Music\/Billboard\/90s\/1998\/BB-1998-03-28.pdf) (PDF). *Billboard*. New York, NY. Retrieved November 26, 2023.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-7)** *Popular Mechanics*, June 1997, p. 69;\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-8)** Jim Taylor, *DVD demystified*, McGraw Hill, 1998, 1st edition, p. 405\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"CD\/DVD comparison chart\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220630133910\/https:\/\/h71036.www7.hp.com\/hho\/cache\/315534-0-0-225-121.html). *h71036.www7.hp.com*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/h71036.www7.hp.com\/hho\/cache\/315534-0-0-225-121.html) on June 30, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-10)** [Oxford English Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\"), *DVD*.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"DVD Primer\"](http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1). DVD Forum. September 6, 2000. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100609050219\/http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1) from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2013.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-12)**\n    [\"DVD Forum's Mission\"](http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/about-mission.htm). DVD Forum. January 14, 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140510230628\/http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/about-mission.htm) from the original on May 10, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-13)**\n    [\"DVD noun\"](https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/dvd). *Oxford Learner's Dictionaries*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230306065116\/https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/dvd) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-14)**\n    [*Super Video Compact Disc, A Technical Explanation*](https:\/\/wayback.archive-it.org\/all\/20080528131354\/http:\/\/www.ip.philips.com\/view_attachment\/2450\/sl00812.pdf) (PDF), [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\") System Standards and Licensing, 1998, p. 2, archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ip.philips.com\/view_attachment\/2450\/sl00812.pdf) (PDF) on May 28, 2008, retrieved February 13, 2008\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-15)**\n    \"WCES: The Calm Before the Storm\". *[Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Next_Generation_\$magazine\$ \"Next Generation (magazine)\")* (3). [Imagine Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagine_Media \"Imagine Media\"): 18. March 1995.\n16. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-1)\n    \"DVD Plagued by Double Standards\". *[Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Next_Generation_\$magazine\$ \"Next Generation (magazine)\")* (6). [Imagine Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagine_Media \"Imagine Media\"): 16–17\\. June 1995.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Requirements for Future High-Capacity Compact-Disc Format Announced by Computer Industry Technical Group\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19981202113012\/http:\/\/product.info.apple.com\/pr\/press.releases\/1995\/q3\/950503.pr.rel.cd.html). Apple Computer. May 3, 1995. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/product.info.apple.com\/pr\/press.releases\/1995\/q3\/950503.pr.rel.cd.html) on December 2, 1998. Retrieved December 1, 2021.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-18)**\n    \"Electronic Giants Battle On\". *[Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Next_Generation_\$magazine\$ \"Next Generation (magazine)\")* (11). [Imagine Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagine_Media \"Imagine Media\"): 19. November 1995.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-19)**\n    [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink \"Kees Schouhamer Immink\") (1995). [\"EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc\"](https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/3179483). *IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics*. CE-41: 491–497\\. \"A high-density alternative to EFM is described.\"\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-20)** [U.S. patent 5,696,505](https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US5696505), EFMPlus Patent, applied in DVD, [DVD±RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%C2%B1RW \"DVD±RW\"), [SACD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Audio_CD \"Super Audio CD\")\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-22)**\n    \"DVD: coming soon to your PC?\". *[Computer Shopper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_Shopper_\$US_magazine\$ \"Computer Shopper (US magazine)\")*. **16** (3): 189. March 1, 1996.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Nokia Welcomes Single Standard for Next Generation High Density Optical Disc Format\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19961220013314\/http:\/\/www.nokia.com\/news\/news_htmls\/nokia_950926.html) (Press release). Nokia. September 26, 1995. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.nokia.com\/news\/news_htmls\/nokia_950926.html) on December 20, 1996. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-24)**\n    [\"DVD Format Unification\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970501192002\/http:\/\/www.toshiba.co.jp\/about\/press\/1995_12\/pr0802.htm) (Press release). Toshiba. December 8, 1995. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.toshiba.co.jp\/about\/press\/1995_12\/pr0802.htm) on May 1, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-25)**\n    Souter, Gerry (2017) \\[1997\\]. [\"DVD: The Five-Inch Digital Video Disc\"](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181). *Buying and Selling Multimedia Services*. [CRC Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CRC_Press \"CRC Press\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-136-13437-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-136-13437-1 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-136-13437-1\")\n    \n    . [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230313111419\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181) from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2020.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-27)**\n    [\"DVD Is Go!\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990116230413\/http:\/\/www.iac.co.jp\/~jpn\/jan96\/jp3.html). *Japan Press Network*. January 17, 1996. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.iac.co.jp\/~jpn\/jan96\/jp3.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-28)**\n    Elrich, David J. (July 11, 1996). [\"DVD Introduction Announced\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970213073811\/http:\/\/e-town.myriadagency.com\/news\/articles\/panasonicdvdlaunch.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/e-town.myriadagency.com\/news\/articles\/panasonicdvdlaunch.html) on February 13, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-29)**\n    [\"Matsushita Electronics to launch DVDs in November\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20000114144253\/http:\/\/cnn.com\/TECH\/9608\/31\/newsreel\/index.html). *CNN*. August 31, 1996. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/cnn.com\/TECH\/9608\/31\/newsreel\/index.html) on January 14, 2000. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-30)**\n    Elrich, David J. (November 19, 1996). [\"Toshiba: DVD is here -- Almost\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990116230959\/http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvd1119dea.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvd1119dea.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-32)**\n    Gerson, Bob (March 21, 1997). [\"Warner's DVD Warning\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990117003437\/http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/warnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/warnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html) on January 17, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-33)**\n    [\"DVD News for March 21\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19980206225122\/http:\/\/www.laserviews.com\/dvd\/dvd-970321.html). *Laserviews*. March 21, 1997. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.laserviews.com\/dvd\/dvd-970321.html) on February 6, 1998. Retrieved March 24, 2022.\n    \n    **DVD announcements:** Now that we finally have ALL the information on the first 29 Warner, MGM and New Line DVD titles...\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-35)**\n    [\"Twister (1996) - Trivia\"](https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0117998\/trivia?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_1). *IMDb*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230325035859\/https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0117998\/trivia?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_1) from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.\n    \n    \\[*[better source needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-36)**\n    Bilzi, Jill (April 7, 1997). [\"DVD Street Date Ignored\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990116222940\/http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvdstreet040797jbt.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvdstreet040797jbt.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-37)**\n    [\"DVD Announcement\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990219215356\/http:\/\/www.unik.no\/~robert\/hifi\/dvd\/warner1.gif) (Press release). Warner Home Video. July 31, 1997. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.unik.no\/~robert\/hifi\/dvd\/warner1.gif) on February 19, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-38)**\n    DTS Staff (November 5, 1997). [\"Chat Transcript - Nov 5, 1997\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19980206163459\/http:\/\/www.dtstech.com\/chat.html). *DTS*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dtstech.com\/chat.html) on February 6, 1998. Retrieved March 24, 2022.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-39)**\n    [\"CES Report, 1998\"](https:\/\/hometheaterhifi.com\/volume_5_1\/cesreport98.html). *hometheaterhifi.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230103190302\/https:\/\/hometheaterhifi.com\/volume_5_1\/cesreport98.html) from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-40)** Practical Television, November 2001 issue\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-41)**\n    Calculated pound sterling inflation using\n    \n    [\"Inflation calculator\"](https:\/\/www.bankofengland.co.uk\/monetary-policy\/inflation\/inflation-calculator). Bank of England. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181005211045\/https:\/\/www.bankofengland.co.uk\/monetary-policy\/inflation\/inflation-calculator) from the original on October 5, 2018. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200806024813\/https:\/\/qpxtool.sourceforge.io\/faq.html) from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.\n84. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-QPx-Glossary_91-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-QPx-Glossary_91-1)\n    [\"QPxTool glossary\"](https:\/\/qpxtool.sourceforge.io\/glossar.html). *qpxtool.sourceforge.io*. QPxTool. August 1, 2008. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210801053045\/https:\/\/qpxtool.sourceforge.io\/glossar.html) from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2020.\n85. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-92)**\n    Wells, Daniel Patrick (July 14, 2008). [*Predicting the Longevity of DVDR Media by Periodic Analysis of Parity, Jitter, and ECC Performance Parameters*](http:\/\/hdl.lib.byu.edu\/1877\/etd2526). 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181017133029\/http:\/\/www.denofgeek.com\/us\/dvd-bluray\/star-trek\/261992\/star-trek-ds9-voyager-hd-blu-ray-will-likely-never-happen) from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2019.\n102. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-109)**\n     Witten, Sarah (November 8, 2019). [\"The death of the DVD - Why sales fell more than 86 percent in 13 years\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/11\/08\/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html). *CNBC*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200329212906\/https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/11\/08\/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html) from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2023.\n103. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-110)**\n     Svetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022). [\"DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive\"](https:\/\/www.whathifi.com\/news\/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive). *What Hi-Fi*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230315205237\/https:\/\/www.whathifi.com\/news\/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive) from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.\n104. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-111)**\n     Steiner, Robert (February 28, 2025). [\"It's Official: The DVD Business Died Last Year\"](https:\/\/variety.com\/vip\/rip-dvd-business-2024-1236322977\/). *Variety*. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130104223809\/http:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/iad\/894.05\/docs\/disccare.html) from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.\n107. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-114)**\n     [\"How Long Do CDs\/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot\"](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot\/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years). Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220718063955\/https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot\/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years) from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.\n108. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-115)**\n     [\"Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity\"](http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/dvdqa11.htm). *Osta.org*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100502085258\/http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/dvdqa11.htm) from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n## Further reading\n- Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). [\"Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD\"](http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/). *Optical Storage Technology Association*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120204073515\/http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/) from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2006.\n- Labarge, Ralph (2001). *DVD Authoring and Production*. Gilroy, California: CMP Books. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-57820-082-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-57820-082-2 \"Special:BookSources\/1-57820-082-2\")\n  \n  .\n- Taylor, Jim (2000). [*DVD Demystified*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dvddemystified00tayl) (2nd ed.). New York: [McGraw-Hill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McGraw-Hill \"McGraw-Hill\") Professional. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-07-135026-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-135026-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-135026-8\")\n  \n  .\n## External links\n[![Wikibooks logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikibooks-logo.svg\/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)\n\nWikibooks has a book on the topic of: ***[Inside DVD-Video\/MPEG Format](https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Inside_DVD-Video\/MPEG_Format \"wikibooks:Inside DVD-Video\/MPEG Format\")***\n\n- [![Wikibooks logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikibooks-logo.svg\/20px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) [All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD](https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/All_About_Converting_From_Several_Video_Formats_To_DVD \"wikibooks:All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD\") at Wikibooks\n- [Dvddemystified.com: DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090822172353\/http:\/\/www.dvddemystified.com\/dvdfaq.html)\n- [Dual Layer Explained](https:\/\/www.burnworld.com\/howto\/articles\/intro-to-dual-layer.htm) – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to  [DVD](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:DVD \"commons:Category:DVD\").\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:DVD \"Template:DVD\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:DVD \"Template talk:DVD\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:DVD \"Special:EditPage\/Template:DVD\")[DVD]() |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_formats \"DVD formats\") | [DVD]() [MiniDVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MiniDVD \"MiniDVD\") [DVD card](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_card \"DVD card\") [DVD-ROM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-ROM \"DVD-ROM\") [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\") [DVD-Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\") [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\") [DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\") [DVD-R DS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DS \"DVD-R DS\") [DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\") [DVD-RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RW \"DVD-RW\") [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\") [DVD+R DS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DS \"DVD+R DS\") [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\") [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\") [Inkjet printable DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inkjet_printable_DVD \"Inkjet printable DVD\") |\n| Technology | [UDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Disk_Format \"Universal Disk Format\") [DVD region code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_region_code \"DVD region code\") [DVD copy protection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection \"Compact Disc and DVD copy protection\") [CSS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_Scramble_System \"Content Scramble System\") [HDCP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection \"High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection\") [AACS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Advanced_Access_Content_System \"Advanced Access Content System\") [DVD authoring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_authoring \"DVD authoring\") [DVD burning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_burning \"DVD burning\") [DVD ripping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_ripping \"DVD ripping\") [DVD recordable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_recordable \"DVD recordable\") [Anamorphic DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anamorphic_DVD \"Anamorphic DVD\") [DVD Video OBject](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Video_OBject \"DVD Video OBject\") [DVD-VR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-VR \"DVD-VR\") [DVD+VR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BVR \"DVD+VR\") [DVD±R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%C2%B1R \"DVD±R\") [DVD Multi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Multi \"DVD Multi\") [DVD writing speed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_and_DVD_writing_speed \"CD and DVD writing speed\") [DVD emulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_emulation \"DVD emulation\") [DVD rot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_rot \"DVD rot\") |\n| Groups | [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\") [DVD Copy Control Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Copy_Control_Association \"DVD Copy Control Association\") [DVD+RW Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW_Alliance \"DVD+RW Alliance\") |\n| Hardware\/ Software\/ Content | [DVD case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keep_case \"Keep case\") [VCR\/DVD combo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VCR\/DVD_combo \"VCR\/DVD combo\") [DVD player](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\") [Portable DVD player](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portable_DVD_player \"Portable DVD player\") [DVD recorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_recorder \"DVD recorder\") [DVD drive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_drive \"DVD drive\") [External DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/External_DVD \"External DVD\") [DVD remote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_remote \"DVD remote\") [DVD ripper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_ripper \"DVD ripper\") [DVD game](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_game \"DVD game\") [DVD single](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_single \"DVD single\") [DVD magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_magazine \"DVD magazine\") [DVD documentary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_documentary \"DVD documentary\") [Straight to DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Straight_to_DVD \"Straight to DVD\") [DVD screensaver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_screensaver \"DVD screensaver\") |\n| Court cases | [DVD CCA v Bunner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bunner \"DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Bunner\") [DVD CCA v Kaleidescape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Kaleidescape,_Inc. \"DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Kaleidescape, Inc.\") [Real vs DVD CCA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc. \"RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc.\") [DeCSS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DeCSS \"DeCSS\") |\n| Lists | [DVD manufacturers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_DVD_manufacturers \"List of DVD manufacturers\") [DVD recordable manufacturers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_DVD_recordable_manufacturers \"List of DVD recordable manufacturers\") [DVD authoring software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_DVD_authoring_applications \"List of DVD authoring applications\") [DVD copy protection schemes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes \"List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes\") |\n| Variants | [cDVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CDVD \"CDVD\") [SACD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Audio_CD \"Super Audio CD\") [DualDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DualDisc \"DualDisc\") [EVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc \"Enhanced Versatile Disc\") [HVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc \"High-Definition Versatile Disc\") [FVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forward_Versatile_Disc \"Forward Versatile Disc\") [ML DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ML_DVD \"ML DVD\") [HD\/DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD#DVD_\/_HD_DVD_hybrid_discs \"HD DVD\") [3× DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD#3%C3%97_DVD \"HD DVD\") [BD5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD5_\$Blu-ray_format\$ \"BD5 (Blu-ray format)\") [BD9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD9_\$Blu-ray_format\$ \"BD9 (Blu-ray format)\") [Nintendo discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nintendo_optical_discs \"Nintendo optical discs\") [Digital Video Express](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DIVX \"DIVX\") (DIVX) [DVD-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-D \"DVD-D\") |\n| See also | [HD DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD \"HD DVD\") [Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") [LaserDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\") [CD Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_Video \"CD Video\") [Compact disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") [VCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_CD \"Video CD\") [SVCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Video_CD \"Super Video CD\") [CD-DA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio \"Compact Disc Digital Audio\") [CD-ROM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-ROM \"CD-ROM\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:DVD \"Category:DVD\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Video_storage_formats \"Template:Video storage formats\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats \"Template talk:Video storage formats\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Video_storage_formats \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Video storage formats\")[Video storage formats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video \"Video\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Videotape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Videotape \"Videotape\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Analog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video#Analog_video \"Video\") | [Quadruplex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quadruplex_videotape \"Quadruplex videotape\") (1956) [VERA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus \"Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus\") (1958) [Ampex 2 inch helical VTR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR \"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR\") (1961) [Sony 2 inch helical VTR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba \"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR\") (1961) [Type A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_A_videotape \"Type A videotape\") (1965) [CV-2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CV-2000 \"CV-2000\") (1965) [Akai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akai_videotape_format \"Akai videotape format\") (1967) [EIAJ-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EIAJ-1 \"EIAJ-1\") (1969) [U-matic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-matic \"U-matic\") (1971) [Cartrivision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartrivision \"Cartrivision\") (1972) [Philips VCR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_Cassette_Recording \"Video Cassette Recording\") (1972) [V-Cord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-Cord \"V-Cord\") (1974) [VX (videocassette format)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VX_\$videocassette_format\$ \"VX (videocassette format)\") (1974) [Betamax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betamax \"Betamax\") (1975) [IVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IVC_videotape_format \"IVC videotape format\") (1975) [Type B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_B_videotape \"Type B videotape\") (1976) [Type C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_C_videotape \"Type C videotape\") (1976) [VHS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHS \"VHS\") (1976) [Akai VK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akai_VK \"Akai VK\") (1977) [SVR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_Cassette_Recording \"Video Cassette Recording\") (1979) [Video 2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_2000 \"Video 2000\") (1980) [Compact Video Cassette](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_Video_Cassette \"Compact Video Cassette\") (1980) [VHS-C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHS-C \"VHS-C\") (1982) [M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M_\$videocassette_format\$ \"M (videocassette format)\") (1982) [Betacam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacam \"Betacam\") (1982) [Video8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/8_mm_video_format \"8 mm video format\") (1985) [Betacam SP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacam#Betacam_SP \"Betacam\") (1986) [MII](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MII_\$videocassette_format\$ \"MII (videocassette format)\") (1986) [S-VHS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-VHS \"S-VHS\") (1987) [S-VHS-C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHS-C \"VHS-C\") (1987) [Hi8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hi8 \"Hi8\") (1989) [Ruvi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruvi \"Ruvi\") (1998) |\n| [Digital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_video \"Digital video\") | [D1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D-1_\$Sony\$ \"D-1 (Sony)\") (1986) [D2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D-2_\$video\$ \"D-2 (video)\") (1988) [D3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D-3_\$video\$ \"D-3 (video)\") (1991) [DCT (videocassette format)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DCT_\$videocassette_format\$ \"DCT (videocassette format)\") (1992) [Digital Betacam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacam#Digital_Betacam \"Betacam\") (1993) [D5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D5_HD \"D5 HD\") (1994) [Digital-S (D9)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital-S \"Digital-S\") (1995) [DV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DV_\$video_format\$ \"DV (video format)\") (1995) [Betacam SX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacam#Betacam_SX \"Betacam\") (1996) [Digital8 (D8)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital8 \"Digital8\") (1999) [MPEG IMX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacam#MPEG_IMX \"Betacam\") (2000) [MicroMV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MicroMV \"MicroMV\") (2001) |\n| [High Definition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-definition_video \"High-definition video\") | [Sony HDVS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_HDVS \"Sony HDVS\") (1984) [UniHi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_HDVS \"Sony HDVS\") (1984) [BCH 1000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units \"Type B videotape\") (1992) [W-VHS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W-VHS \"W-VHS\") (1994) [HDCAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDCAM \"HDCAM\") (1997) [D-VHS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D-VHS \"D-VHS\") (1998) [D6 HDTV VTR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D6_HDTV_VTR \"D6 HDTV VTR\") (2000) [HDCAM SR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR \"HDCAM\") (2003) |\n| [Videodisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Videodisc \"Videodisc\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Analog | [Phonovision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phonovision \"Phonovision\") (1927) [Ampex-HS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder \"Ampex\") (1967) [TeD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Television_Electronic_Disc \"Television Electronic Disc\") (1975) [LaserDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\") (1978) [CED](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc \"Capacitance Electronic Disc\") (1981) [VHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_High_Density \"Video High Density\") (1983) [Laserfilm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laserfilm \"Laserfilm\") (1984) [CD Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_Video \"CD Video\") (1987) [VSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_Single_Disc \"Video Single Disc\") (1990) |\n| Digital | [Video CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_CD \"Video CD\") (1993) [MovieCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MovieCD \"MovieCD\") (1996) [DVD]() (1996) [MiniDVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MiniDVD \"MiniDVD\") ( c. 1996) [DIVX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DIVX \"DIVX\") (1998) [CVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Video_CD#CVD \"Super Video CD\") (1998) [Super Video CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Video_CD \"Super Video CD\") (1998) [EVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc \"Enhanced Versatile Disc\") (2003) [PVD (Personal Video Disc)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VideoNow \"VideoNow\") (2003) [Universal Media Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Media_Disc \"Universal Media Disc\") (2004) [Forward Versatile Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forward_Versatile_Disc \"Forward Versatile Disc\") (2005) |\n| High Definition | [Hi-Vision LD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laserdisc#Hi-Vision_LD \"Laserdisc\") (1994) [Professional Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_Disc \"Professional Disc\") (2003) [High-Definition Versatile Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc \"High-Definition Versatile Disc\") (2004) [VMD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc \"Versatile Multilayer Disc\") (2006) [HD DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD \"HD DVD\") (2006) [Blu-ray Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") (2006) [MiniBD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc \"Blu-ray\") ( c. 2006) [Holographic Versatile Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holographic_Versatile_Disc \"Holographic Versatile Disc\") (2007) [China Blue High-definition Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc \"China Blue High-definition Disc\") (2008) |\n| [Ultra-High Definition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra-high-definition_television \"Ultra-high-definition television\") | [Ultra HD Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray \"Ultra HD Blu-ray\") (2016) |\n| Virtual |   |\n|   |   |\n| Media agnostic | [DV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DV_\$video_format\$ \"DV (video format)\") (1995) [DVCPRO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DV_\$video_format\$#DVCPRO \"DV (video format)\") (1995) [DVCAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DV_\$video_format\$#DVCAM \"DV (video format)\") (1996) [DVCPRO50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DV_\$video_format\$#DVCPRO50 \"DV (video format)\") (1997) [DVCPRO HD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DV_\$video_format\$#DVCPRO_HD \"DV (video format)\") (2000) [HDV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDV \"HDV\") (2003) |\n| Tapeless | [CamCutter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CamCutter \"CamCutter\") [Editcam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Editcam \"Editcam\") (1995) [XDCAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XDCAM \"XDCAM\") (2003) [GBA-TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Game_Boy_Advance_Video \"Game Boy Advance Video\") (2004) [MOD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOD_and_TOD \"MOD and TOD\") (2005) [AVCHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVCHD \"AVCHD\") (2006) [AVC-Intra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVC-Intra \"AVC-Intra\") (2006) [TOD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOD_and_TOD \"MOD and TOD\") (2007) [iFrame](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IFrame_\$video_format\$ \"IFrame (video format)\") (2009) [XAVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XAVC \"XAVC\") (2012) |\n| [Solid state](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solid-state_electronics \"Solid-state electronics\") | [P2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P2_\$storage_media\$ \"P2 (storage media)\") (2004) [SxS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XDCAM#SxS \"XDCAM\") (2007) [MicroP2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MicroP2 \"MicroP2\") (2012) |\n| Video recorded to film | [8mm magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_8_mm_film#Standard_8_mm_variants \"Standard 8 mm film\") [Super 8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_8_film \"Super 8 film\") [Kinescope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kinescope \"Kinescope\") (1947) [Electronicam kinescope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronicam \"Electronicam\") (1950s) [Electronic Video Recording](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Video_Recording \"Electronic Video Recording\") (1967) |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sony \"Template:Sony\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Sony \"Template talk:Sony\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Sony \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Sony\")[Sony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony \"Sony\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Sony \"History of Sony\") |   |\n| Founders | [Masaru Ibuka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masaru_Ibuka \"Masaru Ibuka\") [Akio Morita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akio_Morita \"Akio Morita\") |\n| Primary businesses | [Sony Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions \"Sony\") [Sony Semiconductor Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions \"Sony\") [Sony Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Pictures \"Sony Pictures\") [Sony Music Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Music_Group \"Sony Music Group\") [Entertainment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Music \"Sony Music\") [Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Music_Publishing \"Sony Music Publishing\") [Extreme Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extreme_Music \"Extreme Music\") [Sony Music Entertainment Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan \"Sony Music Entertainment Japan\") [Aniplex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aniplex \"Aniplex\") [A-1 Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A-1_Pictures \"A-1 Pictures\") [CloverWorks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CloverWorks \"CloverWorks\") [Hayate Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hayate_Inc. \"Hayate Inc.\") [Sony Interactive Entertainment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment \"Sony Interactive Entertainment\") [PlayStation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation \"PlayStation\") |\n| [Technologies and brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Sony_trademarks \"List of Sony trademarks\") | [α (Alpha)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_%CE%B1 \"Sony α\") [Archival Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archival_Disc \"Archival Disc\") [Betacam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacam \"Betacam\") [Bionz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bionz \"Bionz\") [Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") [Bravia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bravia_\$brand\$ \"Bravia (brand)\") [CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") [Cell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cell_\$microprocessor\$ \"Cell (microprocessor)\") [Cyber-shot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyber-shot \"Cyber-shot\") [Dash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Dash \"Sony Dash\") [Dream Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Dream_Machine \"Sony Dream Machine\") [DVD]() [Exmor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exmor \"Exmor\") [FeliCa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FeliCa \"FeliCa\") [Handycam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handycam \"Handycam\") [HDCAM\/HDCAM-SR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HDCAM \"HDCAM\") [HMZ-T1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMZ-T1 \"HMZ-T1\") [Inzone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inzone \"Inzone\") [LocationFree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LocationFree_Player \"LocationFree Player\") [Memory Stick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memory_Stick \"Memory Stick\") [MiniDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MiniDisc \"MiniDisc\") [MiniDV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DV_\$video_format\$ \"DV (video format)\") [MicroMV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MicroMV \"MicroMV\") [mylo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mylo_\$Sony\$ \"Mylo (Sony)\") [PlayNow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayNow_Arena \"PlayNow Arena\") [PlayStation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation \"PlayStation\") [Reader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Reader \"Sony Reader\") [S\/PDIF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S\/PDIF \"S\/PDIF\") [SDDS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound \"Sony Dynamic Digital Sound\") [8 channel films](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films \"List of 8 channel SDDS films\") [Sony Entertainment Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Entertainment_Network \"Sony Entertainment Network\") [SXRD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display \"Silicon X-tal Reflective Display\") [Sony Tablet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Tablet \"Sony Tablet\") [Tunnel diode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tunnel_diode \"Tunnel diode\") [TransferJet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TransferJet \"TransferJet\") [UMD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Media_Disc \"Universal Media Disc\") [Vaio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaio \"Vaio\") [Video8\/Hi8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/8_mm_video_format \"8 mm video format\")\/[Digital8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital8 \"Digital8\") [Vision-S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Vision-S \"Sony Vision-S\") [Walkman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walkman \"Walkman\") [XDCAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XDCAM \"XDCAM\") [Xperia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Xperia \"Sony Xperia\") |\n| Historical products | [AIBO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AIBO \"AIBO\") [CV-2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CV-2000 \"CV-2000\") [DAT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Audio_Tape \"Digital Audio Tape\") [Betamax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betamax \"Betamax\") [Sony CLIÉ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CLI%C3%89 \"CLIÉ\") [Discman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discman \"Discman\") [Jumbotron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumbotron \"Jumbotron\") [Lissa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Lissa \"Sony Lissa\") [Mavica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Mavica \"Sony Mavica\") [NEWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_NEWS \"Sony NEWS\") [Optiarc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optiarc \"Optiarc\") [PVM-4300](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_PVM-4300 \"Sony PVM-4300\") [Qualia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qualia_\$Sony\$ \"Qualia (Sony)\") [Rolly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Rolly \"Sony Rolly\") [TR-55](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TR-55 \"TR-55\") [Trinitron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinitron \"Trinitron\") [FD series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FD_Trinitron\/WEGA \"FD Trinitron\/WEGA\") [1 inch Type C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_C_videotape \"Type C videotape\") [U-matic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-matic \"U-matic\") [Vaio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaio \"Vaio\") [Watchman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Watchman \"Sony Watchman\") [WEGA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WEGA \"WEGA\") |\n| Electronics | [Sony Creative Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Creative_Software \"Sony Creative Software\") [FeliCa Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FeliCa \"FeliCa\") (57%) |\n| [Online distribution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_distribution \"Digital distribution\") [platforms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_delivery_network \"Content delivery network\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| *Former\/Defunct* | [Sony Entertainment Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Entertainment_Network \"Sony Entertainment Network\") [Sony Connect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Connect \"Sony Connect\") [PlayNow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayNow_Arena \"PlayNow Arena\") [PlayStation Now](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation_Now \"PlayStation Now\") [PlayStation Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation_Video \"PlayStation Video\") [PlayStation Vue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation_Vue \"PlayStation Vue\") [Anime Digital Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network \"Crunchyroll EMEA\") [Anime on Demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anime_on_Demand \"Anime on Demand\") [AnimeLab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab \"Crunchyroll Store Australia\") [Crackle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crackle_\$service\$ \"Crackle (service)\") [Minisodes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Minisode_Network \"The Minisode Network\") [Funimation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Funimation \"Funimation\") [PressPlay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PressPlay \"PressPlay\") [VRV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VRV_\$streaming_service\$ \"VRV (streaming service)\") [Wakanim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wakanim \"Wakanim\") |\n| Other businesses | [Sony DADC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation \"Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation\") [Sony Network Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/So-net \"So-net\") [Sony Professional Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Professional_Solutions \"Sony Professional Solutions\") [Sony Honda Mobility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Honda_Mobility \"Sony Honda Mobility\") (50%) [M3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDLinx \"MDLinx\") (39.4%) [Vaio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaio \"Vaio\") (4.9%) |\n| Other assets | [Sony Corporation of America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Corporation_of_America \"Sony Corporation of America\") (umbrella company in the US) [Other subsidiaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony \"List of assets owned by Sony\") [List of acquisitions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony \"List of acquisitions by Sony\") [List of libraries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony \"List of libraries owned by Sony\") |\n| Nonprofit organizations | [Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shohoku_College \"Shohoku College\") |\n| Other | [Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor \"Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor\") [Sony timer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_timer \"Sony timer\") [Sony Technology Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Technology_Center \"Sony Technology Center\") [Sony Technology Center-Pittsburgh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Technology_Center-Pittsburgh \"Sony Technology Center-Pittsburgh\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Panasonic \"Template:Panasonic\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Panasonic \"Template talk:Panasonic\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Panasonic \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Panasonic\")[Panasonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic \"Panasonic\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Subsidiaries |   |\n|   |   |\n| Current | [Panasonic Avionics Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Avionics_Corporation \"Panasonic Avionics Corporation\") [Panasonic Cycle Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Cycle_Technology \"Panasonic Cycle Technology\") [Panasonic Electric Works](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Electric_Works \"Panasonic Electric Works\") (acquired in 2012) [Sanyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanyo \"Sanyo\") (acquired in 2009) [Anchor Electricals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anchor_Electricals_Pvt._Ltd. \"Anchor Electricals Pvt. Ltd.\") (acquired in 2007) [Blue Yonder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Yonder \"Blue Yonder\") (acquired in 2021) |\n| Former | [JVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JVC \"JVC\") (spun off and merged with [Kenwood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenwood_Corporation \"Kenwood Corporation\")) [MCA Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MCA_Inc. \"MCA Inc.\") (including [Universal Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\") & [Universal Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Television \"Universal Television\"); Sold to Seagram's) [Ripcord Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ripcord_Games \"Ripcord Games\") (defunct) [Universal Lighting Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Lighting_Technologies \"Universal Lighting Technologies\") (sold to Atar capital in 2021) |\n| Brands | [Eneloop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eneloop \"Eneloop\") Eluga [KDK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KDK \"KDK\") [Lumix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lumix \"Lumix\") [National](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_\$brand\$ \"National (brand)\") (phased out) [Panasonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_\$brand\$ \"Panasonic (brand)\") [Quasar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quasar_\$brand\$ \"Quasar (brand)\") [Sanyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanyo \"Sanyo\") NXT Kaizen [Technics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technics_\$brand\$ \"Technics (brand)\") [Varicam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Varicam \"Varicam\") |\n| Products |   |\n|   |   |\n| Consoles | [3DO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3DO \"3DO\") [Panasonic M2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_M2 \"Panasonic M2\") [Panasonic Q](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Q \"Panasonic Q\") [Jungle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jungle_\$console\$ \"Jungle (console)\") |\n| [Turntables](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technics_\$brand\$ \"Technics (brand)\") | [Technics SL-1200](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technics_SL-1200 \"Technics SL-1200\") [Technics SL-10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technics_SL-10 \"Technics SL-10\") [Technics SL-J2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technics_SL-J2 \"Technics SL-J2\") |\n| Other | [Bicycles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Cycle_Technology \"Panasonic Cycle Technology\") [Camcorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Panasonic_camcorders \"List of Panasonic camcorders\") [CD interface](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_CD_interface \"Panasonic CD interface\") [Hospi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospi \"Hospi\") [MN103](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MN103 \"MN103\") [Panapet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panapet \"Panapet\") [Panasonic JR series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matsushita_JR_series \"Matsushita JR series\") [Panasonic Toot-a-Loop Radio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Toot-a-Loop_Radio \"Panasonic Toot-a-Loop Radio\") [Toughpad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Toughpad \"Panasonic Toughpad\") [Toughbook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Toughbook \"Panasonic Toughbook\") [Panasonic TR-005](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_TR-005 \"Panasonic TR-005\") [Venus Engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus_Engine \"Venus Engine\") |\n| Formats and standards | [Archival Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archival_Disc \"Archival Disc\") [Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") [D5 HD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D5_HD \"D5 HD\") [DVD]() [M-3DI Standard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M-3DI_Standard \"M-3DI Standard\") [Micro Four Thirds system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Micro_Four_Thirds_system \"Micro Four Thirds system\") [MicroP2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MicroP2 \"MicroP2\") [MII](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MII_\$videocassette_format\$ \"MII (videocassette format)\") [Nintendo optical discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nintendo_optical_discs \"Nintendo optical discs\") [P2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P2_\$storage_media\$ \"P2 (storage media)\") [Secure Digital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secure_Digital \"Secure Digital\") [VHS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHS \"VHS\") [Viera Cast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viera_Cast \"Viera Cast\") [VX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VX_\$videocassette_format\$ \"VX (videocassette format)\") |\n| People | [Kōnosuke Matsushita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C5%8Dnosuke_Matsushita \"Kōnosuke Matsushita\") [Masaharu Matsushita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masaharu_Matsushita \"Masaharu Matsushita\") [Hiro Matsushita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hiro_Matsushita \"Hiro Matsushita\") [Hirofumi Hirano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hirofumi_Hirano \"Hirofumi Hirano\") [Toshio Iue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshio_Iue \"Toshio Iue\") [Kazuhiro Tsuga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazuhiro_Tsuga \"Kazuhiro Tsuga\") |\n| Other | [Gamba Osaka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gamba_Osaka \"Gamba Osaka\") [Osaka Bluteon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osaka_Bluteon \"Osaka Bluteon\") [Panasonic Wild Knights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Wild_Knights \"Panasonic Wild Knights\") [Panasonic cycling team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_\$cycling_team\$ \"Panasonic (cycling team)\") [Panasonic Toyota Racing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toyota_in_Formula_One \"Toyota in Formula One\") [Panasonic Gobel Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Gobel_Awards \"Panasonic Gobel Awards\") [Panasonic Impulse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic_Impulse \"Panasonic Impulse\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Panasonic_Corporation \"Category:Panasonic Corporation\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Lasers \"Template:Lasers\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Lasers \"Template talk:Lasers\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Lasers \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Lasers\")[Lasers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser \"Laser\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Types](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_laser_types \"List of laser types\") | [Chemical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemical_laser \"Chemical laser\") [Dye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dye_laser \"Dye laser\") [Bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bubble_laser \"Bubble laser\") [Liquid-crystal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquid-crystal_laser \"Liquid-crystal laser\") [Gas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gas_laser \"Gas laser\") [Carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide_laser \"Carbon dioxide laser\") [Excimer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excimer_laser \"Excimer laser\") [Helium–neon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser \"Helium–neon laser\") [Ion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ion_laser \"Ion laser\") [Nitrogen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrogen_laser \"Nitrogen laser\") [Free-electron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free-electron_laser \"Free-electron laser\") [Diode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_diode \"Laser diode\") [Solid-state](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solid-state_laser \"Solid-state laser\") [Er:YAG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Er:YAG_laser \"Er:YAG laser\") [Nd:YAG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nd:YAG_laser \"Nd:YAG laser\") [Raman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raman_laser \"Raman laser\") [Ruby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser \"Ruby laser\") [Ti-sapphire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ti-sapphire_laser \"Ti-sapphire laser\") [X-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-ray_laser \"X-ray laser\") |\n| [Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_science \"Laser science\") | [Active medium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Active_laser_medium \"Active laser medium\") [Amplified spontaneous emission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amplified_spontaneous_emission \"Amplified spontaneous emission\") [Continuous wave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Continuous_wave \"Continuous wave\") [Laser ablation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_ablation \"Laser ablation\") [Laser linewidth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_linewidth \"Laser linewidth\") [Lasing threshold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lasing_threshold \"Lasing threshold\") [Population inversion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Population_inversion \"Population inversion\") [Ultrashort pulse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultrashort_pulse_laser \"Ultrashort pulse laser\") |\n| Optics | [Beam expander](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beam_expander \"Beam expander\") [Beam homogenizer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beam_homogenizer \"Beam homogenizer\") [Chirped pulse amplification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chirped_pulse_amplification \"Chirped pulse amplification\") [Gain-switching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gain-switching \"Gain-switching\") [Gaussian beam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaussian_beam \"Gaussian beam\") [Injection seeder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Injection_seeder \"Injection seeder\") [Laser beam profiler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_beam_profiler \"Laser beam profiler\") [M squared](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M_squared \"M squared\") [Mode locking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mode_locking \"Mode locking\") [Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator \"Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator\") [Optical amplifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_amplifier \"Optical amplifier\") [Optical cavity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_cavity \"Optical cavity\") [Optical isolator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_isolator \"Optical isolator\") [Output coupler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Output_coupler \"Output coupler\") [Q-switching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Q-switching \"Q-switching\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/db\/Symbol_list_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png)Lists: [Articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_laser_articles \"List of laser articles\") [Applications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_laser_applications \"List of laser applications\") [Acronyms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_acronyms \"Laser acronyms\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Lasers \"Category:Lasers\") |   |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q5294#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | [GND](https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4501545-4) |\n| National | [United States](https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/sh97005636) [France](https:\/\/catalogue.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb13167631m) [BnF data](https:\/\/data.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb13167631m) [Japan](https:\/\/id.ndl.go.jp\/auth\/ndlna\/01033369) [Czech Republic](https:\/\/aleph.nkp.cz\/F\/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138612&CON_LNG=ENG) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007534870405171) |\n| Other | [Yale LUX](https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/07da5855-84e4-4dca-aa10-5f5a24c72a78) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&oldid=1343534601>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:DVD \"Category:DVD\")\n- [120 mm discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:120_mm_discs \"Category:120 mm discs\")\n- [Audiovisual introductions in 1996](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Audiovisual_introductions_in_1996 \"Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1996\")\n- [Products introduced in 1996](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Products_introduced_in_1996 \"Category:Products introduced in 1996\")\n- [Consumer electronics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Consumer_electronics \"Category:Consumer electronics\")\n- [Digital audio storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Digital_audio_storage \"Category:Digital audio storage\")\n- [Home video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Home_video \"Category:Home video\")\n- [Home video distributors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Home_video_distributors \"Category:Home video distributors\")\n- [Dutch inventions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Dutch_inventions \"Category:Dutch inventions\")\n- [Information technology in Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Information_technology_in_Japan \"Category:Information technology in Japan\")\n- [Information technology in the Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Information_technology_in_the_Netherlands \"Category:Information technology in the Netherlands\")\n- [Japanese inventions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Japanese_inventions \"Category:Japanese inventions\")\n- [Joint ventures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Joint_ventures \"Category:Joint ventures\")\n- [Rotating disc computer storage media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Rotating_disc_computer_storage_media \"Category:Rotating disc computer storage media\")\n- [Science and technology in Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Japan \"Category:Science and technology in Japan\")\n- [Science and technology in the Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Science_and_technology_in_the_Netherlands \"Category:Science and technology in the Netherlands\")\n- [Video game distribution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Video_game_distribution \"Category:Video game distribution\")\n- [Video storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Video_storage \"Category:Video storage\")\n- [Digital media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Digital_media \"Category:Digital media\")\n- [Optical computer storage media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Optical_computer_storage_media \"Category:Optical computer storage media\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [All articles with unsourced statements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements \"Category:All articles with unsourced statements\")\n- [Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2010 \"Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010\")\n- [CS1: long volume value](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value \"Category:CS1: long volume value\")\n- [All articles lacking reliable 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=DVD&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nDVD\n\n99 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD)","attrs_readable_markdown":"This article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\"). For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see [DVD-Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\"). For other uses, see [DVD (disambiguation)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_\$disambiguation\$ \"DVD (disambiguation)\").\n\n\"MMCD\" redirects here. For Sony's proprietary CD-ROM XA-based multimedia software format, see [Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Multimedia_CD-ROM_Player \"Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9b\/DVD_logo.svg\/250px-DVD_logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DVD_logo.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d3\/DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg\/250px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)The data side of a DVD manufactured by [Sony DADC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_DADC \"Sony DADC\") |   |\n| Media type | [Optical disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc \"Optical disc\") |\n| Capacity | 4\\.7 [GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") (1 side, 1 layer) 8\\.5 GB (1 side, 2 layers) 9\\.4 GB (2 sides, 1 layer) 17\\.08 GB (2 sides, 2 layers) |\n| Read mechanism | 650 nm [laser diode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laser_diode \"Laser diode\"), 10.5 [Mbit\/s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megabit_per_second \"Megabit per second\") (1×) |\n| Write mechanism | 650 nm laser diode, 10.5 Mbit\/s (1×) |\n| [Standard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_standard \"International standard\") | [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\")'s DVD Books[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD+RW Alliance specifications |\n| Developed by | [Sony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony \"Sony\") [Panasonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic \"Panasonic\") [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\") [Toshiba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshiba \"Toshiba\") |\n| Dimensions | [Diameter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diameter \"Diameter\"): 120 mm (4.7 in) Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in) |\n| Weight | 16 g (0.56 oz) |\n| Usage | [Home video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_video \"Home video\"), [Computer data storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_data_storage \"Computer data storage\") |\n| Extended from | [LaserDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\") [Compact disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") |\n| Extended to | [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\") [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\") [HD DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD \"HD DVD\") [Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") |\n| Released | [JP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\"): November 1, 1996[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) Asia\/[CIS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\"): January 1997 [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\"): March 24, 1997[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_kingdom \"United kingdom\"): June 1997 [EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europe \"Europe\"): March 1998[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) [AUS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia \"Australia\")\/[NZ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"): February 1999 |\n\n**DVD** (**digital video disc** or **digital versatile disc**)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-8) is a [digital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_media \"Digital media\") [optical disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc \"Optical disc\") [data storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_storage \"Data storage\") format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\"). The medium can store any kind of [digital data](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_data \"Digital data\") and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using [DVD players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\")), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than [compact discs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") (CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7 [GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Dual-layer, double-sided DVDs can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-9)\n\nPrerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using [molding machines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Injection_molding_machine \"Injection molding machine\") that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank [recordable DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recordable_DVD \"Recordable DVD\") discs ([DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\") and [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\")) can be recorded once using a [DVD recorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive \"Optical disc drive\") and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs ([DVD-RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RW \"DVD-RW\"), [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\"), and [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\")) can be recorded and erased many times.\n\nDVDs are used in [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\") consumer digital video format and less commonly in [DVD-Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\") consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special [AVCHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVCHD#AVCHD_as_distribution_format \"AVCHD\") format to hold [high definition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-definition_video \"High-definition video\") material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format [camcorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camcorder \"Camcorder\")). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs.\n\nEtymology\n\nThe *[Oxford English Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\")* comments that, \"In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc.\" The OED also states that in 1995, \"The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. [Toshiba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshiba \"Toshiba\") had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications.\"[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-10)\n\n\"Digital versatile disc\" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-11) and in the [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\")'s mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-12)\n\nBecause DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term *DVD* became popularly used in English as a [noun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noun \"Noun\") to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the phrase \"to watch a DVD\" describes watching a movie on DVD.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-13)\n\nHistory\n\nDevelopment and launch\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Schouhamerimmink.jpg\/250px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg)\n\n[Kees Schouhamer Immink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink \"Kees Schouhamer Immink\") received a personal technical [Emmy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emmy \"Emmy\") award for his contributions to DVD and [Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") disc.\n\nReleased in 1987, [CD Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_Video \"CD Video\") used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs. [Video CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_CD \"Video CD\") (VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing *digitally* encoded films in this format, in 1993.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-14) In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia [Compact Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_Disc \"Compact Disc\") (MMCD), backed by [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\") and [Sony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony \"Sony\") (developers of the CD and [CD-i](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD-i \"CD-i\")), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by [Toshiba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshiba \"Toshiba\"), [Time Warner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_Warner \"Time Warner\"), [Matsushita Electric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matsushita_Electric \"Matsushita Electric\"), [Hitachi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hitachi,_Ltd. \"Hitachi, Ltd.\"), [Mitsubishi Electric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitsubishi_Electric \"Mitsubishi Electric\"), [Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_Corporation \"Pioneer Corporation\"), [Thomson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomson_SA \"Thomson SA\"), and [JVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JVC \"JVC\"). By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16)\n\nOn May 3, 1995, an [ad hoc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ad_hoc \"Ad hoc\"), industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple, [Compaq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compaq \"Compaq\"), [Hewlett-Packard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hewlett-Packard \"Hewlett-Packard\"), and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-18) The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited [Lou Gerstner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lou_Gerstner \"Lou Gerstner\"), president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips\/Sony strongly insisted on the source code, [EFMPlus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EFMPlus \"EFMPlus\"), that [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink \"Kees Schouhamer Immink\") had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-20)\n\nAs a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 [GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") (4.38 [GiB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibibyte \"Gibibyte\"))[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-GB-21) for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-22) The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16)\n\nPhilips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-23) After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association \"Optical Storage Technology Association\") (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as [Universal Disk Format](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Disk_Format \"Universal Disk Format\")) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-24)\n\nIn November 1995, [Samsung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung \"Samsung\") announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-25) The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with [music video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_video \"Music video\") releases. The first major releases from [Warner Home Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Home_Video \"Warner Home Video\") arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.[\\[b\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-26)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-27) to October 1996,[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-28) November 1996,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-29) before finally settling on early 1997.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-30) Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.[\\[c\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-31)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-32) Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the [Warner Bros.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Bros. \"Warner Bros.\"), [MGM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"), and [New Line](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Line_Cinema \"New Line Cinema\") libraries,[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-33)[\\[d\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-34) with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film [*Twister*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twister_\$1996_film\$ \"Twister (1996 film)\").[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-35) However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the [street date](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Street_date \"Street date\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-36) The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-37)\\[*[better source needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\n[DTS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DTS_\$sound_system_company\$ \"DTS (sound system company)\") announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-38) However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999 [Consumer Electronics Show](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_Electronics_Show \"Consumer Electronics Show\").[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-39)\n\nIn 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of \\$27.34 [US dollars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\") in 2022.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-40)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-41)\n\nAdoption\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg\/250px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg)\n\n[PlayStation 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"), the first video game console to run DVDs\n\n[Movie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Movie \"Movie\") and [home entertainment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_video \"Home video\") distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous [VHS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHS \"VHS\") tape as the primary consumer video distribution format.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-42)\n\nImmediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading [video game console](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_game_console \"Video game console\") companies ([Sega](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sega \"Sega\") and [The 3DO Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_3DO_Company \"The 3DO Company\")) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Game consoles such as the [PlayStation 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"), [Xbox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xbox_\$console\$ \"Xbox (console)\"), and [Xbox 360](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xbox_360 \"Xbox 360\") use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using [DLT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Linear_Tape \"Digital Linear Tape\") tape,[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-44) but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-45) [TV DVD combos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Combo_television_unit \"Combo television unit\"), combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and [VCR\/DVD combos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VCR\/DVD_combo \"VCR\/DVD combo\") were also available for purchase.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-46)\n\nFor consumers, DVD soon overtook VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-47) By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-48)\n\nSpecifications\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/Comparison_disk_storage.svg\/250px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg)\n\nComparison of several forms of disk storage. Green denotes start and red denotes end of track.\n\nThe DVD specifications created and updated by the [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\") are published as so-called *DVD Books* (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book, [DVD-VR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-VR \"DVD-VR\") (Video Recording) Book, etc.).[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both [birefringence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birefringence \"Birefringence\") and \"disc tilt\", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-49)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-50)\n\nSome specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the [ISO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Organization_for_Standardization \"International Organization for Standardization\") website.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) There are also equivalent [European Computer Manufacturers Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association \"European Computer Manufacturers Association\") (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-52) Also, the [DVD+RW Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW_Alliance \"DVD+RW Alliance\") publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or [DVD+RW DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW_DL \"DVD+RW DL\"). These DVD formats are also ISO standards.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-53)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-54)[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-55)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-56)\n\nSome DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format\/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US\\$5000.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-58) Every subscriber must sign a [non-disclosure agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-disclosure_agreement \"Non-disclosure agreement\") as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57)\n\nIn January 2025, the DVD FLLC announced its own dissolution on January 31, 2025 (together with the DVD Forum itself, according to its charter[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-59)) and the deposit of the DVD specifications at the [National Diet Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Diet_Library \"National Diet Library\") of Japan in early 2025.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-60)\n\nAs of August 2025, the specification documents are only available at the National Diet Library in Tokyo.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-61)\n\nDouble-sided discs\n\nBorrowing from the [LaserDisc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaserDisc \"LaserDisc\") format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51)\n\nDual-layer discs\n\nDVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A\/V playback on earlier [DVD players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\"), the length of which varies between hardware.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-62) A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD [keep cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keep_case \"Keep case\"). During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of *[Toy Story](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toy_Story \"Toy Story\")*.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-63) Later in the format's life, larger [data buffers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_buffer \"Data buffer\") and faster [optical pickups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive#Optical_pickup_system \"Optical disc drive\") in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nDual-layer DVDs are recorded using [Opposite Track Path](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposite_Track_Path \"Opposite Track Path\") (OTP).[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-64)\n\nCombinations of the above\n\nThe DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51)\n\nBoth of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets.\n\n**Note**: *The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down.*\n\nDVD recordable and rewritable\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a2\/Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg)\n\nSony Rewritable DVD\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/70\/Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg\/250px-Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg)\n\nA DVD-ROM drive for a PC\n\n[HP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hewlett-Packard \"Hewlett-Packard\") initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-66)\\[*[failed verification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\] DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: [DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\")\/[RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RW \"DVD-RW\"), [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\")\/[RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\") (plus), and [DVD-RAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-RAM \"DVD-RAM\"). DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with [CSS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_Scramble_System \"Content Scramble System\") encrypted video content but General discs may not.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-67)\n\nDual-layer recording\n\nDual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows [DVD-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R \"DVD-R\") and [DVD+R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR \"DVD+R\") discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7 [gigabyte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\") capacities, respectively.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-68) The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-69) [DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\") was developed for the [DVD Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_Forum \"DVD Forum\") by [Pioneer Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_Corporation \"Pioneer Corporation\"); [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\") was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by [Mitsubishi Kagaku Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitsubishi_Kagaku_Media \"Mitsubishi Kagaku Media\") (MKM) and [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\").[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70)\n\nRecordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70)\n\nCapacity\n\n| Designation | Sides | Layers (total) | Diameter (cm) | Capacity |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| ([GB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gigabyte \"Gigabyte\")) |   |   |   |   |   |\n| DVD-1[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73) | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1\\.46 |\n| DVD-2 | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 8 | 2\\.65 |\n| DVD-3 | DS SL | 2 | 2 | 8 | 2\\.92 |\n| DVD-4 | DS DL | 2 | 4 | 8 | 5\\.31 |\n| DVD-5 | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-9 | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD-10 | DS SL | 2 | 2 | 12 | 9\\.40 |\n| DVD-14[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) | DS SL+DL | 2 | 3 | 12 | 13\\.24 |\n| DVD-18 | DS DL | 2 | 4 | 12 | 17\\.08 |\n\nAll units are expressed with [SI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\")\/[IEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Electrotechnical_Commission \"International Electrotechnical Commission\") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png\/250px-Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png)\n\nSize comparison: a 12 cm [DVD+RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BRW \"DVD+RW\") and a 19 cm [pencil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pencil \"Pencil\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/17\/Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG\/250px-Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG)\n\nDVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed\n\n| Designation | Sides | Layers (total) | Diameter (cm) | Capacity |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| (GB) |   |   |   |   |   |\n| DVD-R | SS SL (1.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 3\\.95 |\n| DVD-R | SS SL (2.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-RW | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD+R | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD+RW | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-R | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.50 |\n| DVD-RW | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD+R | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD+RW | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8\\.54 |\n| DVD-RAM | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1\\.46\\* |\n| DVD-RAM | DS SL | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2\\.47\\* |\n| DVD-RAM | SS SL (1.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 2\\.58 |\n| DVD-RAM | SS SL (2.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4\\.70 |\n| DVD-RAM | DS SL (1.0) | 2 | 1 | 12 | 5\\.15 |\n| DVD-RAM | DS SL (2.0) | 2 | 1 | 12 | 9\\.39\\* |\n\nAll units are expressed with [SI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\")\/[IEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Electrotechnical_Commission \"International Electrotechnical Commission\") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\n\n| Type | Sectors | Bytes | [kB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kilobyte \"Kilobyte\") | [MB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megabyte \"Megabyte\") | GB |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| DVD-R SL | 2,298,496 | 4,707,319,808 | 4,707,320 | 4,707 | 4\\.7 |\n| DVD+R SL | 2,295,104 | 4,700,372,992 | 4,700,373 | 4,700 | 4\\.7 |\n| DVD-R DL | 4,171,712 | 8,543,666,176 | 8,543,666 | 8,544 | 8\\.5 |\n| DVD+R DL | 4,173,824 | 8,547,991,552 | 8,547,992 | 8,548 | 8\\.5 |\n\nAll units are expressed with [SI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_System_of_Units \"International System of Units\")\/[IEC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Electrotechnical_Commission \"International Electrotechnical Commission\") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).\n\nDVD drives and players\n\nDVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer. [DVD players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_player \"DVD player\") are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read [DVD-Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Video \"DVD-Video\") and [DVD-Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-Audio \"DVD-Audio\") discs.\n\nTransfer rates\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Dismdvd.jpg\/250px-Dismdvd.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dismdvd.jpg)\n\nInternal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details.\n\nRead and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 [kB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kilobyte \"Kilobyte\")\/s (1,353 [KiB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kibibyte \"Kibibyte\")\/s); this speed is usually called \"1×\". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB\/s (150 KiB\/s), about one-ninth as swift.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74)\n\n| Drive speed (not rotations) | Data rate | ~Write time (minutes)[\\[e\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-75) | Revolutions per minute ([constant linear velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_linear_velocity \"Constant linear velocity\"), CLV)[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-76)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-77)[\\[f\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-78) |   |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| [Mbit\/s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mbit\/s \"Mbit\/s\") | [MB\/s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MB\/s \"MB\/s\") | Single-Layer | Dual-Layer |   |   |\n| 1× | 11 | 1\\.4 | 57 | 103 | 1400 (inner) 580 (outer)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74) |\n| 2× | 22 | 2\\.8 | 28 | 51 | 2800 (inner) 1160 (outer) |\n| 2\\.4× | 27 | 3\\.3 | 24 | 43 | 3360 (inner) 1392 (outer) |\n| 2\\.6× | 29 | 3\\.6 | 22 | 40 | 3640 (inner) 1508 (outer) |\n| 3× | 33 | 4\\.1 | 19 | 34 | 4200 (inner) 2320 (outer) |\n| 4× | 44 | 5\\.5 | 14 | 26 | 5600 (inner) 2900 (outer) |\n| 6× | 67 | 8\\.3 | 9 | 17 | 8400 (inner) 3480 (outer) |\n| 8× | 89 | 11\\.1 | 7 | 13 | 4640 ([CAV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\"); no longer uses pure CLV) |\n| 10× | 111 | 13\\.9 | 6 | 10 | 5800 |\n| 12× | 133 | 16\\.6 | 5 | 9 | 6960 |\n| 16× | 177 | 22\\.2 | 4 | 6 | 9280 |\n| 18× | 199 | 24\\.9 | 3 | 6 | 10440 |\n| 20× | 222 | 27\\.7 | 3 | 5 | 11600 |\n| 22× | 244 | 30\\.5 | 3 | 5 | 12760 |\n| 24× | 266 | 33\\.2 | 2 | 4 | 13920 |\n\nDVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000 [RPM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotations_per_minute \"Rotations per minute\") vs 23000 for CDs.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-79) In practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-82)\n\nDVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either [constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\") (CAV), [constant linear velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_linear_velocity \"Constant linear velocity\") (CLV), [Partial constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partial_constant_angular_velocity \"Partial constant angular velocity\") (P-CAV) or [Zoned Constant Linear Velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoned_constant_linear_velocity \"Zoned constant linear velocity\") (Z-CLV or ZCLV).[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-83)\n\nDue to the slightly lower data density of [dual layer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#Dual-layer_discs) DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× ([constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\")) for [half-height](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors \"Optical disc drive\") optical drives released since around 2005,[\\[g\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-88) and [slim type optical drives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors \"Optical disc drive\") are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued-89)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80)\n\nDisc quality measurements\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/85\/QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png\/250px-QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png)\n\nError rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range.\n\nThe quality and [data integrity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_integrity \"Data integrity\") of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by [deteriorating media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disc_rot \"Disc rot\") can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-qpx-90)\n\nThe types of errors that can occur on a DVD are a PIE (Parity Inner Error), 8PIE (Parity Inner Sum Eight Error), PIF (Parity Inner Failure), POE (Parity Outer Error), and POF (Parity Outer Failure), the last of which indicates data loss. Too many small errors within a small space create a POF condition. The difference between POE and POF is that a POE is generated on a first failed read attempt whereas a POF indicates an uncorrectable error after repeated attempts to read the data.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-92)\n\nSupport of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-LightByte-93) Unreadable data can be found using any drive using general-purpose tools like [badblocks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Badblocks \"Badblocks\").\n\nDVD-Video\n\nDVD-Video is a standard for distributing video\/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the [69th Academy Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/69th_Academy_Awards \"69th Academy Awards\") that day;[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-94)\n\nSecurity\n\nThe purpose of CSS is twofold:\n\n1. CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an [MPEG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group \"Moving Picture Experts Group\") (digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD.\n2. CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system ([region codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_region_code \"DVD region code\"), [Macrovision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macrovision \"Macrovision\"), and [user operation prohibition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User_operation_prohibition \"User operation prohibition\")) be implemented.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-95)\n\nSuccessors and decline\n\nIn 2006, two new formats called [HD DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HD_DVD \"HD DVD\") and [Blu-ray Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blu-ray \"Blu-ray\") were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the [format war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Format_war \"Format war\") of [2006–2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war \"High-definition optical disc format war\"). A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-96)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-97)\n\nHowever, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD would gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-98)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-99)\n\nConsumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-100) By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-101)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG\/250px-DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG)\n\nA [library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library \"Library\") offering [physical media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_media \"Physical media\") including DVDs\n\nDVDs started to face competition from [video on demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_on_demand \"Video on demand\") services around 2015 or 2016.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-102)[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-103)[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-104)[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-105) With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-106)\n\nUntil the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as *[Star Trek: The Original Series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series \"Star Trek: The Original Series\")*, could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-107) Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes. *[Star Trek: The Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\")* was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-108)\n\nBy the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall, [subscription streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_streaming_media_services \"List of streaming media services\") of TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-109)\n\nBy 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where [Ultra HD Blu-ray](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray \"Ultra HD Blu-ray\") and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-110)\n\nThe decline continued further into the 2020s with the closure of [RedBox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redbox \"Redbox\") in 2024, Best Buy and Target stopped selling DVDs in 2023, and the cease of by mail service by Netflix in 2025.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-111)\n\nLongevity\n\nLongevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) According to [NIST](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIST \"NIST\"), \"\\[a\\] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH \\[Relative Humidity\\] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage.\"[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-113)\n\nAs with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-114)\n\nAccording to the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association \"Optical Storage Technology Association\") (OSTA), \"Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM.\"[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-115)\n\nAccording to a NIST\/[LoC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\") research project conducted in 2005–2007 using [accelerated life testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accelerated_life_testing \"Accelerated life testing\"), \"There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions.\" The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112)\\[*[dubious](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement \"Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute\") – [discuss](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:DVD#DVD_lifetime \"Talk:DVD\")*\\]\n\n| Disc type | 0–15 years | 15–30 years | 30–45 years | over 45 years |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| DVD-R | 20% | 20% | 0% | 60% |\n| DVD+R | 20% | 0% | 40% | 40% |\n| DVD-RW | 0% | 0% | 50% | 50% |\n| DVD+RW | 0% | 33\\.3% | 33\\.3% | 33\\.3%[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) |\n\n10\n\n20\n\n30\n\n40\n\n50\n\n60\n\n70\n\n80\n\n90\n\n100\n\nDVD-R\n\nDVD+R\n\nDVD-RW\n\nDVD+RW\n\n- 0–15 years\n- 15–30 years\n- 30–45 years\n- over 45 years\n\nSee also\n\n- [Book type](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_type \"Book type\")\n- [Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_popular_optical_data-storage_systems \"Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems\")\n- [Digital video recorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_video_recorder \"Digital video recorder\")\n- [DVD authoring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_authoring \"DVD authoring\")\n- [DVD region code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_region_code \"DVD region code\")\n- DVD single – [Music video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_video \"Music video\")\n- DVD TV game – [Interactive film](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interactive_film \"Interactive film\")\n- [Glossary of computer hardware terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms \"Glossary of computer hardware terms\")\n- [Hard disk drive performance characteristics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics \"Hard disk drive performance characteristics\")\n- [M-DISC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M-DISC \"M-DISC\")\n- [Professional Disc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_Disc \"Professional Disc\")\n- [Ripping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ripping \"Ripping\")\n\nNotes\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-GB_21-0)** 1 GB is one billion [bytes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bytes \"Bytes\")\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-26)** The four titles being *[The Fugitive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Fugitive_\$1993_film\$ \"The Fugitive (1993 film)\")*, *[Blade Runner: Director's Cut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blade_Runner \"Blade Runner\")*, *[Eraser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eraser_\$film\$ \"Eraser (film)\")*, and *[Assassins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassins_\$1995_film\$ \"Assassins (1995 film)\")*.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-31)** These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-34)** Three additional titles, including *[GoldenEye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GoldenEye \"GoldenEye\")*; are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-75)** The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (\\>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-78)** Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a [constant angular velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_angular_velocity \"Constant angular velocity\") number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same [constant linear velocity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constant_linear_velocity \"Constant linear velocity\") number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-88)** The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the [Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_Electronics \"Pioneer Electronics\") *DVR-107* (2004).[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVR-107-84)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-DVR-A06-brochure-85) Later optical drives such as the [HL data storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=HL_data_storage&action=edit&redlink=1 \"HL data storage (page does not exist)\") *GSA-H10N* (2006)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-86) have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on [recordable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD_recordable \"DVD recordable\") dual-layer media ([DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\"), [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\")), and [TSSTcorp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TSSTcorp \"TSSTcorp\") *SH-S202\/S203\/TS-H653B* (2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on [DVD-R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD-R_DL \"DVD-R DL\") and [DVD+R DL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%2BR_DL \"DVD+R DL\") respectively, on quality media from selected vendors.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_note-87)\n\nReferences\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-1)\n   [\"DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book\"](http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_bconst.html). *Dvdfllc.co.jp*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100425061731\/http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_bconst.html) from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-1)\n   [\"DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book\"](http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_histry.html). *Dvdfllc.co.jp*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100202031353\/http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_histry.html) from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-1)\n   [\"BOOKS OVERVIEW\"](http:\/\/www.mpeg.org\/MPEG\/DVD\/General\/Books.html). *Mpeg.org*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100501012533\/http:\/\/www.mpeg.org\/MPEG\/DVD\/General\/Books.html) from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-2)\n   Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997). [\"DVD Frequently Asked Questions (with answers!)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970329103433\/http:\/\/www.videodiscovery.com\/vdyweb\/dvd\/dvdfaq.html). *Video Discovery*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.videodiscovery.com\/vdyweb\/dvd\/dvdfaq.html) on March 29, 1997. Retrieved August 20, 2019.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-2)\n   - Johnson, Lawrence B. (September 7, 1997). [\"For the DVD, Disney Magic May Be the Key\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/09\/07\/movies\/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180729081959\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/09\/07\/movies\/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html) from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2009.\n   - Copeland, Jeff B. (March 23, 1997). [\"Oscar Day Is Also DVD Day\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970411035822\/http:\/\/www.eonline.com\/News\/Items\/0,1,841,00.html). *E! Online*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.eonline.com\/News\/Items\/0,1,841,00.html) on April 11, 1997. Retrieved August 21, 2019.\n   - Staff (March 24, 1997). [\"Creative Does DVD\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19980218070742\/http:\/\/www.pcgamer.com\/news\/news-1997-03-24.html). *PC Gamer*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.pcgamer.com\/news\/news-1997-03-24.html) on February 18, 1998. Retrieved December 5, 2019.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-1)\n   Andrews, Sam (March 28, 1998). [\"DVD Gets 'Soft Launch' In Britain\"](https:\/\/www.worldradiohistory.com\/Archive-All-Music\/Billboard\/90s\/1998\/BB-1998-03-28.pdf) (PDF). *Billboard*. New York, NY. Retrieved November 26, 2023.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-7)** *Popular Mechanics*, June 1997, p. 69;\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-8)** Jim Taylor, *DVD demystified*, McGraw Hill, 1998, 1st edition, p. 405\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"CD\/DVD comparison chart\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220630133910\/https:\/\/h71036.www7.hp.com\/hho\/cache\/315534-0-0-225-121.html). *h71036.www7.hp.com*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/h71036.www7.hp.com\/hho\/cache\/315534-0-0-225-121.html) on June 30, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-10)** [Oxford English Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\"), *DVD*.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"DVD Primer\"](http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1). DVD Forum. September 6, 2000. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100609050219\/http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1) from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2013.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-12)**\n    [\"DVD Forum's Mission\"](http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/about-mission.htm). DVD Forum. January 14, 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140510230628\/http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/about-mission.htm) from the original on May 10, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-13)**\n    [\"DVD noun\"](https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/dvd). *Oxford Learner's Dictionaries*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230306065116\/https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/dvd) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-14)**\n    [*Super Video Compact Disc, A Technical Explanation*](https:\/\/wayback.archive-it.org\/all\/20080528131354\/http:\/\/www.ip.philips.com\/view_attachment\/2450\/sl00812.pdf) (PDF), [Philips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philips \"Philips\") System Standards and Licensing, 1998, p. 2, archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ip.philips.com\/view_attachment\/2450\/sl00812.pdf) (PDF) on May 28, 2008, retrieved February 13, 2008\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-15)**\n    \"WCES: The Calm Before the Storm\". *[Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Next_Generation_\$magazine\$ \"Next Generation (magazine)\")* (3). [Imagine Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagine_Media \"Imagine Media\"): 18. March 1995.\n16. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-1)\n    \"DVD Plagued by Double Standards\". *[Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Next_Generation_\$magazine\$ \"Next Generation (magazine)\")* (6). [Imagine Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagine_Media \"Imagine Media\"): 16–17\\. June 1995.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Requirements for Future High-Capacity Compact-Disc Format Announced by Computer Industry Technical Group\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19981202113012\/http:\/\/product.info.apple.com\/pr\/press.releases\/1995\/q3\/950503.pr.rel.cd.html). Apple Computer. May 3, 1995. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/product.info.apple.com\/pr\/press.releases\/1995\/q3\/950503.pr.rel.cd.html) on December 2, 1998. Retrieved December 1, 2021.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-18)**\n    \"Electronic Giants Battle On\". *[Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Next_Generation_\$magazine\$ \"Next Generation (magazine)\")* (11). [Imagine Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagine_Media \"Imagine Media\"): 19. November 1995.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-19)**\n    [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink \"Kees Schouhamer Immink\") (1995). [\"EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc\"](https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/3179483). *IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics*. CE-41: 491–497\\. \"A high-density alternative to EFM is described.\"\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-20)** [U.S. patent 5,696,505](https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US5696505), EFMPlus Patent, applied in DVD, [DVD±RW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD%C2%B1RW \"DVD±RW\"), [SACD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_Audio_CD \"Super Audio CD\")\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-22)**\n    \"DVD: coming soon to your PC?\". *[Computer Shopper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_Shopper_\$US_magazine\$ \"Computer Shopper (US magazine)\")*. **16** (3): 189. March 1, 1996.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Nokia Welcomes Single Standard for Next Generation High Density Optical Disc Format\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19961220013314\/http:\/\/www.nokia.com\/news\/news_htmls\/nokia_950926.html) (Press release). Nokia. September 26, 1995. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.nokia.com\/news\/news_htmls\/nokia_950926.html) on December 20, 1996. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-24)**\n    [\"DVD Format Unification\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970501192002\/http:\/\/www.toshiba.co.jp\/about\/press\/1995_12\/pr0802.htm) (Press release). Toshiba. December 8, 1995. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.toshiba.co.jp\/about\/press\/1995_12\/pr0802.htm) on May 1, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-25)**\n    Souter, Gerry (2017) \\[1997\\]. [\"DVD: The Five-Inch Digital Video Disc\"](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181). *Buying and Selling Multimedia Services*. [CRC Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CRC_Press \"CRC Press\"). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-136-13437-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-136-13437-1 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-136-13437-1\")\n    \n    . [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230313111419\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181) from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2020.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-27)**\n    [\"DVD Is Go!\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990116230413\/http:\/\/www.iac.co.jp\/~jpn\/jan96\/jp3.html). *Japan Press Network*. January 17, 1996. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.iac.co.jp\/~jpn\/jan96\/jp3.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-28)**\n    Elrich, David J. (July 11, 1996). [\"DVD Introduction Announced\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19970213073811\/http:\/\/e-town.myriadagency.com\/news\/articles\/panasonicdvdlaunch.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/e-town.myriadagency.com\/news\/articles\/panasonicdvdlaunch.html) on February 13, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-29)**\n    [\"Matsushita Electronics to launch DVDs in November\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20000114144253\/http:\/\/cnn.com\/TECH\/9608\/31\/newsreel\/index.html). *CNN*. August 31, 1996. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/cnn.com\/TECH\/9608\/31\/newsreel\/index.html) on January 14, 2000. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-30)**\n    Elrich, David J. (November 19, 1996). [\"Toshiba: DVD is here -- Almost\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990116230959\/http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvd1119dea.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvd1119dea.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-32)**\n    Gerson, Bob (March 21, 1997). [\"Warner's DVD Warning\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990117003437\/http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/warnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/warnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html) on January 17, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-33)**\n    [\"DVD News for March 21\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19980206225122\/http:\/\/www.laserviews.com\/dvd\/dvd-970321.html). *Laserviews*. March 21, 1997. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.laserviews.com\/dvd\/dvd-970321.html) on February 6, 1998. Retrieved March 24, 2022.\n    \n    **DVD announcements:** Now that we finally have ALL the information on the first 29 Warner, MGM and New Line DVD titles...\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-35)**\n    [\"Twister (1996) - Trivia\"](https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0117998\/trivia?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_1). *IMDb*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230325035859\/https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0117998\/trivia?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_1) from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.\n    \n    \\[*[better source needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-36)**\n    Bilzi, Jill (April 7, 1997). [\"DVD Street Date Ignored\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990116222940\/http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvdstreet040797jbt.html). *E-Town News*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.e-town.com\/news\/articles\/dvdstreet040797jbt.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-37)**\n    [\"DVD Announcement\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19990219215356\/http:\/\/www.unik.no\/~robert\/hifi\/dvd\/warner1.gif) (Press release). Warner Home Video. July 31, 1997. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.unik.no\/~robert\/hifi\/dvd\/warner1.gif) on February 19, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-38)**\n    DTS Staff (November 5, 1997). [\"Chat Transcript - Nov 5, 1997\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19980206163459\/http:\/\/www.dtstech.com\/chat.html). *DTS*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dtstech.com\/chat.html) on February 6, 1998. Retrieved March 24, 2022.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-39)**\n    [\"CES Report, 1998\"](https:\/\/hometheaterhifi.com\/volume_5_1\/cesreport98.html). *hometheaterhifi.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230103190302\/https:\/\/hometheaterhifi.com\/volume_5_1\/cesreport98.html) from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-40)** Practical Television, November 2001 issue\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-41)**\n    Calculated pound sterling inflation using\n    \n    [\"Inflation calculator\"](https:\/\/www.bankofengland.co.uk\/monetary-policy\/inflation\/inflation-calculator). Bank of England. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181005211045\/https:\/\/www.bankofengland.co.uk\/monetary-policy\/inflation\/inflation-calculator) from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2022.\n    \n    15 pounds in 2001 to 2021 = 22.74 pounds, then calculated exchange rate using Google\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-42)**\n    Uhlig, Robert (November 22, 2004). [\"DVD kills the video show as digital age takes over\"](https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/technology\/3335984\/DVD-kills-the-video-show-as-digital-age-takes-over.html). *Telegraph.co.uk*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180216020619\/http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/technology\/3335984\/DVD-kills-the-video-show-as-digital-age-takes-over.html) from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n39. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-NGen18_43-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-NGen18_43-1)\n    \"DVD Game Consoles?\". *[Next Generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Next_Generation_\$magazine\$ \"Next Generation (magazine)\")*. No. 18. [Imagine Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imagine_Media \"Imagine Media\"). June 1996. p. 40.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-44)**\n    [\"DVD Authoring — What is DLT?\"](http:\/\/www.hellmanproduction.com\/dvd-authoring\/what-is-dlt.html). *HellmanProduction.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190924120402\/http:\/\/www.hellmanproduction.com\/dvd-authoring\/what-is-dlt.html) from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2020.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-45)**\n    [\"DVD Authoring — How to make a proper DVD master\"](http:\/\/www.hellmanproduction.com\/dvd-authoring\/how-to-make-a-proper-dvd-master.html). *HellmanProduction.com*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190906210022\/http:\/\/www.hellmanproduction.com\/dvd-authoring\/how-to-make-a-proper-dvd-master.html) from the original on September 6, 2019. 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Retrieved May 15, 2022.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-48)**\n    Rubin, Ross (November 5, 2007). [\"Tech on Deck: The Decline of the DVD Player\"](https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Technology\/TechOnDeck\/story?id=3820318&page=1). *[ABC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABC_News_\$United_States\$ \"ABC News (United States)\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220515235110\/https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Technology\/TechOnDeck\/story?id=3820318&page=1) from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-49)**\n    Watson, Stephanie (October 16, 2004). [\"How Blu-ray Reads Data\"](https:\/\/electronics.howstuffworks.com\/blu-ray2.htm). *[HowStuffWorks.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HowStuffWorks.com \"HowStuffWorks.com\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191220124440\/https:\/\/electronics.howstuffworks.com\/blu-ray2.htm) from the original on December 20, 2019. 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Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-53)** ISO [ISO\/IEC 17344:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16×)](http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_ics\/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52065) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429230326\/http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_ics\/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52065) April 29, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Retrieved on July 26, 2009\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-54)** ISO [ISO\/IEC 25434:2008, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R DL format – Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16×)](http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_ics\/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=51140) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429230332\/http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_ics\/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=51140) April 29, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Retrieved on July 26, 2009\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-55)** ISO [ISO\/IEC 17341:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X)](http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_ics\/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52064) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429230320\/http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_ics\/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=52064) April 29, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Retrieved on July 26, 2009\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-56)** ISO [ISO\/IEC 26925:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW HS format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X)](http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_tc\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52066) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429230312\/http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_tc\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52066) April 29, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Retrieved on July 26, 2009\n53. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvdbook-subscribe_57-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-dvdbook-subscribe_57-1) DVD FLLC (2009) [DVD Format Book](http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_nosbsc.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100404082456\/http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/format\/f_nosbsc.html) April 4, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Retrieved on August 14, 2009\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-58)** DVD FLLC (2009) [How To Obtain DVD Format\/Logo License (2005–2009)](http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/license\/l_howto.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100318053639\/http:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/license\/l_howto.html) March 18, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Retrieved on August 14, 2009\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-59)**\n    [\"The DVD Forum Charter\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20241128000038\/http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/images\/DVD_Forum_Revised_Charter_final_120227c.pdf) (PDF). February 22, 2012. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dvdforum.org\/images\/DVD_Forum_Revised_Charter_final_120227c.pdf) (PDF) on November 28, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2025.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-60)**\n    Fukuoka, Noriko (January 1, 2025). [\"Importance Notice from DVD FLLC\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250315192952\/https:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/notice.html#january). DVD FLLC. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.dvdfllc.co.jp\/notice.html#january) on March 15, 2025. Retrieved March 29, 2025.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-61)**\n    [\"Physical specifications Version 1.05 (DVD specifications for read-only disc; part 1)\"](https:\/\/ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp\/en\/books\/R100000002-I033893139). *NDL Search*. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130104223809\/http:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/iad\/894.05\/docs\/disccare.html) from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.\n107. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-114)**\n     [\"How Long Do CDs\/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot\"](https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot\/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years). Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220718063955\/https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot\/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years) from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.\n108. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD#cite_ref-115)**\n     [\"Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity\"](http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/dvdqa11.htm). *Osta.org*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100502085258\/http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/dvdqa11.htm) from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.\n\nFurther reading\n\n- Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). [\"Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD\"](http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/). *Optical Storage Technology Association*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120204073515\/http:\/\/www.osta.org\/technology\/dvdqa\/) from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2006.\n- Labarge, Ralph (2001). *DVD Authoring and Production*. Gilroy, California: CMP Books. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-57820-082-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-57820-082-2 \"Special:BookSources\/1-57820-082-2\")\n  \n  .\n- Taylor, Jim (2000). [*DVD Demystified*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/dvddemystified00tayl) (2nd ed.). New York: [McGraw-Hill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McGraw-Hill \"McGraw-Hill\") Professional. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-07-135026-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-07-135026-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-07-135026-8\")\n  \n  .\n\nExternal links\n\n- [![Wikibooks logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikibooks-logo.svg\/20px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) [All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD](https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/All_About_Converting_From_Several_Video_Formats_To_DVD \"wikibooks:All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD\") at Wikibooks\n- [Dvddemystified.com: DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090822172353\/http:\/\/www.dvddemystified.com\/dvdfaq.html)\n- [Dual Layer Explained](https:\/\/www.burnworld.com\/howto\/articles\/intro-to-dual-layer.htm) – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to  [DVD](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:DVD \"commons:Category:DVD\").","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	This article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see DVD-Video . For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see DVD-Audio . For other uses, see DVD (disambiguation) . "MMCD" redirects here. For Sony's proprietary CD-ROM XA-based multimedia software format, see Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player . DVD The data side of a DVD manufactured by Sony DADC Media type Optical disc Capacity 4.7 GB (1 side, 1 layer) 8.5 GB (1 side, 2 layers) 9.4 GB (2 sides, 1 layer) 17.08 GB (2 sides, 2 layers) Read mechanism 650 nm laser diode , 10.5 Mbit/s (1×) Write mechanism 650 nm laser diode, 10.5 Mbit/s (1×) Standard DVD Forum 's DVD Books [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] DVD+RW Alliance specifications Developed by Sony Panasonic Philips Toshiba Dimensions Diameter : 120 mm (4.7 in) Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in) Weight 16 g (0.56 oz) Usage Home video , Computer data storage Extended from LaserDisc Compact disc Extended to DVD+RW DVD-RAM HD DVD Blu-ray Released JP : November 1, 1996 [ 4 ] Asia/ CIS : January 1997 US : March 24, 1997 [ 5 ] UK : June 1997 EU : March 1998 [ 6 ] AUS / NZ : February 1999 DVD ( digital video disc or digital versatile disc ) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in Japan . The medium can store any kind of digital data and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using DVD players ), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than compact discs (CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7 GB of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Dual-layer, double-sided DVDs can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB. [ 9 ] Prerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs ( DVD-R and DVD+R ) can be recorded once using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs ( DVD-RW , DVD+RW , and DVD-RAM ) can be recorded and erased many times. DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and less commonly in DVD-Audio consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special AVCHD format to hold high definition material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format camcorders ). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications." [ 10 ] "Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 [ 11 ] and in the DVD Forum 's mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries. [ 12 ] Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term DVD became popularly used in English as a noun to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the phrase "to watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD. [ 13 ] History Development and launch Kees Schouhamer Immink received a personal technical Emmy award for his contributions to DVD and Blu-ray disc. Released in 1987, CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs. Video CD (VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. [ 14 ] In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony (developers of the CD and CD-i ), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by Toshiba , Time Warner , Matsushita Electric , Hitachi , Mitsubishi Electric , Pioneer , Thomson , and JVC . By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD). [ 15 ] [ 16 ] On May 3, 1995, an ad hoc , industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple, Compaq , Hewlett-Packard , and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner , president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips/Sony strongly insisted on the source code, EFMPlus , that Kees Schouhamer Immink had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] As a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB (4.38 GiB ) [ a ] for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc. [ 21 ] The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc. [ 16 ] Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both. [ 22 ] After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as Universal Disk Format ) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995. [ 23 ] In November 1995, Samsung announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996. [ 24 ] The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with music video releases. The first major releases from Warner Home Video arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available. [ b ] [ 4 ] The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996, [ 25 ] to October 1996, [ 26 ] November 1996, [ 27 ] before finally settling on early 1997. [ 28 ] Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets. [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 29 ] Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the Warner Bros. , MGM , and New Line libraries, [ 30 ] [ d ] with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film Twister . [ 31 ] However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the street date . [ 32 ] The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997. [ 33 ] [ better source needed ] DTS announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998. [ 34 ] However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999 Consumer Electronics Show . [ 35 ] In 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of $27.34 US dollars in 2022. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Adoption PlayStation 2 , the first video game console to run DVDs Movie and home entertainment distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous VHS tape as the primary consumer video distribution format. [ 38 ] Immediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading video game console companies ( Sega and The 3DO Company ) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium. [ 39 ] Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console. [ 39 ] Game consoles such as the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Xbox 360 use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using DLT tape, [ 40 ] but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common. [ 41 ] TV DVD combos , combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and VCR/DVD combos were also available for purchase. [ 42 ] For consumers, DVD soon overtook VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player. [ 43 ] By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television. [ 44 ] Specifications Comparison of several forms of disk storage. Green denotes start and red denotes end of track. The DVD specifications created and updated by the DVD Forum are published as so-called DVD Books (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book, DVD-VR (Video Recording) Book, etc.). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both birefringence and "disc tilt", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Some specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the ISO website. [ 47 ] There are also equivalent European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs. [ 48 ] Also, the DVD+RW Alliance publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or DVD+RW DL . These DVD formats are also ISO standards. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Some DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US$5000. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Every subscriber must sign a non-disclosure agreement as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential. [ 53 ] In January 2025, the DVD FLLC announced its own dissolution on January 31, 2025 (together with the DVD Forum itself, according to its charter [ 55 ] ) and the deposit of the DVD specifications at the National Diet Library of Japan in early 2025. [ 56 ] As of August 2025, the specification documents are only available at the National Diet Library in Tokyo. [ 57 ] Double-sided discs Borrowing from the LaserDisc format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs. [ 47 ] Dual-layer discs DVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A/V playback on earlier DVD players , the length of which varies between hardware. [ 58 ] A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD keep cases . During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of Toy Story . [ 59 ] Later in the format's life, larger data buffers and faster optical pickups in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering. [ citation needed ] Dual-layer DVDs are recorded using Opposite Track Path (OTP). [ 60 ] Combinations of the above The DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB. [ 61 ] DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO. [ 47 ] Both of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing. [ 61 ] For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets. Note : The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down. DVD recordable and rewritable Sony Rewritable DVD A DVD-ROM drive for a PC HP initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport. [ 62 ] [ failed verification ] DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: DVD-R / RW , DVD+R / RW (plus), and DVD-RAM . DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with CSS encrypted video content but General discs may not. [ 63 ] Dual-layer recording Dual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7 gigabyte capacities, respectively. [ 64 ] The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R. [ 65 ] DVD-R DL was developed for the DVD Forum by Pioneer Corporation ; DVD+R DL was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by Mitsubishi Kagaku Media (MKM) and Philips . [ 66 ] Recordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium. [ 66 ] Capacity Capacity and nomenclature [ 67 ] [ 68 ] SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer Designation Sides Layers (total) Diameter (cm) Capacity ( GB ) DVD-1 [ 69 ] SS SL 1 1 8 1.46 DVD-2 SS DL 1 2 8 2.65 DVD-3 DS SL 2 2 8 2.92 DVD-4 DS DL 2 4 8 5.31 DVD-5 SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 DVD-9 SS DL 1 2 12 8.54 DVD-10 DS SL 2 2 12 9.40 DVD-14 [ 61 ] DS SL+DL 2 3 12 13.24 DVD-18 DS DL 2 4 12 17.08 All units are expressed with SI / IEC prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). Size comparison: a 12 cm DVD+RW and a 19 cm pencil DVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs Designation Sides Layers (total) Diameter (cm) Capacity (GB) DVD-R SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 3.95 DVD-R SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70 DVD-RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 DVD+R SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 DVD+RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 DVD-R SS DL 1 2 12 8.50 DVD-RW SS DL 1 2 12 8.54 DVD+R SS DL 1 2 12 8.54 DVD+RW SS DL 1 2 12 8.54 DVD-RAM SS SL 1 1 8 1.46* DVD-RAM DS SL 2 1 8 2.47* DVD-RAM SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 2.58 DVD-RAM SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70 DVD-RAM DS SL (1.0) 2 1 12 5.15 DVD-RAM DS SL (2.0) 2 1 12 9.39* All units are expressed with SI / IEC prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). Capacity differences of writable DVD formats Type Sectors Bytes kB MB GB DVD-R SL 2,298,496 4,707,319,808 4,707,320 4,707 4.7 DVD+R SL 2,295,104 4,700,372,992 4,700,373 4,700 4.7 DVD-R DL 4,171,712 8,543,666,176 8,543,666 8,544 8.5 DVD+R DL 4,173,824 8,547,991,552 8,547,992 8,548 8.5 All units are expressed with SI / IEC prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). DVD drives and players DVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer. DVD players are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs. Transfer rates Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details. Read and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 kB /s (1,353 KiB /s); this speed is usually called "1×". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB/s (150 KiB/s), about one-ninth as swift. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] DVD drive speeds Drive speed (not rotations) Data rate ~Write time (minutes) [ e ] Revolutions per minute ( constant linear velocity , CLV) [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ f ] Mbit/s MB/s Single-Layer Dual-Layer 1× 11 1.4 57 103 1400 (inner) 580 (outer) [ 70 ] 2× 22 2.8 28 51 2800 (inner) 1160 (outer) 2.4× 27 3.3 24 43 3360 (inner) 1392 (outer) 2.6× 29 3.6 22 40 3640 (inner) 1508 (outer) 3× 33 4.1 19 34 4200 (inner) 2320 (outer) 4× 44 5.5 14 26 5600 (inner) 2900 (outer) 6× 67 8.3 9 17 8400 (inner) 3480 (outer) 8× 89 11.1 7 13 4640 ( CAV ; no longer uses pure CLV) 10× 111 13.9 6 10 5800 12× 133 16.6 5 9 6960 16× 177 22.2 4 6 9280 18× 199 24.9 3 6 10440 20× 222 27.7 3 5 11600 22× 244 30.5 3 5 12760 24× 266 33.2 2 4 13920 DVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000 RPM vs 23000 for CDs. [ 73 ] In practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] DVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either constant angular velocity (CAV), constant linear velocity (CLV), Partial constant angular velocity (P-CAV) or Zoned Constant Linear Velocity (Z-CLV or ZCLV). [ 77 ] Due to the slightly lower data density of dual layer DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× ( constant angular velocity ) for half-height optical drives released since around 2005, [ g ] and slim type optical drives are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such. [ 82 ] [ 75 ] [ 74 ] Disc quality measurements Error rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range. The quality and data integrity of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by deteriorating media can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors. [ 83 ] The types of errors that can occur on a DVD are a PIE (Parity Inner Error), 8PIE (Parity Inner Sum Eight Error), PIF (Parity Inner Failure), POE (Parity Outer Error), and POF (Parity Outer Failure), the last of which indicates data loss. Too many small errors within a small space create a POF condition. The difference between POE and POF is that a POE is generated on a first failed read attempt whereas a POF indicates an uncorrectable error after repeated attempts to read the data. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Support of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models. [ 84 ] [ 86 ] Unreadable data can be found using any drive using general-purpose tools like badblocks . DVD-Video DVD-Video is a standard for distributing video/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996, [ 4 ] in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the 69th Academy Awards that day; [ 5 ] in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe, [ 6 ] Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals. [ 87 ] Security The purpose of CSS is twofold: CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an MPEG (digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD. CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system ( region codes , Macrovision , and user operation prohibition ) be implemented. [ 88 ] Successors and decline In 2006, two new formats called HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the format war of 2006–2008 . A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] However, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD would gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost. [ 93 ] By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs. [ 94 ] A library offering physical media including DVDs DVDs started to face competition from video on demand services around 2015 or 2016. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time. [ 99 ] Until the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as Star Trek: The Original Series , could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings. [ 100 ] Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes. Star Trek: The Next Generation was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up. [ 101 ] By the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall, subscription streaming of TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market. [ 102 ] By 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where Ultra HD Blu-ray and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services. [ 103 ] The decline continued further into the 2020s with the closure of RedBox in 2024, Best Buy and Target stopped selling DVDs in 2023, and the cease of by mail service by Netflix in 2025. [ 104 ] Longevity Longevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc. [ 105 ] According to NIST , "[a] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH [Relative Humidity] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage." [ 106 ] As with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data. [ 107 ] According to the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA), "Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM." [ 108 ] According to a NIST/ LoC research project conducted in 2005–2007 using accelerated life testing , "There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions." The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below: [ 105 ] [ dubious – discuss ] Disc type 0–15 years 15–30 years 30–45 years over 45 years DVD-R 20% 20% 0% 60% DVD+R 20% 0% 40% 40% DVD-RW 0% 0% 50% 50% DVD+RW 0% 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% [ 105 ] 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DVD-R DVD+R DVD-RW DVD+RW 0–15 years 15–30 years 30–45 years over 45 years See also Book type Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems Digital video recorder DVD authoring DVD region code DVD single – Music video DVD TV game – Interactive film Glossary of computer hardware terms Hard disk drive performance characteristics M-DISC Professional Disc Ripping Notes ^ 1 GB is one billion bytes ^ The four titles being The Fugitive , Blade Runner: Director's Cut , Eraser , and Assassins . ^ These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. ^ Three additional titles, including GoldenEye ; are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links. ^ The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed. [ citation needed ] ^ Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a constant angular velocity number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same constant linear velocity number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number. ^ The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the Pioneer DVR-107 (2004). [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Later optical drives such as the HL data storage GSA-H10N (2006) [ 80 ] have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on recordable dual-layer media ( DVD-R DL , DVD+R DL ), and TSSTcorp SH-S202/S203/TS-H653B (2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL respectively, on quality media from selected vendors. [ 81 ] References ^ a b "DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book" . Dvdfllc.co.jp . Archived from the original on April 25, 2010 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . ^ a b "DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book" . Dvdfllc.co.jp . Archived from the original on February 2, 2010 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . ^ a b "BOOKS OVERVIEW" . Mpeg.org . Archived from the original on May 1, 2010 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . ^ a b c Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997). "DVD Frequently Asked Questions (with answers!)" . Video Discovery . Archived from the original on March 29, 1997 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ a b c Johnson, Lawrence B. (September 7, 1997). 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Retrieved March 15, 2023 . ^ Svetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022). "DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive" . What Hi-Fi . Archived from the original on March 15, 2023 . Retrieved March 15, 2023 . ^ Steiner, Robert (February 28, 2025). "It's Official: The DVD Business Died Last Year" . Variety . Retrieved October 30, 2025 . ^ a b c Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study Archived February 28, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , Loc.gov, September 2007 (table derived from figure 7) ^ Chang, Wo (August 21, 2007). "NIST Digital Media Group: docs/disccare" . National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013 . Retrieved December 18, 2013 . ^ "How Long Do CDs/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot" . Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ "Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity" . Osta.org . Archived from the original on May 2, 2010 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Further reading Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). "Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD" . Optical Storage Technology Association . Archived from the original on February 4, 2012 . Retrieved December 17, 2006 . Labarge, Ralph (2001). DVD Authoring and Production . Gilroy, California: CMP Books. ISBN 1-57820-082-2 . Taylor, Jim (2000). DVD Demystified (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-135026-8 . External links All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD at Wikibooks Dvddemystified.com: DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers Dual Layer Explained – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process Wikimedia Commons has media related to DVD .
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=DVD "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=DVD "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD) - [1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Etymology) - [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#History) Toggle History subsection - [2\.1 Development and launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Development_and_launch) - [2\.2 Adoption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Adoption) - [3 Specifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Specifications) Toggle Specifications subsection - [3\.1 Double-sided discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Double-sided_discs) - [3\.2 Dual-layer discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Dual-layer_discs) - [3\.3 Combinations of the above](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Combinations_of_the_above) - [4 DVD recordable and rewritable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#DVD_recordable_and_rewritable) Toggle DVD recordable and rewritable subsection - [4\.1 Dual-layer recording](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Dual-layer_recording) - [5 Capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Capacity) - [6 DVD drives and players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#DVD_drives_and_players) Toggle DVD drives and players subsection - [6\.1 Transfer rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Transfer_rates) - [6\.2 Disc quality measurements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Disc_quality_measurements) - [7 DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#DVD-Video) Toggle DVD-Video subsection - [7\.1 Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Security) - [8 Successors and decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Successors_and_decline) - [9 Longevity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Longevity) - [10 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#See_also) - [11 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Notes) - [12 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#References) - [13 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Further_reading) - [14 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # DVD 99 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Afrikaans") - [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Alemannic") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA "قرص رقمي متعدد الاستخدامات – Arabic") - [الدارجة](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A_%DA%A4%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A "دي ڤي دي – Moroccan Arabic") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Azerbaijani") - [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)") - [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Belarusian") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Bulgarian") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF "ডিভিডি – Bangla") - [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Bosnian") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Catalan") - [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C "دی ڤی دی – Central Kurdish") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvd "Dvd – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C "دی‌وی‌دی – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – French") - [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Western Frisian") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Galician") - [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Manx") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80 "डीवीडी – Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Armenian") - [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Interlingua") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Indonesian") - [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Iloko") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Ido") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynddiskur "Mynddiskur – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Japanese") - [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Javanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Georgian") - [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8 "ឌីវីឌី – Khmer") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Korean") - [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Kurdish") - [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Kyrgyz") - [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_versatilis_digitalis "Discus versatilis digitalis – Latin") - [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Lombard") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Latvian") - [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Minangkabau") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA "Дигитален видеодиск – Macedonian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF. "ഡി.വി.ഡി. – Malayalam") - [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80 "डीव्हीडी – Marathi") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Malay") - [Mirandés](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Mirandese") - [Nāhuatl](https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABdeocaquizcop%C4%ABnal%C5%8Dni "Vīdeocaquizcopīnalōni – Nahuatl") - [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF "डिभिडि – Nepali") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvd "Dvd – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Pampanga") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Polish") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C "ڈی وی ڈی – Western Punjabi") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Portuguese") - [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91it%27isqa_%C3%B1awra_phiruru "Ñit'isqa ñawra phiruru – Quechua") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Russian") - [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Yakut") - [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Sicilian") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Scots") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Serbo-Croatian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Slovak") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Slovenian") - [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Somali") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Albanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%92%D0%94 "ДВД – Serbian") - [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Sundanese") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Swedish") - [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Silesian") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81 "இலக்கமுறைப் பல்திறவாற்றல் வட்டு – Tamil") - [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80 "డీవీడీ – Telugu") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5 "ดีวีดี – Thai") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Tagalog") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C "ڈی وی ڈی – Urdu") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Uzbek") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Vietnamese") - [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Waray") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Wu") - [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Mingrelian") - [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Yoruba") - [ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ](https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89_%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%89_%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89 "ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉ ⴷⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight") - [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Minnan") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5294#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:DVD "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DVD&action=edit "This page is protected. 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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Digital optical disc data storage format This article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video"). For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see [DVD-Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio"). For other uses, see [DVD (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_$disambiguation$ "DVD (disambiguation)"). "MMCD" redirects here. For Sony's proprietary CD-ROM XA-based multimedia software format, see [Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Multimedia_CD-ROM_Player "Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DVD_logo.svg/250px-DVD_logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVD_logo.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg/250px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)The data side of a DVD manufactured by [Sony DADC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_DADC "Sony DADC") \| \| \| Media type \| [Optical disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc "Optical disc") \| \| Capacity \| 4\.7 [GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") (1 side, 1 layer) 8\.5 GB (1 side, 2 layers) 9\.4 GB (2 sides, 1 layer) 17\.08 GB (2 sides, 2 layers) \| \| Read mechanism \| 650 nm [laser diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode "Laser diode"), 10.5 [Mbit/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabit_per_second "Megabit per second") (1×) \| \| Write mechanism \| 650 nm laser diode, 10.5 Mbit/s (1×) \| \| [Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard "International standard") \| [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum")'s DVD Books[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD+RW Alliance specifications \| \| Developed by \| [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony "Sony") [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips") [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") \| \| Dimensions \| [Diameter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter "Diameter"): 120 mm (4.7 in) Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in) \| \| Weight \| 16 g (0.56 oz) \| \| Usage \| [Home video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video "Home video"), [Computer data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage "Computer data storage") \| \| Extended from \| [LaserDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc") [Compact disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") \| \| Extended to \| [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW") [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM") [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD "HD DVD") [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") \| \| Released \| [JP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"): November 1, 1996 (1996-11-01)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) Asia/[CIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States"): January 1997 (1997-01) [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"): March 24, 1997 (1997-03-24)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_kingdom "United kingdom"): June 1997 (1997-06) [EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe "Europe"): March 1998 (1998-03)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) [AUS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia")/[NZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"): February 1999 (1999-02) \| \| [Optical discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc "Optical disc") \| \|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/250px-CD_icon_test.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg) \| \| General [Optical disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc "Optical disc") [Optical disc drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive "Optical disc drive") [Optical disc authoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring "Optical disc authoring") [Authoring software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software "Optical disc authoring") [Recording technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies "Optical disc recording technologies") [Recording modes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes "Optical disc recording modes") [Packet writing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_writing "Packet writing") [Burst cutting area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_cutting_area "Burst cutting area") \| \| Optical media types Compact disc ([CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc")): [CD-DA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio "Compact Disc Digital Audio"), [CD-ROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM "CD-ROM"), [CD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R "CD-R"), [CD-RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW "CD-RW"), [5\.1 Music Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc "5.1 Music Disc"), Super Audio CD ([SACD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD "Super Audio CD")), [Photo CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_CD "Photo CD"), CD Video ([CDV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Video "CD Video")), Video CD ([VCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD "Video CD")), Super Video CD ([SVCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Video_CD "Super Video CD")), [CD+G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%2BG "CD+G"), [CD-Text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Text "CD-Text"), [CD-ROM XA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM_XA "CD-ROM XA"), [CD-i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i "CD-i"), [MIL-CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-CD "MIL-CD"), [Mini CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_CD "Mini CD") Digital Versatile Disc ([DVD]()): [DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R"), [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R"), [DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL"), [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL"), [DVD-R DS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DS "DVD-R DS"), [DVD+R DS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS "DVD+R DS"), [DVD-RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW "DVD-RW"), [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW"), [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM"), [DVD-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-D "DVD-D"), [DVD-A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio"), [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video"), [HVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc "High-Definition Versatile Disc"), [Flexplay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexplay "Flexplay"), [EcoDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoDisc "EcoDisc"), [MiniDVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDVD "MiniDVD") Blu-ray Disc ([BD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray")): [BD-R & BD-RE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable "Blu-ray Disc recordable"), [Blu-ray 3D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_3D "Blu-ray 3D"), [Mini Blu-ray Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc "Blu-ray"), 4K Blu-ray ([Ultra HD Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray "Ultra HD Blu-ray")) [M-DISC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-DISC "M-DISC") [Universal Media Disc (UMD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc "Universal Media Disc") [Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc "Enhanced Versatile Disc") [Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc "Forward Versatile Disc") [Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc "Holographic Versatile Disc") [China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc "China Blue High-definition Disc") [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD "HD DVD"): [HD DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD-R "HD DVD-R"), [HD DVD-RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD-RW "HD DVD-RW"), [HD DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM "HD DVD-RAM") [High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc "High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc") [VCDHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCDHD "VCDHD") [GD-ROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GD-ROM "GD-ROM") [Personal Video Disc (PVD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc "Personal Video Disc") MiniDisc ([MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc "MiniDisc")): [MD Data, MD Data2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Data "MD Data") [Hi-MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-MD "Hi-MD") LaserDisc ([LD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc")): [LD-ROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD-ROM "LD-ROM"), [LV-ROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LV-ROM "LV-ROM") [Video Single Disc (VSD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Single_Disc "Video Single Disc") [Magneto-optical discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive "Magneto-optical drive") [Ultra Density Optical (UDO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical "Ultra Density Optical") [3D optical data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage "3D optical data storage") [Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc "Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc") [Fluorescent Multilayer Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc "Fluorescent Multilayer Disc") [Hyper CD-ROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM "Hyper CD-ROM") [Nintendo optical disc (NOD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs "Nintendo optical discs") [Archival Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_Disc "Archival Disc") (AD) [Professional Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Disc "Professional Disc") [DataPlay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataPlay "DataPlay") \| \| Standards [SFF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee "Small Form Factor Committee") [ATAPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface "ATA Packet Interface")/[MMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands "SCSI Multimedia Commands") [Mount Rainier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier_$packet_writing$ "Mount Rainier (packet writing)") (packet writing) [Mount Fuji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording "Layer Jump Recording") (layer jump recording) [Rainbow Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Books "Rainbow Books") File systems [ISO 9660](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660 "ISO 9660") [Joliet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet_$file_system$ "Joliet (file system)") [Romeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_file_system "Romeo file system") [Rock Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Ridge "Rock Ridge") / SUSP [El Torito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Torito_$CD-ROM_standard$ "El Torito (CD-ROM standard)") [Apple ISO 9660 Extensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions "Apple ISO 9660 Extensions") Universal Disk Format ([UDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format "Universal Disk Format")) [ISO 13490](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_13490 "ISO 13490") \| \| See also [History of optical storage media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media "History of optical storage media") [High-definition optical disc format war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war "High-definition optical disc format war") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Optical_disc "Template:Optical disc") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc "Template talk:Optical disc") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc "Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc") \| DVD (digital video disc or digital versatile disc)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-8) is a [digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media "Digital media") [optical disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc "Optical disc") [data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage "Data storage") format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"). The medium can store any kind of [digital data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data "Digital data") and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using [DVD players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player")), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than [compact discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") (CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7 [GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Dual-layer, double-sided DVDs can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-9) Prerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using [molding machines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding_machine "Injection molding machine") that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank [recordable DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recordable_DVD "Recordable DVD") discs ([DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R") and [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R")) can be recorded once using a [DVD recorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive "Optical disc drive") and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs ([DVD-RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW "DVD-RW"), [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW"), and [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM")) can be recorded and erased many times. DVDs are used in [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video") consumer digital video format and less commonly in [DVD-Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio") consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special [AVCHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHD#AVCHD_as_distribution_format "AVCHD") format to hold [high definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video "High-definition video") material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format [camcorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder "Camcorder")). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. ## Etymology The [Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary") comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications."[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-10) "Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-11) and in the [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum")'s mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-12) Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term DVD became popularly used in English as a [noun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun "Noun") to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the phrase "to watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-13) ## History ### Development and launch [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/250px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg) [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink "Kees Schouhamer Immink") received a personal technical [Emmy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy "Emmy") award for his contributions to DVD and [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") disc. Released in 1987, [CD Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Video "CD Video") used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs. [Video CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD "Video CD") (VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-14) In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia [Compact Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc "Compact Disc") (MMCD), backed by [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips") and [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony "Sony") (developers of the CD and [CD-i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i "CD-i")), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba"), [Time Warner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner "Time Warner"), [Matsushita Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushita_Electric "Matsushita Electric"), [Hitachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd. "Hitachi, Ltd."), [Mitsubishi Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric "Mitsubishi Electric"), [Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation "Pioneer Corporation"), [Thomson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_SA "Thomson SA"), and [JVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC "JVC"). By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16) On May 3, 1995, an [ad hoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc "Ad hoc"), industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple, [Compaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq "Compaq"), [Hewlett-Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard"), and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-18) The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited [Lou Gerstner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gerstner "Lou Gerstner"), president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips/Sony strongly insisted on the source code, [EFMPlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFMPlus "EFMPlus"), that [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink "Kees Schouhamer Immink") had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-20) As a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 [GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") (4.38 [GiB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibibyte "Gibibyte"))[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-GB-21) for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-22) The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16) Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-23) After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association "Optical Storage Technology Association") (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as [Universal Disk Format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format "Universal Disk Format")) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-24) In November 1995, [Samsung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung "Samsung") announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-25) The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with [music video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video "Music video") releases. The first major releases from [Warner Home Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Home_Video "Warner Home Video") arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-26)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-27) to October 1996,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-28) November 1996,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-29) before finally settling on early 1997.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-30) Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-31)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-32) Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the [Warner Bros.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros. "Warner Bros."), [MGM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"), and [New Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema "New Line Cinema") libraries,[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-33)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-34) with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film [Twister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_$1996_film$ "Twister (1996 film)").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-35) However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the [street date](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_date "Street date").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-36) The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-37)\[[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] [DTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS_$sound_system_company$ "DTS (sound system company)") announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-38) However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999 [Consumer Electronics Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show "Consumer Electronics Show").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-39) In 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of \$27.34 [US dollars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") in 2022.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-40)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-41) ### Adoption [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/250px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg) [PlayStation 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"), the first video game console to run DVDs [Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie "Movie") and [home entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video "Home video") distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous [VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS "VHS") tape as the primary consumer video distribution format.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-42) Immediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading [video game console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console "Video game console") companies ([Sega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega "Sega") and [The 3DO Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_3DO_Company "The 3DO Company")) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Game consoles such as the [PlayStation 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"), [Xbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_$console$ "Xbox (console)"), and [Xbox 360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360") use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using [DLT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape "Digital Linear Tape") tape,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-44) but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-45) [TV DVD combos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_television_unit "Combo television unit"), combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and [VCR/DVD combos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCR/DVD_combo "VCR/DVD combo") were also available for purchase.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-46) For consumers, DVD soon overtook VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-47) By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-48) ## Specifications [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/250px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg) Comparison of several forms of disk storage. Green denotes start and red denotes end of track. The DVD specifications created and updated by the [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum") are published as so-called DVD Books (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book, [DVD-VR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-VR "DVD-VR") (Video Recording) Book, etc.).[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both [birefringence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence "Birefringence") and "disc tilt", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-49)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-50) Some specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the [ISO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization "International Organization for Standardization") website.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) There are also equivalent [European Computer Manufacturers Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association "European Computer Manufacturers Association") (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-52) Also, the [DVD+RW Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW_Alliance "DVD+RW Alliance") publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or [DVD+RW DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW_DL "DVD+RW DL"). These DVD formats are also ISO standards.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-53)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-54)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-55)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-56) Some DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US\$5000.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-58) Every subscriber must sign a [non-disclosure agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement "Non-disclosure agreement") as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57) In January 2025, the DVD FLLC announced its own dissolution on January 31, 2025 (together with the DVD Forum itself, according to its charter[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-59)) and the deposit of the DVD specifications at the [National Diet Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library "National Diet Library") of Japan in early 2025.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-60) As of August 2025, the specification documents are only available at the National Diet Library in Tokyo.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-61) ### Double-sided discs Main article: [Double-sided disk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-sided_disk "Double-sided disk") Borrowing from the [LaserDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc") format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) ### Dual-layer discs DVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A/V playback on earlier [DVD players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player"), the length of which varies between hardware.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-62) A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD [keep cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_case "Keep case"). During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of [Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story "Toy Story").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-63) Later in the format's life, larger [data buffers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer "Data buffer") and faster [optical pickups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Optical_pickup_system "Optical disc drive") in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Dual-layer DVDs are recorded using [Opposite Track Path](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_Track_Path "Opposite Track Path") (OTP).[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-64) ### Combinations of the above The DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) Both of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets. Note: The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down. ## DVD recordable and rewritable Main article: [DVD recordable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recordable "DVD recordable") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg) Sony Rewritable DVD [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg/250px-Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg) A DVD-ROM drive for a PC [HP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard") initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-66)\[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: [DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R")/[RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW "DVD-RW"), [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R")/[RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW") (plus), and [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM"). DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with [CSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Scramble_System "Content Scramble System") encrypted video content but General discs may not.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-67) ### Dual-layer recording Dual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows [DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R") and [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R") discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7 [gigabyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") capacities, respectively.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-68) The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-69) [DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL") was developed for the [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum") by [Pioneer Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation "Pioneer Corporation"); [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL") was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by [Mitsubishi Kagaku Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Kagaku_Media "Mitsubishi Kagaku Media") (MKM) and [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70) Recordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70) ## Capacity \| Designation \| Sides \| Layers (total) \| Diameter (cm) \| Capacity \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| ([GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte")) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| DVD-1[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73) \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| 1\.46 \| \| DVD-2 \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 8 \| 2\.65 \| \| DVD-3 \| DS SL \| 2 \| 2 \| 8 \| 2\.92 \| \| DVD-4 \| DS DL \| 2 \| 4 \| 8 \| 5\.31 \| \| DVD-5 \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-9 \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD-10 \| DS SL \| 2 \| 2 \| 12 \| 9\.40 \| \| DVD-14[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) \| DS SL+DL \| 2 \| 3 \| 12 \| 13\.24 \| \| DVD-18 \| DS DL \| 2 \| 4 \| 12 \| 17\.08 \| All units are expressed with [SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units")/[IEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission "International Electrotechnical Commission") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png/250px-Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png) Size comparison: a 12 cm [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW") and a 19 cm [pencil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil "Pencil") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG/250px-Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG) DVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed \| Designation \| Sides \| Layers (total) \| Diameter (cm) \| Capacity \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| (GB) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| DVD-R \| SS SL (1.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 3\.95 \| \| DVD-R \| SS SL (2.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-RW \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD+R \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD+RW \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-R \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.50 \| \| DVD-RW \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD+R \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD+RW \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD-RAM \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| 1\.46\* \| \| DVD-RAM \| DS SL \| 2 \| 1 \| 8 \| 2\.47\* \| \| DVD-RAM \| SS SL (1.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 2\.58 \| \| DVD-RAM \| SS SL (2.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-RAM \| DS SL (1.0) \| 2 \| 1 \| 12 \| 5\.15 \| \| DVD-RAM \| DS SL (2.0) \| 2 \| 1 \| 12 \| 9\.39\* \| All units are expressed with [SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units")/[IEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission "International Electrotechnical Commission") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). \| Type \| Sectors \| Bytes \| [kB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte "Kilobyte") \| [MB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte "Megabyte") \| GB \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| DVD-R SL \| 2,298,496 \| 4,707,319,808 \| 4,707,320 \| 4,707 \| 4\.7 \| \| DVD+R SL \| 2,295,104 \| 4,700,372,992 \| 4,700,373 \| 4,700 \| 4\.7 \| \| DVD-R DL \| 4,171,712 \| 8,543,666,176 \| 8,543,666 \| 8,544 \| 8\.5 \| \| DVD+R DL \| 4,173,824 \| 8,547,991,552 \| 8,547,992 \| 8,548 \| 8\.5 \| All units are expressed with [SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units")/[IEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission "International Electrotechnical Commission") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). ## DVD drives and players See also: [Optical disc drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive "Optical disc drive") and [DVD player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player") DVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer. [DVD players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player") are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video") and [DVD-Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio") discs. ### Transfer rates See also: [DVD recordable § Transfer rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recordable#Transfer_rates "DVD recordable"); and [CD and DVD writing speed § CD, DVD and Blu-ray writing speeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_and_DVD_writing_speed#CD,_DVD_and_Blu-ray_writing_speeds "CD and DVD writing speed") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dismdvd.jpg/250px-Dismdvd.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dismdvd.jpg) Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details. Read and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 [kB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte "Kilobyte")/s (1,353 [KiB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte "Kibibyte")/s); this speed is usually called "1×". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB/s (150 KiB/s), about one-ninth as swift.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74) \| Drive speed (not rotations) \| Data rate \| ~Write time (minutes)[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-75) \| Revolutions per minute ([constant linear velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity "Constant linear velocity"), CLV)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-76)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-77)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-78) \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| [Mbit/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/s "Mbit/s") \| [MB/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MB/s "MB/s") \| Single-Layer \| Dual-Layer \| \| \| \| 1× \| 11 \| 1\.4 \| 57 \| 103 \| 1400 (inner) 580 (outer)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74) \| \| 2× \| 22 \| 2\.8 \| 28 \| 51 \| 2800 (inner) 1160 (outer) \| \| 2\.4× \| 27 \| 3\.3 \| 24 \| 43 \| 3360 (inner) 1392 (outer) \| \| 2\.6× \| 29 \| 3\.6 \| 22 \| 40 \| 3640 (inner) 1508 (outer) \| \| 3× \| 33 \| 4\.1 \| 19 \| 34 \| 4200 (inner) 2320 (outer) \| \| 4× \| 44 \| 5\.5 \| 14 \| 26 \| 5600 (inner) 2900 (outer) \| \| 6× \| 67 \| 8\.3 \| 9 \| 17 \| 8400 (inner) 3480 (outer) \| \| 8× \| 89 \| 11\.1 \| 7 \| 13 \| 4640 ([CAV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity"); no longer uses pure CLV) \| \| 10× \| 111 \| 13\.9 \| 6 \| 10 \| 5800 \| \| 12× \| 133 \| 16\.6 \| 5 \| 9 \| 6960 \| \| 16× \| 177 \| 22\.2 \| 4 \| 6 \| 9280 \| \| 18× \| 199 \| 24\.9 \| 3 \| 6 \| 10440 \| \| 20× \| 222 \| 27\.7 \| 3 \| 5 \| 11600 \| \| 22× \| 244 \| 30\.5 \| 3 \| 5 \| 12760 \| \| 24× \| 266 \| 33\.2 \| 2 \| 4 \| 13920 \| DVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000 [RPM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_per_minute "Rotations per minute") vs 23000 for CDs.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-79) In practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-82) DVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either [constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity") (CAV), [constant linear velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity "Constant linear velocity") (CLV), [Partial constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_constant_angular_velocity "Partial constant angular velocity") (P-CAV) or [Zoned Constant Linear Velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoned_constant_linear_velocity "Zoned constant linear velocity") (Z-CLV or ZCLV).[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-83) Due to the slightly lower data density of [dual layer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Dual-layer_discs) DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× ([constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity")) for [half-height](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors "Optical disc drive") optical drives released since around 2005,[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-88) and [slim type optical drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors "Optical disc drive") are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued-89)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80) ### Disc quality measurements [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png/250px-QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png) Error rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range. Main article: [Optical disc § Surface error scanning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning "Optical disc") The quality and [data integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity "Data integrity") of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by [deteriorating media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_rot "Disc rot") can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-qpx-90) The types of errors that can occur on a DVD are a PIE (Parity Inner Error), 8PIE (Parity Inner Sum Eight Error), PIF (Parity Inner Failure), POE (Parity Outer Error), and POF (Parity Outer Failure), the last of which indicates data loss. Too many small errors within a small space create a POF condition. The difference between POE and POF is that a POE is generated on a first failed read attempt whereas a POF indicates an uncorrectable error after repeated attempts to read the data.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-92) Support of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-LightByte-93) Unreadable data can be found using any drive using general-purpose tools like [badblocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badblocks "Badblocks"). ## DVD-Video Main article: [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video") DVD-Video is a standard for distributing video/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the [69th Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards "69th Academy Awards") that day;[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-94) ### Security Main article: [Content Scramble System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Scramble_System "Content Scramble System") The purpose of CSS is twofold: 1. CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an [MPEG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group "Moving Picture Experts Group") (digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD. 2. CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system ([region codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code "DVD region code"), [Macrovision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrovision "Macrovision"), and [user operation prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_operation_prohibition "User operation prohibition")) be implemented.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-95) ## Successors and decline In 2006, two new formats called [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD "HD DVD") and [Blu-ray Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the [format war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_war "Format war") of [2006–2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war "High-definition optical disc format war"). A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-96)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-97) However, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD would gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-98)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-99) Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-100) By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-101) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG/250px-DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG) A [library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library "Library") offering [physical media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_media "Physical media") including DVDs DVDs started to face competition from [video on demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand "Video on demand") services around 2015 or 2016.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-102)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-103)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-104)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-105) With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-106) Until the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as [Star Trek: The Original Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series "Star Trek: The Original Series"), could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-107) Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes. [Star Trek: The Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation "Star Trek: The Next Generation") was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-108) By the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall, [subscription streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services "List of streaming media services") of TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-109) By 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where [Ultra HD Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray "Ultra HD Blu-ray") and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-110) The decline continued further into the 2020s with the closure of [RedBox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbox "Redbox") in 2024, Best Buy and Target stopped selling DVDs in 2023, and the cease of by mail service by Netflix in 2025.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-111) ## Longevity Longevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) According to [NIST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST "NIST"), "\[a\] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH \[Relative Humidity\] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage."[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-113) As with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-114) According to the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association "Optical Storage Technology Association") (OSTA), "Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM."[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-115) According to a NIST/[LoC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress") research project conducted in 2005–2007 using [accelerated life testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing "Accelerated life testing"), "There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions." The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112)\[[dubious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement "Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute") – [discuss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:DVD#DVD_lifetime "Talk:DVD")\] \| Disc type \| 0–15 years \| 15–30 years \| 30–45 years \| over 45 years \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| DVD-R \| 20% \| 20% \| 0% \| 60% \| \| DVD+R \| 20% \| 0% \| 40% \| 40% \| \| DVD-RW \| 0% \| 0% \| 50% \| 50% \| \| DVD+RW \| 0% \| 33\.3% \| 33\.3% \| 33\.3%[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) \| 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DVD-R DVD+R DVD-RW DVD+RW - 0–15 years - 15–30 years - 30–45 years - over 45 years ## See also - [Book type](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_type "Book type") - [Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_popular_optical_data-storage_systems "Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems") - [Digital video recorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder "Digital video recorder") - [DVD authoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_authoring "DVD authoring") - [DVD region code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code "DVD region code") - DVD single – [Music video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video "Music video") - DVD TV game – [Interactive film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_film "Interactive film") - [Glossary of computer hardware terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms "Glossary of computer hardware terms") - [Hard disk drive performance characteristics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics "Hard disk drive performance characteristics") - [M-DISC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-DISC "M-DISC") - [Professional Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Disc "Professional Disc") - [Ripping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripping "Ripping") ## Notes 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-GB_21-0) 1 GB is one billion [bytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytes "Bytes") 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-26) The four titles being [The Fugitive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fugitive_$1993_film$ "The Fugitive (1993 film)"), [Blade Runner: Director's Cut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner "Blade Runner"), [Eraser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraser_$film$ "Eraser (film)"), and [Assassins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassins_$1995_film$ "Assassins (1995 film)"). 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-31) These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-34) Three additional titles, including [GoldenEye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoldenEye "GoldenEye"); are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-75) The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (\>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-78) Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a [constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity") number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same [constant linear velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity "Constant linear velocity") number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-88) The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the [Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Electronics "Pioneer Electronics") DVR-107 (2004).[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVR-107-84)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVR-A06-brochure-85) Later optical drives such as the [HL data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HL_data_storage&action=edit&redlink=1 "HL data storage (page does not exist)") GSA-H10N (2006)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-86) have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on [recordable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recordable "DVD recordable") dual-layer media ([DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL"), [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL")), and [TSSTcorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSSTcorp "TSSTcorp") SH-S202/S203/TS-H653B (2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on [DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL") and [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL") respectively, on quality media from selected vendors.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-87) ## References 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-1) ["DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book"](http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html). Dvdfllc.co.jp. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100425061731/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html) from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-1) ["DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book"](http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_histry.html). Dvdfllc.co.jp. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100202031353/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_histry.html) from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 3. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-1) ["BOOKS OVERVIEW"](http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/General/Books.html). Mpeg.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100501012533/http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/General/Books.html) from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 4. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-2) Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997). ["DVD Frequently Asked Questions (with answers!)"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970329103433/http://www.videodiscovery.com/vdyweb/dvd/dvdfaq.html). Video Discovery. Archived from [the original](http://www.videodiscovery.com/vdyweb/dvd/dvdfaq.html) on March 29, 1997. Retrieved August 20, 2019. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-2) - Johnson, Lawrence B. (September 7, 1997). ["For the DVD, Disney Magic May Be the Key"](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/07/movies/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081959/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/07/movies/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html) from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2009. - Copeland, Jeff B. (March 23, 1997). ["Oscar Day Is Also DVD Day"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970411035822/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,841,00.html). E! Online. Archived from [the original](http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,841,00.html) on April 11, 1997. Retrieved August 21, 2019. - Staff (March 24, 1997). ["Creative Does DVD"](https://web.archive.org/web/19980218070742/http://www.pcgamer.com/news/news-1997-03-24.html). PC Gamer. Archived from [the original](http://www.pcgamer.com/news/news-1997-03-24.html) on February 18, 1998. Retrieved December 5, 2019. 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-1) Andrews, Sam (March 28, 1998). ["DVD Gets 'Soft Launch' In Britain"](https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-03-28.pdf) (PDF). Billboard. New York, NY. Retrieved November 26, 2023. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-7)* Popular Mechanics, June 1997, p. 69; 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-8) Jim Taylor, DVD demystified, McGraw Hill, 1998, 1st edition, p. 405 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-9) ["CD/DVD comparison chart"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220630133910/https://h71036.www7.hp.com/hho/cache/315534-0-0-225-121.html). h71036.www7.hp.com. Archived from [the original](https://h71036.www7.hp.com/hho/cache/315534-0-0-225-121.html) on June 30, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-10) [Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary"), DVD. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-11) ["DVD Primer"](http://www.dvdforum.org/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1). DVD Forum. September 6, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100609050219/http://www.dvdforum.org/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1) from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2013. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-12) ["DVD Forum's Mission"](http://www.dvdforum.org/about-mission.htm). DVD Forum. January 14, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140510230628/http://www.dvdforum.org/about-mission.htm) from the original on May 10, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-13) ["DVD noun"](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dvd). Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065116/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dvd) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-14) [Super Video Compact Disc, A Technical Explanation](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080528131354/http://www.ip.philips.com/view_attachment/2450/sl00812.pdf) (PDF), [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips") System Standards and Licensing, 1998, p. 2, archived from [the original](http://www.ip.philips.com/view_attachment/2450/sl00812.pdf) (PDF) on May 28, 2008, retrieved February 13, 2008 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-15) "WCES: The Calm Before the Storm". [Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_$magazine$ "Next Generation (magazine)") (3). [Imagine Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media "Imagine Media"): 18. March 1995. 16. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-1) "DVD Plagued by Double Standards". [Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_$magazine$ "Next Generation (magazine)")* (6). [Imagine Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media "Imagine Media"): 16–17\. June 1995. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-17) ["Requirements for Future High-Capacity Compact-Disc Format Announced by Computer Industry Technical Group"](https://web.archive.org/web/19981202113012/http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1995/q3/950503.pr.rel.cd.html). Apple Computer. May 3, 1995. Archived from [the original](http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1995/q3/950503.pr.rel.cd.html) on December 2, 1998. Retrieved December 1, 2021. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-18) "Electronic Giants Battle On". [Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_$magazine$ "Next Generation (magazine)") (11). [Imagine Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media "Imagine Media"): 19. November 1995. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-19) [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink "Kees Schouhamer Immink") (1995). ["EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3179483). IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. CE-41: 491–497\. "A high-density alternative to EFM is described." 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-20) [U.S. patent 5,696,505](https://patents.google.com/patent/US5696505), EFMPlus Patent, applied in DVD, [DVD±RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%C2%B1RW "DVD±RW"), [SACD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD "Super Audio CD") 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-22) "DVD: coming soon to your PC?". [Computer Shopper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Shopper_$US_magazine$ "Computer Shopper (US magazine)"). 16 (3): 189. March 1, 1996. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-23) ["Nokia Welcomes Single Standard for Next Generation High Density Optical Disc Format"](https://web.archive.org/web/19961220013314/http://www.nokia.com/news/news_htmls/nokia_950926.html) (Press release). Nokia. September 26, 1995. Archived from [the original](http://www.nokia.com/news/news_htmls/nokia_950926.html) on December 20, 1996. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-24) ["DVD Format Unification"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970501192002/http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1995_12/pr0802.htm) (Press release). Toshiba. December 8, 1995. Archived from [the original](http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1995_12/pr0802.htm) on May 1, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-25) Souter, Gerry (2017) \[1997\]. ["DVD: The Five-Inch Digital Video Disc"](https://books.google.com/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181). Buying and Selling Multimedia Services. [CRC Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press "CRC Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-136-13437-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-13437-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-136-13437-1") . [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230313111419/https://books.google.com/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181) from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2020. 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-27) ["DVD Is Go!"](https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230413/http://www.iac.co.jp/~jpn/jan96/jp3.html). Japan Press Network. January 17, 1996. Archived from [the original](http://www.iac.co.jp/~jpn/jan96/jp3.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-28) Elrich, David J. (July 11, 1996). ["DVD Introduction Announced"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970213073811/http://e-town.myriadagency.com/news/articles/panasonicdvdlaunch.html). E-Town News. Archived from [the original](http://e-town.myriadagency.com/news/articles/panasonicdvdlaunch.html) on February 13, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-29) ["Matsushita Electronics to launch DVDs in November"](https://web.archive.org/web/20000114144253/http://cnn.com/TECH/9608/31/newsreel/index.html). CNN. August 31, 1996. Archived from [the original](http://cnn.com/TECH/9608/31/newsreel/index.html) on January 14, 2000. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-30) Elrich, David J. (November 19, 1996). ["Toshiba: DVD is here -- Almost"](https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230959/http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/dvd1119dea.html). E-Town News. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued_89-0) ["View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200817211930/https://www.lg.com/us/burners-drives/discontinued). LG USA. Archived from [the original](https://www.lg.com/us/burners-drives/discontinued) on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020. 83. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-qpx_90-0) ["QPxTool – check the quality"](https://qpxtool.sourceforge.io/faq.html). qpxtool.sourceforge.io. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806024813/https://qpxtool.sourceforge.io/faq.html) from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020. 84. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-QPx-Glossary_91-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-QPx-Glossary_91-1) ["QPxTool glossary"](https://qpxtool.sourceforge.io/glossar.html). qpxtool.sourceforge.io. QPxTool. August 1, 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210801053045/https://qpxtool.sourceforge.io/glossar.html) from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2020. 85. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-92)* Wells, Daniel Patrick (July 14, 2008). [Predicting the Longevity of DVDR Media by Periodic Analysis of Parity, Jitter, and ECC Performance Parameters](http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/etd2526). Brigham Young University. pp. 25, 26, 44. `{{cite book}}`: `\|work=` ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored "Help:CS1 errors")) 86. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-LightByte_93-0) ["One DVD "DATA" Sector – LightByte"](http://www.lightbyte.com/DVD_Sector_2.doc). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201003071535/http://www.lightbyte.com/DVD_Sector_2.doc) from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020. 87. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-94) Bakalis, Anna (June 20, 2003). ["It's unreel: DVD rentals overtake videocassettes"](http://washingtontimes.com/business/20030620-113258-1104r.htm). [The Washington Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070526003110/http://www.washingtontimes.com/business/20030620-113258-1104r.htm) from the original on May 26, 2007. 88. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-95) ["IEEE – Copy Protection for DVD Video p.2"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090318151452/http://www.dvd-copy.com/reference/IEEE-doc-copyproc.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.dvd-copy.com/reference/IEEE-doc-copyproc.pdf) (PDF) on March 18, 2009. 89. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-96) ["What is Blu-ray Disc?"](http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&identifier=S_BrandShowcase_Blu-ray). Sony. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091203110942/http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&identifier=S_BrandShowcase_Blu-ray) from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008. 90. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-97) ["DVD FAQ: 3.13 – What about the new HD formats?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090822172353/http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#3.13). September 21, 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#3.13) on August 22, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008. 91. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-98) ["High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080914030503/http://www.movieweb.com/dvd/news/20/26720.php). Movieweb.com. February 20, 2008. Archived from [the original](https://www.movieweb.com/dvd/news/20/26720.php) on September 14, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2009. 92. 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200329212906/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/08/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html) from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2023. 103. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-110) Svetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022). ["DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive"](https://www.whathifi.com/news/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive). What Hi-Fi. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230315205237/https://www.whathifi.com/news/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive) from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023. 104. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-111) Steiner, Robert (February 28, 2025). ["It's Official: The DVD Business Died Last Year"](https://variety.com/vip/rip-dvd-business-2024-1236322977/). Variety. Retrieved October 30, 2025. 105. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NIST-final_112-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NIST-final_112-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NIST-final_112-2) [Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study](https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170228225405/http://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf) February 28, 2017, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Loc.gov, September 2007 (table derived from figure 7) 106. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-113)* Chang, Wo (August 21, 2007). ["NIST Digital Media Group: docs/disccare"](http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/disccare.html). National Institute of Standards and Technology. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130104223809/http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/disccare.html) from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013. 107. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-114) ["How Long Do CDs/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot"](https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years). Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220718063955/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years) from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022. 108. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-115) ["Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity"](http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa11.htm). Osta.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100502085258/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa11.htm) from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. ## Further reading - Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). ["Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD"](http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/). Optical Storage Technology Association. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204073515/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/) from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2006. - Labarge, Ralph (2001). DVD Authoring and Production. Gilroy, California: CMP Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-57820-082-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57820-082-2 "Special:BookSources/1-57820-082-2") . - Taylor, Jim (2000). [DVD Demystified](https://archive.org/details/dvddemystified00tayl) (2nd ed.). New York: [McGraw-Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill "McGraw-Hill") Professional. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-07-135026-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-135026-8 "Special:BookSources/0-07-135026-8") . ## External links [![Wikibooks logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: *[Inside DVD-Video/MPEG Format](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Inside_DVD-Video/MPEG_Format "wikibooks:Inside DVD-Video/MPEG Format")* - [![Wikibooks logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) [All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/All_About_Converting_From_Several_Video_Formats_To_DVD "wikibooks:All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD") at Wikibooks - [Dvddemystified.com: DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers](https://web.archive.org/web/20090822172353/http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html) - [Dual Layer Explained](https://www.burnworld.com/howto/articles/intro-to-dual-layer.htm) – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [DVD](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DVD "commons:Category:DVD"). \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DVD "Template:DVD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:DVD "Template talk:DVD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DVD "Special:EditPage/Template:DVD")[DVD]() \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_formats "DVD formats") \| [DVD]() [MiniDVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDVD "MiniDVD") [DVD card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_card "DVD card") [DVD-ROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-ROM "DVD-ROM") [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM") [DVD-Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio") [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video") [DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R") [DVD-R DS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DS "DVD-R DS") [DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL") [DVD-RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW "DVD-RW") [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R") [DVD+R DS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS "DVD+R DS") [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL") [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW") [Inkjet printable DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_printable_DVD "Inkjet printable DVD") \| \| Technology \| [UDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format "Universal Disk Format") [DVD region code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code "DVD region code") [DVD copy protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection "Compact Disc and DVD copy protection") [CSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Scramble_System "Content Scramble System") [HDCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection "High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection") [AACS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System "Advanced Access Content System") [DVD authoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_authoring "DVD authoring") [DVD burning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_burning "DVD burning") [DVD ripping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_ripping "DVD ripping") [DVD recordable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recordable "DVD recordable") [Anamorphic DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic_DVD "Anamorphic DVD") [DVD Video OBject](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Video_OBject "DVD Video OBject") [DVD-VR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-VR "DVD-VR") [DVD+VR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BVR "DVD+VR") [DVD±R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%C2%B1R "DVD±R") [DVD Multi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Multi "DVD Multi") [DVD writing speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_and_DVD_writing_speed "CD and DVD writing speed") [DVD emulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_emulation "DVD emulation") [DVD rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_rot "DVD rot") \| \| Groups \| [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum") [DVD Copy Control Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Association "DVD Copy Control Association") [DVD+RW Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW_Alliance "DVD+RW Alliance") \| \| Hardware/ Software/ Content \| [DVD case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_case "Keep case") [VCR/DVD combo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCR/DVD_combo "VCR/DVD combo") [DVD player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player") [Portable DVD player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_DVD_player "Portable DVD player") [DVD recorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recorder "DVD recorder") [DVD drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_drive "DVD drive") [External DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_DVD "External DVD") [DVD remote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_remote "DVD remote") [DVD ripper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_ripper "DVD ripper") [DVD game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_game "DVD game") [DVD single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_single "DVD single") [DVD magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_magazine "DVD magazine") [DVD documentary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_documentary "DVD documentary") [Straight to DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_to_DVD "Straight to DVD") [DVD screensaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_screensaver "DVD screensaver") \| \| Court cases \| [DVD CCA v Bunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bunner "DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Bunner") [DVD CCA v Kaleidescape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Kaleidescape,_Inc. "DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc. v. Kaleidescape, Inc.") [Real vs DVD CCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Ass%27n,_Inc. "RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, Inc.") [DeCSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCSS "DeCSS") \| \| Lists \| [DVD manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers "List of DVD manufacturers") [DVD recordable manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_recordable_manufacturers "List of DVD recordable manufacturers") [DVD authoring software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_applications "List of DVD authoring applications") [DVD copy protection schemes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes "List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes") \| \| Variants \| [cDVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDVD "CDVD") [SACD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD "Super Audio CD") [DualDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DualDisc "DualDisc") [EVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc "Enhanced Versatile Disc") [HVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc "High-Definition Versatile Disc") [FVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc "Forward Versatile Disc") [ML DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_DVD "ML DVD") [HD/DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD#DVD_/_HD_DVD_hybrid_discs "HD DVD") [3× DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD#3%C3%97_DVD "HD DVD") [BD5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD5_$Blu-ray_format$ "BD5 (Blu-ray format)") [BD9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD9_$Blu-ray_format$ "BD9 (Blu-ray format)") [Nintendo discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs "Nintendo optical discs") [Digital Video Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIVX "DIVX") (DIVX) [DVD-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-D "DVD-D") \| \| See also \| [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD "HD DVD") [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") [LaserDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc") [CD Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Video "CD Video") [Compact disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") [VCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD "Video CD") [SVCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Video_CD "Super Video CD") [CD-DA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio "Compact Disc Digital Audio") [CD-ROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM "CD-ROM") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:DVD "Category:DVD") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats "Template:Video storage formats") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats "Template talk:Video storage formats") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats "Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats")[Video storage formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video "Video") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Videotape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotape "Videotape") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Analog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video#Analog_video "Video") \| [Quadruplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape "Quadruplex videotape") (1956) [VERA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus "Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus") (1958) [Ampex 2 inch helical VTR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR "Ampex 2 inch helical VTR") (1961) [Sony 2 inch helical VTR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba "Ampex 2 inch helical VTR") (1961) [Type A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_videotape "Type A videotape") (1965) [CV-2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV-2000 "CV-2000") (1965) [Akai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akai_videotape_format "Akai videotape format") (1967) [EIAJ-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIAJ-1 "EIAJ-1") (1969) [U-matic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-matic "U-matic") (1971) [Cartrivision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartrivision "Cartrivision") (1972) [Philips VCR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording "Video Cassette Recording") (1972) [V-Cord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Cord "V-Cord") (1974) [VX (videocassette format)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX_$videocassette_format$ "VX (videocassette format)") (1974) [Betamax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax "Betamax") (1975) [IVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVC_videotape_format "IVC videotape format") (1975) [Type B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_videotape "Type B videotape") (1976) [Type C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_C_videotape "Type C videotape") (1976) [VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS "VHS") (1976) [Akai VK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akai_VK "Akai VK") (1977) [SVR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording "Video Cassette Recording") (1979) [Video 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_2000 "Video 2000") (1980) [Compact Video Cassette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette "Compact Video Cassette") (1980) [VHS-C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS-C "VHS-C") (1982) [M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_$videocassette_format$ "M (videocassette format)") (1982) [Betacam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam "Betacam") (1982) [Video8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_mm_video_format "8 mm video format") (1985) [Betacam SP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SP "Betacam") (1986) [MII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MII_$videocassette_format$ "MII (videocassette format)") (1986) [S-VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-VHS "S-VHS") (1987) [S-VHS-C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS-C "VHS-C") (1987) [Hi8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi8 "Hi8") (1989) [Ruvi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvi "Ruvi") (1998) \| \| [Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video "Digital video") \| [D1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-1_$Sony$ "D-1 (Sony)") (1986) [D2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-2_$video$ "D-2 (video)") (1988) [D3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-3_$video$ "D-3 (video)") (1991) [DCT (videocassette format)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCT_$videocassette_format$ "DCT (videocassette format)") (1992) [Digital Betacam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam#Digital_Betacam "Betacam") (1993) [D5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_HD "D5 HD") (1994) [Digital-S (D9)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-S "Digital-S") (1995) [DV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_$video_format$ "DV (video format)") (1995) [Betacam SX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SX "Betacam") (1996) [Digital8 (D8)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital8 "Digital8") (1999) [MPEG IMX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam#MPEG_IMX "Betacam") (2000) [MicroMV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroMV "MicroMV") (2001) \| \| [High Definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video "High-definition video") \| [Sony HDVS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_HDVS "Sony HDVS") (1984) [UniHi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_HDVS "Sony HDVS") (1984) [BCH 1000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units "Type B videotape") (1992) [W-VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-VHS "W-VHS") (1994) [HDCAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCAM "HDCAM") (1997) [D-VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-VHS "D-VHS") (1998) [D6 HDTV VTR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR "D6 HDTV VTR") (2000) [HDCAM SR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR "HDCAM") (2003) \| \| [Videodisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videodisc "Videodisc") \| \| \| \| \| \| Analog \| [Phonovision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonovision "Phonovision") (1927) [Ampex-HS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder "Ampex") (1967) [TeD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc "Television Electronic Disc") (1975) [LaserDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc") (1978) [CED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc "Capacitance Electronic Disc") (1981) [VHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_High_Density "Video High Density") (1983) [Laserfilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserfilm "Laserfilm") (1984) [CD Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Video "CD Video") (1987) [VSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Single_Disc "Video Single Disc") (1990) \| \| Digital \| [Video CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD "Video CD") (1993) [MovieCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MovieCD "MovieCD") (1996) [DVD]() (1996) [MiniDVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDVD "MiniDVD") ( c. 1996) [DIVX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIVX "DIVX") (1998) [CVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD "Super Video CD") (1998) [Super Video CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Video_CD "Super Video CD") (1998) [EVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc "Enhanced Versatile Disc") (2003) [PVD (Personal Video Disc)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoNow "VideoNow") (2003) [Universal Media Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc "Universal Media Disc") (2004) [Forward Versatile Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc "Forward Versatile Disc") (2005) \| \| High Definition \| [Hi-Vision LD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc#Hi-Vision_LD "Laserdisc") (1994) [Professional Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Disc "Professional Disc") (2003) [High-Definition Versatile Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc "High-Definition Versatile Disc") (2004) [VMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc "Versatile Multilayer Disc") (2006) [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD "HD DVD") (2006) [Blu-ray Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") (2006) [MiniBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc "Blu-ray") ( c. 2006) [Holographic Versatile Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc "Holographic Versatile Disc") (2007) [China Blue High-definition Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc "China Blue High-definition Disc") (2008) \| \| [Ultra-High Definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television "Ultra-high-definition television") \| [Ultra HD Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray "Ultra HD Blu-ray") (2016) \| \| Virtual \| \| \| \| \| \| Media agnostic \| [DV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_$video_format$ "DV (video format)") (1995) [DVCPRO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_$video_format$#DVCPRO "DV (video format)") (1995) [DVCAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_$video_format$#DVCAM "DV (video format)") (1996) [DVCPRO50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_$video_format$#DVCPRO50 "DV (video format)") (1997) [DVCPRO HD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_$video_format$#DVCPRO_HD "DV (video format)") (2000) [HDV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDV "HDV") (2003) \| \| Tapeless \| [CamCutter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CamCutter "CamCutter") [Editcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editcam "Editcam") (1995) [XDCAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDCAM "XDCAM") (2003) [GBA-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video "Game Boy Advance Video") (2004) [MOD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOD_and_TOD "MOD and TOD") (2005) [AVCHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHD "AVCHD") (2006) [AVC-Intra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVC-Intra "AVC-Intra") (2006) [TOD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOD_and_TOD "MOD and TOD") (2007) [iFrame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFrame_$video_format$ "IFrame (video format)") (2009) [XAVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAVC "XAVC") (2012) \| \| [Solid state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_electronics "Solid-state electronics") \| [P2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2_$storage_media$ "P2 (storage media)") (2004) [SxS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDCAM#SxS "XDCAM") (2007) [MicroP2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroP2 "MicroP2") (2012) \| \| Video recorded to film \| [8mm magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film#Standard_8_mm_variants "Standard 8 mm film") [Super 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_film "Super 8 film") [Kinescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinescope "Kinescope") (1947) [Electronicam kinescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicam "Electronicam") (1950s) [Electronic Video Recording](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording "Electronic Video Recording") (1967) \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sony "Template:Sony") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sony "Template talk:Sony") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony "Special:EditPage/Template:Sony")[Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony "Sony") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sony "History of Sony") \| \| \| Founders \| [Masaru Ibuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka "Masaru Ibuka") [Akio Morita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akio_Morita "Akio Morita") \| \| Primary businesses \| [Sony Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions "Sony") [Sony Semiconductor Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions "Sony") [Sony Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures "Sony Pictures") [Sony Music Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Group "Sony Music Group") [Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music "Sony Music") [Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing "Sony Music Publishing") [Extreme Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Music "Extreme Music") [Sony Music Entertainment Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan "Sony Music Entertainment Japan") [Aniplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniplex "Aniplex") [A-1 Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-1_Pictures "A-1 Pictures") [CloverWorks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CloverWorks "CloverWorks") [Hayate Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayate_Inc. "Hayate Inc.") [Sony Interactive Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment "Sony Interactive Entertainment") [PlayStation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation "PlayStation") \| \| [Technologies and brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks "List of Sony trademarks") \| [α (Alpha)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1 "Sony α") [Archival Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_Disc "Archival Disc") [Betacam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam "Betacam") [Bionz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionz "Bionz") [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") [Bravia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravia_$brand$ "Bravia (brand)") [CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") [Cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_$microprocessor$ "Cell (microprocessor)") [Cyber-shot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-shot "Cyber-shot") [Dash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Dash "Sony Dash") [Dream Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Dream_Machine "Sony Dream Machine") [DVD]() [Exmor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmor "Exmor") [FeliCa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeliCa "FeliCa") [Handycam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handycam "Handycam") [HDCAM/HDCAM-SR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCAM "HDCAM") [HMZ-T1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMZ-T1 "HMZ-T1") [Inzone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzone "Inzone") [LocationFree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LocationFree_Player "LocationFree Player") [Memory Stick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Stick "Memory Stick") [MiniDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc "MiniDisc") [MiniDV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_$video_format$ "DV (video format)") [MicroMV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroMV "MicroMV") [mylo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylo_$Sony$ "Mylo (Sony)") [PlayNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayNow_Arena "PlayNow Arena") [PlayStation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation "PlayStation") [Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Reader "Sony Reader") [S/PDIF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/PDIF "S/PDIF") [SDDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound "Sony Dynamic Digital Sound") [8 channel films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films "List of 8 channel SDDS films") [Sony Entertainment Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network "Sony Entertainment Network") [SXRD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display "Silicon X-tal Reflective Display") [Sony Tablet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Tablet "Sony Tablet") [Tunnel diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_diode "Tunnel diode") [TransferJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJet "TransferJet") [UMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc "Universal Media Disc") [Vaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaio "Vaio") [Video8/Hi8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_mm_video_format "8 mm video format")/[Digital8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital8 "Digital8") [Vision-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Vision-S "Sony Vision-S") [Walkman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkman "Walkman") [XDCAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDCAM "XDCAM") [Xperia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Xperia "Sony Xperia") \| \| Historical products \| [AIBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIBO "AIBO") [CV-2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV-2000 "CV-2000") [DAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape "Digital Audio Tape") [Betamax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax "Betamax") [Sony CLIÉ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLI%C3%89 "CLIÉ") [Discman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discman "Discman") [Jumbotron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbotron "Jumbotron") [Lissa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Lissa "Sony Lissa") [Mavica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mavica "Sony Mavica") [NEWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_NEWS "Sony NEWS") [Optiarc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiarc "Optiarc") [PVM-4300](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_PVM-4300 "Sony PVM-4300") [Qualia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia_$Sony$ "Qualia (Sony)") [Rolly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Rolly "Sony Rolly") [TR-55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-55 "TR-55") [Trinitron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitron "Trinitron") [FD series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FD_Trinitron/WEGA "FD Trinitron/WEGA") [1 inch Type C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_C_videotape "Type C videotape") [U-matic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-matic "U-matic") [Vaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaio "Vaio") [Watchman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Watchman "Sony Watchman") [WEGA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEGA "WEGA") \| \| Electronics \| [Sony Creative Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Creative_Software "Sony Creative Software") [FeliCa Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeliCa "FeliCa") (57%) \| \| [Online distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution "Digital distribution") [platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network "Content delivery network") \| \| \| \| \| \| Former/Defunct \| [Sony Entertainment Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network "Sony Entertainment Network") [Sony Connect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Connect "Sony Connect") [PlayNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayNow_Arena "PlayNow Arena") [PlayStation Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Now "PlayStation Now") [PlayStation Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Video "PlayStation Video") [PlayStation Vue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vue "PlayStation Vue") [Anime Digital Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network "Crunchyroll EMEA") [Anime on Demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_on_Demand "Anime on Demand") [AnimeLab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab "Crunchyroll Store Australia") [Crackle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crackle_$service$ "Crackle (service)") [Minisodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Minisode_Network "The Minisode Network") [Funimation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation "Funimation") [PressPlay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PressPlay "PressPlay") [VRV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRV_$streaming_service$ "VRV (streaming service)") [Wakanim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanim "Wakanim") \| \| Other businesses \| [Sony DADC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation "Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation") [Sony Network Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So-net "So-net") [Sony Professional Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Professional_Solutions "Sony Professional Solutions") [Sony Honda Mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility "Sony Honda Mobility") (50%) [M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDLinx "MDLinx") (39.4%) [Vaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaio "Vaio") (4.9%) \| \| Other assets \| [Sony Corporation of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America "Sony Corporation of America") (umbrella company in the US) [Other subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony "List of assets owned by Sony") [List of acquisitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony "List of acquisitions by Sony") [List of libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony "List of libraries owned by Sony") \| \| Nonprofit organizations \| [Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shohoku_College "Shohoku College") \| \| Other \| [Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor "Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor") [Sony timer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_timer "Sony timer") [Sony Technology Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Technology_Center "Sony Technology Center") [Sony Technology Center-Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Technology_Center-Pittsburgh "Sony Technology Center-Pittsburgh") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Panasonic "Template:Panasonic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Panasonic "Template talk:Panasonic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Panasonic "Special:EditPage/Template:Panasonic")[Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Subsidiaries \| \| \| \| \| \| Current \| [Panasonic Avionics Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Avionics_Corporation "Panasonic Avionics Corporation") [Panasonic Cycle Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Cycle_Technology "Panasonic Cycle Technology") [Panasonic Electric Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Electric_Works "Panasonic Electric Works") (acquired in 2012) [Sanyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyo "Sanyo") (acquired in 2009) [Anchor Electricals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Electricals_Pvt._Ltd. "Anchor Electricals Pvt. Ltd.") (acquired in 2007) [Blue Yonder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Yonder "Blue Yonder") (acquired in 2021) \| \| Former \| [JVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC "JVC") (spun off and merged with [Kenwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_Corporation "Kenwood Corporation")) [MCA Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Inc. "MCA Inc.") (including [Universal Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures "Universal Pictures") & [Universal Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Television "Universal Television"); Sold to Seagram's) [Ripcord Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripcord_Games "Ripcord Games") (defunct) [Universal Lighting Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Lighting_Technologies "Universal Lighting Technologies") (sold to Atar capital in 2021) \| \| Brands \| [Eneloop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneloop "Eneloop") Eluga [KDK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDK "KDK") [Lumix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumix "Lumix") [National](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_$brand$ "National (brand)") (phased out) [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_$brand$ "Panasonic (brand)") [Quasar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar_$brand$ "Quasar (brand)") [Sanyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyo "Sanyo") NXT Kaizen [Technics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_$brand$ "Technics (brand)") [Varicam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicam "Varicam") \| \| Products \| \| \| \| \| \| Consoles \| [3DO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO "3DO") [Panasonic M2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_M2 "Panasonic M2") [Panasonic Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Q "Panasonic Q") [Jungle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_$console$ "Jungle (console)") \| \| [Turntables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_$brand$ "Technics (brand)") \| [Technics SL-1200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_SL-1200 "Technics SL-1200") [Technics SL-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_SL-10 "Technics SL-10") [Technics SL-J2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_SL-J2 "Technics SL-J2") \| \| Other \| [Bicycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Cycle_Technology "Panasonic Cycle Technology") [Camcorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Panasonic_camcorders "List of Panasonic camcorders") [CD interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_CD_interface "Panasonic CD interface") [Hospi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospi "Hospi") [MN103](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MN103 "MN103") [Panapet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panapet "Panapet") [Panasonic JR series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushita_JR_series "Matsushita JR series") [Panasonic Toot-a-Loop Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Toot-a-Loop_Radio "Panasonic Toot-a-Loop Radio") [Toughpad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Toughpad "Panasonic Toughpad") [Toughbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Toughbook "Panasonic Toughbook") [Panasonic TR-005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_TR-005 "Panasonic TR-005") [Venus Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Engine "Venus Engine") \| \| Formats and standards \| [Archival Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_Disc "Archival Disc") [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") [D5 HD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_HD "D5 HD") [DVD]() [M-3DI Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-3DI_Standard "M-3DI Standard") [Micro Four Thirds system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds_system "Micro Four Thirds system") [MicroP2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroP2 "MicroP2") [MII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MII_$videocassette_format$ "MII (videocassette format)") [Nintendo optical discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs "Nintendo optical discs") [P2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2_$storage_media$ "P2 (storage media)") [Secure Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital "Secure Digital") [VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS "VHS") [Viera Cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viera_Cast "Viera Cast") [VX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX_$videocassette_format$ "VX (videocassette format)") \| \| People \| [Kōnosuke Matsushita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dnosuke_Matsushita "Kōnosuke Matsushita") [Masaharu Matsushita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaharu_Matsushita "Masaharu Matsushita") [Hiro Matsushita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro_Matsushita "Hiro Matsushita") [Hirofumi Hirano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirofumi_Hirano "Hirofumi Hirano") [Toshio Iue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio_Iue "Toshio Iue") [Kazuhiro Tsuga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuhiro_Tsuga "Kazuhiro Tsuga") \| \| Other \| [Gamba Osaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka "Gamba Osaka") [Osaka Bluteon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Bluteon "Osaka Bluteon") [Panasonic Wild Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Wild_Knights "Panasonic Wild Knights") [Panasonic cycling team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_$cycling_team$ "Panasonic (cycling team)") [Panasonic Toyota Racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_in_Formula_One "Toyota in Formula One") [Panasonic Gobel Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Gobel_Awards "Panasonic Gobel Awards") [Panasonic Impulse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Impulse "Panasonic Impulse") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Panasonic_Corporation "Category:Panasonic Corporation") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lasers "Template:Lasers") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lasers "Template talk:Lasers") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers "Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers")[Lasers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser "Laser") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Types](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types "List of laser types") \| [Chemical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_laser "Chemical laser") [Dye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_laser "Dye laser") [Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_laser "Bubble laser") [Liquid-crystal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser "Liquid-crystal laser") [Gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laser "Gas laser") [Carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser "Carbon dioxide laser") [Excimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excimer_laser "Excimer laser") [Helium–neon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser "Helium–neon laser") [Ion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_laser "Ion laser") [Nitrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_laser "Nitrogen laser") [Free-electron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-electron_laser "Free-electron laser") [Diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode "Laser diode") [Solid-state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_laser "Solid-state laser") [Er:YAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er:YAG_laser "Er:YAG laser") [Nd:YAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser "Nd:YAG laser") [Raman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_laser "Raman laser") [Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_laser "Ruby laser") [Ti-sapphire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser "Ti-sapphire laser") [X-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_laser "X-ray laser") \| \| [Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_science "Laser science") \| [Active medium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_laser_medium "Active laser medium") [Amplified spontaneous emission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission "Amplified spontaneous emission") [Continuous wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_wave "Continuous wave") [Laser ablation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_ablation "Laser ablation") [Laser linewidth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_linewidth "Laser linewidth") [Lasing threshold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasing_threshold "Lasing threshold") [Population inversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_inversion "Population inversion") [Ultrashort pulse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser "Ultrashort pulse laser") \| \| Optics \| [Beam expander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_expander "Beam expander") [Beam homogenizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_homogenizer "Beam homogenizer") [Chirped pulse amplification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification "Chirped pulse amplification") [Gain-switching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain-switching "Gain-switching") [Gaussian beam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_beam "Gaussian beam") [Injection seeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_seeder "Injection seeder") [Laser beam profiler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler "Laser beam profiler") [M squared](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_squared "M squared") [Mode locking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_locking "Mode locking") [Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator "Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator") [Optical amplifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_amplifier "Optical amplifier") [Optical cavity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_cavity "Optical cavity") [Optical isolator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_isolator "Optical isolator") [Output coupler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_coupler "Output coupler") [Q-switching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-switching "Q-switching") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/20px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png)Lists: [Articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_articles "List of laser articles") [Applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_applications "List of laser applications") [Acronyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_acronyms "Laser acronyms") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lasers "Category:Lasers") \| \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5294#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| International \| [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4501545-4) \| \| National \| [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97005636) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13167631m) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13167631m) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01033369) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138612&CON_LNG=ENG) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007534870405171) \| \| Other \| [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/07da5855-84e4-4dca-aa10-5f5a24c72a78) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from 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Readable Markdown	This article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video"). For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see [DVD-Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio"). For other uses, see [DVD (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_$disambiguation$ "DVD (disambiguation)"). "MMCD" redirects here. For Sony's proprietary CD-ROM XA-based multimedia software format, see [Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Multimedia_CD-ROM_Player "Sony Multimedia CD-ROM Player"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DVD_logo.svg/250px-DVD_logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVD_logo.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg/250px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg)The data side of a DVD manufactured by [Sony DADC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_DADC "Sony DADC") \| \| \| Media type \| [Optical disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc "Optical disc") \| \| Capacity \| 4\.7 [GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") (1 side, 1 layer) 8\.5 GB (1 side, 2 layers) 9\.4 GB (2 sides, 1 layer) 17\.08 GB (2 sides, 2 layers) \| \| Read mechanism \| 650 nm [laser diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode "Laser diode"), 10.5 [Mbit/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabit_per_second "Megabit per second") (1×) \| \| Write mechanism \| 650 nm laser diode, 10.5 Mbit/s (1×) \| \| [Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard "International standard") \| [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum")'s DVD Books[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD+RW Alliance specifications \| \| Developed by \| [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony "Sony") [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips") [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") \| \| Dimensions \| [Diameter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter "Diameter"): 120 mm (4.7 in) Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in) \| \| Weight \| 16 g (0.56 oz) \| \| Usage \| [Home video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video "Home video"), [Computer data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage "Computer data storage") \| \| Extended from \| [LaserDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc") [Compact disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") \| \| Extended to \| [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW") [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM") [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD "HD DVD") [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") \| \| Released \| [JP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"): November 1, 1996[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) Asia/[CIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States"): January 1997 [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"): March 24, 1997[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_kingdom "United kingdom"): June 1997 [EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe "Europe"): March 1998[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) [AUS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia")/[NZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"): February 1999 \| DVD (digital video disc or digital versatile disc)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-8) is a [digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media "Digital media") [optical disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc "Optical disc") [data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage "Data storage") format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan"). The medium can store any kind of [digital data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data "Digital data") and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using [DVD players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player")), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than [compact discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") (CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7 [GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Dual-layer, double-sided DVDs can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-9) Prerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using [molding machines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding_machine "Injection molding machine") that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank [recordable DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recordable_DVD "Recordable DVD") discs ([DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R") and [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R")) can be recorded once using a [DVD recorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive "Optical disc drive") and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs ([DVD-RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW "DVD-RW"), [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW"), and [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM")) can be recorded and erased many times. DVDs are used in [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video") consumer digital video format and less commonly in [DVD-Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio") consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special [AVCHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHD#AVCHD_as_distribution_format "AVCHD") format to hold [high definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video "High-definition video") material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format [camcorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder "Camcorder")). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. Etymology The [Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary") comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications."[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-10) "Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-11) and in the [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum")'s mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-12) Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term DVD became popularly used in English as a [noun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun "Noun") to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the phrase "to watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-13) History Development and launch [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/250px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg) [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink "Kees Schouhamer Immink") received a personal technical [Emmy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy "Emmy") award for his contributions to DVD and [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") disc. Released in 1987, [CD Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Video "CD Video") used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs. [Video CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD "Video CD") (VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-14) In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia [Compact Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc "Compact Disc") (MMCD), backed by [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips") and [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony "Sony") (developers of the CD and [CD-i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i "CD-i")), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba"), [Time Warner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner "Time Warner"), [Matsushita Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushita_Electric "Matsushita Electric"), [Hitachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd. "Hitachi, Ltd."), [Mitsubishi Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric "Mitsubishi Electric"), [Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation "Pioneer Corporation"), [Thomson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_SA "Thomson SA"), and [JVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC "JVC"). By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16) On May 3, 1995, an [ad hoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc "Ad hoc"), industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple, [Compaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq "Compaq"), [Hewlett-Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard"), and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-18) The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited [Lou Gerstner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gerstner "Lou Gerstner"), president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips/Sony strongly insisted on the source code, [EFMPlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFMPlus "EFMPlus"), that [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink "Kees Schouhamer Immink") had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-20) As a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 [GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") (4.38 [GiB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibibyte "Gibibyte"))[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-GB-21) for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-22) The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen6-16) Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-23) After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association "Optical Storage Technology Association") (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as [Universal Disk Format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format "Universal Disk Format")) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-24) In November 1995, [Samsung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung "Samsung") announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-25) The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with [music video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video "Music video") releases. The first major releases from [Warner Home Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Home_Video "Warner Home Video") arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-26)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-27) to October 1996,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-28) November 1996,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-29) before finally settling on early 1997.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-30) Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-31)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-32) Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the [Warner Bros.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros. "Warner Bros."), [MGM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"), and [New Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema "New Line Cinema") libraries,[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-33)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-34) with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film [Twister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_$1996_film$ "Twister (1996 film)").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-35) However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the [street date](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_date "Street date").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-36) The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-37)\[[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] [DTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTS_$sound_system_company$ "DTS (sound system company)") announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-38) However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999 [Consumer Electronics Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show "Consumer Electronics Show").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-39) In 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of \$27.34 [US dollars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") in 2022.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-40)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-41) Adoption [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/250px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg) [PlayStation 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"), the first video game console to run DVDs [Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie "Movie") and [home entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video "Home video") distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous [VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS "VHS") tape as the primary consumer video distribution format.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-42) Immediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading [video game console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console "Video game console") companies ([Sega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega "Sega") and [The 3DO Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_3DO_Company "The 3DO Company")) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NGen18-43) Game consoles such as the [PlayStation 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"), [Xbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_$console$ "Xbox (console)"), and [Xbox 360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360") use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using [DLT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape "Digital Linear Tape") tape,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-44) but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-45) [TV DVD combos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_television_unit "Combo television unit"), combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and [VCR/DVD combos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCR/DVD_combo "VCR/DVD combo") were also available for purchase.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-46) For consumers, DVD soon overtook VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-47) By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-48) Specifications [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/250px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg) Comparison of several forms of disk storage. Green denotes start and red denotes end of track. The DVD specifications created and updated by the [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum") are published as so-called DVD Books (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book, [DVD-VR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-VR "DVD-VR") (Video Recording) Book, etc.).[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-book-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvd-books-overview-3) DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both [birefringence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence "Birefringence") and "disc tilt", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-49)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-50) Some specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the [ISO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization "International Organization for Standardization") website.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) There are also equivalent [European Computer Manufacturers Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association "European Computer Manufacturers Association") (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-52) Also, the [DVD+RW Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW_Alliance "DVD+RW Alliance") publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or [DVD+RW DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW_DL "DVD+RW DL"). These DVD formats are also ISO standards.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-53)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-54)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-55)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-56) Some DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US\$5000.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-58) Every subscriber must sign a [non-disclosure agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement "Non-disclosure agreement") as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-dvdbook-subscribe-57) In January 2025, the DVD FLLC announced its own dissolution on January 31, 2025 (together with the DVD Forum itself, according to its charter[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-59)) and the deposit of the DVD specifications at the [National Diet Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library "National Diet Library") of Japan in early 2025.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-60) As of August 2025, the specification documents are only available at the National Diet Library in Tokyo.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-61) Double-sided discs Borrowing from the [LaserDisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc "LaserDisc") format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) Dual-layer discs DVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A/V playback on earlier [DVD players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player"), the length of which varies between hardware.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-62) A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD [keep cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_case "Keep case"). During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of [Toy Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story "Toy Story").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-63) Later in the format's life, larger [data buffers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer "Data buffer") and faster [optical pickups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Optical_pickup_system "Optical disc drive") in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Dual-layer DVDs are recorded using [Opposite Track Path](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_Track_Path "Opposite Track Path") (OTP).[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-64) Combinations of the above The DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-iso-free-51) Both of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets. Note: The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down. DVD recordable and rewritable [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DVD%2BRW.jpg) Sony Rewritable DVD [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg/250px-Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_CRX310S-Internal-PC-DVD-Drive-Opened.jpg) A DVD-ROM drive for a PC [HP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard") initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-66)\[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: [DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R")/[RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RW "DVD-RW"), [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R")/[RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW") (plus), and [DVD-RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAM "DVD-RAM"). DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with [CSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Scramble_System "Content Scramble System") encrypted video content but General discs may not.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-67) Dual-layer recording Dual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows [DVD-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R "DVD-R") and [DVD+R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR "DVD+R") discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7 [gigabyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte") capacities, respectively.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-68) The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-69) [DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL") was developed for the [DVD Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Forum "DVD Forum") by [Pioneer Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation "Pioneer Corporation"); [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL") was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by [Mitsubishi Kagaku Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Kagaku_Media "Mitsubishi Kagaku Media") (MKM) and [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70) Recordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Dual-layer-BurnWorld-70) Capacity \| Designation \| Sides \| Layers (total) \| Diameter (cm) \| Capacity \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| ([GB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte "Gigabyte")) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| DVD-1[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73) \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| 1\.46 \| \| DVD-2 \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 8 \| 2\.65 \| \| DVD-3 \| DS SL \| 2 \| 2 \| 8 \| 2\.92 \| \| DVD-4 \| DS DL \| 2 \| 4 \| 8 \| 5\.31 \| \| DVD-5 \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-9 \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD-10 \| DS SL \| 2 \| 2 \| 12 \| 9\.40 \| \| DVD-14[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD-14-65) \| DS SL+DL \| 2 \| 3 \| 12 \| 13\.24 \| \| DVD-18 \| DS DL \| 2 \| 4 \| 12 \| 17\.08 \| All units are expressed with [SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units")/[IEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission "International Electrotechnical Commission") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png/250px-Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvdpencilrsizecomparison.png) Size comparison: a 12 cm [DVD+RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRW "DVD+RW") and a 19 cm [pencil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil "Pencil") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG/250px-Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvd-burning-cutaway3.JPG) DVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed \| Designation \| Sides \| Layers (total) \| Diameter (cm) \| Capacity \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| (GB) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| DVD-R \| SS SL (1.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 3\.95 \| \| DVD-R \| SS SL (2.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-RW \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD+R \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD+RW \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-R \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.50 \| \| DVD-RW \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD+R \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD+RW \| SS DL \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 8\.54 \| \| DVD-RAM \| SS SL \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| 1\.46\* \| \| DVD-RAM \| DS SL \| 2 \| 1 \| 8 \| 2\.47\* \| \| DVD-RAM \| SS SL (1.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 2\.58 \| \| DVD-RAM \| SS SL (2.0) \| 1 \| 1 \| 12 \| 4\.70 \| \| DVD-RAM \| DS SL (1.0) \| 2 \| 1 \| 12 \| 5\.15 \| \| DVD-RAM \| DS SL (2.0) \| 2 \| 1 \| 12 \| 9\.39\* \| All units are expressed with [SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units")/[IEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission "International Electrotechnical Commission") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). \| Type \| Sectors \| Bytes \| [kB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte "Kilobyte") \| [MB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte "Megabyte") \| GB \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| DVD-R SL \| 2,298,496 \| 4,707,319,808 \| 4,707,320 \| 4,707 \| 4\.7 \| \| DVD+R SL \| 2,295,104 \| 4,700,372,992 \| 4,700,373 \| 4,700 \| 4\.7 \| \| DVD-R DL \| 4,171,712 \| 8,543,666,176 \| 8,543,666 \| 8,544 \| 8\.5 \| \| DVD+R DL \| 4,173,824 \| 8,547,991,552 \| 8,547,992 \| 8,548 \| 8\.5 \| All units are expressed with [SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units "International System of Units")/[IEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission "International Electrotechnical Commission") prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes). DVD drives and players DVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer. [DVD players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player "DVD player") are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read [DVD-Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video "DVD-Video") and [DVD-Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio "DVD-Audio") discs. Transfer rates [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dismdvd.jpg/250px-Dismdvd.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dismdvd.jpg) Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details. Read and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 [kB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte "Kilobyte")/s (1,353 [KiB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte "Kibibyte")/s); this speed is usually called "1×". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB/s (150 KiB/s), about one-ninth as swift.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVD_Demystified-73)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74) \| Drive speed (not rotations) \| Data rate \| ~Write time (minutes)[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-75) \| Revolutions per minute ([constant linear velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity "Constant linear velocity"), CLV)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-76)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-77)[\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-78) \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| [Mbit/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/s "Mbit/s") \| [MB/s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MB/s "MB/s") \| Single-Layer \| Dual-Layer \| \| \| \| 1× \| 11 \| 1\.4 \| 57 \| 103 \| 1400 (inner) 580 (outer)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-OSTA-speeds-74) \| \| 2× \| 22 \| 2\.8 \| 28 \| 51 \| 2800 (inner) 1160 (outer) \| \| 2\.4× \| 27 \| 3\.3 \| 24 \| 43 \| 3360 (inner) 1392 (outer) \| \| 2\.6× \| 29 \| 3\.6 \| 22 \| 40 \| 3640 (inner) 1508 (outer) \| \| 3× \| 33 \| 4\.1 \| 19 \| 34 \| 4200 (inner) 2320 (outer) \| \| 4× \| 44 \| 5\.5 \| 14 \| 26 \| 5600 (inner) 2900 (outer) \| \| 6× \| 67 \| 8\.3 \| 9 \| 17 \| 8400 (inner) 3480 (outer) \| \| 8× \| 89 \| 11\.1 \| 7 \| 13 \| 4640 ([CAV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity"); no longer uses pure CLV) \| \| 10× \| 111 \| 13\.9 \| 6 \| 10 \| 5800 \| \| 12× \| 133 \| 16\.6 \| 5 \| 9 \| 6960 \| \| 16× \| 177 \| 22\.2 \| 4 \| 6 \| 9280 \| \| 18× \| 199 \| 24\.9 \| 3 \| 6 \| 10440 \| \| 20× \| 222 \| 27\.7 \| 3 \| 5 \| 11600 \| \| 22× \| 244 \| 30\.5 \| 3 \| 5 \| 12760 \| \| 24× \| 266 \| 33\.2 \| 2 \| 4 \| 13920 \| DVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000 [RPM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_per_minute "Rotations per minute") vs 23000 for CDs.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-79) In practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-82) DVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either [constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity") (CAV), [constant linear velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity "Constant linear velocity") (CLV), [Partial constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_constant_angular_velocity "Partial constant angular velocity") (P-CAV) or [Zoned Constant Linear Velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoned_constant_linear_velocity "Zoned constant linear velocity") (Z-CLV or ZCLV).[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-83) Due to the slightly lower data density of [dual layer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Dual-layer_discs) DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× ([constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity")) for [half-height](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors "Optical disc drive") optical drives released since around 2005,[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-88) and [slim type optical drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Form_factors "Optical disc drive") are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-HL-DT-ST-Discontinued-89)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-TSST-Manuals-81)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-Pioneer-Archive-80) Disc quality measurements [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png/250px-QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QPxTool_DVD_error_rate_graph.png) Error rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range. The quality and [data integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity "Data integrity") of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by [deteriorating media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_rot "Disc rot") can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-qpx-90) The types of errors that can occur on a DVD are a PIE (Parity Inner Error), 8PIE (Parity Inner Sum Eight Error), PIF (Parity Inner Failure), POE (Parity Outer Error), and POF (Parity Outer Failure), the last of which indicates data loss. Too many small errors within a small space create a POF condition. The difference between POE and POF is that a POE is generated on a first failed read attempt whereas a POF indicates an uncorrectable error after repeated attempts to read the data.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-92) Support of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-QPx-Glossary-91)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-LightByte-93) Unreadable data can be found using any drive using general-purpose tools like [badblocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badblocks "Badblocks"). DVD-Video DVD-Video is a standard for distributing video/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-faqjimtay-4) in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the [69th Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards "69th Academy Awards") that day;[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-uslaunchdate-5) in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-europelaunchdate-6) Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-94) Security The purpose of CSS is twofold: 1. CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an [MPEG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group "Moving Picture Experts Group") (digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD. 2. CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system ([region codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code "DVD region code"), [Macrovision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrovision "Macrovision"), and [user operation prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_operation_prohibition "User operation prohibition")) be implemented.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-95) Successors and decline In 2006, two new formats called [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD "HD DVD") and [Blu-ray Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray "Blu-ray") were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the [format war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_war "Format war") of [2006–2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war "High-definition optical disc format war"). A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-96)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-97) However, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD would gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-98)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-99) Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-100) By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-101) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG/250px-DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVDs_on_Library_Shelves.JPG) A [library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library "Library") offering [physical media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_media "Physical media") including DVDs DVDs started to face competition from [video on demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand "Video on demand") services around 2015 or 2016.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-102)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-103)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-104)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-105) With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-106) Until the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as [Star Trek: The Original Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series "Star Trek: The Original Series"), could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-107) Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes. [Star Trek: The Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation "Star Trek: The Next Generation") was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-108) By the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall, [subscription streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services "List of streaming media services") of TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-109) By 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where [Ultra HD Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray "Ultra HD Blu-ray") and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-110) The decline continued further into the 2020s with the closure of [RedBox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbox "Redbox") in 2024, Best Buy and Target stopped selling DVDs in 2023, and the cease of by mail service by Netflix in 2025.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-111) Longevity Longevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) According to [NIST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST "NIST"), "\[a\] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH \[Relative Humidity\] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage."[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-113) As with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-114) According to the [Optical Storage Technology Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Storage_Technology_Association "Optical Storage Technology Association") (OSTA), "Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM."[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-115) According to a NIST/[LoC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress") research project conducted in 2005–2007 using [accelerated life testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing "Accelerated life testing"), "There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions." The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112)\[[dubious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement "Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute") – [discuss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:DVD#DVD_lifetime "Talk:DVD")\] \| Disc type \| 0–15 years \| 15–30 years \| 30–45 years \| over 45 years \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| DVD-R \| 20% \| 20% \| 0% \| 60% \| \| DVD+R \| 20% \| 0% \| 40% \| 40% \| \| DVD-RW \| 0% \| 0% \| 50% \| 50% \| \| DVD+RW \| 0% \| 33\.3% \| 33\.3% \| 33\.3%[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-NIST-final-112) \| 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DVD-R DVD+R DVD-RW DVD+RW - 0–15 years - 15–30 years - 30–45 years - over 45 years See also - [Book type](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_type "Book type") - [Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_popular_optical_data-storage_systems "Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems") - [Digital video recorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder "Digital video recorder") - [DVD authoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_authoring "DVD authoring") - [DVD region code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code "DVD region code") - DVD single – [Music video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video "Music video") - DVD TV game – [Interactive film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_film "Interactive film") - [Glossary of computer hardware terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms "Glossary of computer hardware terms") - [Hard disk drive performance characteristics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics "Hard disk drive performance characteristics") - [M-DISC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-DISC "M-DISC") - [Professional Disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Disc "Professional Disc") - [Ripping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripping "Ripping") Notes 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-GB_21-0) 1 GB is one billion [bytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytes "Bytes") 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-26) The four titles being [The Fugitive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fugitive_$1993_film$ "The Fugitive (1993 film)"), [Blade Runner: Director's Cut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner "Blade Runner"), [Eraser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraser_$film$ "Eraser (film)"), and [Assassins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassins_$1995_film$ "Assassins (1995 film)"). 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-31) These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-34) Three additional titles, including [GoldenEye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoldenEye "GoldenEye"); are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-75) The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (\>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-78) Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a [constant angular velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_angular_velocity "Constant angular velocity") number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same [constant linear velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity "Constant linear velocity") number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-88) The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the [Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Electronics "Pioneer Electronics") DVR-107 (2004).[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVR-107-84)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-DVR-A06-brochure-85) Later optical drives such as the [HL data storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HL_data_storage&action=edit&redlink=1 "HL data storage (page does not exist)") GSA-H10N (2006)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-86) have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on [recordable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recordable "DVD recordable") dual-layer media ([DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL"), [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL")), and [TSSTcorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSSTcorp "TSSTcorp") SH-S202/S203/TS-H653B (2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on [DVD-R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R_DL "DVD-R DL") and [DVD+R DL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL "DVD+R DL") respectively, on quality media from selected vendors.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_note-87) References 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-book_1-1) ["DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book"](http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html). Dvdfllc.co.jp. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100425061731/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html) from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books_2-1) ["DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book"](http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_histry.html). Dvdfllc.co.jp. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100202031353/http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_histry.html) from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 3. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-dvd-books-overview_3-1) ["BOOKS OVERVIEW"](http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/General/Books.html). Mpeg.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100501012533/http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/General/Books.html) from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 4. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-faqjimtay_4-2) Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997). ["DVD Frequently Asked Questions (with answers!)"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970329103433/http://www.videodiscovery.com/vdyweb/dvd/dvdfaq.html). Video Discovery. Archived from [the original](http://www.videodiscovery.com/vdyweb/dvd/dvdfaq.html) on March 29, 1997. Retrieved August 20, 2019. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-uslaunchdate_5-2) - Johnson, Lawrence B. (September 7, 1997). ["For the DVD, Disney Magic May Be the Key"](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/07/movies/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081959/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/07/movies/for-the-dvd-disney-magic-may-be-the-key.html) from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2009. - Copeland, Jeff B. (March 23, 1997). ["Oscar Day Is Also DVD Day"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970411035822/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,841,00.html). E! Online. Archived from [the original](http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,841,00.html) on April 11, 1997. Retrieved August 21, 2019. - Staff (March 24, 1997). ["Creative Does DVD"](https://web.archive.org/web/19980218070742/http://www.pcgamer.com/news/news-1997-03-24.html). PC Gamer. Archived from [the original](http://www.pcgamer.com/news/news-1997-03-24.html) on February 18, 1998. Retrieved December 5, 2019. 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-europelaunchdate_6-1) Andrews, Sam (March 28, 1998). ["DVD Gets 'Soft Launch' In Britain"](https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-03-28.pdf) (PDF). Billboard. New York, NY. Retrieved November 26, 2023. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-7)* Popular Mechanics, June 1997, p. 69; 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-8) Jim Taylor, DVD demystified, McGraw Hill, 1998, 1st edition, p. 405 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-9) ["CD/DVD comparison chart"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220630133910/https://h71036.www7.hp.com/hho/cache/315534-0-0-225-121.html). h71036.www7.hp.com. Archived from [the original](https://h71036.www7.hp.com/hho/cache/315534-0-0-225-121.html) on June 30, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-10) [Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary"), DVD. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-11) ["DVD Primer"](http://www.dvdforum.org/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1). DVD Forum. September 6, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100609050219/http://www.dvdforum.org/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1) from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2013. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-12) ["DVD Forum's Mission"](http://www.dvdforum.org/about-mission.htm). DVD Forum. January 14, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140510230628/http://www.dvdforum.org/about-mission.htm) from the original on May 10, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-13) ["DVD noun"](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dvd). Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065116/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dvd) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2022. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-14) [Super Video Compact Disc, A Technical Explanation](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080528131354/http://www.ip.philips.com/view_attachment/2450/sl00812.pdf) (PDF), [Philips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips "Philips") System Standards and Licensing, 1998, p. 2, archived from [the original](http://www.ip.philips.com/view_attachment/2450/sl00812.pdf) (PDF) on May 28, 2008, retrieved February 13, 2008 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-15) "WCES: The Calm Before the Storm". [Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_$magazine$ "Next Generation (magazine)") (3). [Imagine Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media "Imagine Media"): 18. March 1995. 16. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NGen6_16-1) "DVD Plagued by Double Standards". [Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_$magazine$ "Next Generation (magazine)")* (6). [Imagine Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media "Imagine Media"): 16–17\. June 1995. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-17) ["Requirements for Future High-Capacity Compact-Disc Format Announced by Computer Industry Technical Group"](https://web.archive.org/web/19981202113012/http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1995/q3/950503.pr.rel.cd.html). Apple Computer. May 3, 1995. Archived from [the original](http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1995/q3/950503.pr.rel.cd.html) on December 2, 1998. Retrieved December 1, 2021. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-18) "Electronic Giants Battle On". [Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_$magazine$ "Next Generation (magazine)") (11). [Imagine Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media "Imagine Media"): 19. November 1995. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-19) [Kees Schouhamer Immink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink "Kees Schouhamer Immink") (1995). ["EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3179483). IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. CE-41: 491–497\. "A high-density alternative to EFM is described." 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-20) [U.S. patent 5,696,505](https://patents.google.com/patent/US5696505), EFMPlus Patent, applied in DVD, [DVD±RW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%C2%B1RW "DVD±RW"), [SACD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD "Super Audio CD") 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-22) "DVD: coming soon to your PC?". [Computer Shopper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Shopper_$US_magazine$ "Computer Shopper (US magazine)"). 16 (3): 189. March 1, 1996. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-23) ["Nokia Welcomes Single Standard for Next Generation High Density Optical Disc Format"](https://web.archive.org/web/19961220013314/http://www.nokia.com/news/news_htmls/nokia_950926.html) (Press release). Nokia. September 26, 1995. Archived from [the original](http://www.nokia.com/news/news_htmls/nokia_950926.html) on December 20, 1996. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-24) ["DVD Format Unification"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970501192002/http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1995_12/pr0802.htm) (Press release). Toshiba. December 8, 1995. Archived from [the original](http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1995_12/pr0802.htm) on May 1, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-25) Souter, Gerry (2017) \[1997\]. ["DVD: The Five-Inch Digital Video Disc"](https://books.google.com/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181). Buying and Selling Multimedia Services. [CRC Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press "CRC Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-136-13437-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-13437-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-136-13437-1") . [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230313111419/https://books.google.com/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181) from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2020. 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-27) ["DVD Is Go!"](https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230413/http://www.iac.co.jp/~jpn/jan96/jp3.html). Japan Press Network. January 17, 1996. Archived from [the original](http://www.iac.co.jp/~jpn/jan96/jp3.html) on January 16, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021. 26. 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180216020619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3335984/DVD-kills-the-video-show-as-digital-age-takes-over.html) from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 39. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NGen18_43-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NGen18_43-1) "DVD Game Consoles?". [Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_$magazine$ "Next Generation (magazine)"). No. 18. [Imagine Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media "Imagine Media"). June 1996. p. 40. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-44)* ["DVD Authoring — What is DLT?"](http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/what-is-dlt.html). HellmanProduction.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190924120402/http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/what-is-dlt.html) from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2020. 41. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-103) ["Amazon.com: Customer Discussions: When will DVDs be obsolete?"](https://www.amazon.com/forum/movie?_encoding=UTF8&cdForum=Fx2E577OZX17PPI&cdThread=TxQZAH1GWRJW8V). Amazon.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105306/http://www.amazon.com/forum/movie?_encoding=UTF8&cdForum=Fx2E577OZX17PPI&cdThread=TxQZAH1GWRJW8V) from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016. 97. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-104) Romano, Nick (June 5, 2014). ["Is the DVD Becoming Obsolete?"](http://screencrush.com/dvd-sales-decline-study/). ScreenCrush. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025847/http://screencrush.com/dvd-sales-decline-study/) from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2016. 98. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-105) ["DVD Going The Way Of VHS In 2016 – CINEMABLEND"](http://www.cinemablend.com/new/DVD-Going-Way-VHS-2016-43349.html). Cinemablend.com. June 6, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150412082730/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/DVD-Going-Way-VHS-2016-43349.html) from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2016. 99. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-106) Sweney, Mark (January 5, 2017). ["Film and TV streaming and downloads overtake DVD sales for first time"](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/05/film-and-tv-streaming-and-downloads-overtake-dvd-sales-for-first-time-netflix-amazon-uk). Theguardian.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103030245/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/05/film-and-tv-streaming-and-downloads-overtake-dvd-sales-for-first-time-netflix-amazon-uk) from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2017. 100. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-107) ["Kirk/Spock STAR TREK To Get All-New HD Spaceships"](https://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=24344). Aintitcool.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121209225024/http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=24344) from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2009. 101. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-108) Burt, Kayti (February 6, 2017). ["Star Trek: DS9 & Voyager HD Blu-Ray Will Likely Never Happen"](https://www.denofgeek.com/us/dvd-bluray/star-trek/261992/star-trek-ds9-voyager-hd-blu-ray-will-likely-never-happen). Den of Geek. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181017133029/http://www.denofgeek.com/us/dvd-bluray/star-trek/261992/star-trek-ds9-voyager-hd-blu-ray-will-likely-never-happen) from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2019. 102. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-109) Witten, Sarah (November 8, 2019). ["The death of the DVD - Why sales fell more than 86 percent in 13 years"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/08/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html). CNBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200329212906/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/08/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html) from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2023. 103. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-110) Svetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022). ["DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive"](https://www.whathifi.com/news/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive). What Hi-Fi. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230315205237/https://www.whathifi.com/news/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive) from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023. 104. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-111) Steiner, Robert (February 28, 2025). ["It's Official: The DVD Business Died Last Year"](https://variety.com/vip/rip-dvd-business-2024-1236322977/). Variety. Retrieved October 30, 2025. 105. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NIST-final_112-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NIST-final_112-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-NIST-final_112-2) [Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study](https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170228225405/http://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rt/NIST_LC_OpticalDiscLongevity.pdf) February 28, 2017, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Loc.gov, September 2007 (table derived from figure 7) 106. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-113)* Chang, Wo (August 21, 2007). ["NIST Digital Media Group: docs/disccare"](http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/disccare.html). National Institute of Standards and Technology. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130104223809/http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/disccare.html) from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013. 107. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-114) ["How Long Do CDs/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot"](https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years). Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220718063955/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot/#:~:text=Generally%20speaking%2C%20discs%20with%20recorded,of%2020%20to%20100%20years) from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022. 108. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#cite_ref-115) ["Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity"](http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa11.htm). Osta.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100502085258/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa11.htm) from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017. Further reading - Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). ["Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD"](http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/). Optical Storage Technology Association. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204073515/http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/) from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2006. - Labarge, Ralph (2001). DVD Authoring and Production. Gilroy, California: CMP Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-57820-082-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57820-082-2 "Special:BookSources/1-57820-082-2") . - Taylor, Jim (2000). [DVD Demystified](https://archive.org/details/dvddemystified00tayl) (2nd ed.). New York: [McGraw-Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill "McGraw-Hill") Professional. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-07-135026-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-135026-8 "Special:BookSources/0-07-135026-8") . External links - [![Wikibooks logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) [All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/All_About_Converting_From_Several_Video_Formats_To_DVD "wikibooks:All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD") at Wikibooks - [Dvddemystified.com: DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers](https://web.archive.org/web/20090822172353/http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html) - [Dual Layer Explained](https://www.burnworld.com/howto/articles/intro-to-dual-layer.htm) – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [DVD](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DVD "commons:Category:DVD").
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