🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa158)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening","crawl_time":1749492386,"first_indexed_time":1434654411,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Climate-friendly gardening - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Low greenhouse gases gardening Climate-friendly gardening  is a form of  gardening  that can reduce emissions of  greenhouse gases  from  gardens  and encourage the absorption of  carbon dioxide  by  soils  and  plants  in order to aid the reduction of  global warming . [ 1 ] \nTo be a  climate-friendly gardener  means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it as well as the impact they have on  land use  and  climate . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] \nIt can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce  greenhouse gas emissions  through processes not directly related to gardening. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Orchard garden showing orchard trees, herbaceous perennials and ground-cover plants, at Hergest Croft Gardens, Herefordshire, Britain Land use and greenhouse gases [ edit ] The burning of  fossil fuels  is the main source of the excess  greenhouse gases  causing  climate change , but there are other sources to consider as well. A special report from the  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  (IPCC) estimated that, in the last 150 years, fossil fuels and  cement production  have been responsible for only about two-thirds of climate change while the other third has been caused by human  land use . [ 6 ] The three main greenhouse gases produced by  unsustainable  land use are  carbon dioxide ,  methane , and  nitrous oxide . [ 4 ] [ 7 ] Black carbon , or  soot , can also be a product of unsustainable land use, and, despite not being a gas, it can behave like greenhouse gases and contribute to climate change. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Carbon dioxide , CO 2 , is a natural part of the  carbon cycle , but human  land uses  often creates excess amounts, especially from  habitat destruction  and the  cultivation  of  soil . When  woodlands ,  wetlands , and other natural  habitats  are turned into  pasture ,  arable fields , buildings and roads, the  carbon held in the soil  and vegetation becomes extra carbon dioxide and  methane  to extract more heat in the  atmosphere . [ 6 ] Gardeners  may cause extra carbon dioxide to be added to the atmosphere in several ways:\n Methane , CH 4 , is a natural part of the  carbon cycle , but human  land uses  often add more, especially from  anaerobic soil , artificial  wetlands  such as  rice fields , and from the  guts  of  farm animals , especially  ruminants  such as  cattle  and  sheep . [ 22 ] Gardeners  may cause extra methane to be added to the atmosphere in several ways:\n Compacting  soil so that it becomes anaerobic, for example by treading on soil when it is wet; Allowing  compost  heaps to become compacted and anaerobic; [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Creating homemade liquid feed by putting the leaves of plants such as  comfrey under water , with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they  decay ; Killing pernicious  weeds  by covering them with water, with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they decay; Allowing  ponds  to become anaerobic, for example, by adding unsuitable  fish  species which stir up sediment that then blocks light from and kills  submerged oxygenating plants . [ 24 ] Nitrous oxide , N 2 O, is a natural part of the  nitrogen cycle , but human  land uses  often add more. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Gardeners may cause extra nitrous oxide to be added to the atmosphere by:\n Using synthetic nitrogen  fertilizer , for example \"weed and feed\" on  lawns , especially if it is applied when plants are not actively growing, the soil is compacted, or when other factors are limiting so that the plants cannot make use of the nitrogen; [ 20 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Compacting the soil, such as by working in the garden when the soil is wet, which will increase the conversion of  nitrates  to nitrous oxide by soil bacteria; [ 27 ] Burning garden waste on  bonfires . Black carbon is not a gas, but it acts like a greenhouse gas because it can be  suspended  in the atmosphere and absorb  heat . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Gardeners may cause extra black carbon to be added to the atmosphere by burning garden  prunings  and  weeds  on bonfires, especially if the waste is wet and becomes black carbon in the form of soot. [ 5 ]  Gardeners are also responsible for extra black carbon produced when they buy garden products which have been transported by vehicles powered by  fossil fuel  especially the  diesel  used in most  lorries .\n Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide [ edit ] There are many ways in which climate-friendly gardeners may reduce their contribution to climate change and help their gardens absorb  carbon dioxide  from the atmosphere. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 12 ] [ 27 ] [ 29 ] Climate-friendly gardeners can find good ideas in many other  sustainable  approaches:\n Protecting and enhancing carbon stores [ edit ] Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens [ edit ] Woodland and wetland in the New Forest, Hampshire Woodland and trees in Herefordshire Kitchen garden at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent, showing greenhouse, waterbutt, box hedging and vegetable beds Alliums, lavender, box and other water-thrifty plants in the dry garden at Cambridge Botanic Garden Climate-friendly gardening includes actions which protect  carbon stores  beyond gardens. The biggest carbon stores in land are in soil; the two habitat types with the biggest carbon stores per hectare are  woods  and  wetlands ; and woods absorb more carbon dioxide per hectare per year than most other habitats. Climate-friendly gardeners therefore aim to ensure that nothing they do will harm these habitats.\n According to Morison and Morecroft (eds.)'s  Plant Growth and Climate Change , [ 30 ]  the  net primary productivity  (the net amount of carbon absorbed each year) of various habitats  is:\n The  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's Special Report  Land use, land-use change, and forestry [ 6 ]  lists the carbon contained in different global habitats as:\n Wetlands: 643 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 43 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 686 tonnes carbon per hectare; Tropical forests: 123 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 120 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 243 tonnes carbon per hectare; Temperate forests: 96 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 57 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 153 tonnes carbon per hectare; Temperate grasslands: 164 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 7 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 171 tonnes carbon per hectare; Croplands: 80 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 2 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 82 tonnes carbon per hectare. The figures quoted above are global averages. More recent research in 2009 has found that the habitat with the world's highest known total carbon density - 1,867 tonnes of carbon per hectare - is temperate moist forest of  Eucalyptus regnans  in the Central Highlands of south-east  Australia ; and, in general, that temperate forests contain more carbon than either  boreal forests  or tropical forests. [ 31 ] Carbon stores in Britain [ edit ] According to Milne and Brown's 1997 paper \"Carbon in the vegetation and soils of Great Britain\", [ 32 ] Britain 's  vegetation  and soil are estimated to contain 9952 million tonnes of carbon, of which almost all is in the soil, and most in  Scottish peatland  soil:\n Soils in Scotland: 6948 million tonnes carbon; Soils in  England  and  Wales : 2890 million tonnes carbon; Vegetation in British  woods  and  plantations  (which cover only 11% of Britain's land area): 91 million tonnes carbon; Other vegetation: 23 million tonnes carbon. A 2005 report [ 33 ]  suggested that British woodland soil may contain as much as 250 tonnes of carbon per hectare.\n Many studies of  soil carbon  only study the carbon in the top 30 centimetres, but soil is often much deeper than that, especially below woodland. One 2009 study of the  United Kingdom 's  carbon stores  by Keith Dyson and others gives figures for soil carbon down to 100 cm below the  habitats , including \"Forestland\", \"Cropland\" and \"Grassland\", covered by the  Kyoto Protocol  reporting requirements. [ 34 ] Forestland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 160 (England), 428 (Scotland), 203 (Wales), and 366 ( Northern Ireland ). Grassland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 148 (England), 386 (Scotland), 171 (Wales), and 304 (Northern Ireland). Cropland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 110 (England), 159 (Scotland), 108 (Wales), and 222 (Northern Ireland). Protecting carbon stores in wetland [ edit ] Permeable paving of wood chip with birch-log edging at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley A ground-cover and rain-garden plant,  Symphytum grandiflorum  (creeping comfrey), with  Cotinus coggygria Climate-friendly gardeners choose  peat -free  composts [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 12 ]  because some of the planet's biggest  carbon stores  are in  soil , and especially in the  peatland  soil of  wetlands .\n The  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's Special Report  Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry  gives a figure of 2011 gigatonnes of carbon for global carbon stocks in the top 1 metre of soils, much more than the carbon stores in the vegetation or the atmosphere. [ 6 ] Climate-friendly gardeners also avoid using  tapwater  not only because of the  greenhouse gases  emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to treat and pump water, [ 1 ]  but because if water is taken from wetlands, the carbon stores are more likely to be oxidized to  carbon dioxide . [ 6 ] A climate-friendly garden therefore does not contain large  irrigated lawns , but instead includes  water-butts  to collect  rainwater , water-thrifty plants which survive on rainwater and do not need watering after they are established,  trees ,  shrubs  and  hedges  to  shelter  gardens from the drying effects of  sun  and  wind , and  groundcover  plants and  organic mulch  to protect the soil and keep it moist. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] p. 242 [ 12 ] p. 80–82 [ 35 ] Climate-friendly gardeners will ensure that any paved surfaces in their gardens (which are kept to a minimum to increase carbon stores) are  permeable , [ 12 ]  and may also make  rain gardens , sunken areas into which rainwater from buildings and paving is directed, so that the rain can then be fed back into  groundwater  rather than going into  storm drains . The plants in rain gardens must be able to grow in both dry and wet soils. [ 2 ] [ 36 ] Protecting carbon stores in woodland [ edit ] Wetlands may store the most carbon in their soils, but woods store more carbon in their living  biomass  than any other type of vegetation, and their soils store the most carbon after wetlands. [ 6 ]  Climate-friendly gardeners therefore ensure that any wooden products they buy, such as  garden furniture , have been made of wood from  sustainably managed  woodland.\n Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens [ edit ] Juglans elaeopyren  (American walnut) at Cambridge Botanic Garden After  rocks containing carbonate compounds , soil is known to be the biggest  store of carbon  on land. [ 6 ] \nCarbon is found in  soil organic matter , including living organisms ( plant roots ,  fungi ,  animals ,  protists ,  bacteria ), dead organisms, and  humus . [ 4 ] \nOne study of the environmental benefits of gardens estimates that 86% of carbon stores in gardens is in the soil. [ 37 ] Wild strawberries in flower below a British hedge The first priorities for climate-friendly gardeners are therefore, to:\n Protect the soil's existing carbon stores; Increase the soil's carbon stores. Choose low-emission garden products and practices. Preventing erosion and keeping weeds down. Planting of trees and shrubs. By heat-trapping nitrous oxide emissions related to fertilizer use and generous watering. To protect the soil, climate-friendly gardens:\n Mulch of woodchips protecting soil at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley in Surrey Climate-friendly gardeners avoid things which may harm the soil. They do not tread on the soil when it is wet, because it is by then most vulnerable to compaction. They  dig  and  till  the soil as little as possible, and only when the soil is moist rather than wet, because cultivation increases the  oxidation  of soil organic matter and produces  carbon dioxide . [ 2 ] [ 12 ] p. 54–55 [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 40 ] To increase soil carbon stores, climate-friendly gardeners ensure that their gardens create optimal conditions for various vigorous healthy growth of plants, and other garden organisms above and below the ground, and reduce the impact of any  limiting factors .\n In general, the more  biomass  that the plants can create each year, the more carbon at which will be added to the soil. [ 12 ] p. 54–55 [ 39 ] \nHowever, only some biomass each year becomes long-term  soil carbon  or humus. In  Soil Carbon and Organic Farming , a 2009 report from the  Soil Association , Gundula Azeez discusses several  factors  which increase how much biomass is turned into humus. These include good  soil structure ,  soil organisms  such as fine  root hairs ,  microorganisms ,  mycorrhizas  and  earthworms  which increases  soil aggregation , residues from plants (such as trees and shrubs) which have a high level content of resistant chemicals such as  lignin , and plant residues with a  carbon to nitrogen ratio  lower than about 32:1. [ 41 ] Nitrogen-fixing nodules on Wisteria roots (hazelnut for scale) Climate-friendly gardens therefore include:\n Hedges for shelter from wind; [ 38 ] [ 39 ] A light canopy of late-leafing  deciduous  trees to let in enough  sunlight  for growth but not so much that the garden becomes too hot and dry [ 39 ]  (this is one of the principles behind many  agroforestry  systems, such as  Paulownia 's use in China partly because it is late-leafing and its  canopy  is sparse so that  crops  below it get shelter but also enough light [ 42 ] ); Groundcover plants and organic mulches (such as  woodchips  over  compost  made from kitchen and garden \"waste\") to keep soil moist and at relatively stable temperatures; [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Reducing the use of gas-powered lawn and garden equipment in favor of electric-powered devices. Instead of a leaf blower, using a rake or broom will cut down on gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Nitrogen-fixing plants , because soil nitrogen may be a limiting factor (but climate-friendly gardeners avoid  synthetic nitrogen fertilizers , because these may cause mycorrhizal associations to break down); [ 39 ] Many layers [ 39 ]  of plants, including  woody  plants such as trees [ 12 ]  and shrubs, other  perennials , groundcover plants, deep-rooted plants, all chosen according to 'right plant, right place', [ 43 ] [ 44 ]  so that they are suited to their growing conditions and will grow well; A wide  diversity  of  disease-resistant , vigorous plants for  resilience  and to make the most of all available  ecological niches ; [ 37 ] [ 39 ] Plants to  feed and shelter  wildlife, to increase total biomass, and to ensure  biological control  of pests and diseases. [ 45 ] [ 13 ] [ 46 ] Soil amendments  from  waste products  such as compost made from garden and kitchen \"waste\" [ 12 ]  and biochar from pyrolyzed dried, dead wood. [ 15 ] Maximise the ventilation and shading around the home as much as possible during the summer. Lawns, like other grasslands, can build up good levels of  soil carbon , [ 41 ]  but they will grow much more vigorously and store more carbon if besides  grasses , they also contain nitrogen-fixing plants such as  clover , [ 4 ]  and if they are cut down using a  mulching mower  which returns finely-chopped mowings to the lawn. More carbon, however, may be stored by other perennial plants such as trees [ 12 ]  and shrubs and they also do not need to be maintained using  power tools .\n Climate-friendly gardeners will also aim to increase biodiversity not only for the sake of the wildlife itself, but so that the garden ecosystem is resilient and more likely to store as much carbon as possible as long as possible. They will therefore avoid pesticides, [ 12 ]  and increase the diversity of the habitats within their gardens.\n Reducing greenhouse gas emissions [ edit ] Climate-friendly gardeners can directly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from their own gardens, but can also use their gardens to indirectly reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere.\n Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [ edit ] Climate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce  greenhouse gases  elsewhere, for example by using the sun and wind to dry  washing  on  washing lines  in the garden instead of using  electricity generated  by  fossil fuel  to dry washing in  tumble dryers .\n Walnut ( Juglans regia ) with ripening walnuts Food is a major contributor to climate change. In the United Kingdom, according to Tara Garnett of the  Food Climate Research Network , food contributes 19% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. [ 47 ] Soil is the biggest  store of carbon  on  land . It is therefore important to protect the  soil organic matter  in  farmland . Farm animals; however, especially free-range pigs, may cause erosion, and also the cultivation of the soil increases the  oxidation  of soil organic matter into  carbon dioxide . [ 40 ]  Other sources of greenhouse gases from farmland include: compaction caused by farm machinery or overgrazing by  farm animals  can make soil  anaerobic  and produce  methane , which is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices, land use and by the decay of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills; farm animals produce methane; and  nitrogen fertilizers  can be converted to  nitrous oxide  which is also emitted during agricultural, land use, and industrial activities; combustion of fossil fuels and solid wastes; as well as during treatment of wastewater.\n Most farmland consists of  fields growing annual arable crops  which are eaten directly by people or fed to farm animals, and  grassland  used as  pasture ,  hay  or  silage  to feed farm animals. Some  perennial food plants  are also grown, such as  fruits  and  nuts  in  orchards , and  watercress  grown in water.\n Although all cultivation of the soil in arable fields produces carbon dioxide, some arable crops cause more damage to soil than others.  Root crops  such as  potatoes  and  sugar-beet , and crops which are harvested not just once a year but over a long period such as  green vegetables and salads , are considered \"high risk\" in  catchment-sensitive farming . [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Climate-friendly gardeners therefore grow at least some of their food, [ 12 ]  and may choose  food crops  which therefore help to keep carbon in farmland  soils  if they grow such high-risk crops in small  vegetable plots  in their gardens, where it is easier to protect the soil than in large fields under  commercial  pressures. Climate-friendly gardeners may grow and eat plants such as sweet  cicely  which sweeten food, and so reduce the land area needed for sugar-beet. [ 50 ]  \nThey may also choose to grow  perennial  food plants to not only reduce their indirect greenhouse gas emissions from farmland, but also to increase carbon stores in their own gardens. [ 39 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Grassland contains more carbon per hectare than arable fields, but farm animals, especially  ruminants  such as  cattle  or  sheep , produce large amounts of methane, directly and from manure heaps and slurry. [ 22 ]  Slurry and manure may also produce nitrous oxide. [ 28 ] [ 53 ]  \nGardeners who want to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions can help themselves to eat less  meat  and  dairy produce  by growing  nut  trees which are a good source of  tasty ,  protein -rich  food , including  walnuts  which are an excellent source of the  omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid . [ 54 ] Researchers and farmers are investigating and improving ways of farming which are more sustainable, such as  agroforestry ,  forest farming ,  wildlife-friendly farming ,  soil management ,  catchment-sensitive farming  (or water-friendly farming [ 55 ] ). For example, the organisation  Farming Futures  assists farmers in the United Kingdom to reduce their farms' greenhouse gas emissions. [ 56 ] Farmers are aware that consumers are increasingly asking for \"green credentials\". Gardeners who understand climate-friendly practices can advocate their use by farmers. [ 1 ] Nitrogen-fixing and edible -  Elaeagnus umbellatus  at the Agroforestry Research Trust forest garden in Devon Climate-friendly gardeners aim to reduce their consumption in general. [ 12 ]  In particular, they try to avoid or reduce their consumption of tapwater because of the greenhouse gases emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to supply the energy needed to treat and pump it to them. [ 1 ]  Instead, gardeners can garden using only rainwater. [ 2 ] [ 35 ] Greenhouse gases are produced in the  manufacture  of many materials and products used by  gardeners . For example, it takes a lot of  energy  to produce  synthetic fertilizers , especially nitrogen fertilizers.  Ammonium nitrate , for example, has an  embodied energy  of 67,000 kilojoules\/kilogramme, [ 2 ]  so  climate-friendly  gardeners will choose alternative ways of ensuring the soil in their gardens has optimal levels of nitrogen by alternative means such as  nitrogen-fixing plants .\n Climate-friendly gardeners will also aim to follow \" cradle-to-cradle design \" and \" circular economy \" principles: when they choose to buy or make something, it should be possible to take it apart again and  recycle  or  compost  every part, so that there is no waste, only  raw materials  to be made into something else. [ 57 ]  \nThis will reduce the greenhouse gases otherwise produced when  extracting  raw materials.\n Gardeners can reduce not only their  food miles  by growing some of their own food, but also their \"gardening miles\" by reducing the amount of plants and other materials they import, obtaining them as locally as possible and with as little packaging as possible. This might include ordering plants by  mail order  from a specialist nursery if the plants are sent out  bare-root , reducing transport demand and the use of  peat -based composts; or growing plants from  seed , which will also increase  genetic diversity  and therefore  resilience ; or growing plants  vegetatively  from  cuttings  or  offsets  from other local gardeners; or buying reclaimed materials from salvage firms. [ 12 ] Climbers as insulation - Boston ivy ( Parthenocissus tricuspidata ), Boston ivy, in autumn Climate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce greenhouse gas emissions from homes by:\n Using sunlight and wind to dry washing on washing lines instead of fossil fuel-generated electricity to run  tumble dryers ; Planting  deciduous climbers  on houses and planting deciduous trees at suitable distances from the house to provide shade during the summer, reducing the consumption of electricity for  air conditioning , but also such that at cooler times of year, sunlight can reach and warm a house, reducing  heating  costs and consumption; [ 5 ] [ 37 ] Planting hedges, trees, shrubs and climbers to shelter houses from wind, reducing heating costs and consumption during the winter (as long as any planting does not create a  wind-tunnel  effect). [ 5 ] p. 243 [ 37 ] Climate-friendly gardeners may also choose to reduce their own personal greenhouse gas emissions by growing and eating  carminative  plants such as  fennel  and  garlic  which reduce intestinal gases such as methane. [ 58 ] Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes [ edit ] Slow-growing yew ( Taxus baccata ) as hedge at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent Nitrogen-fixing red and white clover ( Trifolium ) as lawn plants Leaf cage, compost heap and wormery at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley There are some patent sources of greenhouse gas emissions in gardens and some more latent.\n Power tools  which are powered by  diesel  or  petrol , or  electricity generated  by burning other  fossil fuels , emit  carbon dioxide . Climate-friendly gardeners may therefore choose to use  hand tools  rather than power tools, or power tools powered by renewable electricity, [ 12 ]  or  design their gardens  to reduce or remove a need to use power tools. For example, they may choose dense, slow-growing species for  hedges  so that the hedges only need to be cut once a year. [ 13 ] Turning one's thermostat equipment down to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and up to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer will help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 1,050 pounds per year.\n In place of a water-thirsty lawn that requires a lot of fertilizers and herbicides to be kept green and weed-free, native vegetation may be planted. This can be maintained with can a drip irrigation system to run by a \"smart\" sprinkler control. These \"smart\" sprinklers can determine whether it has rained recently and will not water the plants if it has. They are also system programmable relative to certain types of plants, as opposed to zones, so if certain plants need more water than others, they get it without drowning out other less water-loving plants.\n Lawns are often cut by lawn mowers and, in drier parts of the world, are often irrigated by tapwater. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore do what they can to reduce this consumption by:\n Replacing part of or all lawns with other perennial planting such as trees and shrubs with less ecologically demanding maintenance requirements; Cut some or all lawns only once or twice a year, i.e. convert them into  meadows ; Make lawn shapes simple so that they may be cut quickly; Increase the cutting height of mower blades; Use a mulching mower to return organic matter to the soil; Sow  clover  to increase vigour (without the need for synthetic fertilisers) and resilience in dry periods; Cut lawns with  electric mowers  using electricity from  renewable energy ; Cut lawns with hand tools such as  push mowers  or  scythes . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 12 ] [ 38 ] Greenhouses can be used to grow crops which might otherwise be imported from warmer climates, but if they are heated by fossil fuel, then they may cause more greenhouse gas emissions than they save. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore use their greenhouses carefully by:\n Choosing only annual plants which will only be in the greenhouse during warmer months, or perennial plants which do not need any extra heat during winter; Using water tanks as heat stores and compost heaps as heat sources inside greenhouses so that they stay frost-free in winter. Climate-friendly gardeners will not put woody prunings on bonfires, which will emit carbon dioxide and black carbon due to the high oxygen content of such fires, [ 5 ]  but instead burn them indoors in a  wood-burning stove  and therefore cut emissions from fossil fuel, or cut them up to use as  mulch  and increase soil carbon stores, [ 12 ]  make  biochar  by  pyrolysis , [ 15 ]  or add the smaller prunings to compost heaps to keep them  aerated , reducing  methane emissions . [ 23 ]  To reduce the risk of fire, they will also choose fire-resistant plants from habitats which are not prone to  wildfires  and which do not catch fire easily, rather than fire-adapted  plants from fire-prone habitats , which are flammable and adapted to encourage fires and then gain a competitive advantage over less resistant species.\n Climate-friendly gardeners may use deep-rooted plants such as  comfrey  to bring nutrients closer to the surface  topsoil , but will do so without making the leaves into a liquid feed, because the rotting leaves in the  anaerobic  conditions under water may emit methane.\n Nitrogen fertilizers  may be  oxidised  to  nitrous oxide , [ 12 ]  especially if fertilizer is applied in excess, or when plants are not actively growing. Climate-friendly gardeners may choose instead to use  nitrogen-fixing  plants which will add nitrogen to the soil without increasing nitrous oxide emissions.\n Cameron, Blanuša; et al. (2012).  \"The domestic garden – its contribution to urban green infrastructure\" (PDF) .  Urban Forestry & Urban Greening .  11  (2):  129– 137.  Bibcode : 2012UFUG...11..129C .  doi : 10.1016\/j.ufug.2012.01.002 . Steven B. Carroll and Steven B. Salt (2004),  Ecology for Gardeners , Portland, USA and Cambridge, UK: Timber Press ( ISBN 0881926116 ). Charlotte Green (1999),  Gardening Without Water: Creating beautiful gardens using only rainwater , Tunbridge Wells: Search Press ( ISBN 0855328851 ). David S. Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008),  Science and the Garden: The scientific basis for horticultural practice , Chichester, Sussex: Blackwell Publishing ( ISBN 9781405160636 ). John Walker (2011),  How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening , Wigston, Leicestershire: Aquamarine ( ISBN 978-1903141892 ). Ken Fern (1997),  Plants for a Future: Edible and useful plants for a healthier world , Clanfield, Hampshire: Permanent Publications ( ISBN 9781856230117 ). Martin Crawford (2010),  Creating a Forest Garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops , Hartland, Devon: Green Books ( ISBN 9781900322621 ). Michael Lavelle (2011),  Sustainable Gardening , Marlborough: The Crowood Press ( ISBN 9781847972323 ). Matthew Wilson (2007),  New Gardening: How to garden in a changing climate , London: Mitchell Beazley and the Royal Horticultural Society ( ISBN 9781845333058 ). Nex, Sally (2021).  How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change  (First American ed.). New York.  ISBN 978-0-7440-2928-4 .  OCLC 1241100709 . {{ cite book }} :  CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) Rob Cross and Roger Spencer (2009),  Sustainable Gardens , Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO ( ISBN 9780643094222 ). Sally Cunningham (2009),  Ecological Gardening , Marlborough: The Crowood Press ( ISBN 9781847971258 ). Sara J. Scherr and Sajal Sthapit (2009),  Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use , Worldwatch Institute, Washington, United States of America ( ISBN 9781878071910 ). Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley (2002),  Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK , Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme. Tara Garnett (2008),  Cooking up a Storm: Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate , Guildford: Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey. Union of Concerned Scientists (2010),  The Climate-Friendly Gardener: A guide to combating global warming from the ground up . Wall, Bardgett  et al  (2013),  Soil Ecology and Ecosystem Services , Oxford University Press ( ISBN 9780199688166 ). Watson, Noble  et al  (2000),  Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry  (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press ( ISBN 9780521800839 ).","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages)\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Climate-friendly+gardening \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Climate-friendly+gardening \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Climate-friendly+gardening \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Climate-friendly+gardening \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPages for logged out editors [learn more](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction)\n\n- [Contributions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyContributions \"A list of edits made from this IP address [y]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyTalk \"Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening)\n- [1 Land use and greenhouse gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Land_use_and_greenhouse_gases)\n  Toggle Land use and greenhouse gases subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Carbon_dioxide)\n  - [1\\.2 Methane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Methane)\n  - [1\\.3 Nitrous oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Nitrous_oxide)\n  - [1\\.4 Black carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Black_carbon)\n- [2 Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Gardening_to_reduce_greenhouse_gas_emissions_and_absorb_carbon_dioxide)\n- [3 Protecting and enhancing carbon stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_and_enhancing_carbon_stores)\n  Toggle Protecting and enhancing carbon stores subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_carbon_stores_in_land_beyond_gardens)\n  - [3\\.2 Carbon stores in Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Carbon_stores_in_Britain)\n  - [3\\.3 Protecting carbon stores in wetland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_carbon_stores_in_wetland)\n  - [3\\.4 Protecting carbon stores in woodland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_carbon_stores_in_woodland)\n  - [3\\.5 Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_and_increasing_carbon_stores_in_gardens)\n- [4 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Reducing_greenhouse_gas_emissions)\n  Toggle Reducing greenhouse gas emissions subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Using_gardens_to_reduce_greenhouse_gas_emissions)\n    - [4\\.1.1 From farmland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_farmland)\n    - [4\\.1.2 From industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_industry)\n    - [4\\.1.3 From transport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_transport)\n    - [4\\.1.4 From houses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_houses)\n  - [4\\.2 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Reducing_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_gardens_and_homes)\n- [5 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#See_also)\n- [6 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#References)\n- [7 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#Further_reading)\n- [8 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Climate-friendly gardening\n3 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE \"بستنة صديقة للمناخ – Arabic\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jardinage_respectueux_du_climat \"Jardinage respectueux du climat – French\")\n- [Ikinyarwanda](https:\/\/rw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ubusitani_bw%27ikirere \"Ubusitani bw'ikirere – Kinyarwanda\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q23579655#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Climate-friendly_gardening \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Climate-friendly_gardening \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Climate-friendly_gardening \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&oldid=1291875852 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Climate-friendly_gardening&id=1291875852&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClimate-friendly_gardening)\n- [Download QR code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClimate-friendly_gardening)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q23579655 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nLow greenhouse gases gardening\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Wiki_letter_w.svg\/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg) | This article's [lead section](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Lead_section#Length \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Lead section\") **may be too short to adequately [summarize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Summary_style \"Wikipedia:Summary style\") the key points**. Please consider expanding the lead to [provide an accessible overview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Lead section\") of all important aspects of the article. *(April 2021)* |\n\n**Climate-friendly gardening** is a form of [gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardening \"Gardening\") that can reduce emissions of [greenhouse gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse_gases \"Greenhouse gases\") from [gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden \"Garden\") and encourage the absorption of [carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\") by [soils](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil \"Soil\") and [plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant \"Plant\") in order to aid the reduction of [global warming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change \"Climate change\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1) To be a [climate-friendly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_living \"Sustainable living\") [gardener](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardener \"Gardener\") means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it as well as the impact they have on [land use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_use \"Land use\") and [climate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate \"Climate\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardening-3) It can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce [greenhouse gas emissions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse_gas_emissions \"Greenhouse gas emissions\") through processes not directly related to gardening.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/Orchard_garden_at_Hergest_Croft.JPG\/250px-Orchard_garden_at_Hergest_Croft.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orchard_garden_at_Hergest_Croft.JPG)\n\nOrchard garden showing orchard trees, herbaceous perennials and ground-cover plants, at Hergest Croft Gardens, Herefordshire, Britain\n\n## Land use and greenhouse gases\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Land use and greenhouse gases\")\\]\n\nThe burning of [fossil fuels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fossil_fuels \"Fossil fuels\") is the main source of the excess [greenhouse gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse_gas \"Greenhouse gas\") causing [climate change](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change \"Climate change\"), but there are other sources to consider as well. A special report from the [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change \"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\") (IPCC) estimated that, in the last 150 years, fossil fuels and [cement production](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cement#CO2_emissions \"Cement\") have been responsible for only about two-thirds of climate change while the other third has been caused by human [land use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_use \"Land use\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6)\n\nThe three main greenhouse gases produced by [unsustainable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unsustainable \"Unsustainable\") land use are [carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\"), [methane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methane \"Methane\"), and [nitrous oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Mitigating_Climate_Change_through_Food_and_Land_Use-7) [Black carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_carbon \"Black carbon\"), or [soot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soot \"Soot\"), can also be a product of unsustainable land use, and, despite not being a gas, it can behave like greenhouse gases and contribute to climate change.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ullstein_editor_2011-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Bond_2013-9)\n\n### Carbon dioxide\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Carbon dioxide\")\\]\n\n[Carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\"), CO2, is a natural part of the [carbon cycle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_cycle \"Carbon cycle\"), but human [land uses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_use \"Land use\") often creates excess amounts, especially from [habitat destruction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habitat_destruction \"Habitat destruction\") and the [cultivation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tillage \"Tillage\") of [soil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil \"Soil\"). When [woodlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodland \"Woodland\"), [wetlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wetland \"Wetland\"), and other natural [habitats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habitat \"Habitat\") are turned into [pasture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pasture \"Pasture\"), [arable fields](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arable_land \"Arable land\"), buildings and roads, the [carbon held in the soil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_carbon \"Soil carbon\") and vegetation becomes extra carbon dioxide and [methane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methane \"Methane\") to extract more heat in the [atmosphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmosphere_of_Earth \"Atmosphere of Earth\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6)\n\n[Gardeners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardener \"Gardener\") may cause extra carbon dioxide to be added to the atmosphere in several ways:\n\n- Using [peat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peat \"Peat\") or [potting compost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potting_compost \"Potting compost\") containing peat;[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-11)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)\n- Buying [garden furniture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_furniture \"Garden furniture\") or other [wooden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wood \"Wood\") products made from woodland which has been destroyed rather than taken as a [renewable crop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renewable_resource \"Renewable resource\") from [sustainably managed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_land_management \"Sustainable land management\") woodland;[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)\n- Digging the soil and leaving it bare so that the carbon in soil organic matter is [oxidised](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxidation \"Oxidation\");[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)\n- Using [power tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Power_tool \"Power tool\") which burn fossil fuel or [electricity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electricity \"Electricity\") generated by burning fossil fuel;[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13)\n- Using [patio heaters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patio_heater \"Patio heater\");\n- Heating [greenhouses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse \"Greenhouse\") by burning fossil fuel or electricity generated by burning fossil fuel;[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)\n- Burning [garden prunings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pruning \"Pruning\") and [weeds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weed \"Weed\") on a [bonfire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonfire \"Bonfire\"), though [pyrolysis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrolysis \"Pyrolysis\") of wood turns 35% of its carbon (which would otherwise decompose to CO2) into [biochar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biochar \"Biochar\"),[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-14) which remains stable in the soil for thousands of years;[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15)\n- Buying [tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tools \"Tools\"), [pesticides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pesticide \"Pesticide\"), [synthetic nitrogen fertilizers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilizer \"Fertilizer\") (over 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent is produced in the manufacture of each kilogram of ammonium nitrate[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-16)), and other materials which have been manufactured using fossil fuel;[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Julian_Allwood_and_Jonathan_Cullen_'Sustainable_Materials_-_with_both_eyes_open'-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-18)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-19)\n- Heating and treating [swimming pools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swimming_pool \"Swimming pool\") by burning fossil fuel or electricity generated by burning fossil fuel;[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)\n- [Watering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irrigation \"Irrigation\") their gardens with [tapwater](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tapwater \"Tapwater\"), which has been treated and pumped by burning fossil fuel, with a greenhouse gas impact of about 1 kg CO2e\/m3 water.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293-20)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-21)\n- Buying garden products which have been transported by vehicles powered by fossil fuel.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)\n\n### Methane\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Methane\")\\]\n\n[Methane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methane \"Methane\"), CH4, is a natural part of the [carbon cycle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_cycle \"Carbon cycle\"), but human [land uses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_use \"Land use\") often add more, especially from [anaerobic](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/anaerobic \"wikt:anaerobic\") [soil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil \"Soil\"), artificial [wetlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wetland \"Wetland\") such as [rice fields](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rice#Environmental_impacts \"Rice\"), and from the [guts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digestion \"Digestion\") of [farm animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Livestock \"Livestock\"), especially [ruminants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruminant \"Ruminant\") such as [cattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cattle \"Cattle\") and [sheep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheep \"Sheep\").[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Dave_Reay_2010-22)\n\n[Gardeners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardener \"Gardener\") may cause extra methane to be added to the atmosphere in several ways:\n\n- [Compacting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_compaction \"Soil compaction\") soil so that it becomes anaerobic, for example by treading on soil when it is wet;\n- Allowing [compost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compost \"Compost\") heaps to become compacted and anaerobic;[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Garden_Organic_Book_of_Compost-23)\n- Creating homemade liquid feed by putting the leaves of plants such as [comfrey under water](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comfrey#Fertilizer_uses \"Comfrey\"), with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they [decay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decomposition \"Decomposition\");\n- Killing pernicious [weeds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weed \"Weed\") by covering them with water, with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they decay;\n- Allowing [ponds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pond \"Pond\") to become anaerobic, for example, by adding unsuitable [fish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish \"Fish\") species which stir up sediment that then blocks light from and kills [submerged oxygenating plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_aeration#Natural_aeration \"Water aeration\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Garden_Pond_for_Wildlife-24)\n\n### Nitrous oxide\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Nitrous oxide\")\\]\n\n[Nitrous oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\"), N2O, is a natural part of the [nitrogen cycle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrogen_cycle \"Nitrogen cycle\"), but human [land uses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_use \"Land use\") often add more.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-26)\n\nGardeners may cause extra nitrous oxide to be added to the atmosphere by:\n\n- Using synthetic nitrogen [fertilizer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilizer \"Fertilizer\"), for example \"weed and feed\" on [lawns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawn \"Lawn\"), especially if it is applied when plants are not actively growing, the soil is compacted, or when other factors are limiting so that the plants cannot make use of the nitrogen;[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293-20)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20-27)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_21-28)\n- Compacting the soil, such as by working in the garden when the soil is wet, which will increase the conversion of [nitrates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrate#Uses \"Nitrate\") to nitrous oxide by soil bacteria;[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20-27)\n- Burning garden waste on [bonfires](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonfire \"Bonfire\").\n\n### Black carbon\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Black carbon\")\\]\n\nBlack carbon is not a gas, but it acts like a greenhouse gas because it can be [suspended](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suspension_\$chemistry\$ \"Suspension (chemistry)\") in the atmosphere and absorb [heat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermal_energy \"Thermal energy\").[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ullstein_editor_2011-8)[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Bond_2013-9)\n\nGardeners may cause extra black carbon to be added to the atmosphere by burning garden [prunings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pruning \"Pruning\") and [weeds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weed \"Weed\") on bonfires, especially if the waste is wet and becomes black carbon in the form of soot.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5) Gardeners are also responsible for extra black carbon produced when they buy garden products which have been transported by vehicles powered by [fossil fuel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\") especially the [diesel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diesel_exhaust \"Diesel exhaust\") used in most [lorries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truck \"Truck\").\n\n## Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide\")\\]\n\nThere are many ways in which climate-friendly gardeners may reduce their contribution to climate change and help their gardens absorb [carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\") from the atmosphere.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20-27)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-29)\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners can find good ideas in many other [sustainable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainability \"Sustainability\") approaches:\n\n- [Agroforestry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agroforestry \"Agroforestry\");\n- [Forest gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_gardening \"Forest gardening\");\n- [Orchards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchard \"Orchard\");\n- [Organic gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organic_gardening \"Organic gardening\"); [\\[1\\]](https:\/\/vikaspedia.in\/agriculture\/crop-production\/organic-farming)\n- [Permaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permaculture \"Permaculture\");\n- [Rain garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rain_garden \"Rain garden\");\n- [Vegan organic gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegan_organic_gardening \"Vegan organic gardening\");\n- [Water-wise gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water-wise_gardening \"Water-wise gardening\");\n- [Wildlife garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildlife_garden \"Wildlife garden\");\n- [Biochar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biochar \"Biochar\").[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15)\n\n## Protecting and enhancing carbon stores\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Protecting and enhancing carbon stores\")\\]\n\n### Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Woodland_and_wetland_in_the_New_Forest.JPG\/250px-Woodland_and_wetland_in_the_New_Forest.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Woodland_and_wetland_in_the_New_Forest.JPG)\n\nWoodland and wetland in the New Forest, Hampshire\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/Woodland_and_trees_in_Herefordshire_landscape.JPG\/250px-Woodland_and_trees_in_Herefordshire_landscape.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Woodland_and_trees_in_Herefordshire_landscape.JPG)\n\nWoodland and trees in Herefordshire\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Waterbutt_in_kitchen_garden_at_Charles_Darwin%27s_home%2C_Down_House%2C_Kent.JPG\/250px-Waterbutt_in_kitchen_garden_at_Charles_Darwin%27s_home%2C_Down_House%2C_Kent.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Waterbutt_in_kitchen_garden_at_Charles_Darwin%27s_home,_Down_House,_Kent.JPG)\n\nKitchen garden at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent, showing greenhouse, waterbutt, box hedging and vegetable beds\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6f\/Alliums_in_dry_garden_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.JPG\/250px-Alliums_in_dry_garden_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alliums_in_dry_garden_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.JPG)\n\nAlliums, lavender, box and other water-thrifty plants in the dry garden at Cambridge Botanic Garden\n\nClimate-friendly gardening includes actions which protect [carbon stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_cycle#Main_components \"Carbon cycle\") beyond gardens. The biggest carbon stores in land are in soil; the two habitat types with the biggest carbon stores per hectare are [woods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodland \"Woodland\") and [wetlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wetland \"Wetland\"); and woods absorb more carbon dioxide per hectare per year than most other habitats. Climate-friendly gardeners therefore aim to ensure that nothing they do will harm these habitats.\n\nAccording to Morison and Morecroft (eds.)'s *Plant Growth and Climate Change*,[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Plant_Growth_and_Climate_Change-30) the [net primary productivity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Net_primary_productivity \"Net primary productivity\") (the net amount of carbon absorbed each year) of various habitats is:\n\n- [Tropical forests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical_forest \"Tropical forest\"): 12.5 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year;\n- [Temperate forests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temperate_forest \"Temperate forest\"): 7.7 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year;\n- [Temperate grasslands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassland \"Grassland\"): 3.7 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year;\n- [Croplands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cropland \"Cropland\"): 3.1 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year.\n\nThe [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change \"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\")'s Special Report *[Land use, land-use change, and forestry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry \"Land use, land-use change, and forestry\")* [\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) lists the carbon contained in different global habitats as:\n\n- Wetlands: 643 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 43 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 686 tonnes carbon per hectare;\n- Tropical forests: 123 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 120 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 243 tonnes carbon per hectare;\n- Temperate forests: 96 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 57 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 153 tonnes carbon per hectare;\n- Temperate grasslands: 164 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 7 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 171 tonnes carbon per hectare;\n- Croplands: 80 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 2 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 82 tonnes carbon per hectare.\n\nThe figures quoted above are global averages. More recent research in 2009 has found that the habitat with the world's highest known total carbon density - 1,867 tonnes of carbon per hectare - is temperate moist forest of [Eucalyptus regnans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eucalyptus_regnans \"Eucalyptus regnans\") in the Central Highlands of south-east [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia \"Australia\"); and, in general, that temperate forests contain more carbon than either [boreal forests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boreal_forest \"Boreal forest\") or tropical forests.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-31)\n\n### Carbon stores in Britain\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Carbon stores in Britain\")\\]\n\nAccording to Milne and Brown's 1997 paper \"Carbon in the vegetation and soils of Great Britain\",[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Carbon_in_the_vegetation_and_soils_of_Great_Britain-32) [Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\")'s [vegetation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetation \"Vegetation\") and soil are estimated to contain 9952 million tonnes of carbon, of which almost all is in the soil, and most in [Scottish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scotland \"Scotland\") [peatland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bog \"Bog\") soil:\n\n- Soils in Scotland: 6948 million tonnes carbon;\n- Soils in [England](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/England \"England\") and [Wales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wales \"Wales\"): 2890 million tonnes carbon;\n- Vegetation in British [woods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodland \"Woodland\") and [plantations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantation \"Plantation\") (which cover only 11% of Britain's land area): 91 million tonnes carbon;\n- Other vegetation: 23 million tonnes carbon.\n\nA 2005 report[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-33) suggested that British woodland soil may contain as much as 250 tonnes of carbon per hectare.\n\nMany studies of [soil carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_carbon \"Soil carbon\") only study the carbon in the top 30 centimetres, but soil is often much deeper than that, especially below woodland. One 2009 study of the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")'s [carbon stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_cycle#Main_components \"Carbon cycle\") by Keith Dyson and others gives figures for soil carbon down to 100 cm below the [habitats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habitat \"Habitat\"), including \"Forestland\", \"Cropland\" and \"Grassland\", covered by the [Kyoto Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyoto_Protocol \"Kyoto Protocol\") reporting requirements.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-34)\n\n- Forestland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 160 (England), 428 (Scotland), 203 (Wales), and 366 ([Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\")).\n- Grassland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 148 (England), 386 (Scotland), 171 (Wales), and 304 (Northern Ireland).\n- Cropland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 110 (England), 159 (Scotland), 108 (Wales), and 222 (Northern Ireland).\n\n### Protecting carbon stores in wetland\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Protecting carbon stores in wetland\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Paving_-_wood_chip_with_birch_logs_as_edging_at_Wisley.JPG\/250px-Paving_-_wood_chip_with_birch_logs_as_edging_at_Wisley.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Paving_-_wood_chip_with_birch_logs_as_edging_at_Wisley.JPG)\n\nPermeable paving of wood chip with birch-log edging at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/32\/Symphytum_grandiflorum%2C_creeping_comfrey%2C_with_Cotinus_coggygria.JPG\/250px-Symphytum_grandiflorum%2C_creeping_comfrey%2C_with_Cotinus_coggygria.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Symphytum_grandiflorum,_creeping_comfrey,_with_Cotinus_coggygria.JPG)\n\nA ground-cover and rain-garden plant, *[Symphytum grandiflorum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symphytum_grandiflorum \"Symphytum grandiflorum\")* (creeping comfrey), with *[Cotinus coggygria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cotinus_coggygria \"Cotinus coggygria\")*\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners choose [peat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peat \"Peat\")\\-free [composts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potting_compost \"Potting compost\")[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) because some of the planet's biggest [carbon stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_cycle#Main_components \"Carbon cycle\") are in [soil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil \"Soil\"), and especially in the [peatland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bog \"Bog\") soil of [wetlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wetland \"Wetland\").\n\nThe [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change \"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\")'s Special Report *Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry* gives a figure of 2011 gigatonnes of carbon for global carbon stocks in the top 1 metre of soils, much more than the carbon stores in the vegetation or the atmosphere.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6)\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners also avoid using [tapwater](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tapwater \"Tapwater\") not only because of the [greenhouse gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse_gas \"Greenhouse gas\") emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to treat and pump water,[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1) but because if water is taken from wetlands, the carbon stores are more likely to be oxidized to [carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6)\n\nA climate-friendly garden therefore does not contain large [irrigated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irrigation \"Irrigation\") [lawns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawn \"Lawn\"), but instead includes [water-butts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water-butt \"Water-butt\") to collect [rainwater](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rain \"Rain\"), water-thrifty plants which survive on rainwater and do not need watering after they are established, [trees](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tree \"Tree\"), [shrubs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrub \"Shrub\") and [hedges](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hedge \"Hedge\") to [shelter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windbreak \"Windbreak\") gardens from the drying effects of [sun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunlight \"Sunlight\") and [wind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wind \"Wind\"), and [groundcover](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groundcover \"Groundcover\") plants and [organic mulch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mulch#Organic_mulches \"Mulch\") to protect the soil and keep it moist.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5)p. 242[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)p. 80–82[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Gardening_Without_Water-35)\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners will ensure that any paved surfaces in their gardens (which are kept to a minimum to increase carbon stores) are [permeable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeable_paving \"Permeable paving\"),[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and may also make [rain gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rain_garden \"Rain garden\"), sunken areas into which rainwater from buildings and paving is directed, so that the rain can then be fed back into [groundwater](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groundwater \"Groundwater\") rather than going into [storm drains](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Storm_drain \"Storm drain\"). The plants in rain gardens must be able to grow in both dry and wet soils.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-36)\n\n### Protecting carbon stores in woodland\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Protecting carbon stores in woodland\")\\]\n\nWetlands may store the most carbon in their soils, but woods store more carbon in their living [biomass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomass \"Biomass\") than any other type of vegetation, and their soils store the most carbon after wetlands.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) Climate-friendly gardeners therefore ensure that any wooden products they buy, such as [garden furniture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_furniture \"Garden furniture\"), have been made of wood from [sustainably managed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_forest_management \"Sustainable forest management\") woodland.\n\n### Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Juglans_major_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.jpg\/250px-Juglans_major_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Juglans_major_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.jpg)\n\n*Juglans elaeopyren* (American walnut) at Cambridge Botanic Garden\n\nAfter [rocks containing carbonate compounds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbonate_rocks \"Carbonate rocks\"), soil is known to be the biggest [store of carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_cycle#Main_components \"Carbon cycle\") on land.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) Carbon is found in [soil organic matter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_organic_matter \"Soil organic matter\"), including living organisms ([plant roots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Root \"Root\"), [fungi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fungi \"Fungi\"), [animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal \"Animal\"), [protists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protist \"Protist\"), [bacteria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacteria \"Bacteria\")), dead organisms, and [humus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humus \"Humus\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4) One study of the environmental benefits of gardens estimates that 86% of carbon stores in gardens is in the soil.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/Fragaria_vesca%2C_wild_strawberry.JPG\/250px-Fragaria_vesca%2C_wild_strawberry.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fragaria_vesca,_wild_strawberry.JPG)\n\nWild strawberries in flower below a British hedge\n\nThe first priorities for climate-friendly gardeners are therefore, to:\n\n- Protect the soil's existing carbon stores;\n- Increase the soil's carbon stores.\n- Choose low-emission garden products and practices.\n- Preventing erosion and keeping weeds down.\n- Planting of trees and shrubs.\n- By heat-trapping nitrous oxide emissions related to fertilizer use and generous watering.\n\nTo protect the soil, climate-friendly gardens:\n\n- Are based on [plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant \"Plant\") rather than buildings and paving;[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)\n- Have soil that is kept at a relatively stable temperature by [shelter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windbreak \"Windbreak\") from trees, shrubs and\/or hedges;[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)\n- Have soil that is always kept covered and therefore moist and at a relatively stable temperature by [groundcover](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groundcover \"Groundcover\") plants, fast-growing [green manures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_manure \"Green manure\") (which can be used as an [intercrop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intercropping \"Intercropping\") in [kitchen gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kitchen_garden \"Kitchen garden\") of [annual](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annual_plant \"Annual plant\") vegetables) and\/or [organic mulches](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mulch#Organic_mulches \"Mulch\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Soil_improvement_and_protection_-_wood_chip_mulch_at_Wisley.JPG\/250px-Soil_improvement_and_protection_-_wood_chip_mulch_at_Wisley.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soil_improvement_and_protection_-_wood_chip_mulch_at_Wisley.JPG)\n\nMulch of woodchips protecting soil at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley in Surrey\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners avoid things which may harm the soil. They do not tread on the soil when it is wet, because it is by then most vulnerable to compaction. They [dig](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tillage \"Tillage\") and [till](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tillage \"Tillage\") the soil as little as possible, and only when the soil is moist rather than wet, because cultivation increases the [oxidation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxidation \"Oxidation\") of soil organic matter and produces [carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)p. 54–55[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12-40)\n\nTo increase soil carbon stores, climate-friendly gardeners ensure that their gardens create optimal conditions for various vigorous healthy growth of plants, and other garden organisms above and below the ground, and reduce the impact of any [limiting factors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Limiting_factor \"Limiting factor\").\n\nIn general, the more [biomass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomass_\$ecology\$ \"Biomass (ecology)\") that the plants can create each year, the more carbon at which will be added to the soil.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)p. 54–55[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) However, only some biomass each year becomes long-term [soil carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_carbon \"Soil carbon\") or humus. In *Soil Carbon and Organic Farming*, a 2009 report from the [Soil Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_Association \"Soil Association\"), Gundula Azeez discusses several [factors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_factor \"Environmental factor\") which increase how much biomass is turned into humus. These include good [soil structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_structure \"Soil structure\"), [soil organisms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_biology \"Soil biology\") such as fine [root hairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Root_hair \"Root hair\"), [microorganisms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microorganism \"Microorganism\"), [mycorrhizas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mycorrhiza \"Mycorrhiza\") and [earthworms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earthworm \"Earthworm\") which increases [soil aggregation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil#Structure \"Soil\"), residues from plants (such as trees and shrubs) which have a high level content of resistant chemicals such as [lignin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lignin \"Lignin\"), and plant residues with a [carbon to nitrogen ratio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_to_nitrogen_ratio \"Carbon to nitrogen ratio\") lower than about 32:1.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming-41)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG\/250px-Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots,_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG)\n\nNitrogen-fixing nodules on Wisteria roots (hazelnut for scale)\n\nClimate-friendly gardens therefore include:\n\n- Hedges for shelter from wind;[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39)\n- A light canopy of late-leafing [deciduous](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deciduous \"Deciduous\") trees to let in enough [sunlight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunlight \"Sunlight\") for growth but not so much that the garden becomes too hot and dry[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) (this is one of the principles behind many [agroforestry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agroforestry \"Agroforestry\") systems, such as [Paulownia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paulownia \"Paulownia\")'s use in China partly because it is late-leafing and its [canopy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canopy_\$biology\$ \"Canopy (biology)\") is sparse so that [crops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crop \"Crop\") below it get shelter but also enough light[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-42));\n- Groundcover plants and organic mulches (such as [woodchips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodchips \"Woodchips\") over [compost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compost \"Compost\") made from kitchen and garden \"waste\") to keep soil moist and at relatively stable temperatures;[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39)\n- Reducing the use of gas-powered lawn and garden equipment in favor of electric-powered devices. Instead of a leaf blower, using a rake or broom will cut down on gas emissions that contribute to climate change.\n- [Nitrogen-fixing plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses \"Nitrogen fixation\"), because soil nitrogen may be a limiting factor (but climate-friendly gardeners avoid [synthetic nitrogen fertilizers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer \"Fertilizer\"), because these may cause mycorrhizal associations to break down);[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39)\n- Many layers[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) of plants, including [woody](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lignin \"Lignin\") plants such as trees[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and shrubs, other [perennials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perennial_plant \"Perennial plant\"), groundcover plants, deep-rooted plants, all chosen according to 'right plant, right place',[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-43)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-44) so that they are suited to their growing conditions and will grow well;\n- A wide [diversity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\") of [disease-resistant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant_disease_resistance \"Plant disease resistance\"), vigorous plants for [resilience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resilience_\$ecology\$ \"Resilience (ecology)\") and to make the most of all available [ecological niches](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecological_niche \"Ecological niche\");[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39)\n- Plants to [feed and shelter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildlife_garden \"Wildlife garden\") wildlife, to increase total biomass, and to ensure [biological control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_pest_control \"Biological pest control\") of pests and diseases.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_54-55-45)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Make_a_Wildlife_Garden-46)\n- [Soil amendments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_conditioner \"Soil conditioner\") from [waste products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permaculture \"Permaculture\") such as compost made from garden and kitchen \"waste\"[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and biochar from pyrolyzed dried, dead wood.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15)\n- Maximise the ventilation and shading around the home as much as possible during the summer.\n\nLawns, like other grasslands, can build up good levels of [soil carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_carbon \"Soil carbon\"),[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming-41) but they will grow much more vigorously and store more carbon if besides [grasses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawn#Grasses \"Lawn\"), they also contain nitrogen-fixing plants such as [clover](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clover \"Clover\"),[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4) and if they are cut down using a [mulching mower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawn_mower#Other_notable_types \"Lawn mower\") which returns finely-chopped mowings to the lawn. More carbon, however, may be stored by other perennial plants such as trees[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and shrubs and they also do not need to be maintained using [power tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Power_tool \"Power tool\").\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners will also aim to increase biodiversity not only for the sake of the wildlife itself, but so that the garden ecosystem is resilient and more likely to store as much carbon as possible as long as possible. They will therefore avoid pesticides,[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and increase the diversity of the habitats within their gardens.\n\n## Reducing greenhouse gas emissions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions\")\\]\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners can directly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from their own gardens, but can also use their gardens to indirectly reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere.\n\n### Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions\")\\]\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce [greenhouse gases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse_gas \"Greenhouse gas\") elsewhere, for example by using the sun and wind to dry [washing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laundry \"Laundry\") on [washing lines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clothes_line \"Clothes line\") in the garden instead of using [electricity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electricity \"Electricity\") [generated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electricity_generation \"Electricity generation\") by [fossil fuel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\") to dry washing in [tumble dryers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clothes_dryer \"Clothes dryer\").\n\n#### From farmland\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: From farmland\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Juglans_regia%2C_walnut%2C_with_ripening_nuts.JPG\/250px-Juglans_regia%2C_walnut%2C_with_ripening_nuts.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Juglans_regia,_walnut,_with_ripening_nuts.JPG)\n\nWalnut (*Juglans regia*) with ripening walnuts\n\nFood is a major contributor to climate change. In the United Kingdom, according to Tara Garnett of the [Food Climate Research Network](http:\/\/www.fcrn.org.uk\/), food contributes 19% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Cooking_up_a_Storm-47)\n\nSoil is the biggest [store of carbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_cycle#Main_components \"Carbon cycle\") on [land](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land \"Land\"). It is therefore important to protect the [soil organic matter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_organic_matter \"Soil organic matter\") in [farmland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agricultural_land \"Agricultural land\"). Farm animals; however, especially free-range pigs, may cause erosion, and also the cultivation of the soil increases the [oxidation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxidation \"Oxidation\") of soil organic matter into [carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12-40) Other sources of greenhouse gases from farmland include: compaction caused by farm machinery or overgrazing by [farm animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Livestock \"Livestock\") can make soil [anaerobic](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/anaerobic \"wikt:anaerobic\") and produce [methane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methane \"Methane\"), which is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices, land use and by the decay of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills; farm animals produce methane; and [nitrogen fertilizers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer \"Fertilizer\") can be converted to [nitrous oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\") which is also emitted during agricultural, land use, and industrial activities; combustion of fossil fuels and solid wastes; as well as during treatment of wastewater.\n\nMost farmland consists of [fields growing annual arable crops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arable_land \"Arable land\") which are eaten directly by people or fed to farm animals, and [grassland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassland \"Grassland\") used as [pasture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pasture \"Pasture\"), [hay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hay \"Hay\") or [silage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silage \"Silage\") to feed farm animals. Some [perennial food plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perennial_crop \"Perennial crop\") are also grown, such as [fruits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fruit \"Fruit\") and [nuts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nut_\$fruit\$ \"Nut (fruit)\") in [orchards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchard \"Orchard\"), and [watercress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watercress \"Watercress\") grown in water.\n\nAlthough all cultivation of the soil in arable fields produces carbon dioxide, some arable crops cause more damage to soil than others. [Root crops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_root_vegetables \"List of root vegetables\") such as [potatoes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potato \"Potato\") and [sugar-beet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sugar-beet \"Sugar-beet\"), and crops which are harvested not just once a year but over a long period such as [green vegetables and salads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leaf_vegetable \"Leaf vegetable\"), are considered \"high risk\" in [catchment-sensitive farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catchment-sensitive_farming \"Catchment-sensitive farming\").[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-48)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_10-49)\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners therefore grow at least some of their food,[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and may choose [food crops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture \"Agriculture\") which therefore help to keep carbon in farmland [soils](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil \"Soil\") if they grow such high-risk crops in small [vegetable plots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kitchen_garden \"Kitchen garden\") in their gardens, where it is easier to protect the soil than in large fields under [commercial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commercial_agriculture \"Commercial agriculture\") pressures. Climate-friendly gardeners may grow and eat plants such as sweet [cicely](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cicely \"Cicely\") which sweeten food, and so reduce the land area needed for sugar-beet.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Plants_for_a_Future-50) They may also choose to grow [perennial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perennial_plant \"Perennial plant\") food plants to not only reduce their indirect greenhouse gas emissions from farmland, but also to increase carbon stores in their own gardens.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Plants_for_a_Future-50)[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-51)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-52)\n\nGrassland contains more carbon per hectare than arable fields, but farm animals, especially [ruminants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruminant \"Ruminant\") such as [cattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cattle \"Cattle\") or [sheep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheep \"Sheep\"), produce large amounts of methane, directly and from manure heaps and slurry.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Dave_Reay_2010-22) Slurry and manure may also produce nitrous oxide.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_21-28)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_4-53) Gardeners who want to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions can help themselves to eat less [meat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meat \"Meat\") and [dairy produce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dairy_produce \"Dairy produce\") by growing [nut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nut_\$fruit\$ \"Nut (fruit)\") trees which are a good source of [tasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umami \"Umami\"), [protein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protein \"Protein\")\\-rich [food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food \"Food\"), including [walnuts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walnut \"Walnut\") which are an excellent source of the [omega-3 fatty acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Omega-3 \"Omega-3\") [alpha-linolenic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-linolenic_acid \"Alpha-linolenic acid\").[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-54)\n\nResearchers and farmers are investigating and improving ways of farming which are more sustainable, such as [agroforestry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agroforestry \"Agroforestry\"), [forest farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_farming \"Forest farming\"), [wildlife-friendly farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservation_agriculture \"Conservation agriculture\"), [soil management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil_management \"Soil management\"), [catchment-sensitive farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catchment-sensitive_farming \"Catchment-sensitive farming\") (or water-friendly farming[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-55)). For example, the organisation [Farming Futures](http:\/\/www.farmingfutures.org.uk\/) assists farmers in the United Kingdom to reduce their farms' greenhouse gas emissions.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_23-56)\n\nFarmers are aware that consumers are increasingly asking for \"green credentials\". Gardeners who understand climate-friendly practices can advocate their use by farmers.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)\n\n#### From industry\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: From industry\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/Elaeagnus_umbellatus_at_the_Agroforestry_Research_Trust_forest_garden.JPG\/250px-Elaeagnus_umbellatus_at_the_Agroforestry_Research_Trust_forest_garden.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Elaeagnus_umbellatus_at_the_Agroforestry_Research_Trust_forest_garden.JPG)\n\nNitrogen-fixing and edible - *Elaeagnus umbellatus* at the Agroforestry Research Trust forest garden in Devon\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners aim to reduce their consumption in general.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) In particular, they try to avoid or reduce their consumption of tapwater because of the greenhouse gases emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to supply the energy needed to treat and pump it to them.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1) Instead, gardeners can garden using only rainwater.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Gardening_Without_Water-35)\n\nGreenhouse gases are produced in the [manufacture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manufacturing \"Manufacturing\") of many materials and products used by [gardeners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardener \"Gardener\"). For example, it takes a lot of [energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_industry \"Energy industry\") to produce [synthetic fertilizers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer \"Fertilizer\"), especially nitrogen fertilizers. [Ammonium nitrate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ammonium_nitrate \"Ammonium nitrate\"), for example, has an [embodied energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embodied_energy \"Embodied energy\") of 67,000 kilojoules\/kilogramme,[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2) so [climate-friendly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_living \"Sustainable living\") gardeners will choose alternative ways of ensuring the soil in their gardens has optimal levels of nitrogen by alternative means such as [nitrogen-fixing plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses \"Nitrogen fixation\").\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners will also aim to follow \"[cradle-to-cradle design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cradle-to-cradle_design \"Cradle-to-cradle design\")\" and \"[circular economy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circular_economy \"Circular economy\")\" principles: when they choose to buy or make something, it should be possible to take it apart again and [recycle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recycling \"Recycling\") or [compost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compost \"Compost\") every part, so that there is no waste, only [raw materials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_resource \"Natural resource\") to be made into something else.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Cradle_to_Cradle:_Re-making_the_Way_We_Make_Things-57) This will reduce the greenhouse gases otherwise produced when [extracting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_resource#Extraction \"Natural resource\") raw materials.\n\n#### From transport\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: From transport\")\\]\n\nGardeners can reduce not only their [food miles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_miles \"Food miles\") by growing some of their own food, but also their \"gardening miles\" by reducing the amount of plants and other materials they import, obtaining them as locally as possible and with as little packaging as possible. This might include ordering plants by [mail order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mail_order \"Mail order\") from a specialist nursery if the plants are sent out [bare-root](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bare_root \"Bare root\"), reducing transport demand and the use of [peat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peat \"Peat\")\\-based composts; or growing plants from [seed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seed \"Seed\"), which will also increase [genetic diversity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_diversity \"Genetic diversity\") and therefore [resilience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resilience_\$ecology\$ \"Resilience (ecology)\"); or growing plants [vegetatively](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetative_reproduction \"Vegetative reproduction\") from [cuttings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cutting_\$plant\$ \"Cutting (plant)\") or [offsets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Offset_\$botany\$ \"Offset (botany)\") from other local gardeners; or buying reclaimed materials from salvage firms.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)\n\n#### From houses\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: From houses\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/Parthenocissus_tricuspidata%2C_Boston_ivy%2C_in_autumn_colours.JPG\/250px-Parthenocissus_tricuspidata%2C_Boston_ivy%2C_in_autumn_colours.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Parthenocissus_tricuspidata,_Boston_ivy,_in_autumn_colours.JPG)\n\nClimbers as insulation - Boston ivy (*[Parthenocissus tricuspidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parthenocissus_tricuspidata \"Parthenocissus tricuspidata\")*), Boston ivy, in autumn\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce greenhouse gas emissions from homes by:\n\n- Using sunlight and wind to dry washing on washing lines instead of fossil fuel-generated electricity to run [tumble dryers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clothes_dryer \"Clothes dryer\");\n- Planting [deciduous](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deciduous \"Deciduous\") [climbers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vine \"Vine\") on houses and planting deciduous trees at suitable distances from the house to provide shade during the summer, reducing the consumption of electricity for [air conditioning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HVAC#Air_conditioning \"HVAC\"), but also such that at cooler times of year, sunlight can reach and warm a house, reducing [heating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HVAC#Heating \"HVAC\") costs and consumption;[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)\n- Planting hedges, trees, shrubs and climbers to shelter houses from wind, reducing heating costs and consumption during the winter (as long as any planting does not create a [wind-tunnel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wind_tunnel \"Wind tunnel\") effect).[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5)p. 243[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners may also choose to reduce their own personal greenhouse gas emissions by growing and eating [carminative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carminative \"Carminative\") plants such as [fennel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fennel \"Fennel\") and [garlic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garlic \"Garlic\") which reduce intestinal gases such as methane.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-58)\n\n### Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/25\/Taxus_baccata%2C_yew%2C_as_internal_hedge_at_Down_House.JPG\/250px-Taxus_baccata%2C_yew%2C_as_internal_hedge_at_Down_House.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Taxus_baccata,_yew,_as_internal_hedge_at_Down_House.JPG)\n\nSlow-growing yew (*[Taxus baccata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxus_baccata \"Taxus baccata\")*) as hedge at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Trifolium_pratense_and_Trifolium_repens%2C_red_and_white_clover_within_meadow.JPG\/250px-Trifolium_pratense_and_Trifolium_repens%2C_red_and_white_clover_within_meadow.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trifolium_pratense_and_Trifolium_repens,_red_and_white_clover_within_meadow.JPG)\n\nNitrogen-fixing red and white clover (*Trifolium*) as lawn plants\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Soil_improvement_-_leaf_cage%2C_compost_heap_and_wormery_at_Wisley.JPG\/250px-Soil_improvement_-_leaf_cage%2C_compost_heap_and_wormery_at_Wisley.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soil_improvement_-_leaf_cage,_compost_heap_and_wormery_at_Wisley.JPG)\n\nLeaf cage, compost heap and wormery at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley\n\nThere are some patent sources of greenhouse gas emissions in gardens and some more latent.\n\n[Power tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Power_tool \"Power tool\") which are powered by [diesel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diesel_fuel \"Diesel fuel\") or [petrol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petrol \"Petrol\"), or [electricity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electricity \"Electricity\") [generated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electricity_generation \"Electricity generation\") by burning other [fossil fuels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\"), emit [carbon dioxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\"). Climate-friendly gardeners may therefore choose to use [hand tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_tool \"Garden tool\") rather than power tools, or power tools powered by renewable electricity,[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) or [design their gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_design \"Garden design\") to reduce or remove a need to use power tools. For example, they may choose dense, slow-growing species for [hedges](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hedge \"Hedge\") so that the hedges only need to be cut once a year.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13)\n\nTurning one's thermostat equipment down to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and up to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer will help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 1,050 pounds per year.\n\nIn place of a water-thirsty lawn that requires a lot of fertilizers and herbicides to be kept green and weed-free, native vegetation may be planted. This can be maintained with can a drip irrigation system to run by a \"smart\" sprinkler control. These \"smart\" sprinklers can determine whether it has rained recently and will not water the plants if it has. They are also system programmable relative to certain types of plants, as opposed to zones, so if certain plants need more water than others, they get it without drowning out other less water-loving plants.\n\nLawns are often cut by lawn mowers and, in drier parts of the world, are often irrigated by tapwater. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore do what they can to reduce this consumption by:\n\n- Replacing part of or all lawns with other perennial planting such as trees and shrubs with less ecologically demanding maintenance requirements;\n- Cut some or all lawns only once or twice a year, i.e. convert them into [meadows](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meadow \"Meadow\");\n- Make lawn shapes simple so that they may be cut quickly;\n- Increase the cutting height of mower blades;\n- Use a mulching mower to return organic matter to the soil;\n- Sow [clover](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clover \"Clover\") to increase vigour (without the need for synthetic fertilisers) and resilience in dry periods;\n- Cut lawns with [electric mowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawn_mower#Electricity \"Lawn mower\") using electricity from [renewable energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renewable_energy \"Renewable energy\");\n- Cut lawns with hand tools such as [push mowers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawn_mower#By_hand \"Lawn mower\") or [scythes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scythe \"Scythe\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)\n\nGreenhouses can be used to grow crops which might otherwise be imported from warmer climates, but if they are heated by fossil fuel, then they may cause more greenhouse gas emissions than they save. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore use their greenhouses carefully by:\n\n- Choosing only annual plants which will only be in the greenhouse during warmer months, or perennial plants which do not need any extra heat during winter;\n- Using water tanks as heat stores and compost heaps as heat sources inside greenhouses so that they stay frost-free in winter.\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners will not put woody prunings on bonfires, which will emit carbon dioxide and black carbon due to the high oxygen content of such fires,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5) but instead burn them indoors in a [wood-burning stove](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wood-burning_stove \"Wood-burning stove\") and therefore cut emissions from fossil fuel, or cut them up to use as [mulch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mulch \"Mulch\") and increase soil carbon stores,[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) make [biochar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biochar \"Biochar\") by [pyrolysis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrolysis \"Pyrolysis\"),[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15) or add the smaller prunings to compost heaps to keep them [aerated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aeration \"Aeration\"), reducing [methane emissions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methane_emissions \"Methane emissions\").[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Garden_Organic_Book_of_Compost-23) To reduce the risk of fire, they will also choose fire-resistant plants from habitats which are not prone to [wildfires](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildfire \"Wildfire\") and which do not catch fire easily, rather than fire-adapted [plants from fire-prone habitats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildfire#Plant_adaptation \"Wildfire\"), which are flammable and adapted to encourage fires and then gain a competitive advantage over less resistant species.\n\nClimate-friendly gardeners may use deep-rooted plants such as [comfrey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comfrey \"Comfrey\") to bring nutrients closer to the surface [topsoil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topsoil \"Topsoil\"), but will do so without making the leaves into a liquid feed, because the rotting leaves in the [anaerobic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypoxia_\$environmental\$#Aquatic_hypoxia \"Hypoxia (environmental)\") conditions under water may emit methane.\n\n[Nitrogen fertilizers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer \"Fertilizer\") may be [oxidised](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrous_oxide#Soil \"Nitrous oxide\") to [nitrous oxide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrous_oxide \"Nitrous oxide\"),[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) especially if fertilizer is applied in excess, or when plants are not actively growing. Climate-friendly gardeners may choose instead to use [nitrogen-fixing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses \"Nitrogen fixation\") plants which will add nitrogen to the soil without increasing nitrous oxide emissions.\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f0\/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg\/40px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg)[Gardening portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Gardening \"Portal:Gardening\")\n\n- [Agroforestry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agroforestry \"Agroforestry\")\n- [Energy-efficient landscaping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy-efficient_landscaping \"Energy-efficient landscaping\")\n- [Foodscaping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foodscaping \"Foodscaping\")\n- [Forest gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_gardening \"Forest gardening\")\n- [Green building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_building \"Green building\")\n- [List of organic gardening and farming topics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_organic_gardening_and_farming_topics \"List of organic gardening and farming topics\")\n- [Orchard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchard \"Orchard\")\n- [Organic gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organic_gardening \"Organic gardening\")\n- [Permaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permaculture \"Permaculture\")\n- [Rain garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rain_garden \"Rain garden\")\n- Sustainable [design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_design \"Sustainable design\") \/ [gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_gardening \"Sustainable gardening\") \/ [landscaping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_landscaping \"Sustainable landscaping\") and [landscape architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_landscape_architecture \"Sustainable landscape architecture\") \/ [living](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_living \"Sustainable living\")\n- [Vegan organic gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegan_organic_gardening \"Vegan organic gardening\")\n- [Water-wise gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water-wise_gardening \"Water-wise gardening\")\n- [Wildlife gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildlife_gardening \"Wildlife gardening\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-11)\n   Union of Concerned Scientists. [\"The Climate-Friendly Gardener: A guide to combating global warming from the ground up\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140701062812\/http:\/\/www.ucsusa.org\/assets\/documents\/food_and_agriculture\/climate-friendly-gardener.pdf) (PDF). *Union of Concerned Scientists*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ucsusa.org\/assets\/documents\/food_and_agriculture\/climate-friendly-gardener.pdf) (PDF) on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-11)\n   Cross, Rob; Spencer, Roger (2009). *Sustainable Gardens*. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9780643094222](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780643094222 \"Special:BookSources\/9780643094222\")\n   \n   .\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardening_3-0)**\n   Lavelle, Michael (2011). *Sustainable Gardening*. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9781847972323](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781847972323 \"Special:BookSources\/9781847972323\")\n   \n   .\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-14)\n   Ingram, David S.; Vince-Prue, Daphne; Gregory, Peter J. (2008). *Science and the Garden: The scientific basis for horticultural practice*. Chichester, Sussex, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9781405160636](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781405160636 \"Special:BookSources\/9781405160636\")\n   \n   .\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-5)\n   Carroll, Steven B.; Salt, Steven B. (2004). *Ecology for Gardeners*. Portland, USA and Cambridge, UK: Timber Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0881926118](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0881926118 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0881926118\")\n   \n   .\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-6)\n   Watson, Robert T.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N. H.; Verardo, David J.; Dokken, David J. (2000). [*Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report)*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181102162424\/http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/ipccreports\/sres\/land_use\/index.php?idp=0). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9780521800839](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780521800839 \"Special:BookSources\/9780521800839\")\n   \n   . Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/ipccreports\/sres\/land_use\/index.php?idp=0) on 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2014-05-06.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Mitigating_Climate_Change_through_Food_and_Land_Use_7-0)**\n   Scherr, Sara J.; Sthapit, Sajal (2009). [*Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mitigatingclimat0000sche). Washington, United States of America: Worldwatch Institute. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9781878071910](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781878071910 \"Special:BookSources\/9781878071910\")\n   \n   .\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ullstein_editor_2011_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ullstein_editor_2011_8-1)\n   Ullstein, Bart, ed. (2011). *Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone: Summary for Decision-Makers*. United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organisation. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-92-807-3142-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-92-807-3142-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-92-807-3142-2\")\n   \n   .\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Bond_2013_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Bond_2013_9-1)\n   Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Forster, P. M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B. J.; Flanner, M. G.; Ghan, S.; Kärcher, B.; Koch, D.; Kinne, S.; Kondo, Y.; Quinn, P. K.; Sarofi, M. C.; Schultz, M. G.; Schulz, M.; Venkataraman, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bellouin, N.; Guttikunda, S. K.; Hopke, P. K.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klimont, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Schwarz, J. P.; Shindell, D.; Storelvmo, T.; Warren, S. G.; Zender, C. S. (2013). [\"Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment\"](https:\/\/deepblue.lib.umich.edu\/bitstream\/2027.42\/99106\/1\/jgrd50171.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres*. **118** (11): 5380–5552\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2013JGRD..118.5380B](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2013JGRD..118.5380B). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1002\/jgrd.50171](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fjgrd.50171).\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-10)**\n    Royal Horticultural Society (2009). *Peat and the Gardener: Conservation and Environment Guidelines*. Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, United Kingdom.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-11)**\n    Knight, Alan (2013). [*Towards Sustainable Growing Media: Chairman's Report and Roadmap*](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/221019\/pb13867-towards-sustainable-growing-media.pdf) (PDF). Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London.\n12. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-14) [***p***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-15) [***q***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-16) [***r***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-17) [***s***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-18) [***t***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-19) [***u***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-20)\n    Walker, John (2011). *How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening*. Wigston, Leicester: Aquamarine. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1903141892](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1903141892 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1903141892\")\n    \n    .\n13. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-3)\n    Cunningham, Sally (2009). *Ecological Gardening*. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-84797-125-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-84797-125-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-84797-125-8\")\n    \n    .\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-14)**\n    Vaccari, F.P.; Baronti, S.; Lugato, E.; Genesio, L.; Castaldi, S.; Fornasier, F.; Miglietta, F. (2011-05-01). [\"Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat\"](https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1161030111000086). *European Journal of Agronomy*. **34** (4): 231–238\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2011EuJAg..34..231V](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2011EuJAg..34..231V). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.eja.2011.01.006](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.eja.2011.01.006). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1161-0301](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1161-0301).\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-3)\n    Ippolito, James A.; Laird, David A.; Busscher, Warren J. (2012). [\"Environmental Benefits of Biochar\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134%2Fjeq2012.0151). *Journal of Environmental Quality*. **41** (4): 967–972\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2012JEnvQ..41..967I](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2012JEnvQ..41..967I). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2134\/jeq2012.0151](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134%2Fjeq2012.0151). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1537-2537](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1537-2537). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [22751039](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22751039).\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-16)**\n    Wood, Sam; Cowie, Annette (2004). *A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production*. IEA Bioenergy.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Julian_Allwood_and_Jonathan_Cullen_'Sustainable_Materials_-_with_both_eyes_open'_17-0)**\n    [Allwood, Julian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_Allwood \"Julian Allwood\"); Cullen, Jonathan (2011). [*Sustainable Materials - with both eyes open*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/sustainablemater0000allw). Cambridge: UIT. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781906860059](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781906860059 \"Special:BookSources\/9781906860059\")\n    \n    .\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-18)**\n    Hammond, G. P.; Jones, C. I. (2008). [\"Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials\"](http:\/\/opus.bath.ac.uk\/12382\/1\/Hammond_%26_Jones_Embodied_energy_%26_carbon_Proc_ICE-Energy_2008_161\$2\$_87-98.pdf) (PDF). *Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy*. **161** (2): 87–98\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2008ICEE..161...87H](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2008ICEE..161...87H). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1680\/ener.2008.161.2.87](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680%2Fener.2008.161.2.87). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [55741822](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:55741822).\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-19)**\n    Institute of Civil Engineers. [\"Embodied Energy and Carbon\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150427194137\/http:\/\/www.ice.org.uk\/topics\/energy\/Briefing-Sheets\/Embodied-Energy-and-Carbon). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ice.org.uk\/topics\/energy\/Briefing-Sheets\/Embodied-Energy-and-Carbon) on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n20. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293_20-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293_20-1)\n    Livesley, S.; Dougherty, B.; Smith, A.; Navaud, D.; Wylie, L.; Arndt, S. (2010). \"Soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in urban garden systems: impact of irrigation, fertilizer and mulch\". *Urban Ecosystems*. **13** (3): 273–293\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2010UrbEc..13..273L](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010UrbEc..13..273L). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/s11252-009-0119-6](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11252-009-0119-6). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [34790690](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:34790690).\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-21)**\n    Clarke, Alan; Grant, Nick; Thornton, Judith (2009). [*Quantifying the energy and carbon effects of water saving full technical report*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121003125955\/http:\/\/www.energysavingtrust.org.uk\/Publications2\/Housing-professionals\/Heating-systems\/Quantifying-the-energy-and-carbon-effects-of-water-saving-full-technical-report). Environment Agency and Energy Saving Trust. 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Retrieved 6 July 2014.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-29)**\n    Bisgrove, Richard; Hadley, Paul (2002). *Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK*. Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme. [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX_\$identifier\$ \"CiteSeerX (identifier)\") [10\\.1.1.131.6205](https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.131.6205).\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Plant_Growth_and_Climate_Change_30-0)**\n    Morison, James I. L.; Morecroft, Michael D. (2006). *Plant Growth and Climate Change*. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-14051-3192-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-14051-3192-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-14051-3192-6\")\n    \n    .\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-31)**\n    Keith, Heather; Mackey, Brendan G.; Lindenmaye, David B. (2009). [\"Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2701447). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. **106** (28): 11635–11640\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2009PNAS..10611635K](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2009PNAS..10611635K). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1073\/pnas.0901970106](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.0901970106). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [2701447](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2701447). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [19553199](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19553199).\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Carbon_in_the_vegetation_and_soils_of_Great_Britain_32-0)**\n    Milne, R.; Brown, T. A. (1997). \"Carbon in the vegetation and soils of Great Britain\". *Journal of Environmental Management*. **49** (4): 413–433\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[1997JEnvM..49..413M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1997JEnvM..49..413M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1006\/jema.1995.0118](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006%2Fjema.1995.0118).\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-33)**\n    Broadmeadow, Mark; Ray, Duncan (2005). [*Climate Change and British Woodland*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924035552\/http:\/\/www.forestry.gov.uk\/pdf\/fcin069.pdf\/$FILE\/fcin069.pdf) (PDF). Edinburgh: Forestry Commission. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-85538-658-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-85538-658-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-85538-658-0\")\n    \n    . Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.forestry.gov.uk\/pdf\/fcin069.pdf\/$FILE\/fcin069.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-05-12.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-34)**\n    Dyson, Keith; Thomson, A. M.; Mobbs, D. C.; Milne, R.; Skiba, U.; Clark, A.; Levy, P. E.; Jones, S. K.; Billett, M. F.; Dinsmore, K. J.; van Oijen, M.; Ostle, N.; Foeried, B.; Smith, P.; Matthews, R. W.; Mackie, E.; Bellamy, P.; Rivas-Casado, M.; Jordan, C.; Higgins, A.; Tomlinson, R. W.; Grace, J.; Parrish, P.; Williams, M.; Clement, R.; Moncrieff, J.; Manning, A. (July 2009). [*Inventory and projections of UK emissions by sources and removals by sinks due to land use, land-use change and forestry Annual Report*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160304053940\/http:\/\/ecosystemghg.ceh.ac.uk\/docs\/2009\/Defra_Report_2009.pdf) (PDF). London: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Climate, Energy and Ozone, Science and Analysis Division. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/ecosystemghg.ceh.ac.uk\/docs\/2009\/Defra_Report_2009.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-07.\n35. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Gardening_Without_Water_35-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Gardening_Without_Water_35-1)\n    Green, Charlotte (1999). *Gardening Without Water: Creating beautiful gardens using only rainwater*. Tunbridge Wells: Search Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0855328856](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0855328856 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0855328856\")\n    \n    .\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-36)**\n    Dunnett, Nigel; Clayden, Andy (2007). *Rain Gardens: Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape*. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press. 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F.; Blanuša, Tijana; Taylor, Jane E.; Salisbury, Andrew; Halstead, Andrew J.; Henricot, Béatrice; Thompson, Ken (2012). [\"The domestic garden – its contribution to urban green infrastructure\"](http:\/\/centaur.reading.ac.uk\/26212\/1\/The%20urban%20domestic%20garden%20UFUG%206Jan2012.pdf) (PDF). *Urban Forestry & Urban Greening*. **11** (2): 129–137\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2012UFUG...11..129C](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2012UFUG...11..129C). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.ufug.2012.01.002](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2012.01.002).\n38. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-5)\n    Wilson, Matthew (2007). *New Gardening: How to garden in a changing climate*. London: Mitchell Beazley and the Royal Horticultural Society. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781845333058](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781845333058 \"Special:BookSources\/9781845333058\")\n    \n    .\n39. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-8)\n    Crawford, Martin (2010). *Creating a Forest Garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops*. Hartland, Devon: Green Books. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781900322621](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781900322621 \"Special:BookSources\/9781900322621\")\n    \n    .\n40. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12_40-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12_40-1)\n    Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2013). *Protecting our Water, Soil and Air: A Code of Good Agricultural Practice for farmers, growers and land managers*. London: The Stationery Office. p. 12. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-11-243284-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-11-243284-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-11-243284-5\")\n    \n    .\n41. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming_41-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming_41-1)\n    Azeez, Gundula (2009). [*Soil Carbon and Organic Farming: A review of the evidence on the relationship between agriculture and soil carbon sequestration, and how organic farming can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150330130420\/http:\/\/www.soilassociation.org\/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SSnOCMoqrXs%3D&tabid=387). Bristol: The Soil Association. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.soilassociation.org\/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SSnOCMoqrXs%3D&tabid=387) on 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2014-05-12.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-42)**\n    Yungying Wu; Zhaohua Zhu (1997). \"Temperate Agroforestry in China\". In Gordon, Andrew M.; Newman, Steven M. (eds.). *Temperate Agroforestry Systems*. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. pp. 170–172\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9780851991474](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780851991474 \"Special:BookSources\/9780851991474\")\n    \n    .\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-43)**\n    Ferguson, Nicola (1986). *Right Plant, Right Place*. London: Pan. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-330-29656-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-330-29656-6 \"Special:BookSources\/0-330-29656-6\")\n    \n    .\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-44)**\n    Lancaster, Roy (2010). *Perfect Plant, Perfect Place*. London: Dorling Kindersley. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1405348133](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1405348133 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1405348133\")\n    \n    .\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_54-55_45-0)**\n    Walker, John (2011). *How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening*. Wigston, Leicestershire: Anness Publishing. pp. 54–55\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781903141892](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781903141892 \"Special:BookSources\/9781903141892\")\n    \n    .\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Make_a_Wildlife_Garden_46-0)**\n    Baines, Chris (2000). *How to Make a Wildlife Garden*. London: Frances Lincoln. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9780711217119](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780711217119 \"Special:BookSources\/9780711217119\")\n    \n    .\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Cooking_up_a_Storm_47-0)**\n    Garnett, Tara (September 2008). [*Cooking up a Storm: Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate*](http:\/\/www.fcrn.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/CuaS_web.pdf) (PDF). Guildford, Surrey: Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-48)**\n    Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2009). [*Soil Protection Review 2010*](http:\/\/adlib.everysite.co.uk\/resources\/000\/145\/513\/PB13311.pdf) (PDF). London: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. pp. 21–22\\.\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_10_49-0)**\n    Farming Futures. [\"Focus on arable crops (Fact Sheet 10)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130919114444\/http:\/\/www.farmingfutures.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/casestudy\/pdf\/FF_FS_REV_FS10_Arable%20crops.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.farmingfutures.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/casestudy\/pdf\/FF_FS_REV_FS10_Arable%20crops.pdf) (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.\n50. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Plants_for_a_Future_50-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Plants_for_a_Future_50-1)\n    Fern, Ken (1997). *Plants for a Future: Edible and useful plants for a healthier world*. Clanfield, Hampshire: Permanent Publications. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781856230117](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781856230117 \"Special:BookSources\/9781856230117\")\n    \n    .\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-51)**\n    Hart, Robert (1991). *Forest Gardening*. Hartland, Devon: Green Books. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1870098441](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1870098441 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1870098441\")\n    \n    .\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-52)**\n    Toensmeier, E. (2007). *Perennial Vegetables*. Vermont, United States of America: Chelsea Green. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781931498401](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781931498401 \"Special:BookSources\/9781931498401\")\n    \n    .\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_4_53-0)**\n    Farming Futures. [\"Climate change series: General ways to mitigate climate change (Fact Sheet 4)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140412020804\/http:\/\/www.farmingfutures.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/casestudy\/pdf\/FF_FS4_Mitigation_WEB_Oct%202008.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.farmingfutures.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/casestudy\/pdf\/FF_FS4_Mitigation_WEB_Oct%202008.pdf) (PDF) on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-54)**\n    Lyle, Susanna (2006). *Ultimate Fruit & Nuts: A comprehensive guide to the cultivation, uses and health benefits of over 300 food-producing plants*. London: Frances Lincoln. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-7112-2593-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7112-2593-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-7112-2593-0\")\n    \n    .\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-55)**\n    Freshwater Habitats Trust. [\"Water-Friendly Farming\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150203144058\/http:\/\/www.freshwaterhabitats.org.uk\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Water-Friendly-Farming-Introduction.pdf) (PDF). *Freshwater Habitats Trust*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.freshwaterhabitats.org.uk\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Water-Friendly-Farming-Introduction.pdf) (PDF) on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2014.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_23_56-0)**\n    Farming Futures. [\"Climate change: be part of the solution Focus on energy efficiency (Fact Sheet 23)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150203143156\/http:\/\/www.farmingfutures.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/casestudy\/pdf\/FF_FS23_Energy%20efficiency.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.farmingfutures.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/casestudy\/pdf\/FF_FS23_Energy%20efficiency.pdf) (PDF) on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Cradle_to_Cradle:_Re-making_the_Way_We_Make_Things_57-0)**\n    Braungart and McDonough, Michael and William (2009). *Cradle to Cradle: Re-making the Way We Make Things*. London: Vintage, Random House. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9780099535478](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780099535478 \"Special:BookSources\/9780099535478\")\n    \n    .\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-58)**\n    Ewing, W. N.; Tucker, Lucy (2008). *The Living Gut*. Nottingham University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781904761570](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781904761570 \"Special:BookSources\/9781904761570\")\n    \n    .\n\n## Further reading\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Further reading\")\\]\n\n- Cameron, Blanuša; et al. (2012). [\"The domestic garden – its contribution to urban green infrastructure\"](http:\/\/centaur.reading.ac.uk\/26212\/1\/The%20urban%20domestic%20garden%20UFUG%206Jan2012.pdf) (PDF). *Urban Forestry & Urban Greening*. **11** (2): 129–137\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2012UFUG...11..129C](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2012UFUG...11..129C). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.ufug.2012.01.002](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2012.01.002).\n- Steven B. Carroll and Steven B. Salt (2004), *Ecology for Gardeners*, Portland, USA and Cambridge, UK: Timber Press (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [0881926116](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0881926116 \"Special:BookSources\/0881926116\")).\n- Charlotte Green (1999), *Gardening Without Water: Creating beautiful gardens using only rainwater*, Tunbridge Wells: Search Press (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [0855328851](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0855328851 \"Special:BookSources\/0855328851\")).\n- David S. Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008), *Science and the Garden: The scientific basis for horticultural practice*, Chichester, Sussex: Blackwell Publishing (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781405160636](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781405160636 \"Special:BookSources\/9781405160636\")).\n- John Walker (2011), *How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening*, Wigston, Leicestershire: Aquamarine (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-1903141892](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1903141892 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1903141892\")).\n- Ken Fern (1997), *Plants for a Future: Edible and useful plants for a healthier world*, Clanfield, Hampshire: Permanent Publications (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781856230117](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781856230117 \"Special:BookSources\/9781856230117\")).\n- Martin Crawford (2010), *Creating a Forest Garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops*, Hartland, Devon: Green Books (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781900322621](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781900322621 \"Special:BookSources\/9781900322621\")).\n- Michael Lavelle (2011), *Sustainable Gardening*, Marlborough: The Crowood Press (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781847972323](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781847972323 \"Special:BookSources\/9781847972323\")).\n- Matthew Wilson (2007), *New Gardening: How to garden in a changing climate*, London: Mitchell Beazley and the Royal Horticultural Society (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781845333058](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781845333058 \"Special:BookSources\/9781845333058\")).\n- Nex, Sally (2021). *How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change* (First American ed.). New York. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-7440-2928-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7440-2928-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-7440-2928-4\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [1241100709](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/1241100709).\n  `{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher \"Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher\"))\n- Rob Cross and Roger Spencer (2009), *Sustainable Gardens*, Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780643094222](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780643094222 \"Special:BookSources\/9780643094222\")).\n- Sally Cunningham (2009), *Ecological Gardening*, Marlborough: The Crowood Press (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781847971258](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781847971258 \"Special:BookSources\/9781847971258\")).\n- Sara J. Scherr and Sajal Sthapit (2009), *Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use*, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, United States of America (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781878071910](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781878071910 \"Special:BookSources\/9781878071910\")).\n- Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley (2002), *Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK*, Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme.\n- Tara Garnett (2008), *Cooking up a Storm: Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate*, Guildford: Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey.\n- Union of Concerned Scientists (2010), *The Climate-Friendly Gardener: A guide to combating global warming from the ground up*.\n- Wall, Bardgett *et al* (2013), *Soil Ecology and Ecosystem Services*, Oxford University Press (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780199688166](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780199688166 \"Special:BookSources\/9780199688166\")).\n- Watson, Noble *et al* (2000), *Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry* (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780521800839](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780521800839 \"Special:BookSources\/9780521800839\")).\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n- [Learning from Nature](https:\/\/www.learningfromnature.com.au\/)\n- [Gardening in a Changing Climate](https:\/\/www.rhs.org.uk\/science\/gardening-in-a-changing-world), Royal Horticultural Society.\n- Watson, Noble *et al* (2000), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report: [Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181102162424\/http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/ipccreports\/sres\/land_use\/index.php?idp=0), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9780521800839](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780521800839 \"Special:BookSources\/9780521800839\")).\n- Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley (2002), [Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150203035815\/http:\/\/www.ukcip.org.uk\/wordpress\/wp-content\/PDFs\/Gardens_tech.pdf), Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme.\n- Sara J. Scherr and Sajal Sthapit (2009), [Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170812042740\/http:\/\/www.worldwatch.org\/system\/files\/179%20Land%20Use.pdf), Worldwatch Institute, Washington, United States of America (\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\") [9781878071910](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781878071910 \"Special:BookSources\/9781878071910\")).\n- [Plants for a Future](https:\/\/pfaf.org\/)\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening \"Template:Horticulture and gardening\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening \"Template talk:Horticulture and gardening\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Horticulture and gardening\")[Horticulture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horticulture \"Horticulture\") and [gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardening \"Gardening\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Gardening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardening \"Gardening\") | [Allotment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allotment_\$gardening\$ \"Allotment (gardening)\") [Arboretum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arboretum \"Arboretum\") [Butterfly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butterfly_gardening \"Butterfly gardening\") [Climate-friendly gardening]() [Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_gardening \"Community gardening\") [Forest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_gardening \"Forest gardening\") [Foodscaping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foodscaping \"Foodscaping\") [French intensive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_intensive_gardening \"French intensive gardening\") [Garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden \"Garden\") [Garden design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_design \"Garden design\") [computer-aided](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer-aided_garden_design \"Computer-aided garden design\") [Groundskeeping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groundskeeping \"Groundskeeping\") [Garden tool](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_tool \"Garden tool\") [Green wall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_wall \"Green wall\") [Guerrilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerrilla_gardening \"Guerrilla gardening\") [Historic conservation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens \"Conservation and restoration of historic gardens\") [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_gardening \"History of gardening\") [Native](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_landscaping \"Natural landscaping\") [Parterre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parterre \"Parterre\") [Proplifting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proplifting \"Proplifting\") [Raised bed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raised-bed_gardening \"Raised-bed gardening\") [Square foot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_foot_gardening \"Square foot gardening\") [Sustainable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_gardening \"Sustainable gardening\") [Xeriscaping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xeriscaping \"Xeriscaping\") |\n| [Types of gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_garden_types \"List of garden types\") | [Alpine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_garden \"Alpine garden\") [Ancient Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt \"Gardens of ancient Egypt\") [Australian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardening_in_Australia \"Gardening in Australia\") [Back](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Back_garden \"Back garden\") [Baroque](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque_garden \"Baroque garden\") [Biblical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblical_garden \"Biblical garden\") [Bog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bog_garden \"Bog garden\") [Botanical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Botanical_garden \"Botanical garden\") [Bottle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bottle_garden \"Bottle garden\") [Butterfly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butterfly_house \"Butterfly house\") [Byzantine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantine_gardens \"Byzantine gardens\") [Cactus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cactus_garden \"Cactus garden\") [Colonial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colonial_Revival_garden \"Colonial Revival garden\") [Color](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Color_garden \"Color garden\") [Communal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communal_garden \"Communal garden\") [Garden square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_square \"Garden square\") [Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_gardening \"Community gardening\") [Container](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Container_garden \"Container garden\") [Cottage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cottage_garden \"Cottage garden\") [Dutch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_garden \"Dutch garden\") [East Asian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Asian_garden \"East Asian garden\") [Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_garden \"Chinese garden\") [Cantonese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lingnan_garden \"Lingnan garden\") [Japanese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_garden \"Japanese garden\") [Roji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roji \"Roji\") [Zen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_rock_garden \"Japanese rock garden\") [Korean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_garden \"Korean garden\") [Vietnamese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99 \"Hòn non bộ\") [English](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_landscape_garden \"English landscape garden\") [Sharawadgi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sharawadgi \"Sharawadgi\") [Fernery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fernery \"Fernery\") [Floating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinampa \"Chinampa\") [Flower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flower_garden \"Flower garden\") [Formal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formal_garden \"Formal garden\") French [formal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_formal_garden \"French formal garden\") [landscape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_landscape_garden \"French landscape garden\") [Renaissance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance \"Gardens of the French Renaissance\") [Front](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Front_yard \"Front yard\") [German](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_garden \"German garden\") [Greek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_gardens \"Greek gardens\") [Greenhouse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse \"Greenhouse\") [Hanging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanging_garden_\$cultivation\$ \"Hanging garden (cultivation)\") [Islamic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_garden \"Islamic garden\") [Italian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_garden \"Italian garden\") [Renaissance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_Renaissance_garden \"Italian Renaissance garden\") [Keyhole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyhole_garden \"Keyhole garden\") [Kitchen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kitchen_garden \"Kitchen garden\") [Knot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knot_garden \"Knot garden\") [Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Market_garden \"Market garden\") [Mary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_garden \"Mary garden\") [Medieval](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medieval_garden \"Medieval garden\") [Monastic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monastic_garden \"Monastic garden\") [Mughal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mughal_garden \"Mughal garden\") [Orchard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchard \"Orchard\") [Indonesian home garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pekarangan \"Pekarangan\") [Persian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_gardens \"Persian gardens\") [Bāgh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%C4%81gh_\$garden\$ \"Bāgh (garden)\") [Charbagh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charbagh \"Charbagh\") [Paradise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paradise_garden \"Paradise garden\") [Physic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physic_garden \"Physic garden\") [Pleasure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pleasure_garden \"Pleasure garden\") [Prairie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prairie#Prairie_garden \"Prairie\") [Pollinator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pollinator_garden \"Pollinator garden\") [Rain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rain_garden \"Rain garden\") [Rock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rock_garden \"Rock garden\") [Roman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_gardens \"Roman gardens\") [Roof](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roof_garden \"Roof garden\") [Rose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rose_garden \"Rose garden\") [Sacred](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacred_garden \"Sacred garden\") [School](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/School_garden \"School garden\") [Scottish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gardening_in_Scotland \"Gardening in Scotland\") [Sculpture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sculpture_garden \"Sculpture garden\") [Sensory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sensory_garden \"Sensory garden\") [Shade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shade_garden \"Shade garden\") [Shakespeare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shakespeare_garden \"Shakespeare garden\") [Shrubbery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrubbery \"Shrubbery\") [Spanish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_garden \"Spanish garden\") [Tea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tea_garden \"Tea garden\") [Therapeutic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapeutic_garden \"Therapeutic garden\") [Trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_garden \"Trial garden\") [Tropical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical_garden \"Tropical garden\") [Victory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victory_garden \"Victory garden\") [Walled](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walled_garden \"Walled garden\") [Water](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_garden \"Water garden\") [Wildlife](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildlife_garden \"Wildlife garden\") [Winter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_garden \"Winter garden\") [Zoological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoo \"Zoo\") |\n| [Horticulture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horticulture \"Horticulture\") | [Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture \"Agriculture\") [Permaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permaculture \"Permaculture\") [stock-free](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal-free_agriculture \"Animal-free agriculture\") [sustainable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_agriculture \"Sustainable agriculture\") [urban](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_agriculture \"Urban agriculture\") [Arboriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arboriculture \"Arboriculture\") [Bonsai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonsai \"Bonsai\") [Saikei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saikei \"Saikei\") [Botany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Botany \"Botany\") [Companion planting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Companion_planting \"Companion planting\") [Crop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crop \"Crop\") [most valuable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products \"List of most valuable crops and livestock products\") [Cutting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cutting_\$plant\$ \"Cutting (plant)\") [Flora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horticultural_flora \"Horticultural flora\") [Floriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floriculture \"Floriculture\") [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floriculture_in_Canada \"Floriculture in Canada\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floriculture_in_Taiwan \"Floriculture in Taiwan\") [Hügelkultur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%BCgelkultur \"Hügelkultur\") [Fruticulture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pomology \"Pomology\") [Genetically modified tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetically_modified_tree \"Genetically modified tree\") [Hydroculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydroculture \"Hydroculture\") [Indigenous](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indigenous_horticulture \"Indigenous horticulture\") [Intercropping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intercropping \"Intercropping\") [Landscape architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landscape_architecture \"Landscape architecture\") [Olericulture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olericulture \"Olericulture\") [Plant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant \"Plant\") [breeding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant_breeding \"Plant breeding\") 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[forestry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_forestry \"Urban forestry\") [reforestation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_reforestation \"Urban reforestation\") [Viticulture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viticulture \"Viticulture\") [Monoculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoculture \"Monoculture\") |\n| [Organic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organic_horticulture \"Organic horticulture\") | [Biodynamic agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biodynamic_agriculture \"Biodynamic agriculture\") [Grafting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grafting \"Grafting\") [List of organic gardening and farming topics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming \"Outline of organic gardening and farming\") [Vegan organic agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegan_organic_agriculture \"Vegan organic agriculture\") |\n| Plant protection | [Fungicide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fungicide \"Fungicide\") [Herbicide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbicide \"Herbicide\") [Index of pesticide articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Index_of_pesticide_articles \"Index of pesticide articles\") [List of fungicides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_fungicides \"List of fungicides\") [List of insecticides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_insecticides \"List of insecticides\") [Pesticide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pesticide \"Pesticide\") [Plant disease forecasting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant_disease_forecasting \"Plant disease forecasting\") [Pruning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pruning \"Pruning\") [Weed control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weed_control \"Weed control\") [Aquamog weed remover](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquamog \"Aquamog\") |\n| Related articles | [Community orchard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_orchard \"Community orchard\") [Features](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_garden_features \"List of garden features\") [Floral design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floral_design \"Floral design\") [Floristry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floristry \"Floristry\") [Ikebana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ikebana \"Ikebana\") [Groundskeeping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groundskeeping \"Groundskeeping\") [Garden centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_centre \"Garden centre\") [Garden tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden_tourism \"Garden tourism\") [List of gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_gardens \"List of gardens\") [Lists of plants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lists_of_plants \"Lists of plants\") [Perennial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perennial \"Perennial\") [Plant collecting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant_collecting \"Plant collecting\") [Turf management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turf_management \"Turf management\") |\n| 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Low greenhouse gases gardening Climate-friendly gardening is a form of gardening that can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from gardens and encourage the absorption of carbon dioxide by soils and plants in order to aid the reduction of global warming . [ 1 ] To be a climate-friendly gardener means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it as well as the impact they have on land use and climate . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through processes not directly related to gardening. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Orchard garden showing orchard trees, herbaceous perennials and ground-cover plants, at Hergest Croft Gardens, Herefordshire, Britain Land use and greenhouse gases [ edit ] The burning of fossil fuels is the main source of the excess greenhouse gases causing climate change , but there are other sources to consider as well. A special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that, in the last 150 years, fossil fuels and cement production have been responsible for only about two-thirds of climate change while the other third has been caused by human land use . [ 6 ] The three main greenhouse gases produced by unsustainable land use are carbon dioxide , methane , and nitrous oxide . [ 4 ] [ 7 ] Black carbon , or soot , can also be a product of unsustainable land use, and, despite not being a gas, it can behave like greenhouse gases and contribute to climate change. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Carbon dioxide , CO 2 , is a natural part of the carbon cycle , but human land uses often creates excess amounts, especially from habitat destruction and the cultivation of soil . When woodlands , wetlands , and other natural habitats are turned into pasture , arable fields , buildings and roads, the carbon held in the soil and vegetation becomes extra carbon dioxide and methane to extract more heat in the atmosphere . [ 6 ] Gardeners may cause extra carbon dioxide to be added to the atmosphere in several ways: Methane , CH 4 , is a natural part of the carbon cycle , but human land uses often add more, especially from anaerobic soil , artificial wetlands such as rice fields , and from the guts of farm animals , especially ruminants such as cattle and sheep . [ 22 ] Gardeners may cause extra methane to be added to the atmosphere in several ways: Compacting soil so that it becomes anaerobic, for example by treading on soil when it is wet; Allowing compost heaps to become compacted and anaerobic; [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Creating homemade liquid feed by putting the leaves of plants such as comfrey under water , with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they decay ; Killing pernicious weeds by covering them with water, with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they decay; Allowing ponds to become anaerobic, for example, by adding unsuitable fish species which stir up sediment that then blocks light from and kills submerged oxygenating plants . [ 24 ] Nitrous oxide , N 2 O, is a natural part of the nitrogen cycle , but human land uses often add more. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Gardeners may cause extra nitrous oxide to be added to the atmosphere by: Using synthetic nitrogen fertilizer , for example "weed and feed" on lawns , especially if it is applied when plants are not actively growing, the soil is compacted, or when other factors are limiting so that the plants cannot make use of the nitrogen; [ 20 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Compacting the soil, such as by working in the garden when the soil is wet, which will increase the conversion of nitrates to nitrous oxide by soil bacteria; [ 27 ] Burning garden waste on bonfires . Black carbon is not a gas, but it acts like a greenhouse gas because it can be suspended in the atmosphere and absorb heat . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Gardeners may cause extra black carbon to be added to the atmosphere by burning garden prunings and weeds on bonfires, especially if the waste is wet and becomes black carbon in the form of soot. [ 5 ] Gardeners are also responsible for extra black carbon produced when they buy garden products which have been transported by vehicles powered by fossil fuel especially the diesel used in most lorries . Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide [ edit ] There are many ways in which climate-friendly gardeners may reduce their contribution to climate change and help their gardens absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 12 ] [ 27 ] [ 29 ] Climate-friendly gardeners can find good ideas in many other sustainable approaches: Protecting and enhancing carbon stores [ edit ] Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens [ edit ] Woodland and wetland in the New Forest, Hampshire Woodland and trees in Herefordshire Kitchen garden at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent, showing greenhouse, waterbutt, box hedging and vegetable beds Alliums, lavender, box and other water-thrifty plants in the dry garden at Cambridge Botanic Garden Climate-friendly gardening includes actions which protect carbon stores beyond gardens. The biggest carbon stores in land are in soil; the two habitat types with the biggest carbon stores per hectare are woods and wetlands ; and woods absorb more carbon dioxide per hectare per year than most other habitats. Climate-friendly gardeners therefore aim to ensure that nothing they do will harm these habitats. According to Morison and Morecroft (eds.)'s Plant Growth and Climate Change , [ 30 ] the net primary productivity (the net amount of carbon absorbed each year) of various habitats is: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's Special Report Land use, land-use change, and forestry [ 6 ] lists the carbon contained in different global habitats as: Wetlands: 643 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 43 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 686 tonnes carbon per hectare; Tropical forests: 123 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 120 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 243 tonnes carbon per hectare; Temperate forests: 96 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 57 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 153 tonnes carbon per hectare; Temperate grasslands: 164 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 7 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 171 tonnes carbon per hectare; Croplands: 80 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 2 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 82 tonnes carbon per hectare. The figures quoted above are global averages. More recent research in 2009 has found that the habitat with the world's highest known total carbon density - 1,867 tonnes of carbon per hectare - is temperate moist forest of Eucalyptus regnans in the Central Highlands of south-east Australia ; and, in general, that temperate forests contain more carbon than either boreal forests or tropical forests. [ 31 ] Carbon stores in Britain [ edit ] According to Milne and Brown's 1997 paper "Carbon in the vegetation and soils of Great Britain", [ 32 ] Britain 's vegetation and soil are estimated to contain 9952 million tonnes of carbon, of which almost all is in the soil, and most in Scottish peatland soil: Soils in Scotland: 6948 million tonnes carbon; Soils in England and Wales : 2890 million tonnes carbon; Vegetation in British woods and plantations (which cover only 11% of Britain's land area): 91 million tonnes carbon; Other vegetation: 23 million tonnes carbon. A 2005 report [ 33 ] suggested that British woodland soil may contain as much as 250 tonnes of carbon per hectare. Many studies of soil carbon only study the carbon in the top 30 centimetres, but soil is often much deeper than that, especially below woodland. One 2009 study of the United Kingdom 's carbon stores by Keith Dyson and others gives figures for soil carbon down to 100 cm below the habitats , including "Forestland", "Cropland" and "Grassland", covered by the Kyoto Protocol reporting requirements. [ 34 ] Forestland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 160 (England), 428 (Scotland), 203 (Wales), and 366 ( Northern Ireland ). Grassland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 148 (England), 386 (Scotland), 171 (Wales), and 304 (Northern Ireland). Cropland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 110 (England), 159 (Scotland), 108 (Wales), and 222 (Northern Ireland). Protecting carbon stores in wetland [ edit ] Permeable paving of wood chip with birch-log edging at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley A ground-cover and rain-garden plant, Symphytum grandiflorum (creeping comfrey), with Cotinus coggygria Climate-friendly gardeners choose peat -free composts [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 12 ] because some of the planet's biggest carbon stores are in soil , and especially in the peatland soil of wetlands . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's Special Report Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry gives a figure of 2011 gigatonnes of carbon for global carbon stocks in the top 1 metre of soils, much more than the carbon stores in the vegetation or the atmosphere. [ 6 ] Climate-friendly gardeners also avoid using tapwater not only because of the greenhouse gases emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to treat and pump water, [ 1 ] but because if water is taken from wetlands, the carbon stores are more likely to be oxidized to carbon dioxide . [ 6 ] A climate-friendly garden therefore does not contain large irrigated lawns , but instead includes water-butts to collect rainwater , water-thrifty plants which survive on rainwater and do not need watering after they are established, trees , shrubs and hedges to shelter gardens from the drying effects of sun and wind , and groundcover plants and organic mulch to protect the soil and keep it moist. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] p. 242 [ 12 ] p. 80–82 [ 35 ] Climate-friendly gardeners will ensure that any paved surfaces in their gardens (which are kept to a minimum to increase carbon stores) are permeable , [ 12 ] and may also make rain gardens , sunken areas into which rainwater from buildings and paving is directed, so that the rain can then be fed back into groundwater rather than going into storm drains . The plants in rain gardens must be able to grow in both dry and wet soils. [ 2 ] [ 36 ] Protecting carbon stores in woodland [ edit ] Wetlands may store the most carbon in their soils, but woods store more carbon in their living biomass than any other type of vegetation, and their soils store the most carbon after wetlands. [ 6 ] Climate-friendly gardeners therefore ensure that any wooden products they buy, such as garden furniture , have been made of wood from sustainably managed woodland. Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens [ edit ] Juglans elaeopyren (American walnut) at Cambridge Botanic Garden After rocks containing carbonate compounds , soil is known to be the biggest store of carbon on land. [ 6 ] Carbon is found in soil organic matter , including living organisms ( plant roots , fungi , animals , protists , bacteria ), dead organisms, and humus . [ 4 ] One study of the environmental benefits of gardens estimates that 86% of carbon stores in gardens is in the soil. [ 37 ] Wild strawberries in flower below a British hedge The first priorities for climate-friendly gardeners are therefore, to: Protect the soil's existing carbon stores; Increase the soil's carbon stores. Choose low-emission garden products and practices. Preventing erosion and keeping weeds down. Planting of trees and shrubs. By heat-trapping nitrous oxide emissions related to fertilizer use and generous watering. To protect the soil, climate-friendly gardens: Mulch of woodchips protecting soil at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley in Surrey Climate-friendly gardeners avoid things which may harm the soil. They do not tread on the soil when it is wet, because it is by then most vulnerable to compaction. They dig and till the soil as little as possible, and only when the soil is moist rather than wet, because cultivation increases the oxidation of soil organic matter and produces carbon dioxide . [ 2 ] [ 12 ] p. 54–55 [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 40 ] To increase soil carbon stores, climate-friendly gardeners ensure that their gardens create optimal conditions for various vigorous healthy growth of plants, and other garden organisms above and below the ground, and reduce the impact of any limiting factors . In general, the more biomass that the plants can create each year, the more carbon at which will be added to the soil. [ 12 ] p. 54–55 [ 39 ] However, only some biomass each year becomes long-term soil carbon or humus. In Soil Carbon and Organic Farming , a 2009 report from the Soil Association , Gundula Azeez discusses several factors which increase how much biomass is turned into humus. These include good soil structure , soil organisms such as fine root hairs , microorganisms , mycorrhizas and earthworms which increases soil aggregation , residues from plants (such as trees and shrubs) which have a high level content of resistant chemicals such as lignin , and plant residues with a carbon to nitrogen ratio lower than about 32:1. [ 41 ] Nitrogen-fixing nodules on Wisteria roots (hazelnut for scale) Climate-friendly gardens therefore include: Hedges for shelter from wind; [ 38 ] [ 39 ] A light canopy of late-leafing deciduous trees to let in enough sunlight for growth but not so much that the garden becomes too hot and dry [ 39 ] (this is one of the principles behind many agroforestry systems, such as Paulownia 's use in China partly because it is late-leafing and its canopy is sparse so that crops below it get shelter but also enough light [ 42 ] ); Groundcover plants and organic mulches (such as woodchips over compost made from kitchen and garden "waste") to keep soil moist and at relatively stable temperatures; [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Reducing the use of gas-powered lawn and garden equipment in favor of electric-powered devices. Instead of a leaf blower, using a rake or broom will cut down on gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Nitrogen-fixing plants , because soil nitrogen may be a limiting factor (but climate-friendly gardeners avoid synthetic nitrogen fertilizers , because these may cause mycorrhizal associations to break down); [ 39 ] Many layers [ 39 ] of plants, including woody plants such as trees [ 12 ] and shrubs, other perennials , groundcover plants, deep-rooted plants, all chosen according to 'right plant, right place', [ 43 ] [ 44 ] so that they are suited to their growing conditions and will grow well; A wide diversity of disease-resistant , vigorous plants for resilience and to make the most of all available ecological niches ; [ 37 ] [ 39 ] Plants to feed and shelter wildlife, to increase total biomass, and to ensure biological control of pests and diseases. [ 45 ] [ 13 ] [ 46 ] Soil amendments from waste products such as compost made from garden and kitchen "waste" [ 12 ] and biochar from pyrolyzed dried, dead wood. [ 15 ] Maximise the ventilation and shading around the home as much as possible during the summer. Lawns, like other grasslands, can build up good levels of soil carbon , [ 41 ] but they will grow much more vigorously and store more carbon if besides grasses , they also contain nitrogen-fixing plants such as clover , [ 4 ] and if they are cut down using a mulching mower which returns finely-chopped mowings to the lawn. More carbon, however, may be stored by other perennial plants such as trees [ 12 ] and shrubs and they also do not need to be maintained using power tools . Climate-friendly gardeners will also aim to increase biodiversity not only for the sake of the wildlife itself, but so that the garden ecosystem is resilient and more likely to store as much carbon as possible as long as possible. They will therefore avoid pesticides, [ 12 ] and increase the diversity of the habitats within their gardens. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions [ edit ] Climate-friendly gardeners can directly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from their own gardens, but can also use their gardens to indirectly reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere. Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [ edit ] Climate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce greenhouse gases elsewhere, for example by using the sun and wind to dry washing on washing lines in the garden instead of using electricity generated by fossil fuel to dry washing in tumble dryers . Walnut ( Juglans regia ) with ripening walnuts Food is a major contributor to climate change. In the United Kingdom, according to Tara Garnett of the Food Climate Research Network , food contributes 19% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. [ 47 ] Soil is the biggest store of carbon on land . It is therefore important to protect the soil organic matter in farmland . Farm animals; however, especially free-range pigs, may cause erosion, and also the cultivation of the soil increases the oxidation of soil organic matter into carbon dioxide . [ 40 ] Other sources of greenhouse gases from farmland include: compaction caused by farm machinery or overgrazing by farm animals can make soil anaerobic and produce methane , which is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices, land use and by the decay of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills; farm animals produce methane; and nitrogen fertilizers can be converted to nitrous oxide which is also emitted during agricultural, land use, and industrial activities; combustion of fossil fuels and solid wastes; as well as during treatment of wastewater. Most farmland consists of fields growing annual arable crops which are eaten directly by people or fed to farm animals, and grassland used as pasture , hay or silage to feed farm animals. Some perennial food plants are also grown, such as fruits and nuts in orchards , and watercress grown in water. Although all cultivation of the soil in arable fields produces carbon dioxide, some arable crops cause more damage to soil than others. Root crops such as potatoes and sugar-beet , and crops which are harvested not just once a year but over a long period such as green vegetables and salads , are considered "high risk" in catchment-sensitive farming . [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Climate-friendly gardeners therefore grow at least some of their food, [ 12 ] and may choose food crops which therefore help to keep carbon in farmland soils if they grow such high-risk crops in small vegetable plots in their gardens, where it is easier to protect the soil than in large fields under commercial pressures. Climate-friendly gardeners may grow and eat plants such as sweet cicely which sweeten food, and so reduce the land area needed for sugar-beet. [ 50 ] They may also choose to grow perennial food plants to not only reduce their indirect greenhouse gas emissions from farmland, but also to increase carbon stores in their own gardens. [ 39 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Grassland contains more carbon per hectare than arable fields, but farm animals, especially ruminants such as cattle or sheep , produce large amounts of methane, directly and from manure heaps and slurry. [ 22 ] Slurry and manure may also produce nitrous oxide. [ 28 ] [ 53 ] Gardeners who want to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions can help themselves to eat less meat and dairy produce by growing nut trees which are a good source of tasty , protein -rich food , including walnuts which are an excellent source of the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid . [ 54 ] Researchers and farmers are investigating and improving ways of farming which are more sustainable, such as agroforestry , forest farming , wildlife-friendly farming , soil management , catchment-sensitive farming (or water-friendly farming [ 55 ] ). For example, the organisation Farming Futures assists farmers in the United Kingdom to reduce their farms' greenhouse gas emissions. [ 56 ] Farmers are aware that consumers are increasingly asking for "green credentials". Gardeners who understand climate-friendly practices can advocate their use by farmers. [ 1 ] Nitrogen-fixing and edible - Elaeagnus umbellatus at the Agroforestry Research Trust forest garden in Devon Climate-friendly gardeners aim to reduce their consumption in general. [ 12 ] In particular, they try to avoid or reduce their consumption of tapwater because of the greenhouse gases emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to supply the energy needed to treat and pump it to them. [ 1 ] Instead, gardeners can garden using only rainwater. [ 2 ] [ 35 ] Greenhouse gases are produced in the manufacture of many materials and products used by gardeners . For example, it takes a lot of energy to produce synthetic fertilizers , especially nitrogen fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate , for example, has an embodied energy of 67,000 kilojoules/kilogramme, [ 2 ] so climate-friendly gardeners will choose alternative ways of ensuring the soil in their gardens has optimal levels of nitrogen by alternative means such as nitrogen-fixing plants . Climate-friendly gardeners will also aim to follow " cradle-to-cradle design " and " circular economy " principles: when they choose to buy or make something, it should be possible to take it apart again and recycle or compost every part, so that there is no waste, only raw materials to be made into something else. [ 57 ] This will reduce the greenhouse gases otherwise produced when extracting raw materials. Gardeners can reduce not only their food miles by growing some of their own food, but also their "gardening miles" by reducing the amount of plants and other materials they import, obtaining them as locally as possible and with as little packaging as possible. This might include ordering plants by mail order from a specialist nursery if the plants are sent out bare-root , reducing transport demand and the use of peat -based composts; or growing plants from seed , which will also increase genetic diversity and therefore resilience ; or growing plants vegetatively from cuttings or offsets from other local gardeners; or buying reclaimed materials from salvage firms. [ 12 ] Climbers as insulation - Boston ivy ( Parthenocissus tricuspidata ), Boston ivy, in autumn Climate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce greenhouse gas emissions from homes by: Using sunlight and wind to dry washing on washing lines instead of fossil fuel-generated electricity to run tumble dryers ; Planting deciduous climbers on houses and planting deciduous trees at suitable distances from the house to provide shade during the summer, reducing the consumption of electricity for air conditioning , but also such that at cooler times of year, sunlight can reach and warm a house, reducing heating costs and consumption; [ 5 ] [ 37 ] Planting hedges, trees, shrubs and climbers to shelter houses from wind, reducing heating costs and consumption during the winter (as long as any planting does not create a wind-tunnel effect). [ 5 ] p. 243 [ 37 ] Climate-friendly gardeners may also choose to reduce their own personal greenhouse gas emissions by growing and eating carminative plants such as fennel and garlic which reduce intestinal gases such as methane. [ 58 ] Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes [ edit ] Slow-growing yew ( Taxus baccata ) as hedge at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent Nitrogen-fixing red and white clover ( Trifolium ) as lawn plants Leaf cage, compost heap and wormery at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley There are some patent sources of greenhouse gas emissions in gardens and some more latent. Power tools which are powered by diesel or petrol , or electricity generated by burning other fossil fuels , emit carbon dioxide . Climate-friendly gardeners may therefore choose to use hand tools rather than power tools, or power tools powered by renewable electricity, [ 12 ] or design their gardens to reduce or remove a need to use power tools. For example, they may choose dense, slow-growing species for hedges so that the hedges only need to be cut once a year. [ 13 ] Turning one's thermostat equipment down to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and up to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer will help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 1,050 pounds per year. In place of a water-thirsty lawn that requires a lot of fertilizers and herbicides to be kept green and weed-free, native vegetation may be planted. This can be maintained with can a drip irrigation system to run by a "smart" sprinkler control. These "smart" sprinklers can determine whether it has rained recently and will not water the plants if it has. They are also system programmable relative to certain types of plants, as opposed to zones, so if certain plants need more water than others, they get it without drowning out other less water-loving plants. Lawns are often cut by lawn mowers and, in drier parts of the world, are often irrigated by tapwater. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore do what they can to reduce this consumption by: Replacing part of or all lawns with other perennial planting such as trees and shrubs with less ecologically demanding maintenance requirements; Cut some or all lawns only once or twice a year, i.e. convert them into meadows ; Make lawn shapes simple so that they may be cut quickly; Increase the cutting height of mower blades; Use a mulching mower to return organic matter to the soil; Sow clover to increase vigour (without the need for synthetic fertilisers) and resilience in dry periods; Cut lawns with electric mowers using electricity from renewable energy ; Cut lawns with hand tools such as push mowers or scythes . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 12 ] [ 38 ] Greenhouses can be used to grow crops which might otherwise be imported from warmer climates, but if they are heated by fossil fuel, then they may cause more greenhouse gas emissions than they save. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore use their greenhouses carefully by: Choosing only annual plants which will only be in the greenhouse during warmer months, or perennial plants which do not need any extra heat during winter; Using water tanks as heat stores and compost heaps as heat sources inside greenhouses so that they stay frost-free in winter. Climate-friendly gardeners will not put woody prunings on bonfires, which will emit carbon dioxide and black carbon due to the high oxygen content of such fires, [ 5 ] but instead burn them indoors in a wood-burning stove and therefore cut emissions from fossil fuel, or cut them up to use as mulch and increase soil carbon stores, [ 12 ] make biochar by pyrolysis , [ 15 ] or add the smaller prunings to compost heaps to keep them aerated , reducing methane emissions . [ 23 ] To reduce the risk of fire, they will also choose fire-resistant plants from habitats which are not prone to wildfires and which do not catch fire easily, rather than fire-adapted plants from fire-prone habitats , which are flammable and adapted to encourage fires and then gain a competitive advantage over less resistant species. Climate-friendly gardeners may use deep-rooted plants such as comfrey to bring nutrients closer to the surface topsoil , but will do so without making the leaves into a liquid feed, because the rotting leaves in the anaerobic conditions under water may emit methane. Nitrogen fertilizers may be oxidised to nitrous oxide , [ 12 ] especially if fertilizer is applied in excess, or when plants are not actively growing. Climate-friendly gardeners may choose instead to use nitrogen-fixing plants which will add nitrogen to the soil without increasing nitrous oxide emissions. Cameron, Blanuša; et al. (2012). "The domestic garden – its contribution to urban green infrastructure" (PDF) . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening . 11 (2): 129– 137. Bibcode : 2012UFUG...11..129C . doi : 10.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002 . Steven B. Carroll and Steven B. Salt (2004), Ecology for Gardeners , Portland, USA and Cambridge, UK: Timber Press ( ISBN 0881926116 ). Charlotte Green (1999), Gardening Without Water: Creating beautiful gardens using only rainwater , Tunbridge Wells: Search Press ( ISBN 0855328851 ). David S. Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008), Science and the Garden: The scientific basis for horticultural practice , Chichester, Sussex: Blackwell Publishing ( ISBN 9781405160636 ). John Walker (2011), How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening , Wigston, Leicestershire: Aquamarine ( ISBN 978-1903141892 ). Ken Fern (1997), Plants for a Future: Edible and useful plants for a healthier world , Clanfield, Hampshire: Permanent Publications ( ISBN 9781856230117 ). Martin Crawford (2010), Creating a Forest Garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops , Hartland, Devon: Green Books ( ISBN 9781900322621 ). Michael Lavelle (2011), Sustainable Gardening , Marlborough: The Crowood Press ( ISBN 9781847972323 ). Matthew Wilson (2007), New Gardening: How to garden in a changing climate , London: Mitchell Beazley and the Royal Horticultural Society ( ISBN 9781845333058 ). Nex, Sally (2021). How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change (First American ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-7440-2928-4 . OCLC 1241100709 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) Rob Cross and Roger Spencer (2009), Sustainable Gardens , Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO ( ISBN 9780643094222 ). Sally Cunningham (2009), Ecological Gardening , Marlborough: The Crowood Press ( ISBN 9781847971258 ). Sara J. Scherr and Sajal Sthapit (2009), Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use , Worldwatch Institute, Washington, United States of America ( ISBN 9781878071910 ). Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley (2002), Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK , Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme. Tara Garnett (2008), Cooking up a Storm: Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate , Guildford: Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey. Union of Concerned Scientists (2010), The Climate-Friendly Gardener: A guide to combating global warming from the ground up . Wall, Bardgett et al (2013), Soil Ecology and Ecosystem Services , Oxford University Press ( ISBN 9780199688166 ). Watson, Noble et al (2000), Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press ( ISBN 9780521800839 ).

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[o]") Pages for logged out editors [learn more](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) - [Contributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions "A list of edits made from this IP address [y]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk "Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening) - [1 Land use and greenhouse gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Land_use_and_greenhouse_gases) Toggle Land use and greenhouse gases subsection - [1\.1 Carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Carbon_dioxide) - [1\.2 Methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Methane) - [1\.3 Nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Nitrous_oxide) - [1\.4 Black carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Black_carbon) - [2 Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Gardening_to_reduce_greenhouse_gas_emissions_and_absorb_carbon_dioxide) - [3 Protecting and enhancing carbon stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_and_enhancing_carbon_stores) Toggle Protecting and enhancing carbon stores subsection - [3\.1 Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_carbon_stores_in_land_beyond_gardens) - [3\.2 Carbon stores in Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Carbon_stores_in_Britain) - [3\.3 Protecting carbon stores in wetland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_carbon_stores_in_wetland) - [3\.4 Protecting carbon stores in woodland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_carbon_stores_in_woodland) - [3\.5 Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Protecting_and_increasing_carbon_stores_in_gardens) - [4 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Reducing_greenhouse_gas_emissions) Toggle Reducing greenhouse gas emissions subsection - [4\.1 Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Using_gardens_to_reduce_greenhouse_gas_emissions) - [4\.1.1 From farmland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_farmland) - [4\.1.2 From industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_industry) - [4\.1.3 From transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_transport) - [4\.1.4 From houses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#From_houses) - [4\.2 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Reducing_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_gardens_and_homes) - [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#See_also) - [6 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#References) - [7 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#Further_reading) - [8 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Climate-friendly gardening 3 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE "بستنة صديقة للمناخ – Arabic") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardinage_respectueux_du_climat "Jardinage respectueux du climat – French") - [Ikinyarwanda](https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubusitani_bw%27ikirere "Ubusitani bw'ikirere – Kinyarwanda") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23579655#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate-friendly_gardening "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - 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[Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Climate-friendly_gardening&id=1291875852&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClimate-friendly_gardening) - [Download QR code](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClimate-friendly_gardening) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23579655 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Low greenhouse gases gardening | | | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg) | This article's [lead section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section") **may be too short to adequately [summarize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style "Wikipedia:Summary style") the key points**. Please consider expanding the lead to [provide an accessible overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section") of all important aspects of the article. *(April 2021)* | **Climate-friendly gardening** is a form of [gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening "Gardening") that can reduce emissions of [greenhouse gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases "Greenhouse gases") from [gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden "Garden") and encourage the absorption of [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") by [soils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil "Soil") and [plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant "Plant") in order to aid the reduction of [global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1) To be a [climate-friendly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_living "Sustainable living") [gardener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener "Gardener") means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it as well as the impact they have on [land use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use "Land use") and [climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate "Climate").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardening-3) It can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce [greenhouse gas emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions "Greenhouse gas emissions") through processes not directly related to gardening.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Orchard_garden_at_Hergest_Croft.JPG/250px-Orchard_garden_at_Hergest_Croft.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orchard_garden_at_Hergest_Croft.JPG) Orchard garden showing orchard trees, herbaceous perennials and ground-cover plants, at Hergest Croft Gardens, Herefordshire, Britain ## Land use and greenhouse gases \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Land use and greenhouse gases")\] The burning of [fossil fuels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels "Fossil fuels") is the main source of the excess [greenhouse gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas "Greenhouse gas") causing [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), but there are other sources to consider as well. A special report from the [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change") (IPCC) estimated that, in the last 150 years, fossil fuels and [cement production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement#CO2_emissions "Cement") have been responsible for only about two-thirds of climate change while the other third has been caused by human [land use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use "Land use").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) The three main greenhouse gases produced by [unsustainable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsustainable "Unsustainable") land use are [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide"), [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane"), and [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Mitigating_Climate_Change_through_Food_and_Land_Use-7) [Black carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_carbon "Black carbon"), or [soot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot "Soot"), can also be a product of unsustainable land use, and, despite not being a gas, it can behave like greenhouse gases and contribute to climate change.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ullstein_editor_2011-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Bond_2013-9) ### Carbon dioxide \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Carbon dioxide")\] [Carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide"), CO2, is a natural part of the [carbon cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle "Carbon cycle"), but human [land uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use "Land use") often creates excess amounts, especially from [habitat destruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction "Habitat destruction") and the [cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage "Tillage") of [soil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil "Soil"). When [woodlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland "Woodland"), [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland "Wetland"), and other natural [habitats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat "Habitat") are turned into [pasture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture "Pasture"), [arable fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land "Arable land"), buildings and roads, the [carbon held in the soil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_carbon "Soil carbon") and vegetation becomes extra carbon dioxide and [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane") to extract more heat in the [atmosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth "Atmosphere of Earth").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) [Gardeners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener "Gardener") may cause extra carbon dioxide to be added to the atmosphere in several ways: - Using [peat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat "Peat") or [potting compost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_compost "Potting compost") containing peat;[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) - Buying [garden furniture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_furniture "Garden furniture") or other [wooden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood "Wood") products made from woodland which has been destroyed rather than taken as a [renewable crop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resource "Renewable resource") from [sustainably managed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_land_management "Sustainable land management") woodland;[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2) - Digging the soil and leaving it bare so that the carbon in soil organic matter is [oxidised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation");[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4) - Using [power tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tool "Power tool") which burn fossil fuel or [electricity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity "Electricity") generated by burning fossil fuel;[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13) - Using [patio heaters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_heater "Patio heater"); - Heating [greenhouses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse "Greenhouse") by burning fossil fuel or electricity generated by burning fossil fuel;[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4) - Burning [garden prunings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning "Pruning") and [weeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed "Weed") on a [bonfire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire "Bonfire"), though [pyrolysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis "Pyrolysis") of wood turns 35% of its carbon (which would otherwise decompose to CO2) into [biochar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar "Biochar"),[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-14) which remains stable in the soil for thousands of years;[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15) - Buying [tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tools "Tools"), [pesticides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide "Pesticide"), [synthetic nitrogen fertilizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer "Fertilizer") (over 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent is produced in the manufacture of each kilogram of ammonium nitrate[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-16)), and other materials which have been manufactured using fossil fuel;[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Julian_Allwood_and_Jonathan_Cullen_'Sustainable_Materials_-_with_both_eyes_open'-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-19) - Heating and treating [swimming pools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool "Swimming pool") by burning fossil fuel or electricity generated by burning fossil fuel;[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2) - [Watering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation "Irrigation") their gardens with [tapwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapwater "Tapwater"), which has been treated and pumped by burning fossil fuel, with a greenhouse gas impact of about 1 kg CO2e/m3 water.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-21) - Buying garden products which have been transported by vehicles powered by fossil fuel.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2) ### Methane \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Methane")\] [Methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane"), CH4, is a natural part of the [carbon cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle "Carbon cycle"), but human [land uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use "Land use") often add more, especially from [anaerobic](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anaerobic "wikt:anaerobic") [soil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil "Soil"), artificial [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland "Wetland") such as [rice fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice#Environmental_impacts "Rice"), and from the [guts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion "Digestion") of [farm animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock "Livestock"), especially [ruminants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant "Ruminant") such as [cattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle "Cattle") and [sheep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep "Sheep").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Dave_Reay_2010-22) [Gardeners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener "Gardener") may cause extra methane to be added to the atmosphere in several ways: - [Compacting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction "Soil compaction") soil so that it becomes anaerobic, for example by treading on soil when it is wet; - Allowing [compost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost "Compost") heaps to become compacted and anaerobic;[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Garden_Organic_Book_of_Compost-23) - Creating homemade liquid feed by putting the leaves of plants such as [comfrey under water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfrey#Fertilizer_uses "Comfrey"), with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they [decay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition "Decomposition"); - Killing pernicious [weeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed "Weed") by covering them with water, with the unintended consequence that the plants may release methane as they decay; - Allowing [ponds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond "Pond") to become anaerobic, for example, by adding unsuitable [fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish "Fish") species which stir up sediment that then blocks light from and kills [submerged oxygenating plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_aeration#Natural_aeration "Water aeration").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Garden_Pond_for_Wildlife-24) ### Nitrous oxide \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Nitrous oxide")\] [Nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"), N2O, is a natural part of the [nitrogen cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle "Nitrogen cycle"), but human [land uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use "Land use") often add more.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-26) Gardeners may cause extra nitrous oxide to be added to the atmosphere by: - Using synthetic nitrogen [fertilizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer "Fertilizer"), for example "weed and feed" on [lawns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn "Lawn"), especially if it is applied when plants are not actively growing, the soil is compacted, or when other factors are limiting so that the plants cannot make use of the nitrogen;[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293-20)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_21-28) - Compacting the soil, such as by working in the garden when the soil is wet, which will increase the conversion of [nitrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate#Uses "Nitrate") to nitrous oxide by soil bacteria;[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20-27) - Burning garden waste on [bonfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire "Bonfire"). ### Black carbon \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Black carbon")\] Black carbon is not a gas, but it acts like a greenhouse gas because it can be [suspended](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_$chemistry$ "Suspension (chemistry)") in the atmosphere and absorb [heat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy "Thermal energy").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ullstein_editor_2011-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Bond_2013-9) Gardeners may cause extra black carbon to be added to the atmosphere by burning garden [prunings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning "Pruning") and [weeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed "Weed") on bonfires, especially if the waste is wet and becomes black carbon in the form of soot.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5) Gardeners are also responsible for extra black carbon produced when they buy garden products which have been transported by vehicles powered by [fossil fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel") especially the [diesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust "Diesel exhaust") used in most [lorries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck "Truck"). ## Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Gardening to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and absorb carbon dioxide")\] There are many ways in which climate-friendly gardeners may reduce their contribution to climate change and help their gardens absorb [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") from the atmosphere.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20-27)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-29) Climate-friendly gardeners can find good ideas in many other [sustainable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability "Sustainability") approaches: - [Agroforestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry "Agroforestry"); - [Forest gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_gardening "Forest gardening"); - [Orchards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard "Orchard"); - [Organic gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_gardening "Organic gardening"); [\[1\]](https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/organic-farming) - [Permaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture "Permaculture"); - [Rain garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_garden "Rain garden"); - [Vegan organic gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_organic_gardening "Vegan organic gardening"); - [Water-wise gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-wise_gardening "Water-wise gardening"); - [Wildlife garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_garden "Wildlife garden"); - [Biochar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar "Biochar").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15) ## Protecting and enhancing carbon stores \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Protecting and enhancing carbon stores")\] ### Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Protecting carbon stores in land beyond gardens")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woodland_and_wetland_in_the_New_Forest.JPG/250px-Woodland_and_wetland_in_the_New_Forest.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodland_and_wetland_in_the_New_Forest.JPG) Woodland and wetland in the New Forest, Hampshire [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Woodland_and_trees_in_Herefordshire_landscape.JPG/250px-Woodland_and_trees_in_Herefordshire_landscape.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodland_and_trees_in_Herefordshire_landscape.JPG) Woodland and trees in Herefordshire [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Waterbutt_in_kitchen_garden_at_Charles_Darwin%27s_home%2C_Down_House%2C_Kent.JPG/250px-Waterbutt_in_kitchen_garden_at_Charles_Darwin%27s_home%2C_Down_House%2C_Kent.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterbutt_in_kitchen_garden_at_Charles_Darwin%27s_home,_Down_House,_Kent.JPG) Kitchen garden at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent, showing greenhouse, waterbutt, box hedging and vegetable beds [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alliums_in_dry_garden_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.JPG/250px-Alliums_in_dry_garden_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alliums_in_dry_garden_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.JPG) Alliums, lavender, box and other water-thrifty plants in the dry garden at Cambridge Botanic Garden Climate-friendly gardening includes actions which protect [carbon stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#Main_components "Carbon cycle") beyond gardens. The biggest carbon stores in land are in soil; the two habitat types with the biggest carbon stores per hectare are [woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland "Woodland") and [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland "Wetland"); and woods absorb more carbon dioxide per hectare per year than most other habitats. Climate-friendly gardeners therefore aim to ensure that nothing they do will harm these habitats. According to Morison and Morecroft (eds.)'s *Plant Growth and Climate Change*,[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Plant_Growth_and_Climate_Change-30) the [net primary productivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_primary_productivity "Net primary productivity") (the net amount of carbon absorbed each year) of various habitats is: - [Tropical forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_forest "Tropical forest"): 12.5 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year; - [Temperate forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_forest "Temperate forest"): 7.7 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year; - [Temperate grasslands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland "Grassland"): 3.7 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year; - [Croplands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropland "Cropland"): 3.1 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year. The [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change")'s Special Report *[Land use, land-use change, and forestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry "Land use, land-use change, and forestry")* [\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) lists the carbon contained in different global habitats as: - Wetlands: 643 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 43 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 686 tonnes carbon per hectare; - Tropical forests: 123 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 120 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 243 tonnes carbon per hectare; - Temperate forests: 96 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 57 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 153 tonnes carbon per hectare; - Temperate grasslands: 164 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 7 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 171 tonnes carbon per hectare; - Croplands: 80 tonnes carbon per hectare in soil + 2 tonnes carbon per hectare in vegetation = total 82 tonnes carbon per hectare. The figures quoted above are global averages. More recent research in 2009 has found that the habitat with the world's highest known total carbon density - 1,867 tonnes of carbon per hectare - is temperate moist forest of [Eucalyptus regnans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_regnans "Eucalyptus regnans") in the Central Highlands of south-east [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia"); and, in general, that temperate forests contain more carbon than either [boreal forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest "Boreal forest") or tropical forests.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-31) ### Carbon stores in Britain \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Carbon stores in Britain")\] According to Milne and Brown's 1997 paper "Carbon in the vegetation and soils of Great Britain",[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Carbon_in_the_vegetation_and_soils_of_Great_Britain-32) [Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain")'s [vegetation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation "Vegetation") and soil are estimated to contain 9952 million tonnes of carbon, of which almost all is in the soil, and most in [Scottish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") [peatland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog "Bog") soil: - Soils in Scotland: 6948 million tonnes carbon; - Soils in [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England") and [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales"): 2890 million tonnes carbon; - Vegetation in British [woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland "Woodland") and [plantations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation "Plantation") (which cover only 11% of Britain's land area): 91 million tonnes carbon; - Other vegetation: 23 million tonnes carbon. A 2005 report[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-33) suggested that British woodland soil may contain as much as 250 tonnes of carbon per hectare. Many studies of [soil carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_carbon "Soil carbon") only study the carbon in the top 30 centimetres, but soil is often much deeper than that, especially below woodland. One 2009 study of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom")'s [carbon stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#Main_components "Carbon cycle") by Keith Dyson and others gives figures for soil carbon down to 100 cm below the [habitats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat "Habitat"), including "Forestland", "Cropland" and "Grassland", covered by the [Kyoto Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol "Kyoto Protocol") reporting requirements.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-34) - Forestland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 160 (England), 428 (Scotland), 203 (Wales), and 366 ([Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland")). - Grassland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 148 (England), 386 (Scotland), 171 (Wales), and 304 (Northern Ireland). - Cropland soils: average figures in tonnes carbon per hectare are 110 (England), 159 (Scotland), 108 (Wales), and 222 (Northern Ireland). ### Protecting carbon stores in wetland \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Protecting carbon stores in wetland")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Paving_-_wood_chip_with_birch_logs_as_edging_at_Wisley.JPG/250px-Paving_-_wood_chip_with_birch_logs_as_edging_at_Wisley.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paving_-_wood_chip_with_birch_logs_as_edging_at_Wisley.JPG) Permeable paving of wood chip with birch-log edging at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Symphytum_grandiflorum%2C_creeping_comfrey%2C_with_Cotinus_coggygria.JPG/250px-Symphytum_grandiflorum%2C_creeping_comfrey%2C_with_Cotinus_coggygria.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symphytum_grandiflorum,_creeping_comfrey,_with_Cotinus_coggygria.JPG) A ground-cover and rain-garden plant, *[Symphytum grandiflorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphytum_grandiflorum "Symphytum grandiflorum")* (creeping comfrey), with *[Cotinus coggygria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotinus_coggygria "Cotinus coggygria")* Climate-friendly gardeners choose [peat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat "Peat")\-free [composts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_compost "Potting compost")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) because some of the planet's biggest [carbon stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#Main_components "Carbon cycle") are in [soil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil "Soil"), and especially in the [peatland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog "Bog") soil of [wetlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland "Wetland"). The [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change")'s Special Report *Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry* gives a figure of 2011 gigatonnes of carbon for global carbon stocks in the top 1 metre of soils, much more than the carbon stores in the vegetation or the atmosphere.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) Climate-friendly gardeners also avoid using [tapwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapwater "Tapwater") not only because of the [greenhouse gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas "Greenhouse gas") emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to treat and pump water,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1) but because if water is taken from wetlands, the carbon stores are more likely to be oxidized to [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) A climate-friendly garden therefore does not contain large [irrigated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation "Irrigation") [lawns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn "Lawn"), but instead includes [water-butts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-butt "Water-butt") to collect [rainwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain "Rain"), water-thrifty plants which survive on rainwater and do not need watering after they are established, [trees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree "Tree"), [shrubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub "Shrub") and [hedges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge "Hedge") to [shelter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windbreak "Windbreak") gardens from the drying effects of [sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight "Sunlight") and [wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind "Wind"), and [groundcover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcover "Groundcover") plants and [organic mulch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch#Organic_mulches "Mulch") to protect the soil and keep it moist.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5)p. 242[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)p. 80–82[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Gardening_Without_Water-35) Climate-friendly gardeners will ensure that any paved surfaces in their gardens (which are kept to a minimum to increase carbon stores) are [permeable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeable_paving "Permeable paving"),[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and may also make [rain gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_garden "Rain garden"), sunken areas into which rainwater from buildings and paving is directed, so that the rain can then be fed back into [groundwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater "Groundwater") rather than going into [storm drains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drain "Storm drain"). The plants in rain gardens must be able to grow in both dry and wet soils.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-36) ### Protecting carbon stores in woodland \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Protecting carbon stores in woodland")\] Wetlands may store the most carbon in their soils, but woods store more carbon in their living [biomass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass "Biomass") than any other type of vegetation, and their soils store the most carbon after wetlands.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) Climate-friendly gardeners therefore ensure that any wooden products they buy, such as [garden furniture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_furniture "Garden furniture"), have been made of wood from [sustainably managed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management "Sustainable forest management") woodland. ### Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Protecting and increasing carbon stores in gardens")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Juglans_major_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.jpg/250px-Juglans_major_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juglans_major_at_Cambridge_Botanic_Garden.jpg) *Juglans elaeopyren* (American walnut) at Cambridge Botanic Garden After [rocks containing carbonate compounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_rocks "Carbonate rocks"), soil is known to be the biggest [store of carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#Main_components "Carbon cycle") on land.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry-6) Carbon is found in [soil organic matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organic_matter "Soil organic matter"), including living organisms ([plant roots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root "Root"), [fungi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi "Fungi"), [animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal "Animal"), [protists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist "Protist"), [bacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria "Bacteria")), dead organisms, and [humus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus "Humus").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4) One study of the environmental benefits of gardens estimates that 86% of carbon stores in gardens is in the soil.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fragaria_vesca%2C_wild_strawberry.JPG/250px-Fragaria_vesca%2C_wild_strawberry.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fragaria_vesca,_wild_strawberry.JPG) Wild strawberries in flower below a British hedge The first priorities for climate-friendly gardeners are therefore, to: - Protect the soil's existing carbon stores; - Increase the soil's carbon stores. - Choose low-emission garden products and practices. - Preventing erosion and keeping weeds down. - Planting of trees and shrubs. - By heat-trapping nitrous oxide emissions related to fertilizer use and generous watering. To protect the soil, climate-friendly gardens: - Are based on [plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant "Plant") rather than buildings and paving;[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37) - Have soil that is kept at a relatively stable temperature by [shelter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windbreak "Windbreak") from trees, shrubs and/or hedges;[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38) - Have soil that is always kept covered and therefore moist and at a relatively stable temperature by [groundcover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcover "Groundcover") plants, fast-growing [green manures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manure "Green manure") (which can be used as an [intercrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping "Intercropping") in [kitchen gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_garden "Kitchen garden") of [annual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant "Annual plant") vegetables) and/or [organic mulches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch#Organic_mulches "Mulch").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soil_improvement_and_protection_-_wood_chip_mulch_at_Wisley.JPG/250px-Soil_improvement_and_protection_-_wood_chip_mulch_at_Wisley.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soil_improvement_and_protection_-_wood_chip_mulch_at_Wisley.JPG) Mulch of woodchips protecting soil at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley in Surrey Climate-friendly gardeners avoid things which may harm the soil. They do not tread on the soil when it is wet, because it is by then most vulnerable to compaction. They [dig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage "Tillage") and [till](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage "Tillage") the soil as little as possible, and only when the soil is moist rather than wet, because cultivation increases the [oxidation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") of soil organic matter and produces [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)p. 54–55[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12-40) To increase soil carbon stores, climate-friendly gardeners ensure that their gardens create optimal conditions for various vigorous healthy growth of plants, and other garden organisms above and below the ground, and reduce the impact of any [limiting factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_factor "Limiting factor"). In general, the more [biomass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_$ecology$ "Biomass (ecology)") that the plants can create each year, the more carbon at which will be added to the soil.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)p. 54–55[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) However, only some biomass each year becomes long-term [soil carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_carbon "Soil carbon") or humus. In *Soil Carbon and Organic Farming*, a 2009 report from the [Soil Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Association "Soil Association"), Gundula Azeez discusses several [factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_factor "Environmental factor") which increase how much biomass is turned into humus. These include good [soil structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_structure "Soil structure"), [soil organisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biology "Soil biology") such as fine [root hairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_hair "Root hair"), [microorganisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism "Microorganism"), [mycorrhizas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza "Mycorrhiza") and [earthworms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm "Earthworm") which increases [soil aggregation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil#Structure "Soil"), residues from plants (such as trees and shrubs) which have a high level content of resistant chemicals such as [lignin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin "Lignin"), and plant residues with a [carbon to nitrogen ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_to_nitrogen_ratio "Carbon to nitrogen ratio") lower than about 32:1.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming-41) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG/250px-Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots,_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG) Nitrogen-fixing nodules on Wisteria roots (hazelnut for scale) Climate-friendly gardens therefore include: - Hedges for shelter from wind;[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) - A light canopy of late-leafing [deciduous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous "Deciduous") trees to let in enough [sunlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight "Sunlight") for growth but not so much that the garden becomes too hot and dry[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) (this is one of the principles behind many [agroforestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry "Agroforestry") systems, such as [Paulownia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulownia "Paulownia")'s use in China partly because it is late-leafing and its [canopy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_$biology$ "Canopy (biology)") is sparse so that [crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop "Crop") below it get shelter but also enough light[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-42)); - Groundcover plants and organic mulches (such as [woodchips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchips "Woodchips") over [compost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost "Compost") made from kitchen and garden "waste") to keep soil moist and at relatively stable temperatures;[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) - Reducing the use of gas-powered lawn and garden equipment in favor of electric-powered devices. Instead of a leaf blower, using a rake or broom will cut down on gas emissions that contribute to climate change. - [Nitrogen-fixing plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses "Nitrogen fixation"), because soil nitrogen may be a limiting factor (but climate-friendly gardeners avoid [synthetic nitrogen fertilizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer "Fertilizer"), because these may cause mycorrhizal associations to break down);[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) - Many layers[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) of plants, including [woody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin "Lignin") plants such as trees[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and shrubs, other [perennials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant "Perennial plant"), groundcover plants, deep-rooted plants, all chosen according to 'right plant, right place',[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-44) so that they are suited to their growing conditions and will grow well; - A wide [diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") of [disease-resistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance "Plant disease resistance"), vigorous plants for [resilience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilience_$ecology$ "Resilience (ecology)") and to make the most of all available [ecological niches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche "Ecological niche");[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39) - Plants to [feed and shelter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_garden "Wildlife garden") wildlife, to increase total biomass, and to ensure [biological control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control "Biological pest control") of pests and diseases.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_54-55-45)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Make_a_Wildlife_Garden-46) - [Soil amendments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conditioner "Soil conditioner") from [waste products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture "Permaculture") such as compost made from garden and kitchen "waste"[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and biochar from pyrolyzed dried, dead wood.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15) - Maximise the ventilation and shading around the home as much as possible during the summer. Lawns, like other grasslands, can build up good levels of [soil carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_carbon "Soil carbon"),[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming-41) but they will grow much more vigorously and store more carbon if besides [grasses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn#Grasses "Lawn"), they also contain nitrogen-fixing plants such as [clover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover "Clover"),[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4) and if they are cut down using a [mulching mower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower#Other_notable_types "Lawn mower") which returns finely-chopped mowings to the lawn. More carbon, however, may be stored by other perennial plants such as trees[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and shrubs and they also do not need to be maintained using [power tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tool "Power tool"). Climate-friendly gardeners will also aim to increase biodiversity not only for the sake of the wildlife itself, but so that the garden ecosystem is resilient and more likely to store as much carbon as possible as long as possible. They will therefore avoid pesticides,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and increase the diversity of the habitats within their gardens. ## Reducing greenhouse gas emissions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions")\] Climate-friendly gardeners can directly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from their own gardens, but can also use their gardens to indirectly reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere. ### Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Using gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions")\] Climate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce [greenhouse gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas "Greenhouse gas") elsewhere, for example by using the sun and wind to dry [washing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry "Laundry") on [washing lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_line "Clothes line") in the garden instead of using [electricity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity "Electricity") [generated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation "Electricity generation") by [fossil fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel") to dry washing in [tumble dryers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_dryer "Clothes dryer"). #### From farmland \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: From farmland")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Juglans_regia%2C_walnut%2C_with_ripening_nuts.JPG/250px-Juglans_regia%2C_walnut%2C_with_ripening_nuts.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juglans_regia,_walnut,_with_ripening_nuts.JPG) Walnut (*Juglans regia*) with ripening walnuts Food is a major contributor to climate change. In the United Kingdom, according to Tara Garnett of the [Food Climate Research Network](http://www.fcrn.org.uk/), food contributes 19% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Cooking_up_a_Storm-47) Soil is the biggest [store of carbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle#Main_components "Carbon cycle") on [land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land "Land"). It is therefore important to protect the [soil organic matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organic_matter "Soil organic matter") in [farmland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_land "Agricultural land"). Farm animals; however, especially free-range pigs, may cause erosion, and also the cultivation of the soil increases the [oxidation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") of soil organic matter into [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12-40) Other sources of greenhouse gases from farmland include: compaction caused by farm machinery or overgrazing by [farm animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock "Livestock") can make soil [anaerobic](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anaerobic "wikt:anaerobic") and produce [methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane "Methane"), which is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices, land use and by the decay of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills; farm animals produce methane; and [nitrogen fertilizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer "Fertilizer") can be converted to [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide") which is also emitted during agricultural, land use, and industrial activities; combustion of fossil fuels and solid wastes; as well as during treatment of wastewater. Most farmland consists of [fields growing annual arable crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land "Arable land") which are eaten directly by people or fed to farm animals, and [grassland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland "Grassland") used as [pasture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture "Pasture"), [hay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay "Hay") or [silage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage "Silage") to feed farm animals. Some [perennial food plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_crop "Perennial crop") are also grown, such as [fruits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") and [nuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_$fruit$ "Nut (fruit)") in [orchards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard "Orchard"), and [watercress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress "Watercress") grown in water. Although all cultivation of the soil in arable fields produces carbon dioxide, some arable crops cause more damage to soil than others. [Root crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_root_vegetables "List of root vegetables") such as [potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato "Potato") and [sugar-beet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar-beet "Sugar-beet"), and crops which are harvested not just once a year but over a long period such as [green vegetables and salads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vegetable "Leaf vegetable"), are considered "high risk" in [catchment-sensitive farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment-sensitive_farming "Catchment-sensitive farming").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_10-49) Climate-friendly gardeners therefore grow at least some of their food,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) and may choose [food crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture "Agriculture") which therefore help to keep carbon in farmland [soils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil "Soil") if they grow such high-risk crops in small [vegetable plots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_garden "Kitchen garden") in their gardens, where it is easier to protect the soil than in large fields under [commercial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_agriculture "Commercial agriculture") pressures. Climate-friendly gardeners may grow and eat plants such as sweet [cicely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicely "Cicely") which sweeten food, and so reduce the land area needed for sugar-beet.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Plants_for_a_Future-50) They may also choose to grow [perennial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant "Perennial plant") food plants to not only reduce their indirect greenhouse gas emissions from farmland, but also to increase carbon stores in their own gardens.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Creating_a_Forest_Garden-39)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Plants_for_a_Future-50)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-52) Grassland contains more carbon per hectare than arable fields, but farm animals, especially [ruminants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant "Ruminant") such as [cattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle "Cattle") or [sheep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep "Sheep"), produce large amounts of methane, directly and from manure heaps and slurry.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Dave_Reay_2010-22) Slurry and manure may also produce nitrous oxide.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_21-28)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_4-53) Gardeners who want to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions can help themselves to eat less [meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat "Meat") and [dairy produce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_produce "Dairy produce") by growing [nut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_$fruit$ "Nut (fruit)") trees which are a good source of [tasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umami "Umami"), [protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein "Protein")\-rich [food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food "Food"), including [walnuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut "Walnut") which are an excellent source of the [omega-3 fatty acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3 "Omega-3") [alpha-linolenic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid "Alpha-linolenic acid").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-54) Researchers and farmers are investigating and improving ways of farming which are more sustainable, such as [agroforestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry "Agroforestry"), [forest farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_farming "Forest farming"), [wildlife-friendly farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_agriculture "Conservation agriculture"), [soil management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_management "Soil management"), [catchment-sensitive farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment-sensitive_farming "Catchment-sensitive farming") (or water-friendly farming[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-55)). For example, the organisation [Farming Futures](http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/) assists farmers in the United Kingdom to reduce their farms' greenhouse gas emissions.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_23-56) Farmers are aware that consumers are increasingly asking for "green credentials". Gardeners who understand climate-friendly practices can advocate their use by farmers.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1) #### From industry \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: From industry")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Elaeagnus_umbellatus_at_the_Agroforestry_Research_Trust_forest_garden.JPG/250px-Elaeagnus_umbellatus_at_the_Agroforestry_Research_Trust_forest_garden.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_umbellatus_at_the_Agroforestry_Research_Trust_forest_garden.JPG) Nitrogen-fixing and edible - *Elaeagnus umbellatus* at the Agroforestry Research Trust forest garden in Devon Climate-friendly gardeners aim to reduce their consumption in general.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) In particular, they try to avoid or reduce their consumption of tapwater because of the greenhouse gases emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to supply the energy needed to treat and pump it to them.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1) Instead, gardeners can garden using only rainwater.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Gardening_Without_Water-35) Greenhouse gases are produced in the [manufacture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing "Manufacturing") of many materials and products used by [gardeners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener "Gardener"). For example, it takes a lot of [energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industry "Energy industry") to produce [synthetic fertilizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer "Fertilizer"), especially nitrogen fertilizers. [Ammonium nitrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate "Ammonium nitrate"), for example, has an [embodied energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_energy "Embodied energy") of 67,000 kilojoules/kilogramme,[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Sustainable_Gardens-2) so [climate-friendly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_living "Sustainable living") gardeners will choose alternative ways of ensuring the soil in their gardens has optimal levels of nitrogen by alternative means such as [nitrogen-fixing plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses "Nitrogen fixation"). Climate-friendly gardeners will also aim to follow "[cradle-to-cradle design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design "Cradle-to-cradle design")" and "[circular economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy "Circular economy")" principles: when they choose to buy or make something, it should be possible to take it apart again and [recycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling "Recycling") or [compost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost "Compost") every part, so that there is no waste, only [raw materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource "Natural resource") to be made into something else.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Cradle_to_Cradle:_Re-making_the_Way_We_Make_Things-57) This will reduce the greenhouse gases otherwise produced when [extracting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource#Extraction "Natural resource") raw materials. #### From transport \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: From transport")\] Gardeners can reduce not only their [food miles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_miles "Food miles") by growing some of their own food, but also their "gardening miles" by reducing the amount of plants and other materials they import, obtaining them as locally as possible and with as little packaging as possible. This might include ordering plants by [mail order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order "Mail order") from a specialist nursery if the plants are sent out [bare-root](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_root "Bare root"), reducing transport demand and the use of [peat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat "Peat")\-based composts; or growing plants from [seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed "Seed"), which will also increase [genetic diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity "Genetic diversity") and therefore [resilience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilience_$ecology$ "Resilience (ecology)"); or growing plants [vegetatively](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction "Vegetative reproduction") from [cuttings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_$plant$ "Cutting (plant)") or [offsets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_$botany$ "Offset (botany)") from other local gardeners; or buying reclaimed materials from salvage firms.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) #### From houses \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: From houses")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Parthenocissus_tricuspidata%2C_Boston_ivy%2C_in_autumn_colours.JPG/250px-Parthenocissus_tricuspidata%2C_Boston_ivy%2C_in_autumn_colours.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parthenocissus_tricuspidata,_Boston_ivy,_in_autumn_colours.JPG) Climbers as insulation - Boston ivy (*[Parthenocissus tricuspidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocissus_tricuspidata "Parthenocissus tricuspidata")*), Boston ivy, in autumn Climate-friendly gardeners can use their gardens in ways which reduce greenhouse gas emissions from homes by: - Using sunlight and wind to dry washing on washing lines instead of fossil fuel-generated electricity to run [tumble dryers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_dryer "Clothes dryer"); - Planting [deciduous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous "Deciduous") [climbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine "Vine") on houses and planting deciduous trees at suitable distances from the house to provide shade during the summer, reducing the consumption of electricity for [air conditioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC#Air_conditioning "HVAC"), but also such that at cooler times of year, sunlight can reach and warm a house, reducing [heating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC#Heating "HVAC") costs and consumption;[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37) - Planting hedges, trees, shrubs and climbers to shelter houses from wind, reducing heating costs and consumption during the winter (as long as any planting does not create a [wind-tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel "Wind tunnel") effect).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5)p. 243[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure-37) Climate-friendly gardeners may also choose to reduce their own personal greenhouse gas emissions by growing and eating [carminative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carminative "Carminative") plants such as [fennel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel "Fennel") and [garlic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic "Garlic") which reduce intestinal gases such as methane.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-58) ### Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gardens and homes")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Taxus_baccata%2C_yew%2C_as_internal_hedge_at_Down_House.JPG/250px-Taxus_baccata%2C_yew%2C_as_internal_hedge_at_Down_House.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxus_baccata,_yew,_as_internal_hedge_at_Down_House.JPG) Slow-growing yew (*[Taxus baccata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata "Taxus baccata")*) as hedge at Charles Darwin's home, Down House, Kent [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trifolium_pratense_and_Trifolium_repens%2C_red_and_white_clover_within_meadow.JPG/250px-Trifolium_pratense_and_Trifolium_repens%2C_red_and_white_clover_within_meadow.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_pratense_and_Trifolium_repens,_red_and_white_clover_within_meadow.JPG) Nitrogen-fixing red and white clover (*Trifolium*) as lawn plants [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Soil_improvement_-_leaf_cage%2C_compost_heap_and_wormery_at_Wisley.JPG/250px-Soil_improvement_-_leaf_cage%2C_compost_heap_and_wormery_at_Wisley.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soil_improvement_-_leaf_cage,_compost_heap_and_wormery_at_Wisley.JPG) Leaf cage, compost heap and wormery at the Royal Horticultural Society garden at Wisley There are some patent sources of greenhouse gas emissions in gardens and some more latent. [Power tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tool "Power tool") which are powered by [diesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel "Diesel fuel") or [petrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol "Petrol"), or [electricity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity "Electricity") [generated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation "Electricity generation") by burning other [fossil fuels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel"), emit [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide"). Climate-friendly gardeners may therefore choose to use [hand tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_tool "Garden tool") rather than power tools, or power tools powered by renewable electricity,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) or [design their gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_design "Garden design") to reduce or remove a need to use power tools. For example, they may choose dense, slow-growing species for [hedges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge "Hedge") so that the hedges only need to be cut once a year.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecological_Gardening-13) Turning one's thermostat equipment down to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and up to 3 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer will help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 1,050 pounds per year. In place of a water-thirsty lawn that requires a lot of fertilizers and herbicides to be kept green and weed-free, native vegetation may be planted. This can be maintained with can a drip irrigation system to run by a "smart" sprinkler control. These "smart" sprinklers can determine whether it has rained recently and will not water the plants if it has. They are also system programmable relative to certain types of plants, as opposed to zones, so if certain plants need more water than others, they get it without drowning out other less water-loving plants. Lawns are often cut by lawn mowers and, in drier parts of the world, are often irrigated by tapwater. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore do what they can to reduce this consumption by: - Replacing part of or all lawns with other perennial planting such as trees and shrubs with less ecologically demanding maintenance requirements; - Cut some or all lawns only once or twice a year, i.e. convert them into [meadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow "Meadow"); - Make lawn shapes simple so that they may be cut quickly; - Increase the cutting height of mower blades; - Use a mulching mower to return organic matter to the soil; - Sow [clover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover "Clover") to increase vigour (without the need for synthetic fertilisers) and resilience in dry periods; - Cut lawns with [electric mowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower#Electricity "Lawn mower") using electricity from [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy"); - Cut lawns with hand tools such as [push mowers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower#By_hand "Lawn mower") or [scythes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythe "Scythe").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener-1)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Science_and_the_Garden-4)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-New_Gardening-38) Greenhouses can be used to grow crops which might otherwise be imported from warmer climates, but if they are heated by fossil fuel, then they may cause more greenhouse gas emissions than they save. Climate-friendly gardeners will therefore use their greenhouses carefully by: - Choosing only annual plants which will only be in the greenhouse during warmer months, or perennial plants which do not need any extra heat during winter; - Using water tanks as heat stores and compost heaps as heat sources inside greenhouses so that they stay frost-free in winter. Climate-friendly gardeners will not put woody prunings on bonfires, which will emit carbon dioxide and black carbon due to the high oxygen content of such fires,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Ecology_for_Gardeners-5) but instead burn them indoors in a [wood-burning stove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-burning_stove "Wood-burning stove") and therefore cut emissions from fossil fuel, or cut them up to use as [mulch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch "Mulch") and increase soil carbon stores,[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) make [biochar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar "Biochar") by [pyrolysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis "Pyrolysis"),[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar-15) or add the smaller prunings to compost heaps to keep them [aerated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration "Aeration"), reducing [methane emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_emissions "Methane emissions").[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-The_Garden_Organic_Book_of_Compost-23) To reduce the risk of fire, they will also choose fire-resistant plants from habitats which are not prone to [wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire "Wildfire") and which do not catch fire easily, rather than fire-adapted [plants from fire-prone habitats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire#Plant_adaptation "Wildfire"), which are flammable and adapted to encourage fires and then gain a competitive advantage over less resistant species. Climate-friendly gardeners may use deep-rooted plants such as [comfrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfrey "Comfrey") to bring nutrients closer to the surface [topsoil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil "Topsoil"), but will do so without making the leaves into a liquid feed, because the rotting leaves in the [anaerobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_$environmental$#Aquatic_hypoxia "Hypoxia (environmental)") conditions under water may emit methane. [Nitrogen fertilizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer#Inorganic_commercial_fertilizer "Fertilizer") may be [oxidised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide#Soil "Nitrous oxide") to [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"),[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_note-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden-12) especially if fertilizer is applied in excess, or when plants are not actively growing. Climate-friendly gardeners may choose instead to use [nitrogen-fixing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation#Root_nodule_symbioses "Nitrogen fixation") plants which will add nitrogen to the soil without increasing nitrous oxide emissions. ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: See also")\] - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/40px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg)[Gardening portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gardening "Portal:Gardening") - [Agroforestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry "Agroforestry") - [Energy-efficient landscaping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-efficient_landscaping "Energy-efficient landscaping") - [Foodscaping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodscaping "Foodscaping") - [Forest gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_gardening "Forest gardening") - [Green building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building "Green building") - [List of organic gardening and farming topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organic_gardening_and_farming_topics "List of organic gardening and farming topics") - [Orchard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard "Orchard") - [Organic gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_gardening "Organic gardening") - [Permaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture "Permaculture") - [Rain garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_garden "Rain garden") - Sustainable [design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design "Sustainable design") / [gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_gardening "Sustainable gardening") / [landscaping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_landscaping "Sustainable landscaping") and [landscape architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture "Sustainable landscape architecture") / [living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_living "Sustainable living") - [Vegan organic gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_organic_gardening "Vegan organic gardening") - [Water-wise gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-wise_gardening "Water-wise gardening") - [Wildlife gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_gardening "Wildlife gardening") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Climate-Friendly_Gardener_1-11) Union of Concerned Scientists. ["The Climate-Friendly Gardener: A guide to combating global warming from the ground up"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140701062812/http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/climate-friendly-gardener.pdf) (PDF). *Union of Concerned Scientists*. Archived from [the original](http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/climate-friendly-gardener.pdf) (PDF) on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014. 2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardens_2-11) Cross, Rob; Spencer, Roger (2009). *Sustainable Gardens*. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780643094222](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643094222 "Special:BookSources/9780643094222") . 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Sustainable_Gardening_3-0)** Lavelle, Michael (2011). *Sustainable Gardening*. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781847972323](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847972323 "Special:BookSources/9781847972323") . 4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Science_and_the_Garden_4-14) Ingram, David S.; Vince-Prue, Daphne; Gregory, Peter J. (2008). *Science and the Garden: The scientific basis for horticultural practice*. Chichester, Sussex, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781405160636](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405160636 "Special:BookSources/9781405160636") . 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecology_for_Gardeners_5-5) Carroll, Steven B.; Salt, Steven B. (2004). *Ecology for Gardeners*. Portland, USA and Cambridge, UK: Timber Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0881926118](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881926118 "Special:BookSources/978-0881926118") . 6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Land_Use,_Land-Use_Change_and_Forestry_6-6) Watson, Robert T.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N. H.; Verardo, David J.; Dokken, David J. (2000). [*Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report)*](https://web.archive.org/web/20181102162424/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/index.php?idp=0). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780521800839](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521800839 "Special:BookSources/9780521800839") . Archived from [the original](http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/index.php?idp=0) on 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2014-05-06. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Mitigating_Climate_Change_through_Food_and_Land_Use_7-0)** Scherr, Sara J.; Sthapit, Sajal (2009). [*Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use*](https://archive.org/details/mitigatingclimat0000sche). Washington, United States of America: Worldwatch Institute. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781878071910](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878071910 "Special:BookSources/9781878071910") . 8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ullstein_editor_2011_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ullstein_editor_2011_8-1) Ullstein, Bart, ed. (2011). *Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone: Summary for Decision-Makers*. United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organisation. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-92-807-3142-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3142-2 "Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3142-2") . 9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Bond_2013_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Bond_2013_9-1) Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Forster, P. M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B. J.; Flanner, M. G.; Ghan, S.; Kärcher, B.; Koch, D.; Kinne, S.; Kondo, Y.; Quinn, P. K.; Sarofi, M. C.; Schultz, M. G.; Schulz, M.; Venkataraman, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bellouin, N.; Guttikunda, S. K.; Hopke, P. K.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klimont, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Schwarz, J. P.; Shindell, D.; Storelvmo, T.; Warren, S. G.; Zender, C. S. (2013). ["Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment"](https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99106/1/jgrd50171.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres*. **118** (11): 5380–5552\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013JGRD..118.5380B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118.5380B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/jgrd.50171](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgrd.50171). 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-10)** Royal Horticultural Society (2009). *Peat and the Gardener: Conservation and Environment Guidelines*. Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, United Kingdom. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-11)** Knight, Alan (2013). [*Towards Sustainable Growing Media: Chairman's Report and Roadmap*](https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/221019/pb13867-towards-sustainable-growing-media.pdf) (PDF). Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London. 12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-15) [***q***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-16) [***r***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-17) [***s***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-18) [***t***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-19) [***u***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_12-20) Walker, John (2011). *How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening*. Wigston, Leicester: Aquamarine. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1903141892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903141892 "Special:BookSources/978-1903141892") . 13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Ecological_Gardening_13-3) Cunningham, Sally (2009). *Ecological Gardening*. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84797-125-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-125-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-125-8") . 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-14)** Vaccari, F.P.; Baronti, S.; Lugato, E.; Genesio, L.; Castaldi, S.; Fornasier, F.; Miglietta, F. (2011-05-01). ["Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1161030111000086). *European Journal of Agronomy*. **34** (4): 231–238\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2011EuJAg..34..231V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EuJAg..34..231V). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.eja.2011.01.006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eja.2011.01.006). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1161-0301](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1161-0301). 15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Environmental_Benefits_of_Biochar_15-3) Ippolito, James A.; Laird, David A.; Busscher, Warren J. (2012). ["Environmental Benefits of Biochar"](https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq2012.0151). *Journal of Environmental Quality*. **41** (4): 967–972\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2012JEnvQ..41..967I](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JEnvQ..41..967I). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2134/jeq2012.0151](https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq2012.0151). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1537-2537](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-2537). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [22751039](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22751039). 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-16)** Wood, Sam; Cowie, Annette (2004). *A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production*. IEA Bioenergy. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Julian_Allwood_and_Jonathan_Cullen_'Sustainable_Materials_-_with_both_eyes_open'_17-0)** [Allwood, Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Allwood "Julian Allwood"); Cullen, Jonathan (2011). [*Sustainable Materials - with both eyes open*](https://archive.org/details/sustainablemater0000allw). Cambridge: UIT. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781906860059](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906860059 "Special:BookSources/9781906860059") . 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-18)** Hammond, G. P.; Jones, C. I. (2008). ["Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials"](http://opus.bath.ac.uk/12382/1/Hammond_%26_Jones_Embodied_energy_%26_carbon_Proc_ICE-Energy_2008_161$2$_87-98.pdf) (PDF). *Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy*. **161** (2): 87–98\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2008ICEE..161...87H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ICEE..161...87H). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1680/ener.2008.161.2.87](https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fener.2008.161.2.87). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [55741822](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55741822). 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-19)** Institute of Civil Engineers. ["Embodied Energy and Carbon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150427194137/http://www.ice.org.uk/topics/energy/Briefing-Sheets/Embodied-Energy-and-Carbon). Archived from [the original](http://www.ice.org.uk/topics/energy/Briefing-Sheets/Embodied-Energy-and-Carbon) on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2014. 20. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Livesley_2010_273%E2%80%93293_20-1) Livesley, S.; Dougherty, B.; Smith, A.; Navaud, D.; Wylie, L.; Arndt, S. (2010). "Soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in urban garden systems: impact of irrigation, fertilizer and mulch". *Urban Ecosystems*. **13** (3): 273–293\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2010UrbEc..13..273L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010UrbEc..13..273L). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s11252-009-0119-6](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11252-009-0119-6). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [34790690](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34790690). 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-21)** Clarke, Alan; Grant, Nick; Thornton, Judith (2009). [*Quantifying the energy and carbon effects of water saving full technical report*](https://web.archive.org/web/20121003125955/http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Publications2/Housing-professionals/Heating-systems/Quantifying-the-energy-and-carbon-effects-of-water-saving-full-technical-report). Environment Agency and Energy Saving Trust. Archived from [the original](http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Publications2/Housing-professionals/Heating-systems/Quantifying-the-energy-and-carbon-effects-of-water-saving-full-technical-report) on 2012-10-03. Retrieved 2014-03-11. 22. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Dave_Reay_2010_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Dave_Reay_2010_22-1) Reay, Dave; Smith, Pete; van Amstel, Andre (2010). *Methane and Climate Change*. London: Earthscan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1844078233](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844078233 "Special:BookSources/978-1844078233") . 23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Garden_Organic_Book_of_Compost_23-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_Garden_Organic_Book_of_Compost_23-1) Harriet Kopinska; Jane Griffiths; Heather Jackson; Pauline Pears (2011). *The Garden Organic Book of Compost*. London: New Holland. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781847734372](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847734372 "Special:BookSources/9781847734372") . 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Garden_Pond_for_Wildlife_24-0)** Pond Conservation (2011). *Creating a Garden Pond for Wildlife*. Oxford: Freshwater Habitats Trust. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-9537971-2-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9537971-2-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9537971-2-7") . 25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-25)** Smith, Keith, ed. (2010). *Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change*. London: Earthscan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1844077571](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844077571 "Special:BookSources/978-1844077571") . 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-26)** Sutton, Mark; Reis, Stefan (2011). *The nitrogen cycle and its influence on the European greenhouse gas balance*. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-906698-21-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906698-21-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-906698-21-8") . 27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20_27-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_20_27-2) Farming Futures. ["Climate change: be part of the solution Focus on: soil management (Fact Sheet 20)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010535/http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS20_REV_Nov09%20%28final%29.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS20_REV_Nov09%20%28final%29.pdf) (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014. 28. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_21_28-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_21_28-1) Farming Futures. ["Climate change: be part of the solution Focus on: nutrient management (Fact Sheet 21)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150203031300/http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS21_REVOCT09WEB.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS21_REVOCT09WEB.pdf) (PDF) on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014. 29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-29)** Bisgrove, Richard; Hadley, Paul (2002). *Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK*. Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme. [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_$identifier$ "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10\.1.1.131.6205](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.131.6205). 30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Plant_Growth_and_Climate_Change_30-0)** Morison, James I. L.; Morecroft, Michael D. (2006). *Plant Growth and Climate Change*. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-14051-3192-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14051-3192-6 "Special:BookSources/978-14051-3192-6") . 31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-31)** Keith, Heather; Mackey, Brendan G.; Lindenmaye, David B. (2009). ["Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701447). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. **106** (28): 11635–11640\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2009PNAS..10611635K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10611635K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1073/pnas.0901970106](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0901970106). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [2701447](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701447). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [19553199](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19553199). 32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Carbon_in_the_vegetation_and_soils_of_Great_Britain_32-0)** Milne, R.; Brown, T. A. (1997). "Carbon in the vegetation and soils of Great Britain". *Journal of Environmental Management*. **49** (4): 413–433\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1997JEnvM..49..413M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JEnvM..49..413M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1006/jema.1995.0118](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjema.1995.0118). 33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-33)** Broadmeadow, Mark; Ray, Duncan (2005). [*Climate Change and British Woodland*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035552/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fcin069.pdf/$FILE/fcin069.pdf) (PDF). Edinburgh: Forestry Commission. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85538-658-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85538-658-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85538-658-0") . Archived from [the original](http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fcin069.pdf/$FILE/fcin069.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-05-12. 34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-34)** Dyson, Keith; Thomson, A. M.; Mobbs, D. C.; Milne, R.; Skiba, U.; Clark, A.; Levy, P. E.; Jones, S. K.; Billett, M. F.; Dinsmore, K. J.; van Oijen, M.; Ostle, N.; Foeried, B.; Smith, P.; Matthews, R. W.; Mackie, E.; Bellamy, P.; Rivas-Casado, M.; Jordan, C.; Higgins, A.; Tomlinson, R. W.; Grace, J.; Parrish, P.; Williams, M.; Clement, R.; Moncrieff, J.; Manning, A. (July 2009). [*Inventory and projections of UK emissions by sources and removals by sinks due to land use, land-use change and forestry Annual Report*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053940/http://ecosystemghg.ceh.ac.uk/docs/2009/Defra_Report_2009.pdf) (PDF). London: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Climate, Energy and Ozone, Science and Analysis Division. Archived from [the original](http://ecosystemghg.ceh.ac.uk/docs/2009/Defra_Report_2009.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-07. 35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Gardening_Without_Water_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Gardening_Without_Water_35-1) Green, Charlotte (1999). *Gardening Without Water: Creating beautiful gardens using only rainwater*. Tunbridge Wells: Search Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0855328856](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0855328856 "Special:BookSources/978-0855328856") . 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-36)** Dunnett, Nigel; Clayden, Andy (2007). *Rain Gardens: Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape*. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0881928266](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881928266 "Special:BookSources/978-0881928266") . 37. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure_37-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure_37-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure_37-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure_37-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure_37-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-The_domestic_garden_%E2%80%93_its_contribution_to_urban_green_infrastructure_37-5) Cameron, Ross W. F.; Blanuša, Tijana; Taylor, Jane E.; Salisbury, Andrew; Halstead, Andrew J.; Henricot, Béatrice; Thompson, Ken (2012). ["The domestic garden – its contribution to urban green infrastructure"](http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/26212/1/The%20urban%20domestic%20garden%20UFUG%206Jan2012.pdf) (PDF). *Urban Forestry & Urban Greening*. **11** (2): 129–137\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2012UFUG...11..129C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012UFUG...11..129C). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2012.01.002). 38. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-New_Gardening_38-5) Wilson, Matthew (2007). *New Gardening: How to garden in a changing climate*. London: Mitchell Beazley and the Royal Horticultural Society. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781845333058](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845333058 "Special:BookSources/9781845333058") . 39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Creating_a_Forest_Garden_39-8) Crawford, Martin (2010). *Creating a Forest Garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops*. Hartland, Devon: Green Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781900322621](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900322621 "Special:BookSources/9781900322621") . 40. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Department_of_the_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs_2013_12_40-1) Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2013). *Protecting our Water, Soil and Air: A Code of Good Agricultural Practice for farmers, growers and land managers*. London: The Stationery Office. p. 12. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-11-243284-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-243284-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-11-243284-5") . 41. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming_41-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Soil_Carbon_and_Organic_Farming_41-1) Azeez, Gundula (2009). [*Soil Carbon and Organic Farming: A review of the evidence on the relationship between agriculture and soil carbon sequestration, and how organic farming can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150330130420/http://www.soilassociation.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SSnOCMoqrXs%3D&tabid=387). Bristol: The Soil Association. Archived from [the original](http://www.soilassociation.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SSnOCMoqrXs%3D&tabid=387) on 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2014-05-12. 42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-42)** Yungying Wu; Zhaohua Zhu (1997). "Temperate Agroforestry in China". In Gordon, Andrew M.; Newman, Steven M. (eds.). *Temperate Agroforestry Systems*. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. pp. 170–172\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780851991474](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851991474 "Special:BookSources/9780851991474") . 43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-43)** Ferguson, Nicola (1986). *Right Plant, Right Place*. London: Pan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-330-29656-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-29656-6 "Special:BookSources/0-330-29656-6") . 44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-44)** Lancaster, Roy (2010). *Perfect Plant, Perfect Place*. London: Dorling Kindersley. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1405348133](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405348133 "Special:BookSources/978-1405348133") . 45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Create_an_Eco_Garden_54-55_45-0)** Walker, John (2011). *How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening*. Wigston, Leicestershire: Anness Publishing. pp. 54–55\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781903141892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903141892 "Special:BookSources/9781903141892") . 46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-How_to_Make_a_Wildlife_Garden_46-0)** Baines, Chris (2000). *How to Make a Wildlife Garden*. London: Frances Lincoln. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780711217119](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711217119 "Special:BookSources/9780711217119") . 47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Cooking_up_a_Storm_47-0)** Garnett, Tara (September 2008). [*Cooking up a Storm: Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate*](http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/CuaS_web.pdf) (PDF). Guildford, Surrey: Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey. 48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-48)** Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2009). [*Soil Protection Review 2010*](http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/145/513/PB13311.pdf) (PDF). London: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. pp. 21–22\. 49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_10_49-0)** Farming Futures. ["Focus on arable crops (Fact Sheet 10)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130919114444/http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS_REV_FS10_Arable%20crops.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS_REV_FS10_Arable%20crops.pdf) (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014. 50. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Plants_for_a_Future_50-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Plants_for_a_Future_50-1) Fern, Ken (1997). *Plants for a Future: Edible and useful plants for a healthier world*. Clanfield, Hampshire: Permanent Publications. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781856230117](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856230117 "Special:BookSources/9781856230117") . 51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-51)** Hart, Robert (1991). *Forest Gardening*. Hartland, Devon: Green Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1870098441](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1870098441 "Special:BookSources/978-1870098441") . 52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-52)** Toensmeier, E. (2007). *Perennial Vegetables*. Vermont, United States of America: Chelsea Green. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781931498401](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931498401 "Special:BookSources/9781931498401") . 53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_4_53-0)** Farming Futures. ["Climate change series: General ways to mitigate climate change (Fact Sheet 4)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140412020804/http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS4_Mitigation_WEB_Oct%202008.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS4_Mitigation_WEB_Oct%202008.pdf) (PDF) on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014. 54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-54)** Lyle, Susanna (2006). *Ultimate Fruit & Nuts: A comprehensive guide to the cultivation, uses and health benefits of over 300 food-producing plants*. London: Frances Lincoln. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7112-2593-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2593-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2593-0") . 55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-55)** Freshwater Habitats Trust. ["Water-Friendly Farming"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150203144058/http://www.freshwaterhabitats.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Water-Friendly-Farming-Introduction.pdf) (PDF). *Freshwater Habitats Trust*. Archived from [the original](http://www.freshwaterhabitats.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Water-Friendly-Farming-Introduction.pdf) (PDF) on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2014. 56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Farming_Futures_Fact_Sheet_23_56-0)** Farming Futures. ["Climate change: be part of the solution Focus on energy efficiency (Fact Sheet 23)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150203143156/http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS23_Energy%20efficiency.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/sites/default/files/casestudy/pdf/FF_FS23_Energy%20efficiency.pdf) (PDF) on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014. 57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-Cradle_to_Cradle:_Re-making_the_Way_We_Make_Things_57-0)** Braungart and McDonough, Michael and William (2009). *Cradle to Cradle: Re-making the Way We Make Things*. London: Vintage, Random House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780099535478](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099535478 "Special:BookSources/9780099535478") . 58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening#cite_ref-58)** Ewing, W. N.; Tucker, Lucy (2008). *The Living Gut*. Nottingham University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781904761570](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904761570 "Special:BookSources/9781904761570") . ## Further reading \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Further reading")\] - Cameron, Blanuša; et al. (2012). ["The domestic garden – its contribution to urban green infrastructure"](http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/26212/1/The%20urban%20domestic%20garden%20UFUG%206Jan2012.pdf) (PDF). *Urban Forestry & Urban Greening*. **11** (2): 129–137\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2012UFUG...11..129C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012UFUG...11..129C). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2012.01.002). - Steven B. Carroll and Steven B. Salt (2004), *Ecology for Gardeners*, Portland, USA and Cambridge, UK: Timber Press ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0881926116](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881926116 "Special:BookSources/0881926116")). - Charlotte Green (1999), *Gardening Without Water: Creating beautiful gardens using only rainwater*, Tunbridge Wells: Search Press ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0855328851](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0855328851 "Special:BookSources/0855328851")). - David S. Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008), *Science and the Garden: The scientific basis for horticultural practice*, Chichester, Sussex: Blackwell Publishing ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781405160636](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405160636 "Special:BookSources/9781405160636")). - John Walker (2011), *How to Create an Eco Garden: The Practical Guide to Greener, Planet-Friendly Gardening*, Wigston, Leicestershire: Aquamarine ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1903141892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903141892 "Special:BookSources/978-1903141892")). - Ken Fern (1997), *Plants for a Future: Edible and useful plants for a healthier world*, Clanfield, Hampshire: Permanent Publications ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781856230117](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856230117 "Special:BookSources/9781856230117")). - Martin Crawford (2010), *Creating a Forest Garden: Working with nature to grow edible crops*, Hartland, Devon: Green Books ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781900322621](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900322621 "Special:BookSources/9781900322621")). - Michael Lavelle (2011), *Sustainable Gardening*, Marlborough: The Crowood Press ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781847972323](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847972323 "Special:BookSources/9781847972323")). - Matthew Wilson (2007), *New Gardening: How to garden in a changing climate*, London: Mitchell Beazley and the Royal Horticultural Society ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781845333058](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845333058 "Special:BookSources/9781845333058")). - Nex, Sally (2021). *How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change* (First American ed.). New York. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7440-2928-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-2928-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-2928-4") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [1241100709](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1241100709). `{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher "Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher")) - Rob Cross and Roger Spencer (2009), *Sustainable Gardens*, Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780643094222](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643094222 "Special:BookSources/9780643094222")). - Sally Cunningham (2009), *Ecological Gardening*, Marlborough: The Crowood Press ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781847971258](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847971258 "Special:BookSources/9781847971258")). - Sara J. Scherr and Sajal Sthapit (2009), *Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use*, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, United States of America ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781878071910](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878071910 "Special:BookSources/9781878071910")). - Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley (2002), *Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK*, Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme. - Tara Garnett (2008), *Cooking up a Storm: Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate*, Guildford: Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey. - Union of Concerned Scientists (2010), *The Climate-Friendly Gardener: A guide to combating global warming from the ground up*. - Wall, Bardgett *et al* (2013), *Soil Ecology and Ecosystem Services*, Oxford University Press ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780199688166](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199688166 "Special:BookSources/9780199688166")). - Watson, Noble *et al* (2000), *Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry* (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780521800839](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521800839 "Special:BookSources/9780521800839")). ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: External links")\] - [Learning from Nature](https://www.learningfromnature.com.au/) - [Gardening in a Changing Climate](https://www.rhs.org.uk/science/gardening-in-a-changing-world), Royal Horticultural Society. - Watson, Noble *et al* (2000), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report: [Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry](https://web.archive.org/web/20181102162424/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/index.php?idp=0), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9780521800839](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521800839 "Special:BookSources/9780521800839")). - Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley (2002), [Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK](https://web.archive.org/web/20150203035815/http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/Gardens_tech.pdf), Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme. - Sara J. Scherr and Sajal Sthapit (2009), [Mitigating Climate Change through Food and Land Use](https://web.archive.org/web/20170812042740/http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/179%20Land%20Use.pdf), Worldwatch Institute, Washington, United States of America ( [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781878071910](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878071910 "Special:BookSources/9781878071910")). - [Plants for a Future](https://pfaf.org/) | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening "Template:Horticulture and gardening") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening "Template talk:Horticulture and gardening") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening "Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening")[Horticulture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture "Horticulture") and [gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening "Gardening") | | |---|---| | [Gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening "Gardening") | [Allotment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotment_$gardening$ "Allotment (gardening)") [Arboretum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum "Arboretum") [Butterfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_gardening "Butterfly gardening") [Climate-friendly gardening]() [Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_gardening "Community gardening") [Forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_gardening "Forest gardening") [Foodscaping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodscaping "Foodscaping") [French intensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intensive_gardening "French intensive gardening") [Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden "Garden") [Garden design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_design "Garden design") [computer-aided](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design "Computer-aided garden design") [Groundskeeping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundskeeping "Groundskeeping") [Garden tool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_tool "Garden tool") [Green wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wall "Green wall") [Guerrilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening "Guerrilla gardening") [Historic conservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens "Conservation and restoration of historic gardens") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gardening "History of gardening") [Native](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_landscaping "Natural landscaping") [Parterre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre "Parterre") [Proplifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proplifting "Proplifting") [Raised bed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening "Raised-bed gardening") [Square foot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot_gardening "Square foot gardening") [Sustainable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_gardening "Sustainable gardening") [Xeriscaping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeriscaping "Xeriscaping") | | [Types of gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_garden_types "List of garden types") | [Alpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_garden "Alpine garden") [Ancient Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt "Gardens of ancient Egypt") [Australian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia "Gardening in Australia") [Back](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_garden "Back garden") [Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_garden "Baroque garden") [Biblical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_garden "Biblical garden") [Bog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_garden "Bog garden") [Botanical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden "Botanical garden") [Bottle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_garden "Bottle garden") [Butterfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_house "Butterfly house") [Byzantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_gardens "Byzantine gardens") [Cactus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_garden "Cactus garden") [Colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden "Colonial Revival garden") [Color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_garden "Color garden") [Communal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_garden "Communal garden") [Garden square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_square "Garden square") [Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_gardening "Community gardening") [Container](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_garden "Container garden") [Cottage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_garden "Cottage garden") [Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_garden "Dutch garden") [East Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_garden "East Asian garden") [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_garden "Chinese garden") [Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan_garden "Lingnan garden") [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_garden "Japanese garden") [Roji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roji "Roji") [Zen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden "Japanese rock garden") [Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_garden "Korean garden") [Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99 "Hòn non bộ") [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden "English landscape garden") [Sharawadgi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharawadgi "Sharawadgi") [Fernery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernery "Fernery") [Floating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa "Chinampa") [Flower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_garden "Flower garden") [Formal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_garden "Formal garden") French [formal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_formal_garden "French formal garden") [landscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_landscape_garden "French landscape garden") [Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance "Gardens of the French Renaissance") [Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_yard "Front yard") [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_garden "German garden") [Greek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_gardens "Greek gardens") [Greenhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse "Greenhouse") [Hanging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_garden_$cultivation$ "Hanging garden (cultivation)") [Islamic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_garden "Islamic garden") [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_garden "Italian garden") [Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden "Italian Renaissance garden") [Keyhole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_garden "Keyhole garden") [Kitchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_garden "Kitchen garden") [Knot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_garden "Knot garden") [Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_garden "Market garden") [Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_garden "Mary garden") [Medieval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_garden "Medieval garden") [Monastic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_garden "Monastic garden") [Mughal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_garden "Mughal garden") [Orchard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard "Orchard") [Indonesian home garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekarangan "Pekarangan") [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_gardens "Persian gardens") [Bāgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81gh_$garden$ "Bāgh (garden)") [Charbagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbagh "Charbagh") [Paradise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_garden "Paradise garden") [Physic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physic_garden "Physic garden") [Pleasure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_garden "Pleasure garden") [Prairie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden "Prairie") [Pollinator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator_garden "Pollinator garden") [Rain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_garden "Rain garden") [Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_garden "Rock garden") [Roman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_gardens "Roman gardens") [Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_garden "Roof garden") [Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_garden "Rose garden") [Sacred](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_garden "Sacred garden") [School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_garden "School garden") [Scottish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland "Gardening in Scotland") [Sculpture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_garden "Sculpture garden") [Sensory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_garden "Sensory garden") [Shade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_garden "Shade garden") [Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_garden "Shakespeare garden") [Shrubbery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubbery "Shrubbery") [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_garden "Spanish garden") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_garden "Tea garden") [Therapeutic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_garden "Therapeutic garden") [Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_garden "Trial garden") [Tropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_garden "Tropical garden") [Victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_garden "Victory garden") [Walled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_garden "Walled garden") [Water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_garden "Water garden") [Wildlife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_garden "Wildlife garden") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_garden "Winter garden") [Zoological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo "Zoo") | | [Horticulture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture "Horticulture") | [Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture "Agriculture") [Permaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture "Permaculture") [stock-free](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture "Animal-free agriculture") [sustainable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture "Sustainable agriculture") [urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agriculture "Urban agriculture") [Arboriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboriculture "Arboriculture") [Bonsai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsai "Bonsai") [Saikei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikei "Saikei") [Botany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany "Botany") [Companion planting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planting "Companion planting") [Crop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop "Crop") [most valuable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products "List of most valuable crops and livestock products") [Cutting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_$plant$ "Cutting (plant)") [Flora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultural_flora "Horticultural flora") [Floriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture "Floriculture") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada "Floriculture in Canada") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan "Floriculture in Taiwan") [Hügelkultur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur "Hügelkultur") [Fruticulture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomology "Pomology") [Genetically modified tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree "Genetically modified tree") [Hydroculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroculture "Hydroculture") [Indigenous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture "Indigenous horticulture") [Intercropping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping "Intercropping") [Landscape architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture "Landscape architecture") [Olericulture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olericulture "Olericulture") [Plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant "Plant") [breeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding "Plant breeding") [cuttings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttings_$plant$ "Cuttings (plant)") [free-flowering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-flowering "Free-flowering") [propagation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation "Plant propagation") [drought tolerance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought_tolerance "Drought tolerance") [hardiness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_$plants$ "Hardiness (plants)") [Pomology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomology "Pomology") [Postharvest physiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest_physiology "Postharvest physiology") [Roguing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roguing "Roguing") [Tropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_horticulture "Tropical horticulture") Urban [agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agriculture "Urban agriculture") [horticulture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_horticulture "Urban horticulture") [forestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_forestry "Urban forestry") [reforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_reforestation "Urban reforestation") [Viticulture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture "Viticulture") [Monoculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture "Monoculture") | | [Organic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_horticulture "Organic horticulture") | [Biodynamic agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture "Biodynamic agriculture") [Grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") [List of organic gardening and farming topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming "Outline of organic gardening and farming") [Vegan organic agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture "Vegan organic agriculture") | | Plant protection | [Fungicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide "Fungicide") [Herbicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide "Herbicide") [Index of pesticide articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles "Index of pesticide articles") [List of fungicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fungicides "List of fungicides") [List of insecticides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_insecticides "List of insecticides") [Pesticide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide "Pesticide") [Plant disease forecasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting "Plant disease forecasting") [Pruning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning "Pruning") [Weed control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed_control "Weed control") [Aquamog weed remover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquamog "Aquamog") | | Related articles | [Community orchard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_orchard "Community orchard") [Features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_garden_features "List of garden features") [Floral design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_design "Floral design") [Floristry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floristry "Floristry") [Ikebana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikebana "Ikebana") [Groundskeeping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundskeeping "Groundskeeping") [Garden centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_centre "Garden centre") [Garden tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_tourism "Garden tourism") [List of gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gardens "List of gardens") [Lists of plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_plants "Lists of plants") [Perennial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial "Perennial") [Plant collecting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_collecting "Plant collecting") [Turf management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turf_management "Turf management") | | **[![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/40px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg) [Gardening portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gardening "Portal:Gardening")** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture "Category:Horticulture")** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png) **[Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture "commons:Category:Horticulture")** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/20px-People_icon.svg.png) **[WikiProject](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening "Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening")** | | ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate-friendly_gardening&oldid=1291875852>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Emissions reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Emissions_reduction "Category:Emissions reduction") - [Sustainable gardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sustainable_gardening "Category:Sustainable gardening") - [Climate change and agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change_and_agriculture "Category:Climate change and agriculture") Hidden categories: - [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description") - [Short description matches Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata "Category:Short description matches Wikidata") - [Wikipedia 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Original Publish Time

2015-06-18 19:06:51 (10 years ago)

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