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| Boilerpipe Text | An
economic conflict
between
China
and the
United States
has been ongoing since January 2018, when U.S. president
Donald Trump
began
imposing tariffs and other trade barriers
on China with the aim of forcing it to make changes to what the U.S. has said are longstanding unfair trade practices and
intellectual property theft
.
[
1
]
The
first Trump administration
stated that these practices may contribute to the U.S.–China
trade deficit
, and that the
Chinese government
requires the transfer of American technology to China.
[
2
]
In response to the trade measures,
CCP general secretary
Xi Jinping
's
administration
accused the Trump administration of engaging in
nationalist
protectionism
and took retaliatory action.
[
3
]
[
4
]
Following the trade war's escalation through 2019, the two sides reached a tense phase-one agreement in January 2020;
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
however, a temporary collapse in goods trade around the globe during the
COVID-19 pandemic
together with a short recession diminished the chance of meeting the target, China failed to buy the $200 billion worth of additional imports specified as part of it. By the end of Trump's first presidency, the trade war was widely characterized by American media outlets as a failure for the United States.
[
8
]
[
9
]
[
10
]
The
Biden administration
kept the
tariffs
in place and added additional levies on Chinese goods such as
electric vehicles
and
solar panels
.
[
11
]
[
12
]
[
13
]
In 2024, the
Trump presidential campaign
proposed a 60% tariff on Chinese goods.
[
14
]
2025 marked a significant escalation of the conflict under the
second Trump administration
. A series of
increasing tariffs
led to the U.S. imposing a 145% tariff on Chinese goods, and China imposing a 125% tariff on American goods in response; these measures are forecast to cause a 0.2% loss of global merchandise trade.
[
15
]
[
16
]
[
17
]
Despite this, both countries have excluded certain items from their tariff lists and continue to try and find a resolution to the trade war.
[
18
]
[
19
]
United States trade deficits from 1997 to 2021. Deficits are over 50 billion dollars as of 2021 with the countries shown. Data from the
US Census Bureau
.
Since the 1980s, Trump had advocated tariffs to eliminate the
U.S. trade deficit
and promote domestic manufacturing, saying the country was being "ripped off" by its trading partners; imposing tariffs became a major plank of his presidential campaign.
[
20
]
Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the American economy,
[
21
]
[
22
]
and some economists advocated alternate means to address trade deficits with China.
[
23
]
US president
George W. Bush
and Chinese leader
Hu Jintao
at the White House, April 20, 2006
US president
Barack Obama
and Chinese leader
Xi Jinping
raising a toast during a state dinner at the White House, September 25, 2015
With the
United States–China Relations Act of 2000
, China was allowed to join the
World Trade Organization
(WTO) in 2001 and was given a
most favored nation
(MFN) status.
[
24
]
[
25
]
The growth of trade accelerated after China's entry into the WTO in 2001,
[
26
]
[
27
]
: 274
with the US and China becoming one another's most important trading partners.
[
28
]
The US has consistently imported more from China than it has exported to China, with the bilateral US
trade deficit
in goods with China rising to $375.6 billion in 2017.
[
26
]
According to Keyu Jin, this trade deficit is driven by a difference in saving rates between the US and China (Chinese households save more than 30% of disposable income on average, compared to 7% in the United States)
[
29
]
while according to Xiaohuan Lan, the deficit is driven by the way the economic systems of the two countries are structured: the U.S. imports more than it exports since its domestic consumption is greater than its domestic production of goods while China exports more than it imports since its domestic production is greater than its domestic consumption of goods.
[
27
]
: 273
Since the
entry of China into the WTO in December 2001
, the decline in
U.S. manufacturing jobs
has accelerated (the
China shock
).
[
30
]
[
31
]
The
Economic Policy Institute
estimated that the trade deficit with China cost about 2.7 million jobs between 2001 and 2011, including manufacturing and other industries.
[
32
]
Since 2000, there have been several attempts to repeal the
Permanent Normal Trade Relations
with China. The strongest attempt was in 2005 when House Representative
Bernie Sanders
and 61 co-sponsors introduced a legislation that would repeal the PNTR with China.
[
33
]
There have been studies which have explored the strategic dimension of the trading relationship which some have argued is the best way to understand the main concerns over the way the relationship has developed.
[
34
]
[
35
]
[
36
]
[
37
]
[
38
]
The US government has at times criticized various aspects of the US-China trade relationship, including large bilateral trade deficits, and China's relatively inflexible
exchange rates
.
[
28
]
The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama imposed quotas and tariffs on Chinese textiles in order to shield US domestic producers, accusing China of exporting these products at
dumping prices
.
[
28
]
During the Obama administration, the US additionally accused China of subsidizing aluminum and steel production, and initiated a range of anti-dumping investigations against China.
[
28
]
During these two US administrations, US-Chinese trade continued to grow.
[
28
]
During this time, China's economy grew to be the second largest in the world (using nominal exchange rates), second only to that of the US.
[
39
]
Large-scale Chinese economic initiatives, such as the
Belt and Road Initiative
, the
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
and "
Made in China 2025
" alarmed some US policymakers.
[
39
]
More broadly, China's economic growth has been viewed by the US government as a challenge to American economic and geopolitical dominance.
[
40
]
[
39
]
American proponents of tariffs on China have argued that tariffs will bring manufacturing jobs to the US; that bilateral tariffs should be reciprocal; that the US should eliminate its trade deficit with China; and that China should change various policies governing intellectual property and investment.
[
41
]
Most economists are skeptical of the ability of tariffs to achieve the first three of these goals.
[
41
]
A study estimates that U.S. exports to China provide support to 1.2 million American jobs and that Chinese multinational companies directly employ 197,000 Americans, while U.S. companies invested $105 billion in China in 2019.
[
42
]
Economists have studied the impact of trade with China and increasing labor productivity on employment in the American manufacturing sector, with mixed results.
[
41
]
[
43
]
[
44
]
[
45
]
Most economists believe that the American trade deficit is the result of macroeconomic factors, rather than trade policy.
[
41
]
[
28
]
[
39
]
[
46
]
Two 2020 Congressional Research Service reports said most economists concluded that the long-run net effect of trade on the economy as a whole was positive and that attempts to address the trade deficit without addressing the underlying macroeconomic conditions would likely be counterproductive and create distortions in the
economy.
[
47
]
[
48
]
The U.S. and China held talks in Beijing between U.S. National Security Adviser
Jake Sullivan
and
CCP Foreign Affairs Commission
Office Director
Wang Yi
to prevent competition from escalating into conflict. The meetings aimed to stabilize strained relations and maintain open communication.
[
49
]
Trump administration's complaints
[
edit
]
Donald Trump's first noted advocacy for tariffs was prompted by Japanese economic success in the 1980s, arguing that the U.S. trade deficit was a burden and that tariffs would promote domestic manufacturing that would keep the United States from being "ripped off" by its trading partners.
[
50
]
[
20
]
In early 2011, he stated that because China has manipulated their currency, "it is almost impossible for our companies to compete with Chinese companies."
[
51
]
Imposing tariffs was subsequently a major plank of his successful 2016 presidential campaign.
[
52
]
[
53
]
[
50
]
In the
2016 US presidential election
, Trump ran on a
protectionist
economic platform.
[
40
]
During
his 2016 presidential campaign
,
Donald Trump
promised to reduce the US trade deficit with China, which he attributed to unfair trade practices, such as intellectual property theft and lack of access by US companies to the Chinese market.
[
26
]
Trade advisor
Peter Navarro
was given an office on the 14th floor of
Trump Tower
, where he worked on economic plans that heavily focused on starting a trade war against China.
[
54
]
As president, in August 2017, he directed the
Office of the United States Trade Representative
(USTR) to investigate Chinese economic practices.
[
40
]
The resulting report, issued in March 2018, attacked many aspects of Chinese economic policy, focusing particularly on alleged technology transfer,
[
40
]
which the report stated cost the US economy $225 billion and $600 billion annually.
[
40
]
[
55
]
Following the issuing of the report, Trump ordered the imposition of tariffs on Chinese products, the filing of a WTO case against China and restrictions on Chinese investment in high-tech sectors of the US economy.
[
40
]
Navarro was influential in pushing Trump to start the trade war;
[
56
]
in his 2021 book
In Trump Time
, Navarro wrote that he urged Trump to go "full Sudden Zen" and start an all-out trade war against China.
[
54
]
U.S. Secretary of Commerce
Wilbur Ross
meets with Chinese Minister of Industry and Information Technology
Miao Wei
, Beijing, September 2017.
In supporting tariffs as president, he said that China was costing the American economy hundreds of billions of dollars a year because of unfair trade practices. After imposing tariffs, he denied entering into a
trade war
, saying the "trade war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He said that the U.S. has a trade deficit of $500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft costing an additional $300 billion. "We cannot let this continue," he said.
[
57
]
[
58
]
Former White House Counsel,
Jim Schultz
, said that "through multiple presidential administrations – Clinton, Bush and Obama – the United States has naively looked the other way while China cheated its way to an unfair advantage in the international trade market."
[
59
]
In August 2017,
Robert Lighthizer
investigated China's alleged unfair trade practices.
[
60
]
[
61
]
[
55
]
According to the administration, the Chinese government's reforms have been minimal and have not been fair and reciprocal: "After years of U.S.-China dialogues that produced minimal results and commitments that China did not honor, the United States is taking action to confront China over its state-led, market-distorting forced technology transfers, intellectual property practices, and cyber intrusions of U.S. commercial networks."
[
62
]
[
63
]
Technology is considered the most important part of the U.S. economy.
[
64
]
According to U.S. Trade Representative
Robert E. Lighthizer
, China maintains a policy of "forced technology transfer," along with practicing "state capitalism," including buying U.S. technology companies and using cybertheft to gain technology.
[
64
]
As a result, officials in the Trump administration were, by early 2018, taking steps to prevent Chinese state-controlled companies from buying American technology companies and were trying to stop American companies from handing over their key technologies to China as a cost of entering their market.
[
64
]
According to political analyst
Josh Rogin
: "There was a belief that China would develop a private economy that would prove compatible with the WTO system. Chinese leadership has made a political decision to do the opposite. So now we have to respond."
[
64
]
Lighthizer said that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by alleged theft of
intellectual property
and foreign-ownership restrictions that require foreign companies to transfer technology.
[
65
]
[
66
]
Over half of the members of the
American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China
thought that leakage of intellectual property was an important concern when doing business there.
[
67
]
Initiating steel and aluminum tariff actions in March 2018, Trump said "trade wars are good, and easy to win,"
[
68
]
but as the conflict continued to escalate through August 2019, Trump stated, "I never said China was going to be easy."
[
69
]
[
70
]
Peter Navarro
, White House
Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy
Director, explained that the tariffs are "purely defensive measures" to reduce the trade deficit.
[
71
]
He says that the cumulative trillions of dollars that Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing
... those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."
[
72
]
China's response and counter allegations
[
edit
]
The Chinese government argues that the US government's real goal is to stifle China's growth, and that the trade war has had a negative global effect.
[
26
]
[
73
]
The Chinese government has blamed the American government for starting the conflict and said that US actions were making negotiations difficult.
[
74
]
[
73
]
Zhang Xiangchen, China's ambassador to the World Trade Organization, said the U.S. Trade Representative was operating with a "presumption of guilt", making claims without evidence and based on speculation.
[
75
]
The Chinese government has denied forced transfer of
IP
is a mandatory practice, and acknowledged the impact of domestic R&D performed in China.
[
76
]
Former
U.S. treasury secretary
Larry Summers
assessed that Chinese leadership in some technological fields was the result of "huge government investment in basic science" and not "theft" of U.S. properties.
[
77
]
In March 2019, the
National People's Congress
endorsed a new foreign investment bill, to take effect in 2020, which explicitly prohibits the forced transfer of IP from foreign companies, and grants stronger protection to foreign intellectual property and trade secrets. China had also planned to lift restrictions on foreign investment in the automotive industry in 2022.
AmCham China
policy committee chair Lester Ross criticized the bill, saying the text of the bill was "rushed" and "broad", and also criticized a portion of the bill that granted the country power to retaliate against countries that impose restrictions on Chinese companies.
[
78
]
[
79
]
[
80
]
President
Donald Trump
, joined by Chinese Vice Premier
Liu He
, sign the U.S.-China Phase One Trade Agreement on January 15, 2020, in the
East Room of the White House
.
In January 2020, the US and China signed a "phase one" trade deal, under which China committed to purchasing $200 billion of U.S. goods and services over the next two years.
[
81
]
A temporary collapse in goods trade around the globe during the
COVID-19
pandemic
together with a short recession diminished the chance of meeting this target, China imported less than it had before the trade war.
[
82
]
On January 20, 2021, China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State
Mike Pompeo
, former secretary of health and human services
Alex Azar
, former under secretary of state
Keith J. Krach
, outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations
Kelly Craft
, and 24 other former Trump officials.
[
83
]
Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."
[
84
]
Biden administration restrictions
[
edit
]
US president
Joe Biden
and Chinese leader
Xi Jinping
holding a bilateral meeting at the
G20 summit
in
Bali
, November 14, 2022
US president
Joe Biden
and Chinese leader
Xi Jinping
holding a bilateral meeting at the
APEC summit
in
Lima
, November 16, 2024
According to
JPMorgan Chase
, the effective rate of US tariffs on Chinese goods was between 0–5% in 2018 and climbed to around 20% by 2021, when President
Joe Biden
took office.
[
85
]
The
Biden administration
did not withdraw Trump-era tariffs on Chinese imports and this rate remained steady throughout Biden's term.
[
85
]
On 3 June 2021, Biden signed
Executive Order 14032
which saw the expansion of
Executive Order 13959
signed by the Trump administration as preventing American investors from investing in Chinese companies identified by the U.S. government as having ties to
China's military
or
surveillance industry
.
[
86
]
The Democratic administration introduced a number of new
export limits
and US investment bans for Chinese companies to protect US economic and military interests.
[
87
]
In October 2022, the
US Department of Commerce
expanded sanctions after implicating 50 Chinese companies, including telecoms equipment maker
Huawei
in June 2021. Export controls were also introduced for chip maker
Nvidia
,
Yangtze Memory Technologies
(YMTC) and
ChangXin Memory Technologies
.
[
88
]
Sanctions were expanded to include Chinese companies such as drone maker
DJI
and genomics company
BGI Genomics
, among others. South Korean telecom companies trading with the PRC were partially excluded from the new restrictions.
[
89
]
[
90
]
On March 29, 2024, the Biden administration revised rules aimed at
restricting China's access
to U.S. artificial intelligence (AI) chips and chipmaking tools, including those from Nvidia, as part of efforts to address national security concerns over Beijing's tech advancements potentially aiding its military.
[
91
]
Following Washington's announcement of restrictions on China's ability to manufacture advanced chips, the Chinese government has notified the US of its intention to ban exports to the US of certain key components used in semiconductor manufacturing.
[
92
]
Second Trump administration
[
edit
]
On February 1, 2025, Trump signed
Executive Order 14195
to declare a
national emergency
regarding drug trafficking from China into the United States, alleging that the Chinese government was providing a “safe haven” for criminal organizations to “launder the revenues from the production, shipment, and sale of illicit synthetic opioids.”
[
93
]
[
94
]
[
95
]
Using authority granted by national emergency and security related acts, Trump was able to tariff more quickly and broadly than in his first term.
[
96
]
Trump first imposed a 10% tariff on Chinese imports, framing the move as a way of pressuring China into taking action on
fentanyl
, a drug central to the
United States opioid crisis
.
[
97
]
On March 4, he raised this tariff to 20%.
[
98
]
China responded to Trump's initial tariffs by imposing tariffs of 15% on coals and
liquefied natural gas
and 10% on oil and agricultural machines, adding
PVH Corp.
and
Illumina
to its
unreliable entity list
, launching an antitrust investigation into Google, and adding
export controls
to some metals including
tungsten
.
[
99
]
[
100
]
After Trump increased the tariffs, China retaliated by imposing 10-15% tariffs on select agricultural, meat, and dairy products,
[
101
]
[
102
]
launching an anti-circumvention investigation into optical fiber products imported from the United States.
[
103
]
and suspending US lumber imports and revoked soybean import licenses for three US firms.
[
104
]
On April 2, 2025, the United States imposed a 34% duty on Chinese imports as part of his
Liberation Day tariffs
, which applied on top of the 20% "fentanyl tariff" and other prior measures.
[
105
]
China responded by imposing a matching tariff of 34% on all American goods, suspending negotiations regarding
the sale of TikTok
and restricting exports of six
heavy rare-earths
and
rare-earth magnets
.
[
106
]
[
107
]
Trump responded by raising tariffs by an additional 50% beginning April 9, bringing the baseline tariff on Chinese imports to 104%.
[
108
]
[
109
]
China responded with a matching tariff of 50%, bringing its baseline tariff on American goods to 84%.
[
110
]
The US then raised its tariffs to 145%, and China responded by raising its tariffs to 125%.
[
111
]
On May 12, both countries reached a truce in a bid to reduce tensions. The U.S. reduced tariffs on Chinese goods to 30% while China responded by reducing tariffs on U.S. products to 10%.
In February 2026, the
U.S. Supreme Court
struck down the tariffs the Trump administration implemented on imports from China under the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act
in
Learning Resources v. Trump
.
[
113
]
[
114
]
White House National Trade Council
Director
Peter Navarro
speaks on trade with
Vice President
Mike Pence
and
Commerce Secretary
Wilbur Ross
before the President signs
Executive Orders
regarding trade.
[
115
]
[
116
]
January 22: Trump announced 20% to 50% tariffs on
solar panels
and
washing machines
.
[
117
]
About 8% of American solar panel imports in 2017 came from China.
[
118
]
Imports of residential washing machines from China totaled about $1.1 billion in 2015.
[
119
]
March 1: Trump announced tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum imports from all countries.
[
120
]
The United States had imported about 3% of its steel from China.
[
121
]
The announcement drew criticism from the editorial board of
The Wall Street Journal
, which called the executive order "the biggest policy blunder of his Presidency."
[
122
]
March 22: Trump asked the
United States trade representative
(USTR) to investigate applying
tariffs
on US$50–60 billion worth of Chinese goods.
[
123
]
[
124
]
[
125
]
He relied on
Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974
for doing so, stating that the proposed tariffs were "a response to the unfair trade practices of China over the years", including theft of U.S.
intellectual property
.
[
126
]
[
123
]
Over 1,300 categories of Chinese imports were listed for tariffs, including aircraft parts, batteries, flat-panel televisions, medical devices, satellites, and various weapons.
[
127
]
[
128
]
April 2:
Ministry of Commerce of China
responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including applying a 25% tariff to aluminum, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans, as well as applying a 15% tariff to fruit, nuts, and steel piping.
[
129
]
[
130
]
[
131
]
U.S. commerce secretary
Wilbur Ross
said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S.
gross domestic product
, and Press Secretary
Sarah Huckabee Sanders
stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".
[
57
]
[
58
]
[
132
]
[
133
]
April 3: The U.S. Trade Representative's office published an initial list of 1,300+ Chinese goods to impose levies upon, including products like flat-screen televisions, weapons, satellites, medical devices, aircraft parts and batteries.
[
134
]
[
128
]
[
135
]
Chinese Ambassador
Cui Tiankai
responded by warning the U.S. that they may fight back, saying "We have done the utmost to avoid this kind of situation, but if the other side makes the wrong choice, then we have no alternative but to fight back."
[
136
]
April 4: China's
Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council
decided to announce a plan of additional tariffs of 25% on 106 items of products including automobiles, airplanes, and soybeans.
[
137
]
Soybeans are the top U.S. agricultural export to China.
[
129
]
[
130
]
April 5: Trump said that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional $100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates.
[
138
]
The next day the World Trade Organization received request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.
[
139
]
Chinese vice premier
Liu He
meeting with U.S. president Donald Trump in May 2018
May 9: China canceled
soybean
orders exported from United States to China. Zhang Xiaoping, Chinese director for the U.S. Soybean Export Council, said Chinese buyers simply stopped buying from the U.S.
[
140
]
May 15:
Vice Premier
and
CCP Politburo
member
Liu He
, top economic adviser to
president of China
and
CCP general secretary
Xi Jinping
, visited Washington for further trade talks.
[
125
]
[
141
]
May 20: Chinese officials agreed to "substantially reduce" America's trade deficit with China
[
141
]
by committing to "significantly increase" its purchases of American goods. As a result,
Treasury Secretary
Steven Mnuchin
announced that "We are putting the trade war on hold".
[
142
]
White House
National Trade Council
director Peter Navarro said there was no "trade war", rather a "trade dispute, fair and simple. We lost the trade war long ago."
[
143
]
May 21: Trump tweeted that "China has agreed to buy massive amounts of Additional Farm/Agricultural Products," although he later clarified the purchases were contingent upon the closure of a "potential deal."
[
144
]
May 29: The White House announced that it would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese goods with "industrially significant technology;" the full list of products affected to be announced by June 15.
[
145
]
It also planned to impose investment restrictions and enhanced export controls on certain Chinese individuals and organizations to prevent them from acquiring U.S. technology.
[
146
]
China said it would discontinue trade talks with Washington if it imposed trade sanctions."
[
147
]
June 15: Trump declared that the United States would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese exports. $34 billion would start July 6, 2018, with a further $16 billion to begin at a later date.
[
148
]
[
149
]
[
150
]
China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of launching a trade war and said China would respond in kind with similar tariffs for US imports, starting on July 6.
[
151
]
Three days later, the White House declared that the United States would impose additional 10% tariffs on another $200 billion worth of Chinese imports if China retaliated against these U.S. tariffs.
[
125
]
The list of products included in this round of tariffs was released on July 11, 2018, and was set to be implemented within 60 days.
[
citation needed
]
June 19: China retaliates, threatening its own tariffs on $50 billion of U.S. goods, and stating that the United States had launched a trade war. Import and export markets in a number of nations feared the tariffs would disrupt supply chains which could "ripple around the globe."
[
152
]
July 6: American tariffs on $34 billion of Chinese goods came into effect. China imposed retaliatory tariffs on US goods of a similar value. The tariffs accounted for 0.1% of the global gross domestic product.
[
153
]
[
154
]
On July 10, 2018, U.S. released an initial list of the additional $200 billion of Chinese goods that would be subject to a 10% tariff.
[
155
]
Two days later, China vowed to retaliate with additional tariffs on American goods worth $60 billion annually.
[
156
]
August 8: The Office of the United States Trade Representative published its finalized list of 279 Chinese goods, worth $16 billion, to be subject to a 25% tariff from August 23.
[
125
]
[
157
]
[
158
]
In response, China imposed 25% tariffs on $16 billion of imports from the US, which was implemented in parallel with the US tariffs on August 23.
[
159
]
August 14: China filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO), stating that US tariffs on foreign solar panels clash with WTO ruling and have destabilized the international market for solar PV products. China stated that the resulting impact directly harmed China's legitimate trade interests. Peng Peng, a researcher with the China Renewable Energy Industry Association said that the solar problem has existed for years and thought that China chose to bring it up in order to keep up the rhythm of the trade dispute.
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]
August 22: US treasury undersecretary
David Malpass
and Chinese commerce vice-minister
Wang Shouwen
met in
Washington, D.C.
in a bid to reopen negotiations. Meanwhile, on August 23, 2018, the US and China's promised tariffs on $16 billion of goods took effect,
[
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]
and on August 27, 2018, China filed a new WTO complaint against the US regarding the additional tariffs.
[
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]
September 17: The US announced its 10% tariff on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods would begin on September 24, 2018, increasing to 25% by the end of the year. They also threatened tariffs on an additional $267 billion worth of imports if China retaliates,
[
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]
which China promptly did on September 18 with 10% tariffs on $60 billion of US imports.
[
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]
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]
So far, China has either imposed or proposed tariffs on $110 billion of U.S. goods, representing most of its imports of American products.
[
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]
November 10: White House National Trade Council director Peter Navarro alleged that a group of Wall Street billionaires are conducting an influence operation on behalf of the Chinese government by weakening the president and the U.S. negotiating position, and urged them to invest in the rust belt.
[
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]
[
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]
November 30: President Trump signed the revised
U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement
in
Buenos Aires
,
Argentina
. The USMCA contains a "rules of origin" provision for automobile that was "touted by the Trump administration as a tool to keep out Chinese inputs and encourage production and investment in the US and North America."
[
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]
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the
G20 Buenos Aires summit
on December 1, 2018.
December 1: The planned increases in tariffs were postponed. The White House stated that both parties will "immediately begin negotiations on structural changes with respect to forced technology transfer, intellectual property protection, non-tariff barriers, cyber intrusions and cyber theft."
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According to the Trump administration, "If at the end of [90 days], the parties are unable to reach an agreement, the 10 percent tariffs will be raised to 25 percent."
[
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]
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]
The U.S. trade representative's office confirmed the hard deadline for China's structural changes is March 1, 2019.
[
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]
[
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]
December 4:
New York Fed
president
John Williams
said that he believed the US economy will stay strong in 2019.
[
175
]
Williams expects that increases in the interest rates will be necessary to maintain the economy. He stated, "Given this outlook of strong growth, strong labor market and inflation near our goal and taking account all the various risks around the outlook, I do expect further gradual increases in interest rates will best sponsor a sustained economic expansion."
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]
December 11: Trump announced China was buying a "tremendous amount" of U.S. soybeans. Commodities traders saw no evidence of such purchases, and over the next six months soybean exports to China were about one quarter what they were in 2017, before the trade conflict began.
[
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]
China reportedly considered purchases of American farm goods as contingent upon closing a comprehensive trade deal.
[
177
]
On January 30, 2019, Chinese Vice Premier
Liu He
conducted the fifth round of high-level trade negotiations with U.S. Trade Representative
Robert Lighthizer
and U.S. Treasury Secretary
Steven Mnuchin
.
January 14: An article in
The Wall Street Journal
reports that in China's 2018 trade surplus with the United States was a record $323.32 billion despite Trump's tariffs.
[
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]
March 6: The U.S. Department of Commerce stated that in 2018 the U.S.' overall trade deficit reached $621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.
[
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]
March 25: Macron and Xi signed 15 trade deals totaling 40 billion euros, including a €30 billion Airbus aircraft purchase, French chicken exports, a French-built offshore wind farm, a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, and substantial co-financing commitments between BNP Paribas and the Bank of China. Rym Momtaz writing for
Politico
speculated that the deal would "ratchet up pressure on Trump" to make a deal with the Chinese government.
[
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[
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]
On April 4, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump hosted a delegation of U.S.-China negotiators at the White House.
May 5: Trump stated that the previous tariffs of 10% levied on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods would be raised to 25% on May 10.
[
182
]
With notification by USTR, the
Federal Register
on May 9 published the modification of duty on or after 12:01 a.m.
Eastern Time Zone
May 10 to 25% for the products of China covered by the September 2018 action.
[
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]
The stated reason being that China reneged upon already agreed upon deals.
[
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]
May 9: Trump said the tariffs are "paid for mostly by China, by the way, not by us." Economic analysts concluded this was an incorrect assertion as American businesses and consumers ultimately pay the tariffs as real-world examples of tariffs working as intended are rare, and consumers of the tariff-levying country are the primary victims of tariffs, by having to pay higher prices. "It is inaccurate to say that countries pay tariffs on commercial and consumer goods – it is the buyers and sellers that bear the costs," said Ross Burkhart, a
Boise State University
political scientist. "Purchasers pay the tariff when they buy popular products. Sellers lose market share when their products get priced out of markets," Burkhart added.
[
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]
[
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]
[
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]
May 15: Trump signed executive order 13873, placing Huawei on the Department of Commerce's
Entity List
. According to Reuters, the move banned Huawei from buying vital parts and components from U.S. companies without special approval and effectively barred its equipment from U.S. telecom networks on national security grounds.
[
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]
[
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]
June 1: China will raise tariffs on $60 billion worth of US goods.
[
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]
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the
G20 Osaka summit
on June 29, 2019.
June 29: During the
G20 Osaka summit
, Trump announces he and Xi Jinping agreed to a "truce" in the trade war after extensive talks. Prior tariffs are to remain in effect, but no future tariffs are to be enacted "for the time being" amid restarted negotiations. Additionally, Trump said he would allow American companies to sell their products to Huawei, but the company would remain on the U.S. Entity List.
[
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]
The extent to which this plan to temporarily exempt Huawei from previous bans would be implemented later became unclear and, in the weeks later, there was no clear indication of the reversal of Huawei bans.
[
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]
[
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]
June 29: After a meeting with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, Trump announces "China is going to be buying a tremendous amount of food and agricultural product, and they're going to start that very soon, almost immediately."
[
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]
China disputed making such a commitment and one month later no such purchases had materialized.
[
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]
[
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]
July 11: Trump tweeted "China is letting us down in that they have not been buying the agricultural products from our great Farmers that they said they would." People familiar with the trade negotiations said China had made no firm commitments to purchase farm goods unless it was part of a comprehensive trade agreement.
[
177
]
July 15: Official figures from China showed its second-quarter GDP growth at its slowest in 27 years.
[
196
]
July 17: China announced an accelerated decrease in holdings of
US treasury holdings
, targeting 25% of its current holdings of $1.1 trillion.
[
197
]
August 1: Trump announced on Twitter that additional 10% tariff will be levied on the "remaining $300 billion of goods".
[
198
]
August 5: The central bank of China (
PBOC
) let the Renminbi fall over 2% in three days to the lowest point since 2008 as it was hit by strong sales due to the threat of tariffs.
[
199
]
August 5: The U.S. Department of Treasury officially declared China as a
Currency Manipulator
after the People's Bank of China allowed its yuan to depreciate that, according to CNN, was seen as retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.
[
200
]
According to an article in
The Washington Post
, Trump reportedly pressured the Treasury Department Steven Mnuchin to authorize the designation. Both the
IMF
and the Chinese government have rejected the designation, with the IMF saying that the valuation of the yuan are in line with China's economic fundamentals.
[
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]
[
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]
August 5: China ordered state-owned enterprises to stop buying US agricultural products in retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.
[
202
]
Zippy Duvall, president of the
American Farm Bureau Federation
, called the move "a body blow to thousands of farmers and ranchers who are already struggling to get by," adding, "Farm Bureau economists tell us exports to China were down by $1.3 billion during the first half of the year. Now, we stand to lose all of what was a $9.1 billion market in 2018, which was down sharply from the $19.5 billion U.S. farmers exported to China in 2017."
[
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]
August 13: Official figures from China showed its industrial output growth falling amid the trade war to a 17-year low.
[
204
]
August 13: Trump delayed some of the tariffs. $112 billion worth will still take place on September 1 (which means that on September 1, $362 billion total worth, including the newly imposed $112 billion, of Chinese products will face a tariff), but the additional, not yet imposed, $160 billion will not take effect until December 15.
[
205
]
Trump and his advisors Peter Navarro, Wilbur Ross and
Larry Kudlow
said that the tariffs were postponed to avoid harming American consumers during the Christmas shopping season.
[
206
]
August 23: Chinese Ministry of Finance announced new rounds of retaliative tariffs on $75 billion worth of U.S. goods, effective beginning September 1.
[
207
]
August 23: Trump tweeted that he "hereby ordered" American companies to "immediately start looking for an alternative to China". According to an article in
The New York Times
, Trump's aides said that no order had been drawn up nor was it clear one would be. In a tweet on the following day, Trump said that he had the authority to make good on his threat, citing the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977.
[
208
]
Furthermore, tariffs are to be raised from 25% to 30% on the existing $250 billion worth of Chinese goods beginning on October 1, 2019, and from 10% to 15% on the remaining $300 billion worth of goods beginning on December 15, 2019.
[
209
]
August 26: At the
G7 summit
, Trump stated, "China called last night our top trade people and said 'let's get back to the table' so we will be getting back to the table and I think they want to do something. They have been hurt very badly but they understand this is the right thing to do and I have great respect for it."
[
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]
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman
Geng Shuang
said he was unaware of such a call
[
211
]
and Trump aides later said the call did not occur but the president was trying to project optimism.
[
212
]
August 28: Americans for Free Trade, an umbrella group for 161 trade associations across numerous industries,
[
213
]
sent Trump a letter asking him to postpone all scheduled tariff increases.
[
214
]
The next day, Trump said "badly run and weak companies are smartly blaming these small Tariffs instead of themselves for bad management."
[
215
]
September 1: New US and Chinese tariffs previously announced went into effect at 12:01 pm EST. China imposed 5% to 10% tariffs on one-third of the 5,078 goods it imports from America, with tariffs on the remainder scheduled for December 15.
[
216
]
The United States imposed new 15% tariffs on about $112 billion of Chinese imports, such that more than two-thirds of consumer goods imported from China were then subject to tariffs.
[
217
]
September 4: The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and Chinese state media confirmed that deputy-level meetings in mid-September would lead to ministerial-level talks in coming weeks.
[
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]
[
219
]
At the same time, the
United States Department of Commerce
issued preliminary antidumping duty determinations on fabricated structural steel from Canada, China, and Mexico. Furthermore, China was found liable for dumping up to 141.38% of fabricated structural steel into the United States and thereby prompted the
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
to collect cash deposits in the same rate, as instructed by the Commerce Department.
[
220
]
September 6: The
People's Bank of China
announces a 0.5% reduction in its
reserve requirement ratio
in response to the slowing of China's economic growth rates caused by the trade war.
[
221
]
September 11: After China announced it was exempting 16 American product types from tariffs for one year, Trump announced he would delay until October 15 a tariff increase on Chinese goods previously scheduled for October 1. Trump asserted he granted the delay at the request of Chinese vice premier Liu He.
[
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]
[
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]
September 12:
Bloomberg News
and
Politico
reported that Trump advisors were increasingly concerned that the trade war was weakening the American economy going into the 2020 election campaign and were discussing ways to reach a limited interim deal.
[
224
]
[
225
]
The Wall Street Journal
reported China was seeking to narrow the scope of negotiations to place national security matters on a separate track from trade issues.
[
226
]
September 13: China eliminated its tariff increase on soybeans, which it had imposed in 2018.
[
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]
: 78
September 26:
The Wall Street Journal
reported that Chinese retaliatory tariffs on lumber and wood products had caused hardwood lumber exports to China to fall 40% during 2019, resulting in American lumber mills slashing employment.
[
228
]
A USDA spokesperson said the organization had provided the industry $5 million in aid through its Agricultural Trade Promotion Program.
[
229
]
October 7: Citing
human rights
issues, the United States Department of Commerce puts 20 Chinese
public security bureaus
and eight
high tech
companies, such as
HikVision
,
SenseTime
and
Megvii
, on the
Export Administration Regulations
Entity List. Like Huawei, which was sanctioned on an identical blueprint for
national security
reasons, the entities will need U.S. government approval before they can purchase components from U.S. companies.
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230
]
On October 11, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump hosted a delegation of U.S.-China negotiators at the White House.
October 11: Trump announced that the United States and China had reached a tentative agreement for the "first phase" of a trade deal, with China agreeing to buy up to $50 billion in American farm products, and to accept more American financial services in their market, with the United States agreeing to suspend new tariffs scheduled for October 15. The deal was expected to be finalized in coming weeks.
[
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]
[
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]
At the same time, Chinese announcements did not express the same confidence,
[
233
]
though a few days later the
Chinese Foreign Ministry
said that the two sides had the same understanding and had reached an agreement.
[
234
]
October 17: Official figures from China showed its third quarter GDP growth at its slowest in almost 30 years.
[
235
]
December: Media reports indicated that China had ordered government agencies and public institutions to remove foreign computer equipment and software within three years, following a "3-5-2" replacement strategy. While not officially confirmed, this move was seen as part of the ITAI initiative. Increased funding and policy support were directed towards domestic IT companies to accelerate the development of homegrown technologies.
December 13: Both countries announce an initial deal where new tariffs to be mutually imposed on December 15 would not be implemented. China says it "will increase purchases of high-quality agricultural products from the U.S.", while the United States says it will halve the existing 15% tariffs.
[
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]
[
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]
[
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]
December 31:
The Wall Street Journal
reported that the language of the phase one deal was expected to be released after the January 15 signing, and that Lighthizer said some details would be classified.
[
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]
Trump and Liu sign the Phase One Trade Deal in January 2020.
English
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
January 3:
Reuters
reported that in December 2019 the American manufacturing sector fell into its deepest slump in over a decade, attributing the decline to the U.S.-China trade war.
[
240
]
January 15: U.S. President Donald Trump and China's Vice Premier Liu He signed the US–China Phase One trade deal in Washington DC.
[
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]
[
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]
The "Economic and Trade Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China" is set to take effect from February 14, 2020, and focuses on intellectual property rights (Chapter 1), technology transfer (Chapter 2), food and agricultural products (Chapter 3), financial services (Chapter 4), exchange rate matters and transparency (Chapter 5), and expanding trade (Chapter 6), with reference also being made to bilateral evaluation and dispute resolution procedures in Chapter 7.
[
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]
The agreement allows for a party to request additional consultation in the event of a "natural disaster or other unforeseeable event."
[
244
]
[
245
]
[
246
]
Unlike other trade agreements, the US–China Phase One agreement did not rely on arbitration through an
intergovernmental organization
like the World Trade Organization, but rather through a bilateral mechanism.
[
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]
[
248
]
January 17: Official figures from China showed its 2019 economic growth rate falling amid the trade war to a 30-year low.
[
249
]
[
250
]
February 5: Data from the Commerce Department of the United States showed the country's trade deficit falling amid the trade war for the first time in 6 years.
[
251
]
February 17: China grants tariff exemptions on 696 US goods to support purchases.
[
252
]
March 5: The United States Trade Representative granted exemptions to tariffs on various types of medical equipment, after calls from American lawmakers and others to remove tariffs on these products in light of the
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
.
[
253
]
[
254
]
May 12: The Chinese government announced exemptions for tariffs on 79 additional US goods.
[
255
]
May 14: The Chinese government announced that it would permit imports of
barley
and
blueberries
from the United States.
[
256
]
As of June, China had risen to become the United States' top trading partner again, amid the global crisis caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic
. However, the countries were on track to miss the targets from the trade deal, hitting which would have been hard even under strong economic conditions, according to Chad Brown of the
Peterson Institute for International Economics
and Chenjun Pan of
Rabobank
. The economic damage and barriers to trade caused by the pandemic made those targets even harder to reach.
[
255
]
[
257
]
September 15: A three-person
WTO
panel found that the Trump administration tariffs violated global trade rules because they had been applied only to China and they exceeded the maximum rates the US had agreed to, without adequate explanation. Lighthizer responded that the finding showed "the WTO is completely inadequate to stop China's harmful technology practices."
[
258
]
September 26: The
US Commerce Department
imposed restrictions on China's largest chip maker,
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation
(SMIC), determining that an "unacceptable risk" equipment supplied to SMIC could potentially be used for military purposes. Under the restrictions, the suppliers were barred from exporting the chip without a license.
[
259
]
November 8: President Donald Trump signed an
executive order
prohibiting Americans from investing in shares of companies with ties to the
Chinese military
. New transactions would be barred from January 11, 2021, while investors that already held such stocks would have until November 2021 to divest them.
[
260
]
[
261
]
On January 6, 2021, the
New York Stock Exchange
announced that it would
delist
stocks related to
China Mobile
,
China Telecom
and
China Unicom
.
[
262
]
[
263
]
Index
provider
MSCI
also announced it would stop including China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom in its benchmarks.
[
264
]
[
265
]
By the end of 2020, China and the U.S. had achieved only 58% of targets for U.S. exports to China under the phase one trade agreement. This was seen as a sign that the original targets were unrealistic.
[
5
]
[
6
]
The U.S.-based
Peterson Institute for International Economics
said China had "failed spectacularly" to meet its import targets and "much of the deal was a failure."
[
6
]
[
9
]
January 13: The Trump administration banned
cotton
and
tomato
products originating in
Xinjiang
, including products manufactured outside of China but using cotton and tomatoes from Xinjiang, over
forced labor
allegations.
[
266
]
January 20: Trump's first term expired and
Joe Biden
was
inaugurated
as
president of the United States
. Biden said that he did not have immediate plans to remove the tariffs and planned to review the phase one trade deal and discuss the matter with allies first.
[
6
]
January 20: China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, former secretary of health and human services Alex Azar, former under secretary of state Keith J. Krach, outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations
Kelly Craft
, and 24 other former Trump officials.
[
83
]
Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."
[
84
]
February 22: China's Foreign Minister
Wang Yi
called for US President Joe Biden to lift the multiple restrictions imposed by Trump. During a Foreign Ministry forum on US-China relations, he urged the Biden administration to lift the sanctions on trade and people-to-people contact, while asking it to stop interfering in China's internal affairs.
[
267
]
The
United States–China talks in Alaska
represent the inaugural face-to-face meeting of senior officials of the U.S. and China since President Joe Biden assumed office.
March 18–19:
High level talks
took place in
Anchorage, Alaska
to discuss key geopolitical disagreements.
[
268
]
[
269
]
March: The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) was released emphasizing technological self-reliance and innovation as national priorities, reinforcing ITAI objectives across various sectors, including healthcare.
In May and June 2021, discussions continued between high-level officials, including Liu He and
Wang Wentao
from China and
Katherine Tai
,
Janet Yellen
, and
Gina Raimondo
from the United States. The
Chinese Ministry of Commerce
described the talks as candid, productive, and pragmatic,
[
270
]
while Tai and Yellen said they looked forward to further dialogue.
[
271
]
December 9: The WTO ruled that former US President Donald Trump was in breach of global trade rules in 2018 with his administration's tariffs on steel and aluminum. The Biden administration however disputed the panel's rulings and instead stated that they will not take away the duties that Trump had earlier established.
[
272
]
Brussels had criticized the US for having rejected the WTO ruling. Bernd Lange, chairperson of the European Parliament's international trade committee, stated, "The USA's reaction of simply rejecting the ruling is incomprehensible. We have to have an honest discussion with the U.S. if they are moving away from a rules-based trading system, and if and how we can rescue the existing system."
[
273
]
December 21: WTO ruled that the US was in breach of global trading rules for having claimed that products imported from Hong Kong, can be marked as coming from China. Hong Kong's government welcomed the ruling and its secretary for commerce and economic development,
Algernon Yau
, stated that "the revised origin marking requirement is politically motivated" and "a vain attempt to interfere with Hong Kong's internal affairs through weaponising trade". The US rejected the ruling and expressed that they had no intentions in abiding. The United States Trade Representative spokesperson Adam Hodge stated the US responded to "highly concerning actions" by China to erode Hong Kong's autonomy and the democratic and human rights of its people, and so qualified to be a threat to the national security of the US. However, the WTO panel had disagreed that tensions between United States and Hong Kong have increased to being an "emergency in international relations", which is the threshold required to qualify for an exception.
[
274
]
January 27:
European Commissioner for Internal Market
Thierry Breton
announced that the
European Union
will join the
United States
in blocking the sale of technology to China that would allow it to produce advanced
semiconductor chips
.
[
275
]
February 17: China expands
Unreliable Entities List
to include
Raytheon
and
Lockheed Martin
.
[
276
]
June 18–19: US Secretary of State
Antony Blinken
visits China, the first secretary of state to visit China since 2018. Blinken met with Chinese Foreign Minister
Qin Gang
, CCP Foreign Affairs Commission Office Director Wang Yi and CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping. Blinken sought to clarify the economic stance of the United States toward China, saying "We are for de-risking and diversifying" and emphasize that the US is not seeking to contain China economically. Yang Tao, director-general of the Chinese Foreign Ministry's North American and Oceanian Affairs department, rejected his explanation, telling reporters that the US is simply repackaging "decoupling" as "de-risking" from China.
[
277
]
July 7: The US Treasury Secretary, Janet Yellen criticized China's restrictions during her visit to Beijing, citing her concern over China's crackdown on US consulting firms and export controls on critical minerals used in computer chip manufacturing. She stressed that the US's goal is to expand its economic partnership with China, rather than sever it.
[
278
]
May 14: The Biden administration doubled
tariffs
on
solar cells
imported from China and more than tripled tariffs on
lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries
imported from China.
[
279
]
It also raised tariffs on imports of Chinese steel, aluminum, and medical equipment.
[
279
]
The tariff increases will be phased in over a period of three years.
[
279
]
September 13: The Biden administration finalized the increases of tariffs on Chinese exports. Tariffs increased to 100% on electric vehicles, 50% on solar cells and 25% on electric vehicle batteries, critical minerals, steel, and aluminum. The tariffs took effect beginning on September 27, 2024.
[
280
]
December: Following China's escalating conflict with the United States over trade, Chinese manufacturers have recently restricted sales of key components used in drone construction to the United States.
[
281
]
December 10: China launched an investigation against Nvidia due to alleged violations of anti-monopoly laws.
[
282
]
January 20: Biden's term expired and
Donald Trump
was
re-inaugurated
for a second term as
president of the United States
.
February 1: President Trump increased tariffs on China by 10%.
[
283
]
February 4:
China
responded with a 15% tariff on coal and liquified natural gas products, and 10% on crude oil, agricultural machinery and
large-displacement
cars.
[
284
]
China also added
PVH Corp.
and
Illumina
to the
Unreliable Entity List
, launched an antitrust investigation into Google, and added
export controls
to some metals including
tungsten
.
[
99
]
[
100
]
March 3: President Trump raised levies on Chinese goods by another 10% to a cumulative 20%. He also implemented
new 25% tariffs
on imports from Mexico and Canada, thereby initiating new trade disputes with the three primary US trading partners.
[
285
]
March 4: China retaliated by imposing a 15% tariff on chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton originating in the United States;
[
286
]
and a 10% tariff on sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products originating in the United States, effective on March 10, 2025.
[
101
]
[
102
]
March 30: China,
South Korea
, and Japan's trade ministers met for the first time in five years. The officials discussed goals for a
trilateral free trade agreement
and enhanced supply-chain cooperation in response to Trump tariffs.
[
287
]
April 2: Trump raised the tariffs on China by another 34%, after accusing China of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers of 67% as part of his reciprocal tariffs policy, expressed during his
"Liberation Day" speech
.
[
288
]
[
289
]
The White House confirmed tariffs would stack on top of previous impositions, resulting in an effective tariff rate of 54% on all Chinese imports to the US beginning in one week.
[
290
]
April 4: China announced that it would impose additional tariffs of 34% on all US goods effective April 10.
[
291
]
April 7: Trump threatened to impose an additional 50% tariff on Chinese goods on April 9 if China did not withdraw its retaliatory measure of a 34% tariff on all US goods by April 8. This would boost the effective 54% tariffs on China on April 9 to 104%.
[
292
]
April 9: China responded with retaliatory tariffs of 84% on US goods.
[
293
]
In response, Trump increased tariffs on Chinese goods to 125% on the same day. However, the White House clarified the next day that the tariff rate had risen to 145%.
[
17
]
April 11: China, in retaliation, announced an increase in tariffs on all American imports from the previous 84% to 125%, set to take effect on April 12.
[
294
]
April 11: The US announces reciprocal tariffs will exclude consumer electronics from tariffs from most countries, but retains a 20% tariff on electronics from China.
[
295
]
April 11: China suspended exports of a wide range of minerals and magnets critical to auto, defense, aerospace, and semiconductor industries; the Chinese government plans to introduce a new regulatory system to prevent access to American companies.
[
296
]
April 17: The US published a fact sheet indicating that total tariffs on certain goods from China reach up to 245%.
[
297
]
April 24: China begins researching and exempting certain U.S. exports from tariffs, including aerospace equipment parts and certain microchips. Chinese companies were asked to notify the government of U.S. goods that they could not procure elsewhere.
[
19
]
May 2: the U.S. ends de minimis treatment for low-value imports from China and Hong Kong.
[
298
]
US Secretary of Treasury
Scott Bessent
with China's Vice Premier
He Lifeng
, during US-China trade talks in
Geneva, Switzerland
in May 2025
May 12: The United States and China reach an agreement to reduce tariffs in an effort to de-escalate trade tensions. The U.S. agreed to cut tariffs on Chinese goods to 30%, while China reciprocated with tariff reductions on U.S. products to 10%. Both sides agreed to assess the situation after 90 days.
The agreement was preceded by talks between senior U.S. and Chinese officials side the day before in
Switzerland
.
[
299
]
May 28: Secretary of State Marco Rubio announces the US will begin "aggressively" revoking the visas of Chinese students attending US universities.
[
300
]
June 11: The White House announces the trade deal with China is "done". Baseline tariffs were sustained at 10% by China and 30% by the US. The US agreed to resume accepting Chinese students and China agreed to resume shipments of rare earths. China downplayed the deal as a framework representing the "first meeting".
[
301
]
July 2: The Trump administration announced a preliminary trade pact with
Vietnam
that includes a 20 percent tariff on Vietnamese exports, lower than what was previously threatened by US president Donald Trump. The deal also imposes a 40 percent tariff on transshipments, targeting China's efforts to avoid US tariffs.
[
302
]
July 3: The US lifted its restrictions on their chip design software and ethane exports to China in order to de-escalate trade tensions.
[
303
]
July 4: The Trump administration plans to restrict AI chip shipments to
Thailand
and
Malaysia
due to concerns of smuggling into China.
[
304
]
[
305
]
The draft on export control by the
US Commerce Department
was created amidst a rise of AI shipments in Malaysia and concerns over American data centre projects, especially those backed by the
Oracle Corp
.
[
306
]
July 28–29: The two day US-China trade talks was held in
Stockholm, Sweden
over which it seeks to extend their 90-day tariff truce. However, no major announcement was made. According to China's trade negotiator
Li Chenggang
, both countries have agreed for the preservation of the truce. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, meanwhile, stated that such extension would have to be approved by US President Trump.
[
307
]
[
308
]
August 11: President Trump announced that the United States would extend their trade truce another 90 days to ease trade tensions with China after the international tariffs that went into effect.
[
309
]
[
310
]
The US withhold the imposition of their import duties until November 10. Similarly, China's commerce ministry also paused its additional tariffs on US goods.
[
311
]
September 12: The U.S. Department of Commerce added 23 Chinese companies to its restricted trade list.
[
312
]
September 13: China launched an anti-dumping probe into analog integrated circuit chips imported from the U.S. and an anti-discrimination probe into U.S. measures against China's chip sector.
[
313
]
September 15: China accused the American AI chip maker
Nvidia
of violating anti-monopoly laws.
[
314
]
The
Financial Times
reported on September 17 that the
Cyberspace Administration of China
had ordered their domestic technology companies, including
ByteDance
and
Alibaba
, to stop testing Nvidia's RTX Pro 6000D as the country imposed restrictions on Nvidia's chips.
[
315
]
September 29: The U.S. Department of Commerce updated its Entity List to require automatic inclusion of subsidiaries with an ownership stake of 50% or more held by an entity on the list, known as the Affiliates Rule. Analyst believed this could trigger a similar regulatory response from China.
[
316
]
[
317
]
October 9: The Chinese Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) imposed jurisdiction on "specific export operators" that require a license from China to export and re-export rare earth materials. China's rule closely resembles the United States Affiliates Rule.
[
318
]
October 10: President Donald Trump announced the imposition of 100% levies on Chinese imports along with new export controls effective November 1. The directive was made in response to China's decision to expand its rare earth element export controls.
[
319
]
October 14: China imposed sanctions on five U.S.-linked subsidiaries of South Korea's
Hanwha Ocean
, citing national sovereignty and security concerns; the move came in response to U.S. port fees on China-linked vessels, and prompted market disruptions and diplomatic tensions.
[
320
]
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the
APEC South Korea summit
on October 30, 2025.
October 30: President Donald Trump and Chinese leader
Xi Jinping
have met during the
APEC summit
in
Busan
,
South Korea
. Both the US and China conducted their trade talks there resulting with the United States reducing their fentanyl tariffs on Chinese imports by 10%. China, in response, agreed to make necessary adjustments on their tariffs on US goods and suspend its rare earth exports restrictions for one year.
[
321
]
[
322
]
[
323
]
Similarly, the US also agreed to suspend the expansion of its
Entity List
which include Chinese companies and Trump's 24% reciprocal tariffs for a year according to the statement released by China.
[
323
]
[
324
]
A November 2019
United Nations
analysis reported that "the U.S. tariffs on China are economically hurting both countries".
[
325
]
In the United States, it has led to higher costs for manufacturers, higher prices for consumers and financial difficulties for farmers. In China, the trade war contributed to a slowdown in the rate of economic and industrial output growth, which had already been declining. Many American companies have shifted
supply chains
to elsewhere in Asia, bringing fears that the trade war would lead to a US-China economic 'decoupling'.
[
326
]
Subsequent academic work tracking firm disclosures identified 244 discrete relocation decisions by 141 manufacturers during 2018–2023; 66.4% were multi-country "China-plus-many" strategies, with Vietnam the single largest beneficiary (75 of 244 moves).
[
327
]
The same study reports that geopolitical risk linked to the U.S.–China confrontation and tariff increases were the most frequently cited rationales (164 and 163 out of 730 stated reasons, respectively), with a marked spike in 2019; it also estimates that relocations involved roughly 787,000 equivalent employees across destination countries.
[
327
]
In contrast to political rhetoric, true reshoring remained limited in the period, accounting for only 38 of the 244 moves (15.6%).
[
327
]
The trade war has also caused economic damage in other countries, though some benefited from increased manufacturing as production was shifted to them. It also led to stock market instability. Governments around the world have taken steps to address some of the damage caused by the economic conflict.
[
328
]
[
329
]
[
330
]
[
331
]
By late 2019, the United States had imposed approximately US$350 billion in tariffs on Chinese imports, while China had imposed approximately US$100 billion on US exports.
[
8
]
In April 2018, China announced that it would eliminate laws that required global automakers and shipbuilders to work through state-owned partners.
[
332
]
Chinese leader Xi Jinping reiterated those pledges, affirming a desire to increase imports, lower foreign-ownership limits on manufacturing and expand protection to intellectual property, all central issues in Trump's complaints about their trade imbalance.
[
333
]
Trump thanked Xi for his "kind words on tariffs and automobile barriers" and "his enlightenment" on intellectual property and technology transfers. "We will make great progress together!" the president added.
[
333
]
As a response to the trade war, China increased the personal income tax threshold from CN¥3,500 to CN¥5,000 (US$705) in January 2019, and reduced the top tier of
value added tax
from 16% to 13% in April 2019. Income tax deductions were also allowed for family care, medical and educational expenses, as well as for mortgage interest. The tax cuts were worth around CN¥2.3 trillion (US$324 billion).
[
334
]
In May 2019, China's industrial output growth fell to 5.0%, which was the lowest rate in 17 years.
[
335
]
Exports fell by 1.3% in June compared to the previous year; imports declined 8.5% in May and 7.3% in June.
[
336
]
According to an analysis by Peterson Institute for International Economics published in June 2019, China had lowered tariffs on imports from countries other than the U.S. from an average of 8.0% to 6.7%, while average tariffs on U.S. imports rose from 8.0% to 20.7%.
[
337
]
In December 2019, the
South China Morning Post
reported that, due to the trade war and the Chinese government's crackdown on
shadow banking
, Chinese manufacturing investments were expanding at the lowest rate since records began.
[
338
]
Economic growth rate for 2019 was 6.1%, the slowest since 1990.
[
334
]
The trade war resulted in a significant growth of economic ties between China and the European Union, primarily as a result of the redistribution of commodity flows.
[
339
]
The trade war contributed to a rise in
Chinese nationalism
; the
South China Morning Post
reported that the conflict helped the
Chinese Communist Party
"shore up much-needed domestic support".
[
340
]
The external pressure of the trade war allowed Chinese leader Xi Jinping to point to the United States' actions as a reason for China's economic slowdown.
[
341
]
As of 2023, many Chinese solar panel manufacturers shifted their assembly operations from the US to Southeast Asian countries like
Malaysia
,
Thailand
,
Vietnam
, and
Cambodia
, according to the
US Commerce Department
.
[
342
]
In 2025, China's GDP grew by 5.2% in April to June despite trade war escalation due to Chinese government support and front-loading shipments by Chinese factories before tariffs.
[
343
]
[
344
]
Amidst weak demand and impact of US tariffs, China had increased infrastructure spending and consumer subsidies, cutting interest rates to support their economy.
[
343
]
The country's export shipments to the US fell by 33% in August.
[
345
]
Following the tariffs implemented by President Trump in 2025, China decreased its oil imports from the United States by 90% and increased its oil imports from Canada.
[
346
]
As of May 2025, Chinese companies stopped buying US soybeans and increased soybeans orders from
Argentina
,
Uruguay
, and
Brazil
.
[
347
]
[
348
]
[
349
]
As of May 2025, China had reduced its US Treasury holdings for the third consecutive month since March, lowering them to US$756.3 billion from US$757.2 billion in April. This is the lowest amount since March 2009.
[
350
]
Despite the trade war and subsequent reductions in China's trade surplus with the United States, China continued to grow its overall trade surplus by 20% from 2024 to a record $1.19 trillion in 2025 with increasing exports to other countries. Some exports were also indirectly shipped to the United States through third countries, particularly those in Southeast Asia.
[
351
]
: 123
[
352
]
Analysis conducted by the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that China imposed uniform tariffs averaging 8% on all its importers in January 2018, before the trade war began. By June 2019, tariffs on American imports had increased to 20.7%, while tariffs on other nations declined to 6.7%.
[
353
]
The analysis also found that average American tariffs on Chinese goods increased from 3.1% in 2017 to 24.3% by August 2019.
[
354
]
Analysis by
Goldman Sachs
in May 2019 found that the
consumer price index
for nine categories of tariffed goods had increased much more than goods not impacted by tariffs. The CPI for tariffed goods increased, while it declined for all other core goods.
[
355
]
Surveys of consumer sentiment and small business confidence showed sharp declines in August 2019 on uncertainty caused by the trade war.
[
356
]
[
357
]
The closely followed
Purchasing Managers' Index
for manufacturing from the
Institute for Supply Management
showed contraction in August, for the first time since January 2016; the ISM quoted several executives expressing anxiety about the continuing trade war, citing shrinking export orders and the challenges of shifting their supply chains out of China. The
IHS Markit
manufacturing purchasing managers' index also showed contraction in August, for the first time since September 2009.
[
358
]
The day the ISM report was released, Trump tweeted, "China's Supply Chain will crumble and businesses, jobs and money will be gone!"
[
359
]
[
360
]
American importers were allowed to apply for exclusions from the tariffs.
The Wall Street Journal
reported in February 2020 that the USTR was granting fewer tariff waivers to American firms, down from 35% of requests for the first two tranches of tariffs in 2018 to 3% for the third tranche in 2019.
[
361
]
The mechanism for applying for exclusions expired in 2020.
[
362
]
Many companies passed the costs of the Trump tariffs on to consumers in the form of higher prices.
[
363
]
: 180
Following impositions of the tariffs on Chinese goods, the prices of US
intermediate goods
rose by 10% to 30%, an amount generally equivalent to the size of the tariffs.
[
364
]
: 233–234
According to the
Consumer Technology Association
, a 60% tariff on Chinese imports could increase the price of laptops and tablets by up to 46% and smartphones by up to 26%. It is estimated by the
National Retail Federation
that consumers will have to pay an extra $6.4–$10.9 billion for appliances with tariffs.
[
365
]
Analysis conducted by
Moody's Analytics
estimated that through August 2019 300,000 American jobs had either been lost or not created due to the trade war, especially affecting manufacturing, warehousing, distribution and retail.
[
366
]
By September 2019, American manufacturers were reducing their capital investments and delaying hiring due to uncertainty caused by the trade war.
[
367
]
A 2021 study by Oxford Economics and the
U.S.-China Business Council
concluded that the United States lost 245,000 jobs as a direct result of the Trump tariffs.
[
363
]
: 180
Analysis published by
The Wall Street Journal
in October 2020 found the trade war did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing nor did it result in the
reshoring
of factory production.
[
7
]
Consistent with this, a study of 244 relocation decisions found that reshoring to the home country accounted for just 15.6% of moves in 2018–2023.
[
327
]
Though the trade war led to higher employment in certain industries, tariffs led to a net loss of U.S. manufacturing jobs.
[
7
]
The United States' overall trade deficit increased.
[
368
]
American businesses shifted their imports to other countries to avoid the Trump tariffs and the deficit in goods increased 21% from 2016 to a record high.
[
369
]
American exports – notably farm goods – were also weakened by retaliatory actions from China, the European Union, and other countries.
[
369
]
Economist
Stephen Roach
writes that by replacing the Chinese portion of the United States' trade gap with deficits from other nations that produce goods at higher cost, the
diversion of trade
to non-Chinese sources has resulted in the functional equivalent of a tax hike on United States companies and consumers.
[
370
]
: 60–61
The Phase I agreement failed to address any structural aspects of the structural conflicts between the United States and China.
[
370
]
: 290
The overall U.S. trade deficit worsened, with supply trade diverted from China to higher-cost foreign producers rather than being supplied domestically.
[
370
]
: 290
Tariffs imposed by the U.S. increased costs of Chinese imports for U.S. consumers and business.
[
370
]
: 290
In 2021, the US trade deficit with China increased.
[
363
]
: 179
Analysis published by Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that if there was no trade war initiated by Trump and if the US share of the Chinese market had just stayed consistent, then US exports to China would have been $119 billion bigger than what was actually recorded during Trump's administration during 2018 to 2021. Additionally, the trade war had incurred further costs of $30 billion in taxpayers funds that Trump used to subsidize the country's farmers to compensate for their lost sales to China from 2018 to 2020. Bown concluded that Trump's trade policies were not worth it for US exporters and that they would have likely have been better off without Trump's trade war.
[
371
]
Reducing China's dependence on export to US. After US-China trade war in 2018, China increased its foreign trade volumes. At the same time, the US share of China's export revenues declined.
Investor uncertainty due to the trade war caused turbulence in the stock market.
[
372
]
[
373
]
[
374
]
The
Dow Jones Industrial Average
fell 724 points, or 2.9%, after the tariffs were announced due to concerns over a trade war.
[
375
]
Corporations that traded with China, such as
Caterpillar Inc.
and
Boeing
, suffered large losses in their stock price.
[
376
]
On December 4, 2018, the Dow Jones Industrial Average logged its worst day in nearly a month as it declined nearly 600 points, to which some argue is in part due to the trade war.
[
377
]
On August 23, 2019, the Dow dropped 623 points on the day that Trump informally ordered American companies to immediately seek alternatives to doing business in China.
[
378
]
[
379
]
By the end of 2019, stock markets reached record highs, having risen due to the agreement between the United States and China to sign the first phase of a trade deal.
[
380
]
[
381
]
American farmers faced significant challenges due to China's retaliatory trade actions. From 2010 to 2016, China was the largest market for
U.S. agricultural products
, with exports peaking at $25.5 billion in 2015.
[
382
]
Although U.S. agricultural exports to China totaled $19.4 billion in 2017, making it the second-largest market behind Canada, the trade war drastically reduced these figures. By 2018, exports had plummeted to $9.1 billion. A partial recovery followed in 2019, with exports reaching $13.8 billion; however, by then, China had fallen to the fourth-largest market for U.S. agricultural goods, trailing Canada, Mexico, and Japan, respectively.
[
383
]
Soybean exports accounted for the largest annualized losses with China, totaling $9.4 billion. Sorghum followed in second, losing $854 million, and pork third, losing $646 million.
[
384
]
Relative to exports in 2017 as a – change, by 2018, the most impacted
agricultural commodities
by total losses were soybeans, wheat, corn, coarse grains, hides and skins, fresh fruit, pork, dairy products, processed fruit, and cotton.
[
385
]
The United States is the world's second-largest producer of soybeans, behind Brazil.
[
386
]
China is the world's largest soybean importer, importing about 60% of the global market in 2024.
[
387
]
Between 2017 and 2018, China's share of U.S. soybean exports dropped from 62% to 18%. It recovered to 55% by 2020.
[
387
]
Soybean farmers were some of the most impacted by Chinese tariffs. Soybean farmers lost an estimated $24 billion in exports and accounted for the predominant number of increasing farm bankruptcies in 2018.
[
388
]
By 2019, soybean farmers had planted 15% less acreage than in 2018.
[
388
]
Trade represents 50% of soybean farmers income, as compared to the national average of 20%.
[
389
]
Other massive agricultural disruptions included products like cranberries, hay, and ethanol. Cranberry exports to China rose nearly 77% from 2007 to 2016 when a barrel of fruit would sell for $58.60. By 2018, the price had fallen 62% to only $22.30 per barrel.
[
390
]
Hay exports to China dropped 36%, resulting in an estimated $300 million in the first two years compared to the anticipated $400 million.
[
385
]
Ethanol, a corn-based biofuel, had emerged as an important agricultural byproduct commodity to China, exporting for a total of $300 million in 2017. By 2018, total exports dropped 86%.
[
385
]
Regionally, the Midwest was most impacted by the agricultural tariffs by China. For example, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas represented the largest share of annualized losses in agriculture revenue in 2018. Losing $1.46 billion, $1.41 billion, and $955 million, respectively, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas accounted for 11%, 11%, and 7% of all total agricultural losses in 2018.
[
385
]
Agricultural tariffs against the U.S. by China began in April 2018 when retaliatory tariffs between 15% and 25% on U.S. imports included 94 different lines on U.S. agricultural goods. These first tariffs predominantly focused on pork, fruit, and tree nuts. Then, in July 2018, China expanded agricultural tariffs of 25% to a total of 697 different lines. On September 1, 2019, Chinese agricultural tariffs had increased to 1053 different lines. Although most agricultural tariffs on U.S. goods by China began at 25%, some goods like pork, fruits and nuts, grains, sugar, and soybeans reached tariffs as high as 80% to 100%.
[
391
]
The Trump administration responded to decreasing agricultural exports through a series of acts and bailouts. Between 2018 and 2020, the
United States Department of Agriculture
's
Farm Service Agency
administered and oversaw the distribution of $23 billion in the form of direct payments to farmers for losses caused by international trade disputes through the
Market Facilitation Program
.
[
392
]
Specifically, in 2019 the USDA's Market Facilitation Program paid $14.4 billion across 644,000 farming operations. The average payment per operation was $22,312 and focused on three types of eligible commodities: (1) non-specialty crops (such as corn and soybeans); (2) specialty crops (such as fruits and nuts); (3) dairy and pork products. Of the $14.4 billion in farmer assistance in 2019, 90% went to farmers of non-specialty crops, totaling $12.9 billion.
[
393
]
Another form of agricultural assistance was the
Food Purchase and Distribution Program
by the United States Department of Agriculture. Specifically designed to offset already produced agricultural commodities in the form of surplus, USDA purchased roughly $2.3 billion in U.S. agriculture impacted by trade tariffs. The most significant commodities purchased were pork, dairy, and apples.
[
394
]
Finally, the third program introduced by USDA was the
Agricultural Trade Promotion Program
. Designed to assist American agricultural exporters in identifying and accessing new markets to mitigate the impacts of agricultural tariffs by China, the program accepted applications beginning in November 2018 to access the $200 million federal budget and promote their products abroad.
[
394
]
For soybean farmers impacted by the trade tariffs with China, these agricultural mitigation programs helped lessen losses to U.S. soybean farmers. For example, soybean farmers began exporting to new markets in 2018 to markets like Mexico, Egypt, and the European Union. These new markets accounted for $4.7 billion, partially offsetting the $9.4 billion loss with China in 2018.
[
395
]
In 2020, the U.S. and China agreed on new agricultural tariffs through the
Phase One Agreement
which created a new trade agreement that required structural reforms and changes to China's economic and trade regime. The agreement included a commitment by China to make substantial purchases of U.S. goods and services, of which agricultural products were included in the Agriculture Chapter.
[
396
]
The first part of the agreement included a commitment by China to purchase and import an average of at least $40 billion U.S. agricultural products across two years between 2020 and 2022 totaling $80 billion.
[
396
]
Additionally, specific agricultural products that had been the recipient of tariffs by China were addressed. Most notable were U.S. exports of beef, pork, poultry, processed meat, dairy, rice, seafood, fruits, and feed products. However, between 2020 and 2022, only 73% of the agreed-upon $40 billion was spent on U.S. agricultural products by China.
[
397
]
In 2020, U.S. exports to China totaled $26.4 billion, and in 2021 totaled $32.7 billion. This amounted to a total two-year export value by the U.S. to China of $59.5 billion. Essential commodities like soybeans grew from a total export value of $15.1 billion in 2020, to $17.9 billion by the end of 2022.
[
398
]
Analysts speculated that the trade war could affect the
2020 United States presidential election
, as tariffs have negatively affected farmers, an important constituency for Trump.
[
399
]
[
400
]
Analysts also speculated on how the trade war affected Xi Jinping in relation to the domestic pressures that he faced.
[
400
]
In 2021, following the transition to the Biden administration, the
Financial Times
reported that "rushing to remove the tariffs could prove risky" for the
Democrats
in the
2022 United States elections
.
[
362
]
Economic growth has slowed worldwide amid the trade war.
[
401
]
The International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook report released in April 2019 lowered the global economic growth forecast for 2019 from 3.6% expected in 2018 to 3.3%, and said that economic and trade frictions may further curb global economic growth and continue weaken the investment.
[
402
]
U.S. economic growth has also slowed.
[
401
]
Globally,
foreign direct investment
has slowed.
[
403
]
The trade war has hurt the
European economy
, particularly
Germany
, even though trade relations between Germany and China and between Germany and the U.S. remain good.
[
404
]
Germany and the EU have had high levels of trade with China, and the German government and public want to maintain these trade ties.
[
405
]
The
Canadian economy
has seen negative effects as well.
[
406
]
Like the U.S., Britain, Germany, Japan, and South Korea were all showing "a weak manufacturing performance" as of 2019.
[
407
]
Several Asian governments have instituted
stimulus
measures to address damage from the trade war, though economists said this may not be effective.
[
408
]
Some countries have benefited economically from the trade war, at least in some sectors, due to increasing exports to the United States and China to fill the gaps left by decreasing trade between these two economies. Beneficiaries include
Vietnam
,
Chile
,
India
,
Malaysia
, and Argentina.
[
409
]
Vietnam is the biggest beneficiary, with technology companies moving manufacturing there.
[
409
]
[
410
]
South Korea
has also benefited from increased electronics exports, Malaysia from
semiconductor
exports, Mexico from
motor vehicles
, and Brazil from
soybeans
.
[
409
]
Trade diversion effects have also had an impact on countries in East and Southeast Asia with
Taiwan
getting the largest boost.
[
411
]
US-ASEAN Business Council
CEO Alex Feldman said these countries may not benefit for long: "It's in everyone's interest to see this spat get resolved and go back to normal trade relations between the US and China."
[
412
]
Several Taiwanese companies have been expanding production domestically, including
Quanta Computer
, Sercomm and
Wistron
, creating over 21,000 jobs.
[
413
]
This investment led to a significant strengthening of the
New Taiwan Dollar
which had not been expected pre-Trade War.
[
414
]
Nintendo has reportedly moved some Nintendo Switch production from China to Southeast Asia.
[
415
]
The trade war has indirectly caused some companies to go bankrupt. One of them, Taiwanese LCD panel manufacturer Chunghwa Picture Tubes (CPT), went bankrupt as a result of an excess supply of panels and a subsequent collapse in prices, which was aided by vulnerability to the trade war, a slowing Taiwanese and global economy and a slowdown in the electronics sector.
[
413
]
[
416
]
Through practices of trade re-routing and re-labeling, the trade war has redirected Chinese trade to the United States via
ASEAN
.
[
417
]
: 45–46
As the Trump administration put tariffs on goods originating from China, they also planned to tax any goods having a high degree of "Chinese content" in 2025. As a result, some Southeast Asian countries has vowed to suppress
transshipments
such as Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand.
[
418
]
The
Philippines
was also affected by the trade war as the country is heavily reliant on imports that came from China and exports that went to the US.
[
419
]
This section needs to be
updated
. The reason given is:
Lacking in post-2020 information, especially in reactions to the Trump administration's escalation in 2025
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
April 2025
)
Mainland Chinese politicians and economists have been divided over the trade war.
[
420
]
[
421
]
[
422
]
[
423
]
An August 2019 article in NPR said that while some in the PRC leadership argued for a quick resolution to the trade war in order to save China's economy, others said that the country should push back against the United States and avoid an agreement at all costs.
[
420
]
The Chinese government characterizes the U.S. side as infringing on Chinese national sovereignty through demanding structural changes to China's economic system.
[
424
]
: 163
The Chinese public was generally surprised by the beginning of the trade war, according to academic Lin Mao.
[
425
]
: 305
In July 2018, academic
Xu Zhangrun
said that the trade war revealed underlying weaknesses in the Chinese political system and criticized Chinese leader Xi Jinping for his "overweening pride" and "vanity politics."
[
422
]
[
423
]
In August 2018, Hong Kong-based academic
Willy Lam
said that the trade war had galvanized all the previous misgivings which different countries in the West had toward China and undermined Chinese leader Xi Jinping's authority.
[
422
]
[
423
]
Zhang Baohui, a political science professor at Lingnan University in Hong Kong, similarly said that the trade war had been effective in challenging the myth of Chinese invincibility, saying that the tariffs "really hurt China at a very bad time, when the economy is experiencing serious trouble."
[
422
]
Economist Sheng Hong, director of the defunct think tank
Unirule Institute of Economics
, said that it would be good if China yielded to America's request for fair trade, arguing that the "China model" of state capitalism was incompatible with its policies of market reforms and damaging China's economy.
[
421
]
Amidst the closure Unirule after Hong was accused of threatening of state security, Hong likened Beijing's inability to brook internal criticism to "riding in a car with a filthy windshield."
[
421
]
A December 2018 journal article published by two Chinese academics said that in the worst-case scenario of the trade war, China would suffer a 1.1% decrease in employment and a 1% GDP loss, which they said were not negligible, but manageable for China.
[
39
]
Another paper published in February 2018 by Chinese academics similarly concluded that whereas the United States would experience large social welfare losses as a result of the trade war, China may lose or gain slightly depending on the effect of trade war on the U.S.–China trade balance.
[
28
]
In September 2019, Lu Xiang, an analyst at the state-backed
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
, expressed pessimism about the outcome of upcoming talks, called Trump "unpredictable", and said, "We can only try to find sensible clues in his nonsense."
[
407
]
Domestic reporting on the trade war is censored in China. While news outlets are permitted to report on the conflict, their coverage is subject to restrictions; the South China Morning Post said that employees for Chinese media were told not to "over-report" the trade war
[
426
]
while an article in
The New York Times
said that state news outlets had sought to promote the official line, with the authorities restricting the use of the phrase "trade war."
[
423
]
Social media posts about the conflict are subject to censorship as well.
[
427
]
[
428
]
The trade war is a common subject on Chinese social media, with one popular
Internet meme
referencing
Thanos
, a villain from
Marvel Comics
and the
Marvel Cinematic Universe
who wipes out half of all life in the universe using the
Infinity Gauntlet
, joking that Trump will similarly wipe out half of China's investors.
[
429
]
[
430
]
Hong Kong economics professor
Lawrence J. Lau
argues that a major cause of the trade war is the growing battle between China and the U.S. for global economic and technological dominance. He argues, "It is also a reflection of the rise of populism, isolationism, nationalism and protectionism almost everywhere in the world, including in the US."
[
431
]
In mid-2021, Taoran Notes, a social media account associated with the state-run
Economic Daily
, advised Chinese decision-makers to remain calm and recommended that both sides develop a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives. Taoran Notes said that the two countries had chosen "the path of cooperation that seeks common ground while reserving differences".
[
432
]
People's Daily
, the official newspaper of the
Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
, has stated that China will be able to withstand the trade war, and that Trump's policies are affecting American consumers.
[
433
]
Some online discussions in China, especially commentary suggesting negative impacts to the national economy and particular companies, have been widely
censored
.
[
434
]
[
435
]
After the signing of the Phase One agreement, the Chinese Communist Party tabloid
Global Times
published a series of articles reflecting on the trade war.
[
425
]
: 328
According to the
Global Times
, the trade war had made Chinese people more mature and confident and the country proved it had political and economic institutions strong enough to defend its interests.
[
425
]
: 329
In the view of the
Global Times
, China had not made too many concessions as part of the Phase One agreement.
[
425
]
: 329
While China agreed to buy more from the United States, these were not forced purchases and China could make purchases based on its own needs.
[
425
]
: 329
The structural changes China agreed to regarding intellectual property protections and opening more economic sectors to foreign investment would, according to the
Global Times
, ultimately serve China's needs to further deepen its reforms.
[
425
]
: 329
On April 15, 2025,
Xia Baolong
, director of the Central
Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office
, said in a video on Hong Kong National Security Education Day that Hong Kong is the largest source of the United States' trade surplus, but the United States imposes high tariffs on Hong Kong. "This makes it clearer to the world that the US cannot tolerate Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability, and it is the biggest sinister manipulator undermining human rights, freedom, the rule of law, prosperity and stability in Hong Kong", he said."it is extremely naive to think that peace, respect and development can be achieved by flattering, yielding or pl eading with the United States. The so-called sanctions and reciprocal tariffs by the United States cannot shake the determination and will of the central government and the Hong Kong SAR government. The 1.4 billion Chinese people, including our Hong Kong compatriots, will not be intimidated. It will only make us more united and more determined to safeguard national security and Hong Kong's prosperity and stability," he added.
[
436
]
In the United States
[
edit
]
Some Democrats opposed the trade war for putting a burden on American consumers and causing inflation, while other Democrats thought action against China was necessary, although not all such Democrats thought the trade war initiated by Trump was the right means of action.
Senate Democratic leader
Chuck Schumer
praised President Trump's higher tariffs against China's alleged taking advantage of the U.S. and said "Democrats, Republicans, Americans of every political ideology, every region in the country should support these actions." Other Democratic senators who supported Trump's actions include
Bob Menendez
,
Sherrod Brown
and
Ron Wyden
.
[
437
]
[
438
]
[
439
]
[
440
]
[
441
]
Bipartisan support from the House of Representatives for Trump's actions came from
Nancy Pelosi
.
[
442
]
[
443
]
[
444
]
Brad Sherman
,
[
445
]
Kevin Brady
,
[
437
]
and
Ted Yoho
.
[
445
]
Democratic representative
Tim Ryan
, said, "What China has been doing is bullshit. They're cheating, they're subsidizing their product."
[
446
]
Senator
Marco Rubio
has also supported the tariffs, which he referred to as a "theft tax".
[
447
]
Other Republican senators have given more divided statements.
Mitch McConnell
said that "nobody wins a trade war" but that there was hope the tactics would "get us into a better position, vis-à-vis China."
John Cornyn
said, "If this is what it takes to get a good deal, I think people will hang in there, but at some point we've got to get it resolved. If this goes on for a long time, everybody realizes it's playing with a live hand grenade."
[
448
]
Joni Ernst
said in May 2019 that the "tariffs are hurtful" to farmers, but that they "do want us to find a path forward with China" and said, "We hope that we can get a deal soon".
[
449
]
Other senators from both parties have criticized Trump for the trade war, including
Chuck Grassley
,
[
450
]
Tim Kaine
,
[
451
]
Mark Warner
,
[
451
]
Elizabeth Warren
,
[
452
]
and Ron Wyden.
[
453
]
The Associated Press reported in 2018 that "Dave Warner, a spokesman for the National Pork Producers Council, said pork producers have already seen the value of their pigs fall after a previous Chinese tariff. Warner said pig producers will likely feel the effect of the new tariff, though it's not yet clear exactly how."
[
454
]
Iowa soybean farmer and president of the
American Soybean Association
John Heisdorffer called the use of tariffs a "scorched-earth approach", warning that U.S. industries could permanently lose global market share as a result.
[
454
]
[
455
]
The mayors of Davenport and St. Gabriel, which represented towns with a heavy reliance on the farming sector, expressed their concerns of impacts that the trade war would have on their cities.
[
454
]
In August 2019,
Roger Johnson
of the
National Farmers Union
– representing about 200,000 family farmers, ranchers and fishers – stated that the trade war was creating problems for American farmers, specifically highlighting the fall in soybean exports from the U.S. to China.
[
456
]
[
better source needed
]
In the same month, the American Farm Bureau Federation – representing large
agribusiness
– said that the announcement of new tariffs "signals more trouble for American agriculture."
[
457
]
More than 3,500 American businesses sued the Trump administration over the tariffs.
[
362
]
In September 2018, a business coalition announced a
lobbying
campaign called "Tariffs Hurt the Heartland" to protest the proposed tariffs;
[
458
]
the tariffs on Chinese steel, aluminum, and certain chemicals contributed to rising fertilizer and agricultural equipment costs in the United States.
[
459
]
In February 2019, a survey released by the American Chamber of Commerce in China showed that a majority of member U.S. companies supported increasing or maintaining tariffs on Chinese goods, and nearly twice as many respondents compared to the year before wanted the U.S. government to push Beijing harder to create a level playing field.
[
460
]
[
461
]
A further 19% of its companies said they were adjusting supply chains or seeking to source components and assembly outside of China as a result of tariffs and 28% were delaying or canceling investment decisions in China.
[
460
]
Over 600 companies and trade associations, including manufacturers, retailers, and tech companies, wrote to Trump in mid-2019 to ask him to remove tariffs and end the trade war, saying that increased tariffs would have "a significant, negative, and long-term impact on American businesses, farmers, families, and the US economy".
[
462
]
On May 20, 2019, the Footwear Distributors and Retailers of America, an industry
trade association
for
footwear
, issued an open letter to President Trump, part of which read: "On behalf of our hundreds of millions of footwear consumers and hundreds of thousands of employees, we ask that you immediately stop this action", referring to the trade war.
[
463
]
[
464
]
Americans for Free Trade, a coalition of over 160 business organizations, wrote a letter to Trump in August 2019 requesting that he postpone all tariff rate increases on Chinese goods, citing concerns about cost increases for U.S. manufacturers and farmers. The coalition includes the National Retail Federation, the Consumer Technology Association, Association of Equipment Manufacturers, the Toy Association and
American Petroleum Institute
, among others.
[
214
]
In September 2019,
Matthew Shay
, president and CEO of the
National Retail Federation
, said that the trade war had "gone on far too long" and had harmful effects on American businesses and consumers. He urged the Trump administration to end the trade war and find an agreement to remove all the tariffs.
[
407
]
Hun Quach, vice president of international trade for the Retail Industry Leaders Association has claimed that the tariffs will impact American family budgets by raising the prices of everyday items.
[
454
]
[
465
]
[
466
]
A spokesperson for the
US–China Business Council
said that the tariffs were "deeply unpopular with American consumers and businesses who bear the cost".
[
362
]
Alibaba's Taobao app download surged following Trump tariffs that led to goods subject to 145 percent tariff. With increased cost, many US small businesses are looking for cheaper alternatives.
[
467
]
Many US retailers are turning to Chinese owned commerce sites like Taobao, DHgate, reducing reliance on B2B sites like Alibaba to search for retail products that are sourced directly from the manufacturer.
[
468
]
The CEOs of American steelmakers Nucor Corp, United States Steel Corp, ArcelorMittal SA and Commercial Metals Co have all supported Trump's steel tariffs against China
[
469
]
[
470
]
as has the United Steelworkers Union.
[
471
]
[
472
]
[
473
]
[
474
]
[
446
]
Scott Paul, president of the associated
Alliance for American Manufacturing
, has also supported tariffs,
[
454
]
[
475
]
and opposed proposals to reverse them in light of the
coronavirus pandemic
.
[
476
]
In 2019, he criticized the stagnation of trade talks saying "Trump would have ripped any Democrat for that outcome".
[
477
]
James Hoffa Jr.
, president of the
International Brotherhood of Teamsters
, has been a proponent of U.S. tariffs against China
[
478
]
as has
Richard Trumka
, president of
AFL–CIO
.
[
446
]
[
479
]
[
480
]
A 2019 statement by the
National Association of Manufacturers
stated their opposition to the trade war, calling for a new structure for the U.S.–China commercial relationship that would eliminate China's unfair trade practices and level the playing field for manufacturers in the United States.
[
481
]
A 2018
Politico
article documented the close partnership between the president of NAM
Jay Timmons
and President Trump and said that Timmons was fighting against Trump's trade war from within.
[
482
]
The vice president of the National Marine Manufacturers Association criticized the tariffs, saying they were "hurting American manufacturers."
[
458
]
Economists and analysts
[
edit
]
According to articles in
PolitiFact
, most mainstream economists said that "consumers are the primary victims of tariffs"
[
475
]
and most economists said that they carry "more risks than benefits".
[
483
]
Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said that Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the economy of the United States,
[
21
]
[
22
]
and some economists advocated for alternate means for the United States to address its trade deficit with China.
[
23
]
NYU Economics Professor
Lawrence J. White
has said that import tariffs are equivalent to a tax, and contribute to a higher cost of living.
[
475
]
[
483
]
Economic analyst
Zachary Karabell
has argued that the administration's tariff-based approach would not work as it would not "reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte" and also argued that the assertion that more rigorous intellectual property protections would "level the playing field" was problematic.
[
484
]
He recommended instead that the U.S. focus on its relative advantages of economic openness and a culture of independence.
[
484
]
James Andrew Lewis
of the
Center for Strategic and International Studies
said that what the United States needed from China was a commitment to observe the rules and norms of international trade and to extend reciprocal treatment to U.S. companies in China.
[
485
]
In an April 2018 article in
Forbes
,
Harry G. Broadman
, a former U.S. trade negotiator, said that while he agreed with the Trump administration's basic position that the Chinese did not abide by fair, transparent and market-based rules for global trade, he disagreed with its means of unilaterally employing tariffs and said that the administration should instead pursue a coalition-based approach.
[
486
]
In a 2018 speech on the trade war, former World Bank Chief Economist Priya Basu stated, "I'm from India. Over my entire career, I saw many developed countries try many approaches to open up the markets in developing countries. I never thought I would see the opposite happening."
[
27
]
: 255
In a November 2018 testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, Jennifer Hillman, a professor of practice at Georgetown University Law School, said that United States "ought to be bringing a big and bold case, based on a coalition of countries working together to take on China."
[
487
]
Chad Bown, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics said that while it made sense for other countries to get more involved in confronting China, the problem was that they did not know how serious Trump was on reforming the larger, systemic issues.
[
487
]
Michael Wessel described plans to allow foreign companies a greater role in the Chinese technology program "an influence operation at its best" and also questioned whether changes in relevant Chinese laws would mean much so long as the courts remained under the control of the Chinese Communist Party.
[
487
]
A May 2019 article written by Howard Gleckman of the
Tax Policy Center
argued that the impact of the trade war would eliminate "most or all" of the benefits from the
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
for low- and middle-income households.
[
488
]
[
489
]
Economists at financial firm
Morgan Stanley
expressed uncertainty about how the trade war would end, but warned in June 2019 that it could lead to a
recession
.
[
490
]
Economist
Panos Mourdoukoutas
states that China's elites were fighting the trade war under the wrong assumption that China had reached "power parity" with the U.S. and that although an economic divorce between the two countries would have some consequences for the US, it would on the other hand be devastating for China.
[
491
]
In November 2019,
Jim Cramer
said that unless China purchased a considerable amount of American goods as a way to prove the validity of the arguments proffered by the free-trade contingent in the Trump administration, the U.S.–China trade war would continue on for a significant period of time.
[
492
]
After the first phase of a trade deal was agreed upon in December 2019,
Mary E. Lovely
of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and professor at
Syracuse University
said the ceasefire was "good news" for the American economy while expressing optimism that the talks would help address China's "unfair" intellectual property practices.
[
493
]
[
494
]
Economist Paul Krugman said in September 2020 that if Democratic candidate Joe Biden won the U.S. presidential election, he should maintain a tough stance against China, but focus more on
industrial policy
than trade tariffs.
[
495
]
Economist
C. Fred Bergsten
concluded in 2021 that "China's economy is too large and too powerful to be suppressed. It fended off the Trump attacks with little damage, and indeed with renewed confidence in its prospects."
[
496
]
In study on the trade-effects of regulation in 2023, economists
Knut Blind
and Moritz Böhmecke-Schwafert concluded that tariff hikes by the US are expected to have an opposite effect in the mid- and long-term "and exports from China to the US might actually increase" based on trade data of OECD and BRICS countries in the last two decades.
[
497
]
Minxin Pei
, a scholar of Chinese politics at California's
Claremont McKenna College
, argued that Xi Jinping's ambition for China's revival as a worldpower had been revealed as hollow through the continuing trade dispute.
[
422
]
The former Vice President Joe Biden said: "While Trump is pursuing a damaging and erratic trade war, without any real strategy, China is positioning itself to lead the world in renewable energy."
[
498
]
An August 2019
Harvard CAPS
/Harris Poll found that 67% of registered voters wanted the U.S. to confront Beijing over its trade policies despite the fact that 74% said American consumers were shouldering most of the burden of tariffs. Mark Penn, the co-director of the Harvard CAPS/Harris Poll, said the poll showed strong support among the American public for Trump's trade policies against China, saying, "They realize that the tariffs may have negative impacts on jobs and prices, but they believe the fight here is the right one."
[
499
]
Tariffs on medical supplies have become politically complicated due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
The Wall Street Journal
, citing
Trade Data Monitor
to show that China is the leading source of many key medical supplies, raised concerns that US tariffs on imports from China threaten imports of medical supplies into the United States.
[
500
]
The Harvard CAPS/Harris poll conducted in January 2025 indicated that 52% of Americans approve of placing new tariffs on China, with 74% of Republicans agreeing, but only 34% of Democrats.
[
501
]
A September 2018 article by
Brahma Chellaney
said that America's trade war with China should not obscure a broader pushback against China's mercantilist trade, investment, and lending practices.
[
502
]
At the
2018 G20 summit
, the trade war was on the agenda for discussion.
[
503
]
In December 2018
Jorge Guajardo
, former Mexican ambassador to China, said in an article in
The Washington Post
that "One thing the Chinese have had to acknowledge is that it wasn't a Trump issue; it was a world issue. Everybody's tired of the way China games the trading system and makes promises that never amount to anything."
[
487
]
A March 2019 Reuters article said that the European Union shared many of the Trump administration's same complaints with regards to China's technology transfer policies and market access constraints and also reported that European diplomats and officials acknowledged support for Trump's goals, even if they disagreed with his tactics.
[
461
]
Singaporean Prime Minister
Lee Hsien Loong
said that the trade war was negatively affecting Singapore and described it as "very worrying". He urged both the U.S. and Chinese governments to change their approaches.
[
504
]
[
505
]
At the 45th G7 summit, UK Prime Minister
Boris Johnson
said, "We don't like tariffs on the whole."
[
506
]
An article in ABC said that U.S. allies warned Trump during the summit about his trade war with China, but that Trump said he wasn't facing any pressure from his allies over the trade war.
[
506
]
European Council President
Donald Tusk
said the trade war risked causing a global recession.
[
507
]
The Chilean vice minister for trade, Rodrigo Yanez, told CNBC that "It's very important for Chile that a trade deal between the U.S. and China is signed soon".
[
508
]
In the wake of the
2020 Galwan Valley skirmish
, Indian commentators made references to the US–China trade war as part of their overall analysis of the effect that the skirmish would have on the future relations between India and China.
[
509
]
[
510
]
[
511
]
[
512
]
[
513
]
[
514
]
[
515
]
2002 United States steel tariff
Anti-American sentiment in China
Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
Australia–China trade war
2025 United States tariffs against the European Union
2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico
Canada–China trade war
Chinese espionage in the United States
CIA activities in China
Congressional-Executive Commission on China
List of the largest trading partners of the United States
List of the largest trading partners of China
List of largest trading partners of India
Plaza Accord
Protectionism in the United States
Rare earths trade dispute
Second Cold War
Trade policy of China
Tariffs in the first Trump administration
Tariffs in the second Trump administration
Thucydides Trap
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on October 29, 2020
. Retrieved
July 15,
2020
.
^
"How India responds to China's 'expansionistic tendencies' will have ramifications for the world"
. Indian Express. Indian Express. July 10, 2020.
The US and western powers have been very vocal in calling out Beijing in recent times. US–China relations have hit rock bottom, especially since Donald Trump took office. The US–China trade war is now taking a toll on the world system. For example, it is creating fissures among ASEAN members...I am not advocating for joining a US-lead platform as a devoted member. To push back against Chinese adventurism by deepening dependence on another power also runs counter to the very logic of protecting our national sovereignty. India today is strong enough to stand for her interest and yet must be adroit enough to find common ground with those with whom her interests align, whether to its West or East. China must be made to choose: Is it willing to push the equally proud, equally numerous, equally historical and glorious civilisation to the south in this long-term direction for a few square kilometres of territory and a round of chest-thumping?
^
Bhattacharjee, Govind (July 6, 2020).
"The China Trade"
. The Statesman. The Statesman.
This has given India one lifetime opportunity to attract investments and companies away from China unto itself. Hence the Prime Minister's emphasis on 'Buy Local, Be Global' and Atmanirbhar Bharat, and to ultimately substitute China as the world's supplier. Unfortunately, it is not only cheap labour and improvement in the ease of doing business that will enable India to claim a substantial share of China's global business. We also need to understand that we are not the only player vying for the pie...Of the 56 companies that relocated their production bases from China in the aftermath of the US–China trade war of 2018–19, only three came to India and the rest went to Vietnam, Taiwan and Thailand. In contrast, it is only now that the Government is focusing on the long-overdue factor market reforms including the labour laws which have already run into a judicial stonewall.
^
Joshi, Manoj.
"Can India still avoid becoming collateral damage in US–China row?"
. ORF
. Retrieved
June 17,
2020
.
^
Chari, Seshadri (July 10, 2020).
"As armies 'retreat' at LAC, India must turn to options it hasn't used against China so far"
. The Print.
Albuquerque, José Luiz, Antonio MArcelo Jackson Ferreira da Silva, and José Medeiros da Silva. "The China–US Trade War."
Revista do Fórum Internacional de Ideias
9.1 (2019): 11+
online
, a Brazilian perspective
Boucher, Jean-Christophe, and Cameron G. Thies. "'I Am a Tariff Man': The Power of Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric under President Trump."
Journal of Politics
81.2 (2019): 712–722.
Böhmecke-Schwafert, M., Blind, K. The trade effects of product market regulation in global value chains: evidence from OECD and BRICS countries between 2000 and 2015. Empirica 50, 441–479 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-023-09574-z
Chong, Terence Tai Leung, and Xiaoyang Li. "Understanding the China–US trade war: causes, economic impact, and the worst-case scenario."
Economic and Political Studies
7.2 (2019): 185–202.
online
, a historical perspective
Crowley, Meredith A. (ed.),
Trade War: The Clash of Economic Systems Endangering Global Prosperity
(CEPR Press, 2019).
Fenby, Jonathan, and Trey McArver.
The Eagle and the Dragon: Donald Trump, Xi Jinping and the Fate of US/China Relations
(2019)
Foot, Rosemary, and Amy King. "Assessing the deterioration in China–US relations: US governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus."
China International Strategy Review
(2019): 1–12.
online
Lau, Lawrence J.
The China–U.S. Trade War and Future Economic Relations
(Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2019)
online
, a Hong Kong perspective
Qiu, Larry D., Chaoqun Zhan, and Xing Wei. "An analysis of the China–US trade war through the lens of the trade literature."
Economic and Political Studies
7.2 (2019): 148–168.
Qiu, Larry D., and Xing Wei. "China–US trade: implications on conflicts."
China Economic Journal
(2019): 1–20. |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war)
- [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Background)
Toggle Background subsection
- [1\.1 Trade relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Trade_relationship)
- [1\.2 Trump administration's complaints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Trump_administration's_complaints)
- [1\.3 China's response and counter allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#China's_response_and_counter_allegations)
- [1\.4 Biden administration restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Biden_administration_restrictions)
- [1\.5 Second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Second_Trump_administration)
- [2 Chronology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Chronology)
Toggle Chronology subsection
- [2\.1 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2018)
- [2\.2 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2019)
- [2\.3 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2020)
- [2\.4 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2021)
- [2\.5 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2022)
- [2\.6 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2023)
- [2\.7 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2024)
- [2\.8 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#2025)
- [3 Effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Effects)
Toggle Effects subsection
- [3\.1 China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#China)
- [3\.2 United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#United_States)
- [3\.2.1 US consumer impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#US_consumer_impact)
- [3\.2.2 Job losses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Job_losses)
- [3\.2.3 Overall economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Overall_economy)
- [3\.2.4 Stock market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Stock_market)
- [3\.2.5 US farmer impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#US_farmer_impact)
- [3\.2.6 Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Elections)
- [3\.3 Other countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Other_countries)
- [4 Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Reactions)
Toggle Reactions subsection
- [4\.1 In China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#In_China)
- [4\.2 In the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#In_the_United_States)
- [4\.2.1 Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Congress)
- [4\.2.2 Agricultural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Agricultural)
- [4\.2.3 Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Business)
- [4\.2.4 Manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Manufacturing)
- [4\.2.5 Economists and analysts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Economists_and_analysts)
- [4\.2.6 Others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Others)
- [4\.3 International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#International)
- [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#See_also)
- [6 Footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Footnotes)
- [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#References)
- [8 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#Further_reading)
- [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# China–United States trade war
38 languages
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9 "الحرب التجارية بين الصين والولايات المتحدة – Arabic")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_dagang_Cina-Amerika_Serikat "Perang dagang Cina-Amerika Serikat – Balinese")
- [Betawi](https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berantem_dagang_Amrik_Ser%C3%A8kat_ama_Tiongkok "Berantem dagang Amrik Serèkat ama Tiongkok – Betawi")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 "চীন–যুক্তরাষ্ট্র বাণিজ্য যুদ্ধ – Bangla")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%88_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86 "شەڕی بازرگانیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا و چین – Central Kurdish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskonflikt_zwischen_den_Vereinigten_Staaten_und_der_Volksrepublik_China "Handelskonflikt zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der Volksrepublik China – German")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona-%C4%88inia_komercmilito "Usona-Ĉinia komercmilito – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_comercial_entre_China_y_Estados_Unidos "Guerra comercial entre China y Estados Unidos – Spanish")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%88_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86 "جنگ تجاری آمریکا و چین – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_commerciale_entre_la_Chine_et_les_%C3%89tats-Unis "Guerre commerciale entre la Chine et les États-Unis – French")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F "מלחמת הסחר בין ארצות הברית לסין – Hebrew")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1-%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4 "Ամերիկա-չինական առևտրային պատերազմ – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_dagang_Amerika_Serikat%E2%80%93Tiongkok "Perang dagang Amerika Serikat–Tiongkok – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_commerciale_tra_Repubblica_Popolare_Cinese_e_Stati_Uniti_d%27America "Guerra commerciale tra Repubblica Popolare Cinese e Stati Uniti d'America – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89 "米中貿易戦争 – Japanese")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD-%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81 "미국-중국 무역 전쟁 – Korean")
- [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%AA%D9%90%D8%AC%D9%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF "چیٖن-اَمریٖکہ تِجٲرتی جنٛگ – Kashmiri")
- [Lingua Franca Nova](https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_comersial_entre_la_Statos_Unida_e_Xina "Gera comersial entre la Statos Unida e Xina – Lingua Franca Nova")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD "АНУ-Хятадын худалдааны дайн – Mongolian")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_handlowa_Chiny-USA "Wojna handlowa Chiny-USA – Polish")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%93%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF "چین–ریاستہائے متحدہ تجارتی جنگ – Western Punjabi")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%E2%80%93_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87 "د چین – متحده ایالاتو سوداګریزه جګړه – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_comercial_China%E2%80%93Estados_Unidos "Guerra comercial China–Estados Unidos – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Comercial_SUA-China "Războiul Comercial SUA-China – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC "Торговая война между США и Китаем – Russian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war "China–United States trade war – Simple English")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_tregtare_Kin%C3%AB%E2%80%93Shtetet_e_Bashkuara "Lufta tregtare Kinë–Shtetet e Bashkuara – Albanian")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E2%80%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90 "สงครามการค้าจีน–สหรัฐ – Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Pangkalakalan_ng_Tsina_at_Estados_Unidos "Digmaang Pangkalakalan ng Tsina at Estados Unidos – Tagalog")
- [Toki pona](https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/utala_esun_pi_ma_Mewika_en_ma_Sonko "utala esun pi ma Mewika en ma Sonko – Toki Pona")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri-%C3%87in_ticaret_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1 "Amerika Birleşik Devletleri-Çin ticaret savaşı – Turkish")
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AD%DA%AF%D9%88_-_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%89 "جوڭگو - ئامېرىكا سودا ئۇرۇشى – Uyghur")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC "Торгова війна США з Китаєм – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%93%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF "چین–ریاستہائے متحدہ تجارتی جنگ – Urdu")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Economic conflict since 2018
An [economic conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_conflict "Economic conflict") between [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") has been ongoing since January 2018, when U.S. president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") began [imposing tariffs and other trade barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") on China with the aim of forcing it to make changes to what the U.S. has said are longstanding unfair trade practices and [intellectual property theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_intellectual_property_theft_by_China "Allegations of intellectual property theft by China").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-1) The [first Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") stated that these practices may contribute to the U.S.–China [trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade "Balance of trade"), and that the [Chinese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China "Government of China") requires the transfer of American technology to China.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Report-2) In response to the trade measures, [CCP general secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping")'s [administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretaryship_of_Xi_Jinping "General secretaryship of Xi Jinping") accused the Trump administration of engaging in [nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalism "Economic nationalism") [protectionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism") and took retaliatory action.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-4) Following the trade war's escalation through 2019, the two sides reached a tense phase-one agreement in January 2020;[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-South_China_Morning_Post-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:6-7) however, a temporary collapse in goods trade around the globe during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") together with a short recession diminished the chance of meeting the target, China failed to buy the \$200 billion worth of additional imports specified as part of it. By the end of Trump's first presidency, the trade war was widely characterized by American media outlets as a failure for the United States.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto9-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-10)
The [Biden administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden") kept the [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") in place and added additional levies on Chinese goods such as [electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") and [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-13) In 2024, the [Trump presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Economy_and_trade "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") proposed a 60% tariff on Chinese goods.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-14)
2025 marked a significant escalation of the conflict under the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump"). A series of [increasing tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration") led to the U.S. imposing a 145% tariff on Chinese goods, and China imposing a 125% tariff on American goods in response; these measures are forecast to cause a 0.2% loss of global merchandise trade.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:12-17) Despite this, both countries have excluded certain items from their tariff lists and continue to try and find a resolution to the trade war.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-reuters.com-19)
## Background
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Background")\]
See also: [Foreign trade of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States "Foreign trade of the United States"), [Intellectual property in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China "Intellectual property in China"), [United States–China Relations Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations_Act_of_2000 "United States–China Relations Act of 2000"), [China and the World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization "China and the World Trade Organization"), and [United States Bureau of Mines closure in 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines#Closure_of_USBM "United States Bureau of Mines")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg)
United States trade deficits from 1997 to 2021. Deficits are over 50 billion dollars as of 2021 with the countries shown. Data from the [US Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau").
### Trade relationship
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Trade relationship")\]
Main article: [China–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations "China–United States relations")
Since the 1980s, Trump had advocated tariffs to eliminate the [U.S. trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._trade_deficit "U.S. trade deficit") and promote domestic manufacturing, saying the country was being "ripped off" by its trading partners; imposing tariffs became a major plank of his presidential campaign.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tankersley2019-20) Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the American economy,[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto4-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto7-22) and some economists advocated alternate means to address trade deficits with China.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-economists-advocated-alternate-23)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Hu.jpg)
US president [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") and Chinese leader [Hu Jintao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao "Hu Jintao") at the White House, April 20, 2006
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_and_Barack_Obama_toast_at_White_House_state_dinner_September_2015.jpg)
US president [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") raising a toast during a state dinner at the White House, September 25, 2015
With the [United States–China Relations Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations_Act_of_2000 "United States–China Relations Act of 2000"), China was allowed to join the [World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization") (WTO) in 2001 and was given a [most favored nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favored_nation "Most favored nation") (MFN) status.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-25) The growth of trade accelerated after China's entry into the WTO in 2001,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:62-27): 274 with the US and China becoming one another's most important trading partners.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) The US has consistently imported more from China than it has exported to China, with the bilateral US [trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficit "Trade deficit") in goods with China rising to \$375.6 billion in 2017.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26) According to Keyu Jin, this trade deficit is driven by a difference in saving rates between the US and China (Chinese households save more than 30% of disposable income on average, compared to 7% in the United States)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-29) while according to Xiaohuan Lan, the deficit is driven by the way the economic systems of the two countries are structured: the U.S. imports more than it exports since its domestic consumption is greater than its domestic production of goods while China exports more than it imports since its domestic production is greater than its domestic consumption of goods.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:62-27): 273
Since the [entry of China into the WTO in December 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization "China and the World Trade Organization"), the decline in [U.S. manufacturing jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States "Manufacturing in the United States") has accelerated (the [China shock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_shock "China shock")).[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-31) The [Economic Policy Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute "Economic Policy Institute") estimated that the trade deficit with China cost about 2.7 million jobs between 2001 and 2011, including manufacturing and other industries.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-32) Since 2000, there have been several attempts to repeal the [Permanent Normal Trade Relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Normal_Trade_Relations "Permanent Normal Trade Relations") with China. The strongest attempt was in 2005 when House Representative [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") and 61 co-sponsors introduced a legislation that would repeal the PNTR with China.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-33)
There have been studies which have explored the strategic dimension of the trading relationship which some have argued is the best way to understand the main concerns over the way the relationship has developed.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-38)
The US government has at times criticized various aspects of the US-China trade relationship, including large bilateral trade deficits, and China's relatively inflexible [exchange rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate "Exchange rate").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama imposed quotas and tariffs on Chinese textiles in order to shield US domestic producers, accusing China of exporting these products at [dumping prices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumping_\(pricing_policy\) "Dumping (pricing policy)").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) During the Obama administration, the US additionally accused China of subsidizing aluminum and steel production, and initiated a range of anti-dumping investigations against China.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) During these two US administrations, US-Chinese trade continued to grow.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) During this time, China's economy grew to be the second largest in the world (using nominal exchange rates), second only to that of the US.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39) Large-scale Chinese economic initiatives, such as the [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative "Belt and Road Initiative"), the [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank "Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank") and "[Made in China 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China_2025 "Made in China 2025")" alarmed some US policymakers.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39) More broadly, China's economic growth has been viewed by the US government as a challenge to American economic and geopolitical dominance.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39)
American proponents of tariffs on China have argued that tariffs will bring manufacturing jobs to the US; that bilateral tariffs should be reciprocal; that the US should eliminate its trade deficit with China; and that China should change various policies governing intellectual property and investment.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41) Most economists are skeptical of the ability of tariffs to achieve the first three of these goals.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41) A study estimates that U.S. exports to China provide support to 1.2 million American jobs and that Chinese multinational companies directly employ 197,000 Americans, while U.S. companies invested \$105 billion in China in 2019.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-42) Economists have studied the impact of trade with China and increasing labor productivity on employment in the American manufacturing sector, with mixed results.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Autor-2013-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Feenstra-2019-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kehoe-2018-45) Most economists believe that the American trade deficit is the result of macroeconomic factors, rather than trade policy.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Nicita-2019-46) Two 2020 Congressional Research Service reports said most economists concluded that the long-run net effect of trade on the economy as a whole was positive and that attempts to address the trade deficit without addressing the underlying macroeconomic conditions would likely be counterproductive and create distortions in the economy.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-48)
The U.S. and China held talks in Beijing between U.S. National Security Adviser [Jake Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Sullivan "Jake Sullivan") and [CCP Foreign Affairs Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission "Central Foreign Affairs Commission") Office Director [Wang Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yi "Wang Yi") to prevent competition from escalating into conflict. The meetings aimed to stabilize strained relations and maintain open communication.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-49)
### Trump administration's complaints
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Trump administration's complaints")\]
See also: [Tariffs in the first Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") and [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration")
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| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_Portrait_of_President_Donald_J._Trump_\(2025\)_\(3x4_close_cropped\).jpg) | This article is part of a series about[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") |
| Life and business [Business career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump "Business career of Donald Trump") [The Trump Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization "The Trump Organization") [wealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump "Wealth of Donald Trump") [tax returns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump "Tax returns of Donald Trump") [Media career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump "Media career of Donald Trump") [*The Apprentice*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_\(American_TV_series\) "The Apprentice (American TV series)") [bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump "Bibliography of Donald Trump") [filmography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography "Donald Trump filmography") [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump "Family of Donald Trump") [Age and health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Donald_Trump "Age and health concerns about Donald Trump") [Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation "Donald J. Trump Foundation") [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Donald_Trump "Public image of Donald Trump") [In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture "Donald Trump in popular culture") [Eponyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Donald_Trump "List of things named after Donald Trump") [Pseudonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump "Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump") [*SNL* parodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump "Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump") [Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump "Residences of Donald Trump") [American football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football "Donald Trump and American football") [Golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf "Donald Trump and golf") [Honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump "List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump "Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump") [Indictments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictments_against_Donald_Trump "Indictments against Donald Trump") [Sexual misconduct allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations "Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations") [Epstein ties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_of_Donald_Trump_and_Jeffrey_Epstein "Relationship of Donald Trump and Jeffrey Epstein") [Handshakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_handshakes "Donald Trump and handshakes") [Security incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump "Security incidents involving Donald Trump") [Views and ideology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Political positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump "Political positions of Donald Trump") ["Make America Great Again"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again "Make America Great Again") [Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGA_movement "MAGA movement") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_religion "Donald Trump and religion") [Rhetoric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump "Rhetoric of Donald Trump") [Nicknames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump "List of nicknames used by Donald Trump") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump "List of endorsements by Donald Trump") [Racial views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump "Racial views of Donald Trump") [Antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_antisemitism "Donald Trump and antisemitism") [Fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism "Donald Trump and fascism") [Conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump "List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump") [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump") ["Trump always chickens out"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Always_Chickens_Out "Trump Always Chickens Out") ["Trump derangement syndrome"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome "Trump derangement syndrome") 45th and 47th President of the United States Presidencies [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies "Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies") Transitions [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidential transition of Donald Trump") Inaugurations [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "First inauguration of Donald Trump") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump") [Presidential library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library "Donald J. Trump Presidential Library") Tenure First 100 days [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_first_Trump_presidency "First 100 days of the first Trump presidency") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_second_Trump_presidency "First 100 days of the second Trump presidency") [Executive actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump "List of executive actions by Donald Trump") [executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_executive_orders_\(disambiguation\) "Trump executive orders (disambiguation)") [proclamations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump") [pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump_\(disambiguation\) "List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump (disambiguation)") [Trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [Polls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration_\(disambiguation\) "Opinion polling on the Trump administration (disambiguation)") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump "Legal affairs of Donald Trump") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump "Protests against Donald Trump") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump "Social media use by Donald Trump") [TikTok controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%E2%80%93TikTok_controversy "Donald Trump–TikTok controversy") [Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump "Political positions of Donald Trump") Domestic [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Domestic policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Domestic policy of the second Trump administration") Economic [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Economic policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Economic policy of the second Trump administration") tariffs [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration") [China trade war]() Environment [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Environmental policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Environmental policy of the second Trump administration") Foreign [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Foreign policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Foreign policy of the second Trump administration") [America First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_\(policy\) "America First (policy)") [Donroe Doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donroe_Doctrine "Donroe Doctrine") Immigration [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Immigration policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Immigration policy of the second Trump administration") [Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump "Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump") Social [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Social policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Social policy of the second Trump administration") cannabis [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Cannabis policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Cannabis policy of the second Trump administration") Space [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Space policy of the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Space policy of the second Trump administration") [Appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_Trump_administration_\(disambiguation\) "Political appointments of the Trump administration (disambiguation)") [First Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump "First cabinet of Donald Trump") [Second Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump "Second cabinet of Donald Trump") [Ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump_\(disambiguation\) "List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump (disambiguation)") [Federal judges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump") [Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination") [Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination "Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination") [Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination "Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination") [Supreme Court candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates "Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates") [Executives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Office_appointments_by_Donald_Trump_\(disambiguation\) "Executive Office appointments by Donald Trump (disambiguation)") [U.S. Attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump") [Presidential campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump "Political career of Donald Trump") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2016 Republican Party presidential primaries") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements") [rallies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign "List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign") [Las Vegas incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident "2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention "2016 Republican National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates "2016 United States presidential debates") [Never Trump movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Trump_movement "Never Trump movement") [people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") [*Access Hollywood* tape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape "Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape") [wiretapping allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations "Trump Tower wiretapping allegations") [Spygate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spygate_\(conspiracy_theory\) "Spygate (conspiracy theory)") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2020 Republican Party presidential primaries") endorsements [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements") [non-political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements") [opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign "List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign") [rallies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_rallies_\(December_2016%E2%80%932022\)#2020_presidential_campaign "List of Donald Trump rallies (December 2016–2022)") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention "2020 Republican National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates "2020 United States presidential debates") [GOP reactions to election fraud claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud "Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud") [Trump–Raffensperger phone call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call "Trump–Raffensperger phone call") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2024 Republican Party presidential primaries") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements") [opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign "List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") [eligibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump "Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump") [Agenda 47](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_47 "Agenda 47") [rallies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign "List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention "2024 Republican National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates "2024 United States presidential debates") assassination attempts [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania "Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania") [perpetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crooks "Thomas Crooks") [photographs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs "Donald Trump raised-fist photographs") [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida "Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida") [perpetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Routh "Ryan Routh") Impeachments [Efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump "Efforts to impeach Donald Trump") [resolutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump "List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump") [First impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment of Donald Trump") [Trump–Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal "Trump–Ukraine scandal") [House inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump "Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump") [Senate trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [Second impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment of Donald Trump") [Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "January 6 United States Capitol attack") [Senate trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [Proposed expungements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump "Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump") Prosecutions [2020 election federal indictment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_\(election_obstruction_case\) "Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)") [Classified documents federal indictment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_\(classified_documents_case\) "Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)") [special counsel investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation "Smith special counsel investigation") [Plasmic Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents "FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents") [FBI search of Mar-a-Lago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago "FBI search of Mar-a-Lago") *[Trump v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_\(2022\) "Trump v. United States (2022)")* [New York indictment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York "Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York") [Stormy Daniels scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal "Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal") [Karen McDougal affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_McDougal#Affair_with_Donald_Trump "Karen McDougal") [financial fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization "New York investigations of the Trump Organization") [Georgia election indictment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution "Georgia election racketeering prosecution") [Georgia election investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Georgia_election_investigation "2020 Georgia election investigation") [mug shot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump "Mug shot of Donald Trump") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") [Government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [stimulus bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_\(economics\) "Stimulus (economics)") [CARES Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARES_Act "CARES Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [White House outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [Interference with science agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_political_interference_with_science_agencies "Trump administration political interference with science agencies") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump's signature")  | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump_series "Template:Donald Trump series") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump_series "Template talk:Donald Trump series") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump_series "Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump series") | |
Donald Trump's first noted advocacy for tariffs was prompted by Japanese economic success in the 1980s, arguing that the U.S. trade deficit was a burden and that tariffs would promote domestic manufacturing that would keep the United States from being "ripped off" by its trading partners.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Zarroli2018-50)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tankersley2019-20) In early 2011, he stated that because China has manipulated their currency, "it is almost impossible for our companies to compete with Chinese companies."[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNN-Money-51) Imposing tariffs was subsequently a major plank of his successful 2016 presidential campaign.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-53)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Zarroli2018-50)
In the [2016 US presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"), Trump ran on a [protectionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_protectionism "Economic protectionism") economic platform.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) During [his 2016 presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign"), [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") promised to reduce the US trade deficit with China, which he attributed to unfair trade practices, such as intellectual property theft and lack of access by US companies to the Chinese market.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26) Trade advisor [Peter Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Navarro "Peter Navarro") was given an office on the 14th floor of [Trump Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower "Trump Tower"), where he worked on economic plans that heavily focused on starting a trade war against China.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:37-54) As president, in August 2017, he directed the [Office of the United States Trade Representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative "Office of the United States Trade Representative") (USTR) to investigate Chinese economic practices.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) The resulting report, issued in March 2018, attacked many aspects of Chinese economic policy, focusing particularly on alleged technology transfer,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) which the report stated cost the US economy \$225 billion and \$600 billion annually.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:16-55) Following the issuing of the report, Trump ordered the imposition of tariffs on Chinese products, the filing of a WTO case against China and restrictions on Chinese investment in high-tech sectors of the US economy.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) Navarro was influential in pushing Trump to start the trade war;[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-56) in his 2021 book *In Trump Time*, Navarro wrote that he urged Trump to go "full Sudden Zen" and start an all-out trade war against China.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:37-54)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Ross_Meets_with_Minister_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology_Miao_Wei_\(37259919406\).jpg)
U.S. Secretary of Commerce [Wilbur Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Ross "Wilbur Ross") meets with Chinese Minister of Industry and Information Technology [Miao Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_Wei "Miao Wei"), Beijing, September 2017.
In supporting tariffs as president, he said that China was costing the American economy hundreds of billions of dollars a year because of unfair trade practices. After imposing tariffs, he denied entering into a [trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war "Trade war"), saying the "trade war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He said that the U.S. has a trade deficit of \$500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft costing an additional \$300 billion. "We cannot let this continue," he said.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:2-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:3-58) Former White House Counsel, [Jim Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Schultz "Jim Schultz"), said that "through multiple presidential administrations – Clinton, Bush and Obama – the United States has naively looked the other way while China cheated its way to an unfair advantage in the international trade market."[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNN-Business-2-59)
In August 2017, [Robert Lighthizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer "Robert Lighthizer") investigated China's alleged unfair trade practices.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:11-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Alexander-61)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:16-55) According to the administration, the Chinese government's reforms have been minimal and have not been fair and reciprocal: "After years of U.S.-China dialogues that produced minimal results and commitments that China did not honor, the United States is taking action to confront China over its state-led, market-distorting forced technology transfers, intellectual property practices, and cyber intrusions of U.S. commercial networks."[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Factsheet-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-63)
Technology is considered the most important part of the U.S. economy.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) According to U.S. Trade Representative [Robert E. Lighthizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lighthizer "Robert E. Lighthizer"), China maintains a policy of "forced technology transfer," along with practicing "state capitalism," including buying U.S. technology companies and using cybertheft to gain technology.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) As a result, officials in the Trump administration were, by early 2018, taking steps to prevent Chinese state-controlled companies from buying American technology companies and were trying to stop American companies from handing over their key technologies to China as a cost of entering their market.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) According to political analyst [Josh Rogin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Rogin "Josh Rogin"): "There was a belief that China would develop a private economy that would prove compatible with the WTO system. Chinese leadership has made a political decision to do the opposite. So now we have to respond."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) Lighthizer said that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by alleged theft of [intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property") and foreign-ownership restrictions that require foreign companies to transfer technology.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-66)
Over half of the members of the [American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China") thought that leakage of intellectual property was an important concern when doing business there.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Oh-67)
Initiating steel and aluminum tariff actions in March 2018, Trump said "trade wars are good, and easy to win,"[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-68) but as the conflict continued to escalate through August 2019, Trump stated, "I never said China was going to be easy."[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-70)
[Peter Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Navarro "Peter Navarro"), White House [Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Trade_and_Manufacturing_Policy "Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy") Director, explained that the tariffs are "purely defensive measures" to reduce the trade deficit.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-71) He says that the cumulative trillions of dollars that Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing ... those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-72)
### China's response and counter allegations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: China's response and counter allegations")\]
Further information: [Chinese government sanctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_sanctions "Chinese government sanctions")
The Chinese government argues that the US government's real goal is to stifle China's growth, and that the trade war has had a negative global effect.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNBC-2June2019-73) The Chinese government has blamed the American government for starting the conflict and said that US actions were making negotiations difficult.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-74)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNBC-2June2019-73) Zhang Xiangchen, China's ambassador to the World Trade Organization, said the U.S. Trade Representative was operating with a "presumption of guilt", making claims without evidence and based on speculation.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-75)
The Chinese government has denied forced transfer of [IP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property") is a mandatory practice, and acknowledged the impact of domestic R\&D performed in China.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-76) Former [U.S. treasury secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Secretary of the Treasury") [Larry Summers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Summers "Larry Summers") assessed that Chinese leadership in some technological fields was the result of "huge government investment in basic science" and not "theft" of U.S. properties.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-77) In March 2019, the [National People's Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress") endorsed a new foreign investment bill, to take effect in 2020, which explicitly prohibits the forced transfer of IP from foreign companies, and grants stronger protection to foreign intellectual property and trade secrets. China had also planned to lift restrictions on foreign investment in the automotive industry in 2022. [AmCham China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China") policy committee chair Lester Ross criticized the bill, saying the text of the bill was "rushed" and "broad", and also criticized a portion of the bill that granted the country power to retaliate against countries that impose restrictions on Chinese companies.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-scmp-woo-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:5-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-80)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signing_Ceremony_Phase_One_Trade_Deal_Between_the_U.S._%26_China_\(49391434906\).jpg)
President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump "Donald J. Trump"), joined by Chinese Vice Premier [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)"), sign the U.S.-China Phase One Trade Agreement on January 15, 2020, in the [East Room of the White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Room "East Room").
In January 2020, the US and China signed a "phase one" trade deal, under which China committed to purchasing \$200 billion of U.S. goods and services over the next two years.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:43-81) A temporary collapse in goods trade around the globe during the [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") together with a short recession diminished the chance of meeting this target, China imported less than it had before the trade war.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-82)
On January 20, 2021, China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State [Mike Pompeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo "Mike Pompeo"), former secretary of health and human services [Alex Azar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar "Alex Azar"), former under secretary of state [Keith J. Krach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_J._Krach "Keith J. Krach"), outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations [Kelly Craft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Craft "Kelly Craft"), and 24 other former Trump officials.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto8-83) Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PompeoSanctioned-84)
### Biden administration restrictions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Biden administration restrictions")\]
Further information: [United States sanctions against China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China "United States sanctions against China") and [Artificial Intelligence Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War "Artificial Intelligence Cold War")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Biden_met_with_President_Xi_of_the_PRC_before_the_2022_G20_Bali_Summit.jpg)
US president [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") holding a bilateral meeting at the [G20 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit "2022 G20 Bali summit") in [Bali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali "Bali"), November 14, 2022
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_meeting_President_Xi_Jinping_at_APEC_Peru_2024.jpg)
US president [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") holding a bilateral meeting at the [APEC summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024 "APEC Peru 2024") in [Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima "Lima"), November 16, 2024
According to [JPMorgan Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase"), the effective rate of US tariffs on Chinese goods was between 0–5% in 2018 and climbed to around 20% by 2021, when President [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") took office.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:20-85) The [Biden administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden") did not withdraw Trump-era tariffs on Chinese imports and this rate remained steady throughout Biden's term.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:20-85)
On 3 June 2021, Biden signed [Executive Order 14032](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14032 "Executive Order 14032") which saw the expansion of [Executive Order 13959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13959 "Executive Order 13959") signed by the Trump administration as preventing American investors from investing in Chinese companies identified by the U.S. government as having ties to [China's military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") or [surveillance industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China "Mass surveillance in China").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-86)
The Democratic administration introduced a number of new [export limits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_control "Export control") and US investment bans for Chinese companies to protect US economic and military interests.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-87) In October 2022, the [US Department of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Commerce "US Department of Commerce") expanded sanctions after implicating 50 Chinese companies, including telecoms equipment maker [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei "Huawei") in June 2021. Export controls were also introduced for chip maker [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia"), [Yangtze Memory Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies "Yangtze Memory Technologies") (YMTC) and [ChangXin Memory Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChangXin_Memory_Technologies "ChangXin Memory Technologies").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-88) Sanctions were expanded to include Chinese companies such as drone maker [DJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJI "DJI") and genomics company [BGI Genomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGI_Group "BGI Group"), among others. South Korean telecom companies trading with the PRC were partially excluded from the new restrictions.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-90)
On March 29, 2024, the Biden administration revised rules aimed at [restricting China's access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race "Artificial intelligence arms race") to U.S. artificial intelligence (AI) chips and chipmaking tools, including those from Nvidia, as part of efforts to address national security concerns over Beijing's tech advancements potentially aiding its military.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-91) Following Washington's announcement of restrictions on China's ability to manufacture advanced chips, the Chinese government has notified the US of its intention to ban exports to the US of certain key components used in semiconductor manufacturing.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-92)
### Second Trump administration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Second Trump administration")\]
Further information: [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration")
On February 1, 2025, Trump signed [Executive Order 14195](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14195 "Executive Order 14195") to declare a [national emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_emergencies_in_the_United_States "List of national emergencies in the United States") regarding drug trafficking from China into the United States, alleging that the Chinese government was providing a “safe haven” for criminal organizations to “launder the revenues from the production, shipment, and sale of illicit synthetic opioids.”[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-94)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-95) Using authority granted by national emergency and security related acts, Trump was able to tariff more quickly and broadly than in his first term.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Rappeport_432025-96) Trump first imposed a 10% tariff on Chinese imports, framing the move as a way of pressuring China into taking action on [fentanyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl "Fentanyl"), a drug central to the [United States opioid crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States "Opioid epidemic in the United States").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-97) On March 4, he raised this tariff to 20%.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Breuninger-2025-98) China responded to Trump's initial tariffs by imposing tariffs of 15% on coals and [liquefied natural gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas "Liquefied natural gas") and 10% on oil and agricultural machines, adding [PVH Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVH_Corp. "PVH Corp.") and [Illumina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina,_Inc. "Illumina, Inc.") to its [unreliable entity list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_sanctions#Sanctions_announced_by_the_Ministry_of_Commerce_\(Unreliable_Entities_List\) "Chinese government sanctions"), launching an antitrust investigation into Google, and adding [export controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_control "Export control") to some metals including [tungsten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten "Tungsten").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Xiao-2025-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Mason-20252-100) After Trump increased the tariffs, China retaliated by imposing 10-15% tariffs on select agricultural, meat, and dairy products,[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-f4302-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-b913-102) launching an anti-circumvention investigation into optical fiber products imported from the United States.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-103) and suspending US lumber imports and revoked soybean import licenses for three US firms.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters-104)
On April 2, 2025, the United States imposed a 34% duty on Chinese imports as part of his [Liberation Day tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day_tariffs "Liberation Day tariffs"), which applied on top of the 20% "fentanyl tariff" and other prior measures.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-105) China responded by imposing a matching tariff of 34% on all American goods, suspending negotiations regarding [the sale of TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions_on_TikTok_in_the_United_States "Restrictions on TikTok in the United States") and restricting exports of six [heavy rare-earths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element "Rare-earth element") and [rare-earth magnets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet "Rare-earth magnet").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-106)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:21-107) Trump responded by raising tariffs by an additional 50% beginning April 9, bringing the baseline tariff on Chinese imports to 104%.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-109) China responded with a matching tariff of 50%, bringing its baseline tariff on American goods to 84%.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-110) The US then raised its tariffs to 145%, and China responded by raising its tariffs to 125%.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-111) On May 12, both countries reached a truce in a bid to reduce tensions. The U.S. reduced tariffs on Chinese goods to 30% while China responded by reducing tariffs on U.S. products to 10%.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ReutersSlash-112)
In February 2026, the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") struck down the tariffs the Trump administration implemented on imports from China under the [International Emergency Economic Powers Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act "International Emergency Economic Powers Act") in *[Learning Resources v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_Resources_v._Trump "Learning Resources v. Trump")*.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-114)
## Chronology
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Chronology")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Navarro,_Director_of_the_White_House_National_Trade_Council,_Addresses_in_the_Oval_Office_before_U.S._President_Donald_Trump_Signs_Executive_Orders_Regarding_Trade_on_March_31,_2017_4.jpg)
[White House National Trade Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_National_Trade_Council "White House National Trade Council") Director [Peter Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Navarro "Peter Navarro") speaks on trade with [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Vice_President "U.S. Vice President") [Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") and [Commerce Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce "Secretary of Commerce") [Wilbur Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Ross "Wilbur Ross") before the President signs [Executive Orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_\(United_States\) "Executive order (United States)") regarding trade.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-116)
### 2018
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: 2018")\]
- January 22: Trump announced 20% to 50% tariffs on [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") and [washing machines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine "Washing machine").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-117) About 8% of American solar panel imports in 2017 came from China.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-118) Imports of residential washing machines from China totaled about \$1.1 billion in 2015.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-119)
- March 1: Trump announced tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum imports from all countries.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-120) The United States had imported about 3% of its steel from China.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-121) The announcement drew criticism from the editorial board of *The Wall Street Journal*, which called the executive order "the biggest policy blunder of his Presidency."[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-122)
- March 22: Trump asked the [United States trade representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Trade_Representative "United States Trade Representative") (USTR) to investigate applying [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") on US\$50–60 billion worth of Chinese goods.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Diamond-123)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-124)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125) He relied on [Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_301_of_the_Trade_Act_of_1974 "Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974") for doing so, stating that the proposed tariffs were "a response to the unfair trade practices of China over the years", including theft of U.S. [intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-whitehouse-126)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Diamond-123) Over 1,300 categories of Chinese imports were listed for tariffs, including aircraft parts, batteries, flat-panel televisions, medical devices, satellites, and various weapons.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-127)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Swanson2018-128)
- April 2: [Ministry of Commerce of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China") responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including applying a 25% tariff to aluminum, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans, as well as applying a 15% tariff to fruit, nuts, and steel piping.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:1-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Rauhala2018-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-131) U.S. commerce secretary [Wilbur Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Ross "Wilbur Ross") said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product"), and Press Secretary [Sarah Huckabee Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders "Sarah Huckabee Sanders") stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:2-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:3-58)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-133)
- April 3: The U.S. Trade Representative's office published an initial list of 1,300+ Chinese goods to impose levies upon, including products like flat-screen televisions, weapons, satellites, medical devices, aircraft parts and batteries.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-134)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Swanson2018-128)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-135) Chinese Ambassador [Cui Tiankai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Tiankai "Cui Tiankai") responded by warning the U.S. that they may fight back, saying "We have done the utmost to avoid this kind of situation, but if the other side makes the wrong choice, then we have no alternative but to fight back."[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-136)
- April 4: China's [Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_Tariff_Commission_of_the_State_Council "Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council") decided to announce a plan of additional tariffs of 25% on 106 items of products including automobiles, airplanes, and soybeans.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-137) Soybeans are the top U.S. agricultural export to China.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:1-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Rauhala2018-130)
- April 5: Trump said that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional \$100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-138) The next day the World Trade Organization received request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-139)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Talks_Trade_with_the_Vice_Premier_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China,_Liu_He,_2018_\(27309127577\).jpg)
Chinese vice premier [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)") meeting with U.S. president Donald Trump in May 2018
- May 9: China canceled [soybean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean "Soybean") orders exported from United States to China. Zhang Xiaoping, Chinese director for the U.S. Soybean Export Council, said Chinese buyers simply stopped buying from the U.S.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-140)
- May 15: [Vice Premier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China") and [CCP Politburo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China "Politburo of the Communist Party of China") member [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)"), top economic adviser to [president of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China "President of China") and [CCP general secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping"), visited Washington for further trade talks.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:9-141)
- May 20: Chinese officials agreed to "substantially reduce" America's trade deficit with China[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:9-141) by committing to "significantly increase" its purchases of American goods. As a result, [Treasury Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Secretary "Treasury Secretary") [Steven Mnuchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin "Steven Mnuchin") announced that "We are putting the trade war on hold".[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-142) White House [National Trade Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trade_Council "National Trade Council") director Peter Navarro said there was no "trade war", rather a "trade dispute, fair and simple. We lost the trade war long ago."[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-143)
- May 21: Trump tweeted that "China has agreed to buy massive amounts of Additional Farm/Agricultural Products," although he later clarified the purchases were contingent upon the closure of a "potential deal."[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-144)
- May 29: The White House announced that it would impose a 25% tariff on \$50 billion of Chinese goods with "industrially significant technology;" the full list of products affected to be announced by June 15.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-145) It also planned to impose investment restrictions and enhanced export controls on certain Chinese individuals and organizations to prevent them from acquiring U.S. technology.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-146) China said it would discontinue trade talks with Washington if it imposed trade sanctions."[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-147)
- June 15: Trump declared that the United States would impose a 25% tariff on \$50 billion of Chinese exports. \$34 billion would start July 6, 2018, with a further \$16 billion to begin at a later date.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-148)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-149)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-150) China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of launching a trade war and said China would respond in kind with similar tariffs for US imports, starting on July 6.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-151) Three days later, the White House declared that the United States would impose additional 10% tariffs on another \$200 billion worth of Chinese imports if China retaliated against these U.S. tariffs.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125) The list of products included in this round of tariffs was released on July 11, 2018, and was set to be implemented within 60 days.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
- June 19: China retaliates, threatening its own tariffs on \$50 billion of U.S. goods, and stating that the United States had launched a trade war. Import and export markets in a number of nations feared the tariffs would disrupt supply chains which could "ripple around the globe."[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-152)
- July 6: American tariffs on \$34 billion of Chinese goods came into effect. China imposed retaliatory tariffs on US goods of a similar value. The tariffs accounted for 0.1% of the global gross domestic product.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-153)[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-154) On July 10, 2018, U.S. released an initial list of the additional \$200 billion of Chinese goods that would be subject to a 10% tariff.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-155) Two days later, China vowed to retaliate with additional tariffs on American goods worth \$60 billion annually.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-156)
- August 8: The Office of the United States Trade Representative published its finalized list of 279 Chinese goods, worth \$16 billion, to be subject to a 25% tariff from August 23.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-hill-157)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-158) In response, China imposed 25% tariffs on \$16 billion of imports from the US, which was implemented in parallel with the US tariffs on August 23.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters2-159)
- August 14: China filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO), stating that US tariffs on foreign solar panels clash with WTO ruling and have destabilized the international market for solar PV products. China stated that the resulting impact directly harmed China's legitimate trade interests. Peng Peng, a researcher with the China Renewable Energy Industry Association said that the solar problem has existed for years and thought that China chose to bring it up in order to keep up the rhythm of the trade dispute.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-160)
- August 22: US treasury undersecretary [David Malpass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malpass "David Malpass") and Chinese commerce vice-minister [Wang Shouwen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Shouwen "Wang Shouwen") met in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") in a bid to reopen negotiations. Meanwhile, on August 23, 2018, the US and China's promised tariffs on \$16 billion of goods took effect,[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-161) and on August 27, 2018, China filed a new WTO complaint against the US regarding the additional tariffs.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-162)
- September 17: The US announced its 10% tariff on \$200 billion worth of Chinese goods would begin on September 24, 2018, increasing to 25% by the end of the year. They also threatened tariffs on an additional \$267 billion worth of imports if China retaliates,[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters1-163) which China promptly did on September 18 with 10% tariffs on \$60 billion of US imports.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-164)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ft-165) So far, China has either imposed or proposed tariffs on \$110 billion of U.S. goods, representing most of its imports of American products.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters1-163)
- November 10: White House National Trade Council director Peter Navarro alleged that a group of Wall Street billionaires are conducting an influence operation on behalf of the Chinese government by weakening the president and the U.S. negotiating position, and urged them to invest in the rust belt.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-166)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-167)
- November 30: President Trump signed the revised [U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement "United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement") in [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"). The USMCA contains a "rules of origin" provision for automobile that was "touted by the Trump administration as a tool to keep out Chinese inputs and encourage production and investment in the US and North America."[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-168)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_and_PRC_delegation_at_the_2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_Summit.jpg)
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the [G20 Buenos Aires summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_summit "2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit") on December 1, 2018.
- December 1: The planned increases in tariffs were postponed. The White House stated that both parties will "immediately begin negotiations on structural changes with respect to forced technology transfer, intellectual property protection, non-tariff barriers, cyber intrusions and cyber theft."[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-BBC_News-169)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-170) According to the Trump administration, "If at the end of \[90 days\], the parties are unable to reach an agreement, the 10 percent tariffs will be raised to 25 percent."[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-171)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-172) The U.S. trade representative's office confirmed the hard deadline for China's structural changes is March 1, 2019.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-174)
- December 4: [New York Fed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York "Federal Reserve Bank of New York") president [John Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Williams_\(economist\) "John C. Williams (economist)") said that he believed the US economy will stay strong in 2019.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:15-175) Williams expects that increases in the interest rates will be necessary to maintain the economy. He stated, "Given this outlook of strong growth, strong labor market and inflation near our goal and taking account all the various risks around the outlook, I do expect further gradual increases in interest rates will best sponsor a sustained economic expansion."[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:15-175)
- December 11: Trump announced China was buying a "tremendous amount" of U.S. soybeans. Commodities traders saw no evidence of such purchases, and over the next six months soybean exports to China were about one quarter what they were in 2017, before the trade conflict began.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-176) China reportedly considered purchases of American farm goods as contingent upon closing a comprehensive trade deal.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto-177)
### 2019
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: 2019")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_Between_the_United_States_and_China_on_Trade_\(33053070308\).jpg)
On January 30, 2019, Chinese Vice Premier [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)") conducted the fifth round of high-level trade negotiations with U.S. Trade Representative [Robert Lighthizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer "Robert Lighthizer") and U.S. Treasury Secretary [Steven Mnuchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin "Steven Mnuchin").
- January 14: An article in *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* reports that in China's 2018 trade surplus with the United States was a record \$323.32 billion despite Trump's tariffs.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_20190114-178)
- March 6: The U.S. Department of Commerce stated that in 2018 the U.S.' overall trade deficit reached \$621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-npr1-179)
- March 25: Macron and Xi signed 15 trade deals totaling 40 billion euros, including a €30 billion Airbus aircraft purchase, French chicken exports, a French-built offshore wind farm, a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, and substantial co-financing commitments between BNP Paribas and the Bank of China. Rym Momtaz writing for [Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico "Politico") speculated that the deal would "ratchet up pressure on Trump" to make a deal with the Chinese government.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-181)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_\(33666038578\).jpg)
On April 4, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump hosted a delegation of U.S.-China negotiators at the White House.
- May 5: Trump stated that the previous tariffs of 10% levied on \$200 billion worth of Chinese goods would be raised to 25% on May 10.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-182) With notification by USTR, the [Federal Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register "Federal Register") on May 9 published the modification of duty on or after 12:01 a.m. [Eastern Time Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone") May 10 to 25% for the products of China covered by the September 2018 action.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-183) The stated reason being that China reneged upon already agreed upon deals.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-184)
- May 9: Trump said the tariffs are "paid for mostly by China, by the way, not by us." Economic analysts concluded this was an incorrect assertion as American businesses and consumers ultimately pay the tariffs as real-world examples of tariffs working as intended are rare, and consumers of the tariff-levying country are the primary victims of tariffs, by having to pay higher prices. "It is inaccurate to say that countries pay tariffs on commercial and consumer goods – it is the buyers and sellers that bear the costs," said Ross Burkhart, a [Boise State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_University "Boise State University") political scientist. "Purchasers pay the tariff when they buy popular products. Sellers lose market share when their products get priced out of markets," Burkhart added.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Politifact-185)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-186)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-187)
- May 15: Trump signed executive order 13873, placing Huawei on the Department of Commerce's [Entity List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_List "Entity List"). According to Reuters, the move banned Huawei from buying vital parts and components from U.S. companies without special approval and effectively barred its equipment from U.S. telecom networks on national security grounds.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-188)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-189)
- June 1: China will raise tariffs on \$60 billion worth of US goods.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-190)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_at_the_G20_\(48162295476\).jpg)
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the [G20 Osaka summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit "2019 G20 Osaka summit") on June 29, 2019.
- June 29: During the [G20 Osaka summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit "2019 G20 Osaka summit"), Trump announces he and Xi Jinping agreed to a "truce" in the trade war after extensive talks. Prior tariffs are to remain in effect, but no future tariffs are to be enacted "for the time being" amid restarted negotiations. Additionally, Trump said he would allow American companies to sell their products to Huawei, but the company would remain on the U.S. Entity List.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-191) The extent to which this plan to temporarily exempt Huawei from previous bans would be implemented later became unclear and, in the weeks later, there was no clear indication of the reversal of Huawei bans.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-192)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-193)
- June 29: After a meeting with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, Trump announces "China is going to be buying a tremendous amount of food and agricultural product, and they're going to start that very soon, almost immediately."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-194) China disputed making such a commitment and one month later no such purchases had materialized.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto-177)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-195)
- July 11: Trump tweeted "China is letting us down in that they have not been buying the agricultural products from our great Farmers that they said they would." People familiar with the trade negotiations said China had made no firm commitments to purchase farm goods unless it was part of a comprehensive trade agreement.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto-177)
- July 15: Official figures from China showed its second-quarter GDP growth at its slowest in 27 years.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-196)
- July 17: China announced an accelerated decrease in holdings of [US treasury holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security "United States Treasury security"), targeting 25% of its current holdings of \$1.1 trillion.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-197)
- August 1: Trump announced on Twitter that additional 10% tariff will be levied on the "remaining \$300 billion of goods".[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-198)
- August 5: The central bank of China ([PBOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBOC "PBOC")) let the Renminbi fall over 2% in three days to the lowest point since 2008 as it was hit by strong sales due to the threat of tariffs.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters201908-199)
- August 5: The U.S. Department of Treasury officially declared China as a [Currency Manipulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_manipulator "Currency manipulator") after the People's Bank of China allowed its yuan to depreciate that, according to CNN, was seen as retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-200) According to an article in *The Washington Post*, Trump reportedly pressured the Treasury Department Steven Mnuchin to authorize the designation. Both the [IMF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") and the Chinese government have rejected the designation, with the IMF saying that the valuation of the yuan are in line with China's economic fundamentals.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters201908-199)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-201)
- August 5: China ordered state-owned enterprises to stop buying US agricultural products in retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-202) Zippy Duvall, president of the [American Farm Bureau Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation "American Farm Bureau Federation"), called the move "a body blow to thousands of farmers and ranchers who are already struggling to get by," adding, "Farm Bureau economists tell us exports to China were down by \$1.3 billion during the first half of the year. Now, we stand to lose all of what was a \$9.1 billion market in 2018, which was down sharply from the \$19.5 billion U.S. farmers exported to China in 2017."[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-203)
- August 13: Official figures from China showed its industrial output growth falling amid the trade war to a 17-year low.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-204)
- August 13: Trump delayed some of the tariffs. \$112 billion worth will still take place on September 1 (which means that on September 1, \$362 billion total worth, including the newly imposed \$112 billion, of Chinese products will face a tariff), but the additional, not yet imposed, \$160 billion will not take effect until December 15.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-205) Trump and his advisors Peter Navarro, Wilbur Ross and [Larry Kudlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Kudlow "Larry Kudlow") said that the tariffs were postponed to avoid harming American consumers during the Christmas shopping season.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-206)
- August 23: Chinese Ministry of Finance announced new rounds of retaliative tariffs on \$75 billion worth of U.S. goods, effective beginning September 1.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-207)
- August 23: Trump tweeted that he "hereby ordered" American companies to "immediately start looking for an alternative to China". According to an article in *The New York Times*, Trump's aides said that no order had been drawn up nor was it clear one would be. In a tweet on the following day, Trump said that he had the authority to make good on his threat, citing the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-208) Furthermore, tariffs are to be raised from 25% to 30% on the existing \$250 billion worth of Chinese goods beginning on October 1, 2019, and from 10% to 15% on the remaining \$300 billion worth of goods beginning on December 15, 2019.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-209)
- August 26: At the [G7 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit "45th G7 summit"), Trump stated, "China called last night our top trade people and said 'let's get back to the table' so we will be getting back to the table and I think they want to do something. They have been hurt very badly but they understand this is the right thing to do and I have great respect for it."[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-210) Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman [Geng Shuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng_Shuang "Geng Shuang") said he was unaware of such a call[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-211) and Trump aides later said the call did not occur but the president was trying to project optimism.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-212)
- August 28: Americans for Free Trade, an umbrella group for 161 trade associations across numerous industries,[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-213) sent Trump a letter asking him to postpone all scheduled tariff increases.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Gangitano2019-214) The next day, Trump said "badly run and weak companies are smartly blaming these small Tariffs instead of themselves for bad management."[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-215)
- September 1: New US and Chinese tariffs previously announced went into effect at 12:01 pm EST. China imposed 5% to 10% tariffs on one-third of the 5,078 goods it imports from America, with tariffs on the remainder scheduled for December 15.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-216) The United States imposed new 15% tariffs on about \$112 billion of Chinese imports, such that more than two-thirds of consumer goods imported from China were then subject to tariffs.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-217)
- September 4: The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and Chinese state media confirmed that deputy-level meetings in mid-September would lead to ministerial-level talks in coming weeks.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-218)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-219) At the same time, the [United States Department of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce") issued preliminary antidumping duty determinations on fabricated structural steel from Canada, China, and Mexico. Furthermore, China was found liable for dumping up to 141.38% of fabricated structural steel into the United States and thereby prompted the [U.S. Customs and Border Protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection "U.S. Customs and Border Protection") to collect cash deposits in the same rate, as instructed by the Commerce Department.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-220)
- September 6: The [People's Bank of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China "People's Bank of China") announces a 0.5% reduction in its [reserve requirement ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_requirement "Reserve requirement") in response to the slowing of China's economic growth rates caused by the trade war.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-221)
- September 11: After China announced it was exempting 16 American product types from tariffs for one year, Trump announced he would delay until October 15 a tariff increase on Chinese goods previously scheduled for October 1. Trump asserted he granted the delay at the request of Chinese vice premier Liu He.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-222)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-223)
- September 12: *[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News")* and *Politico* reported that Trump advisors were increasingly concerned that the trade war was weakening the American economy going into the 2020 election campaign and were discussing ways to reach a limited interim deal.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-224)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-225) *The Wall Street Journal* reported China was seeking to narrow the scope of negotiations to place national security matters on a separate track from trade issues.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-226)
- September 13: China eliminated its tariff increase on soybeans, which it had imposed in 2018.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:022-227): 78
- September 26: *The Wall Street Journal* reported that Chinese retaliatory tariffs on lumber and wood products had caused hardwood lumber exports to China to fall 40% during 2019, resulting in American lumber mills slashing employment.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-228) A USDA spokesperson said the organization had provided the industry \$5 million in aid through its Agricultural Trade Promotion Program.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-229)
- October 7: Citing [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China "Human rights in China") issues, the United States Department of Commerce puts 20 Chinese [public security bureaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_security_bureau_\(China\) "Public security bureau (China)") and eight [high tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech "High tech") companies, such as [HikVision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikvision "Hikvision"), [SenseTime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SenseTime "SenseTime") and [Megvii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megvii "Megvii"), on the [Export Administration Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_Administration_Regulations "Export Administration Regulations") Entity List. Like Huawei, which was sanctioned on an identical blueprint for [national security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States "National security of the United States") reasons, the entities will need U.S. government approval before they can purchase components from U.S. companies.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-230)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_the_Vice_Premier_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China_\(48903914652\).jpg)
On October 11, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump hosted a delegation of U.S.-China negotiators at the White House.
- October 11: Trump announced that the United States and China had reached a tentative agreement for the "first phase" of a trade deal, with China agreeing to buy up to \$50 billion in American farm products, and to accept more American financial services in their market, with the United States agreeing to suspend new tariffs scheduled for October 15. The deal was expected to be finalized in coming weeks.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-231)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-232) At the same time, Chinese announcements did not express the same confidence,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-233) though a few days later the [Chinese Foreign Ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Foreign_Ministry "Chinese Foreign Ministry") said that the two sides had the same understanding and had reached an agreement.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-234)
- October 17: Official figures from China showed its third quarter GDP growth at its slowest in almost 30 years.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-235)
- December: Media reports indicated that China had ordered government agencies and public institutions to remove foreign computer equipment and software within three years, following a "3-5-2" replacement strategy. While not officially confirmed, this move was seen as part of the ITAI initiative. Increased funding and policy support were directed towards domestic IT companies to accelerate the development of homegrown technologies.
- December 13: Both countries announce an initial deal where new tariffs to be mutually imposed on December 15 would not be implemented. China says it "will increase purchases of high-quality agricultural products from the U.S.", while the United States says it will halve the existing 15% tariffs.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-236)[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-237)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-238)
- December 31: *The Wall Street Journal* reported that the language of the phase one deal was expected to be released after the January 15 signing, and that Lighthizer said some details would be classified.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-239)
### 2020
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: 2020")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signing_Ceremony_Phase_One_Trade_Deal_Between_the_U.S._%26_China_\(49391630992\).jpg)
Trump and Liu sign the Phase One Trade Deal in January 2020.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)
English [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has original text related to this article:
**[Economic and Trade Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the Government of the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Economic_and_Trade_Agreement_Between_the_Government_of_the_United_States_and_the_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "s:en:Economic and Trade Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the Government of the People's Republic of China")**
- January 3: *Reuters* reported that in December 2019 the American manufacturing sector fell into its deepest slump in over a decade, attributing the decline to the U.S.-China trade war.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-240)
- January 15: U.S. President Donald Trump and China's Vice Premier Liu He signed the US–China Phase One trade deal in Washington DC.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-241)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-242) The "Economic and Trade Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China" is set to take effect from February 14, 2020, and focuses on intellectual property rights (Chapter 1), technology transfer (Chapter 2), food and agricultural products (Chapter 3), financial services (Chapter 4), exchange rate matters and transparency (Chapter 5), and expanding trade (Chapter 6), with reference also being made to bilateral evaluation and dispute resolution procedures in Chapter 7.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-243) The agreement allows for a party to request additional consultation in the event of a "natural disaster or other unforeseeable event."[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-244)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-245)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-246) Unlike other trade agreements, the US–China Phase One agreement did not rely on arbitration through an [intergovernmental organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization "Intergovernmental organization") like the World Trade Organization, but rather through a bilateral mechanism.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-247)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-248)
- January 17: Official figures from China showed its 2019 economic growth rate falling amid the trade war to a 30-year low.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-249)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-250)
- February 5: Data from the Commerce Department of the United States showed the country's trade deficit falling amid the trade war for the first time in 6 years.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-251)
- February 17: China grants tariff exemptions on 696 US goods to support purchases.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-252)
- March 5: The United States Trade Representative granted exemptions to tariffs on various types of medical equipment, after calls from American lawmakers and others to remove tariffs on these products in light of the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States").[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-253)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-254)
- May 12: The Chinese government announced exemptions for tariffs on 79 additional US goods.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trade_war_turns_two_SCMP-255)
- May 14: The Chinese government announced that it would permit imports of [barley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley "Barley") and [blueberries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberries "Blueberries") from the United States.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-256)
- As of June, China had risen to become the United States' top trading partner again, amid the global crisis caused by the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). However, the countries were on track to miss the targets from the trade deal, hitting which would have been hard even under strong economic conditions, according to Chad Brown of the [Peterson Institute for International Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics "Peterson Institute for International Economics") and Chenjun Pan of [Rabobank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabobank "Rabobank"). The economic damage and barriers to trade caused by the pandemic made those targets even harder to reach.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trade_war_turns_two_SCMP-255)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_a_bright_spot-257)
- September 15: A three-person [WTO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO "WTO") panel found that the Trump administration tariffs violated global trade rules because they had been applied only to China and they exceeded the maximum rates the US had agreed to, without adequate explanation. Lighthizer responded that the finding showed "the WTO is completely inadequate to stop China's harmful technology practices."[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-258)
- September 26: The [US Commerce Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Commerce_Department "US Commerce Department") imposed restrictions on China's largest chip maker, [Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_Manufacturing_International_Corporation "Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation") (SMIC), determining that an "unacceptable risk" equipment supplied to SMIC could potentially be used for military purposes. Under the restrictions, the suppliers were barred from exporting the chip without a license.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-259)
- November 8: President Donald Trump signed an [executive order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order "Executive order") prohibiting Americans from investing in shares of companies with ties to the [Chinese military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_military "Chinese military"). New transactions would be barred from January 11, 2021, while investors that already held such stocks would have until November 2021 to divest them.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_20201120-260)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_20201113-261) On January 6, 2021, the [New York Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") announced that it would [delist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delisting_\(stock\) "Delisting (stock)") stocks related to [China Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobile "China Mobile"), [China Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Telecom "China Telecom") and [China Unicom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Unicom "China Unicom").[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_210106-262)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_210106-263) [Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_\(economics\) "Index (economics)") provider [MSCI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSCI "MSCI") also announced it would stop including China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom in its benchmarks.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_210110-264)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_210108-265)
- By the end of 2020, China and the U.S. had achieved only 58% of targets for U.S. exports to China under the phase one trade agreement. This was seen as a sign that the original targets were unrealistic.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-South_China_Morning_Post-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6) The U.S.-based [Peterson Institute for International Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics "Peterson Institute for International Economics") said China had "failed spectacularly" to meet its import targets and "much of the deal was a failure."[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto9-9)
### 2021
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: 2021")\]
- January 13: The Trump administration banned [cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton "Cotton") and [tomato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato "Tomato") products originating in [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang "Xinjiang"), including products manufactured outside of China but using cotton and tomatoes from Xinjiang, over [forced labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor") allegations.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-266)
- January 20: Trump's first term expired and [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") was [inaugurated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden "Inauguration of Joe Biden") as [president of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"). Biden said that he did not have immediate plans to remove the tariffs and planned to review the phase one trade deal and discuss the matter with allies first.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6)
- January 20: China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, former secretary of health and human services Alex Azar, former under secretary of state Keith J. Krach, outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations [Kelly Craft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Craft "Kelly Craft"), and 24 other former Trump officials.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto8-83) Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PompeoSanctioned-84)
- February 22: China's Foreign Minister [Wang Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yi_\(politician\) "Wang Yi (politician)") called for US President Joe Biden to lift the multiple restrictions imposed by Trump. During a Foreign Ministry forum on US-China relations, he urged the Biden administration to lift the sanctions on trade and people-to-people contact, while asking it to stop interfering in China's internal affairs.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-267)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_and_National_Security_Advisor_Sullivan_Meet_with_CCP_Director_of_the_Office_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Foreign_Affairs_Yang_Jiechi_and_State_Councilor_Wang_Yi.jpg)
The [United States–China talks in Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_talks_in_Alaska "United States–China talks in Alaska") represent the inaugural face-to-face meeting of senior officials of the U.S. and China since President Joe Biden assumed office.
- March 18–19: [High level talks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_talks_in_Alaska "United States–China talks in Alaska") took place in [Anchorage, Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska") to discuss key geopolitical disagreements.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-268)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-269)
- March: The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) was released emphasizing technological self-reliance and innovation as national priorities, reinforcing ITAI objectives across various sectors, including healthcare.
- In May and June 2021, discussions continued between high-level officials, including Liu He and [Wang Wentao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Wentao "Wang Wentao") from China and [Katherine Tai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Tai "Katherine Tai"), [Janet Yellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Yellen "Janet Yellen"), and [Gina Raimondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Raimondo "Gina Raimondo") from the United States. The [Chinese Ministry of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Ministry_of_Commerce "Chinese Ministry of Commerce") described the talks as candid, productive, and pragmatic,[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-270) while Tai and Yellen said they looked forward to further dialogue.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-271)
### 2022
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: 2022")\]
- December 9: The WTO ruled that former US President Donald Trump was in breach of global trade rules in 2018 with his administration's tariffs on steel and aluminum. The Biden administration however disputed the panel's rulings and instead stated that they will not take away the duties that Trump had earlier established.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-272) Brussels had criticized the US for having rejected the WTO ruling. Bernd Lange, chairperson of the European Parliament's international trade committee, stated, "The USA's reaction of simply rejecting the ruling is incomprehensible. We have to have an honest discussion with the U.S. if they are moving away from a rules-based trading system, and if and how we can rescue the existing system."[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-273)
- December 21: WTO ruled that the US was in breach of global trading rules for having claimed that products imported from Hong Kong, can be marked as coming from China. Hong Kong's government welcomed the ruling and its secretary for commerce and economic development, [Algernon Yau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Yau "Algernon Yau"), stated that "the revised origin marking requirement is politically motivated" and "a vain attempt to interfere with Hong Kong's internal affairs through weaponising trade". The US rejected the ruling and expressed that they had no intentions in abiding. The United States Trade Representative spokesperson Adam Hodge stated the US responded to "highly concerning actions" by China to erode Hong Kong's autonomy and the democratic and human rights of its people, and so qualified to be a threat to the national security of the US. However, the WTO panel had disagreed that tensions between United States and Hong Kong have increased to being an "emergency in international relations", which is the threshold required to qualify for an exception.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-274)
### 2023
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: 2023")\]
- January 27: [European Commissioner for Internal Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Internal_Market "European Commissioner for Internal Market") [Thierry Breton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Breton "Thierry Breton") announced that the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") will join the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") in blocking the sale of technology to China that would allow it to produce advanced [semiconductor chips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit").[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-275)
- February 17: China expands *Unreliable Entities List* to include [Raytheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies "Raytheon Technologies") and [Lockheed Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin "Lockheed Martin").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-276)
- June 18–19: US Secretary of State [Antony Blinken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Blinken "Antony Blinken") visits China, the first secretary of state to visit China since 2018. Blinken met with Chinese Foreign Minister [Qin Gang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Gang "Qin Gang"), CCP Foreign Affairs Commission Office Director Wang Yi and CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping. Blinken sought to clarify the economic stance of the United States toward China, saying "We are for de-risking and diversifying" and emphasize that the US is not seeking to contain China economically. Yang Tao, director-general of the Chinese Foreign Ministry's North American and Oceanian Affairs department, rejected his explanation, telling reporters that the US is simply repackaging "decoupling" as "de-risking" from China.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-277)
- July 7: The US Treasury Secretary, Janet Yellen criticized China's restrictions during her visit to Beijing, citing her concern over China's crackdown on US consulting firms and export controls on critical minerals used in computer chip manufacturing. She stressed that the US's goal is to expand its economic partnership with China, rather than sever it.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-278)
### 2024
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: 2024")\]
- May 14: The Biden administration doubled [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") on [solar cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell "Solar cell") imported from China and more than tripled tariffs on [lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") imported from China.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:02-279) It also raised tariffs on imports of Chinese steel, aluminum, and medical equipment.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:02-279) The tariff increases will be phased in over a period of three years.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:02-279)
- September 13: The Biden administration finalized the increases of tariffs on Chinese exports. Tariffs increased to 100% on electric vehicles, 50% on solar cells and 25% on electric vehicle batteries, critical minerals, steel, and aluminum. The tariffs took effect beginning on September 27, 2024.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-280)
- December: Following China's escalating conflict with the United States over trade, Chinese manufacturers have recently restricted sales of key components used in drone construction to the United States.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-281)
- December 10: China launched an investigation against Nvidia due to alleged violations of anti-monopoly laws.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-282)
### 2025
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: 2025")\]
- January 20: Biden's term expired and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") was [re-inaugurated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump") for a second term as [president of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States").
- February 1: President Trump increased tariffs on China by 10%.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-283)
- February 4: [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") responded with a 15% tariff on coal and liquified natural gas products, and 10% on crude oil, agricultural machinery and [large-displacement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement "Engine displacement") cars.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-284) China also added [PVH Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVH_Corp. "PVH Corp.") and [Illumina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina,_Inc. "Illumina, Inc.") to the [Unreliable Entity List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_sanctions#Sanctions_announced_by_the_Ministry_of_Commerce_\(Unreliable_Entities_List\) "Chinese government sanctions"), launched an antitrust investigation into Google, and added [export controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_control "Export control") to some metals including [tungsten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten "Tungsten").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Xiao-2025-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Mason-20252-100)
- March 3: President Trump raised levies on Chinese goods by another 10% to a cumulative 20%. He also implemented [new 25% tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico") on imports from Mexico and Canada, thereby initiating new trade disputes with the three primary US trading partners.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-y219-285)
- March 4: China retaliated by imposing a 15% tariff on chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton originating in the United States;[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-r710-286) and a 10% tariff on sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products originating in the United States, effective on March 10, 2025.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-f4302-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-b913-102)
- March 30: China, [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), and Japan's trade ministers met for the first time in five years. The officials discussed goals for a [trilateral free trade agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement "China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement") and enhanced supply-chain cooperation in response to Trump tariffs.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-287)
- April 2: Trump raised the tariffs on China by another 34%, after accusing China of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers of 67% as part of his reciprocal tariffs policy, expressed during his ["Liberation Day" speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_Liberation_Day_speech "Donald Trump's Liberation Day speech").[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-288)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-289) The White House confirmed tariffs would stack on top of previous impositions, resulting in an effective tariff rate of 54% on all Chinese imports to the US beginning in one week.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Doherty-290)
- April 4: China announced that it would impose additional tariffs of 34% on all US goods effective April 10.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-291)
- April 7: Trump threatened to impose an additional 50% tariff on Chinese goods on April 9 if China did not withdraw its retaliatory measure of a 34% tariff on all US goods by April 8. This would boost the effective 54% tariffs on China on April 9 to 104%.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-292)
- April 9: China responded with retaliatory tariffs of 84% on US goods.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-293) In response, Trump increased tariffs on Chinese goods to 125% on the same day. However, the White House clarified the next day that the tariff rate had risen to 145%.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:12-17)
- April 11: China, in retaliation, announced an increase in tariffs on all American imports from the previous 84% to 125%, set to take effect on April 12.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-294)
- April 11: The US announces reciprocal tariffs will exclude consumer electronics from tariffs from most countries, but retains a 20% tariff on electronics from China.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-295)
- April 11: China suspended exports of a wide range of minerals and magnets critical to auto, defense, aerospace, and semiconductor industries; the Chinese government plans to introduce a new regulatory system to prevent access to American companies.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-296)
- April 17: The US published a fact sheet indicating that total tariffs on certain goods from China reach up to 245%.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-297)
- April 24: China begins researching and exempting certain U.S. exports from tariffs, including aerospace equipment parts and certain microchips. Chinese companies were asked to notify the government of U.S. goods that they could not procure elsewhere.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-reuters.com-19)
- May 2: the U.S. ends de minimis treatment for low-value imports from China and Hong Kong.[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-298)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scott_Bessent_meets_He_Lifeng_in_Geneva_\(2025\).jpg)
US Secretary of Treasury [Scott Bessent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Bessent "Scott Bessent") with China's Vice Premier [He Lifeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Lifeng "He Lifeng"), during US-China trade talks in [Geneva, Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland "Geneva, Switzerland") in May 2025
- May 12: The United States and China reach an agreement to reduce tariffs in an effort to de-escalate trade tensions. The U.S. agreed to cut tariffs on Chinese goods to 30%, while China reciprocated with tariff reductions on U.S. products to 10%. Both sides agreed to assess the situation after 90 days.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ReutersSlash-112) The agreement was preceded by talks between senior U.S. and Chinese officials side the day before in [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland").[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-299)
- May 28: Secretary of State Marco Rubio announces the US will begin "aggressively" revoking the visas of Chinese students attending US universities.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-300)
- June 11: The White House announces the trade deal with China is "done". Baseline tariffs were sustained at 10% by China and 30% by the US. The US agreed to resume accepting Chinese students and China agreed to resume shipments of rare earths. China downplayed the deal as a framework representing the "first meeting".[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-301)
- July 2: The Trump administration announced a preliminary trade pact with [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") that includes a 20 percent tariff on Vietnamese exports, lower than what was previously threatened by US president Donald Trump. The deal also imposes a 40 percent tariff on transshipments, targeting China's efforts to avoid US tariffs.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-302)
- July 3: The US lifted its restrictions on their chip design software and ethane exports to China in order to de-escalate trade tensions.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-303)
- July 4: The Trump administration plans to restrict AI chip shipments to [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") and [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") due to concerns of smuggling into China.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-304)[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-305) The draft on export control by the [US Commerce Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce") was created amidst a rise of AI shipments in Malaysia and concerns over American data centre projects, especially those backed by the [Oracle Corp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation").[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-306)
- July 28–29: The two day US-China trade talks was held in [Stockholm, Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden "Stockholm, Sweden") over which it seeks to extend their 90-day tariff truce. However, no major announcement was made. According to China's trade negotiator [Li Chenggang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Chenggang "Li Chenggang"), both countries have agreed for the preservation of the truce. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, meanwhile, stated that such extension would have to be approved by US President Trump.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-307)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-308)
- August 11: President Trump announced that the United States would extend their trade truce another 90 days to ease trade tensions with China after the international tariffs that went into effect.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-309)[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-310) The US withhold the imposition of their import duties until November 10. Similarly, China's commerce ministry also paused its additional tariffs on US goods.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-311)
- September 12: The U.S. Department of Commerce added 23 Chinese companies to its restricted trade list.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-312)
- September 13: China launched an anti-dumping probe into analog integrated circuit chips imported from the U.S. and an anti-discrimination probe into U.S. measures against China's chip sector.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-313)
- September 15: China accused the American AI chip maker [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") of violating anti-monopoly laws.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-314) The *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* reported on September 17 that the [Cyberspace Administration of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China "Cyberspace Administration of China") had ordered their domestic technology companies, including [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance") and [Alibaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group"), to stop testing Nvidia's RTX Pro 6000D as the country imposed restrictions on Nvidia's chips.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-315)
- September 29: The U.S. Department of Commerce updated its Entity List to require automatic inclusion of subsidiaries with an ownership stake of 50% or more held by an entity on the list, known as the Affiliates Rule. Analyst believed this could trigger a similar regulatory response from China.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-316)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-317)
- October 9: The Chinese Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) imposed jurisdiction on "specific export operators" that require a license from China to export and re-export rare earth materials. China's rule closely resembles the United States Affiliates Rule.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-318)
- October 10: President Donald Trump announced the imposition of 100% levies on Chinese imports along with new export controls effective November 1. The directive was made in response to China's decision to expand its rare earth element export controls.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-319)
- October 14: China imposed sanctions on five U.S.-linked subsidiaries of South Korea's [Hanwha Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwha_Ocean "Hanwha Ocean"), citing national sovereignty and security concerns; the move came in response to U.S. port fees on China-linked vessels, and prompted market disruptions and diplomatic tensions.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-320)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Donald_Trump_participates_in_a_bilateral_meeting_with_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_at_the_Gimhae_International_Airport_terminal_\(54890737150\).jpg)
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the [APEC South Korea summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2025 "APEC South Korea 2025") on October 30, 2025.
- October 30: President Donald Trump and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") have met during the [APEC summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2025 "APEC South Korea 2025") in [Busan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan "Busan"), [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"). Both the US and China conducted their trade talks there resulting with the United States reducing their fentanyl tariffs on Chinese imports by 10%. China, in response, agreed to make necessary adjustments on their tariffs on US goods and suspend its rare earth exports restrictions for one year.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-321)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-322)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:18-323) Similarly, the US also agreed to suspend the expansion of its [Entity List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_List "Entity List") which include Chinese companies and Trump's 24% reciprocal tariffs for a year according to the statement released by China.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:18-323)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-324)
## Effects
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Effects")\]
A November 2019 [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") analysis reported that "the U.S. tariffs on China are economically hurting both countries".[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-325) In the United States, it has led to higher costs for manufacturers, higher prices for consumers and financial difficulties for farmers. In China, the trade war contributed to a slowdown in the rate of economic and industrial output growth, which had already been declining. Many American companies have shifted [supply chains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chains "Supply chains") to elsewhere in Asia, bringing fears that the trade war would lead to a US-China economic 'decoupling'.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-326) Subsequent academic work tracking firm disclosures identified 244 discrete relocation decisions by 141 manufacturers during 2018–2023; 66.4% were multi-country "China-plus-many" strategies, with Vietnam the single largest beneficiary (75 of 244 moves).[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327) The same study reports that geopolitical risk linked to the U.S.–China confrontation and tariff increases were the most frequently cited rationales (164 and 163 out of 730 stated reasons, respectively), with a marked spike in 2019; it also estimates that relocations involved roughly 787,000 equivalent employees across destination countries.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327) In contrast to political rhetoric, true reshoring remained limited in the period, accounting for only 38 of the 244 moves (15.6%).[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327)
The trade war has also caused economic damage in other countries, though some benefited from increased manufacturing as production was shifted to them. It also led to stock market instability. Governments around the world have taken steps to address some of the damage caused by the economic conflict.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-328)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-329)[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-330)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-331)
By late 2019, the United States had imposed approximately US\$350 billion in tariffs on Chinese imports, while China had imposed approximately US\$100 billion on US exports.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-8)
### China
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: China")\]
In April 2018, China announced that it would eliminate laws that required global automakers and shipbuilders to work through state-owned partners.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-332) Chinese leader Xi Jinping reiterated those pledges, affirming a desire to increase imports, lower foreign-ownership limits on manufacturing and expand protection to intellectual property, all central issues in Trump's complaints about their trade imbalance.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WaPo2-333) Trump thanked Xi for his "kind words on tariffs and automobile barriers" and "his enlightenment" on intellectual property and technology transfers. "We will make great progress together!" the president added.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WaPo2-333)
As a response to the trade war, China increased the personal income tax threshold from CN¥3,500 to CN¥5,000 (US\$705) in January 2019, and reduced the top tier of [value added tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax "Value added tax") from 16% to 13% in April 2019. Income tax deductions were also allowed for family care, medical and educational expenses, as well as for mortgage interest. The tax cuts were worth around CN¥2.3 trillion (US\$324 billion).[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tang2020-334)
In May 2019, China's industrial output growth fell to 5.0%, which was the lowest rate in 17 years.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNBC-China-May-Industrial-Output-2019-335) Exports fell by 1.3% in June compared to the previous year; imports declined 8.5% in May and 7.3% in June.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ChenEtYao2019-336) According to an analysis by Peterson Institute for International Economics published in June 2019, China had lowered tariffs on imports from countries other than the U.S. from an average of 8.0% to 6.7%, while average tariffs on U.S. imports rose from 8.0% to 20.7%.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ReedJR2019-337)
In December 2019, the *[South China Morning Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post "South China Morning Post")* reported that, due to the trade war and the Chinese government's crackdown on [shadow banking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banking "Shadow banking"), Chinese manufacturing investments were expanding at the lowest rate since records began.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-338) Economic growth rate for 2019 was 6.1%, the slowest since 1990.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tang2020-334)
The trade war resulted in a significant growth of economic ties between China and the European Union, primarily as a result of the redistribution of commodity flows.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:13-339)
The trade war contributed to a rise in [Chinese nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism "Chinese nationalism"); the *South China Morning Post* reported that the conflict helped the [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") "shore up much-needed domestic support".[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-340) The external pressure of the trade war allowed Chinese leader Xi Jinping to point to the United States' actions as a reason for China's economic slowdown.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:0-341)
As of 2023, many Chinese solar panel manufacturers shifted their assembly operations from the US to Southeast Asian countries like [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), and [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia"), according to the [US Commerce Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce").[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-342) In 2025, China's GDP grew by 5.2% in April to June despite trade war escalation due to Chinese government support and front-loading shipments by Chinese factories before tariffs.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:22-343)[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-344) Amidst weak demand and impact of US tariffs, China had increased infrastructure spending and consumer subsidies, cutting interest rates to support their economy.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:22-343) The country's export shipments to the US fell by 33% in August.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-345)
Following the tariffs implemented by President Trump in 2025, China decreased its oil imports from the United States by 90% and increased its oil imports from Canada.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-346) As of May 2025, Chinese companies stopped buying US soybeans and increased soybeans orders from [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"), [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay "Uruguay"), and [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil").[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-347)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-348)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-349)
As of May 2025, China had reduced its US Treasury holdings for the third consecutive month since March, lowering them to US\$756.3 billion from US\$757.2 billion in April. This is the lowest amount since March 2009.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-350)
Despite the trade war and subsequent reductions in China's trade surplus with the United States, China continued to grow its overall trade surplus by 20% from 2024 to a record \$1.19 trillion in 2025 with increasing exports to other countries. Some exports were also indirectly shipped to the United States through third countries, particularly those in Southeast Asia.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-351): 123 [\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-352)
### United States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: United States")\]
#### US consumer impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: US consumer impact")\]
Analysis conducted by the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that China imposed uniform tariffs averaging 8% on all its importers in January 2018, before the trade war began. By June 2019, tariffs on American imports had increased to 20.7%, while tariffs on other nations declined to 6.7%.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-353) The analysis also found that average American tariffs on Chinese goods increased from 3.1% in 2017 to 24.3% by August 2019.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-354)
Analysis by [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") in May 2019 found that the [consumer price index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Consumer_Price_Index "United States Consumer Price Index") for nine categories of tariffed goods had increased much more than goods not impacted by tariffs. The CPI for tariffed goods increased, while it declined for all other core goods.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-355)
Surveys of consumer sentiment and small business confidence showed sharp declines in August 2019 on uncertainty caused by the trade war.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-356)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-357) The closely followed [Purchasing Managers' Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_Managers%27_Index "Purchasing Managers' Index") for manufacturing from the [Institute for Supply Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Supply_Management "Institute for Supply Management") showed contraction in August, for the first time since January 2016; the ISM quoted several executives expressing anxiety about the continuing trade war, citing shrinking export orders and the challenges of shifting their supply chains out of China. The [IHS Markit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHS_Markit "IHS Markit") manufacturing purchasing managers' index also showed contraction in August, for the first time since September 2009.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-358) The day the ISM report was released, Trump tweeted, "China's Supply Chain will crumble and businesses, jobs and money will be gone!"[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-359)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-360)
American importers were allowed to apply for exclusions from the tariffs. *The Wall Street Journal* reported in February 2020 that the USTR was granting fewer tariff waivers to American firms, down from 35% of requests for the first two tranches of tariffs in 2018 to 3% for the third tranche in 2019.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-361) The mechanism for applying for exclusions expired in 2020.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362)
Many companies passed the costs of the Trump tariffs on to consumers in the form of higher prices.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Ma&Kang2-363): 180 Following impositions of the tariffs on Chinese goods, the prices of US [intermediate goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_goods "Intermediate goods") rose by 10% to 30%, an amount generally equivalent to the size of the tariffs.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:024-364): 233–234
According to the [Consumer Technology Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Technology_Association "Consumer Technology Association"), a 60% tariff on Chinese imports could increase the price of laptops and tablets by up to 46% and smartphones by up to 26%. It is estimated by the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation") that consumers will have to pay an extra \$6.4–\$10.9 billion for appliances with tariffs.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-365)
#### Job losses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Job losses")\]
Analysis conducted by [Moody's Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Analytics "Moody's Analytics") estimated that through August 2019 300,000 American jobs had either been lost or not created due to the trade war, especially affecting manufacturing, warehousing, distribution and retail.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-366)
By September 2019, American manufacturers were reducing their capital investments and delaying hiring due to uncertainty caused by the trade war.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-367)
A 2021 study by Oxford Economics and the [U.S.-China Business Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-China_Business_Council "US-China Business Council") concluded that the United States lost 245,000 jobs as a direct result of the Trump tariffs.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Ma&Kang2-363): 180
#### Overall economy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Overall economy")\]
Analysis published by *The Wall Street Journal* in October 2020 found the trade war did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing nor did it result in the [reshoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshoring "Reshoring") of factory production.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:6-7) Consistent with this, a study of 244 relocation decisions found that reshoring to the home country accounted for just 15.6% of moves in 2018–2023.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327) Though the trade war led to higher employment in certain industries, tariffs led to a net loss of U.S. manufacturing jobs.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:6-7) The United States' overall trade deficit increased.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-368) American businesses shifted their imports to other countries to avoid the Trump tariffs and the deficit in goods increased 21% from 2016 to a record high.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:7-369) American exports – notably farm goods – were also weakened by retaliatory actions from China, the European Union, and other countries.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:7-369) Economist [Stephen Roach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Roach "Stephen S. Roach") writes that by replacing the Chinese portion of the United States' trade gap with deficits from other nations that produce goods at higher cost, the [diversion of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_diversion "Trade diversion") to non-Chinese sources has resulted in the functional equivalent of a tax hike on United States companies and consumers.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 60–61
The Phase I agreement failed to address any structural aspects of the structural conflicts between the United States and China.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 290 The overall U.S. trade deficit worsened, with supply trade diverted from China to higher-cost foreign producers rather than being supplied domestically.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 290 Tariffs imposed by the U.S. increased costs of Chinese imports for U.S. consumers and business.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 290
In 2021, the US trade deficit with China increased.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Ma&Kang2-363): 179
Analysis published by Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that if there was no trade war initiated by Trump and if the US share of the Chinese market had just stayed consistent, then US exports to China would have been \$119 billion bigger than what was actually recorded during Trump's administration during 2018 to 2021. Additionally, the trade war had incurred further costs of \$30 billion in taxpayers funds that Trump used to subsidize the country's farmers to compensate for their lost sales to China from 2018 to 2020. Bown concluded that Trump's trade policies were not worth it for US exporters and that they would have likely have been better off without Trump's trade war.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-371)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tradewar2025-eng.jpg)
Reducing China's dependence on export to US. After US-China trade war in 2018, China increased its foreign trade volumes. At the same time, the US share of China's export revenues declined.
#### Stock market
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Stock market")\]
Investor uncertainty due to the trade war caused turbulence in the stock market.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-372)[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-373)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-374)
The [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average") fell 724 points, or 2.9%, after the tariffs were announced due to concerns over a trade war.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-375) Corporations that traded with China, such as [Caterpillar Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") and [Boeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing "Boeing"), suffered large losses in their stock price.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-376)
On December 4, 2018, the Dow Jones Industrial Average logged its worst day in nearly a month as it declined nearly 600 points, to which some argue is in part due to the trade war.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:14-377)
On August 23, 2019, the Dow dropped 623 points on the day that Trump informally ordered American companies to immediately seek alternatives to doing business in China.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-378)[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-379) By the end of 2019, stock markets reached record highs, having risen due to the agreement between the United States and China to sign the first phase of a trade deal.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-380)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-381)
#### US farmer impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: US farmer impact")\]
American farmers faced significant challenges due to China's retaliatory trade actions. From 2010 to 2016, China was the largest market for [U.S. agricultural products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Agriculture in the United States"), with exports peaking at \$25.5 billion in 2015.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:32-382) Although U.S. agricultural exports to China totaled \$19.4 billion in 2017, making it the second-largest market behind Canada, the trade war drastically reduced these figures. By 2018, exports had plummeted to \$9.1 billion. A partial recovery followed in 2019, with exports reaching \$13.8 billion; however, by then, China had fallen to the fourth-largest market for U.S. agricultural goods, trailing Canada, Mexico, and Japan, respectively.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:42-383)
Soybean exports accounted for the largest annualized losses with China, totaling \$9.4 billion. Sorghum followed in second, losing \$854 million, and pork third, losing \$646 million.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:52-384) Relative to exports in 2017 as a – change, by 2018, the most impacted [agricultural commodities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities "List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities") by total losses were soybeans, wheat, corn, coarse grains, hides and skins, fresh fruit, pork, dairy products, processed fruit, and cotton.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385)
The United States is the world's second-largest producer of soybeans, behind Brazil.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:72-386) China is the world's largest soybean importer, importing about 60% of the global market in 2024.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:05-387) Between 2017 and 2018, China's share of U.S. soybean exports dropped from 62% to 18%. It recovered to 55% by 2020.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:05-387) Soybean farmers were some of the most impacted by Chinese tariffs. Soybean farmers lost an estimated \$24 billion in exports and accounted for the predominant number of increasing farm bankruptcies in 2018.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:82-388) By 2019, soybean farmers had planted 15% less acreage than in 2018.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:82-388) Trade represents 50% of soybean farmers income, as compared to the national average of 20%.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:92-389)
Other massive agricultural disruptions included products like cranberries, hay, and ethanol. Cranberry exports to China rose nearly 77% from 2007 to 2016 when a barrel of fruit would sell for \$58.60. By 2018, the price had fallen 62% to only \$22.30 per barrel.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-390) Hay exports to China dropped 36%, resulting in an estimated \$300 million in the first two years compared to the anticipated \$400 million.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385) Ethanol, a corn-based biofuel, had emerged as an important agricultural byproduct commodity to China, exporting for a total of \$300 million in 2017. By 2018, total exports dropped 86%.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385)
Regionally, the Midwest was most impacted by the agricultural tariffs by China. For example, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas represented the largest share of annualized losses in agriculture revenue in 2018. Losing \$1.46 billion, \$1.41 billion, and \$955 million, respectively, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas accounted for 11%, 11%, and 7% of all total agricultural losses in 2018.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385)
Agricultural tariffs against the U.S. by China began in April 2018 when retaliatory tariffs between 15% and 25% on U.S. imports included 94 different lines on U.S. agricultural goods. These first tariffs predominantly focused on pork, fruit, and tree nuts. Then, in July 2018, China expanded agricultural tariffs of 25% to a total of 697 different lines. On September 1, 2019, Chinese agricultural tariffs had increased to 1053 different lines. Although most agricultural tariffs on U.S. goods by China began at 25%, some goods like pork, fruits and nuts, grains, sugar, and soybeans reached tariffs as high as 80% to 100%.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:10-391)
The Trump administration responded to decreasing agricultural exports through a series of acts and bailouts. Between 2018 and 2020, the [United States Department of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture "United States Department of Agriculture")'s [Farm Service Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency "Farm Service Agency") administered and oversaw the distribution of \$23 billion in the form of direct payments to farmers for losses caused by international trade disputes through the [Market Facilitation Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_Facilitation_Program&action=edit&redlink=1 "Market Facilitation Program (page does not exist)").[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:112-392) Specifically, in 2019 the USDA's Market Facilitation Program paid \$14.4 billion across 644,000 farming operations. The average payment per operation was \$22,312 and focused on three types of eligible commodities: (1) non-specialty crops (such as corn and soybeans); (2) specialty crops (such as fruits and nuts); (3) dairy and pork products. Of the \$14.4 billion in farmer assistance in 2019, 90% went to farmers of non-specialty crops, totaling \$12.9 billion.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:122-393)
Another form of agricultural assistance was the [Food Purchase and Distribution Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Purchase_and_Distribution_Program&action=edit&redlink=1 "Food Purchase and Distribution Program (page does not exist)") by the United States Department of Agriculture. Specifically designed to offset already produced agricultural commodities in the form of surplus, USDA purchased roughly \$2.3 billion in U.S. agriculture impacted by trade tariffs. The most significant commodities purchased were pork, dairy, and apples.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:132-394)
Finally, the third program introduced by USDA was the [Agricultural Trade Promotion Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Trade_Promotion_Program&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Trade Promotion Program (page does not exist)"). Designed to assist American agricultural exporters in identifying and accessing new markets to mitigate the impacts of agricultural tariffs by China, the program accepted applications beginning in November 2018 to access the \$200 million federal budget and promote their products abroad.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:132-394)
For soybean farmers impacted by the trade tariffs with China, these agricultural mitigation programs helped lessen losses to U.S. soybean farmers. For example, soybean farmers began exporting to new markets in 2018 to markets like Mexico, Egypt, and the European Union. These new markets accounted for \$4.7 billion, partially offsetting the \$9.4 billion loss with China in 2018.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-395)
In 2020, the U.S. and China agreed on new agricultural tariffs through the [Phase One Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase_One_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1 "Phase One Agreement (page does not exist)") which created a new trade agreement that required structural reforms and changes to China's economic and trade regime. The agreement included a commitment by China to make substantial purchases of U.S. goods and services, of which agricultural products were included in the Agriculture Chapter.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:17-396) The first part of the agreement included a commitment by China to purchase and import an average of at least \$40 billion U.S. agricultural products across two years between 2020 and 2022 totaling \$80 billion.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:17-396) Additionally, specific agricultural products that had been the recipient of tariffs by China were addressed. Most notable were U.S. exports of beef, pork, poultry, processed meat, dairy, rice, seafood, fruits, and feed products. However, between 2020 and 2022, only 73% of the agreed-upon \$40 billion was spent on U.S. agricultural products by China.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:142-397) In 2020, U.S. exports to China totaled \$26.4 billion, and in 2021 totaled \$32.7 billion. This amounted to a total two-year export value by the U.S. to China of \$59.5 billion. Essential commodities like soybeans grew from a total export value of \$15.1 billion in 2020, to \$17.9 billion by the end of 2022.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:23-398)
#### Elections
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Elections")\]
Analysts speculated that the trade war could affect the [2020 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election"), as tariffs have negatively affected farmers, an important constituency for Trump.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-399)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-2020_looms-400) Analysts also speculated on how the trade war affected Xi Jinping in relation to the domestic pressures that he faced.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-2020_looms-400)
In 2021, following the transition to the Biden administration, the *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* reported that "rushing to remove the tariffs could prove risky" for the [Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") in the [2022 United States elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections "2022 United States elections").[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362)
### Other countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Other countries")\]
Economic growth has slowed worldwide amid the trade war.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-global_markets_take_fright-401) The International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook report released in April 2019 lowered the global economic growth forecast for 2019 from 3.6% expected in 2018 to 3.3%, and said that economic and trade frictions may further curb global economic growth and continue weaken the investment.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-402) U.S. economic growth has also slowed.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-global_markets_take_fright-401)
Globally, [foreign direct investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment "Foreign direct investment") has slowed.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-403) The trade war has hurt the [European economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_economy "European economy"), particularly [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany"), even though trade relations between Germany and China and between Germany and the U.S. remain good.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-404) Germany and the EU have had high levels of trade with China, and the German government and public want to maintain these trade ties.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-405) The [Canadian economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_economy "Canadian economy") has seen negative effects as well.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-406) Like the U.S., Britain, Germany, Japan, and South Korea were all showing "a weak manufacturing performance" as of 2019.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-China-US_trade_war_talks_to_resume_in_early_October-407) Several Asian governments have instituted [stimulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_\(economics\) "Stimulus (economics)") measures to address damage from the trade war, though economists said this may not be effective.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-408)
Some countries have benefited economically from the trade war, at least in some sectors, due to increasing exports to the United States and China to fill the gaps left by decreasing trade between these two economies. Beneficiaries include [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile"), [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India"), [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), and Argentina.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-these_economies_are_benefiting-409) Vietnam is the biggest beneficiary, with technology companies moving manufacturing there.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-these_economies_are_benefiting-409)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-410) [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") has also benefited from increased electronics exports, Malaysia from [semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor "Semiconductor") exports, Mexico from [motor vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicles "Motor vehicles"), and Brazil from [soybeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeans "Soybeans").[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-these_economies_are_benefiting-409) Trade diversion effects have also had an impact on countries in East and Southeast Asia with [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") getting the largest boost.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-411) [US-ASEAN Business Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-ASEAN_Business_Council "US-ASEAN Business Council") CEO Alex Feldman said these countries may not benefit for long: "It's in everyone's interest to see this spat get resolved and go back to normal trade relations between the US and China."[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-412) Several Taiwanese companies have been expanding production domestically, including [Quanta Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Computer "Quanta Computer"), Sercomm and [Wistron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistron "Wistron"), creating over 21,000 jobs.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto1-413) This investment led to a significant strengthening of the [New Taiwan Dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwan_Dollar "New Taiwan Dollar") which had not been expected pre-Trade War.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-414) Nintendo has reportedly moved some Nintendo Switch production from China to Southeast Asia.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-415)
The trade war has indirectly caused some companies to go bankrupt. One of them, Taiwanese LCD panel manufacturer Chunghwa Picture Tubes (CPT), went bankrupt as a result of an excess supply of panels and a subsequent collapse in prices, which was aided by vulnerability to the trade war, a slowing Taiwanese and global economy and a slowdown in the electronics sector.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto1-413)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-416)
Through practices of trade re-routing and re-labeling, the trade war has redirected Chinese trade to the United States via [ASEAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN "ASEAN").[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Han-417): 45–46 As the Trump administration put tariffs on goods originating from China, they also planned to tax any goods having a high degree of "Chinese content" in 2025. As a result, some Southeast Asian countries has vowed to suppress [transshipments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transshipment "Transshipment") such as Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-418) The [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") was also affected by the trade war as the country is heavily reliant on imports that came from China and exports that went to the US.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-419)
## Reactions
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| | |
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|  | This section needs to be **updated**. The reason given is: **Lacking in post-2020 information, especially in reactions to the Trump administration's escalation in 2025**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(April 2025)* |
### In China
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: In China")\]
Mainland Chinese politicians and economists have been divided over the trade war.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprchinadivided-420)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprecondissent-421)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423) An August 2019 article in NPR said that while some in the PRC leadership argued for a quick resolution to the trade war in order to save China's economy, others said that the country should push back against the United States and avoid an agreement at all costs.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprchinadivided-420) The Chinese government characterizes the U.S. side as infringing on Chinese national sovereignty through demanding structural changes to China's economic system.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Laikwan-424): 163 The Chinese public was generally surprised by the beginning of the trade war, according to academic Lin Mao.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 305
In July 2018, academic [Xu Zhangrun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhangrun "Xu Zhangrun") said that the trade war revealed underlying weaknesses in the Chinese political system and criticized Chinese leader Xi Jinping for his "overweening pride" and "vanity politics."[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423)
In August 2018, Hong Kong-based academic [Willy Lam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wo-Lap_Lam "Willy Wo-Lap Lam") said that the trade war had galvanized all the previous misgivings which different countries in the West had toward China and undermined Chinese leader Xi Jinping's authority.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423) Zhang Baohui, a political science professor at Lingnan University in Hong Kong, similarly said that the trade war had been effective in challenging the myth of Chinese invincibility, saying that the tariffs "really hurt China at a very bad time, when the economy is experiencing serious trouble."[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)
Economist Sheng Hong, director of the defunct think tank [Unirule Institute of Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unirule_Institute_of_Economics "Unirule Institute of Economics"), said that it would be good if China yielded to America's request for fair trade, arguing that the "China model" of state capitalism was incompatible with its policies of market reforms and damaging China's economy.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprecondissent-421) Amidst the closure Unirule after Hong was accused of threatening of state security, Hong likened Beijing's inability to brook internal criticism to "riding in a car with a filthy windshield."[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprecondissent-421)
A December 2018 journal article published by two Chinese academics said that in the worst-case scenario of the trade war, China would suffer a 1.1% decrease in employment and a 1% GDP loss, which they said were not negligible, but manageable for China.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39) Another paper published in February 2018 by Chinese academics similarly concluded that whereas the United States would experience large social welfare losses as a result of the trade war, China may lose or gain slightly depending on the effect of trade war on the U.S.–China trade balance.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28)
In September 2019, Lu Xiang, an analyst at the state-backed [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Social Sciences"), expressed pessimism about the outcome of upcoming talks, called Trump "unpredictable", and said, "We can only try to find sensible clues in his nonsense."[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-China-US_trade_war_talks_to_resume_in_early_October-407)
Domestic reporting on the trade war is censored in China. While news outlets are permitted to report on the conflict, their coverage is subject to restrictions; the South China Morning Post said that employees for Chinese media were told not to "over-report" the trade war[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-426) while an article in *The New York Times* said that state news outlets had sought to promote the official line, with the authorities restricting the use of the phrase "trade war."[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423) Social media posts about the conflict are subject to censorship as well.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-427)[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-428)
The trade war is a common subject on Chinese social media, with one popular [Internet meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme "Internet meme") referencing [Thanos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos "Thanos"), a villain from [Marvel Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics "Marvel Comics") and the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe "Marvel Cinematic Universe") who wipes out half of all life in the universe using the [Infinity Gauntlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Gems "Infinity Gems"), joking that Trump will similarly wipe out half of China's investors.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-429)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-430)
Hong Kong economics professor [Lawrence J. Lau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_J._Lau "Lawrence J. Lau") argues that a major cause of the trade war is the growing battle between China and the U.S. for global economic and technological dominance. He argues, "It is also a reflection of the rise of populism, isolationism, nationalism and protectionism almost everywhere in the world, including in the US."[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-431)
In mid-2021, Taoran Notes, a social media account associated with the state-run *[Economic Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Daily "Economic Daily")*, advised Chinese decision-makers to remain calm and recommended that both sides develop a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives. Taoran Notes said that the two countries had chosen "the path of cooperation that seeks common ground while reserving differences".[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-cool_heads_and_new_strategy_SCMP-432)
*[People's Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily "People's Daily")*, the official newspaper of the [Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"), has stated that China will be able to withstand the trade war, and that Trump's policies are affecting American consumers.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-433) Some online discussions in China, especially commentary suggesting negative impacts to the national economy and particular companies, have been widely [censored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China "Internet censorship in China").[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-434)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-435)
After the signing of the Phase One agreement, the Chinese Communist Party tabloid *[Global Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Times "Global Times")* published a series of articles reflecting on the trade war.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 328 According to the *Global Times*, the trade war had made Chinese people more mature and confident and the country proved it had political and economic institutions strong enough to defend its interests.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329 In the view of the *Global Times*, China had not made too many concessions as part of the Phase One agreement.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329 While China agreed to buy more from the United States, these were not forced purchases and China could make purchases based on its own needs.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329 The structural changes China agreed to regarding intellectual property protections and opening more economic sectors to foreign investment would, according to the *Global Times*, ultimately serve China's needs to further deepen its reforms.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329
On April 15, 2025, [Xia Baolong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Baolong "Xia Baolong"), director of the Central [Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macao_Work_Office "Hong Kong and Macao Work Office"), said in a video on Hong Kong National Security Education Day that Hong Kong is the largest source of the United States' trade surplus, but the United States imposes high tariffs on Hong Kong. "This makes it clearer to the world that the US cannot tolerate Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability, and it is the biggest sinister manipulator undermining human rights, freedom, the rule of law, prosperity and stability in Hong Kong", he said."it is extremely naive to think that peace, respect and development can be achieved by flattering, yielding or pl eading with the United States. The so-called sanctions and reciprocal tariffs by the United States cannot shake the determination and will of the central government and the Hong Kong SAR government. The 1.4 billion Chinese people, including our Hong Kong compatriots, will not be intimidated. It will only make us more united and more determined to safeguard national security and Hong Kong's prosperity and stability," he added.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-436)
### In the United States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: In the United States")\]
#### Congress
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Congress")\]
Some Democrats opposed the trade war for putting a burden on American consumers and causing inflation, while other Democrats thought action against China was necessary, although not all such Democrats thought the trade war initiated by Trump was the right means of action.
Senate Democratic leader [Chuck Schumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer "Chuck Schumer") praised President Trump's higher tariffs against China's alleged taking advantage of the U.S. and said "Democrats, Republicans, Americans of every political ideology, every region in the country should support these actions." Other Democratic senators who supported Trump's actions include [Bob Menendez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menendez "Bob Menendez"), [Sherrod Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherrod_Brown "Sherrod Brown") and [Ron Wyden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden "Ron Wyden").[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-LAT180322-437)[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-438)[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-439)[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-440)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-441) Bipartisan support from the House of Representatives for Trump's actions came from [Nancy Pelosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi "Nancy Pelosi").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Dem-Trump-442)[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-443)[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-444) [Brad Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Sherman "Brad Sherman"),[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Sherman-Yoho-445) [Kevin Brady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Brady "Kevin Brady"),[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-LAT180322-437) and [Ted Yoho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Yoho "Ted Yoho").[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Sherman-Yoho-445) Democratic representative [Tim Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ryan_\(Ohio_politician\) "Tim Ryan (Ohio politician)"), said, "What China has been doing is bullshit. They're cheating, they're subsidizing their product."[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-vicebullshit-446) Senator [Marco Rubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio "Marco Rubio") has also supported the tariffs, which he referred to as a "theft tax".[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-McCaughey-447)
Other Republican senators have given more divided statements. [Mitch McConnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell "Mitch McConnell") said that "nobody wins a trade war" but that there was hope the tactics would "get us into a better position, vis-à-vis China." [John Cornyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornyn "John Cornyn") said, "If this is what it takes to get a good deal, I think people will hang in there, but at some point we've got to get it resolved. If this goes on for a long time, everybody realizes it's playing with a live hand grenade."[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-448) [Joni Ernst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Ernst "Joni Ernst") said in May 2019 that the "tariffs are hurtful" to farmers, but that they "do want us to find a path forward with China" and said, "We hope that we can get a deal soon".[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-449)
Other senators from both parties have criticized Trump for the trade war, including [Chuck Grassley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Grassley "Chuck Grassley"),[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-450) [Tim Kaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine"),[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Virginia_senators-451) [Mark Warner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner "Mark Warner"),[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Virginia_senators-451) [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren"),[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trade_turmoil_gives-452) and Ron Wyden.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-washingtonexaminer-8-2019-453)
#### Agricultural
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Agricultural")\]
The Associated Press reported in 2018 that "Dave Warner, a spokesman for the National Pork Producers Council, said pork producers have already seen the value of their pigs fall after a previous Chinese tariff. Warner said pig producers will likely feel the effect of the new tariff, though it's not yet clear exactly how."[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)
Iowa soybean farmer and president of the [American Soybean Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Soybean_Association "American Soybean Association") John Heisdorffer called the use of tariffs a "scorched-earth approach", warning that U.S. industries could permanently lose global market share as a result.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-455)
The mayors of Davenport and St. Gabriel, which represented towns with a heavy reliance on the farming sector, expressed their concerns of impacts that the trade war would have on their cities.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)
In August 2019, [Roger Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Johnson_\(American_politician\) "Roger Johnson (American politician)") of the [National Farmers Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Farmers_Union_\(United_States\) "National Farmers Union (United States)") – representing about 200,000 family farmers, ranchers and fishers – stated that the trade war was creating problems for American farmers, specifically highlighting the fall in soybean exports from the U.S. to China.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-456)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] In the same month, the American Farm Bureau Federation – representing large [agribusiness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness "Agribusiness") – said that the announcement of new tariffs "signals more trouble for American agriculture."[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-457)
#### Business
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Business")\]
More than 3,500 American businesses sued the Trump administration over the tariffs.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362)
In September 2018, a business coalition announced a [lobbying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States "Lobbying in the United States") campaign called "Tariffs Hurt the Heartland" to protest the proposed tariffs;[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Wide_range_of_businesses-458) the tariffs on Chinese steel, aluminum, and certain chemicals contributed to rising fertilizer and agricultural equipment costs in the United States.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-459)
In February 2019, a survey released by the American Chamber of Commerce in China showed that a majority of member U.S. companies supported increasing or maintaining tariffs on Chinese goods, and nearly twice as many respondents compared to the year before wanted the U.S. government to push Beijing harder to create a level playing field.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-lobbytariffs-460)[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-tradesupport-461) A further 19% of its companies said they were adjusting supply chains or seeking to source components and assembly outside of China as a result of tariffs and 28% were delaying or canceling investment decisions in China.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-lobbytariffs-460)
Over 600 companies and trade associations, including manufacturers, retailers, and tech companies, wrote to Trump in mid-2019 to ask him to remove tariffs and end the trade war, saying that increased tariffs would have "a significant, negative, and long-term impact on American businesses, farmers, families, and the US economy".[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-600_companies-462)
On May 20, 2019, the Footwear Distributors and Retailers of America, an industry [trade association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association "Trade association") for [footwear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear "Footwear"), issued an open letter to President Trump, part of which read: "On behalf of our hundreds of millions of footwear consumers and hundreds of thousands of employees, we ask that you immediately stop this action", referring to the trade war.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-463)[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-464)
Americans for Free Trade, a coalition of over 160 business organizations, wrote a letter to Trump in August 2019 requesting that he postpone all tariff rate increases on Chinese goods, citing concerns about cost increases for U.S. manufacturers and farmers. The coalition includes the National Retail Federation, the Consumer Technology Association, Association of Equipment Manufacturers, the Toy Association and [American Petroleum Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute "American Petroleum Institute"), among others.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Gangitano2019-214)
In September 2019, [Matthew Shay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shay "Matthew Shay"), president and CEO of the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation"), said that the trade war had "gone on far too long" and had harmful effects on American businesses and consumers. He urged the Trump administration to end the trade war and find an agreement to remove all the tariffs.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-China-US_trade_war_talks_to_resume_in_early_October-407)
Hun Quach, vice president of international trade for the Retail Industry Leaders Association has claimed that the tariffs will impact American family budgets by raising the prices of everyday items.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-465)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-466)
A spokesperson for the [US–China Business Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Business_Council "US–China Business Council") said that the tariffs were "deeply unpopular with American consumers and businesses who bear the cost".[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362) Alibaba's Taobao app download surged following Trump tariffs that led to goods subject to 145 percent tariff. With increased cost, many US small businesses are looking for cheaper alternatives.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-467) Many US retailers are turning to Chinese owned commerce sites like Taobao, DHgate, reducing reliance on B2B sites like Alibaba to search for retail products that are sourced directly from the manufacturer.[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-468)
#### Manufacturing
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Manufacturing")\]
The CEOs of American steelmakers Nucor Corp, United States Steel Corp, ArcelorMittal SA and Commercial Metals Co have all supported Trump's steel tariffs against China[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Ferriola-469)[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-470) as has the United Steelworkers Union.[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-471)[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-472)[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-473)[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-474)[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-vicebullshit-446) Scott Paul, president of the associated [Alliance for American Manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_American_Manufacturing "Alliance for American Manufacturing"), has also supported tariffs,[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PolitiFact's_guide_to_understanding_tariffs-475) and opposed proposals to reverse them in light of the [coronavirus pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic").[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-476) In 2019, he criticized the stagnation of trade talks saying "Trump would have ripped any Democrat for that outcome".[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-477)
[James Hoffa Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Hoffa "James P. Hoffa"), president of the [International Brotherhood of Teamsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters "International Brotherhood of Teamsters"), has been a proponent of U.S. tariffs against China[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-478) as has [Richard Trumka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trumka "Richard Trumka"), president of [AFL–CIO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO "AFL–CIO").[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-vicebullshit-446)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-479)[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-480)
A 2019 statement by the [National Association of Manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers "National Association of Manufacturers") stated their opposition to the trade war, calling for a new structure for the U.S.–China commercial relationship that would eliminate China's unfair trade practices and level the playing field for manufacturers in the United States.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-481) A 2018 *Politico* article documented the close partnership between the president of NAM [Jay Timmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Timmons "Jay Timmons") and President Trump and said that Timmons was fighting against Trump's trade war from within.[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-482)
The vice president of the National Marine Manufacturers Association criticized the tariffs, saying they were "hurting American manufacturers."[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Wide_range_of_businesses-458)
#### Economists and analysts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Economists and analysts")\]
According to articles in [PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact"), most mainstream economists said that "consumers are the primary victims of tariffs"[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PolitiFact's_guide_to_understanding_tariffs-475) and most economists said that they carry "more risks than benefits".[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Politifact_Donald_Trump_has_floated-483) Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said that Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the economy of the United States,[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto4-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto7-22) and some economists advocated for alternate means for the United States to address its trade deficit with China.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-economists-advocated-alternate-23)
NYU Economics Professor [Lawrence J. White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_J._White "Lawrence J. White") has said that import tariffs are equivalent to a tax, and contribute to a higher cost of living.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PolitiFact's_guide_to_understanding_tariffs-475)[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Politifact_Donald_Trump_has_floated-483)
Economic analyst [Zachary Karabell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Karabell "Zachary Karabell") has argued that the administration's tariff-based approach would not work as it would not "reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte" and also argued that the assertion that more rigorous intellectual property protections would "level the playing field" was problematic.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trumpwired-484) He recommended instead that the U.S. focus on its relative advantages of economic openness and a culture of independence.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trumpwired-484)
[James Andrew Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Andrew_Lewis "James Andrew Lewis") of the [Center for Strategic and International Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies "Center for Strategic and International Studies") said that what the United States needed from China was a commitment to observe the rules and norms of international trade and to extend reciprocal treatment to U.S. companies in China.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-485)
In an April 2018 article in *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*, [Harry G. Broadman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_G._Broadman "Harry G. Broadman"), a former U.S. trade negotiator, said that while he agreed with the Trump administration's basic position that the Chinese did not abide by fair, transparent and market-based rules for global trade, he disagreed with its means of unilaterally employing tariffs and said that the administration should instead pursue a coalition-based approach.[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-486)
In a 2018 speech on the trade war, former World Bank Chief Economist Priya Basu stated, "I'm from India. Over my entire career, I saw many developed countries try many approaches to open up the markets in developing countries. I never thought I would see the opposite happening."[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:62-27): 255
In a November 2018 testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, Jennifer Hillman, a professor of practice at Georgetown University Law School, said that United States "ought to be bringing a big and bold case, based on a coalition of countries working together to take on China."[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
Chad Bown, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics said that while it made sense for other countries to get more involved in confronting China, the problem was that they did not know how serious Trump was on reforming the larger, systemic issues.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
Michael Wessel described plans to allow foreign companies a greater role in the Chinese technology program "an influence operation at its best" and also questioned whether changes in relevant Chinese laws would mean much so long as the courts remained under the control of the Chinese Communist Party.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
A May 2019 article written by Howard Gleckman of the [Tax Policy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center "Tax Policy Center") argued that the impact of the trade war would eliminate "most or all" of the benefits from the [Tax Cuts and Jobs Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017 "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017") for low- and middle-income households.[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-488)[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-489)
Economists at financial firm [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") expressed uncertainty about how the trade war would end, but warned in June 2019 that it could lead to a [recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession "Recession").[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-490)
Economist [Panos Mourdoukoutas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panos_Mourdoukoutas "Panos Mourdoukoutas") states that China's elites were fighting the trade war under the wrong assumption that China had reached "power parity" with the U.S. and that although an economic divorce between the two countries would have some consequences for the US, it would on the other hand be devastating for China.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-491)
In November 2019, [Jim Cramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cramer "Jim Cramer") said that unless China purchased a considerable amount of American goods as a way to prove the validity of the arguments proffered by the free-trade contingent in the Trump administration, the U.S.–China trade war would continue on for a significant period of time.[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-492)
After the first phase of a trade deal was agreed upon in December 2019, [Mary E. Lovely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_E._Lovely "Mary E. Lovely") of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and professor at [Syracuse University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University") said the ceasefire was "good news" for the American economy while expressing optimism that the talks would help address China's "unfair" intellectual property practices.[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-493)[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-494)
Economist Paul Krugman said in September 2020 that if Democratic candidate Joe Biden won the U.S. presidential election, he should maintain a tough stance against China, but focus more on [industrial policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy "Industrial policy") than trade tariffs.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-495)
Economist [C. Fred Bergsten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Fred_Bergsten "C. Fred Bergsten") concluded in 2021 that "China's economy is too large and too powerful to be suppressed. It fended off the Trump attacks with little damage, and indeed with renewed confidence in its prospects."[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-496)
In study on the trade-effects of regulation in 2023, economists [Knut Blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Blind "Knut Blind") and Moritz Böhmecke-Schwafert concluded that tariff hikes by the US are expected to have an opposite effect in the mid- and long-term "and exports from China to the US might actually increase" based on trade data of OECD and BRICS countries in the last two decades.[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-497)
#### Others
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Others")\]
[Minxin Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minxin_Pei "Minxin Pei"), a scholar of Chinese politics at California's [Claremont McKenna College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College "Claremont McKenna College"), argued that Xi Jinping's ambition for China's revival as a worldpower had been revealed as hollow through the continuing trade dispute.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)
The former Vice President Joe Biden said: "While Trump is pursuing a damaging and erratic trade war, without any real strategy, China is positioning itself to lead the world in renewable energy."[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-498)
An August 2019 [Harvard CAPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_American_Political_Studies "Center for American Political Studies")/Harris Poll found that 67% of registered voters wanted the U.S. to confront Beijing over its trade policies despite the fact that 74% said American consumers were shouldering most of the burden of tariffs. Mark Penn, the co-director of the Harvard CAPS/Harris Poll, said the poll showed strong support among the American public for Trump's trade policies against China, saying, "They realize that the tariffs may have negative impacts on jobs and prices, but they believe the fight here is the right one."[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-499)
Tariffs on medical supplies have become politically complicated due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, citing [Trade Data Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Data_Monitor "Trade Data Monitor") to show that China is the leading source of many key medical supplies, raised concerns that US tariffs on imports from China threaten imports of medical supplies into the United States.[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-500)
The Harvard CAPS/Harris poll conducted in January 2025 indicated that 52% of Americans approve of placing new tariffs on China, with 74% of Republicans agreeing, but only 34% of Democrats.[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-501)
### International
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: International")\]
A September 2018 article by [Brahma Chellaney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Chellaney "Brahma Chellaney") said that America's trade war with China should not obscure a broader pushback against China's mercantilist trade, investment, and lending practices.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-502)
At the [2018 G20 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_summit "2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit"), the trade war was on the agenda for discussion.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-503)
In December 2018 [Jorge Guajardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Guajardo "Jorge Guajardo"), former Mexican ambassador to China, said in an article in *The Washington Post* that "One thing the Chinese have had to acknowledge is that it wasn't a Trump issue; it was a world issue. Everybody's tired of the way China games the trading system and makes promises that never amount to anything."[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
A March 2019 Reuters article said that the European Union shared many of the Trump administration's same complaints with regards to China's technology transfer policies and market access constraints and also reported that European diplomats and officials acknowledged support for Trump's goals, even if they disagreed with his tactics.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-tradesupport-461)
Singaporean Prime Minister [Lee Hsien Loong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") said that the trade war was negatively affecting Singapore and described it as "very worrying". He urged both the U.S. and Chinese governments to change their approaches.[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-504)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-505)
At the 45th G7 summit, UK Prime Minister [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") said, "We don't like tariffs on the whole."[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Trump_suggests_second_thoughts-506) An article in ABC said that U.S. allies warned Trump during the summit about his trade war with China, but that Trump said he wasn't facing any pressure from his allies over the trade war.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Trump_suggests_second_thoughts-506) European Council President [Donald Tusk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") said the trade war risked causing a global recession.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-507)
The Chilean vice minister for trade, Rodrigo Yanez, told CNBC that "It's very important for Chile that a trade deal between the U.S. and China is signed soon".[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-508)
In the wake of the [2020 Galwan Valley skirmish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes#Galwan_Valley_skirmish "2020 China–India skirmishes"), Indian commentators made references to the US–China trade war as part of their overall analysis of the effect that the skirmish would have on the future relations between India and China.[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-509)[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-510)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-511)[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-512)[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-513)[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-514)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-515)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg)[Business portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business "Portal:Business")
- [China portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China "Portal:China")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg)[Politics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics "Portal:Politics")
- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
- [2002 United States steel tariff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_steel_tariff "2002 United States steel tariff")
- [Anti-American sentiment in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_China "Anti-American sentiment in China")
- [Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States "Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States")
- [Australia–China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_trade_war "Australia–China trade war")
- [2025 United States tariffs against the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_tariffs_against_the_European_Union "2025 United States tariffs against the European Union")
- [2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico")
- [Canada–China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_trade_war "Canada–China trade war")
- [Chinese espionage in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States "Chinese espionage in the United States")
- [CIA activities in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_China "CIA activities in China")
- [Congressional-Executive Commission on China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China "Congressional-Executive Commission on China")
- [List of the largest trading partners of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States "List of the largest trading partners of the United States")
- [List of the largest trading partners of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China "List of the largest trading partners of China")
- [List of largest trading partners of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_trading_partners_of_India "List of largest trading partners of India")
- [Plaza Accord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Accord "Plaza Accord")
- [Protectionism in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States "Protectionism in the United States")
- [Rare earths trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earths_trade_dispute "Rare earths trade dispute")
- [Second Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cold_War#Usage_in_the_context_of_China%E2%80%93United_States_tensions "Second Cold War")
- [Trade policy of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_policy_of_China "Trade policy of China")
- [Tariffs in the first Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration")
- [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration")
- [Thucydides Trap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides_Trap "Thucydides Trap")
## Footnotes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Footnotes")\]
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: References")\]
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Swanson, Ana (July 5, 2018). ["Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180712201844/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html) from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
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Lo, Kinling (September 27, 2019). ["China doesn't want to supplant the US, but it will keep growing, Beijing says"](https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3030717/china-doesnt-want-supplant-us-it-will-keep-growing-beijing). South China Morning Post. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
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Zumbrun, Josh (December 31, 2021). ["Beijing Fell Short on Trade Deal Promises, Creating Dilemma for Biden"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-fell-short-on-trade-deal-promises-creating-dilemma-for-biden-11640946782). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220102111447/https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-fell-short-on-trade-deal-promises-creating-dilemma-for-biden-11640946782) from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
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Fajgelbaum, Pablo D.; Khandelwal, Amit K. (August 2, 2022). ["The Economic Impacts of the US–China Trade War"](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-051420-110410). *Annual Review of Economics*. **14** (1): 205–228\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1146/annurev-economics-051420-110410](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-051420-110410).
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["New data show the failures of Donald Trump's China trade strategy"](https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/10/new-data-show-the-failures-of-donald-trumps-china-trade-strategy). *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")*. February 10, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210513173056/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/10/new-data-show-the-failures-of-donald-trumps-china-trade-strategy) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
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Guzman, Chad de; Ewe, Koh (September 11, 2024). ["Comparing Trump and Harris on China"](https://time.com/7020042/trump-harris-china-explainer-trade-tariffs-taiwan-war-human-rights/). *TIME*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164356/https://time.com/7020042/trump-harris-china-explainer-trade-tariffs-taiwan-war-human-rights/) from the original on September 23, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
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`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"))
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Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). *How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development*. Translated by Topp, Gary. [Palgrave Macmillan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan "Palgrave Macmillan"). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-981-97-0080-6](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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Stankiewicz, Kevin (November 14, 2019). ["Cramer: Ideological divides could make the US–China trade war 'go on for years'"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/14/jim-cramer-why-the-us-china-trade-war-could-go-on-for-years.html). [CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC").
493. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-493)**
Lovely, Mary E. ["Opinion: A trade war ceasefire is just what America's economy needs"](https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/13/perspectives/phase-one-trade-deal/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
494. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-494)**
["U.S.–China Trade Deal Implications"](https://www.npr.org/2020/01/18/797631345/u-s-china-trade-deal-implications). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
495. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-495)**
["U.S. must stand up to China if Biden wins, focus less on trade, Krugman says"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latam-economy-krugman-idUSKBN26J2SH). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. September 28, 2020.
496. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-496)**
Bergsten, C. Fred (2022). *The United States vs. China: the quest for global economic leadership*. Cambridge. p. 309. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5095-4735-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4735-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4735-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1255691875](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1255691875).
`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher "Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher"))
497. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-497)**
Böhmecke-Schwafert, Moritz; Blind, Knut (May 1, 2023). ["The trade effects of product market regulation in global value chains: evidence from OECD and BRICS countries between 2000 and 2015"](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10663-023-09574-z). *Empirica*. **50** (2): 441–479\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s10663-023-09574-z](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10663-023-09574-z). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10419/309819](https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F309819). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1573-6911](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-6911).
498. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-498)**
["The Democratic candidates on foreign policy"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2020-election/). *[Foreign Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy "Foreign Policy")*.
499. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-499)**
Greenwood, Max (September 3, 2019). ["Poll: Voters want US to confront China over trade"](https://thehill.com/policy/finance/459746-poll-voters-want-us-to-confront-china-over-trade/). *[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_\(newspaper\) "The Hill (newspaper)")*.
500. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-500)**
Ferek, Katy Stech; Zumbrun, Josh (April 12, 2020). ["U.S. Tariffs Hamper Imports of Sanitizer, Disinfectants, Some Companies Say"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-tariffs-hamper-imports-of-sanitizer-disinfectants-11586683800). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
501. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-501)**
["The US tried high tariffs and 'America first' policies in the 1930s. Trump should note what happened next"](https://theconversation.com/the-us-tried-high-tariffs-and-america-first-policies-in-the-1930s-trump-should-note-what-happened-next-249079). The Conversation. January 7, 2025.
502. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-502)**
["The China Backlash"](https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/backlash-against-china-trade-policy-debt-traps-by-brahma-chellaney-2018-09). Project Syndicate. Project Syndicate. September 27, 2018.
503. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-503)**
["G20 leaders back WTO reform at summit"](https://www.sbs.com.au/news/g20-leaders-back-wto-reform-at-summit). [Australian Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Associated_Press "Australian Associated Press"). December 2, 2018.
504. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-504)**
["US, China must reconsider positions in trade war that won't end with 'one loser and one winner': PM Lee"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210129132410/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/us-china-reconsider-positions-trade-war-lee-hsien-loong-11949198). *CNA*. Archived from [the original](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/us-china-reconsider-positions-trade-war-lee-hsien-loong-11949198) on January 29, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
505. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-505)**
["Singaporeans warned of some fallout from trade war"](https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/singaporeans-warned-of-some-fallout-from-trade-war). *The Straits Times*. June 24, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
506. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-Trump_suggests_second_thoughts_506-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-Trump_suggests_second_thoughts_506-1)
McGraw, Meridith (August 25, 2019). ["Trump suggests 'second thoughts' about China tariff war, triggers confusion at G-7 summit"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-g7-allies-respect-trade-war-china-warnings/story?id=65177426). *[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\(United_States\) "ABC News (United States)")*.
507. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-507)**
["'Senseless disputes': E.U.'s Tusk says Trump's trade wars are damaging global economy"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/senseless-disputes-eus-tusk-says-trumps-trade-wars-are-damaging-global-economy/2019/08/24/bc1f6502-c656-11e9-9986-1fb3e4397be4_story.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. August 24, 2019.
508. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-508)**
["The US–China trade deal is 'very important' for Chile, says the vice minister for trade"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/29/a-us-china-deal-is-very-important-for-chile-vice-minister-for-trade.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. November 29, 2019.
509. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-509)**
["Galwan clash 'huge mistake' by China, world already fighting Covid-19: Experts"](https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/galwan-clash-huge-mistake-by-china-world-already-fighting-covid-19-experts/story-Zhw1Hi0D18t24B3h86hCOP.html). PTI. Hindustan Times. June 27, 2020.
510. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-510)**
["India working to restrict Chinese goods, investments since before Galwan, Covid: Officials"](https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-working-to-restrict-chinese-goods-investments-since-before-galwan-covid-officials/445017/). The Print. The Print. June 19, 2020. ""We cannot follow the Americans. Even they had to do a deal with the Chinese," Dhar said, referring to the US Commerce Department allowing American firms to work with Chinese telecom major Huawei earlier this week, an issue that was one of main reasons for the trade war between US and China."
511. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-511)**
Nalapat, M D (June 20, 2020). ["India may re-evaluate neutrality in the US–China war"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029054033/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/india-may-re-evaluate-neutrality-us-china-war). ITV Network. Sunday Guardian Live. Archived from [the original](https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/india-may-re-evaluate-neutrality-us-china-war) on October 29, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
512. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-512)**
["How India responds to China's 'expansionistic tendencies' will have ramifications for the world"](https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-china-lac-border-dispute-galwan-valley-clashes-6498385/). Indian Express. Indian Express. July 10, 2020. "The US and western powers have been very vocal in calling out Beijing in recent times. US–China relations have hit rock bottom, especially since Donald Trump took office. The US–China trade war is now taking a toll on the world system. For example, it is creating fissures among ASEAN members...I am not advocating for joining a US-lead platform as a devoted member. To push back against Chinese adventurism by deepening dependence on another power also runs counter to the very logic of protecting our national sovereignty. India today is strong enough to stand for her interest and yet must be adroit enough to find common ground with those with whom her interests align, whether to its West or East. China must be made to choose: Is it willing to push the equally proud, equally numerous, equally historical and glorious civilisation to the south in this long-term direction for a few square kilometres of territory and a round of chest-thumping?"
513. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-513)**
Bhattacharjee, Govind (July 6, 2020). ["The China Trade"](https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/the-china-trade-1502906391.html). The Statesman. The Statesman. "This has given India one lifetime opportunity to attract investments and companies away from China unto itself. Hence the Prime Minister's emphasis on 'Buy Local, Be Global' and Atmanirbhar Bharat, and to ultimately substitute China as the world's supplier. Unfortunately, it is not only cheap labour and improvement in the ease of doing business that will enable India to claim a substantial share of China's global business. We also need to understand that we are not the only player vying for the pie...Of the 56 companies that relocated their production bases from China in the aftermath of the US–China trade war of 2018–19, only three came to India and the rest went to Vietnam, Taiwan and Thailand. In contrast, it is only now that the Government is focusing on the long-overdue factor market reforms including the labour laws which have already run into a judicial stonewall."
514. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-514)**
Joshi, Manoj. ["Can India still avoid becoming collateral damage in US–China row?"](https://www.orfonline.org/research/can-india-still-avoid-becoming-collateral-damage-in-us-china-row-68028/). ORF. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
515. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-515)**
Chari, Seshadri (July 10, 2020). ["As armies 'retreat' at LAC, India must turn to options it hasn't used against China so far"](https://theprint.in/opinion/as-armies-retreat-at-lac-india-must-turn-to-options-it-hasnt-used-against-china-so-far/457839/). The Print.
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
[Library resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library "Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library") about
**China–United States trade war**
***
- [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=China%E2%80%93United+States+trade+war)
- [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=China%E2%80%93United+States+trade+war&library=0CHOOSE0)
- Albuquerque, José Luiz, Antonio MArcelo Jackson Ferreira da Silva, and José Medeiros da Silva. "The China–US Trade War." *Revista do Fórum Internacional de Ideias* 9.1 (2019): 11+ [online](https://periodicos.ufop.br/pp/index.php/revii/article/viewFile/1983/1519), a Brazilian perspective
- Boucher, Jean-Christophe, and Cameron G. Thies. "'I Am a Tariff Man': The Power of Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric under President Trump." *Journal of Politics* 81.2 (2019): 712–722.
- Böhmecke-Schwafert, M., Blind, K. The trade effects of product market regulation in global value chains: evidence from OECD and BRICS countries between 2000 and 2015. Empirica 50, 441–479 (2023). <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-023-09574-z>
- Chong, Terence Tai Leung, and Xiaoyang Li. "Understanding the China–US trade war: causes, economic impact, and the worst-case scenario." *Economic and Political Studies* 7.2 (2019): 185–202. [online](http://www.igef.cuhk.edu.hk/igef_media/working-paper/IGEF/igef%20working%20paper%20no.%2071%20english%20version.pdf), a historical perspective
- Crowley, Meredith A. (ed.), [Trade War: The Clash of Economic Systems Endangering Global Prosperity](https://voxeu.org/content/trade-war-clash-economic-systems-threatening-global-prosperity) (CEPR Press, 2019).
- Fenby, Jonathan, and Trey McArver. *The Eagle and the Dragon: Donald Trump, Xi Jinping and the Fate of US/China Relations* (2019)
- Foot, Rosemary, and Amy King. "Assessing the deterioration in China–US relations: US governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus." *China International Strategy Review* (2019): 1–12. [online](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42533-019-00005-y)
- Lau, Lawrence J. *The China–U.S. Trade War and Future Economic Relations* (Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2019) [online](http://www.igef.cuhk.edu.hk/igef_media/working-paper/IGEF/igef%20working%20paper%20no.%2072%20english%20version.pdf), a Hong Kong perspective
- Qiu, Larry D., Chaoqun Zhan, and Xing Wei. "An analysis of the China–US trade war through the lens of the trade literature." *Economic and Political Studies* 7.2 (2019): 148–168.
- Qiu, Larry D., and Xing Wei. "China–US trade: implications on conflicts." *China Economic Journal* (2019): 1–20.
## External links
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- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) Works related to [The Facts and China's Position on China–US Trade Friction](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Facts_and_China%27s_Position_on_China%E2%80%93US_Trade_Friction "wikisource:The Facts and China's Position on China–US Trade Friction") at Wikisource
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- ["Trump's Trade War"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/trumps-trade-war/). [*Frontline*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_\(American_TV_program\) "Frontline (American TV program)"). Season 37. Episode 19. May 7, 2019. [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS"). [WGBH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV "WGBH-TV"). Retrieved October 3, 2023.
- ["In the Age of AI"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/in-the-age-of-ai/). *Frontline*. Season 38. Episode 6. November 5, 2019. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ["China, the U.S. & the Rise of Xi Jinping"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/china-the-u-s-the-rise-of-xi-jinping/). *Frontline*. Season 43. Episode 6. November 26, 2024. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
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| Diplomatic posts | [Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_Washington,_D.C. "Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.") [Ambassadors of China to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_the_United_States "List of ambassadors of China to the United States") [Embassy of the United States, Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing "Embassy of the United States, Beijing") [Ambassadors of the United States to China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China "List of ambassadors of the United States to China") Chinese Consulate-Generals [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_New_York "Consulate General of China, New York") [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_Los_Angeles "Consulate General of China, Los Angeles") [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_China,_Houston "Consulate General of China, Houston") American Consulate-Generals [Chengdu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Chengdu "Consulate General of the United States, Chengdu") [Guangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Guangzhou "Consulate General of the United States, Guangzhou") [Hong Kong and Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Hong_Kong_and_Macau "Consulate General of the United States, Hong Kong and Macau") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Shanghai "Consulate General of the United States, Shanghai") [Shenyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Shenyang "Consulate General of the United States, Shenyang") [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Wuhan "Consulate General of the United States, Wuhan") [Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs "Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs") [Office of China Coordination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_China_Coordination "Office of China Coordination") |
| [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China") | [Treaty of Wanghia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia "Treaty of Wanghia") [Treaty of Tientsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin "Treaty of Tientsin") [Burlingame Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty "Burlingame Treaty") [Gresham-Yang Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham-Yang_Treaty "Gresham-Yang Treaty") [Shanghai International Settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement "Shanghai International Settlement") [American Concession (Shanghai)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Concession_\(Shanghai\) "American Concession (Shanghai)") [United States Court for China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_for_China "United States Court for China") [Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_China_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extraterritorial_Rights_in_China "Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China") [Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_the_United_States_of_America_and_the_Republic_of_China "Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China") [Marshall Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Mission "Marshall Mission") [Loss of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_China "Loss of China") [China White Paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_White_Paper "China White Paper") [PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC-US_Ambassadorial_Talks "PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks") [1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China "1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China") [Shanghai Communiqué](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9 "Shanghai Communiqué") [Three Communiqués](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Communiqu%C3%A9s "Three Communiqués") [One-China policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-China_policy "One-China policy") [Nixon goes to China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China "Nixon goes to China") *[Nixon's China Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game "Nixon's China Game")* [Harvey Feldman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Feldman "Harvey Feldman") [Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling-Ling_and_Hsing-Hsing "Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing") [Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations "Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations") [Goldwater v. Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter "Goldwater v. Carter") [State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States "State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States") [U.S.–China Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93China_Agreement_on_Cooperation_in_Science_and_Technology "U.S.–China Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology") [Presidential Rule of Law Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Rule_of_Law_Initiative "Presidential Rule of Law Initiative") [Beijing–Washington hotline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Washington_hotline "Beijing–Washington hotline") [State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States "State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States") [2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_States%E2%80%93China_Cybersecurity_Agreement "2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement") [Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [United States–China talks in Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_talks_in_Alaska "United States–China talks in Alaska") [United States–China Working Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Working_Group "United States–China Working Group") |
| Conflicts | [Boxer Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") [Eight-Nation Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance "Eight-Nation Alliance") [China Relief Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Relief_Expedition "China Relief Expedition") [Chinese Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War") [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") [Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War "Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War") [Cross-Strait conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_conflict "Cross-Strait conflict") [First Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis "First Taiwan Strait Crisis") [Operation King Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_King_Kong "Operation King Kong") [Second Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis "Second Taiwan Strait Crisis") [Third Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis "Third Taiwan Strait Crisis") [CIA Tibetan program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program "CIA Tibetan program") [Quadrilateral Security Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue "Quadrilateral Security Dialogue") |
| Incidents | [Rover incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_incident "Rover incident") [Chy Lung v. Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chy_Lung_v._Freeman "Chy Lung v. Freeman") [Cheong Ah Moy v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheong_Ah_Moy_v._United_States "Cheong Ah Moy v. United States") [Chae Chan Ping v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States "Chae Chan Ping v. United States") [Twain–Ament indemnities controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twain%E2%80%93Ament_indemnities_controversy "Twain–Ament indemnities controversy") [1905 Chinese boycott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Chinese_boycott "1905 Chinese boycott") [USS Monocacy incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monocacy_incident "USS Monocacy incident") [Red Scare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Scare "Red Scare") [Qian Xuesen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuesen "Qian Xuesen") [1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_Air_Force_C-47_Crash_at_Yan%27an "1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an") [Shen Chong case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Chong_case "Shen Chong case") [Lamont v. Postmaster General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General "Lamont v. Postmaster General") [Hu Na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Na "Hu Na") [Project Sabre II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sabre_II "Project Sabre II") [Yinhe incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinhe_incident "Yinhe incident") [1996 United States campaign finance controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy "1996 United States campaign finance controversy") [Johnny Chung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Chung "Johnny Chung") [Liu Chaoying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Chaoying "Liu Chaoying") [United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade "United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade") [Hainan Island incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident "Hainan Island incident") [Operation Shady RAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shady_RAT "Operation Shady RAT") [Operation Aurora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aurora "Operation Aurora") [United States diplomatic cables leak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_\(China\) "Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (China)") [2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrations "2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations") [Murder of Shao Tong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Shao_Tong "Murder of Shao Tong") [Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_David_Louis_Sneddon "Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon") [Trump–Tsai call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call "Trump–Tsai call") [Havana syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_syndrome "Havana syndrome") [Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Science_Products_v._Hebei_Welcome_Pharmaceuticals "Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals") [China Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Initiative "China Initiative") [Trial of Anming Hu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu "Trial of Anming Hu") [Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks "Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks") [Meng Wanzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou "Meng Wanzhou") [Extradition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou "Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou") [TikTok v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok_v._Trump "TikTok v. Trump") [U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._WeChat_Users_Alliance_v._Trump "U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump") [COVID-19 misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") [United States Department of Defense China Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense_China_Task_Force "United States Department of Defense China Task Force") [2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan "2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan") [Chinese espionage in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States "Chinese espionage in the United States") [Cyberwarfare and China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_China "Cyberwarfare and China") [Chinese spy cases in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_spy_cases_in_the_United_States "List of Chinese spy cases in the United States") [Cox Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Report "Cox Report") [Timeline of the Cox Report controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cox_Report_controversy "Timeline of the Cox Report controversy") [American espionage in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_espionage_in_China "American espionage in China") [Cyberwarfare and the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_the_United_States "Cyberwarfare and the United States") [Hugh Francis Redmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Francis_Redmond "Hugh Francis Redmond") [Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay "Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay") [2023 balloon incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident "2023 Chinese balloon incident") [Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections "Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections") [2024 United States Department of the Treasury hack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury_hack "2024 United States Department of the Treasury hack") |
| [Military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_security_cooperation "United States–China security cooperation") | [Yangtze Patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol "Yangtze Patrol") [Alice Dollar incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Dollar_incident "Alice Dollar incident") [Second Sino-Japanese War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") [American Volunteer Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Volunteer_Group "American Volunteer Group") [Black Cat Squadron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_Squadron "Black Cat Squadron") [Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_\(1937%E2%80%931945\) "Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)") [China Air Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Air_Task_Force "China Air Task Force") [China Marines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Marines "China Marines") [Dixie Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Mission "Dixie Mission") [Flying Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tigers "Flying Tigers") [Operation Beleaguer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer "Operation Beleaguer") [Sino-American Cooperative Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-American_Cooperative_Organization "Sino-American Cooperative Organization") [RIMPAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIMPAC "RIMPAC") |
| Legislation | [United States sanctions against China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China "United States sanctions against China") [U.S. immigration policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._immigration_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China") [Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Repeal_Act "Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act") [Taiwan Relations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act "Taiwan Relations Act") [Executive Order 12711](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12711 "Executive Order 12711") [Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Student_Protection_Act_of_1992 "Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992") [United States–Hong Kong Policy Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Policy_Act "United States–Hong Kong Policy Act") [United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Agreement_for_the_Surrender_of_Fugitive_Offenders "United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders") [Forced Abortion Condemnation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_Abortion_Condemnation_Act "Forced Abortion Condemnation Act") [Taiwan Security Enhancement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Security_Enhancement_Act "Taiwan Security Enhancement Act") [United States–China Relations Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations_Act_of_2000 "United States–China Relations Act of 2000") [Wolf Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Amendment "Wolf Amendment") [Taiwan Travel Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Travel_Act "Taiwan Travel Act") [EQUITABLE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQUITABLE_Act "EQUITABLE Act") [Hong Kong Be Water Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Be_Water_Act "Hong Kong Be Water Act") [Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Act "Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act") [Tibet Policy and Support Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Policy_and_Support_Act "Tibet Policy and Support Act") [Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Allies_International_Protection_and_Enhancement_Initiative_Act "Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act") [Proclamation 10043](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_10043 "Proclamation 10043") [Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Policy_Act "Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act") [Hong Kong Autonomy Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Autonomy_Act "Hong Kong Autonomy Act") [Executive Order 13936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13936 "Executive Order 13936") [Executive Order 13959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13959 "Executive Order 13959") [Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_Foreign_Companies_Accountable_Act "Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act") [Executive Order 14032](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14032 "Executive Order 14032") [United States Innovation and Competition Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act "United States Innovation and Competition Act") [Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act "Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act") [Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_Americans_from_Foreign_Adversary_Controlled_Applications_Act "Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act") |
| Economic relations | [Old China Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_China_Trade "Old China Trade") [United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States-China_Economic_and_Security_Review_Commission "United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission") [Group of Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Two "Group of Two") [Strategic Economic Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Economic_Dialogue "Strategic Economic Dialogue") [Summer Palace Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Palace_Dialogue "Summer Palace Dialogue") [U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93China_Strategic_and_Economic_Dialogue "U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue") [Senior Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Dialogue "Senior Dialogue") [China–United States trade war]() Trump tariffs [first](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") [second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration") [Permanent normal trade relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_normal_trade_relations "Permanent normal trade relations") |
| Related | [History of China–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93United_States_relations "History of China–United States relations") [Hong Kong–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Hong Kong–United States relations") [Macau–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Macau–United States relations") [Taiwan–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Taiwan–United States relations") [Americans in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_in_China "Americans in China") [Chinese Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans "Chinese Americans") [Anti-American sentiment in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_China "Anti-American sentiment in China") *[Ruguanxue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruguanxue "Ruguanxue")* [Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States "Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States") [Chimerica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimerica "Chimerica") [China Lobby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Lobby "China Lobby") [Asia First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_First "Asia First") [Chinese Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Century "Chinese Century") [China Hands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hands "China Hands") [China watcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_watcher "China watcher") [Cold War in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia "Cold War in Asia") [Second Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cold_War "Second Cold War") [Artificial Intelligence Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War "Artificial Intelligence Cold War") [Ping-pong diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy "Ping-pong diplomacy") [Triangular diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_diplomacy "Triangular diplomacy") [Peaceful Evolution theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_Evolution_theory "Peaceful Evolution theory") [Linkage (policy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_\(policy\) "Linkage (policy)") [String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_of_Pearls_\(Indian_Ocean\) "String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)") [Thucydides Trap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides_Trap "Thucydides Trap") [Hong (business)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_\(business\) "Hong (business)") [Air route authority between the United States and China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China "Air route authority between the United States and China") [Blue Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Team_\(U.S._politics\) "Blue Team (U.S. politics)") [TPE (cable system)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPE_\(cable_system\) "TPE (cable system)") [Protestant missions in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China "Protestant missions in China") [Elijah Coleman Bridgman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Coleman_Bridgman "Elijah Coleman Bridgman") [Divie Bethune McCartee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee "Divie Bethune McCartee") [The 1990 Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1990_Institute "The 1990 Institute") [Boxer Indemnity Scholarship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Indemnity_Scholarship "Boxer Indemnity Scholarship") [China Aid Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Aid_Society "China Aid Society") [China-United States Exchange Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China-United_States_Exchange_Foundation "China-United States Exchange Foundation") [Chinese Educational Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Educational_Mission "Chinese Educational Mission") [Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_a_Democratic_Far_Eastern_Policy "Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy") [Congressional-Executive Commission on China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China "Congressional-Executive Commission on China") [Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Yuan_Science_and_Technology_Association "Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association") [Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Alliance_on_China "Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China") [United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Strategic_Competition_between_the_United_States_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party") [Kissinger Institute on China and the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissinger_Institute_on_China_and_the_United_States "Kissinger Institute on China and the United States") [National Committee on United States–China Relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_on_United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations "National Committee on United States–China Relations") [Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Shansi_Memorial_Association "Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association") [Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-American_Joint_Commission_on_Rural_Reconstruction "Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction") [US-China Business Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-China_Business_Council "US-China Business Council") [US–China Education Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Education_Trust "US–China Education Trust") [US–China Peoples Friendship Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Peoples_Friendship_Association "US–China Peoples Friendship Association") [Massachusetts International Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_International_Academy "Massachusetts International Academy") [Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Summit_for_Young_Leaders_in_China "Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China") [International School of Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Beijing "International School of Beijing") [SARS conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory "SARS conspiracy theory") [Yixian glazed pottery luohans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yixian_glazed_pottery_luohans "Yixian glazed pottery luohans") [Harvard Bixi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Bixi "Harvard Bixi") [William H. Hinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Hinton "William H. Hinton") [Human Rights Record of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Record_of_the_United_States "Human Rights Record of the United States") [USA pavilion at Expo 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_pavilion_at_Expo_2010 "USA pavilion at Expo 2010") [New Federal State of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Federal_State_of_China "New Federal State of China") [China Human Rights Biweekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Human_Rights_Biweekly "China Human Rights Biweekly") [Far East Reporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Reporter "Far East Reporter") [Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke-UNC_China_Leadership_Summit "Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit") *[The Coming Conflict with China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Conflict_with_China "The Coming Conflict with China")* *[A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Great_Wall:_Six_Presidents_and_China "A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China")* *[The New Chinese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Chinese_Empire "The New Chinese Empire")* *[The Art of Investing in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Investing_in_America "The Art of Investing in America")* *[Death by China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_China "Death by China")* *[On China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_China "On China")* *[Peaceful War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_War "Peaceful War")* *[The Transpacific Experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transpacific_Experiment "The Transpacific Experiment")* *[Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_War:_How_China_Took_Over_While_America%27s_Elite_Slept "Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept")* *[Red Chinese Battle Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Chinese_Battle_Plan "Red Chinese Battle Plan")* *[The China Hustle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Hustle "The China Hustle")* |
| ** [Category:China–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:China%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Category:China–United States relations")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump "Template:Donald Trump") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump "Template talk:Donald Trump") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump "Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump")[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | |
|---|---|
| [45th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") (2017–2021) and [47th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") (2025–present) [president of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") | |
| Life and politics | |
| | |
| [Early life and education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_education_of_Donald_Trump "Early life and education of Donald Trump") [Board of Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Peace "Board of Peace") [Shield of the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_of_the_Americas "Shield of the Americas") ([United States Special Envoy for The Shield of the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Special_Envoy_for_The_Shield_of_the_Americas "United States Special Envoy for The Shield of the Americas")) [Media career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump "Media career of Donald Trump") *[The Apprentice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_\(American_TV_series\) "The Apprentice (American TV series)")* [American football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football "Donald Trump and American football") [Golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf "Donald Trump and golf") [Honors and awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump "List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump") [Makeup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeup_of_Donald_Trump "Makeup of Donald Trump") [Political positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump "Political positions of Donald Trump") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Relationship to fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism "Donald Trump and fascism") [Relationship to antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_antisemitism "Donald Trump and antisemitism") [Rhetoric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump "Rhetoric of Donald Trump") [Political endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump "List of political endorsements by Donald Trump") [False or misleading statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump") [first term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_\(first_term\) "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (first term)") [between terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_\(between_terms\) "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (between terms)") [second term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_\(second_term\) "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (second term)") [promotion of conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump "List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump "Protests against Donald Trump") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_protests_against_Donald_Trump "Timeline of protests against Donald Trump") [Racial views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump "Racial views of Donald Trump") [Age and health concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Donald_Trump "Age and health concerns about Donald Trump") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_religion "Donald Trump and religion") | |
| [Business career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump "Business career of Donald Trump") | [The Trump Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization "The Trump Organization") [legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump "Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump") [business projects in Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia "Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia") [wealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump "Wealth of Donald Trump") [tax returns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump "Tax returns of Donald Trump") [Trump Media & Technology Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group "Trump Media & Technology Group") |
| [Security incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump "Security incidents involving Donald Trump") | [2016 Las Vegas incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident "2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident") [July 2024 assassination attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania "Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania") [raised-fist photographs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs "Donald Trump raised-fist photographs") [perpetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crooks "Thomas Crooks") [September 2024 assassination attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida "Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida") [perpetrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Routh "Ryan Routh") |
| [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_family "Trump family") | |
| | |
| Children | [Donald Trump Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr. "Donald Trump Jr.") [Ivanka Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump "Ivanka Trump") [Eric Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump "Eric Trump") [Tiffany Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Trump "Tiffany Trump") [Barron Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Trump "Barron Trump") |
| [Melania Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Trump "Melania Trump") (wife) [Fred Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump "Fred Trump") (father) [Mary Anne MacLeod Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump "Mary Anne MacLeod Trump") (mother) [Maryanne Trump Barry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry "Maryanne Trump Barry") (sister) [Fred Trump Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump_Jr. "Fred Trump Jr.") (brother) [Robert Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trump "Robert Trump") (brother) [Frederick Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Trump "Frederick Trump") (grandfather) [Elizabeth Christ Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Christ_Trump "Elizabeth Christ Trump") (grandmother) [John G. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Trump "John G. Trump") (uncle) [Mary L. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_L._Trump "Mary L. Trump") (niece) [Fred Trump III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump_III "Fred Trump III") (nephew) [John W. Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Walter "John W. Walter") (cousin) | |
| Campaigns | |
| | |
| [2000 presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign") "[Make America Great Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again "Make America Great Again")" [hat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again#MAGA_hat "Make America Great Again") [Republican opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Accountability "Republican Accountability") [Never Trump movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Trump_movement "Never Trump movement") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") [Mitt Romney speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech "Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign "List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign "List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") [*Access Hollywood* recording](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape "Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape") "[Kamala is for they/them](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_is_for_they/them "Kamala is for they/them")" (attack ad) [Trump Bible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A._Bible "God Bless the U.S.A. Bible") "[God Bless the U.S.A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A. "God Bless the U.S.A.")" (campaign song) "[Y.M.C.A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y.M.C.A._\(song\) "Y.M.C.A. (song)")" (campaign song) | |
| [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") | [Announcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Announcement "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") [Rallies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign "List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign") [Links between campaign officials and Russian government officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials "Links between Trump associates and Russian officials") [Crossfire Hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_\(FBI_investigation\) "Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)") [Republican primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2016 Republican Party presidential primaries") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums "2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums") [running mate selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention "2016 Republican National Convention") [General election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates "2016 United States presidential debates") [reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election "International reactions to the 2016 United States presidential election") [transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") |
| [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign") | [Rallies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_rallies_\(December_2016%E2%80%932022\)#2020_presidential_campaign "List of Donald Trump rallies (December 2016–2022)") [Tulsa rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tulsa_Trump_rally "2020 Tulsa Trump rally") [Republican primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2020 Republican Party presidential primaries") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention "2020 Republican National Convention") [General election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") [political endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements") [non-political endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates "2020 United States presidential debates") [attempts to overturn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election") [fake electors plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot "Trump fake electors plot") [Chesebro memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Chesebro#Legal_work "Kenneth Chesebro") [Eastman memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_memos "Eastman memos") [lawsuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election "Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election") *[Texas v. Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania "Texas v. Pennsylvania")* [Jeffrey Clark letter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter "Jeffrey Clark letter") [Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud "Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud") [Biden transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden "Presidential transition of Joe Biden") |
| [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") | [Announcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Announcement "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") [Rallies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign "List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign") [Republican primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2024 Republican Party presidential primaries") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums "2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums") [running mate selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention "2024 Republican National Convention") [General election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election") [eligibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump "Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates "2024 United States presidential debates") [transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidential transition of Donald Trump") |
| Legal affairs | [FBI investigation into handling of government documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents "FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents") [FBI search of Mar-a-Lago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago "FBI search of Mar-a-Lago") [Gulf of Mexico naming controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_naming_controversy "Gulf of Mexico naming controversy") [New York investigations of the Trump Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization "New York investigations of the Trump Organization") [Stormy Daniels scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal "Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal") [civil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_business_fraud_lawsuit_against_the_Trump_Organization "New York business fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization") [criminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization#Criminal_investigation "New York investigations of the Trump Organization") *[Carroll v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll_v._Donald_J._Trump "E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump")* [*Trump v. United States* (2022)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_\(2022\) "Trump v. United States (2022)") [Sexual misconduct allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations "Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations") [Epstein ties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_of_Donald_Trump_and_Jeffrey_Epstein "Relationship of Donald Trump and Jeffrey Epstein") State prosecutions [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution "Georgia election racketeering prosecution") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York "Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York") [Smith special counsel investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation "Smith special counsel investigation") Federal prosecution [classified documents case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_\(classified_documents_case\) "Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)") [election obstruction case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_\(election_obstruction_case\) "Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)") [Trump mug shot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump "Mug shot of Donald Trump") *[Trump v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._United_States "Trump v. United States")* |
| Related | [Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation "Donald J. Trump Foundation") [Presidential library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library "Donald J. Trump Presidential Library") [In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture "Donald Trump in popular culture") "[Best Sex I've Ever Had](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Sex_I%27ve_Ever_Had "Best Sex I've Ever Had")" [Trump dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_dance "Trump dance") [filmography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography "Donald Trump filmography") [in music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_music "Donald Trump in music") [*SNL* parodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump "Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump") [Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump "Residences of Donald Trump") [85-15 Wareham Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump#Queens "Residences of Donald Trump") [Trump Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower "Trump Tower") [penthouse apartment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_penthouse_of_Donald_Trump "Trump Tower penthouse of Donald Trump") [Bedminster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_National_Golf_Club_Bedminster "Trump National Golf Club Bedminster") [Mar-a-Lago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-a-Lago "Mar-a-Lago") *[The Visionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visionary "The Visionary")* [Colorado State Capitol portrait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Capitol_portrait_of_Donald_Trump "Colorado State Capitol portrait of Donald Trump") Social media [media use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump "Social media use by Donald Trump") [conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media "Donald Trump's conflict with the media") [Feud with Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "Trump–Musk feud") [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_use_by_Donald_Trump "Twitter use by Donald Trump") [wiretapping allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations "Trump Tower wiretapping allegations") *[Real News Update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_News_Update "Real News Update")* *[covfefe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covfefe "Covfefe")* [Donald J. Trump State Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_State_Park "Donald J. Trump State Park") [Nicknames used](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump "List of nicknames used by Donald Trump") [Trump Force One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Force_One "Trump Force One") [Trump derangement syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome "Trump derangement syndrome") [Fort Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Trump "Fort Trump") [Official portraits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_portraits_of_Donald_Trump "Official portraits of Donald Trump") Support groups [Bikers for Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikers_for_Trump "Bikers for Trump") [Blacks for Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Black_Man "Michael the Black Man") [Black Voices for Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Voices_for_Trump "Black Voices for Trump") [Gays for Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gays_for_Trump "Gays for Trump") [Trumpettes USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpettes_USA "Trumpettes USA") [Women for Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_for_Trump "Women for Trump") [Pseudonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump "Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump") [Wikipedia coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump "Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump") |
| **[← Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")** **[← Joe Biden →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")**  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump "Category:Donald Trump") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template:First presidency of Donald Trump") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template talk:First presidency of Donald Trump") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Special:EditPage/Template:First presidency of Donald Trump")[First presidency of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") | |
|---|---|
| General | [Appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Political appointments of the first Trump administration") [ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of ambassadors appointed in the first Trump presidency") [U.S. attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump") [judges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump") [Supreme Court candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates "Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates") [Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination") [Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination "Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination") [Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination "Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination") [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump "First cabinet of Donald Trump") [Pence vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Mike_Pence "Vice presidency of Mike Pence") [Economic advisors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_advisors_to_Donald_Trump "List of economic advisors to Donald Trump") [Withdrawn appointees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_nominees_who_have_withdrawn "List of Donald Trump nominees who have withdrawn") [Short-tenure appointees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_short-tenure_Donald_Trump_political_appointments "List of short-tenure Donald Trump political appointments") [Dismissals and resignations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dismissals_and_resignations_in_the_first_Trump_administration "List of dismissals and resignations in the first Trump administration") [attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys "2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys") [Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey "Dismissal of James Comey") [inspectors general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_dismissals_of_inspectors_general "2020 dismissals of inspectors general") [Executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of executive orders in the first Trump presidency") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_the_first_Trump_presidency "Legal affairs of the first Trump presidency") Impeachments [efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump "Efforts to impeach Donald Trump") [resolutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump "List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump") [impeachment inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump "Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump") [first impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment of Donald Trump") [first trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [second impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment of Donald Trump") [second trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [proposed expungements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump "Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Trump_presidency "Opinion polling on the first Trump presidency") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2017 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2018 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2019 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [Pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of people granted executive clemency in the first Trump presidency") [Joe Arpaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_of_Joe_Arpaio "Pardon of Joe Arpaio") [commutation of Jaime Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Wallie_Howard_Jr. "Murder of Wallie Howard Jr.") [Proclamations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2017\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2017)") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2018\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2018)") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2019\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2019)") [2020–21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2020%E2%80%9321\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2020–21)") [Trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2017\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2018\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2019\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)") [2020–21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2020%E2%80%9321\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [Rex Tillerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State "List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State") [Mike Pompeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State "List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State") [North Korea summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process "2018–19 Korean peace process") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit "2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit") [Hanoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit "2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit") [DMZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit "2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit") [Riyadh summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit "2017 Riyadh summit") [Helsinki summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit "2018 Russia–United States summit") [2019 state visit to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_the_United_Kingdom "2019 state visit by Donald Trump to the United Kingdom") [Namaste Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaste_Trump "Namaste Trump") |
| Events | |
| | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies "Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies") | [First 100 days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_first_Trump_presidency "First 100 days of the first Trump presidency") 2017 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q4)") 2018 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q4)") 2019 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q4)") 2020 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)") [January 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021\)#January_2021 "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)") |
| Speeches | [Congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2017 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress") (2017) [Warsaw speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_in_Warsaw "2017 Donald Trump speech in Warsaw") (2017) [National Scout Jamboree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Scout_Jamboree "2017 National Scout Jamboree") (2017) [State of the Union Address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union "State of the Union") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address "2018 State of the Union Address") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address "2019 State of the Union Address") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_State_of_the_Union_Address "2020 State of the Union Address") Oval Office Address [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Oval_Office_address "2019 Oval Office address") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Oval_Office_address "2020 Oval Office address") [Farewell address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_first_farewell_address "Donald Trump's first farewell address") (2021) |
| Other | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") [2017 Vote Count](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2017 United States Electoral College vote count") [Inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "First inauguration of Donald Trump") [Biden transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden "Presidential transition of Joe Biden") [2021 Vote Count](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2021 United States Electoral College vote count") |
| [Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump "Political positions of Donald Trump") | |
| | |
| [Domestic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Domestic policy of the first Trump administration") | Government shutdowns [January 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown "January 2018 United States federal government shutdown") [2018–2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown "2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown") Salute to America [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Salute_to_America "2019 Salute to America") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Salute_to_America "2020 Salute to America") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") [Communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [stimulus bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_\(economics\) "Stimulus (economics)") [CARES Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARES_Act "CARES Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [White House outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [Interference with science agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_interference_with_science_agencies_by_the_first_Trump_administration "Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration") [Reactions to the George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "Reactions to the George Floyd protests") [Photo op at St. John's Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church "Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church") [Deployment of federal forces in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States "2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States") [Attacks on journalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_government_attacks_on_journalists_in_the_United_States#2016%E2%80%93present:_Trump_era "Timeline of government attacks on journalists in the United States") [2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration "Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration") [National Garden of American Heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Garden_of_American_Heroes "National Garden of American Heroes") [Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump "Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump") [Racial views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump "Racial views of Donald Trump") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Social policy of the first Trump administration") [First Step Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Step_Act "First Step Act") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Cannabis policy of the first Trump administration") [Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Space policy of the first Trump administration") |
| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Economic policy of the first Trump administration") | [Tax cuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act") [Tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") [China trade war]() [USMCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement "United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement") [Farmer bailouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts "Trump administration farmer bailouts") |
| [Environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Environmental policy of the first Trump administration") | [Paris Agreement withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_Paris_Agreement "United States and the Paris Agreement") [America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018 "America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018") |
| [Foreign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Foreign policy of the first Trump administration") | [America First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First "America First") [Saudi Arabia arms deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal "2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal") [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_first_Trump_administration "Iran–United States relations during the first Trump administration") [Nuclear deal withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [Relations with Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations#First_Trump_administration_\(2017%E2%80%932021\) "Israel–United States relations") [Jerusalem recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel "United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel") [Golan Heights recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel "United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel") [Palestine peace plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_peace_plan "2020 Israel–Palestine peace plan") [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords "Abraham Accords") [UAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement "Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement "Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement "Israel–Sudan normalization agreement") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement "Israel–Morocco normalization agreement") [Kosovo–Serbia agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements "Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements") [Syria strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Syria "United States intervention in Syria") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike "2017 Shayrat missile strike") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria "April 2018 missile strikes against Syria") Killings [al-Baghdadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi") [Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani "Assassination of Qasem Soleimani") [Afghanistan withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [Taliban deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") [Proposed invasion of Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_United_States_invasion_of_Venezuela "Proposed United States invasion of Venezuela") |
| [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Immigration policy of the first Trump administration") | [Travel bans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_bans_under_the_Trump_administrations "Travel bans under the Trump administrations") [reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769 "Reactions to Executive Order 13769") [legal challenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban "Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "Protests against Executive Order 13769") [replacement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13780 "Executive Order 13780") [Executive Order 13767](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13767 "Executive Order 13767") [Border wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall "Mexico–United States border wall") [Family separation policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Trump administration family separation policy") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy") [Migrant detentions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_detentions_under_the_first_Trump_administration "Migrant detentions under the first Trump administration") [Troop deployments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot "Operation Faithful Patriot") [National emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States "National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States") |
| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump "Protests against Donald Trump") | [2017 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March "2017 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2017 Women's March locations") [Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Lincoln_Nebraska_Women%27s_March "2017 Lincoln Nebraska Women's March") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Portland "Women's March on Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Seattle "Women's March on Seattle") [global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_Women%27s_March_locations_outside_the_United_States "List of 2017 Women's March locations outside the United States") [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_protests_against_Donald_Trump "LGBTQ protests against Donald Trump") [Travel ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "Protests against Executive Order 13769") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "List of protests against Executive Order 13769") [Day Without Immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_Immigrants_\(2017\) "Day Without Immigrants (2017)") [Not My Presidents Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_My_Presidents_Day "Not My Presidents Day") [Day Without a Woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_a_Woman "Day Without a Woman") [March for Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science "March for Science") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_March_for_Science_locations "List of 2017 March for Science locations") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_Portland "March for Science Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_Seattle "March for Science Seattle") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_2018 "March for Science 2018") [People's Climate March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_People%27s_Climate_March "2017 People's Climate March") [May Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_May_Day_protests "2017 May Day protests") [March for Truth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Truth "March for Truth") [Impeachment March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_March "Impeachment March") [Boston Free Speech Rally (counter-protest)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Free_Speech_Rally "Boston Free Speech Rally") [U.S. national anthem kneeling protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_kneeling_protests "U.S. national anthem kneeling protests") [2018 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Women%27s_March "2018 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2018_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2018 Women's March locations") [Gun violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_gun_violence_protests "2018 United States gun violence protests") [March for Our Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives "March for Our Lives") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_March_for_Our_Lives_locations "List of March for Our Lives locations") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives_Portland "March for Our Lives Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives_Seattle "March for Our Lives Seattle") [Family separation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy") [Abolish ICE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolish_ICE "Abolish ICE") [Families Belong Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families_Belong_Together "Families Belong Together") [Occupy ICE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_ICE "Occupy ICE") [Women Disobey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Disobey "Women Disobey") [Donald Trump baby balloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_baby_balloon "Donald Trump baby balloon") [Kremlin Annex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Annex "Kremlin Annex") [Nobody Is Above the Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Is_Above_the_Law "Nobody Is Above the Law") [2019 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_March "2019 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2019_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2019 Women's March locations") [2019 Presidents Day protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Presidents_Day_protest "2019 Presidents Day protest") [*Dump Trump* (statue)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_Trump_\(statue\) "Dump Trump (statue)") [December 2019 impeachment protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2019_impeachment_protests_in_the_United_States "December 2019 impeachment protests in the United States") [2020 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Women%27s_March "2020 Women's March") [January list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2020_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2020 Women's March locations") [October list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2020_Women%27s_March_locations_\(October\) "List of 2020 Women's March locations (October)") [Racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_racial_unrest_\(2020%E2%80%932023\) "United States racial unrest (2020–2023)") [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") [list-USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests in the United States") [list-abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_outside_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests outside the United States") [Trump Statue Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Statue_Initiative "Trump Statue Initiative") *[God Emperor Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Emperor_Trump "God Emperor Trump")* |
| Related | [2016 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [Trump campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") [Democratic backsliding in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States "Democratic backsliding in the United States") [Donald Trump and fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism "Donald Trump and fascism") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Unitary executive theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory "Unitary executive theory") [Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media "Donald Trump's conflict with the media") [False or misleading statements by Trump during first term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_\(first_term\) "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (first term)") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump "Social media use by Donald Trump") [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_use_by_Donald_Trump "Twitter use by Donald Trump") [Crossfire Hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_\(FBI_investigation\) "Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)") [Classified information disclosures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information "Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information") Special counsel investigations [Mueller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation "Mueller special counsel investigation") [Durham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation "Durham special counsel investigation") [Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials "Links between Trump associates and Russian officials") [Russian bounty program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_bounty_program "Russian bounty program") [Anonymous senior official op-ed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Part_of_the_Resistance_Inside_the_Trump_Administration "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration") [Stormy Daniels scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal "Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal") [Zelenskyy phone call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Zelenskyy_phone_call "2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call") [Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal "2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal") [Federal government data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach "2020 United States federal government data breach") [Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election") [Fake electors plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot "Trump fake electors plot") [Chesebro memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesebro_memos "Chesebro memos") [Eastman memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_memos "Eastman memos") [Lawsuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election "Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election") *[Texas v. Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania "Texas v. Pennsylvania")* [Jeffrey Clark letter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter "Jeffrey Clark letter") [January 6 United States Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "January 6 United States Capitol attack") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [continued protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests "2021 United States inauguration week protests") [domestic reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [international reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [Presidential Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library "Donald J. Trump Presidential Library") |
|  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Category:First presidency of Donald Trump")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Joe_Biden "Template:Joe Biden") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Joe_Biden "Template talk:Joe Biden") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joe_Biden "Special:EditPage/Template:Joe Biden")[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") | |
|---|---|
| [46th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States") [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") (2021–2025) [47th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of vice presidents of the United States") [Vice President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") (2009–2017) [U.S. Senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") [from Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware "List of United States senators from Delaware") (1973–2009) | |
| [Senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senate_career_of_Joe_Biden "US Senate career of Joe Biden") | [Early life and career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden "Early life and career of Joe Biden") [Classified Information Procedures Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_Information_Procedures_Act "Classified Information Procedures Act") [Counterterrorism Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Counterterrorism_Act_of_1995 "Omnibus Counterterrorism Act of 1995") [Violence Against Women Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act "Violence Against Women Act") [Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act") |
| [Vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Vice presidency of Joe Biden") | [Obama transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama "Presidential transition of Barack Obama") Task forces [Gun Violence Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Gun_Violence_Prevention "White House Office of Gun Violence Prevention") [Protect Students from Sexual Assault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault "White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault") [First Trump transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") |
| [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden") | |
| | |
| [Appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of political appointments by Joe Biden") | [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Joe_Biden "Cabinet of Joe Biden") [Harris vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Kamala_Harris "Vice presidency of Kamala Harris") [Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Agriculture_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Agriculture appointments by Joe Biden") [Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Commerce_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Commerce appointments by Joe Biden") [Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Defense_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Defense appointments by Joe Biden") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Education_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Education appointments by Joe Biden") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Energy_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Energy appointments by Joe Biden") [Executive Office appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Executive_Office_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Executive Office appointments by Joe Biden") [HHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Health and Human Services appointments by Joe Biden") [Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Homeland_Security_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Homeland Security appointments by Joe Biden") [HUD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Housing and Urban Development appointments by Joe Biden") [Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Interior_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of the Interior appointments by Joe Biden") [Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Justice_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Justice appointments by Joe Biden") [U.S. attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Joe_Biden "List of United States attorneys appointed by Joe Biden") [Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Labor_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Labor appointments by Joe Biden") [State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_State_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of State appointments by Joe Biden") [ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Joe_Biden "List of ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden") [Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Transportation_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Transportation appointments by Joe Biden") [Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Treasury_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of the Treasury appointments by Joe Biden") [Veterans Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Veterans Affairs appointments by Joe Biden") [Judicial appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Joe_Biden "List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden") [Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination "Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination") [Supreme Court candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_Supreme_Court_candidates "Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates") |
| Legislation | |
| | |
| 2021 | [American Rescue Plan Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 "American Rescue Plan Act of 2021") [Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Police_Emergency_Assistance_Act_of_2021 "Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act of 2021") [Consolidated Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022") [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act") [RENACER Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENACER_Act "RENACER Act") [Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act "Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act") |
| 2022 | [Bipartisan Safer Communities Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Safer_Communities_Act "Bipartisan Safer Communities Act") [CHIPS and Science Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act "CHIPS and Science Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023") [Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Reform_and_Presidential_Transition_Improvement_Act_of_2022 "Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022") [Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_Filing_Fee_Modernization_Act_of_2021 "Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2021") [No TikTok on Government Devices Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_TikTok_on_Government_Devices_Act "No TikTok on Government Devices Act") [Pregnant Workers Fairness Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnant_Workers_Fairness_Act "Pregnant Workers Fairness Act") [State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Antitrust_Enforcement_Venue_Act_of_2021 "State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act of 2021") [Emmett Till Antilynching Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act "Emmett Till Antilynching Act") [Inflation Reduction Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act "Inflation Reduction Act") [Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_and_Cannabidiol_Research_Expansion_Act "Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act") [PACT Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoring_our_PACT_Act_of_2022 "Honoring our PACT Act of 2022") [Postal Service Reform Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Service_Reform_Act_of_2022 "Postal Service Reform Act of 2022") [Respect for Marriage Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act "Respect for Marriage Act") [Speak Out Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Out_Act "Speak Out Act") [Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022 "Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022") |
| 2023 | [COVID-19 Origin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Origin_Act_of_2023 "COVID-19 Origin Act of 2023") [Fiscal Responsibility Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_2023 "Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023") [DCA agreement between Finland and the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Defense_Cooperation_between_Finland_and_the_United_States_of_America "Agreement on Defense Cooperation between Finland and the United States of America") |
| 2024 | [ADVANCE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADVANCE_Act "ADVANCE Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2024 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024") [National Security Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_118-50 "Public Law 118-50") [Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_Americans_from_Foreign_Adversary_Controlled_Applications_Act "Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act") |
| 2025 | [Social Security Fairness Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Fairness_Act "Social Security Fairness Act") |
| [Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden "Political positions of Joe Biden") | [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Cannabis policy of the Biden administration") [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Biden_administration "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board "COVID-19 Advisory Board") [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team "White House COVID-19 Response Team") [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Economic policy of the Biden administration") *[Biden v. Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska "Biden v. Nebraska")* [Build Back Better Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Act "Build Back Better Act") [Build Back Better Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Plan "Build Back Better Plan") [Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_School_Emergency_Relief_Fund "Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund") [Electoral and ethical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_and_ethics_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Electoral and ethics policy of the Biden administration") [Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States") [Summit for Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_for_Democracy "Summit for Democracy") [Environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Environmental policy of the Biden administration") [2021 Leaders Summit on Climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Leaders_Summit_on_Climate "2021 Leaders Summit on Climate") [Executive Order 13990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13990 "Executive Order 13990") [Foreign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Foreign policy of the Biden administration") [Geneva summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_Summit "2021 Russia–United States Summit") [2023 Chinese balloon incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident "2023 Chinese balloon incident") [AUKUS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUKUS "AUKUS") [Camp David Principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%E2%80%93Japanese%E2%80%93Korean_trilateral_pact "American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact") [Afghanistan withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri") [War in Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine") [2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_States "2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States") [2023 visit to Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_visit_by_Joe_Biden_to_Ukraine "2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine") [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Gaza_war "United States support for Israel in the Gaza war") [Ankara prisoner exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange "2024 Ankara prisoner exchange") [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_Biden_administration "Iran–United States relations during the Biden administration") [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Immigration policy of the Biden administration") [A Proclamation on Securing the Border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Proclamation_on_Securing_the_Border "A Proclamation on Securing the Border") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Social policy of the Biden administration") [2021 National Day of Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_National_Day_of_Unity "2021 National Day of Unity") NDAAs [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2022 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2023 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2024 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2025 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025") |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency") | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden "Presidential transition of Joe Biden") [Inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden "Inauguration of Joe Biden") [security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_preparations_for_the_inauguration_of_Joe_Biden "Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden") [Celebrating America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrating_America "Celebrating America") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests "2021 United States inauguration week protests") [First 100 days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Biden_presidency "First 100 days of the Biden presidency") 2021 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q4\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q4)") 2022 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q4\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q4)") 2023 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q4\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q4)") 2024 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q4%E2%80%93January_2025\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q4–January 2025)") [January 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q4%E2%80%93January_2025\)#January_2025 "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q4–January 2025)") [Second Trump transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidential transition of Donald Trump") |
| [Classified documents incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_classified_documents_incident "Joe Biden classified documents incident") [White House cocaine incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_White_House_cocaine_incident "2023 White House cocaine incident") [Efforts to impeach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Joe_Biden "Efforts to impeach Joe Biden") [House Oversight Committee investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Committee_investigation_into_the_Biden_family "United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family") [inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Joe_Biden "Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden") [Executive actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Joe_Biden "List of executive actions by Joe Biden") [proclamations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Joe_Biden "List of proclamations by Joe Biden") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "Opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2021 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2022 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2023 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2024–2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%932025_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2024–2025 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [Presidential trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden "Lists of presidential trips made by Joe Biden") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden "List of international presidential trips made by Joe Biden") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2021\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2022\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2023\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2023)") [2024–2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2024%E2%80%9325\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2024–25)") [Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jimmy_Carter "Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter") | |
| [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Joe_Biden "Electoral history of Joe Biden") | |
| | |
| U.S. Senate | [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1972 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1978](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1978 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1984 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1990 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1996 United States Senate election in Delaware") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "2002 United States Senate election in Delaware") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "2008 United States Senate election in Delaware") |
| Vice presidential | [2008 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign") [selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention "2008 Democratic National Convention") [debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates#October_2:_Vice_presidential_debate_\(Washington_University_in_St._Louis\) "2008 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election") [transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama#Biden_Senate_transition "Presidential transition of Barack Obama") [2012 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention "2012 Democratic National Convention") [debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates#October_11:_Vice_presidential_debate_\(Centre_College\) "2012 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election") |
| Presidential | [1988 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [2008 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums "2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums") [2020 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements") [celebrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements") [organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements_from_organizations "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizations") [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_congressional_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign congressional endorsements") [state and territorial officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_state_and_territorial_legislative_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsements") [municipal officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_municipal_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsements") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign primary endorsements") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates "2020 Democratic Party presidential debates") [Unity Task Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces "Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces") [running mate selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention "2020 Democratic National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates "2020 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests "2020–21 United States election protests") [2024 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign") [withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election "Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election") [Democratic opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign "List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements") [protest vote movements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war_protest_vote_movements "Gaza war protest vote movements") [debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Joe_Biden%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_presidential_debate "2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate") |
| [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Joe_Biden "Family of Joe Biden") | [Edward Francis Blewitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Francis_Blewitt "Edward Francis Blewitt") (great-grandfather) [Neilia Hunter Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilia_Hunter_Biden "Neilia Hunter Biden") (first wife) [Jill Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Biden "Jill Biden") (second wife) [James Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Biden "James Biden") (brother) [Valerie Biden Owens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Biden_Owens "Valerie Biden Owens") (sister) [Beau Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Biden "Beau Biden") (son) [Hunter Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden "Hunter Biden") (son) [Ashley Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Biden "Ashley Biden") (daughter) [Howard Krein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Krein "Howard Krein") (son-in-law) [Hallie Olivere Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallie_Olivere_Biden "Hallie Olivere Biden") (daughter-in-law) [Kathleen Buhle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Buhle "Kathleen Buhle") (former daughter-in-law) [Melissa Cohen Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Cohen_Biden "Melissa Cohen Biden") (daughter-in-law) Dogs [Champ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_\(dog\) "Champ (dog)") [Major](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_\(Joe_Biden%27s_dog\) "Major (Joe Biden's dog)") [Commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_\(dog\) "Commander (dog)") Cat [Willow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_\(cat\) "Willow (cat)") |
| [Writings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Joe_Biden "Bibliography of Joe Biden") | *[Promises to Keep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promises_to_Keep_\(memoir\) "Promises to Keep (memoir)")* *[Promise Me, Dad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise_Me,_Dad "Promise Me, Dad")* [*Tomorrow Will Be Different* (foreword)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Will_Be_Different "Tomorrow Will Be Different") |
| [Speeches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_of_Joe_Biden "Speeches of Joe Biden") | [Inaugural address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden#Inaugural_address "Inauguration of Joe Biden") (2021) [Congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Joe_Biden_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress") (2021) [State of the Union Address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union "State of the Union") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address "2022 State of the Union Address") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_State_of_the_Union_Address "2023 State of the Union Address") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_State_of_the_Union_Address "2024 State of the Union Address") [Warsaw speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Joe_Biden_speech_in_Warsaw "2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw") (2022) [Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_the_Soul_of_the_Nation_speech "Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech") (2022) [Farewell address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden%27s_farewell_address "Joe Biden's farewell address") (2025) |
| Media depictions | *[Confirmation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_\(film\) "Confirmation (film)")* *[The Choice 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choice_2020 "The Choice 2020")* "[Intro to Political Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intro_to_Political_Science "Intro to Political Science")" *[My Son Hunter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Son_Hunter "My Son Hunter")* "[One Last Ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Last_Ride "One Last Ride")" [*The Onion*'s "Diamond Joe"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_\(The_Onion\) "Joe Biden (The Onion)") *[Our Cartoon President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Cartoon_President "Our Cartoon President")* [*Saturday Night Live* parodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Joe_Biden "Saturday Night Live parodies of Joe Biden") *[Spitting Image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Image_\(2020_TV_series\) "Spitting Image (2020 TV series)")* |
| Related | [Age and health concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Joe_Biden "Age and health concerns about Joe Biden") [Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Joe_Biden "List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden") [Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Biden_Cancer_Moonshot "Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot") [Biden Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_Foundation "Biden Foundation") [Biden Presidential Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Biden_Jr._Presidential_Library "Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential Library") [Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory "Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory") [Buy a shotgun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_a_shotgun "Buy a shotgun") [Eponyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Joe_Biden "List of things named after Joe Biden") [Hunter Biden laptop controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy "Hunter Biden laptop controversy") [I Did That\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Did_That! "I Did That!") [Let's Go Brandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Brandon "Let's Go Brandon") [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Joe_Biden "Public image of Joe Biden") [Sexual assault allegation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_sexual_assault_allegation "Joe Biden sexual assault allegation") *[Situation Room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_\(photograph\) "Situation Room (photograph)")* [Sleepy Joe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Joe_\(nickname\) "Sleepy Joe (nickname)") [2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Zelenskyy_phone_call "2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call") [2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal "2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal") |
| **← [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") →** [← Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney") [Mike Pence →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence")  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Joe_Biden "Category:Joe Biden") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template:Second presidency of Donald Trump") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template talk:Second presidency of Donald Trump") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Special:EditPage/Template:Second presidency of Donald Trump")[Second presidency of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") | |
|---|---|
| General | [Appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Political appointments of the second Trump administration") [ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_in_the_second_Trump_presidency "List of ambassadors appointed in the second Trump presidency") [attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump#Second_term "List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump") [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump "Second cabinet of Donald Trump") [Vance vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_JD_Vance "Vice presidency of JD Vance") [Executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_second_Trump_presidency "List of executive orders in the second Trump presidency") [Biden directives rescission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14148 "Executive Order 14148") [Defense Department secondary name authorization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14347 "Executive Order 14347") [JFK-RFK-MLK assassination records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14176 "Executive Order 14176") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_the_second_Trump_presidency "Legal affairs of the second Trump presidency") [Use of copyrighted works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_copyrighted_works_by_the_second_Trump_administration "Use of copyrighted works by the second Trump administration") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_second_Trump_presidency "Opinion polling on the second Trump presidency") [Pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_in_the_second_Trump_presidency "List of people granted executive clemency in the second Trump presidency") [January 6 defendants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_of_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_defendants "Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants") Proclamations [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2025\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2025)") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2026\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2026)") [Trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2025\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2025)") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2026\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2026)") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [Marco Rubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State "List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State") |
| Events | |
| | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies "Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies") | [First 100 days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_second_Trump_presidency "First 100 days of the second Trump presidency") 2025 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_second_Trump_presidency_\(2025_Q1\) "Timeline of the second Trump presidency (2025 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_second_Trump_presidency_\(2025_Q2\) "Timeline of the second Trump presidency (2025 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_second_Trump_presidency_\(2025_Q3\) "Timeline of the second Trump presidency (2025 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_second_Trump_presidency_\(2025_Q4\) "Timeline of the second Trump presidency (2025 Q4)") 2026 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_second_Trump_presidency_\(2026_Q1\) "Timeline of the second Trump presidency (2026 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_second_Trump_presidency_\(2026_Q2\) "Timeline of the second Trump presidency (2026 Q2)") |
| Speeches | [2025 congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2025 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress") [2025 United Nations speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Donald_Trump_speech_at_the_United_Nations "2025 Donald Trump speech at the United Nations") [2026 State of the Union Address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_State_of_the_Union_Address "2026 State of the Union Address") |
| Other | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidential transition of Donald Trump") [2025 Vote Count](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2025 United States Electoral College vote count") [Inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump") [2025 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_stock_market_crash "2025 stock market crash") [United States Army 250th Anniversary Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_250th_Anniversary_Parade "United States Army 250th Anniversary Parade") [Assassination of Charlie Kirk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Charlie_Kirk "Assassination of Charlie Kirk") [Memorial service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_service_of_Charlie_Kirk "Memorial service of Charlie Kirk") [2025 federal government shutdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_government_shutdown "2025 United States federal government shutdown") [SNAP shutdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_SNAP_shutdown "2025 SNAP shutdown") [2026 federal government shutdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_federal_government_shutdowns "2026 United States federal government shutdowns") [United States Semiquincentennial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial "United States Semiquincentennial") [Memorial Circle arch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Circle_arch "Memorial Circle arch") |
| [Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump "Political positions of Donald Trump") | |
| | |
| [Domestic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Domestic policy of the second Trump administration") | [Cannabis policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Cannabis policy of the second Trump administration") [DEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion_policies_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Diversity, equity, and inclusion policies of the second Trump administration") [Executive Order 14151](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14151 "Executive Order 14151") [Executive Order 14173](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14173 "Executive Order 14173") *[National Urban League v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League_v._Trump "National Urban League v. Trump")* *[San Francisco AIDS Foundation v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_AIDS_Foundation_v._Trump "San Francisco AIDS Foundation v. Trump")* [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Education policy of the second Trump administration") [Antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14188 "Executive Order 14188") [CRT and gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14190 "Executive Order 14190") [Compact for Academic Excellence in Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_for_Academic_Excellence_in_Higher_Education "Compact for Academic Excellence in Higher Education") [Joint Task Force to Combat Anti-Semitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_to_Combat_Anti-Semitism "Joint Task Force to Combat Anti-Semitism") *[E.K. v. Department of Defense Education Activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.K._v._Department_of_Defense_Education_Activity "E.K. v. Department of Defense Education Activity")* [Columbia University settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University%27s_settlement_with_the_Trump_administration "Columbia University's settlement with the Trump administration") *[Harvard College v. HHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_v._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services "Harvard v. Department of Health and Human Services")* [English official language designation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14224 "Executive Order 14224") [Executive Order 14172](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14172 "Executive Order 14172") [Gulf of Mexico naming controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_naming_controversy "Gulf of Mexico naming controversy") [Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali%E2%80%93Mount_McKinley_naming_dispute "Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute") [Federal grants freeze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_government_grant_pause "2025 United States federal government grant pause") [Federal hiring freeze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_hiring_freeze "2025 United States federal hiring freeze") [Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Nungaray_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge") [Science policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Science policy of the second Trump administration") [NOAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_in_the_second_Trump_administration "NOAA in the second Trump administration") [University of Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_in_the_second_Trump_administration "University of Oklahoma in the second Trump administration") [Smithsonian Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14253 "Executive Order 14253") [Space policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Space policy of the second Trump administration") [NYC congestion pricing approval revocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricing_in_New_York_City "Congestion pricing in New York City") [Office of Shipbuilding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Shipbuilding "United States Office of Shipbuilding") [Online resource removals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_government_online_resource_removals "2025 United States government online resource removals") [Defense Department DEI censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense_censorship_of_DEI-connected_material "U.S. Department of Defense censorship of DEI-connected material") [Social media content moderation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14149 "Executive Order 14149") [TAKE IT DOWN Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAKE_IT_DOWN_Act "TAKE IT DOWN Act") [White House Faith Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Faith_Office "White House Faith Office") |
| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Economic policy of the second Trump administration") | [Artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14179 "Executive Order 14179") [Genesis Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Mission "Genesis Mission") [Stargate Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_LLC "Stargate LLC") [Cryptocurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_in_the_second_Trump_presidency "Cryptocurrency in the second Trump presidency") [CBDC and digital assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14178 "Executive Order 14178") [GENIUS Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GENIUS_Act "GENIUS Act") [Strategic bitcoin reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Strategic_Bitcoin_Reserve "U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserve") [OECD GMCTR agreement withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_minimum_corporate_tax_rate#Possible_implementation_in_the_United_States "Global minimum corporate tax rate") [Tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration") [Canada and Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025–2026 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico")/[timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2025%E2%80%9326_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada "Timeline of the 2025–26 United States trade war with Canada") [China]() [farmer bailouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts "Trump administration farmer bailouts") *[Learning Resources v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_Resources_v._Trump "Learning Resources v. Trump")* [Liberation Day tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day_tariffs "Liberation Day tariffs") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_trade_deal "Pakistan–United States trade deal") [Venezuelan oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14245 "Executive Order 14245") [TikTok PAFACA divestment deadline extensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_Americans_from_Foreign_Adversary_Controlled_Applications_Act "Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act") |
| Environment | [Paper straws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14208 "Executive Order 14208") [Second Paris Agreement withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14162 "Executive Order 14162") |
| Fiscal | [One Big Beautiful Bill Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Big_Beautiful_Bill_Act "One Big Beautiful Bill Act") "[No tax on tips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_tax_on_tips "No tax on tips")" [Trump account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_account "Trump account") [Rescissions Act of 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescissions_Act_of_2025 "Rescissions Act of 2025") [Corporation for Public Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting "Corporation for Public Broadcasting") [USAID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID_in_the_second_Trump_administration "USAID in the second Trump administration") [2026 United States federal budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_federal_budget "2026 United States federal budget") |
| [Foreign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Foreign policy of the second Trump administration") | [Argentina currency swap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States%E2%80%93Argentina_currency_swap "2025 United States–Argentina currency swap") [Armenia–Azerbaijan agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_peace_agreement "Armenia–Azerbaijan peace agreement") [ASEAN summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_ASEAN_Summits "2025 ASEAN Summits") [Kuala Lumpur accord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Peace_Accord "Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord") [2025 Brazil diplomatic dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_diplomatic_dispute "2025 Brazil–United States diplomatic dispute") [2026 Cuban crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Cuban_crisis "2026 Cuban crisis") [Boat incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Cuban_boat_incident "2026 Cuban boat incident") [Donroe Doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donroe_Doctrine "Donroe Doctrine") [DRC–Rwanda peace agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_peace_agreement "2025 Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda peace agreement") [Expansionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_expansionism_under_Donald_Trump "American expansionism under Donald Trump") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States "Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States") [Gaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Donald_Trump_Gaza_Strip_takeover_proposal "2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_crisis "Greenland crisis") [Dear Jonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Jonas "Dear Jonas") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal#Demands_by_Donald_Trump_to_reclaim_U.S._control_of_the_canal "History of the Panama Canal") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_United_States_invasion_of_Venezuela "Proposed United States invasion of Venezuela") [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Gaza_war "United States support for Israel in the Gaza war") [Gaza Strip takeover proposal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Donald_Trump_Gaza_Strip_takeover_proposal "2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal") [Peace plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_peace_plan "Gaza peace plan") [Peace summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_peace_summit "Gaza peace summit") [Board of Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Peace "Board of Peace") [Golden Dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Dome_\(missile_defense_system\) "Golden Dome (missile defense system)") [2025 Honduran general election alleged interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Honduran_general_election#Allegations_of_fraud_and_external_interference "2025 Honduran general election") [ICC sanctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14203 "Executive Order 14203") [2025 India diplomatic and trade crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States%E2%80%93India_diplomatic_and_trade_crisis "2025 United States–India diplomatic and trade crisis") [May 2025 Middle East visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2025_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_the_Middle_East "May 2025 visit by Donald Trump to the Middle East") [61st Munich Security Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Munich_Security_Conference "61st Munich Security Conference") [JD Vance speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_JD_Vance_speech_at_the_Munich_Security_Conference "2025 JD Vance speech at the Munich Security Conference") [2026 NDAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2026 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026") [2025 NATO summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_The_Hague_NATO_summit "2025 The Hague NATO summit") [2025 Nigeria strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_strikes_in_Nigeria "2025 United States strikes in Nigeria") [Operation Southern Spear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Spear "Operation Southern Spear") [Caribbean military buildup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_buildup_in_the_Caribbean_during_Operation_Southern_Spear "United States military buildup in the Caribbean during Operation Southern Spear") [2026 Venezuela intervention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_intervention_in_Venezuela "2026 United States intervention in Venezuela") [Death of Yohana Rodríguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Yohana_Rodr%C3%ADguez "Death of Yohana Rodríguez") [International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2026_United_States_intervention_in_Venezuela "International reactions to the 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela") [Strikes on alleged drug trafficking boats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_strikes_on_alleged_drug_traffickers_during_Operation_Southern_Spear "United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear") [Oil blockade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_oil_blockade_during_Operation_Southern_Spear "United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear") *[United States v. Maduro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores "Prosecution of Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores")* [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_second_Trump_administration "Iran–United States relations during the second Trump administration") [Iranian attack on US military base in Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_strikes_on_Al_Udeid_Air_Base "Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base") [US strikes on Iranian nuclear sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_strikes_on_Iranian_nuclear_sites "2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites") [Iran negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_negotiations "2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations") [Twelve-Day War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War "Twelve-Day War") [ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War_ceasefire "Twelve-Day War ceasefire") [2025–2026 Iranian protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_Iranian_protests "2025–2026 Iranian protests") [massacres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_massacres "2026 Iran massacres") [2026 Middle East military buildup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_military_buildup_in_the_Middle_East "2026 United States military buildup in the Middle East") [2026 Iran war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war "2026 Iran war") [2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Strait_of_Hormuz_crisis "2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis") [military campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Strait_of_Hormuz_campaign "2026 Strait of Hormuz campaign") [Ramaphosa Oval Office meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Trump%E2%80%93Ramaphosa_Oval_Office_meeting "2025 Trump–Ramaphosa Oval Office meeting") [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine") [Peace talks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_\(2022%E2%80%93present\) "Peace negotiations in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)") [First Putin call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2025_Putin%E2%80%93Trump_phone_call "February 2025 Putin–Trump phone call") [Saudi Arabia meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2025_United_States%E2%80%93Russia_meeting_in_Saudi_Arabia "February 2025 United States–Russia meeting in Saudi Arabia") [Minerals agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_Mineral_Resources_Agreement "Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement") [Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Trump%E2%80%93Zelenskyy_Oval_Office_meeting "2025 Trump–Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting") [2025 Alaska summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit "2025 Russia–United States summit") [White House multilateral meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2025_White_House_multilateral_meeting_on_Ukraine "August 2025 White House multilateral meeting on Ukraine") [2025 Budapest summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit_in_Hungary "2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary") [2026 Abu Dhabi trilateral meetings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States%E2%80%93Ukraine%E2%80%93Russia_meetings_in_Abu_Dhabi "2026 United States–Ukraine–Russia meetings in Abu Dhabi") [2026 Geneva trilateral meetings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States%E2%80%93Ukraine%E2%80%93Russia_meetings_in_Geneva "2026 United States–Ukraine–Russia meetings in Geneva") [2025–2026 Syria airstrikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_United_States_airstrikes_in_Syria "2025–2026 United States airstrikes in Syria") [December 2025 Palmyra attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2025_Palmyra_attack "December 2025 Palmyra attack") [Trump-class battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump-class_battleship "Trump-class battleship") [Trump whisperer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_whisperer "Trump whisperer") [2025 state visit to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_the_United_Kingdom "2025 state visit by Donald Trump to the United Kingdom") [USAID closure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID_in_the_second_Trump_administration "USAID in the second Trump administration") [2025 foreign aid pause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14169 "Executive Order 14169") *[Department of State v. AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_State_v._AIDS_Vaccine_Advocacy_Coalition "Department of State v. AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition")* [Withdrawal from WHO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14155 "Executive Order 14155") [Yemen attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93UK_airstrikes_on_Yemen "US–UK airstrikes on Yemen") [Houthis FTO designation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14175 "Executive Order 14175") [Operation Rough Rider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%E2%80%93May_2025_United_States_attacks_in_Yemen "March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen") [Signal group chat leaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government_group_chat_leaks "United States government group chat leaks") [Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Ras_Isa_oil_terminal_airstrikes "2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes") [Saada prison airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Saada_prison_airstrike "2025 Saada prison airstrike") [Ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States%E2%80%93Houthi_ceasefire "2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire") [Shield of the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_of_the_Americas "Shield of the Americas") [Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_of_the_Americas_Summit "Shield of the Americas Summit") |
| [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Immigration policy of the second Trump administration") | [Arrest of Hannah Dugan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Dugan "Hannah Dugan") [Birthright citizenship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14160 "Executive Order 14160") *[Barbara v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_v._Trump "Barbara v. Trump")* *[Trump v. CASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._CASA "Trump v. CASA")* *[State of Washington v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_v._Trump_\(2025\) "Washington v. Trump (2025)")* [Deportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Deportation in the second Trump administration") [Kilmar Abrego Garcia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Kilmar_Abrego_Garcia "Deportation of Kilmar Abrego Garcia") [Indians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Indian_nationals_under_Donald_Trump "Deportation of Indian nationals under Donald Trump") [Venezuelans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2025_American_deportations_of_Venezuelans "March 2025 American deportations of Venezuelans") [Ending humanitarian parole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_for_Cubans,_Haitians,_Nicaraguans,_and_Venezuelans "Parole for Cubans, Haitians, Nicaraguans, and Venezuelans") *[A.R.P. v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.R.P._v._Trump "A.R.P. v. Trump")* *[D.V.D. v. Department of Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.V.D._v._Department_of_Homeland_Security "D.V.D. v. Department of Homeland Security")* *[J.G.G. v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.G.G._v._Trump "J.G.G. v. Trump")* *[National TPS Alliance v. Noem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_TPS_Alliance_v._Noem "National TPS Alliance v. Noem")* *[United States v. Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Russell_\(2025\) "United States v. Russell (2025)")* [Detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Immigration detention in the second Trump administration") [Torture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_of_immigrants_during_the_second_Trump_administration "Torture of immigrants during the second Trump administration") [2025 Alvarado ICE facility incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Alvarado_ICE_facility_incident "2025 Alvarado ICE facility incident") [2025 Dallas ICE facility shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Dallas_ICE_facility_shooting "2025 Dallas ICE facility shooting") [Alligator Alcatraz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_Alcatraz "Alligator Alcatraz") [Guantanamo Migrant Operations Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Migrant_Operations_Center "Guantanamo Migrant Operations Center") [Killing of Geraldo Lunas Campos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Geraldo_Lunas_Campos "Killing of Geraldo Lunas Campos") [Liam Conejo Ramos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_Liam_Conejo_Ramos "Detention of Liam Conejo Ramos") [National Defense Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Area "National Defense Area") [Roosevelt Reservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Reservation "Roosevelt Reservation") [U.S. citizen detentions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_detentions_of_U.S._citizens_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Immigration detentions of U.S. citizens in the second Trump administration") [Executive Order 14159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14159 "Executive Order 14159") [ICE business partnerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_involving_ICE_and_private_businesses "Controversies involving ICE and private businesses") [Hilton Worldwide lodging controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide_ICE_lodging_controversy "Hilton Worldwide ICE lodging controversy") [Mobile Fortify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Fortify "Mobile Fortify") [ICE recruitment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_recruitment_during_the_second_Trump_administration "ICE recruitment during the second Trump administration") [Impersonation of immigration officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonations_of_United_States_immigration_officials "Impersonations of United States immigration officials") [Laken Riley Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laken_Riley_Act "Laken Riley Act") [List of immigration raids and arrests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immigration_raids_and_arrests_in_the_second_Trump_presidency "List of immigration raids and arrests in the second Trump presidency") [2025 Camarillo ICE raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Camarillo_ICE_raid "2025 Camarillo ICE raid") [2025 Georgia Hyundai plant immigration raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Georgia_Hyundai_plant_immigration_raid "2025 Georgia Hyundai plant immigration raid") [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaring_a_Crime_Emergency_in_the_District_of_Columbia "Declaring a Crime Emergency in the District of Columbia") [Trial of Sean Dunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Sean_Dunn "Trial of Sean Dunn") [List of shootings by agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shootings_by_U.S._immigration_agents_in_the_second_Trump_administration "List of shootings by U.S. immigration agents in the second Trump administration") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_U.S._Border_Patrol_shooting_in_Portland,_Oregon "2026 U.S. Border Patrol shooting in Portland, Oregon") [Renée Good](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ren%C3%A9e_Good "Killing of Renée Good") [Marimar Martinez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Marimar_Martinez "Shooting of Marimar Martinez") [Alex Pretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alex_Pretti "Killing of Alex Pretti") [Silverio Villegas González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Silverio_Villegas_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Killing of Silverio Villegas González") [Operation Metro Surge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Metro_Surge "Operation Metro Surge") [Operation Midway Blitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Midway_Blitz "Operation Midway Blitz") [Operation Safeguard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Safeguard_\(United_States\) "Operation Safeguard (United States)") [Operation Salvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Salvo "Operation Salvo") *[Noem v. Vasquez Perdomo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavanaugh_stop "Kavanaugh stop")* [Mexico border crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis "Mexico–United States border crisis") [Second Trump travel ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_travel_ban "Second Trump travel ban") [Trump Gold Card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Gold_Card "Trump Gold Card") *[United States v. Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Trust_Act "Boston Trust Act")* [Visa and deportation controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_and_deportation_controversies_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Visa and deportation controversies in the second Trump administration") [Deaths, deportations and detentions of US citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths,_detentions_and_deportations_of_American_citizens_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Deaths, detentions and deportations of American citizens in the second Trump administration") [Leqaa Kordia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_Leqaa_Kordia "Detention of Leqaa Kordia") [Mahmoud Khalil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_Mahmoud_Khalil "Detention of Mahmoud Khalil") [Mohsen Mahdawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_Mohsen_Mahdawi "Detention of Mohsen Mahdawi") [Rasha Alawieh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Rasha_Alawieh "Deportation of Rasha Alawieh") [Rümeysa Öztürk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_R%C3%BCmeysa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk "Detention of Rümeysa Öztürk") [Sarah Shaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_Sarah_Shaw "Detention of Sarah Shaw") [White South African refugee program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_African_refugee_program "White South African refugee program") |
| Healthcare | [HHS gender dysphoria report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_HHS_gender_dysphoria_report "Trump administration HHS gender dysphoria report") [HHS reorganization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_reorganization "2025 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reorganization") [Administration for a Healthy America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_for_a_Healthy_America "Administration for a Healthy America") [Make America Healthy Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Healthy_Again "Make America Healthy Again") [MAHA report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAHA_report "MAHA report") [Most Favored Nation Drug Pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Favored_Nation_Drug_Pricing "Most Favored Nation Drug Pricing") [Sexual and reproductive health policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration "Sexual and reproductive health policy of the second Trump administration") [Hyde Amendment enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14182 "Executive Order 14182") [TrumpRx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrumpRx "TrumpRx") |
| [Democratic backsliding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States "Democratic backsliding in the United States") | [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") [Deferred resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_U.S._federal_deferred_resignation_program "2025 U.S. federal deferred resignation program") [Lawsuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuits_involving_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Lawsuits involving the Department of Government Efficiency") [Mass layoffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_mass_layoffs "2025 United States federal mass layoffs") [Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_of_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Network of the Department of Government Efficiency") [Targets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_federal_agencies_targeted_by_DOGE "US federal agencies targeted by DOGE") *[AFGE v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFGE_v._Trump "AFGE v. Trump")* [Domestic military deployments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_military_deployments_by_the_second_Trump_administration "Domestic military deployments by the second Trump administration") [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaring_a_Crime_Emergency_in_the_District_of_Columbia "Declaring a Crime Emergency in the District of Columbia") [November 2025 National Guard shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Washington,_D.C.,_National_Guard_shooting "2025 Washington, D.C., National Guard shooting") *[Newsom v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsom_v._Trump "Newsom v. Trump")* [Election law and voting rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_law_and_voting_rights_under_the_second_Trump_administration "Election law and voting rights under the second Trump administration") [2025–2026 United States redistricting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_United_States_redistricting "2025–2026 United States redistricting") [Fulton County FBI raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_raid_of_Fulton_County,_Georgia_election_office "FBI raid of Fulton County, Georgia election office")/[investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia "FBI investigation into the 2020 United States presidential election in Georgia") [Republican Party actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_efforts_to_disrupt_voting_after_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election "Republican Party efforts to disrupt voting after the 2024 United States presidential election") [Independent agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14215 "Executive Order 14215") *[Bessent v. Dellinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessent_v._Dellinger "Bessent v. Dellinger")* [Federal investigation into Jerome Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_investigation_into_Jerome_Powell "Federal investigation into Jerome Powell") *[Trump v. Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Cook "Trump v. Cook")* *[Trump v. Slaughter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Slaughter "Trump v. Slaughter")* [2025 inspectors general dismissals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_dismissals_of_U.S._inspectors_general "2025 dismissals of U.S. inspectors general") [2025 Justice Department resignations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_U.S._Department_of_Justice_resignations "2025 U.S. Department of Justice resignations") [Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_news_media "Donald Trump's conflict with the news media") *[Associated Press v. Budowich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_v._Budowich "Associated Press v. Budowich")* [Attacks on journalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_attacks_on_journalists_during_the_Trump_presidencies "Government attacks on journalists during the Trump presidencies") [FBI raid reporter's home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FBI_raid_on_Hannah_Natanson%27s_home "2026 FBI raid on Hannah Natanson's home") [Arrest of Don Lemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lemon#Cities_Church_protest_and_arrest_on_federal_charges_\(2026\) "Don Lemon") [Conflicts with Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Wikipedia%E2%80%93U.S._government_conflicts "Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts") [Pentagon press pass forfeiture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Pentagon_press_pass_forfeiture "2025 Pentagon press pass forfeiture") [Public broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14290 "Executive Order 14290") [Skydance Media–Paramount Global merger oversight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_of_Skydance_Media_and_Paramount_Global "Merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global") "[Inside CECOT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_CECOT "Inside CECOT")" [Suspension of *Jimmy Kimmel Live\!*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_Jimmy_Kimmel_Live! "Suspension of Jimmy Kimmel Live!") [Warner Bros. Discovery acquisition oversight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_acquisition_of_Warner_Bros._Discovery "Proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery") [White House Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Wire "White House Wire") [Persecution of transgender people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_transgender_people_under_the_second_Trump_administration "Persecution of transgender people under the second Trump administration") "[Adult human female](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_human_female "Adult human female")" [Gender identification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14168 "Executive Order 14168") [Gender-affirming care for minors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14187 "Executive Order 14187") [Military service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14183 "Executive Order 14183") [Women's sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14201 "Executive Order 14201") [San Jose State controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_transgender_volleyball_controversy "San Jose State transgender volleyball controversy") [Targeting political opponents and civil society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeting_of_political_opponents_and_civil_society_under_the_second_Trump_administration "Targeting of political opponents and civil society under the second Trump administration") [Executive Order 14152](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_letter "Hunter Biden laptop letter") [Justice Department 2016 Russian interference counterinvestigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Department_of_Justice_counterinvestigation_into_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_election "2025 Department of Justice counterinvestigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election") [Law firms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeting_of_law_firms_and_lawyers_under_the_second_Trump_administration "Targeting of law firms and lawyers under the second Trump administration") [National Security Presidential Memorandum-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSPM-7 "NSPM-7") [Newark immigration detention center incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_immigration_detention_center_incident "Newark immigration detention center incident") Prosecutions [John Bolton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_John_Bolton "Prosecution of John Bolton") [James Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_James_Comey "Prosecution of James Comey") [Letitia James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_Letitia_James "Prosecution of Letitia James") [Reprisals against commentators on the Charlie Kirk assassination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprisals_against_commentators_on_the_Charlie_Kirk_assassination "Reprisals against commentators on the Charlie Kirk assassination") [Weaponization Working Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaponization_Working_Group "Weaponization Working Group") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Agenda 47](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_47 "Agenda 47") [Donald Trump and fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism "Donald Trump and fascism") [Election denialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States "Election denial movement in the United States") [False or misleading statements by Trump during second term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_\(second_term\) "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (second term)") [Project 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_2025 "Project 2025") [Unitary executive theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory "Unitary executive theory") |
| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_second_Trump_administration "Protests against the second Trump administration") | [50501 movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50501_movement "50501 movement") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50501_protests "50501 protests") [Day of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50501_protests_in_April_2025 "50501 protests in April 2025") [Free America Walkout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_America_Walkout "Free America Walkout") [Free America Weekend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_America_Weekend "Free America Weekend") [Anti-deportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_mass_deportation_during_the_second_Trump_administration "Protests against mass deportation during the second Trump administration") [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests_against_mass_deportation "June 2025 Los Angeles protests against mass deportation") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_Portland,_Oregon_protests "2025–2026 Portland, Oregon protests") [Day Without Immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_Immigrants_\(2025\) "Day Without Immigrants (2025)") [Economic Blackout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Blackout "Economic Blackout") [Efforts to impeach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump "Efforts to impeach Donald Trump") [resolutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump "List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump") [Fight the Trump Takeover](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight_the_Trump_Takeover&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fight the Trump Takeover (page does not exist)") [Good Trouble Lives On](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Trouble_Lives_On_protest "Good Trouble Lives On protest") [Hands Off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_Off_protests "Hands Off protests") [Hands Off Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_off_Greenland_protests "Hands off Greenland protests") No Kings [June 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2025_No_Kings_protests "June 2025 No Kings protests") [October 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2025_No_Kings_protests "October 2025 No Kings protests") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_No_Kings_protests "2026 No Kings protests") [People's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_March "People's March") [Renée Good](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ren%C3%A9e_Good_protests "List of Renée Good protests") [2026 Minnesota general strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Minnesota_general_strike "2026 Minnesota general strike") [Response to DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Response to the Department of Government Efficiency") [Stand Up for Science 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_for_Science_2025 "Stand Up for Science 2025") [2025 United States boycott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_boycott "2025 United States boycott") [Canadian boycott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Canadian_boycott_of_the_United_States "2025 Canadian boycott of the United States") [2026 United States general strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_general_strike "2026 United States general strike") |
| Related | [2024 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election") [Trump campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") [Anti-LGBTQ movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States "2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States") [Beauty trends among American conservatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_trends_among_American_conservatives "Beauty trends among American conservatives") [Colorado State Capitol portrait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Capitol_portrait_of_Donald_Trump "Colorado State Capitol portrait of Donald Trump") [Donald Trump and antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_antisemitism "Donald Trump and antisemitism") [Elon Musk feud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "Trump–Musk feud") [Executive Branch (club)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Branch_\(club\) "Executive Branch (club)") [Jeffrey Epstein relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_of_Donald_Trump_and_Jeffrey_Epstein "Relationship of Donald Trump and Jeffrey Epstein") [Birthday book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein%27s_birthday_book "Jeffrey Epstein's birthday book") [Epstein files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein_files "Epstein files") *[Best Friends Forever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Friends_Forever_\(sculpture\) "Best Friends Forever (sculpture)")* [Epstein Files Transparency Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein_Files_Transparency_Act "Epstein Files Transparency Act") *[King of the World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_World_\(sculpture\) "King of the World (sculpture)")* [Kennedy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts "John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts") [Cancellations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kennedy_Center_cancellations_during_the_Trump_administration "List of Kennedy Center cancellations during the Trump administration") [Lake Kaweah and Lake Success water release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_water_release_from_Lake_Kaweah_and_Lake_Success "2025 water release from Lake Kaweah and Lake Success") [Penny debate in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_debate_in_the_United_States "Penny debate in the United States") [Presidential library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library "Donald J. Trump Presidential Library") [Presidential Walk of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Walk_of_Fame "Presidential Walk of Fame") [Project Esther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Esther "Project Esther") [Qatari luxury jet gift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N7478D "N7478D") *[A Throne Fit for a King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Throne_Fit_for_a_King "A Throne Fit for a King")* [TACO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Always_Chickens_Out "Trump Always Chickens Out") [\$Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$Trump "$Trump") [White House State Ballroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_State_Ballroom "White House State Ballroom") |
|  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Category:Second presidency of Donald Trump")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economic_history_of_China "Template:Economic history of China") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_history_of_China "Template talk:Economic history of China") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_history_of_China "Special:EditPage/Template:Economic history of China")[Economic history of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China "Economic history of China") | |
|---|---|
| [Imperial China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912 "Economic history of China before 1912") (pre-1912) | [Han dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty "Economy of the Han dynasty") [Song dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty "Economy of the Song dynasty") [Ming dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty "Economy of the Ming dynasty") [Qing dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty "Economy of the Qing dynasty") |
| Modern China (1912–present) | [1912–1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_\(1912%E2%80%9349\) "Economic history of China (1912–49)") [1949–present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_\(1949%E2%80%93present\) "Economic history of China (1949–present)") [1949–1976 wage reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976 "Wage reform in China, 1949–1976") [Industrialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization_of_China "Industrialization of China") [Reform and opening up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up "Reform and opening up") [Technological and industrial history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China "Technological and industrial history of China") [History of transport in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China "History of transport in China") ([History of rail transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_China "History of rail transport in China")) [History of agriculture in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China "History of agriculture in China") [China–United States trade war]() |
| [Contemporary economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China "Economy of China") | [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong "Economy of Hong Kong") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Macau "Economy of Macau") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan "Economy of Taiwan") |
| History of foreign trade in China | [History of trade of the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "History of trade of the People's Republic of China") [Old China Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_China_Trade "Old China Trade") [Silk Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road "Silk Road") [Canton System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_System "Canton System") [China Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Association "China Association") [Chinese exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_exploration "Chinese exploration") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economy_of_China "Template:Economy of China") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_China "Template talk:Economy of China") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_China "Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of China")[Economy of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China "Economy of China") | |
|---|---|
|  [Companies of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_of_China "Category:Companies of China") | |
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China") | [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_\(1949%E2%80%93present\) "Economic history of China (1949–present)") [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_\(1912%E2%80%931949\) "Economic history of China (1912–1949)") [Premodern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912 "Economic history of China before 1912") [Monetary policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_China "History of monetary policy in China") [Reform and opening up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up "Reform and opening up") [Five-year plans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China "Five-year plans of China") [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization_of_China "Industrialization of China") [Iron rice bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl "Iron rice bowl") [Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns "Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns") [Great Leap Forward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward "Great Leap Forward") [Four Modernizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Modernizations "Four Modernizations") [Socialist market economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy "Socialist market economy") [Deng Xiaoping's southern tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour "Deng Xiaoping's southern tour") "[Grasping the large, letting go of the small](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small "Grasping the large, letting go of the small")" [Scientific Outlook on Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development "Scientific Outlook on Development") [Historical GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China "Historical GDP of China") [Population history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_China "Population history of China") [1949–1976 wage reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976 "Wage reform in China, 1949–1976") |
| [Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industries_of_China "Category:Industries of China") | [Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_China "Industry of China") [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China "Technological and industrial history of China") [Advanced materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China "Advanced materials industry in China") [Aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China "Aquaculture in China") [Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China "Automotive industry in China") [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China "Civil aviation in China") [Aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China "Aviation Industry Corporation of China") [Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation") [Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_China "Beer in China") [Biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China "Biotechnology industry in China") [Business process outsourcing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China "Business process outsourcing in China") [Cement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_industry_in_China "Cement industry in China") [Coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China "Coffee production in China") [Container](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_industry_in_China "Container industry in China") [Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Cotton_Association "China Cotton Association") [Electric motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China "Electric motor manufacturing industry in China") [Electric power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China "Electricity sector in China") [Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China "Electronics industry in China") [Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_China "Cinema of China") [Fishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China "Fishing industry in China") [Gambling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_China "Gambling in China") [Hedge fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China "Hedge fund industry in China") [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_China "Internet in China") [Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_China "Mass media in China")  [Mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China "Category:Mining in China") [gold mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China "Gold mining in China") [Mobile phone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China "Mobile phone industry in China") [Online gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China "Online gaming in China") [Pearl farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China "Pearl farming industry in China") [Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China "Pharmaceutical industry in China") and [pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China "Pharmacy in China") [Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China "Publishing industry in China") and [academic publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China "Academic publishing in China") [Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_China "Radio in China") Railway [equipment industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China "Railway equipment industry in China") [Rare earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China "Rare earth industry in China") [Real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_in_China "Real estate in China") [Renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China "Renewable energy in China") [Securities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China "Securities industry in China") [Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China "Semiconductor industry in China") [Sex toys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China "Sex toy industry in China") [Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China "Shipping industry of China") [Silk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China "Silk industry in China") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industry_in_China "Software industry in China") [Steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China "Steel industry in China") [Telecommunications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China "Telecommunications industry in China") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_China "Television in China") [digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_China "Television in China") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China "Tourism in China") [Textiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China "Textile industry in China") [Video gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China "Video gaming in China") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_in_China "Wine in China") |
| [Development Zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones "National Economic and Technological Development Zones") | [Dalian Software Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park "Dalian Software Park") [Megalopolises in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China "Megalopolises in China") [Special Economic Zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China "Special economic zones of China") [Suzhou Industrial Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park "Suzhou Industrial Park") [Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park "Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park") |
| [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China "Category:Energy in China") | [Energy policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China "Energy policy of China") [Coal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_China "Coal in China") [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China "Petroleum industry in China") [Oil shale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China "Oil shale in China") [Oil refineries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China "Oil refineries in China") [Nuclear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China "Nuclear power in China") [Renewable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China "Renewable energy in China") [Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_China "Wind power in China") [Solar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_China "Solar power in China") [Geothermal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China "Geothermal power in China") |
| [Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China "Category:Trade in China") and [infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China "Category:Infrastructure in China") | [Trade history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "History of trade for the People's Republic of China") [World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center "The China World Trade Center") [Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China "Transport in China") [Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China "Telecommunications in China") [Postal history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China "Postage stamps and postal history of China") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China "Tourism in China") [Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_shipping "Chinese shipping") [Illegal drug trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China "Illegal drug trade in China") [Hong Kong Trade Development Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council "Hong Kong Trade Development Council") [Ports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ports_of_China "Ports of China") [Water supply and sanitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China "Water supply and sanitation in China") [Exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China "List of exports of China") [Trading partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China "List of the largest trading partners of China") |
| Law and regulations | [Tax system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_China "Taxation in China") [Labor contract law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China") [Labor relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China "Labor relations in China") [Food safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_China "Food safety in China") [Intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China "Intellectual property in China") |
| [Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China "Category:Finance in China") and [banking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China "Category:Banking in China") |  [Accounting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China "Category:Accounting in China") [Banking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China "Banking in China") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China "History of banking in China") [Central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China "People's Bank of China") [Other banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China "List of banks in China") [Beijing Financial Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street "Beijing Financial Street") [Financial system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_financial_system "Chinese financial system") [China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation "China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation") [China Chengtong Holdings Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Chengtong_Holdings_Group "China Chengtong Holdings Group") [China Government Guidance Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund "China Government Guidance Fund") [China-Africa Development Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund "China-Africa Development Fund") [China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund "China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund") [China Internet Investment Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund "China Internet Investment Fund") [China Reform Holdings Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation "China Reform Holdings Corporation") [National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation "National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation") [China Investment Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation "China Investment Corporation") [CITIC Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITIC_Group "CITIC Group") [Financial services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services_in_China "Financial services in China") [Renminbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi "Renminbi") [Foreign exchange reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China "Foreign exchange reserves of China") [Hedge fund industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China "Hedge fund industry in China") Stock Exchanges [Dalian Commodity Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange "Dalian Commodity Exchange") [National Equities Exchange and Quotations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations "National Equities Exchange and Quotations") [Beijing Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange "Beijing Stock Exchange") [Shanghai Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange "Shanghai Stock Exchange") [SSE Composite Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index "SSE Composite Index") [Shanghai Metal Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange "Shanghai Metal Exchange") [Stock Exchange Executive Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council "Stock Exchange Executive Council") [Shenzhen Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange "Shenzhen Stock Exchange") [SZSE Component Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index "SZSE Component Index") [Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange "Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange") |
| [Government institutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China "Category:Economy of China") | [All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce "All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce") [All-China Federation of Trade Unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions "All-China Federation of Trade Unions") [China Council for the Promotion of International Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade "China Council for the Promotion of International Trade") [China Securities Regulatory Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission "China Securities Regulatory Commission") [General Administration of Customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs "General Administration of Customs") [Ministry of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_\(China\) "Ministry of Commerce (China)") [Ministry of Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_\(China\) "Ministry of Finance (China)") [Ministry of Industry and Information Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology "Ministry of Industry and Information Technology") [National Financial Regulatory Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_\(China\) "National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)") [National Bureau of Statistics of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China "National Bureau of Statistics of China") [National Development and Reform Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission "National Development and Reform Commission") [National Energy Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Energy_Commission "National Energy Commission") [State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission_of_the_State_Council "State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council") [State Administration for Market Regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation "State Administration for Market Regulation") [State Administration of Foreign Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange "State Administration of Foreign Exchange") [SAFE Investment Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE_Investment_Company "SAFE Investment Company") [State Administration of Taxation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation "State Administration of Taxation") |
| [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China "Category:Economic development in China") | [International rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_China "International rankings of China") [Provinces by GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_provincial-level_divisions_by_GDP "List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP") [per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_provincial-level_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita "List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita") [Social welfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China "Social welfare in China") [Poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China "Poverty in China") [Corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China "Corruption in China") [Income inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China "Income inequality in China") [Standard of living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China "Standard of living in China") [Foreign aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China "Foreign aid to China") [Urbanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_China "Urbanization in China") [Internal migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_in_China "Migration in China") [Emigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emigration "Chinese emigration") [Rural credit cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative "Rural credit cooperative") |
| National economic initiatives | [Beijing Consensus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Consensus "Beijing Consensus") [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative "Belt and Road Initiative") [Common prosperity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_prosperity "Common prosperity") [Dual circulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation "Dual circulation") [Go Out policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Out_policy "Go Out policy") [Made in China 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China_2025 "Made in China 2025") [Youth Business China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Business_China "Youth Business China") |
| [Regional economic initiatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China "List of regions of China") | [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank "Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank") [Beibu Gulf Economic Rim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim "Beibu Gulf Economic Rim") [Bohai Economic Rim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim "Bohai Economic Rim") [China Western Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Western_Development "China Western Development") [Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Development_of_the_Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei_Region "Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region") [Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area "Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area") [Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement "Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement") [Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement "Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement") [Northeast China Revitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization "Northeast China Revitalization") [Pearl River Delta Economic Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone "Pearl River Delta Economic Zone") [Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership") [Rise of Central China Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan "Rise of Central China Plan") [Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone "Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone") [Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone "Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone") [Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_for_Integrated_Development_of_the_Yangtze_River_Delta "Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta") [Zhongyuan Economic Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone "Zhongyuan Economic Zone") |
| [Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China") | [2005–2011 property bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_\(2005%E2%80%932011\) "Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)") [2007 export](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls "2007 Chinese export recalls") / [pet food recalls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls "2007 pet food recalls") [2007 stock bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007 "Chinese stock bubble of 2007") [2007 slave scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal "2007 Chinese slave scandal") [2008–2009 economic stimulus plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program "Chinese economic stimulus program") [2010 Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2010 "Expo 2010") [2015–16 stock market turbulence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence "2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence") [Protein export contamination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination "Chinese protein export contamination") [China–United States trade war]() [2020–2021 reform spree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree "2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree") [2020–present property sector crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_\(2020%E2%80%93present\) "Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)") |
| [Related topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:China "Category:China") | [Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China "Agriculture in China") [Bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China "Bankruptcy in China") [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China "List of companies of China") [Largest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies "List of largest Chinese companies") [Top 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China "Top 500 Enterprises of China") [Largest SOEs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China "List of State-owned enterprises in China") *[The Hongs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hongs "The Hongs")* [Demographics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China "Demographics of China") [Globalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_in_China "Globalization in China") [Globalization and women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China "Globalization and women in China") [National Standards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "National Standards of the People's Republic of China") [China Compulsory Certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate "China Compulsory Certificate") *[Made in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China "Made in China")* [Mingong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingong "Mingong") [List of Chinese by net worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth "List of Chinese by net worth") [Chinese economists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists "Category:Chinese economists") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China "Science and technology in China") |
| ***See also:***  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China "Category:Economy of China")  [Outline of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China "Outline of China") [Economy of East Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia "Economy of East Asia") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_States "Template:Economy of the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_States "Template talk:Economy of the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the United States")[Economy of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States "Economy of the United States") | |
|---|---|
|  [Companies of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_of_the_United_States "Category:Companies of the United States") | |
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_United_States "Category:Economic history of the United States") | [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States "Economic history of the United States") [American School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_School_\(economics\) "American School (economics)") [American System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_System_\(economic_plan\) "American System (economic plan)") [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_States "Industrial Revolution in the United States") [Gilded Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age "Gilded Age") |
| [Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industries_of_the_United_States "Category:Industries of the United States") | [Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States "Manufacturing in the United States") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States "Technological and industrial history of the United States") [Aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_States "Aquaculture in the United States") [Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States "Automotive industry in the United States") [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_transportation_in_the_United_States "Air transportation in the United States") [Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_States "Beer in the United States") [Biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biotechnology_in_the_United_States "Category:Biotechnology in the United States") [Cement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_industry_in_the_United_States "Cement industry in the United States") [Coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii "Coffee production in Hawaii") [Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States "Cotton production in the United States") [Electric power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_States "Electricity sector in the United States") [Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States "Electronics industry in the United States") [Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States") [Fishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_United_States "Fishing industry in the United States") [Gambling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States "Gambling in the United States") [Hedge fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hedge_fund_firms_of_the_United_States "Category:Hedge fund firms of the United States") [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States "Internet in the United States") [Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States "Media of the United States") [Mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States "Mining in the United States") [Gold mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_the_United_States "Gold mining in the United States") [Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_States "Category:Pharmaceutical industry in the United States") and [Pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacies_in_the_United_States "Pharmacies in the United States") [Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Publishing_in_the_United_States "Category:Publishing in the United States") [Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States "Radio in the United States") [Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States "Rail transportation in the United States") [Real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Real_estate_in_the_United_States "Category:Real estate in the United States") [Renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States "Renewable energy in the United States") [Steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_the_United_States "Steel industry in the United States") [Telecommunications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States "Telecommunications in the United States") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States "Television in the United States") [Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_States "Digital television in the United States") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States "Tourism in the United States") [Textiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Textile_industry_in_the_United_States "Category:Textile industry in the United States") [Video gaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States "Video games in the United States") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_of_the_United_States "Wine of the United States") |
| [Special Economic Zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Special_economic_zones_of_the_United_States "Category:Special economic zones of the United States") | [Empowerment Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment_zone "Empowerment zone") [Opportunity Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_zone "Opportunity zone") [Targeted Employment Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Employment_Area "Targeted Employment Area") [Foreign Trade Zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Foreign_trade_zones_of_the_United_States "Category:Foreign trade zones of the United States") [Metropolitan Statistical Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area "Metropolitan statistical area") |
| [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_States "Category:Energy in the United States") | [Energy policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States "Energy policy of the United States") [Coal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_the_United_States "Coal in the United States") [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States "Petroleum industry in the United States") [Oil shale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oil_shale_in_the_United_States "Category:Oil shale in the United States") [Oil refineries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_refineries#United_States "List of oil refineries") [Nuclear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States "Nuclear power in the United States") [Renewable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States "Renewable energy in the United States") [Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States "Wind power in the United States") [Solar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States "Solar power in the United States") [Geothermal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_States "Geothermal power in the United States") |
| [Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States "Category:Foreign trade of the United States") and [infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_the_United_States "Category:Infrastructure in the United States") | [Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States "Transportation in the United States") [Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States "Communications in the United States") [Postal history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States "Tourism in the United States") [Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Shipping_in_the_United_States "Category:Shipping in the United States") [Illegal drug trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States "Illegal drug trade in the United States") [Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Investment_in_the_United_States "Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States") [Ports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ports_of_the_United_States "Ports of the United States") [Water supply and sanitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States "Water supply and sanitation in the United States") [Exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States "List of exports of the United States") [Trading partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States "List of the largest trading partners of the United States") |
| Law and regulations | [Tax system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States "Taxation in the United States") [Labor law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_labor_law "United States labor law") [Child labor laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States "Child labor laws in the United States") [Right-to-work law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_law "Right-to-work law") [Minimum wage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States "Minimum wage in the United States") [Food safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States "Food safety in the United States") |
| [Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finance_in_the_United_States "Category:Finance in the United States") and [banking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Banking_in_the_United_States "Category:Banking in the United States") | [Financial services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_States "Financial services in the United States") [Dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") [Bureau of Engraving and Printing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing "Bureau of Engraving and Printing") [Banking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States "Banking in the United States") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States "History of banking in the United States") [Central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve "Federal Reserve") [Other banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_States "List of banks in the United States") [Wall Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street") [New York Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") ([NYSE Composite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE_Composite "NYSE Composite")) [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq") ([Nasdaq Composite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq_Composite "Nasdaq Composite")) [Chicago Board of Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade "Chicago Board of Trade") [New York Board of Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Board_of_Trade "New York Board of Trade") [Intercontinental Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange "Intercontinental Exchange") [Accounting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_the_United_States "Category:Accounting in the United States") |
| [Government institutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_States "Category:Economy of the United States") | [Department of the Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury "United States Department of the Treasury") [Department of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce") [Department of Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor "United States Department of Labor") [Office of the United States Trade Representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative "Office of the United States Trade Representative") [Small Business Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Administration "Small Business Administration") [Internal Revenue Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service") [National Labor Relations Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board "National Labor Relations Board") [United States Trade and Development Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Trade_and_Development_Agency "United States Trade and Development Agency") [Customs and Border Protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection "U.S. Customs and Border Protection") [Office of the Comptroller of the Currency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency "Office of the Comptroller of the Currency") [Consumer Financial Protection Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau") [Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "United States Securities and Exchange Commission") [Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation") [National Credit Union Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Credit_Union_Administration "National Credit Union Administration") [United States International Trade Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission "United States International Trade Commission") [Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_statistical_system "Federal statistical system") |
| [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_the_United_States "Category:Economic development in the United States") | [International rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States "International rankings of the United States") [States by GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP "List of U.S. states and territories by GDP") [Social welfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_in_the_United_States "Social welfare in the United States") [Poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States "Poverty in the United States") [Labor force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_force_in_the_United_States "Labor force in the United States") [Unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States "Unemployment in the United States") [Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_unemployment_in_the_United_States "Causes of unemployment in the United States") [State unemployment rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate "List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate") [Corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States "Corruption in the United States") [Standard of living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States "Standard of living in the United States") [Urbanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_the_United_States "Urbanization in the United States") [Emigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States "Emigration from the United States") |
| International development | [U.S. International Development Finance Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._International_Development_Finance_Corporation "U.S. International Development Finance Corporation") [Blue Dot Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Dot_Network "Blue Dot Network") [Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Global_Infrastructure_and_Investment "Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment") [Export–Import Bank of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_the_United_States "Export–Import Bank of the United States") |
| Economic initiatives | [AmeriCorps VISTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA "AmeriCorps VISTA") [Job Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Corps "Job Corps") [Pathways out of Poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathways_out_of_Poverty "Pathways out of Poverty") |
| [Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_United_States "Category:Economic history of the United States") | [2006–2012 housing bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble "2000s United States housing bubble") [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis") [2008–2010 automotive industry crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932010_automotive_industry_crisis "2008–2010 automotive industry crisis") [2008 economic stimulus plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008 "Economic Stimulus Act of 2008") [China–United States trade war]() [2025–26 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%9326_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025–26 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico") |
| [Related topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States "Category:United States") | [Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Agriculture in the United States") [Bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States "Bankruptcy in the United States") [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state "List of companies of the United States by state") [Largest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue "List of largest companies in the United States by revenue") [Top 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500 "Fortune 500") [SOEs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_the_United_States "State-owned enterprises of the United States") [Demographics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States "Demographics of the United States") [National Standards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute "American National Standards Institute") [FCC mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC_mark "FCC mark") *[Made in USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_USA "Made in USA")* [List of Americans by net worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_Americans_by_net_worth "List of wealthiest Americans by net worth") [American economists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_economists "Category:American economists") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States "Science and technology in the United States") |
| See also  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_States "Category:Economy of the United States")  [Outline of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States "Outline of the United States") [Economy of North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_North_America "Economy of North America") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Xi_Jinping "Template:Xi Jinping") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Xi_Jinping "Template talk:Xi Jinping") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xi_Jinping "Special:EditPage/Template:Xi Jinping")[Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") | |
|---|---|
| [General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") [President of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China "President of China") [Chairman of the Central Military Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_\(China\) "Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)") | |
| Policies and theories | [General secretaryship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretaryship_of_Xi_Jinping "General secretaryship of Xi Jinping") [paramount leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader "Paramount leader") (2012–present) [Leadership core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core "Leadership core") [Li Qiang Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government "Li Qiang Government") (2023–present) [Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration "Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration") [1st term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_State_Council_of_China "12th State Council of China") (2013–2018) [2nd term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_State_Council_of_China "13th State Council of China") (2018–2023) [Li Keqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang") Presidential orders [First term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_12th_National_People%27s_Congress "List of presidential orders during the 12th National People's Congress") [Second term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_13th_National_People%27s_Congress "List of presidential orders during the 13th National People's Congress") [Third term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_14th_National_People%27s_Congress "List of presidential orders during the 14th National People's Congress") [Xi Jinping Thought](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought "Xi Jinping Thought") [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Culture "Xi Jinping Thought on Culture") [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy "Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy") [Ecological Civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Ecological_Civilization "Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization") [Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Economy "Xi Jinping Thought on Economy") [Rule of Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_the_Rule_of_Law "Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law") [Strengthening the Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Strengthening_the_Military "Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military") [Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_sides_of_the_Taiwan_Strait_are_one_family "Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family") [Clear waters and green mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_waters_and_green_mountains "Clear waters and green mountains") [Chinese Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream "Chinese Dream") [Chinese modernization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_modernization "Chinese modernization") [Common prosperity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_prosperity "Common prosperity") [Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_on_Several_Major_Issues_Concerning_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reform "Decision on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform") [Document Number Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Number_Nine "Document Number Nine") [Double Eight Strategy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Eight_Strategy "Double Eight Strategy") [Dual circulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation "Dual circulation") [Eight Musts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Musts "Eight Musts") [Eight-point Regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-point_Regulation "Eight-point Regulation") [Fengqiao experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengqiao_experience "Fengqiao experience") [Five-in-one](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-in-one "Five-in-one") [Four Comprehensives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Comprehensives "Four Comprehensives") [Four Confidences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Confidences "Four Confidences") [Four Consciousnesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Consciousnesses "Four Consciousnesses") [Four Malfeasances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Malfeasances "Four Malfeasances") [Four Noes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noes "Four Noes") [Great changes unseen in a century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_changes_unseen_in_a_century "Great changes unseen in a century") [High-quality development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-quality_development "High-quality development") [Houses are for living, not for speculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_are_for_living,_not_for_speculation "Houses are for living, not for speculation") [New concept for development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_concept_for_development "New concept for development") [New normal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_normal_\(China\) "New normal (China)") [New productive forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_productive_forces "New productive forces") [Party media takes the party's last name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party%27s_last_name "Party media takes the party's last name") [Positive energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_energy_\(China\) "Positive energy (China)") [Public opinion struggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion_struggle "Public opinion struggle") [Roll up our sleeves and work hard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_up_our_sleeves_and_work_hard "Roll up our sleeves and work hard") [Holistic national security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_national_security "Holistic national security") [The East is rising and the West is declining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_East_is_rising_and_the_West_is_declining "The East is rising and the West is declining") [Historical resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century "Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century") [Sense of community for the Chinese nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_community_for_the_Chinese_nation "Sense of community for the Chinese nation") [Supply-side structural reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_structural_reform "Supply-side structural reform") [Xi's Five Points](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27s_Five_Points "Xi's Five Points") [Telling China's stories well](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telling_China%27s_stories_well "Telling China's stories well") [Two Cannot be Denied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Cannot_be_Denied "Two Cannot be Denied") [Two Centenaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Centenaries "Two Centenaries") [Two Establishments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Establishments "Two Establishments") [Two Integrations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Integrations "Two Integrations") [Two Upholds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Upholds "Two Upholds") [Whole-process people's democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy "Whole-process people's democracy") |
| Events | |
| | |
| First term | [2012 election as Party general secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party") [Southern tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping%27s_southern_tour "Xi Jinping's southern tour") [Anti-corruption campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping "Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping") [Implicated officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officials_implicated_by_the_anti-corruption_campaign_in_China_\(2012%E2%80%932017\) "Officials implicated by the anti-corruption campaign in China (2012–2017)") (2012–2017) [Clean Plate campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Plate_campaign "Clean Plate campaign") [Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party%27s_Mass_Line_Education_and_Practice_Activities "Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities") [Special Campaign to Combat and Rectify Cybercrime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Campaign_to_Combat_and_Rectify_Cybercrime "Special Campaign to Combat and Rectify Cybercrime") [Zhou Yongkang case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang_case "Zhou Yongkang case") [August 19 speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_19_speech "August 19 speech") [National New-Type Urbanization Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_New-Type_Urbanization_Plan "National New-Type Urbanization Plan") [Cleaning the Web 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaning_the_Web_2014 "Cleaning the Web 2014") [Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Development_of_the_Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei_Region "Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region") [Three Stricts and Three Honests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Stricts_and_Three_Honests "Three Stricts and Three Honests") [World Internet Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Internet_Conference "World Internet Conference") [2014 Macau visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Macau "2014 Xi Jinping visit to Macau") [Thirteenth five-year plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_five-year_plan "Thirteenth five-year plan") [Deepening National Defense and Military Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform "Deepening National Defense and Military Reform") [2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence "2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence") [709 crackdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/709_crackdown "709 crackdown") [Toilet Revolution in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China "Toilet Revolution in China") [2015 China Victory Day Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade "2015 China Victory Day Parade") [Ma–Xi meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting "First Ma–Xi meeting") [Xi–Chu meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Xi%E2%80%93Chu_meeting "2015 Xi–Chu meeting") [Battle against poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_against_poverty "Battle against poverty") [Targeted Poverty Alleviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Poverty_Alleviation "Targeted Poverty Alleviation") [Two No Worries and Three Guarantees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_No_Worries_and_Three_Guarantees "Two No Worries and Three Guarantees") [Symposium on News Reporting and Public Opinion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium_on_News_Reporting_and_Public_Opinion "Symposium on News Reporting and Public Opinion") [Operation Qinglang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Qinglang "Operation Qinglang") [Two Studies and One Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Studies_and_One_Action "Two Studies and One Action") [Copying the Party Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copying_the_Party_Constitution "Copying the Party Constitution") [THAAD deployment by South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THAAD_deployment_by_South_Korea "THAAD deployment by South Korea") [Xi–Hung meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Xi%E2%80%93Hung_meeting "2016 Xi–Hung meeting") [2017 Hong Kong visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong "2017 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong") [People's Liberation Army 90th Anniversary Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_90th_Anniversary_Parade "People's Liberation Army 90th Anniversary Parade") |
| Second term | [2017 reelection as Party general secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party") [Anti-corruption campaign (2017–2022)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officials_implicated_by_the_anti-corruption_campaign_in_China_\(2017%E2%80%932022\) "Officials implicated by the anti-corruption campaign in China (2017–2022)") [Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Campaign_to_Crack_Down_on_Organized_Crime_and_Eliminate_Evil "Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil") [Persecution of Uyghurs in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China "Persecution of Uyghurs in China") [Xinjiang internment camps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps "Xinjiang internment camps") [2018 constitutional amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China "2018 amendment to the Constitution of China") [Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_the_reform_of_the_Party_and_state_institutions "Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions") [2018 South China Sea Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_South_China_Sea_Parade "2018 South China Sea Parade") [China–United States trade war]() [Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_for_Integrated_Development_of_the_Yangtze_River_Delta "Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta") [2019–20 Hong Kong protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests "2019–20 Hong Kong protests") [People's Liberation Army Navy 70th Anniversary Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_70th_Anniversary_Parade "People's Liberation Army Navy 70th Anniversary Parade") [Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remain_true_to_our_original_aspiration_and_keep_our_mission_firmly_in_mind "Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind") [2019 China 70th National Day grand parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China") [2019 Macau visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Macau "2019 Xi Jinping visit to Macau") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") [Response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 "Chinese government response to COVID-19") [Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_and_Rectification_of_the_Political_and_Legal_Teams "Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams") [2020 Inner Mongolia protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Inner_Mongolia_protests "2020 Inner Mongolia protests") [40th Anniversary of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Anniversary_of_the_Shenzhen_Special_Economic_Zone "40th Anniversary of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone") [70th Anniversary of Chinese People's Volunteers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Anniversary_of_Chinese_People%27s_Volunteers%27_Participation_in_War_to_Resist_US_Aggression_and_Aid_Korea "70th Anniversary of Chinese People's Volunteers' Participation in War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea") [30th Anniversary of Development and Opening Up of Pudong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Anniversary_of_Development_and_Opening_Up_of_Pudong "30th Anniversary of Development and Opening Up of Pudong") [Fourteenth five-year plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_five-year_plan "Fourteenth five-year plan") [100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party") [2020–2021 reform spree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree "2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree") [2022 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") [2022 Hong Kong visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong "2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong") [Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis "Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis") [2022 military exercises around Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan "2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan") |
| Third term | [2022 2nd reelection as Party general secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party") [Trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping_\(2022%E2%80%93\) "List of trips made by Xi Jinping (2022–)") [Anti-corruption campaign (2022–)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officials_implicated_by_the_anti-corruption_campaign_in_China_\(2022%E2%80%93\) "Officials implicated by the anti-corruption campaign in China (2022–)") [2022 COVID-19 protests in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") [2023 Iran–Saudi Arabia summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_summit "2023 Iran–Saudi Arabia summit") [Plan on reforming Party and state institutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_on_reforming_Party_and_state_institutions "Plan on reforming Party and state institutions") [2023 Rocket Force corruption case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Rocket_Force_corruption_case "2023 Rocket Force corruption case") [Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis "Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis") [2023 military exercises around Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan "2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan") [Joint Sword-2024A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Sword-2024A "Joint Sword-2024A") [Joint Sword-2024B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Sword-2024B "Joint Sword-2024B") [Strait Thunder-2025A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_Thunder-2025A "Strait Thunder-2025A") [Justice Mission 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Mission_2025 "Justice Mission 2025") [2025 Central Conference on Work Related to Neighboring Countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Central_Conference_on_Work_Related_to_Neighboring_Countries "2025 Central Conference on Work Related to Neighboring Countries") [60th anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_anniversary_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region "60th anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region") [2025 China Victory Day Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_China_Victory_Day_Parade "2025 China Victory Day Parade") [70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region "70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region") [Global Leaders' Meeting on Women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Leaders%27_Meeting_on_Women "Global Leaders' Meeting on Women") [2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_China%E2%80%93Japan_diplomatic_crisis "2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis") [Fifteenth five-year plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_five-year_plan "Fifteenth five-year plan") [Xi–Cheng meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Xi%E2%80%93Cheng_meeting "2026 Xi–Cheng meeting") |
| [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping "Foreign policy of Xi Jinping") | |
| | |
| Policies | [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative "Belt and Road Initiative") [Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Forum_for_International_Cooperation "Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation") [Community of Common Destiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny "Community of Common Destiny") [Global Security Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Security_Initiative "Global Security Initiative") [Global Development Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Development_Initiative "Global Development Initiative") [Global Civilization Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Civilization_Initiative "Global Civilization Initiative") [Global Governance Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Governance_Initiative "Global Governance Initiative") [Major-country diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-country_diplomacy "Major-country diplomacy") [New type of international relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_type_of_international_relations "New type of international relations") [Wolf warrior diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy "Wolf warrior diplomacy") [China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine") |
| [Meetings and trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping "List of international trips made by Xi Jinping") | [2013 Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, Congo visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia,_Tanzania,_South_Africa_and_Congo "State visit by Xi Jinping to Russia, Tanzania, South Africa and Congo") [2015 Pakistan visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Pakistan "State visit by Xi Jinping to Pakistan") [2015 United States visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States "State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States") [2015 United Kingdom visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom "State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom") [2017 Vietnam and Laos visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam_and_Laos "2017 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam and Laos") [CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_in_Dialogue_with_World_Political_Parties_High-level_Meeting "CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting") [Kim–Xi meetings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%E2%80%93Xi_meetings "Kim–Xi meetings") [2019 North Korea visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_North_Korea "2019 state visit by Xi Jinping to North Korea") [2019 Italy and France visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Italy_and_France "State visits by Xi Jinping to Italy and France") [Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Dialogue_of_Asian_Civilizations "Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations") [CPC and World Political Parties Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit "CPC and World Political Parties Summit") [2022 Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan "2022 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan") [2022 China-Arab States Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_China-Arab_States_Summit "2022 China-Arab States Summit") [2023 Russia visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia "2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia") [China-Central Asia Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China-Central_Asia_Summit "China-Central Asia Summit") [2023 Vietnam visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam "2023 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam") [2024 France, Serbia, Hungary visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_France,_Serbia_and_Hungary "2024 visit by Xi Jinping to France, Serbia and Hungary") [2024 Kazakhstan and Tajikistan visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Tajikistan "2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Tajikistan") [2024 Peru and Brazil visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Peru_and_Brazil "2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Peru and Brazil") [2025 Vietnam, Malaysia and Cambodia visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam,_Malaysia_and_Cambodia "State visits by Xi Jinping to Vietnam, Malaysia and Cambodia") [2025 Russia visit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia "2025 state visit by Xi Jinping to Russia") |
| [Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Xi_Jinping "Bibliography of Xi Jinping") | *[Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_of_General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping%27s_Series_of_Important_Speeches "Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches")* *[The Governance of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governance_of_China "The Governance of China")* *[The Hopes of President Xi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hopes_of_President_Xi "The Hopes of President Xi")* *[I Am the Son of the Yellow Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_the_Son_of_the_Yellow_Earth "I Am the Son of the Yellow Earth")* *[Zhijiang Xinyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhijiang_Xinyu "Zhijiang Xinyu")* |
| [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_family "Xi family") | [Xi Zhongxun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun "Xi Zhongxun") (father) [Qi Xin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Xin "Qi Xin") (mother) [Ke Lingling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Lingling "Ke Lingling") (1st wife) [Peng Liyuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Liyuan "Peng Liyuan") (2nd wife) [Qi Qiaoqiao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Qiaoqiao "Qi Qiaoqiao") (sister) [Xi Yuanping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Yuanping "Xi Yuanping") (brother) [Xi Zhengning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhengning "Xi Zhengning") (brother) [Xi Mingze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Mingze "Xi Mingze") (daughter) |
| Related | [Early life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Xi_Jinping "Early life of Xi Jinping") *[Amazing China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_China "Amazing China")* [Accelerator-in-Chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator-in-Chief "Accelerator-in-Chief") [Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Xi_Jinping "List of awards and honours received by Xi Jinping") [Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_in_China "Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh in China") [Cult of personality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping%27s_cult_of_personality "Xi Jinping's cult of personality") [Neoauthoritarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#Neoauthoritarianism "Conservatism in China") *[General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping%27s_Kindness_We_Never_Forget "General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget")* *[Introduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics_for_a_New_Era "Introduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era")* [Liangjiahe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangjiahe "Liangjiahe") *[New World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_\(Sun_Nan_song\) "New World (Sun Nan song)")* [Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_asking_Xi_Jinping_to_Resign "Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign") *[Outline for the Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_for_the_Study_of_Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics_for_a_New_Era "Outline for the Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era")* [Panama Papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers "Panama Papers") ([Deng Jiagui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Jiagui "Deng Jiagui")) *[Rhyzodiastes xii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyzodiastes_xii "Rhyzodiastes xii")* [Xi Jinping Boulevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Boulevard "Xi Jinping Boulevard") [Xi Jinping faction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_faction "Xi Jinping faction") *[Xi Jinping in Fuzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_in_Fuzhou "Xi Jinping in Fuzhou")* *[Xuexi Qiangguo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuexi_Qiangguo "Xuexi Qiangguo")* |
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China–United States trade war
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| Readable Markdown | An [economic conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_conflict "Economic conflict") between [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") has been ongoing since January 2018, when U.S. president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") began [imposing tariffs and other trade barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") on China with the aim of forcing it to make changes to what the U.S. has said are longstanding unfair trade practices and [intellectual property theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_intellectual_property_theft_by_China "Allegations of intellectual property theft by China").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-1) The [first Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") stated that these practices may contribute to the U.S.–China [trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade "Balance of trade"), and that the [Chinese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China "Government of China") requires the transfer of American technology to China.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Report-2) In response to the trade measures, [CCP general secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping")'s [administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretaryship_of_Xi_Jinping "General secretaryship of Xi Jinping") accused the Trump administration of engaging in [nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalism "Economic nationalism") [protectionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism") and took retaliatory action.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-4) Following the trade war's escalation through 2019, the two sides reached a tense phase-one agreement in January 2020;[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-South_China_Morning_Post-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:6-7) however, a temporary collapse in goods trade around the globe during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") together with a short recession diminished the chance of meeting the target, China failed to buy the \$200 billion worth of additional imports specified as part of it. By the end of Trump's first presidency, the trade war was widely characterized by American media outlets as a failure for the United States.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto9-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-10)
The [Biden administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden") kept the [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") in place and added additional levies on Chinese goods such as [electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") and [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-13) In 2024, the [Trump presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Economy_and_trade "Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign") proposed a 60% tariff on Chinese goods.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-14)
2025 marked a significant escalation of the conflict under the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump"). A series of [increasing tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration") led to the U.S. imposing a 145% tariff on Chinese goods, and China imposing a 125% tariff on American goods in response; these measures are forecast to cause a 0.2% loss of global merchandise trade.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:12-17) Despite this, both countries have excluded certain items from their tariff lists and continue to try and find a resolution to the trade war.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-reuters.com-19)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Trade_Deficit.svg)
United States trade deficits from 1997 to 2021. Deficits are over 50 billion dollars as of 2021 with the countries shown. Data from the [US Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau").
Since the 1980s, Trump had advocated tariffs to eliminate the [U.S. trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._trade_deficit "U.S. trade deficit") and promote domestic manufacturing, saying the country was being "ripped off" by its trading partners; imposing tariffs became a major plank of his presidential campaign.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tankersley2019-20) Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the American economy,[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto4-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto7-22) and some economists advocated alternate means to address trade deficits with China.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-economists-advocated-alternate-23)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Hu.jpg)
US president [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") and Chinese leader [Hu Jintao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao "Hu Jintao") at the White House, April 20, 2006
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_and_Barack_Obama_toast_at_White_House_state_dinner_September_2015.jpg)
US president [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") raising a toast during a state dinner at the White House, September 25, 2015
With the [United States–China Relations Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations_Act_of_2000 "United States–China Relations Act of 2000"), China was allowed to join the [World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization") (WTO) in 2001 and was given a [most favored nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favored_nation "Most favored nation") (MFN) status.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-25) The growth of trade accelerated after China's entry into the WTO in 2001,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:62-27): 274 with the US and China becoming one another's most important trading partners.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) The US has consistently imported more from China than it has exported to China, with the bilateral US [trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficit "Trade deficit") in goods with China rising to \$375.6 billion in 2017.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26) According to Keyu Jin, this trade deficit is driven by a difference in saving rates between the US and China (Chinese households save more than 30% of disposable income on average, compared to 7% in the United States)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-29) while according to Xiaohuan Lan, the deficit is driven by the way the economic systems of the two countries are structured: the U.S. imports more than it exports since its domestic consumption is greater than its domestic production of goods while China exports more than it imports since its domestic production is greater than its domestic consumption of goods.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:62-27): 273
Since the [entry of China into the WTO in December 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization "China and the World Trade Organization"), the decline in [U.S. manufacturing jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States "Manufacturing in the United States") has accelerated (the [China shock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_shock "China shock")).[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-31) The [Economic Policy Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute "Economic Policy Institute") estimated that the trade deficit with China cost about 2.7 million jobs between 2001 and 2011, including manufacturing and other industries.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-32) Since 2000, there have been several attempts to repeal the [Permanent Normal Trade Relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Normal_Trade_Relations "Permanent Normal Trade Relations") with China. The strongest attempt was in 2005 when House Representative [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") and 61 co-sponsors introduced a legislation that would repeal the PNTR with China.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-33)
There have been studies which have explored the strategic dimension of the trading relationship which some have argued is the best way to understand the main concerns over the way the relationship has developed.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-38)
The US government has at times criticized various aspects of the US-China trade relationship, including large bilateral trade deficits, and China's relatively inflexible [exchange rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate "Exchange rate").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama imposed quotas and tariffs on Chinese textiles in order to shield US domestic producers, accusing China of exporting these products at [dumping prices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumping_\(pricing_policy\) "Dumping (pricing policy)").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) During the Obama administration, the US additionally accused China of subsidizing aluminum and steel production, and initiated a range of anti-dumping investigations against China.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) During these two US administrations, US-Chinese trade continued to grow.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28) During this time, China's economy grew to be the second largest in the world (using nominal exchange rates), second only to that of the US.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39) Large-scale Chinese economic initiatives, such as the [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative "Belt and Road Initiative"), the [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank "Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank") and "[Made in China 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China_2025 "Made in China 2025")" alarmed some US policymakers.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39) More broadly, China's economic growth has been viewed by the US government as a challenge to American economic and geopolitical dominance.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39)
American proponents of tariffs on China have argued that tariffs will bring manufacturing jobs to the US; that bilateral tariffs should be reciprocal; that the US should eliminate its trade deficit with China; and that China should change various policies governing intellectual property and investment.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41) Most economists are skeptical of the ability of tariffs to achieve the first three of these goals.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41) A study estimates that U.S. exports to China provide support to 1.2 million American jobs and that Chinese multinational companies directly employ 197,000 Americans, while U.S. companies invested \$105 billion in China in 2019.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-42) Economists have studied the impact of trade with China and increasing labor productivity on employment in the American manufacturing sector, with mixed results.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Autor-2013-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Feenstra-2019-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kehoe-2018-45) Most economists believe that the American trade deficit is the result of macroeconomic factors, rather than trade policy.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Bekkers-Schroeter-2020-41)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Nicita-2019-46) Two 2020 Congressional Research Service reports said most economists concluded that the long-run net effect of trade on the economy as a whole was positive and that attempts to address the trade deficit without addressing the underlying macroeconomic conditions would likely be counterproductive and create distortions in the economy.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-48)
The U.S. and China held talks in Beijing between U.S. National Security Adviser [Jake Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Sullivan "Jake Sullivan") and [CCP Foreign Affairs Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission "Central Foreign Affairs Commission") Office Director [Wang Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yi "Wang Yi") to prevent competition from escalating into conflict. The meetings aimed to stabilize strained relations and maintain open communication.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-49)
### Trump administration's complaints
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Trump administration's complaints")\]
Donald Trump's first noted advocacy for tariffs was prompted by Japanese economic success in the 1980s, arguing that the U.S. trade deficit was a burden and that tariffs would promote domestic manufacturing that would keep the United States from being "ripped off" by its trading partners.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Zarroli2018-50)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tankersley2019-20) In early 2011, he stated that because China has manipulated their currency, "it is almost impossible for our companies to compete with Chinese companies."[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNN-Money-51) Imposing tariffs was subsequently a major plank of his successful 2016 presidential campaign.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-53)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Zarroli2018-50)
In the [2016 US presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"), Trump ran on a [protectionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_protectionism "Economic protectionism") economic platform.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) During [his 2016 presidential campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign"), [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") promised to reduce the US trade deficit with China, which he attributed to unfair trade practices, such as intellectual property theft and lack of access by US companies to the Chinese market.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26) Trade advisor [Peter Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Navarro "Peter Navarro") was given an office on the 14th floor of [Trump Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Tower "Trump Tower"), where he worked on economic plans that heavily focused on starting a trade war against China.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:37-54) As president, in August 2017, he directed the [Office of the United States Trade Representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative "Office of the United States Trade Representative") (USTR) to investigate Chinese economic practices.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) The resulting report, issued in March 2018, attacked many aspects of Chinese economic policy, focusing particularly on alleged technology transfer,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) which the report stated cost the US economy \$225 billion and \$600 billion annually.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:16-55) Following the issuing of the report, Trump ordered the imposition of tariffs on Chinese products, the filing of a WTO case against China and restrictions on Chinese investment in high-tech sectors of the US economy.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Kwan-2019-40) Navarro was influential in pushing Trump to start the trade war;[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-56) in his 2021 book *In Trump Time*, Navarro wrote that he urged Trump to go "full Sudden Zen" and start an all-out trade war against China.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:37-54)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Ross_Meets_with_Minister_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology_Miao_Wei_\(37259919406\).jpg)
U.S. Secretary of Commerce [Wilbur Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Ross "Wilbur Ross") meets with Chinese Minister of Industry and Information Technology [Miao Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_Wei "Miao Wei"), Beijing, September 2017.
In supporting tariffs as president, he said that China was costing the American economy hundreds of billions of dollars a year because of unfair trade practices. After imposing tariffs, he denied entering into a [trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war "Trade war"), saying the "trade war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He said that the U.S. has a trade deficit of \$500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft costing an additional \$300 billion. "We cannot let this continue," he said.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:2-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:3-58) Former White House Counsel, [Jim Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Schultz "Jim Schultz"), said that "through multiple presidential administrations – Clinton, Bush and Obama – the United States has naively looked the other way while China cheated its way to an unfair advantage in the international trade market."[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNN-Business-2-59)
In August 2017, [Robert Lighthizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer "Robert Lighthizer") investigated China's alleged unfair trade practices.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:11-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Alexander-61)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:16-55) According to the administration, the Chinese government's reforms have been minimal and have not been fair and reciprocal: "After years of U.S.-China dialogues that produced minimal results and commitments that China did not honor, the United States is taking action to confront China over its state-led, market-distorting forced technology transfers, intellectual property practices, and cyber intrusions of U.S. commercial networks."[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Factsheet-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-63)
Technology is considered the most important part of the U.S. economy.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) According to U.S. Trade Representative [Robert E. Lighthizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lighthizer "Robert E. Lighthizer"), China maintains a policy of "forced technology transfer," along with practicing "state capitalism," including buying U.S. technology companies and using cybertheft to gain technology.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) As a result, officials in the Trump administration were, by early 2018, taking steps to prevent Chinese state-controlled companies from buying American technology companies and were trying to stop American companies from handing over their key technologies to China as a cost of entering their market.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) According to political analyst [Josh Rogin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Rogin "Josh Rogin"): "There was a belief that China would develop a private economy that would prove compatible with the WTO system. Chinese leadership has made a political decision to do the opposite. So now we have to respond."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WP-China-64) Lighthizer said that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by alleged theft of [intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property") and foreign-ownership restrictions that require foreign companies to transfer technology.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-66)
Over half of the members of the [American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China") thought that leakage of intellectual property was an important concern when doing business there.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Oh-67)
Initiating steel and aluminum tariff actions in March 2018, Trump said "trade wars are good, and easy to win,"[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-68) but as the conflict continued to escalate through August 2019, Trump stated, "I never said China was going to be easy."[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-70)
[Peter Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Navarro "Peter Navarro"), White House [Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Trade_and_Manufacturing_Policy "Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy") Director, explained that the tariffs are "purely defensive measures" to reduce the trade deficit.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-71) He says that the cumulative trillions of dollars that Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing ... those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-72)
### China's response and counter allegations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: China's response and counter allegations")\]
The Chinese government argues that the US government's real goal is to stifle China's growth, and that the trade war has had a negative global effect.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-SCMP-explainer-26)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNBC-2June2019-73) The Chinese government has blamed the American government for starting the conflict and said that US actions were making negotiations difficult.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-74)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNBC-2June2019-73) Zhang Xiangchen, China's ambassador to the World Trade Organization, said the U.S. Trade Representative was operating with a "presumption of guilt", making claims without evidence and based on speculation.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-75)
The Chinese government has denied forced transfer of [IP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property") is a mandatory practice, and acknowledged the impact of domestic R\&D performed in China.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-76) Former [U.S. treasury secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Secretary of the Treasury") [Larry Summers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Summers "Larry Summers") assessed that Chinese leadership in some technological fields was the result of "huge government investment in basic science" and not "theft" of U.S. properties.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-77) In March 2019, the [National People's Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress") endorsed a new foreign investment bill, to take effect in 2020, which explicitly prohibits the forced transfer of IP from foreign companies, and grants stronger protection to foreign intellectual property and trade secrets. China had also planned to lift restrictions on foreign investment in the automotive industry in 2022. [AmCham China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China") policy committee chair Lester Ross criticized the bill, saying the text of the bill was "rushed" and "broad", and also criticized a portion of the bill that granted the country power to retaliate against countries that impose restrictions on Chinese companies.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-scmp-woo-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:5-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-80)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signing_Ceremony_Phase_One_Trade_Deal_Between_the_U.S._%26_China_\(49391434906\).jpg)
President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump "Donald J. Trump"), joined by Chinese Vice Premier [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)"), sign the U.S.-China Phase One Trade Agreement on January 15, 2020, in the [East Room of the White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Room "East Room").
In January 2020, the US and China signed a "phase one" trade deal, under which China committed to purchasing \$200 billion of U.S. goods and services over the next two years.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:43-81) A temporary collapse in goods trade around the globe during the [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") together with a short recession diminished the chance of meeting this target, China imported less than it had before the trade war.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-82)
On January 20, 2021, China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State [Mike Pompeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo "Mike Pompeo"), former secretary of health and human services [Alex Azar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar "Alex Azar"), former under secretary of state [Keith J. Krach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_J._Krach "Keith J. Krach"), outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations [Kelly Craft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Craft "Kelly Craft"), and 24 other former Trump officials.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto8-83) Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PompeoSanctioned-84)
### Biden administration restrictions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Biden administration restrictions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Biden_met_with_President_Xi_of_the_PRC_before_the_2022_G20_Bali_Summit.jpg)
US president [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") holding a bilateral meeting at the [G20 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit "2022 G20 Bali summit") in [Bali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali "Bali"), November 14, 2022
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_meeting_President_Xi_Jinping_at_APEC_Peru_2024.jpg)
US president [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") holding a bilateral meeting at the [APEC summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024 "APEC Peru 2024") in [Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima "Lima"), November 16, 2024
According to [JPMorgan Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase"), the effective rate of US tariffs on Chinese goods was between 0–5% in 2018 and climbed to around 20% by 2021, when President [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") took office.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:20-85) The [Biden administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden") did not withdraw Trump-era tariffs on Chinese imports and this rate remained steady throughout Biden's term.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:20-85)
On 3 June 2021, Biden signed [Executive Order 14032](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14032 "Executive Order 14032") which saw the expansion of [Executive Order 13959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13959 "Executive Order 13959") signed by the Trump administration as preventing American investors from investing in Chinese companies identified by the U.S. government as having ties to [China's military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") or [surveillance industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China "Mass surveillance in China").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-86)
The Democratic administration introduced a number of new [export limits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_control "Export control") and US investment bans for Chinese companies to protect US economic and military interests.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-87) In October 2022, the [US Department of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Commerce "US Department of Commerce") expanded sanctions after implicating 50 Chinese companies, including telecoms equipment maker [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei "Huawei") in June 2021. Export controls were also introduced for chip maker [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia"), [Yangtze Memory Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies "Yangtze Memory Technologies") (YMTC) and [ChangXin Memory Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChangXin_Memory_Technologies "ChangXin Memory Technologies").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-88) Sanctions were expanded to include Chinese companies such as drone maker [DJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJI "DJI") and genomics company [BGI Genomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGI_Group "BGI Group"), among others. South Korean telecom companies trading with the PRC were partially excluded from the new restrictions.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-90)
On March 29, 2024, the Biden administration revised rules aimed at [restricting China's access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race "Artificial intelligence arms race") to U.S. artificial intelligence (AI) chips and chipmaking tools, including those from Nvidia, as part of efforts to address national security concerns over Beijing's tech advancements potentially aiding its military.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-91) Following Washington's announcement of restrictions on China's ability to manufacture advanced chips, the Chinese government has notified the US of its intention to ban exports to the US of certain key components used in semiconductor manufacturing.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-92)
### Second Trump administration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Second Trump administration")\]
On February 1, 2025, Trump signed [Executive Order 14195](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14195 "Executive Order 14195") to declare a [national emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_emergencies_in_the_United_States "List of national emergencies in the United States") regarding drug trafficking from China into the United States, alleging that the Chinese government was providing a “safe haven” for criminal organizations to “launder the revenues from the production, shipment, and sale of illicit synthetic opioids.”[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-93)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-94)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-95) Using authority granted by national emergency and security related acts, Trump was able to tariff more quickly and broadly than in his first term.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Rappeport_432025-96) Trump first imposed a 10% tariff on Chinese imports, framing the move as a way of pressuring China into taking action on [fentanyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl "Fentanyl"), a drug central to the [United States opioid crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States "Opioid epidemic in the United States").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-97) On March 4, he raised this tariff to 20%.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Breuninger-2025-98) China responded to Trump's initial tariffs by imposing tariffs of 15% on coals and [liquefied natural gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas "Liquefied natural gas") and 10% on oil and agricultural machines, adding [PVH Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVH_Corp. "PVH Corp.") and [Illumina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina,_Inc. "Illumina, Inc.") to its [unreliable entity list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_sanctions#Sanctions_announced_by_the_Ministry_of_Commerce_\(Unreliable_Entities_List\) "Chinese government sanctions"), launching an antitrust investigation into Google, and adding [export controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_control "Export control") to some metals including [tungsten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten "Tungsten").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Xiao-2025-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Mason-20252-100) After Trump increased the tariffs, China retaliated by imposing 10-15% tariffs on select agricultural, meat, and dairy products,[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-f4302-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-b913-102) launching an anti-circumvention investigation into optical fiber products imported from the United States.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-103) and suspending US lumber imports and revoked soybean import licenses for three US firms.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters-104)
On April 2, 2025, the United States imposed a 34% duty on Chinese imports as part of his [Liberation Day tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day_tariffs "Liberation Day tariffs"), which applied on top of the 20% "fentanyl tariff" and other prior measures.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-105) China responded by imposing a matching tariff of 34% on all American goods, suspending negotiations regarding [the sale of TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions_on_TikTok_in_the_United_States "Restrictions on TikTok in the United States") and restricting exports of six [heavy rare-earths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element "Rare-earth element") and [rare-earth magnets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_magnet "Rare-earth magnet").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-106)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:21-107) Trump responded by raising tariffs by an additional 50% beginning April 9, bringing the baseline tariff on Chinese imports to 104%.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-109) China responded with a matching tariff of 50%, bringing its baseline tariff on American goods to 84%.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-110) The US then raised its tariffs to 145%, and China responded by raising its tariffs to 125%.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-111) On May 12, both countries reached a truce in a bid to reduce tensions. The U.S. reduced tariffs on Chinese goods to 30% while China responded by reducing tariffs on U.S. products to 10%.
In February 2026, the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") struck down the tariffs the Trump administration implemented on imports from China under the [International Emergency Economic Powers Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act "International Emergency Economic Powers Act") in *[Learning Resources v. Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_Resources_v._Trump "Learning Resources v. Trump")*.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-114)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Navarro,_Director_of_the_White_House_National_Trade_Council,_Addresses_in_the_Oval_Office_before_U.S._President_Donald_Trump_Signs_Executive_Orders_Regarding_Trade_on_March_31,_2017_4.jpg)
[White House National Trade Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_National_Trade_Council "White House National Trade Council") Director [Peter Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Navarro "Peter Navarro") speaks on trade with [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Vice_President "U.S. Vice President") [Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") and [Commerce Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce "Secretary of Commerce") [Wilbur Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Ross "Wilbur Ross") before the President signs [Executive Orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_\(United_States\) "Executive order (United States)") regarding trade.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-116)
- January 22: Trump announced 20% to 50% tariffs on [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") and [washing machines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine "Washing machine").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-117) About 8% of American solar panel imports in 2017 came from China.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-118) Imports of residential washing machines from China totaled about \$1.1 billion in 2015.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-119)
- March 1: Trump announced tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum imports from all countries.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-120) The United States had imported about 3% of its steel from China.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-121) The announcement drew criticism from the editorial board of *The Wall Street Journal*, which called the executive order "the biggest policy blunder of his Presidency."[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-122)
- March 22: Trump asked the [United States trade representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Trade_Representative "United States Trade Representative") (USTR) to investigate applying [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") on US\$50–60 billion worth of Chinese goods.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Diamond-123)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-124)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125) He relied on [Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_301_of_the_Trade_Act_of_1974 "Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974") for doing so, stating that the proposed tariffs were "a response to the unfair trade practices of China over the years", including theft of U.S. [intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-whitehouse-126)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Diamond-123) Over 1,300 categories of Chinese imports were listed for tariffs, including aircraft parts, batteries, flat-panel televisions, medical devices, satellites, and various weapons.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-127)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Swanson2018-128)
- April 2: [Ministry of Commerce of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China") responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including applying a 25% tariff to aluminum, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans, as well as applying a 15% tariff to fruit, nuts, and steel piping.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:1-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Rauhala2018-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-131) U.S. commerce secretary [Wilbur Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Ross "Wilbur Ross") said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. [gross domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product "Gross domestic product"), and Press Secretary [Sarah Huckabee Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders "Sarah Huckabee Sanders") stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:2-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:3-58)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-132)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-133)
- April 3: The U.S. Trade Representative's office published an initial list of 1,300+ Chinese goods to impose levies upon, including products like flat-screen televisions, weapons, satellites, medical devices, aircraft parts and batteries.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-134)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Swanson2018-128)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-135) Chinese Ambassador [Cui Tiankai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Tiankai "Cui Tiankai") responded by warning the U.S. that they may fight back, saying "We have done the utmost to avoid this kind of situation, but if the other side makes the wrong choice, then we have no alternative but to fight back."[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-136)
- April 4: China's [Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_Tariff_Commission_of_the_State_Council "Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council") decided to announce a plan of additional tariffs of 25% on 106 items of products including automobiles, airplanes, and soybeans.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-137) Soybeans are the top U.S. agricultural export to China.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:1-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Rauhala2018-130)
- April 5: Trump said that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional \$100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-138) The next day the World Trade Organization received request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-139)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Talks_Trade_with_the_Vice_Premier_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China,_Liu_He,_2018_\(27309127577\).jpg)
Chinese vice premier [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)") meeting with U.S. president Donald Trump in May 2018
- May 9: China canceled [soybean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean "Soybean") orders exported from United States to China. Zhang Xiaoping, Chinese director for the U.S. Soybean Export Council, said Chinese buyers simply stopped buying from the U.S.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-140)
- May 15: [Vice Premier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China") and [CCP Politburo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China "Politburo of the Communist Party of China") member [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)"), top economic adviser to [president of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China "President of China") and [CCP general secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping"), visited Washington for further trade talks.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:9-141)
- May 20: Chinese officials agreed to "substantially reduce" America's trade deficit with China[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:9-141) by committing to "significantly increase" its purchases of American goods. As a result, [Treasury Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Secretary "Treasury Secretary") [Steven Mnuchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin "Steven Mnuchin") announced that "We are putting the trade war on hold".[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-142) White House [National Trade Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trade_Council "National Trade Council") director Peter Navarro said there was no "trade war", rather a "trade dispute, fair and simple. We lost the trade war long ago."[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-143)
- May 21: Trump tweeted that "China has agreed to buy massive amounts of Additional Farm/Agricultural Products," although he later clarified the purchases were contingent upon the closure of a "potential deal."[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-144)
- May 29: The White House announced that it would impose a 25% tariff on \$50 billion of Chinese goods with "industrially significant technology;" the full list of products affected to be announced by June 15.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-145) It also planned to impose investment restrictions and enhanced export controls on certain Chinese individuals and organizations to prevent them from acquiring U.S. technology.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-146) China said it would discontinue trade talks with Washington if it imposed trade sanctions."[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-147)
- June 15: Trump declared that the United States would impose a 25% tariff on \$50 billion of Chinese exports. \$34 billion would start July 6, 2018, with a further \$16 billion to begin at a later date.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-148)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-149)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-150) China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of launching a trade war and said China would respond in kind with similar tariffs for US imports, starting on July 6.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-151) Three days later, the White House declared that the United States would impose additional 10% tariffs on another \$200 billion worth of Chinese imports if China retaliated against these U.S. tariffs.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125) The list of products included in this round of tariffs was released on July 11, 2018, and was set to be implemented within 60 days.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
- June 19: China retaliates, threatening its own tariffs on \$50 billion of U.S. goods, and stating that the United States had launched a trade war. Import and export markets in a number of nations feared the tariffs would disrupt supply chains which could "ripple around the globe."[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-152)
- July 6: American tariffs on \$34 billion of Chinese goods came into effect. China imposed retaliatory tariffs on US goods of a similar value. The tariffs accounted for 0.1% of the global gross domestic product.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-153)[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-154) On July 10, 2018, U.S. released an initial list of the additional \$200 billion of Chinese goods that would be subject to a 10% tariff.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-155) Two days later, China vowed to retaliate with additional tariffs on American goods worth \$60 billion annually.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-156)
- August 8: The Office of the United States Trade Representative published its finalized list of 279 Chinese goods, worth \$16 billion, to be subject to a 25% tariff from August 23.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:8-125)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-hill-157)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-158) In response, China imposed 25% tariffs on \$16 billion of imports from the US, which was implemented in parallel with the US tariffs on August 23.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters2-159)
- August 14: China filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO), stating that US tariffs on foreign solar panels clash with WTO ruling and have destabilized the international market for solar PV products. China stated that the resulting impact directly harmed China's legitimate trade interests. Peng Peng, a researcher with the China Renewable Energy Industry Association said that the solar problem has existed for years and thought that China chose to bring it up in order to keep up the rhythm of the trade dispute.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-160)
- August 22: US treasury undersecretary [David Malpass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malpass "David Malpass") and Chinese commerce vice-minister [Wang Shouwen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Shouwen "Wang Shouwen") met in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") in a bid to reopen negotiations. Meanwhile, on August 23, 2018, the US and China's promised tariffs on \$16 billion of goods took effect,[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-161) and on August 27, 2018, China filed a new WTO complaint against the US regarding the additional tariffs.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-162)
- September 17: The US announced its 10% tariff on \$200 billion worth of Chinese goods would begin on September 24, 2018, increasing to 25% by the end of the year. They also threatened tariffs on an additional \$267 billion worth of imports if China retaliates,[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters1-163) which China promptly did on September 18 with 10% tariffs on \$60 billion of US imports.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-164)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ft-165) So far, China has either imposed or proposed tariffs on \$110 billion of U.S. goods, representing most of its imports of American products.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters1-163)
- November 10: White House National Trade Council director Peter Navarro alleged that a group of Wall Street billionaires are conducting an influence operation on behalf of the Chinese government by weakening the president and the U.S. negotiating position, and urged them to invest in the rust belt.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-166)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-167)
- November 30: President Trump signed the revised [U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement "United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement") in [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"). The USMCA contains a "rules of origin" provision for automobile that was "touted by the Trump administration as a tool to keep out Chinese inputs and encourage production and investment in the US and North America."[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-168)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_and_PRC_delegation_at_the_2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_Summit.jpg)
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the [G20 Buenos Aires summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_summit "2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit") on December 1, 2018.
- December 1: The planned increases in tariffs were postponed. The White House stated that both parties will "immediately begin negotiations on structural changes with respect to forced technology transfer, intellectual property protection, non-tariff barriers, cyber intrusions and cyber theft."[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-BBC_News-169)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-170) According to the Trump administration, "If at the end of \[90 days\], the parties are unable to reach an agreement, the 10 percent tariffs will be raised to 25 percent."[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-171)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-172) The U.S. trade representative's office confirmed the hard deadline for China's structural changes is March 1, 2019.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-174)
- December 4: [New York Fed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York "Federal Reserve Bank of New York") president [John Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Williams_\(economist\) "John C. Williams (economist)") said that he believed the US economy will stay strong in 2019.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:15-175) Williams expects that increases in the interest rates will be necessary to maintain the economy. He stated, "Given this outlook of strong growth, strong labor market and inflation near our goal and taking account all the various risks around the outlook, I do expect further gradual increases in interest rates will best sponsor a sustained economic expansion."[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:15-175)
- December 11: Trump announced China was buying a "tremendous amount" of U.S. soybeans. Commodities traders saw no evidence of such purchases, and over the next six months soybean exports to China were about one quarter what they were in 2017, before the trade conflict began.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-176) China reportedly considered purchases of American farm goods as contingent upon closing a comprehensive trade deal.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto-177)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_Between_the_United_States_and_China_on_Trade_\(33053070308\).jpg)
On January 30, 2019, Chinese Vice Premier [Liu He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_\(politician\) "Liu He (politician)") conducted the fifth round of high-level trade negotiations with U.S. Trade Representative [Robert Lighthizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer "Robert Lighthizer") and U.S. Treasury Secretary [Steven Mnuchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin "Steven Mnuchin").
- January 14: An article in *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* reports that in China's 2018 trade surplus with the United States was a record \$323.32 billion despite Trump's tariffs.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_20190114-178)
- March 6: The U.S. Department of Commerce stated that in 2018 the U.S.' overall trade deficit reached \$621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-npr1-179)
- March 25: Macron and Xi signed 15 trade deals totaling 40 billion euros, including a €30 billion Airbus aircraft purchase, French chicken exports, a French-built offshore wind farm, a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, and substantial co-financing commitments between BNP Paribas and the Bank of China. Rym Momtaz writing for [Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico "Politico") speculated that the deal would "ratchet up pressure on Trump" to make a deal with the Chinese government.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-180)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-181)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_\(33666038578\).jpg)
On April 4, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump hosted a delegation of U.S.-China negotiators at the White House.
- May 5: Trump stated that the previous tariffs of 10% levied on \$200 billion worth of Chinese goods would be raised to 25% on May 10.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-182) With notification by USTR, the [Federal Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register "Federal Register") on May 9 published the modification of duty on or after 12:01 a.m. [Eastern Time Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone "Eastern Time Zone") May 10 to 25% for the products of China covered by the September 2018 action.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-183) The stated reason being that China reneged upon already agreed upon deals.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-184)
- May 9: Trump said the tariffs are "paid for mostly by China, by the way, not by us." Economic analysts concluded this was an incorrect assertion as American businesses and consumers ultimately pay the tariffs as real-world examples of tariffs working as intended are rare, and consumers of the tariff-levying country are the primary victims of tariffs, by having to pay higher prices. "It is inaccurate to say that countries pay tariffs on commercial and consumer goods – it is the buyers and sellers that bear the costs," said Ross Burkhart, a [Boise State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_University "Boise State University") political scientist. "Purchasers pay the tariff when they buy popular products. Sellers lose market share when their products get priced out of markets," Burkhart added.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Politifact-185)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-186)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-187)
- May 15: Trump signed executive order 13873, placing Huawei on the Department of Commerce's [Entity List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_List "Entity List"). According to Reuters, the move banned Huawei from buying vital parts and components from U.S. companies without special approval and effectively barred its equipment from U.S. telecom networks on national security grounds.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-188)[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-189)
- June 1: China will raise tariffs on \$60 billion worth of US goods.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-190)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_at_the_G20_\(48162295476\).jpg)
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the [G20 Osaka summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit "2019 G20 Osaka summit") on June 29, 2019.
- June 29: During the [G20 Osaka summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit "2019 G20 Osaka summit"), Trump announces he and Xi Jinping agreed to a "truce" in the trade war after extensive talks. Prior tariffs are to remain in effect, but no future tariffs are to be enacted "for the time being" amid restarted negotiations. Additionally, Trump said he would allow American companies to sell their products to Huawei, but the company would remain on the U.S. Entity List.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-191) The extent to which this plan to temporarily exempt Huawei from previous bans would be implemented later became unclear and, in the weeks later, there was no clear indication of the reversal of Huawei bans.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-192)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-193)
- June 29: After a meeting with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, Trump announces "China is going to be buying a tremendous amount of food and agricultural product, and they're going to start that very soon, almost immediately."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-194) China disputed making such a commitment and one month later no such purchases had materialized.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto-177)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-195)
- July 11: Trump tweeted "China is letting us down in that they have not been buying the agricultural products from our great Farmers that they said they would." People familiar with the trade negotiations said China had made no firm commitments to purchase farm goods unless it was part of a comprehensive trade agreement.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto-177)
- July 15: Official figures from China showed its second-quarter GDP growth at its slowest in 27 years.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-196)
- July 17: China announced an accelerated decrease in holdings of [US treasury holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security "United States Treasury security"), targeting 25% of its current holdings of \$1.1 trillion.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-197)
- August 1: Trump announced on Twitter that additional 10% tariff will be levied on the "remaining \$300 billion of goods".[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-198)
- August 5: The central bank of China ([PBOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBOC "PBOC")) let the Renminbi fall over 2% in three days to the lowest point since 2008 as it was hit by strong sales due to the threat of tariffs.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters201908-199)
- August 5: The U.S. Department of Treasury officially declared China as a [Currency Manipulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_manipulator "Currency manipulator") after the People's Bank of China allowed its yuan to depreciate that, according to CNN, was seen as retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-200) According to an article in *The Washington Post*, Trump reportedly pressured the Treasury Department Steven Mnuchin to authorize the designation. Both the [IMF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") and the Chinese government have rejected the designation, with the IMF saying that the valuation of the yuan are in line with China's economic fundamentals.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Reuters201908-199)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-201)
- August 5: China ordered state-owned enterprises to stop buying US agricultural products in retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-202) Zippy Duvall, president of the [American Farm Bureau Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation "American Farm Bureau Federation"), called the move "a body blow to thousands of farmers and ranchers who are already struggling to get by," adding, "Farm Bureau economists tell us exports to China were down by \$1.3 billion during the first half of the year. Now, we stand to lose all of what was a \$9.1 billion market in 2018, which was down sharply from the \$19.5 billion U.S. farmers exported to China in 2017."[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-203)
- August 13: Official figures from China showed its industrial output growth falling amid the trade war to a 17-year low.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-204)
- August 13: Trump delayed some of the tariffs. \$112 billion worth will still take place on September 1 (which means that on September 1, \$362 billion total worth, including the newly imposed \$112 billion, of Chinese products will face a tariff), but the additional, not yet imposed, \$160 billion will not take effect until December 15.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-205) Trump and his advisors Peter Navarro, Wilbur Ross and [Larry Kudlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Kudlow "Larry Kudlow") said that the tariffs were postponed to avoid harming American consumers during the Christmas shopping season.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-206)
- August 23: Chinese Ministry of Finance announced new rounds of retaliative tariffs on \$75 billion worth of U.S. goods, effective beginning September 1.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-207)
- August 23: Trump tweeted that he "hereby ordered" American companies to "immediately start looking for an alternative to China". According to an article in *The New York Times*, Trump's aides said that no order had been drawn up nor was it clear one would be. In a tweet on the following day, Trump said that he had the authority to make good on his threat, citing the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-208) Furthermore, tariffs are to be raised from 25% to 30% on the existing \$250 billion worth of Chinese goods beginning on October 1, 2019, and from 10% to 15% on the remaining \$300 billion worth of goods beginning on December 15, 2019.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-209)
- August 26: At the [G7 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit "45th G7 summit"), Trump stated, "China called last night our top trade people and said 'let's get back to the table' so we will be getting back to the table and I think they want to do something. They have been hurt very badly but they understand this is the right thing to do and I have great respect for it."[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-210) Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman [Geng Shuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng_Shuang "Geng Shuang") said he was unaware of such a call[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-211) and Trump aides later said the call did not occur but the president was trying to project optimism.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-212)
- August 28: Americans for Free Trade, an umbrella group for 161 trade associations across numerous industries,[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-213) sent Trump a letter asking him to postpone all scheduled tariff increases.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Gangitano2019-214) The next day, Trump said "badly run and weak companies are smartly blaming these small Tariffs instead of themselves for bad management."[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-215)
- September 1: New US and Chinese tariffs previously announced went into effect at 12:01 pm EST. China imposed 5% to 10% tariffs on one-third of the 5,078 goods it imports from America, with tariffs on the remainder scheduled for December 15.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-216) The United States imposed new 15% tariffs on about \$112 billion of Chinese imports, such that more than two-thirds of consumer goods imported from China were then subject to tariffs.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-217)
- September 4: The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and Chinese state media confirmed that deputy-level meetings in mid-September would lead to ministerial-level talks in coming weeks.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-218)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-219) At the same time, the [United States Department of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce") issued preliminary antidumping duty determinations on fabricated structural steel from Canada, China, and Mexico. Furthermore, China was found liable for dumping up to 141.38% of fabricated structural steel into the United States and thereby prompted the [U.S. Customs and Border Protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection "U.S. Customs and Border Protection") to collect cash deposits in the same rate, as instructed by the Commerce Department.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-220)
- September 6: The [People's Bank of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China "People's Bank of China") announces a 0.5% reduction in its [reserve requirement ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_requirement "Reserve requirement") in response to the slowing of China's economic growth rates caused by the trade war.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-221)
- September 11: After China announced it was exempting 16 American product types from tariffs for one year, Trump announced he would delay until October 15 a tariff increase on Chinese goods previously scheduled for October 1. Trump asserted he granted the delay at the request of Chinese vice premier Liu He.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-222)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-223)
- September 12: *[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News")* and *Politico* reported that Trump advisors were increasingly concerned that the trade war was weakening the American economy going into the 2020 election campaign and were discussing ways to reach a limited interim deal.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-224)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-225) *The Wall Street Journal* reported China was seeking to narrow the scope of negotiations to place national security matters on a separate track from trade issues.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-226)
- September 13: China eliminated its tariff increase on soybeans, which it had imposed in 2018.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:022-227): 78
- September 26: *The Wall Street Journal* reported that Chinese retaliatory tariffs on lumber and wood products had caused hardwood lumber exports to China to fall 40% during 2019, resulting in American lumber mills slashing employment.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-228) A USDA spokesperson said the organization had provided the industry \$5 million in aid through its Agricultural Trade Promotion Program.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-229)
- October 7: Citing [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China "Human rights in China") issues, the United States Department of Commerce puts 20 Chinese [public security bureaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_security_bureau_\(China\) "Public security bureau (China)") and eight [high tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech "High tech") companies, such as [HikVision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikvision "Hikvision"), [SenseTime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SenseTime "SenseTime") and [Megvii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megvii "Megvii"), on the [Export Administration Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_Administration_Regulations "Export Administration Regulations") Entity List. Like Huawei, which was sanctioned on an identical blueprint for [national security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States "National security of the United States") reasons, the entities will need U.S. government approval before they can purchase components from U.S. companies.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-230)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_the_Vice_Premier_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China_\(48903914652\).jpg)
On October 11, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump hosted a delegation of U.S.-China negotiators at the White House.
- October 11: Trump announced that the United States and China had reached a tentative agreement for the "first phase" of a trade deal, with China agreeing to buy up to \$50 billion in American farm products, and to accept more American financial services in their market, with the United States agreeing to suspend new tariffs scheduled for October 15. The deal was expected to be finalized in coming weeks.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-231)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-232) At the same time, Chinese announcements did not express the same confidence,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-233) though a few days later the [Chinese Foreign Ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Foreign_Ministry "Chinese Foreign Ministry") said that the two sides had the same understanding and had reached an agreement.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-234)
- October 17: Official figures from China showed its third quarter GDP growth at its slowest in almost 30 years.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-235)
- December: Media reports indicated that China had ordered government agencies and public institutions to remove foreign computer equipment and software within three years, following a "3-5-2" replacement strategy. While not officially confirmed, this move was seen as part of the ITAI initiative. Increased funding and policy support were directed towards domestic IT companies to accelerate the development of homegrown technologies.
- December 13: Both countries announce an initial deal where new tariffs to be mutually imposed on December 15 would not be implemented. China says it "will increase purchases of high-quality agricultural products from the U.S.", while the United States says it will halve the existing 15% tariffs.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-236)[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-237)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-238)
- December 31: *The Wall Street Journal* reported that the language of the phase one deal was expected to be released after the January 15 signing, and that Lighthizer said some details would be classified.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-239)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signing_Ceremony_Phase_One_Trade_Deal_Between_the_U.S._%26_China_\(49391630992\).jpg)
Trump and Liu sign the Phase One Trade Deal in January 2020.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)
English [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has original text related to this article:
- January 3: *Reuters* reported that in December 2019 the American manufacturing sector fell into its deepest slump in over a decade, attributing the decline to the U.S.-China trade war.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-240)
- January 15: U.S. President Donald Trump and China's Vice Premier Liu He signed the US–China Phase One trade deal in Washington DC.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-241)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-242) The "Economic and Trade Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China" is set to take effect from February 14, 2020, and focuses on intellectual property rights (Chapter 1), technology transfer (Chapter 2), food and agricultural products (Chapter 3), financial services (Chapter 4), exchange rate matters and transparency (Chapter 5), and expanding trade (Chapter 6), with reference also being made to bilateral evaluation and dispute resolution procedures in Chapter 7.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-243) The agreement allows for a party to request additional consultation in the event of a "natural disaster or other unforeseeable event."[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-244)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-245)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-246) Unlike other trade agreements, the US–China Phase One agreement did not rely on arbitration through an [intergovernmental organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization "Intergovernmental organization") like the World Trade Organization, but rather through a bilateral mechanism.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-247)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-248)
- January 17: Official figures from China showed its 2019 economic growth rate falling amid the trade war to a 30-year low.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-249)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-250)
- February 5: Data from the Commerce Department of the United States showed the country's trade deficit falling amid the trade war for the first time in 6 years.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-251)
- February 17: China grants tariff exemptions on 696 US goods to support purchases.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-252)
- March 5: The United States Trade Representative granted exemptions to tariffs on various types of medical equipment, after calls from American lawmakers and others to remove tariffs on these products in light of the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States").[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-253)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-254)
- May 12: The Chinese government announced exemptions for tariffs on 79 additional US goods.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trade_war_turns_two_SCMP-255)
- May 14: The Chinese government announced that it would permit imports of [barley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley "Barley") and [blueberries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberries "Blueberries") from the United States.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-256)
- As of June, China had risen to become the United States' top trading partner again, amid the global crisis caused by the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). However, the countries were on track to miss the targets from the trade deal, hitting which would have been hard even under strong economic conditions, according to Chad Brown of the [Peterson Institute for International Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics "Peterson Institute for International Economics") and Chenjun Pan of [Rabobank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabobank "Rabobank"). The economic damage and barriers to trade caused by the pandemic made those targets even harder to reach.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trade_war_turns_two_SCMP-255)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_a_bright_spot-257)
- September 15: A three-person [WTO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO "WTO") panel found that the Trump administration tariffs violated global trade rules because they had been applied only to China and they exceeded the maximum rates the US had agreed to, without adequate explanation. Lighthizer responded that the finding showed "the WTO is completely inadequate to stop China's harmful technology practices."[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-258)
- September 26: The [US Commerce Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Commerce_Department "US Commerce Department") imposed restrictions on China's largest chip maker, [Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_Manufacturing_International_Corporation "Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation") (SMIC), determining that an "unacceptable risk" equipment supplied to SMIC could potentially be used for military purposes. Under the restrictions, the suppliers were barred from exporting the chip without a license.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-259)
- November 8: President Donald Trump signed an [executive order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order "Executive order") prohibiting Americans from investing in shares of companies with ties to the [Chinese military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_military "Chinese military"). New transactions would be barred from January 11, 2021, while investors that already held such stocks would have until November 2021 to divest them.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_20201120-260)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_20201113-261) On January 6, 2021, the [New York Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") announced that it would [delist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delisting_\(stock\) "Delisting (stock)") stocks related to [China Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobile "China Mobile"), [China Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Telecom "China Telecom") and [China Unicom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Unicom "China Unicom").[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_210106-262)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_210106-263) [Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_\(economics\) "Index (economics)") provider [MSCI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSCI "MSCI") also announced it would stop including China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom in its benchmarks.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WSJ_210110-264)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_210108-265)
- By the end of 2020, China and the U.S. had achieved only 58% of targets for U.S. exports to China under the phase one trade agreement. This was seen as a sign that the original targets were unrealistic.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-South_China_Morning_Post-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6) The U.S.-based [Peterson Institute for International Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics "Peterson Institute for International Economics") said China had "failed spectacularly" to meet its import targets and "much of the deal was a failure."[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto9-9)
- January 13: The Trump administration banned [cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton "Cotton") and [tomato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato "Tomato") products originating in [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang "Xinjiang"), including products manufactured outside of China but using cotton and tomatoes from Xinjiang, over [forced labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor") allegations.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-266)
- January 20: Trump's first term expired and [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") was [inaugurated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden "Inauguration of Joe Biden") as [president of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"). Biden said that he did not have immediate plans to remove the tariffs and planned to review the phase one trade deal and discuss the matter with allies first.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-phase_one_trade_deal_largely_scmp-6)
- January 20: China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, former secretary of health and human services Alex Azar, former under secretary of state Keith J. Krach, outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations [Kelly Craft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Craft "Kelly Craft"), and 24 other former Trump officials.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto8-83) Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PompeoSanctioned-84)
- February 22: China's Foreign Minister [Wang Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yi_\(politician\) "Wang Yi (politician)") called for US President Joe Biden to lift the multiple restrictions imposed by Trump. During a Foreign Ministry forum on US-China relations, he urged the Biden administration to lift the sanctions on trade and people-to-people contact, while asking it to stop interfering in China's internal affairs.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-267)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_and_National_Security_Advisor_Sullivan_Meet_with_CCP_Director_of_the_Office_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Foreign_Affairs_Yang_Jiechi_and_State_Councilor_Wang_Yi.jpg)
The [United States–China talks in Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_talks_in_Alaska "United States–China talks in Alaska") represent the inaugural face-to-face meeting of senior officials of the U.S. and China since President Joe Biden assumed office.
- March 18–19: [High level talks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_talks_in_Alaska "United States–China talks in Alaska") took place in [Anchorage, Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska") to discuss key geopolitical disagreements.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-268)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-269)
- March: The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) was released emphasizing technological self-reliance and innovation as national priorities, reinforcing ITAI objectives across various sectors, including healthcare.
- In May and June 2021, discussions continued between high-level officials, including Liu He and [Wang Wentao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Wentao "Wang Wentao") from China and [Katherine Tai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Tai "Katherine Tai"), [Janet Yellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Yellen "Janet Yellen"), and [Gina Raimondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Raimondo "Gina Raimondo") from the United States. The [Chinese Ministry of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Ministry_of_Commerce "Chinese Ministry of Commerce") described the talks as candid, productive, and pragmatic,[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-270) while Tai and Yellen said they looked forward to further dialogue.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-271)
- December 9: The WTO ruled that former US President Donald Trump was in breach of global trade rules in 2018 with his administration's tariffs on steel and aluminum. The Biden administration however disputed the panel's rulings and instead stated that they will not take away the duties that Trump had earlier established.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-272) Brussels had criticized the US for having rejected the WTO ruling. Bernd Lange, chairperson of the European Parliament's international trade committee, stated, "The USA's reaction of simply rejecting the ruling is incomprehensible. We have to have an honest discussion with the U.S. if they are moving away from a rules-based trading system, and if and how we can rescue the existing system."[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-273)
- December 21: WTO ruled that the US was in breach of global trading rules for having claimed that products imported from Hong Kong, can be marked as coming from China. Hong Kong's government welcomed the ruling and its secretary for commerce and economic development, [Algernon Yau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Yau "Algernon Yau"), stated that "the revised origin marking requirement is politically motivated" and "a vain attempt to interfere with Hong Kong's internal affairs through weaponising trade". The US rejected the ruling and expressed that they had no intentions in abiding. The United States Trade Representative spokesperson Adam Hodge stated the US responded to "highly concerning actions" by China to erode Hong Kong's autonomy and the democratic and human rights of its people, and so qualified to be a threat to the national security of the US. However, the WTO panel had disagreed that tensions between United States and Hong Kong have increased to being an "emergency in international relations", which is the threshold required to qualify for an exception.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-274)
- January 27: [European Commissioner for Internal Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Internal_Market "European Commissioner for Internal Market") [Thierry Breton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Breton "Thierry Breton") announced that the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") will join the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") in blocking the sale of technology to China that would allow it to produce advanced [semiconductor chips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit").[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-275)
- February 17: China expands *Unreliable Entities List* to include [Raytheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies "Raytheon Technologies") and [Lockheed Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin "Lockheed Martin").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-276)
- June 18–19: US Secretary of State [Antony Blinken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Blinken "Antony Blinken") visits China, the first secretary of state to visit China since 2018. Blinken met with Chinese Foreign Minister [Qin Gang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Gang "Qin Gang"), CCP Foreign Affairs Commission Office Director Wang Yi and CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping. Blinken sought to clarify the economic stance of the United States toward China, saying "We are for de-risking and diversifying" and emphasize that the US is not seeking to contain China economically. Yang Tao, director-general of the Chinese Foreign Ministry's North American and Oceanian Affairs department, rejected his explanation, telling reporters that the US is simply repackaging "decoupling" as "de-risking" from China.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-277)
- July 7: The US Treasury Secretary, Janet Yellen criticized China's restrictions during her visit to Beijing, citing her concern over China's crackdown on US consulting firms and export controls on critical minerals used in computer chip manufacturing. She stressed that the US's goal is to expand its economic partnership with China, rather than sever it.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-278)
- May 14: The Biden administration doubled [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") on [solar cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell "Solar cell") imported from China and more than tripled tariffs on [lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") imported from China.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:02-279) It also raised tariffs on imports of Chinese steel, aluminum, and medical equipment.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:02-279) The tariff increases will be phased in over a period of three years.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:02-279)
- September 13: The Biden administration finalized the increases of tariffs on Chinese exports. Tariffs increased to 100% on electric vehicles, 50% on solar cells and 25% on electric vehicle batteries, critical minerals, steel, and aluminum. The tariffs took effect beginning on September 27, 2024.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-280)
- December: Following China's escalating conflict with the United States over trade, Chinese manufacturers have recently restricted sales of key components used in drone construction to the United States.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-281)
- December 10: China launched an investigation against Nvidia due to alleged violations of anti-monopoly laws.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-282)
- January 20: Biden's term expired and [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") was [re-inaugurated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "Second inauguration of Donald Trump") for a second term as [president of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States").
- February 1: President Trump increased tariffs on China by 10%.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-283)
- February 4: [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") responded with a 15% tariff on coal and liquified natural gas products, and 10% on crude oil, agricultural machinery and [large-displacement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement "Engine displacement") cars.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-284) China also added [PVH Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVH_Corp. "PVH Corp.") and [Illumina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina,_Inc. "Illumina, Inc.") to the [Unreliable Entity List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_sanctions#Sanctions_announced_by_the_Ministry_of_Commerce_\(Unreliable_Entities_List\) "Chinese government sanctions"), launched an antitrust investigation into Google, and added [export controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_control "Export control") to some metals including [tungsten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten "Tungsten").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Xiao-2025-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Mason-20252-100)
- March 3: President Trump raised levies on Chinese goods by another 10% to a cumulative 20%. He also implemented [new 25% tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico") on imports from Mexico and Canada, thereby initiating new trade disputes with the three primary US trading partners.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-y219-285)
- March 4: China retaliated by imposing a 15% tariff on chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton originating in the United States;[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-r710-286) and a 10% tariff on sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products originating in the United States, effective on March 10, 2025.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-f4302-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-b913-102)
- March 30: China, [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), and Japan's trade ministers met for the first time in five years. The officials discussed goals for a [trilateral free trade agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement "China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement") and enhanced supply-chain cooperation in response to Trump tariffs.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-287)
- April 2: Trump raised the tariffs on China by another 34%, after accusing China of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers of 67% as part of his reciprocal tariffs policy, expressed during his ["Liberation Day" speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_Liberation_Day_speech "Donald Trump's Liberation Day speech").[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-288)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-289) The White House confirmed tariffs would stack on top of previous impositions, resulting in an effective tariff rate of 54% on all Chinese imports to the US beginning in one week.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Doherty-290)
- April 4: China announced that it would impose additional tariffs of 34% on all US goods effective April 10.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-291)
- April 7: Trump threatened to impose an additional 50% tariff on Chinese goods on April 9 if China did not withdraw its retaliatory measure of a 34% tariff on all US goods by April 8. This would boost the effective 54% tariffs on China on April 9 to 104%.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-292)
- April 9: China responded with retaliatory tariffs of 84% on US goods.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-293) In response, Trump increased tariffs on Chinese goods to 125% on the same day. However, the White House clarified the next day that the tariff rate had risen to 145%.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:12-17)
- April 11: China, in retaliation, announced an increase in tariffs on all American imports from the previous 84% to 125%, set to take effect on April 12.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-294)
- April 11: The US announces reciprocal tariffs will exclude consumer electronics from tariffs from most countries, but retains a 20% tariff on electronics from China.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-295)
- April 11: China suspended exports of a wide range of minerals and magnets critical to auto, defense, aerospace, and semiconductor industries; the Chinese government plans to introduce a new regulatory system to prevent access to American companies.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-296)
- April 17: The US published a fact sheet indicating that total tariffs on certain goods from China reach up to 245%.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-297)
- April 24: China begins researching and exempting certain U.S. exports from tariffs, including aerospace equipment parts and certain microchips. Chinese companies were asked to notify the government of U.S. goods that they could not procure elsewhere.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-reuters.com-19)
- May 2: the U.S. ends de minimis treatment for low-value imports from China and Hong Kong.[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-298)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scott_Bessent_meets_He_Lifeng_in_Geneva_\(2025\).jpg)
US Secretary of Treasury [Scott Bessent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Bessent "Scott Bessent") with China's Vice Premier [He Lifeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Lifeng "He Lifeng"), during US-China trade talks in [Geneva, Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland "Geneva, Switzerland") in May 2025
- May 12: The United States and China reach an agreement to reduce tariffs in an effort to de-escalate trade tensions. The U.S. agreed to cut tariffs on Chinese goods to 30%, while China reciprocated with tariff reductions on U.S. products to 10%. Both sides agreed to assess the situation after 90 days. The agreement was preceded by talks between senior U.S. and Chinese officials side the day before in [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland").[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-299)
- May 28: Secretary of State Marco Rubio announces the US will begin "aggressively" revoking the visas of Chinese students attending US universities.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-300)
- June 11: The White House announces the trade deal with China is "done". Baseline tariffs were sustained at 10% by China and 30% by the US. The US agreed to resume accepting Chinese students and China agreed to resume shipments of rare earths. China downplayed the deal as a framework representing the "first meeting".[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-301)
- July 2: The Trump administration announced a preliminary trade pact with [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") that includes a 20 percent tariff on Vietnamese exports, lower than what was previously threatened by US president Donald Trump. The deal also imposes a 40 percent tariff on transshipments, targeting China's efforts to avoid US tariffs.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-302)
- July 3: The US lifted its restrictions on their chip design software and ethane exports to China in order to de-escalate trade tensions.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-303)
- July 4: The Trump administration plans to restrict AI chip shipments to [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand") and [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") due to concerns of smuggling into China.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-304)[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-305) The draft on export control by the [US Commerce Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce") was created amidst a rise of AI shipments in Malaysia and concerns over American data centre projects, especially those backed by the [Oracle Corp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation").[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-306)
- July 28–29: The two day US-China trade talks was held in [Stockholm, Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden "Stockholm, Sweden") over which it seeks to extend their 90-day tariff truce. However, no major announcement was made. According to China's trade negotiator [Li Chenggang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Chenggang "Li Chenggang"), both countries have agreed for the preservation of the truce. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, meanwhile, stated that such extension would have to be approved by US President Trump.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-307)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-308)
- August 11: President Trump announced that the United States would extend their trade truce another 90 days to ease trade tensions with China after the international tariffs that went into effect.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-309)[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-310) The US withhold the imposition of their import duties until November 10. Similarly, China's commerce ministry also paused its additional tariffs on US goods.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-311)
- September 12: The U.S. Department of Commerce added 23 Chinese companies to its restricted trade list.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-312)
- September 13: China launched an anti-dumping probe into analog integrated circuit chips imported from the U.S. and an anti-discrimination probe into U.S. measures against China's chip sector.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-313)
- September 15: China accused the American AI chip maker [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") of violating anti-monopoly laws.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-314) The *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* reported on September 17 that the [Cyberspace Administration of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China "Cyberspace Administration of China") had ordered their domestic technology companies, including [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance") and [Alibaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group"), to stop testing Nvidia's RTX Pro 6000D as the country imposed restrictions on Nvidia's chips.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-315)
- September 29: The U.S. Department of Commerce updated its Entity List to require automatic inclusion of subsidiaries with an ownership stake of 50% or more held by an entity on the list, known as the Affiliates Rule. Analyst believed this could trigger a similar regulatory response from China.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-316)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-317)
- October 9: The Chinese Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) imposed jurisdiction on "specific export operators" that require a license from China to export and re-export rare earth materials. China's rule closely resembles the United States Affiliates Rule.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-318)
- October 10: President Donald Trump announced the imposition of 100% levies on Chinese imports along with new export controls effective November 1. The directive was made in response to China's decision to expand its rare earth element export controls.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-319)
- October 14: China imposed sanctions on five U.S.-linked subsidiaries of South Korea's [Hanwha Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwha_Ocean "Hanwha Ocean"), citing national sovereignty and security concerns; the move came in response to U.S. port fees on China-linked vessels, and prompted market disruptions and diplomatic tensions.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-320)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Donald_Trump_participates_in_a_bilateral_meeting_with_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_at_the_Gimhae_International_Airport_terminal_\(54890737150\).jpg)
U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping engaged in bilateral discussions during the [APEC South Korea summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2025 "APEC South Korea 2025") on October 30, 2025.
- October 30: President Donald Trump and Chinese leader [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") have met during the [APEC summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2025 "APEC South Korea 2025") in [Busan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan "Busan"), [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"). Both the US and China conducted their trade talks there resulting with the United States reducing their fentanyl tariffs on Chinese imports by 10%. China, in response, agreed to make necessary adjustments on their tariffs on US goods and suspend its rare earth exports restrictions for one year.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-321)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-322)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:18-323) Similarly, the US also agreed to suspend the expansion of its [Entity List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_List "Entity List") which include Chinese companies and Trump's 24% reciprocal tariffs for a year according to the statement released by China.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:18-323)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-324)
A November 2019 [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") analysis reported that "the U.S. tariffs on China are economically hurting both countries".[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-325) In the United States, it has led to higher costs for manufacturers, higher prices for consumers and financial difficulties for farmers. In China, the trade war contributed to a slowdown in the rate of economic and industrial output growth, which had already been declining. Many American companies have shifted [supply chains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chains "Supply chains") to elsewhere in Asia, bringing fears that the trade war would lead to a US-China economic 'decoupling'.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-326) Subsequent academic work tracking firm disclosures identified 244 discrete relocation decisions by 141 manufacturers during 2018–2023; 66.4% were multi-country "China-plus-many" strategies, with Vietnam the single largest beneficiary (75 of 244 moves).[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327) The same study reports that geopolitical risk linked to the U.S.–China confrontation and tariff increases were the most frequently cited rationales (164 and 163 out of 730 stated reasons, respectively), with a marked spike in 2019; it also estimates that relocations involved roughly 787,000 equivalent employees across destination countries.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327) In contrast to political rhetoric, true reshoring remained limited in the period, accounting for only 38 of the 244 moves (15.6%).[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327)
The trade war has also caused economic damage in other countries, though some benefited from increased manufacturing as production was shifted to them. It also led to stock market instability. Governments around the world have taken steps to address some of the damage caused by the economic conflict.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-328)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-329)[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-330)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-331)
By late 2019, the United States had imposed approximately US\$350 billion in tariffs on Chinese imports, while China had imposed approximately US\$100 billion on US exports.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Fajgelbaum-8)
In April 2018, China announced that it would eliminate laws that required global automakers and shipbuilders to work through state-owned partners.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-332) Chinese leader Xi Jinping reiterated those pledges, affirming a desire to increase imports, lower foreign-ownership limits on manufacturing and expand protection to intellectual property, all central issues in Trump's complaints about their trade imbalance.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WaPo2-333) Trump thanked Xi for his "kind words on tariffs and automobile barriers" and "his enlightenment" on intellectual property and technology transfers. "We will make great progress together!" the president added.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-WaPo2-333)
As a response to the trade war, China increased the personal income tax threshold from CN¥3,500 to CN¥5,000 (US\$705) in January 2019, and reduced the top tier of [value added tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax "Value added tax") from 16% to 13% in April 2019. Income tax deductions were also allowed for family care, medical and educational expenses, as well as for mortgage interest. The tax cuts were worth around CN¥2.3 trillion (US\$324 billion).[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tang2020-334)
In May 2019, China's industrial output growth fell to 5.0%, which was the lowest rate in 17 years.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-CNBC-China-May-Industrial-Output-2019-335) Exports fell by 1.3% in June compared to the previous year; imports declined 8.5% in May and 7.3% in June.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ChenEtYao2019-336) According to an analysis by Peterson Institute for International Economics published in June 2019, China had lowered tariffs on imports from countries other than the U.S. from an average of 8.0% to 6.7%, while average tariffs on U.S. imports rose from 8.0% to 20.7%.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-ReedJR2019-337)
In December 2019, the *[South China Morning Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post "South China Morning Post")* reported that, due to the trade war and the Chinese government's crackdown on [shadow banking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banking "Shadow banking"), Chinese manufacturing investments were expanding at the lowest rate since records began.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-338) Economic growth rate for 2019 was 6.1%, the slowest since 1990.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Tang2020-334)
The trade war resulted in a significant growth of economic ties between China and the European Union, primarily as a result of the redistribution of commodity flows.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:13-339)
The trade war contributed to a rise in [Chinese nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism "Chinese nationalism"); the *South China Morning Post* reported that the conflict helped the [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") "shore up much-needed domestic support".[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-340) The external pressure of the trade war allowed Chinese leader Xi Jinping to point to the United States' actions as a reason for China's economic slowdown.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:0-341)
As of 2023, many Chinese solar panel manufacturers shifted their assembly operations from the US to Southeast Asian countries like [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), and [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia"), according to the [US Commerce Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce").[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-342) In 2025, China's GDP grew by 5.2% in April to June despite trade war escalation due to Chinese government support and front-loading shipments by Chinese factories before tariffs.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:22-343)[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-344) Amidst weak demand and impact of US tariffs, China had increased infrastructure spending and consumer subsidies, cutting interest rates to support their economy.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:22-343) The country's export shipments to the US fell by 33% in August.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-345)
Following the tariffs implemented by President Trump in 2025, China decreased its oil imports from the United States by 90% and increased its oil imports from Canada.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-346) As of May 2025, Chinese companies stopped buying US soybeans and increased soybeans orders from [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"), [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay "Uruguay"), and [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil").[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-347)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-348)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-349)
As of May 2025, China had reduced its US Treasury holdings for the third consecutive month since March, lowering them to US\$756.3 billion from US\$757.2 billion in April. This is the lowest amount since March 2009.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-350)
Despite the trade war and subsequent reductions in China's trade surplus with the United States, China continued to grow its overall trade surplus by 20% from 2024 to a record \$1.19 trillion in 2025 with increasing exports to other countries. Some exports were also indirectly shipped to the United States through third countries, particularly those in Southeast Asia.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-351): 123 [\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-352)
Analysis conducted by the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that China imposed uniform tariffs averaging 8% on all its importers in January 2018, before the trade war began. By June 2019, tariffs on American imports had increased to 20.7%, while tariffs on other nations declined to 6.7%.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-353) The analysis also found that average American tariffs on Chinese goods increased from 3.1% in 2017 to 24.3% by August 2019.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-354)
Analysis by [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") in May 2019 found that the [consumer price index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Consumer_Price_Index "United States Consumer Price Index") for nine categories of tariffed goods had increased much more than goods not impacted by tariffs. The CPI for tariffed goods increased, while it declined for all other core goods.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-355)
Surveys of consumer sentiment and small business confidence showed sharp declines in August 2019 on uncertainty caused by the trade war.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-356)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-357) The closely followed [Purchasing Managers' Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_Managers%27_Index "Purchasing Managers' Index") for manufacturing from the [Institute for Supply Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Supply_Management "Institute for Supply Management") showed contraction in August, for the first time since January 2016; the ISM quoted several executives expressing anxiety about the continuing trade war, citing shrinking export orders and the challenges of shifting their supply chains out of China. The [IHS Markit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHS_Markit "IHS Markit") manufacturing purchasing managers' index also showed contraction in August, for the first time since September 2009.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-358) The day the ISM report was released, Trump tweeted, "China's Supply Chain will crumble and businesses, jobs and money will be gone!"[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-359)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-360)
American importers were allowed to apply for exclusions from the tariffs. *The Wall Street Journal* reported in February 2020 that the USTR was granting fewer tariff waivers to American firms, down from 35% of requests for the first two tranches of tariffs in 2018 to 3% for the third tranche in 2019.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-361) The mechanism for applying for exclusions expired in 2020.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362)
Many companies passed the costs of the Trump tariffs on to consumers in the form of higher prices.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Ma&Kang2-363): 180 Following impositions of the tariffs on Chinese goods, the prices of US [intermediate goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_goods "Intermediate goods") rose by 10% to 30%, an amount generally equivalent to the size of the tariffs.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:024-364): 233–234
According to the [Consumer Technology Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Technology_Association "Consumer Technology Association"), a 60% tariff on Chinese imports could increase the price of laptops and tablets by up to 46% and smartphones by up to 26%. It is estimated by the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation") that consumers will have to pay an extra \$6.4–\$10.9 billion for appliances with tariffs.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-365)
Analysis conducted by [Moody's Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Analytics "Moody's Analytics") estimated that through August 2019 300,000 American jobs had either been lost or not created due to the trade war, especially affecting manufacturing, warehousing, distribution and retail.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-366)
By September 2019, American manufacturers were reducing their capital investments and delaying hiring due to uncertainty caused by the trade war.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-367)
A 2021 study by Oxford Economics and the [U.S.-China Business Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-China_Business_Council "US-China Business Council") concluded that the United States lost 245,000 jobs as a direct result of the Trump tariffs.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Ma&Kang2-363): 180
Analysis published by *The Wall Street Journal* in October 2020 found the trade war did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing nor did it result in the [reshoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshoring "Reshoring") of factory production.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:6-7) Consistent with this, a study of 244 relocation decisions found that reshoring to the home country accounted for just 15.6% of moves in 2018–2023.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Free2025-327) Though the trade war led to higher employment in certain industries, tariffs led to a net loss of U.S. manufacturing jobs.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:6-7) The United States' overall trade deficit increased.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-368) American businesses shifted their imports to other countries to avoid the Trump tariffs and the deficit in goods increased 21% from 2016 to a record high.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:7-369) American exports – notably farm goods – were also weakened by retaliatory actions from China, the European Union, and other countries.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:7-369) Economist [Stephen Roach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Roach "Stephen S. Roach") writes that by replacing the Chinese portion of the United States' trade gap with deficits from other nations that produce goods at higher cost, the [diversion of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_diversion "Trade diversion") to non-Chinese sources has resulted in the functional equivalent of a tax hike on United States companies and consumers.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 60–61
The Phase I agreement failed to address any structural aspects of the structural conflicts between the United States and China.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 290 The overall U.S. trade deficit worsened, with supply trade diverted from China to higher-cost foreign producers rather than being supplied domestically.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 290 Tariffs imposed by the U.S. increased costs of Chinese imports for U.S. consumers and business.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:04-370): 290
In 2021, the US trade deficit with China increased.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Ma&Kang2-363): 179
Analysis published by Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that if there was no trade war initiated by Trump and if the US share of the Chinese market had just stayed consistent, then US exports to China would have been \$119 billion bigger than what was actually recorded during Trump's administration during 2018 to 2021. Additionally, the trade war had incurred further costs of \$30 billion in taxpayers funds that Trump used to subsidize the country's farmers to compensate for their lost sales to China from 2018 to 2020. Bown concluded that Trump's trade policies were not worth it for US exporters and that they would have likely have been better off without Trump's trade war.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-371)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tradewar2025-eng.jpg)
Reducing China's dependence on export to US. After US-China trade war in 2018, China increased its foreign trade volumes. At the same time, the US share of China's export revenues declined.
Investor uncertainty due to the trade war caused turbulence in the stock market.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-372)[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-373)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-374)
The [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average") fell 724 points, or 2.9%, after the tariffs were announced due to concerns over a trade war.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-375) Corporations that traded with China, such as [Caterpillar Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") and [Boeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing "Boeing"), suffered large losses in their stock price.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-376)
On December 4, 2018, the Dow Jones Industrial Average logged its worst day in nearly a month as it declined nearly 600 points, to which some argue is in part due to the trade war.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:14-377)
On August 23, 2019, the Dow dropped 623 points on the day that Trump informally ordered American companies to immediately seek alternatives to doing business in China.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-378)[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-379) By the end of 2019, stock markets reached record highs, having risen due to the agreement between the United States and China to sign the first phase of a trade deal.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-380)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-381)
American farmers faced significant challenges due to China's retaliatory trade actions. From 2010 to 2016, China was the largest market for [U.S. agricultural products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Agriculture in the United States"), with exports peaking at \$25.5 billion in 2015.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:32-382) Although U.S. agricultural exports to China totaled \$19.4 billion in 2017, making it the second-largest market behind Canada, the trade war drastically reduced these figures. By 2018, exports had plummeted to \$9.1 billion. A partial recovery followed in 2019, with exports reaching \$13.8 billion; however, by then, China had fallen to the fourth-largest market for U.S. agricultural goods, trailing Canada, Mexico, and Japan, respectively.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:42-383)
Soybean exports accounted for the largest annualized losses with China, totaling \$9.4 billion. Sorghum followed in second, losing \$854 million, and pork third, losing \$646 million.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:52-384) Relative to exports in 2017 as a – change, by 2018, the most impacted [agricultural commodities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities "List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities") by total losses were soybeans, wheat, corn, coarse grains, hides and skins, fresh fruit, pork, dairy products, processed fruit, and cotton.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385)
The United States is the world's second-largest producer of soybeans, behind Brazil.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:72-386) China is the world's largest soybean importer, importing about 60% of the global market in 2024.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:05-387) Between 2017 and 2018, China's share of U.S. soybean exports dropped from 62% to 18%. It recovered to 55% by 2020.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:05-387) Soybean farmers were some of the most impacted by Chinese tariffs. Soybean farmers lost an estimated \$24 billion in exports and accounted for the predominant number of increasing farm bankruptcies in 2018.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:82-388) By 2019, soybean farmers had planted 15% less acreage than in 2018.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:82-388) Trade represents 50% of soybean farmers income, as compared to the national average of 20%.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:92-389)
Other massive agricultural disruptions included products like cranberries, hay, and ethanol. Cranberry exports to China rose nearly 77% from 2007 to 2016 when a barrel of fruit would sell for \$58.60. By 2018, the price had fallen 62% to only \$22.30 per barrel.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-390) Hay exports to China dropped 36%, resulting in an estimated \$300 million in the first two years compared to the anticipated \$400 million.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385) Ethanol, a corn-based biofuel, had emerged as an important agricultural byproduct commodity to China, exporting for a total of \$300 million in 2017. By 2018, total exports dropped 86%.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385)
Regionally, the Midwest was most impacted by the agricultural tariffs by China. For example, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas represented the largest share of annualized losses in agriculture revenue in 2018. Losing \$1.46 billion, \$1.41 billion, and \$955 million, respectively, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas accounted for 11%, 11%, and 7% of all total agricultural losses in 2018.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:63-385)
Agricultural tariffs against the U.S. by China began in April 2018 when retaliatory tariffs between 15% and 25% on U.S. imports included 94 different lines on U.S. agricultural goods. These first tariffs predominantly focused on pork, fruit, and tree nuts. Then, in July 2018, China expanded agricultural tariffs of 25% to a total of 697 different lines. On September 1, 2019, Chinese agricultural tariffs had increased to 1053 different lines. Although most agricultural tariffs on U.S. goods by China began at 25%, some goods like pork, fruits and nuts, grains, sugar, and soybeans reached tariffs as high as 80% to 100%.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:10-391)
The Trump administration responded to decreasing agricultural exports through a series of acts and bailouts. Between 2018 and 2020, the [United States Department of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture "United States Department of Agriculture")'s [Farm Service Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency "Farm Service Agency") administered and oversaw the distribution of \$23 billion in the form of direct payments to farmers for losses caused by international trade disputes through the [Market Facilitation Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_Facilitation_Program&action=edit&redlink=1 "Market Facilitation Program (page does not exist)").[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:112-392) Specifically, in 2019 the USDA's Market Facilitation Program paid \$14.4 billion across 644,000 farming operations. The average payment per operation was \$22,312 and focused on three types of eligible commodities: (1) non-specialty crops (such as corn and soybeans); (2) specialty crops (such as fruits and nuts); (3) dairy and pork products. Of the \$14.4 billion in farmer assistance in 2019, 90% went to farmers of non-specialty crops, totaling \$12.9 billion.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:122-393)
Another form of agricultural assistance was the [Food Purchase and Distribution Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Purchase_and_Distribution_Program&action=edit&redlink=1 "Food Purchase and Distribution Program (page does not exist)") by the United States Department of Agriculture. Specifically designed to offset already produced agricultural commodities in the form of surplus, USDA purchased roughly \$2.3 billion in U.S. agriculture impacted by trade tariffs. The most significant commodities purchased were pork, dairy, and apples.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:132-394)
Finally, the third program introduced by USDA was the [Agricultural Trade Promotion Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Trade_Promotion_Program&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Trade Promotion Program (page does not exist)"). Designed to assist American agricultural exporters in identifying and accessing new markets to mitigate the impacts of agricultural tariffs by China, the program accepted applications beginning in November 2018 to access the \$200 million federal budget and promote their products abroad.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:132-394)
For soybean farmers impacted by the trade tariffs with China, these agricultural mitigation programs helped lessen losses to U.S. soybean farmers. For example, soybean farmers began exporting to new markets in 2018 to markets like Mexico, Egypt, and the European Union. These new markets accounted for \$4.7 billion, partially offsetting the \$9.4 billion loss with China in 2018.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-395)
In 2020, the U.S. and China agreed on new agricultural tariffs through the [Phase One Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase_One_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1 "Phase One Agreement (page does not exist)") which created a new trade agreement that required structural reforms and changes to China's economic and trade regime. The agreement included a commitment by China to make substantial purchases of U.S. goods and services, of which agricultural products were included in the Agriculture Chapter.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:17-396) The first part of the agreement included a commitment by China to purchase and import an average of at least \$40 billion U.S. agricultural products across two years between 2020 and 2022 totaling \$80 billion.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:17-396) Additionally, specific agricultural products that had been the recipient of tariffs by China were addressed. Most notable were U.S. exports of beef, pork, poultry, processed meat, dairy, rice, seafood, fruits, and feed products. However, between 2020 and 2022, only 73% of the agreed-upon \$40 billion was spent on U.S. agricultural products by China.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:142-397) In 2020, U.S. exports to China totaled \$26.4 billion, and in 2021 totaled \$32.7 billion. This amounted to a total two-year export value by the U.S. to China of \$59.5 billion. Essential commodities like soybeans grew from a total export value of \$15.1 billion in 2020, to \$17.9 billion by the end of 2022.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:23-398)
Analysts speculated that the trade war could affect the [2020 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election"), as tariffs have negatively affected farmers, an important constituency for Trump.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-399)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-2020_looms-400) Analysts also speculated on how the trade war affected Xi Jinping in relation to the domestic pressures that he faced.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-2020_looms-400)
In 2021, following the transition to the Biden administration, the *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* reported that "rushing to remove the tariffs could prove risky" for the [Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") in the [2022 United States elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections "2022 United States elections").[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362)
Economic growth has slowed worldwide amid the trade war.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-global_markets_take_fright-401) The International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook report released in April 2019 lowered the global economic growth forecast for 2019 from 3.6% expected in 2018 to 3.3%, and said that economic and trade frictions may further curb global economic growth and continue weaken the investment.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-402) U.S. economic growth has also slowed.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-global_markets_take_fright-401)
Globally, [foreign direct investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment "Foreign direct investment") has slowed.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-403) The trade war has hurt the [European economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_economy "European economy"), particularly [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany"), even though trade relations between Germany and China and between Germany and the U.S. remain good.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-404) Germany and the EU have had high levels of trade with China, and the German government and public want to maintain these trade ties.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-405) The [Canadian economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_economy "Canadian economy") has seen negative effects as well.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-406) Like the U.S., Britain, Germany, Japan, and South Korea were all showing "a weak manufacturing performance" as of 2019.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-China-US_trade_war_talks_to_resume_in_early_October-407) Several Asian governments have instituted [stimulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_\(economics\) "Stimulus (economics)") measures to address damage from the trade war, though economists said this may not be effective.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-408)
Some countries have benefited economically from the trade war, at least in some sectors, due to increasing exports to the United States and China to fill the gaps left by decreasing trade between these two economies. Beneficiaries include [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile"), [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India"), [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"), and Argentina.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-these_economies_are_benefiting-409) Vietnam is the biggest beneficiary, with technology companies moving manufacturing there.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-these_economies_are_benefiting-409)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-410) [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") has also benefited from increased electronics exports, Malaysia from [semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor "Semiconductor") exports, Mexico from [motor vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicles "Motor vehicles"), and Brazil from [soybeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeans "Soybeans").[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-these_economies_are_benefiting-409) Trade diversion effects have also had an impact on countries in East and Southeast Asia with [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") getting the largest boost.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-411) [US-ASEAN Business Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-ASEAN_Business_Council "US-ASEAN Business Council") CEO Alex Feldman said these countries may not benefit for long: "It's in everyone's interest to see this spat get resolved and go back to normal trade relations between the US and China."[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-412) Several Taiwanese companies have been expanding production domestically, including [Quanta Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Computer "Quanta Computer"), Sercomm and [Wistron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistron "Wistron"), creating over 21,000 jobs.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto1-413) This investment led to a significant strengthening of the [New Taiwan Dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwan_Dollar "New Taiwan Dollar") which had not been expected pre-Trade War.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-414) Nintendo has reportedly moved some Nintendo Switch production from China to Southeast Asia.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-415)
The trade war has indirectly caused some companies to go bankrupt. One of them, Taiwanese LCD panel manufacturer Chunghwa Picture Tubes (CPT), went bankrupt as a result of an excess supply of panels and a subsequent collapse in prices, which was aided by vulnerability to the trade war, a slowing Taiwanese and global economy and a slowdown in the electronics sector.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto1-413)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-416)
Through practices of trade re-routing and re-labeling, the trade war has redirected Chinese trade to the United States via [ASEAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN "ASEAN").[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Han-417): 45–46 As the Trump administration put tariffs on goods originating from China, they also planned to tax any goods having a high degree of "Chinese content" in 2025. As a result, some Southeast Asian countries has vowed to suppress [transshipments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transshipment "Transshipment") such as Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-418) The [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") was also affected by the trade war as the country is heavily reliant on imports that came from China and exports that went to the US.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-419)
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|  | This section needs to be **updated**. The reason given is: **Lacking in post-2020 information, especially in reactions to the Trump administration's escalation in 2025**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(April 2025)* |
Mainland Chinese politicians and economists have been divided over the trade war.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprchinadivided-420)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprecondissent-421)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423) An August 2019 article in NPR said that while some in the PRC leadership argued for a quick resolution to the trade war in order to save China's economy, others said that the country should push back against the United States and avoid an agreement at all costs.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprchinadivided-420) The Chinese government characterizes the U.S. side as infringing on Chinese national sovereignty through demanding structural changes to China's economic system.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Laikwan-424): 163 The Chinese public was generally surprised by the beginning of the trade war, according to academic Lin Mao.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 305
In July 2018, academic [Xu Zhangrun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhangrun "Xu Zhangrun") said that the trade war revealed underlying weaknesses in the Chinese political system and criticized Chinese leader Xi Jinping for his "overweening pride" and "vanity politics."[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423)
In August 2018, Hong Kong-based academic [Willy Lam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wo-Lap_Lam "Willy Wo-Lap Lam") said that the trade war had galvanized all the previous misgivings which different countries in the West had toward China and undermined Chinese leader Xi Jinping's authority.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423) Zhang Baohui, a political science professor at Lingnan University in Hong Kong, similarly said that the trade war had been effective in challenging the myth of Chinese invincibility, saying that the tariffs "really hurt China at a very bad time, when the economy is experiencing serious trouble."[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)
Economist Sheng Hong, director of the defunct think tank [Unirule Institute of Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unirule_Institute_of_Economics "Unirule Institute of Economics"), said that it would be good if China yielded to America's request for fair trade, arguing that the "China model" of state capitalism was incompatible with its policies of market reforms and damaging China's economy.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprecondissent-421) Amidst the closure Unirule after Hong was accused of threatening of state security, Hong likened Beijing's inability to brook internal criticism to "riding in a car with a filthy windshield."[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nprecondissent-421)
A December 2018 journal article published by two Chinese academics said that in the worst-case scenario of the trade war, China would suffer a 1.1% decrease in employment and a 1% GDP loss, which they said were not negligible, but manageable for China.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Chong-Li-2019-39) Another paper published in February 2018 by Chinese academics similarly concluded that whereas the United States would experience large social welfare losses as a result of the trade war, China may lose or gain slightly depending on the effect of trade war on the U.S.–China trade balance.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Guo-2018-28)
In September 2019, Lu Xiang, an analyst at the state-backed [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Social Sciences"), expressed pessimism about the outcome of upcoming talks, called Trump "unpredictable", and said, "We can only try to find sensible clues in his nonsense."[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-China-US_trade_war_talks_to_resume_in_early_October-407)
Domestic reporting on the trade war is censored in China. While news outlets are permitted to report on the conflict, their coverage is subject to restrictions; the South China Morning Post said that employees for Chinese media were told not to "over-report" the trade war[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-426) while an article in *The New York Times* said that state news outlets had sought to promote the official line, with the authorities restricting the use of the phrase "trade war."[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-nytrattle-423) Social media posts about the conflict are subject to censorship as well.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-427)[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-428)
The trade war is a common subject on Chinese social media, with one popular [Internet meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme "Internet meme") referencing [Thanos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos "Thanos"), a villain from [Marvel Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics "Marvel Comics") and the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe "Marvel Cinematic Universe") who wipes out half of all life in the universe using the [Infinity Gauntlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Gems "Infinity Gems"), joking that Trump will similarly wipe out half of China's investors.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-429)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-430)
Hong Kong economics professor [Lawrence J. Lau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_J._Lau "Lawrence J. Lau") argues that a major cause of the trade war is the growing battle between China and the U.S. for global economic and technological dominance. He argues, "It is also a reflection of the rise of populism, isolationism, nationalism and protectionism almost everywhere in the world, including in the US."[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-431)
In mid-2021, Taoran Notes, a social media account associated with the state-run *[Economic Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Daily "Economic Daily")*, advised Chinese decision-makers to remain calm and recommended that both sides develop a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives. Taoran Notes said that the two countries had chosen "the path of cooperation that seeks common ground while reserving differences".[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-cool_heads_and_new_strategy_SCMP-432)
*[People's Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily "People's Daily")*, the official newspaper of the [Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"), has stated that China will be able to withstand the trade war, and that Trump's policies are affecting American consumers.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-433) Some online discussions in China, especially commentary suggesting negative impacts to the national economy and particular companies, have been widely [censored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China "Internet censorship in China").[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-434)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-435)
After the signing of the Phase One agreement, the Chinese Communist Party tabloid *[Global Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Times "Global Times")* published a series of articles reflecting on the trade war.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 328 According to the *Global Times*, the trade war had made Chinese people more mature and confident and the country proved it had political and economic institutions strong enough to defend its interests.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329 In the view of the *Global Times*, China had not made too many concessions as part of the Phase One agreement.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329 While China agreed to buy more from the United States, these were not forced purchases and China could make purchases based on its own needs.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329 The structural changes China agreed to regarding intellectual property protections and opening more economic sectors to foreign investment would, according to the *Global Times*, ultimately serve China's needs to further deepen its reforms.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:Mao-425): 329
On April 15, 2025, [Xia Baolong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Baolong "Xia Baolong"), director of the Central [Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macao_Work_Office "Hong Kong and Macao Work Office"), said in a video on Hong Kong National Security Education Day that Hong Kong is the largest source of the United States' trade surplus, but the United States imposes high tariffs on Hong Kong. "This makes it clearer to the world that the US cannot tolerate Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability, and it is the biggest sinister manipulator undermining human rights, freedom, the rule of law, prosperity and stability in Hong Kong", he said."it is extremely naive to think that peace, respect and development can be achieved by flattering, yielding or pl eading with the United States. The so-called sanctions and reciprocal tariffs by the United States cannot shake the determination and will of the central government and the Hong Kong SAR government. The 1.4 billion Chinese people, including our Hong Kong compatriots, will not be intimidated. It will only make us more united and more determined to safeguard national security and Hong Kong's prosperity and stability," he added.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-436)
### In the United States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: In the United States")\]
Some Democrats opposed the trade war for putting a burden on American consumers and causing inflation, while other Democrats thought action against China was necessary, although not all such Democrats thought the trade war initiated by Trump was the right means of action.
Senate Democratic leader [Chuck Schumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer "Chuck Schumer") praised President Trump's higher tariffs against China's alleged taking advantage of the U.S. and said "Democrats, Republicans, Americans of every political ideology, every region in the country should support these actions." Other Democratic senators who supported Trump's actions include [Bob Menendez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menendez "Bob Menendez"), [Sherrod Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherrod_Brown "Sherrod Brown") and [Ron Wyden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden "Ron Wyden").[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-LAT180322-437)[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-438)[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-439)[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-440)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-441) Bipartisan support from the House of Representatives for Trump's actions came from [Nancy Pelosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi "Nancy Pelosi").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Dem-Trump-442)[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-443)[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-444) [Brad Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Sherman "Brad Sherman"),[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Sherman-Yoho-445) [Kevin Brady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Brady "Kevin Brady"),[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-LAT180322-437) and [Ted Yoho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Yoho "Ted Yoho").[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Sherman-Yoho-445) Democratic representative [Tim Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ryan_\(Ohio_politician\) "Tim Ryan (Ohio politician)"), said, "What China has been doing is bullshit. They're cheating, they're subsidizing their product."[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-vicebullshit-446) Senator [Marco Rubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio "Marco Rubio") has also supported the tariffs, which he referred to as a "theft tax".[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-McCaughey-447)
Other Republican senators have given more divided statements. [Mitch McConnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell "Mitch McConnell") said that "nobody wins a trade war" but that there was hope the tactics would "get us into a better position, vis-à-vis China." [John Cornyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornyn "John Cornyn") said, "If this is what it takes to get a good deal, I think people will hang in there, but at some point we've got to get it resolved. If this goes on for a long time, everybody realizes it's playing with a live hand grenade."[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-448) [Joni Ernst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Ernst "Joni Ernst") said in May 2019 that the "tariffs are hurtful" to farmers, but that they "do want us to find a path forward with China" and said, "We hope that we can get a deal soon".[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-449)
Other senators from both parties have criticized Trump for the trade war, including [Chuck Grassley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Grassley "Chuck Grassley"),[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-450) [Tim Kaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine"),[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Virginia_senators-451) [Mark Warner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner "Mark Warner"),[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Virginia_senators-451) [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren"),[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trade_turmoil_gives-452) and Ron Wyden.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-washingtonexaminer-8-2019-453)
The Associated Press reported in 2018 that "Dave Warner, a spokesman for the National Pork Producers Council, said pork producers have already seen the value of their pigs fall after a previous Chinese tariff. Warner said pig producers will likely feel the effect of the new tariff, though it's not yet clear exactly how."[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)
Iowa soybean farmer and president of the [American Soybean Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Soybean_Association "American Soybean Association") John Heisdorffer called the use of tariffs a "scorched-earth approach", warning that U.S. industries could permanently lose global market share as a result.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-455)
The mayors of Davenport and St. Gabriel, which represented towns with a heavy reliance on the farming sector, expressed their concerns of impacts that the trade war would have on their cities.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)
In August 2019, [Roger Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Johnson_\(American_politician\) "Roger Johnson (American politician)") of the [National Farmers Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Farmers_Union_\(United_States\) "National Farmers Union (United States)") – representing about 200,000 family farmers, ranchers and fishers – stated that the trade war was creating problems for American farmers, specifically highlighting the fall in soybean exports from the U.S. to China.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-456)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] In the same month, the American Farm Bureau Federation – representing large [agribusiness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness "Agribusiness") – said that the announcement of new tariffs "signals more trouble for American agriculture."[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-457)
More than 3,500 American businesses sued the Trump administration over the tariffs.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362)
In September 2018, a business coalition announced a [lobbying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States "Lobbying in the United States") campaign called "Tariffs Hurt the Heartland" to protest the proposed tariffs;[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Wide_range_of_businesses-458) the tariffs on Chinese steel, aluminum, and certain chemicals contributed to rising fertilizer and agricultural equipment costs in the United States.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-459)
In February 2019, a survey released by the American Chamber of Commerce in China showed that a majority of member U.S. companies supported increasing or maintaining tariffs on Chinese goods, and nearly twice as many respondents compared to the year before wanted the U.S. government to push Beijing harder to create a level playing field.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-lobbytariffs-460)[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-tradesupport-461) A further 19% of its companies said they were adjusting supply chains or seeking to source components and assembly outside of China as a result of tariffs and 28% were delaying or canceling investment decisions in China.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-lobbytariffs-460)
Over 600 companies and trade associations, including manufacturers, retailers, and tech companies, wrote to Trump in mid-2019 to ask him to remove tariffs and end the trade war, saying that increased tariffs would have "a significant, negative, and long-term impact on American businesses, farmers, families, and the US economy".[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-600_companies-462)
On May 20, 2019, the Footwear Distributors and Retailers of America, an industry [trade association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association "Trade association") for [footwear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear "Footwear"), issued an open letter to President Trump, part of which read: "On behalf of our hundreds of millions of footwear consumers and hundreds of thousands of employees, we ask that you immediately stop this action", referring to the trade war.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-463)[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-464)
Americans for Free Trade, a coalition of over 160 business organizations, wrote a letter to Trump in August 2019 requesting that he postpone all tariff rate increases on Chinese goods, citing concerns about cost increases for U.S. manufacturers and farmers. The coalition includes the National Retail Federation, the Consumer Technology Association, Association of Equipment Manufacturers, the Toy Association and [American Petroleum Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute "American Petroleum Institute"), among others.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Gangitano2019-214)
In September 2019, [Matthew Shay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shay "Matthew Shay"), president and CEO of the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation"), said that the trade war had "gone on far too long" and had harmful effects on American businesses and consumers. He urged the Trump administration to end the trade war and find an agreement to remove all the tariffs.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-China-US_trade_war_talks_to_resume_in_early_October-407)
Hun Quach, vice president of international trade for the Retail Industry Leaders Association has claimed that the tariffs will impact American family budgets by raising the prices of everyday items.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-465)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-466)
A spokesperson for the [US–China Business Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Business_Council "US–China Business Council") said that the tariffs were "deeply unpopular with American consumers and businesses who bear the cost".[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-FT_Persistence_of_Donald_Trump's_China_tariffs-362) Alibaba's Taobao app download surged following Trump tariffs that led to goods subject to 145 percent tariff. With increased cost, many US small businesses are looking for cheaper alternatives.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-467) Many US retailers are turning to Chinese owned commerce sites like Taobao, DHgate, reducing reliance on B2B sites like Alibaba to search for retail products that are sourced directly from the manufacturer.[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-468)
The CEOs of American steelmakers Nucor Corp, United States Steel Corp, ArcelorMittal SA and Commercial Metals Co have all supported Trump's steel tariffs against China[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Ferriola-469)[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-470) as has the United Steelworkers Union.[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-471)[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-472)[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-473)[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-474)[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-vicebullshit-446) Scott Paul, president of the associated [Alliance for American Manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_American_Manufacturing "Alliance for American Manufacturing"), has also supported tariffs,[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:4-454)[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PolitiFact's_guide_to_understanding_tariffs-475) and opposed proposals to reverse them in light of the [coronavirus pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic").[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-476) In 2019, he criticized the stagnation of trade talks saying "Trump would have ripped any Democrat for that outcome".[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-477)
[James Hoffa Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Hoffa "James P. Hoffa"), president of the [International Brotherhood of Teamsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters "International Brotherhood of Teamsters"), has been a proponent of U.S. tariffs against China[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-478) as has [Richard Trumka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trumka "Richard Trumka"), president of [AFL–CIO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO "AFL–CIO").[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-vicebullshit-446)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-479)[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-480)
A 2019 statement by the [National Association of Manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers "National Association of Manufacturers") stated their opposition to the trade war, calling for a new structure for the U.S.–China commercial relationship that would eliminate China's unfair trade practices and level the playing field for manufacturers in the United States.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-481) A 2018 *Politico* article documented the close partnership between the president of NAM [Jay Timmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Timmons "Jay Timmons") and President Trump and said that Timmons was fighting against Trump's trade war from within.[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-482)
The vice president of the National Marine Manufacturers Association criticized the tariffs, saying they were "hurting American manufacturers."[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Wide_range_of_businesses-458)
#### Economists and analysts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Economists and analysts")\]
According to articles in [PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact"), most mainstream economists said that "consumers are the primary victims of tariffs"[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PolitiFact's_guide_to_understanding_tariffs-475) and most economists said that they carry "more risks than benefits".[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Politifact_Donald_Trump_has_floated-483) Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said that Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the economy of the United States,[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto4-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-auto7-22) and some economists advocated for alternate means for the United States to address its trade deficit with China.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-economists-advocated-alternate-23)
NYU Economics Professor [Lawrence J. White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_J._White "Lawrence J. White") has said that import tariffs are equivalent to a tax, and contribute to a higher cost of living.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-PolitiFact's_guide_to_understanding_tariffs-475)[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Politifact_Donald_Trump_has_floated-483)
Economic analyst [Zachary Karabell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Karabell "Zachary Karabell") has argued that the administration's tariff-based approach would not work as it would not "reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte" and also argued that the assertion that more rigorous intellectual property protections would "level the playing field" was problematic.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trumpwired-484) He recommended instead that the U.S. focus on its relative advantages of economic openness and a culture of independence.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-trumpwired-484)
[James Andrew Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Andrew_Lewis "James Andrew Lewis") of the [Center for Strategic and International Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies "Center for Strategic and International Studies") said that what the United States needed from China was a commitment to observe the rules and norms of international trade and to extend reciprocal treatment to U.S. companies in China.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-485)
In an April 2018 article in *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*, [Harry G. Broadman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_G._Broadman "Harry G. Broadman"), a former U.S. trade negotiator, said that while he agreed with the Trump administration's basic position that the Chinese did not abide by fair, transparent and market-based rules for global trade, he disagreed with its means of unilaterally employing tariffs and said that the administration should instead pursue a coalition-based approach.[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-486)
In a 2018 speech on the trade war, former World Bank Chief Economist Priya Basu stated, "I'm from India. Over my entire career, I saw many developed countries try many approaches to open up the markets in developing countries. I never thought I would see the opposite happening."[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-:62-27): 255
In a November 2018 testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, Jennifer Hillman, a professor of practice at Georgetown University Law School, said that United States "ought to be bringing a big and bold case, based on a coalition of countries working together to take on China."[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
Chad Bown, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics said that while it made sense for other countries to get more involved in confronting China, the problem was that they did not know how serious Trump was on reforming the larger, systemic issues.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
Michael Wessel described plans to allow foreign companies a greater role in the Chinese technology program "an influence operation at its best" and also questioned whether changes in relevant Chinese laws would mean much so long as the courts remained under the control of the Chinese Communist Party.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
A May 2019 article written by Howard Gleckman of the [Tax Policy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center "Tax Policy Center") argued that the impact of the trade war would eliminate "most or all" of the benefits from the [Tax Cuts and Jobs Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017 "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017") for low- and middle-income households.[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-488)[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-489)
Economists at financial firm [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") expressed uncertainty about how the trade war would end, but warned in June 2019 that it could lead to a [recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession "Recession").[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-490)
Economist [Panos Mourdoukoutas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panos_Mourdoukoutas "Panos Mourdoukoutas") states that China's elites were fighting the trade war under the wrong assumption that China had reached "power parity" with the U.S. and that although an economic divorce between the two countries would have some consequences for the US, it would on the other hand be devastating for China.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-491)
In November 2019, [Jim Cramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cramer "Jim Cramer") said that unless China purchased a considerable amount of American goods as a way to prove the validity of the arguments proffered by the free-trade contingent in the Trump administration, the U.S.–China trade war would continue on for a significant period of time.[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-492)
After the first phase of a trade deal was agreed upon in December 2019, [Mary E. Lovely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_E._Lovely "Mary E. Lovely") of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and professor at [Syracuse University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University "Syracuse University") said the ceasefire was "good news" for the American economy while expressing optimism that the talks would help address China's "unfair" intellectual property practices.[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-493)[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-494)
Economist Paul Krugman said in September 2020 that if Democratic candidate Joe Biden won the U.S. presidential election, he should maintain a tough stance against China, but focus more on [industrial policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy "Industrial policy") than trade tariffs.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-495)
Economist [C. Fred Bergsten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Fred_Bergsten "C. Fred Bergsten") concluded in 2021 that "China's economy is too large and too powerful to be suppressed. It fended off the Trump attacks with little damage, and indeed with renewed confidence in its prospects."[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-496)
In study on the trade-effects of regulation in 2023, economists [Knut Blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Blind "Knut Blind") and Moritz Böhmecke-Schwafert concluded that tariff hikes by the US are expected to have an opposite effect in the mid- and long-term "and exports from China to the US might actually increase" based on trade data of OECD and BRICS countries in the last two decades.[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-497)
[Minxin Pei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minxin_Pei "Minxin Pei"), a scholar of Chinese politics at California's [Claremont McKenna College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College "Claremont McKenna College"), argued that Xi Jinping's ambition for China's revival as a worldpower had been revealed as hollow through the continuing trade dispute.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-globeandmailcriticism-422)
The former Vice President Joe Biden said: "While Trump is pursuing a damaging and erratic trade war, without any real strategy, China is positioning itself to lead the world in renewable energy."[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-498)
An August 2019 [Harvard CAPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_American_Political_Studies "Center for American Political Studies")/Harris Poll found that 67% of registered voters wanted the U.S. to confront Beijing over its trade policies despite the fact that 74% said American consumers were shouldering most of the burden of tariffs. Mark Penn, the co-director of the Harvard CAPS/Harris Poll, said the poll showed strong support among the American public for Trump's trade policies against China, saying, "They realize that the tariffs may have negative impacts on jobs and prices, but they believe the fight here is the right one."[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-499)
Tariffs on medical supplies have become politically complicated due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*, citing [Trade Data Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Data_Monitor "Trade Data Monitor") to show that China is the leading source of many key medical supplies, raised concerns that US tariffs on imports from China threaten imports of medical supplies into the United States.[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-500)
The Harvard CAPS/Harris poll conducted in January 2025 indicated that 52% of Americans approve of placing new tariffs on China, with 74% of Republicans agreeing, but only 34% of Democrats.[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-501)
A September 2018 article by [Brahma Chellaney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Chellaney "Brahma Chellaney") said that America's trade war with China should not obscure a broader pushback against China's mercantilist trade, investment, and lending practices.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-502)
At the [2018 G20 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_G20_Buenos_Aires_summit "2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit"), the trade war was on the agenda for discussion.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-503)
In December 2018 [Jorge Guajardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Guajardo "Jorge Guajardo"), former Mexican ambassador to China, said in an article in *The Washington Post* that "One thing the Chinese have had to acknowledge is that it wasn't a Trump issue; it was a world issue. Everybody's tired of the way China games the trading system and makes promises that never amount to anything."[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-wapocrowd-487)
A March 2019 Reuters article said that the European Union shared many of the Trump administration's same complaints with regards to China's technology transfer policies and market access constraints and also reported that European diplomats and officials acknowledged support for Trump's goals, even if they disagreed with his tactics.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-tradesupport-461)
Singaporean Prime Minister [Lee Hsien Loong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") said that the trade war was negatively affecting Singapore and described it as "very worrying". He urged both the U.S. and Chinese governments to change their approaches.[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-504)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-505)
At the 45th G7 summit, UK Prime Minister [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") said, "We don't like tariffs on the whole."[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Trump_suggests_second_thoughts-506) An article in ABC said that U.S. allies warned Trump during the summit about his trade war with China, but that Trump said he wasn't facing any pressure from his allies over the trade war.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-Trump_suggests_second_thoughts-506) European Council President [Donald Tusk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk") said the trade war risked causing a global recession.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-507)
The Chilean vice minister for trade, Rodrigo Yanez, told CNBC that "It's very important for Chile that a trade deal between the U.S. and China is signed soon".[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-508)
In the wake of the [2020 Galwan Valley skirmish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes#Galwan_Valley_skirmish "2020 China–India skirmishes"), Indian commentators made references to the US–China trade war as part of their overall analysis of the effect that the skirmish would have on the future relations between India and China.[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-509)[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-510)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-511)[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-512)[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-513)[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-514)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_note-515)
- [2002 United States steel tariff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_steel_tariff "2002 United States steel tariff")
- [Anti-American sentiment in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_China "Anti-American sentiment in China")
- [Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States "Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States")
- [Australia–China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_trade_war "Australia–China trade war")
- [2025 United States tariffs against the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_tariffs_against_the_European_Union "2025 United States tariffs against the European Union")
- [2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico")
- [Canada–China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_trade_war "Canada–China trade war")
- [Chinese espionage in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States "Chinese espionage in the United States")
- [CIA activities in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_China "CIA activities in China")
- [Congressional-Executive Commission on China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China "Congressional-Executive Commission on China")
- [List of the largest trading partners of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States "List of the largest trading partners of the United States")
- [List of the largest trading partners of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China "List of the largest trading partners of China")
- [List of largest trading partners of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_trading_partners_of_India "List of largest trading partners of India")
- [Plaza Accord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Accord "Plaza Accord")
- [Protectionism in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States "Protectionism in the United States")
- [Rare earths trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earths_trade_dispute "Rare earths trade dispute")
- [Second Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cold_War#Usage_in_the_context_of_China%E2%80%93United_States_tensions "Second Cold War")
- [Trade policy of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_policy_of_China "Trade policy of China")
- [Tariffs in the first Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration")
- [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration")
- [Thucydides Trap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides_Trap "Thucydides Trap")
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Zumbrun, Josh (December 31, 2021). ["Beijing Fell Short on Trade Deal Promises, Creating Dilemma for Biden"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-fell-short-on-trade-deal-promises-creating-dilemma-for-biden-11640946782). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220102111447/https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-fell-short-on-trade-deal-promises-creating-dilemma-for-biden-11640946782) from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
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`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"))
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McCarthy, Simone (April 12, 2025). ["Trump exempts electronics—including phones and computers—from reciprocal tariffs"](https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/12/tech/trump-electronics-china-tariffs/index.html). *CNN*. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
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Broadman, Harry (April 9, 2018). ["The Coalition-Based Trade Strategy Trump Should Pursue Toward China"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2018/04/09/the-coalition-based-trade-strategy-trump-should-pursue-toward-china/#a4e9f307b9e7). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
486. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-wapocrowd_487-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-wapocrowd_487-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-wapocrowd_487-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-wapocrowd_487-3)
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487. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-488)**
["TaxVox: For Many Households, Trump's Tariffs Could Wipe Out The Benefits of the TCJA"](https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/many-households-trumps-tariffs-could-wipe-out-benefits-tcja). *Tax Policy Center*. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
488. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-489)**
["Trump Tariffs Could Wipe Out Tax Cuts for Many Households"](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/trump-tariffs-could-wipe-tax-142911498.html). *finance.yahoo.com*. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
489. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-490)**
Higgins, Tucker (June 2, 2019). ["Morgan Stanley sees global recession 'in three quarters' if Trump escalates trade war"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/02/morgan-stanley-sees-recession-on-the-horizon-if-trade-war-escalates.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*.
490. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-491)** ["A Big Mistake China's Political Elite Makes In Fighting The Trade War"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2019/09/07/a-big-mistake-chinas-political-elite-makes-in-fighting-the-trade-war/#2a51079e52e6), *Forbes*, September 7, 2019
491. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-492)**
Stankiewicz, Kevin (November 14, 2019). ["Cramer: Ideological divides could make the US–China trade war 'go on for years'"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/14/jim-cramer-why-the-us-china-trade-war-could-go-on-for-years.html). [CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC").
492. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-493)**
Lovely, Mary E. ["Opinion: A trade war ceasefire is just what America's economy needs"](https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/13/perspectives/phase-one-trade-deal/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
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["U.S.–China Trade Deal Implications"](https://www.npr.org/2020/01/18/797631345/u-s-china-trade-deal-implications). *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR")*. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
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["U.S. must stand up to China if Biden wins, focus less on trade, Krugman says"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latam-economy-krugman-idUSKBN26J2SH). *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. September 28, 2020.
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Bergsten, C. Fred (2022). *The United States vs. China: the quest for global economic leadership*. Cambridge. p. 309. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-5095-4735-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4735-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4735-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1255691875](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1255691875).
`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher "Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher"))
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497. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-498)**
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499. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-500)**
Ferek, Katy Stech; Zumbrun, Josh (April 12, 2020). ["U.S. Tariffs Hamper Imports of Sanitizer, Disinfectants, Some Companies Say"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-tariffs-hamper-imports-of-sanitizer-disinfectants-11586683800). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
500. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-501)**
["The US tried high tariffs and 'America first' policies in the 1930s. Trump should note what happened next"](https://theconversation.com/the-us-tried-high-tariffs-and-america-first-policies-in-the-1930s-trump-should-note-what-happened-next-249079). The Conversation. January 7, 2025.
501. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-502)**
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502. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-503)**
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503. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-504)**
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McGraw, Meridith (August 25, 2019). ["Trump suggests 'second thoughts' about China tariff war, triggers confusion at G-7 summit"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-g7-allies-respect-trade-war-china-warnings/story?id=65177426). *[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_\(United_States\) "ABC News (United States)")*.
506. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-507)**
["'Senseless disputes': E.U.'s Tusk says Trump's trade wars are damaging global economy"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/senseless-disputes-eus-tusk-says-trumps-trade-wars-are-damaging-global-economy/2019/08/24/bc1f6502-c656-11e9-9986-1fb3e4397be4_story.html). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. August 24, 2019.
507. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-508)**
["The US–China trade deal is 'very important' for Chile, says the vice minister for trade"](https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/29/a-us-china-deal-is-very-important-for-chile-vice-minister-for-trade.html). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. November 29, 2019.
508. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-509)**
["Galwan clash 'huge mistake' by China, world already fighting Covid-19: Experts"](https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/galwan-clash-huge-mistake-by-china-world-already-fighting-covid-19-experts/story-Zhw1Hi0D18t24B3h86hCOP.html). PTI. Hindustan Times. June 27, 2020.
509. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-510)**
["India working to restrict Chinese goods, investments since before Galwan, Covid: Officials"](https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-working-to-restrict-chinese-goods-investments-since-before-galwan-covid-officials/445017/). The Print. The Print. June 19, 2020. ""We cannot follow the Americans. Even they had to do a deal with the Chinese," Dhar said, referring to the US Commerce Department allowing American firms to work with Chinese telecom major Huawei earlier this week, an issue that was one of main reasons for the trade war between US and China."
510. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-511)**
Nalapat, M D (June 20, 2020). ["India may re-evaluate neutrality in the US–China war"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029054033/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/india-may-re-evaluate-neutrality-us-china-war). ITV Network. Sunday Guardian Live. Archived from [the original](https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/india-may-re-evaluate-neutrality-us-china-war) on October 29, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
511. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-512)**
["How India responds to China's 'expansionistic tendencies' will have ramifications for the world"](https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-china-lac-border-dispute-galwan-valley-clashes-6498385/). Indian Express. Indian Express. July 10, 2020. "The US and western powers have been very vocal in calling out Beijing in recent times. US–China relations have hit rock bottom, especially since Donald Trump took office. The US–China trade war is now taking a toll on the world system. For example, it is creating fissures among ASEAN members...I am not advocating for joining a US-lead platform as a devoted member. To push back against Chinese adventurism by deepening dependence on another power also runs counter to the very logic of protecting our national sovereignty. India today is strong enough to stand for her interest and yet must be adroit enough to find common ground with those with whom her interests align, whether to its West or East. China must be made to choose: Is it willing to push the equally proud, equally numerous, equally historical and glorious civilisation to the south in this long-term direction for a few square kilometres of territory and a round of chest-thumping?"
512. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-513)**
Bhattacharjee, Govind (July 6, 2020). ["The China Trade"](https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/the-china-trade-1502906391.html). The Statesman. The Statesman. "This has given India one lifetime opportunity to attract investments and companies away from China unto itself. Hence the Prime Minister's emphasis on 'Buy Local, Be Global' and Atmanirbhar Bharat, and to ultimately substitute China as the world's supplier. Unfortunately, it is not only cheap labour and improvement in the ease of doing business that will enable India to claim a substantial share of China's global business. We also need to understand that we are not the only player vying for the pie...Of the 56 companies that relocated their production bases from China in the aftermath of the US–China trade war of 2018–19, only three came to India and the rest went to Vietnam, Taiwan and Thailand. In contrast, it is only now that the Government is focusing on the long-overdue factor market reforms including the labour laws which have already run into a judicial stonewall."
513. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-514)**
Joshi, Manoj. ["Can India still avoid becoming collateral damage in US–China row?"](https://www.orfonline.org/research/can-india-still-avoid-becoming-collateral-damage-in-us-china-row-68028/). ORF. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
514. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war#cite_ref-515)**
Chari, Seshadri (July 10, 2020). ["As armies 'retreat' at LAC, India must turn to options it hasn't used against China so far"](https://theprint.in/opinion/as-armies-retreat-at-lac-india-must-turn-to-options-it-hasnt-used-against-china-so-far/457839/). The Print.
- Albuquerque, José Luiz, Antonio MArcelo Jackson Ferreira da Silva, and José Medeiros da Silva. "The China–US Trade War." *Revista do Fórum Internacional de Ideias* 9.1 (2019): 11+ [online](https://periodicos.ufop.br/pp/index.php/revii/article/viewFile/1983/1519), a Brazilian perspective
- Boucher, Jean-Christophe, and Cameron G. Thies. "'I Am a Tariff Man': The Power of Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric under President Trump." *Journal of Politics* 81.2 (2019): 712–722.
- Böhmecke-Schwafert, M., Blind, K. The trade effects of product market regulation in global value chains: evidence from OECD and BRICS countries between 2000 and 2015. Empirica 50, 441–479 (2023). <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-023-09574-z>
- Chong, Terence Tai Leung, and Xiaoyang Li. "Understanding the China–US trade war: causes, economic impact, and the worst-case scenario." *Economic and Political Studies* 7.2 (2019): 185–202. [online](http://www.igef.cuhk.edu.hk/igef_media/working-paper/IGEF/igef%20working%20paper%20no.%2071%20english%20version.pdf), a historical perspective
- Crowley, Meredith A. (ed.), [Trade War: The Clash of Economic Systems Endangering Global Prosperity](https://voxeu.org/content/trade-war-clash-economic-systems-threatening-global-prosperity) (CEPR Press, 2019).
- Fenby, Jonathan, and Trey McArver. *The Eagle and the Dragon: Donald Trump, Xi Jinping and the Fate of US/China Relations* (2019)
- Foot, Rosemary, and Amy King. "Assessing the deterioration in China–US relations: US governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus." *China International Strategy Review* (2019): 1–12. [online](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42533-019-00005-y)
- Lau, Lawrence J. *The China–U.S. Trade War and Future Economic Relations* (Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2019) [online](http://www.igef.cuhk.edu.hk/igef_media/working-paper/IGEF/igef%20working%20paper%20no.%2072%20english%20version.pdf), a Hong Kong perspective
- Qiu, Larry D., Chaoqun Zhan, and Xing Wei. "An analysis of the China–US trade war through the lens of the trade literature." *Economic and Political Studies* 7.2 (2019): 148–168.
- Qiu, Larry D., and Xing Wei. "China–US trade: implications on conflicts." *China Economic Journal* (2019): 1–20. |
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