🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa042)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement","crawl_time":1774331459,"first_indexed_time":1434570226,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Certificate of Entitlement - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nIn\nSingapore\n, the\nCertificate of Entitlement\n(\nCOE\n) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle.\n[\n1\n]\nThe licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an\nopen bid uniform price auction\nwhich grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself.\n[\n2\n]\nThe COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore.\nOn 1 May 1990, the previous transportation unit of\nSingapore's Public Works Department\n(PWD) instituted a quota limit to vehicles called the COE, as rising affluence in the country catapulted land transport network usage and previous measure to curb vehicle ownership by simply increasing road taxes was ineffective in controlling vehicle population growth.\n[\n3\n]\nThe premise was that the country had limited land resources, ie. limited supply of roads and car parks \/ parking lots, (with scarce land being managed to have a greater emphasis on providing an adequate supply of homes), along with demand for vehicle ownership spiralling out of control, would result in traffic conditions exceeding the criterion of a healthy road network that is sustainable by developments in land transport infrastructure resulting in gridlock.\nAlong with a\ncongestion tax\ncalled the\nElectronic Road Pricing\n(ERP), the COE system is one of many key pillars in Singapore's traffic management strategies that aims to provide a sustainable urban quality of life.\n[\n4\n]\n[\n5\n]\nIn place of the COE and the ERP, the government has encouraged its citizens and tourists alike to take advantage of the extensive public transportation network to get around the country instead, such as the\nMass Rapid Transit\n(MRT),\nLight Rail Transit\n(LRT) or\npublic buses\n, and to embrace a \"car-lite society\".\n[\n6\n]\nBefore buying a new vehicle, potential vehicle owners in Singapore are required by the\nLand Transport Authority\n(LTA) to first place a monetary bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The number of available COEs is governed by a quota system called the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) and is announced by LTA in April of each year with a review in October for possible adjustments for the period of one year starting from May. Approximately one-twelfth of the yearly quota is auctioned off each month in a sealed-bid, uniform price auction system and successful bidders pay the lowest winning bid.\nVehicle Quota System (VQS)\n[\nedit\n]\nThe number of COEs available to the public is regulated by the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that is calculated every 6 months based on the following conditions:\n[\n7\n]\nActual number of vehicles taken off the roads (i.e. number of vehicles de-registered)\nAllowable growth in vehicle population\nAdjustments arising from temporary COEs that have expired or were cancelled.\nSince the change in the total motor vehicle population is given by the number of registrations minus the number of de-registrations and any unallocated quota in a given year may be carried over to the following year, the quota formula is as follows:\n[\n8\n]\nIn the formula above, the subscript\ndenotes calendar year and the subscript\ndenotes quota year (May to April). Initially, projected de-registrations for (calendar) year\nwere simply taken to be equal to actual de-registrations in\nbut from quota year 1999–2000 onwards, a projected number of de-registrations has been used.\nEach year, the quota is set to allow for a targeted\npercent growth in the total motor vehicle population, plus additional quota licenses to cover the number of motor vehicles that will be deregistered during the (calendar) year, plus any unallocated quota licenses from the previous quota year.\nThe holder of a COE is allowed to own a vehicle for an initial period of 10 years, after which they must scrap or export their vehicle or renew the COE at the prevailing rate if they wish to continue using their vehicle for an intended remaining lifespan.\n[\n9\n]\nAt the end of the 10-year COE period, vehicle owners may choose to deregister their vehicle or to revalidate their COEs for another 5-year or 10-year period by paying the Prevailing Quota Premium, which is the three-month moving average of the Quota Premium for the respective vehicle category. You do not need to bid for a new COE to renew the existing COE of your vehicle. 5-year COEs cannot be further renewed.\n[\n10\n]\nCOE biddings starts on the first and third Monday of the month and typically lasts for three days to the following Wednesday. Bidding duration will be pushed further in some circumstances, including public holidays. Bidding results can be obtained through the local media on the same day or on a website.\n[\n11\n]\nAll COE bids made in the two car categories (Cat A and B COEs) and the motorcycle category (Cat D COEs) must be made in the name of the buyer. Once COE is obtained, the vehicle has to be registered in the name of the bidder, i.e. Cat A, B and D COEs are non-transferable. To provide flexibility, successful COE bids in the Cat C (Goods vehicles and Buses) and Cat E (Open Category) in the name of the individuals are transferable. However these can only be transferred once within the first 3 months, while successful bids by companies are not transferable at all.\nAn additional restriction on car ownership is the requirement that motor vehicles more than ten years old, known as \"time expired\" vehicles, must either renew the COE for another 5 or 10 years or de-register the vehicle for scrapping or exporting from Singapore, usually to neighbouring countries in\nASEAN\n. COEs renewed for 10 years are renewable indefinitely, but for vehicles which have a renewed COE of only 5 years, the owner of the vehicle has to scrap the vehicle at the end of the period with no option to renew the COE, totaling a car ownership of 15 years.\nSome of these vehicles, especially luxury ones, have been exported further to other\nright hand drive\ncountries such as\nAustralia\nand\nNew Zealand\n, which has traditionally imported such vehicles from Japan. The result of the peculiarities of the Singapore car market has resulted in Singapore being the second largest exporter of used cars in the world after Japan. Cars are exported to many countries, including beyond Asia such as\nKenya\nand\nSouth Africa\nin Africa as well as\nJamaica\nand\nTrinidad and Tobago\nin the Caribbean. As these cars are often only about ten years old, they are often in high demand as they remain in relatively good condition.\n[\n12\n]\n[\n13\n]\nOwners of such vehicles are given financial incentives to do this, which include a\nPreferential Additional Registration Fee (PARF).\nThis program was implemented to reduce\ntraffic congestion\nand it complements other measures to curb road usage such as the\nElectronic Road Pricing\n(ERP) program.\nCOE Category Refinement in 2013\n[\nedit\n]\nIn September 2013, The COE system has been refined to include a new criterion for Category A cars. Under the change, the engine power of Cat A cars should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW). This is equivalent to about 130 brake horsepower. This is in addition to the previous criterion of engine capacity of Cat A cars not exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres. However, cars with engine power output exceeding 97 kW (130 hp) will be classified under Category B in COE bidding exercises starting February 2014 despite having engine capacity below 1600 cubic centimetres. The review of the COE categories' criteria was because LTA wanted to differentiate and regulate the buying of mass market and premium cars under Cat A in a bid to control COE prices that hovered closer and closer to S$100,000.\n[\n14\n]\nInitially, COEs were divided into eight categories but after many revisions, the system has been simplified to five categories.\nCategories A, B & D are non-transferable. Taxis used to be classed under category A but issuance of COEs became unrestricted from August 2012 onwards.\n[\n15\n]\nCategory\nVehicle Class\nCat 1\nCars 1000cc & below\nCat 2\nCars 1001-1600cc & Taxis\nCat 3\nCars 1601-2000cc\nCat 4\nCars above 2000cc\nCat 5\nGoods Vehicles & Buses\nCat 6\nMotorcycles\nCat 7\n\"Open\" (for any kind of vehicle)\nCategory\nVehicle Class\nBefore May 2022\nFrom May 2022\nCat A\nCars 1600cc & below, and the engine power output should not exceed 97 kW (130 bhp)\nNon-fully electric cars 1,600cc & below, and maximum power output up to 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output up to 110 kW (147 bhp)\nCat B\nCars above 1600cc, or the engine power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp)\nNon-fully electric cars above 1,600cc, or maximum power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output above 110 kW (147 bhp)\nCat C\nGoods Vehicles & Buses (including public transport buses)\nCat D\nMotorcycles\nCat E\n\"Open\" (for any kind of vehicle, in 2017 motorcycles are no longer included in Cat E COE)\nPeriod\n%\nRemark\nMay 1990 to May 2009\n3.0\n3.0% + deregistrations as per last annum\nJun 2009 to Jun 2010\n1.5\nReduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE\nJul 2010 to Jul 2012\n1.5%  as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July\nAug 2012 to Jan 2013\n1.0\nTaxi are moved to Cat E\nFeb 2013 to Jan 2014\n0.5\nReduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015\nFeb 2014 to Jan 2015\nChange to recent quarterly deregistrations\nFeb 2015 to Jan 2018\n0.25\nReduced to 0.25%\nSince Feb 2018\n0.0\nCOE growth rate frozen for personal cars and motorbikes only.\n[\n16\n]\n[\n17\n]\nPrevious Category\nHighest\nLowest\n1\nCurrent Category\nHighest\nLowest\nRemarks\nMay 1990 – Apr 1999\nSGD\nPeriod\nSGD\nPeriod\nFrom May 1999 – present\nSGD\nPeriod\nSGD\nPeriod\nCat 1 (1000 cc & below)\n41,008\nJul 1997\n210\nFeb 1991\nCat A\n3\n128,105\nOct 2025\n[\n18\n]\n2\nNov 2008\na\na. Major historical plunge partly due to the\nGreat Recession\nand over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008\/09\nb. Major historical plunge partly due to\n1997 Asian financial crisis\nCat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi\n62,208\nJul 1997\n909\nMar 1991\nCat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc)\n83,500\nDec 1994\n50\nJan 1998\nb\nCat B\n150,001\nOct 2023\n[\n19\n]\n200\nJan 2009\na\nCat 4 (2001 cc & above)\n110,500\nDec 1994\n800\nApr 1991\nCat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus)\n39,000\nDec 1994\n1\nApr 1991\nCat C\n91,101\nMar 2023\n[\n20\n]\n1\nDec 2006–\nMar 2007\nc\nc. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006\nCat 6 (Motorcycle)\n3,506\nAug 1997\n1\nJan 1994,\nFeb 1994\nd\nCat D\n13,189\nNov 2022\n[\n21\n]\n1\nNov 2002–\nMar 2003\nd\nd. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders\nCat 7 (Open)\n95,986\nDec 1994\n998\nMar 1991\nCat E\n158,004\nOct 2023\n[\n19\n]\n3,200\nJan 2009\n–\nCat 8 (Weekend Car)\n2\n45,300\nSep 1994\n1,110\nOct 1991\nOPC\nCOE rebate up to $17,000\n1. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991\n2. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate\n3. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012\nIn 1994, academics Winston Koh and David Lee of the\nNational University of Singapore\nproposed to reform the bidding process. Instead of bidding in dollars, applicants for COEs would bid in percentage of the price of the vehicle.\n[\n4\n]\nIn 2003, economist Tan Ling Hui of the\nInternational Monetary Fund\nreiterated the idea.\n[\n8\n]\nIn 2023, with COE prices surging, the idea of percentage bidding resurfaced in the general media. Proponents of percentage bidding argued that it was more equitable than bidding in dollars.\n[\n22\n]\n[\n23\n]\n[\n24\n]\n^\nTan, Ling Hui (2003).\n\"Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System\"\n.\nIMF Staff Papers\n.\n50\n(3):\n436–\n457.\ndoi\n:\n10.2307\/4149940\n.\nISSN\n \n1020-7635\n.\nJSTOR\n \n4149940\n. Retrieved\n18 August\n2024\n.\n^\nGrant, Jeremy (4 March 2014).\n\"Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city\"\n. FT.com\n. Retrieved\n7 July\n2014\n.\n^\nSingapore, National Library Board.\n\"Certificate of Entitlement - Infopedia\"\n.\neresources.nlb.gov.sg\n.\n^\na\nb\nKoh, Winston T.H.; Lee, David K.C. (1994). \"The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore: An Assessment\".\nTransportation Research A\n.\n28A\n(1):\n31–\n47.\n^\nAuto, Hermes (23 March 2022).\n\"Singapore core inflation eases in February but jump in car prices drive up overall inflation | The Straits Times\"\n.\nwww.straitstimes.com\n. Retrieved\n1 June\n2022\n.\n^\nMenon, A P Gobinath (18 November 2017).\n\"Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society\"\n.\nTODAY\n. Retrieved\n6 October\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Overview of a Vehicle Quota System\"\n. Land Transport Authority of Singapore\n. Retrieved\n24 January\n2013\n.\n^\na\nb\nTan, Ling Hui (2003). \"Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System\".\nIMF Staff Papers\n.\n50\n(3):\n437–\n457.\ndoi\n:\n10.2307\/4149940\n.\nJSTOR\n \n4149940\n.\n^\n\"Certificate of Entitlement\"\n.\nOneMotoring\n. 28 May 2025\n. Retrieved\n28 May\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Road Traffic (Motor Vehicles, Quota System) Rules\"\n.\nAttorney-General's Chambers Singapore\n. Part V 24.2. 15 May 1996.\n^\nhttp:\/\/www.onemotoring.com.sg\nArchived\n6 January 2009 at the\nWayback Machine\n^\nFarah Abdul Rahim (23 October 2005).\n\"100,000 used Singapore cars expected to be exported this year\"\n. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from\nthe original\non 29 June 2007\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2007\n.\n^\nChakraborty, Drima (30 July 2022).\n\"Where do our old cars go? Surprisingly to Jamaica and Kenya, found one Reddit user\"\n.\nAsiaOne\n. Retrieved\n18 August\n2024\n.\n^\nCOE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars\nArchived\n19 November 2013 at the\nWayback Machine\n^\n\"Taxis out of COE bidding process from August\"\n.\nChannel News Asia\n. 27 July 2012. Archived from\nthe original\non 29 August 2012\n. Retrieved\n27 February\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles extended for 3 years until Jan 31, 2025\"\n.\nTODAY\n. Retrieved\n25 October\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Zero car and motorcycle growth from February 2018\"\n.\nTODAY\n. Retrieved\n25 October\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Cat A COE premium hits new record of $128,105; Cat B price climbs to $141,000\"\n.\nThe Straits Times\n. 8 October 2025\n. Retrieved\n9 October\n2025\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise\"\n.\nTODAY\n. Retrieved\n18 October\n2023\n.\n^\nLee, Nian Tjoe (8 March 2023).\n\"COE for commercial vehicles hits new high again; premiums also up for cars and motorbikes\"\n.\nThe Straits Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0585-3923\n. Retrieved\n1 July\n2023\n.\n^\ncue (29 December 2022).\n\"COE premiums at all-time highs in 2022; buyers could get slight reprieve in latter half of 2023 | The Straits Times\"\n.\nwww.straitstimes.com\n. Retrieved\n30 December\n2022\n.\n^\n\"The Big Read: As premiums keep going through the roof, is it time to review the 33-year-old COE system?\"\n.\nTODAY\n. Retrieved\n12 June\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Commentary: Instead of making it expensive to own a car, why not make it expensive to use instead\"\n.\nCNA\n. Retrieved\n12 June\n2023\n.\n^\nTan, Christopher (9 June 2023).\n\"Motor Mouth: Fixing COE anomalies requires more than tweaking supply\"\n.\nThe Straits Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0585-3923\n. Retrieved\n12 June\n2023\n.\nLand Transport Authority","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Certificate+of+Entitlement \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Certificate+of+Entitlement \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Certificate+of+Entitlement \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Certificate+of+Entitlement \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#History)\n- [2 System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#System)\n  Toggle System subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Vehicle Quota System (VQS)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Vehicle_Quota_System_\$VQS\$)\n    - [2\\.1.1 Formula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Formula)\n  - [2\\.2 Validity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Validity)\n  - [2\\.3 Auction process](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Auction_process)\n  - [2\\.4 COE Category Refinement in 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#COE_Category_Refinement_in_2013)\n  - [2\\.5 Categories of COE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Categories_of_COE)\n    - [2\\.5.1 Prior to May 1999](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Prior_to_May_1999)\n    - [2\\.5.2 Current Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Current_Categories)\n- [3 Historical records](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Historical_records)\n  Toggle Historical records subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Car growth rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Car_growth_rate)\n  - [3\\.2 COE range](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#COE_range)\n- [4 Reception](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Reception)\n- [5 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#References)\n- [6 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Certificate of Entitlement\n2 languages\n\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement \"Certificate of Entitlement – Thai\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%93%81%E8%BB%8A%E8%AD%89 \"擁車證 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q23119#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Certificate_of_Entitlement \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Certificate_of_Entitlement \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Certificate_of_Entitlement \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&oldid=1332742522 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Certificate_of_Entitlement&id=1332742522&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCertificate_of_Entitlement)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q23119 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nFor the proof of right of abode in the UK, see [Right of abode in the United Kingdom § Proof of the right of abode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_of_abode_in_the_United_Kingdom#Proof_of_the_right_of_abode \"Right of abode in the United Kingdom\").\n\nDocument entitling a person to own a motorised vehicle in Singapore\n\nIn [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Singapore \"Singapore\"), the **Certificate of Entitlement** (**COE**) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-1) The licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an [open bid uniform price auction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uniform_price_auction \"Uniform price auction\") which grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-2) The COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore.\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Carfree city](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carfree_city \"Carfree city\"), [Car dependency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Car_dependency \"Car dependency\"), [Car-free movement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Car-free_movement \"Car-free movement\"), and [Transit-oriented development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transit-oriented_development \"Transit-oriented development\")\n\nOn 1 May 1990, the previous transportation unit of [Singapore's Public Works Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_Works_Department_of_Singapore \"Public Works Department of Singapore\") (PWD) instituted a quota limit to vehicles called the COE, as rising affluence in the country catapulted land transport network usage and previous measure to curb vehicle ownership by simply increasing road taxes was ineffective in controlling vehicle population growth.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-3)\n\nThe premise was that the country had limited land resources, ie. limited supply of roads and car parks \/ parking lots, (with scarce land being managed to have a greater emphasis on providing an adequate supply of homes), along with demand for vehicle ownership spiralling out of control, would result in traffic conditions exceeding the criterion of a healthy road network that is sustainable by developments in land transport infrastructure resulting in gridlock.\n\nAlong with a [congestion tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congestion_tax \"Congestion tax\") called the [Electronic Road Pricing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Road_Pricing \"Electronic Road Pricing\") (ERP), the COE system is one of many key pillars in Singapore's traffic management strategies that aims to provide a sustainable urban quality of life.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-5) In place of the COE and the ERP, the government has encouraged its citizens and tourists alike to take advantage of the extensive public transportation network to get around the country instead, such as the [Mass Rapid Transit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_Rapid_Transit_\$Singapore\$ \"Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)\") (MRT), [Light Rail Transit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Light_Rail_Transit_\$Singapore\$ \"Light Rail Transit (Singapore)\") (LRT) or [public buses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_buses_of_Singapore \"Public buses of Singapore\"), and to embrace a \"car-lite society\".[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-6)\n\n## System\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: System\")\\]\n\nBefore buying a new vehicle, potential vehicle owners in Singapore are required by the [Land Transport Authority](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_Transport_Authority \"Land Transport Authority\") (LTA) to first place a monetary bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The number of available COEs is governed by a quota system called the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) and is announced by LTA in April of each year with a review in October for possible adjustments for the period of one year starting from May. Approximately one-twelfth of the yearly quota is auctioned off each month in a sealed-bid, uniform price auction system and successful bidders pay the lowest winning bid.\n\n### Vehicle Quota System (VQS)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Vehicle Quota System (VQS)\")\\]\n\nThe number of COEs available to the public is regulated by the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that is calculated every 6 months based on the following conditions:[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-7)\n\n1. Actual number of vehicles taken off the roads (i.e. number of vehicles de-registered)\n2. Allowable growth in vehicle population\n3. Adjustments arising from temporary COEs that have expired or were cancelled.\n\n#### Formula\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Formula\")\\]\n\nSince the change in the total motor vehicle population is given by the number of registrations minus the number of de-registrations and any unallocated quota in a given year may be carried over to the following year, the quota formula is as follows:[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8)\n\n(\n\nTotal COE Quota\n\n)\n\nq\n\ny\n\n\\=\n\ng\n\n.\n\n(\n\nMotor vehicle population\n\n)\n\ny\n\n−\n\n1\n\n\\+\n\n(\n\nProjected de-registrations\n\n)\n\ny\n\n\\+\n\n(\n\nUnallocated quota\n\n)\n\nq\n\ny\n\n−\n\n1\n\n{\\\\displaystyle {\\\\begin{aligned}({\\\\text{Total COE Quota}})\\_{qy}=\\&g.({\\\\text{Motor vehicle population}})\\_{y-1}\\\\\\\\&+({\\\\text{Projected de-registrations}})\\_{y}\\\\\\\\&+({\\\\text{Unallocated quota}})\\_{qy-1}\\\\end{aligned}}}\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle {\\\\begin{aligned}({\\\\text{Total COE Quota}})\\_{qy}=\\&g.({\\\\text{Motor vehicle population}})\\_{y-1}\\\\\\\\&+({\\\\text{Projected de-registrations}})\\_{y}\\\\\\\\&+({\\\\text{Unallocated quota}})\\_{qy-1}\\\\end{aligned}}}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/faae3ccb5222baa3d97aadbb4805d2914c772ae5)\n\nIn the formula above, the subscript y {\\\\displaystyle y} ![{\\\\displaystyle y}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) denotes calendar year and the subscript q y {\\\\displaystyle qy} ![{\\\\displaystyle qy}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/c02b06a29e60abe103486426891c16b76163e1f4) denotes quota year (May to April). Initially, projected de-registrations for (calendar) year y {\\\\displaystyle y} ![{\\\\displaystyle y}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) were simply taken to be equal to actual de-registrations in y − 1 {\\\\displaystyle y-1} ![{\\\\displaystyle y-1}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/77879ac5028225ad5c6bd4e4f8a3268b9848bcfd) but from quota year 1999–2000 onwards, a projected number of de-registrations has been used.\n\nEach year, the quota is set to allow for a targeted g {\\\\displaystyle g} ![{\\\\displaystyle g}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77) percent growth in the total motor vehicle population, plus additional quota licenses to cover the number of motor vehicles that will be deregistered during the (calendar) year, plus any unallocated quota licenses from the previous quota year.\n\n### Validity\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Validity\")\\]\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/99\/Question_book-new.svg\/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Question_book-new.svg) | This section **does not [cite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") any [sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")**. Please help [improve this section](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Certificate_of_Entitlement \"Special:EditPage\/Certificate of Entitlement\") by [adding citations to reliable sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners \"Help:Referencing for beginners\"). Unsourced material may be challenged and [removed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\"). *(July 2024)* *([Learn how and when to remove this message](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Maintenance_template_removal \"Help:Maintenance template removal\"))* |\n\nThe holder of a COE is allowed to own a vehicle for an initial period of 10 years, after which they must scrap or export their vehicle or renew the COE at the prevailing rate if they wish to continue using their vehicle for an intended remaining lifespan.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-9)\n\nAt the end of the 10-year COE period, vehicle owners may choose to deregister their vehicle or to revalidate their COEs for another 5-year or 10-year period by paying the Prevailing Quota Premium, which is the three-month moving average of the Quota Premium for the respective vehicle category. You do not need to bid for a new COE to renew the existing COE of your vehicle. 5-year COEs cannot be further renewed.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-10)\n\n### Auction process\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Auction process\")\\]\n\nCOE biddings starts on the first and third Monday of the month and typically lasts for three days to the following Wednesday. Bidding duration will be pushed further in some circumstances, including public holidays. Bidding results can be obtained through the local media on the same day or on a website.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-11)\n\nAll COE bids made in the two car categories (Cat A and B COEs) and the motorcycle category (Cat D COEs) must be made in the name of the buyer. Once COE is obtained, the vehicle has to be registered in the name of the bidder, i.e. Cat A, B and D COEs are non-transferable. To provide flexibility, successful COE bids in the Cat C (Goods vehicles and Buses) and Cat E (Open Category) in the name of the individuals are transferable. However these can only be transferred once within the first 3 months, while successful bids by companies are not transferable at all.\n\nAn additional restriction on car ownership is the requirement that motor vehicles more than ten years old, known as \"time expired\" vehicles, must either renew the COE for another 5 or 10 years or de-register the vehicle for scrapping or exporting from Singapore, usually to neighbouring countries in [ASEAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASEAN \"ASEAN\"). COEs renewed for 10 years are renewable indefinitely, but for vehicles which have a renewed COE of only 5 years, the owner of the vehicle has to scrap the vehicle at the end of the period with no option to renew the COE, totaling a car ownership of 15 years.\n\nSome of these vehicles, especially luxury ones, have been exported further to other [right hand drive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_hand_drive \"Right hand drive\") countries such as [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), which has traditionally imported such vehicles from Japan. The result of the peculiarities of the Singapore car market has resulted in Singapore being the second largest exporter of used cars in the world after Japan. Cars are exported to many countries, including beyond Asia such as [Kenya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenya \"Kenya\") and [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa \"South Africa\") in Africa as well as [Jamaica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamaica \"Jamaica\") and [Trinidad and Tobago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Trinidad and Tobago\") in the Caribbean. As these cars are often only about ten years old, they are often in high demand as they remain in relatively good condition.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-13)\n\nOwners of such vehicles are given financial incentives to do this, which include a **Preferential Additional Registration Fee (PARF).** This program was implemented to reduce [traffic congestion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_congestion \"Traffic congestion\") and it complements other measures to curb road usage such as the [Electronic Road Pricing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Road_Pricing \"Electronic Road Pricing\") (ERP) program.\n\n### COE Category Refinement in 2013\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: COE Category Refinement in 2013\")\\]\n\nIn September 2013, The COE system has been refined to include a new criterion for Category A cars. Under the change, the engine power of Cat A cars should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW). This is equivalent to about 130 brake horsepower. This is in addition to the previous criterion of engine capacity of Cat A cars not exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres. However, cars with engine power output exceeding 97 kW (130 hp) will be classified under Category B in COE bidding exercises starting February 2014 despite having engine capacity below 1600 cubic centimetres. The review of the COE categories' criteria was because LTA wanted to differentiate and regulate the buying of mass market and premium cars under Cat A in a bid to control COE prices that hovered closer and closer to S\\$100,000.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-14)\n\n### Categories of COE\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Categories of COE\")\\]\n\nInitially, COEs were divided into eight categories but after many revisions, the system has been simplified to five categories. Categories A, B & D are non-transferable. Taxis used to be classed under category A but issuance of COEs became unrestricted from August 2012 onwards.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-15)\n\n#### Prior to May 1999\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Prior to May 1999\")\\]\n\n| Category | Vehicle Class |\n|---|---|\n| Cat 1 | Cars 1000cc & below |\n| Cat 2 | Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis |\n| Cat 3 | Cars 1601-2000cc |\n| Cat 4 | Cars above 2000cc |\n| Cat 5 | Goods Vehicles & Buses |\n| Cat 6 | Motorcycles |\n| Cat 7 | \"Open\" (for any kind of vehicle) |\n\n#### Current Categories\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Current Categories\")\\]\n\n| Category | Vehicle Class |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| Before May 2022 | From May 2022 |   |\n| Cat A | Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power output should not exceed 97 kW (130 bhp) | Non-fully electric cars 1,600cc & below, and maximum power output up to 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output up to 110 kW (147 bhp) |\n| Cat B | Cars above 1600cc, or the engine power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp) | Non-fully electric cars above 1,600cc, or maximum power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output above 110 kW (147 bhp) |\n| Cat C | Goods Vehicles & Buses (including public transport buses) |   |\n| Cat D | Motorcycles |   |\n| Cat E | \"Open\" (for any kind of vehicle, in 2017 motorcycles are no longer included in Cat E COE) |   |\n\n## Historical records\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Historical records\")\\]\n\n### Car growth rate\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Car growth rate\")\\]\n\n| Period | [%](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Percentage \"Percentage\") | Remark |\n|---|---|---|\n| May 1990 to May 2009 | 3\\.0 | 3\\.0% + deregistrations as per last annum |\n| Jun 2009 to Jun 2010 | 1\\.5 | Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE |\n| Jul 2010 to Jul 2012 | 1\\.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July |   |\n| Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 | 1\\.0 | Taxi are moved to Cat E |\n| Feb 2013 to Jan 2014 | 0\\.5 | Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015 |\n| Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 | Change to recent quarterly deregistrations |   |\n| Feb 2015 to Jan 2018 | 0\\.25 | Reduced to 0.25% |\n| Since Feb 2018 | 0\\.0 | COE growth rate frozen for personal cars and motorbikes only.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-17) |\n\n### COE range\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: COE range\")\\]\n\n| Previous Category | Highest | Lowest1 | Current Category | Highest | Lowest | Remarks |   |   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| May 1990 – Apr 1999 | SGD | Period | SGD | Period | From May 1999 – present | SGD | Period | SGD | Period |   |\n| Cat 1 (1000 cc & below) | 41,008 | Jul 1997 | 210 | Feb 1991 | Cat A3 | 128,105 | Oct 2025[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-18) | 2 | Nov 2008a | a. Major historical plunge partly due to the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008\/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to [1997 Asian financial crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1997_Asian_financial_crisis \"1997 Asian financial crisis\") |\n| Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi | 62,208 | Jul 1997 | 909 | Mar 1991 |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc) | 83,500 | Dec 1994 | 50 | Jan 1998b | Cat B | 150,001 | Oct 2023[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) | 200 | Jan 2009a |   |\n| Cat 4 (2001 cc & above) | 110,500 | Dec 1994 | 800 | Apr 1991 |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus) | 39,000 | Dec 1994 | 1 | Apr 1991 | Cat C | 91,101 | Mar 2023[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-20) | 1 | Dec 2006– Mar 2007c | c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006 |\n| Cat 6 (Motorcycle) | 3,506 | Aug 1997 | 1 | Jan 1994, Feb 1994d | Cat D | 13,189 | Nov 2022[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:0-21) | 1 | Nov 2002– Mar 2003d | d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders |\n| Cat 7 (Open) | 95,986 | Dec 1994 | 998 | Mar 1991 | Cat E | 158,004 | Oct 2023[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) | 3,200 | Jan 2009 | – |\n| Cat 8 (Weekend Car)2 | 45,300 | Sep 1994 | 1,110 | Oct 1991 | OPC |   | COE rebate up to \\$17,000 |   |   |   |\n| 1\\. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 2\\. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate 3\\. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n\n## Reception\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Reception\")\\]\n\nIn 1994, academics Winston Koh and David Lee of the [National University of Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_University_of_Singapore \"National University of Singapore\") proposed to reform the bidding process. Instead of bidding in dollars, applicants for COEs would bid in percentage of the price of the vehicle.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4) In 2003, economist Tan Ling Hui of the [International Monetary Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") reiterated the idea.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8) In 2023, with COE prices surging, the idea of percentage bidding resurfaced in the general media. Proponents of percentage bidding argued that it was more equitable than bidding in dollars.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-23)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-24)\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-1)**\n   Tan, Ling Hui (2003). [\"Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System\"](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4149940). *IMF Staff Papers*. **50** (3): 436–457\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2307\/4149940](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F4149940). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1020-7635](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1020-7635). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\$identifier\$ \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [4149940](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4149940). Retrieved 18 August 2024.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-2)**\n   Grant, Jeremy (4 March 2014). [\"Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city\"](https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/336b90cc-a39e-11e3-aa85-00144feab7de). FT.com. Retrieved 7 July 2014.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-3)**\n   Singapore, National Library Board. [\"Certificate of Entitlement - Infopedia\"](http:\/\/eresources.nlb.gov.sg\/infopedia\/articles\/SIP_1005_2006-04-07.html). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-1)\n   Koh, Winston T.H.; Lee, David K.C. (1994). \"The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore: An Assessment\". *Transportation Research A*. **28A** (1): 31–47\\.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-5)**\n   Auto, Hermes (23 March 2022). [\"Singapore core inflation eases in February but jump in car prices drive up overall inflation \\| The Straits Times\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/business\/economy\/singapore-core-inflation-eases-in-february-but-jump-in-car-prices-drive-up-overall-inflation). *www.straitstimes.com*. Retrieved 1 June 2022.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-6)**\n   Menon, A P Gobinath (18 November 2017). [\"Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/getting-singaporeans-embrace-car-lite-society). *TODAY*. Retrieved 6 October 2023.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Overview of a Vehicle Quota System\"](http:\/\/www.lta.gov.sg\/content\/ltaweb\/en\/roads-and-motoring\/owning-a-vehicle\/vehicle-quota-system\/overview-of-vehicle-quota-system.html). Land Transport Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 24 January 2013.\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-1)\n   Tan, Ling Hui (2003). \"Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System\". *IMF Staff Papers*. **50** (3): 437–457\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2307\/4149940](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F4149940). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\$identifier\$ \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [4149940](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4149940).\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"Certificate of Entitlement\"](https:\/\/onemotoring.lta.gov.sg\/content\/onemotoring\/home\/buying\/upfront-vehicle-costs\/certificate-of-entitlement--coe-.html). *OneMotoring*. 28 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-10)**\n    [\"Road Traffic (Motor Vehicles, Quota System) Rules\"](https:\/\/sso.agc.gov.sg\/SL-Rev\/RTA1961-R31\/Published\/19990930?DocDate=19960515&ProvIds=P1V-#pr24-). *Attorney-General's Chambers Singapore*. Part V 24.2. 15 May 1996.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-11)** <http:\/\/www.onemotoring.com.sg> [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090106121432\/http:\/\/www.onemotoring.com.sg\/) 6 January 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-12)**\n    Farah Abdul Rahim (23 October 2005). [\"100,000 used Singapore cars expected to be exported this year\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070629134216\/http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/174881\/1\/.html). Channel NewsAsia. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/174881\/1\/.html) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-13)**\n    Chakraborty, Drima (30 July 2022). [\"Where do our old cars go? Surprisingly to Jamaica and Kenya, found one Reddit user\"](https:\/\/www.asiaone.com\/singapore\/where-do-our-old-cars-go-surprisingly-jamaica-and-kenya-found-one-reddit-user). *AsiaOne*. Retrieved 18 August 2024.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-14)** [COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars](http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/news\/singapore\/coe-system-to-include\/806728.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131119064854\/http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/news\/singapore\/coe-system-to-include\/806728.html) 19 November 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"Taxis out of COE bidding process from August\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120829121430\/http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/1216123\/1\/.html). *Channel News Asia*. 27 July 2012. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/1216123\/1\/.html) on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2013.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles extended for 3 years until Jan 31, 2025\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/zero-growth-rate-cars-and-motorcycles-extended-3-years-until-jan-31-2025). *TODAY*. Retrieved 25 October 2023.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Zero car and motorcycle growth from February 2018\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/zero-car-and-motorcycle-growth-february-next-year). *TODAY*. Retrieved 25 October 2023.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Cat A COE premium hits new record of \\$128,105; Cat B price climbs to \\$141,000\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/transport\/cat-a-coe-premium-hits-new-record-of-128105-cat-b-price-climbs-to-141000). *The Straits Times*. 8 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025.\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-1)\n    [\"COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/coe-premiums-large-car-and-open-categories-hit-record-highs-6th-straight-exercise-2284891). *TODAY*. Retrieved 18 October 2023.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-20)**\n    Lee, Nian Tjoe (8 March 2023). [\"COE for commercial vehicles hits new high again; premiums also up for cars and motorbikes\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/transport\/coe-premium-for-commercial-vehicles-hit-new-high-for-third-time-in-2023). *The Straits Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0585-3923](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0585-3923). Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:0_21-0)**\n    cue (29 December 2022). [\"COE premiums at all-time highs in 2022; buyers could get slight reprieve in latter half of 2023 \\| The Straits Times\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/transport\/coe-premiums-at-all-time-highs-in-2022-buyers-could-get-slight-reprieve-in-later-half-of-2023). *www.straitstimes.com*. Retrieved 30 December 2022.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"The Big Read: As premiums keep going through the roof, is it time to review the 33-year-old COE system?\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/big-read\/big-read-coe-system-prices-revamp-cars-2161101). *TODAY*. Retrieved 12 June 2023.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Commentary: Instead of making it expensive to own a car, why not make it expensive to use instead\"](https:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/commentary\/high-coe-prices-vehicles-cars-tax-usage-distance-3483516). *CNA*. Retrieved 12 June 2023.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-24)**\n    Tan, Christopher (9 June 2023). [\"Motor Mouth: Fixing COE anomalies requires more than tweaking supply\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/life\/motoring\/motor-mouth-fixing-coe-anomalies-requires-more-than-tweaking-supply). *The Straits Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0585-3923](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0585-3923). Retrieved 12 June 2023.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[Library resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library \"Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library\") about   \n **Certificate of Entitlement**\n***\n\n- [Resources in your library](https:\/\/ftl.toolforge.org\/cgi-bin\/ftl?st=wp&su=Certificate+of+Entitlement)\n- [Resources in other libraries](https:\/\/ftl.toolforge.org\/cgi-bin\/ftl?st=wp&su=Certificate+of+Entitlement&library=0CHOOSE0)\n\n- [Land Transport Authority](http:\/\/www.lta.gov.sg\/)\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&oldid=1332742522>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [1990 establishments in Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:1990_establishments_in_Singapore \"Category:1990 establishments in Singapore\")\n- [Taxation in Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Taxation_in_Singapore \"Category:Taxation in Singapore\")\n- [Singapore government policies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Singapore_government_policies \"Category:Singapore government policies\")\n- [Car ownership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Car_ownership \"Category:Car ownership\")\n- [Sustainable transport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Sustainable_transport \"Category:Sustainable transport\")\n- [Sustainable urban planning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Sustainable_urban_planning \"Category:Sustainable urban planning\")\n- [Road transport in Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Road_transport_in_Singapore \"Category:Road transport in Singapore\")\n- [Auction case law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Auction_case_law \"Category:Auction case law\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Webarchive template wayback links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links \"Category:Webarchive template wayback links\")\n- [Articles with short description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_short_description \"Category:Articles with short description\")\n- [Short description matches Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata \"Category:Short description matches Wikidata\")\n- [Use British English from July 2014](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2014 \"Category:Use British English from July 2014\")\n- [All Wikipedia articles written in British English](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English \"Category:All Wikipedia articles written in British English\")\n- [Use dmy dates from July 2014](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2014 \"Category:Use dmy dates from July 2014\")\n- [Articles needing additional references from July 2024](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2024 \"Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2024\")\n- [All articles needing additional references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references \"Category:All articles needing additional references\")\n\n- This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 16:06 (UTC).\n- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nCertificate of Entitlement\n\n2 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement)","attrs_readable_markdown":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nIn [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Singapore \"Singapore\"), the **Certificate of Entitlement** (**COE**) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-1) The licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an [open bid uniform price auction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uniform_price_auction \"Uniform price auction\") which grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-2) The COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore.\n\nOn 1 May 1990, the previous transportation unit of [Singapore's Public Works Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_Works_Department_of_Singapore \"Public Works Department of Singapore\") (PWD) instituted a quota limit to vehicles called the COE, as rising affluence in the country catapulted land transport network usage and previous measure to curb vehicle ownership by simply increasing road taxes was ineffective in controlling vehicle population growth.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-3)\n\nThe premise was that the country had limited land resources, ie. limited supply of roads and car parks \/ parking lots, (with scarce land being managed to have a greater emphasis on providing an adequate supply of homes), along with demand for vehicle ownership spiralling out of control, would result in traffic conditions exceeding the criterion of a healthy road network that is sustainable by developments in land transport infrastructure resulting in gridlock.\n\nAlong with a [congestion tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congestion_tax \"Congestion tax\") called the [Electronic Road Pricing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Road_Pricing \"Electronic Road Pricing\") (ERP), the COE system is one of many key pillars in Singapore's traffic management strategies that aims to provide a sustainable urban quality of life.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-5) In place of the COE and the ERP, the government has encouraged its citizens and tourists alike to take advantage of the extensive public transportation network to get around the country instead, such as the [Mass Rapid Transit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_Rapid_Transit_\$Singapore\$ \"Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)\") (MRT), [Light Rail Transit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Light_Rail_Transit_\$Singapore\$ \"Light Rail Transit (Singapore)\") (LRT) or [public buses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_buses_of_Singapore \"Public buses of Singapore\"), and to embrace a \"car-lite society\".[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-6)\n\nBefore buying a new vehicle, potential vehicle owners in Singapore are required by the [Land Transport Authority](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_Transport_Authority \"Land Transport Authority\") (LTA) to first place a monetary bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The number of available COEs is governed by a quota system called the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) and is announced by LTA in April of each year with a review in October for possible adjustments for the period of one year starting from May. Approximately one-twelfth of the yearly quota is auctioned off each month in a sealed-bid, uniform price auction system and successful bidders pay the lowest winning bid.\n\n### Vehicle Quota System (VQS)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Vehicle Quota System (VQS)\")\\]\n\nThe number of COEs available to the public is regulated by the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that is calculated every 6 months based on the following conditions:[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-7)\n\n1. Actual number of vehicles taken off the roads (i.e. number of vehicles de-registered)\n2. Allowable growth in vehicle population\n3. Adjustments arising from temporary COEs that have expired or were cancelled.\n\nSince the change in the total motor vehicle population is given by the number of registrations minus the number of de-registrations and any unallocated quota in a given year may be carried over to the following year, the quota formula is as follows:[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8)\n\n![{\\\\displaystyle {\\\\begin{aligned}({\\\\text{Total COE Quota}})\\_{qy}=\\&g.({\\\\text{Motor vehicle population}})\\_{y-1}\\\\\\\\&+({\\\\text{Projected de-registrations}})\\_{y}\\\\\\\\&+({\\\\text{Unallocated quota}})\\_{qy-1}\\\\end{aligned}}}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/faae3ccb5222baa3d97aadbb4805d2914c772ae5)\n\nIn the formula above, the subscript ![{\\\\displaystyle y}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) denotes calendar year and the subscript ![{\\\\displaystyle qy}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/c02b06a29e60abe103486426891c16b76163e1f4) denotes quota year (May to April). Initially, projected de-registrations for (calendar) year ![{\\\\displaystyle y}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) were simply taken to be equal to actual de-registrations in ![{\\\\displaystyle y-1}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/77879ac5028225ad5c6bd4e4f8a3268b9848bcfd) but from quota year 1999–2000 onwards, a projected number of de-registrations has been used.\n\nEach year, the quota is set to allow for a targeted ![{\\\\displaystyle g}](https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77) percent growth in the total motor vehicle population, plus additional quota licenses to cover the number of motor vehicles that will be deregistered during the (calendar) year, plus any unallocated quota licenses from the previous quota year.\n\nThe holder of a COE is allowed to own a vehicle for an initial period of 10 years, after which they must scrap or export their vehicle or renew the COE at the prevailing rate if they wish to continue using their vehicle for an intended remaining lifespan.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-9)\n\nAt the end of the 10-year COE period, vehicle owners may choose to deregister their vehicle or to revalidate their COEs for another 5-year or 10-year period by paying the Prevailing Quota Premium, which is the three-month moving average of the Quota Premium for the respective vehicle category. You do not need to bid for a new COE to renew the existing COE of your vehicle. 5-year COEs cannot be further renewed.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-10)\n\nCOE biddings starts on the first and third Monday of the month and typically lasts for three days to the following Wednesday. Bidding duration will be pushed further in some circumstances, including public holidays. Bidding results can be obtained through the local media on the same day or on a website.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-11)\n\nAll COE bids made in the two car categories (Cat A and B COEs) and the motorcycle category (Cat D COEs) must be made in the name of the buyer. Once COE is obtained, the vehicle has to be registered in the name of the bidder, i.e. Cat A, B and D COEs are non-transferable. To provide flexibility, successful COE bids in the Cat C (Goods vehicles and Buses) and Cat E (Open Category) in the name of the individuals are transferable. However these can only be transferred once within the first 3 months, while successful bids by companies are not transferable at all.\n\nAn additional restriction on car ownership is the requirement that motor vehicles more than ten years old, known as \"time expired\" vehicles, must either renew the COE for another 5 or 10 years or de-register the vehicle for scrapping or exporting from Singapore, usually to neighbouring countries in [ASEAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASEAN \"ASEAN\"). COEs renewed for 10 years are renewable indefinitely, but for vehicles which have a renewed COE of only 5 years, the owner of the vehicle has to scrap the vehicle at the end of the period with no option to renew the COE, totaling a car ownership of 15 years.\n\nSome of these vehicles, especially luxury ones, have been exported further to other [right hand drive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_hand_drive \"Right hand drive\") countries such as [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), which has traditionally imported such vehicles from Japan. The result of the peculiarities of the Singapore car market has resulted in Singapore being the second largest exporter of used cars in the world after Japan. Cars are exported to many countries, including beyond Asia such as [Kenya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenya \"Kenya\") and [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa \"South Africa\") in Africa as well as [Jamaica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamaica \"Jamaica\") and [Trinidad and Tobago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Trinidad and Tobago\") in the Caribbean. As these cars are often only about ten years old, they are often in high demand as they remain in relatively good condition.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-13)\n\nOwners of such vehicles are given financial incentives to do this, which include a **Preferential Additional Registration Fee (PARF).** This program was implemented to reduce [traffic congestion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_congestion \"Traffic congestion\") and it complements other measures to curb road usage such as the [Electronic Road Pricing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Road_Pricing \"Electronic Road Pricing\") (ERP) program.\n\n### COE Category Refinement in 2013\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: COE Category Refinement in 2013\")\\]\n\nIn September 2013, The COE system has been refined to include a new criterion for Category A cars. Under the change, the engine power of Cat A cars should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW). This is equivalent to about 130 brake horsepower. This is in addition to the previous criterion of engine capacity of Cat A cars not exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres. However, cars with engine power output exceeding 97 kW (130 hp) will be classified under Category B in COE bidding exercises starting February 2014 despite having engine capacity below 1600 cubic centimetres. The review of the COE categories' criteria was because LTA wanted to differentiate and regulate the buying of mass market and premium cars under Cat A in a bid to control COE prices that hovered closer and closer to S\\$100,000.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-14)\n\nInitially, COEs were divided into eight categories but after many revisions, the system has been simplified to five categories. Categories A, B & D are non-transferable. Taxis used to be classed under category A but issuance of COEs became unrestricted from August 2012 onwards.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-15)\n\n| Category | Vehicle Class |\n|---|---|\n| Cat 1 | Cars 1000cc & below |\n| Cat 2 | Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis |\n| Cat 3 | Cars 1601-2000cc |\n| Cat 4 | Cars above 2000cc |\n| Cat 5 | Goods Vehicles & Buses |\n| Cat 6 | Motorcycles |\n| Cat 7 | \"Open\" (for any kind of vehicle) |\n\n| Category | Vehicle Class |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| Before May 2022 | From May 2022 |   |\n| Cat A | Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power output should not exceed 97 kW (130 bhp) | Non-fully electric cars 1,600cc & below, and maximum power output up to 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output up to 110 kW (147 bhp) |\n| Cat B | Cars above 1600cc, or the engine power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp) | Non-fully electric cars above 1,600cc, or maximum power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output above 110 kW (147 bhp) |\n| Cat C | Goods Vehicles & Buses (including public transport buses) |   |\n| Cat D | Motorcycles |   |\n| Cat E | \"Open\" (for any kind of vehicle, in 2017 motorcycles are no longer included in Cat E COE) |   |\n\n| Period | [%](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Percentage \"Percentage\") | Remark |\n|---|---|---|\n| May 1990 to May 2009 | 3\\.0 | 3\\.0% + deregistrations as per last annum |\n| Jun 2009 to Jun 2010 | 1\\.5 | Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE |\n| Jul 2010 to Jul 2012 | 1\\.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July |   |\n| Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 | 1\\.0 | Taxi are moved to Cat E |\n| Feb 2013 to Jan 2014 | 0\\.5 | Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015 |\n| Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 | Change to recent quarterly deregistrations |   |\n| Feb 2015 to Jan 2018 | 0\\.25 | Reduced to 0.25% |\n| Since Feb 2018 | 0\\.0 | COE growth rate frozen for personal cars and motorbikes only.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-17) |\n\n| Previous Category | Highest | Lowest1 | Current Category | Highest | Lowest | Remarks |   |   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| May 1990 – Apr 1999 | SGD | Period | SGD | Period | From May 1999 – present | SGD | Period | SGD | Period |   |\n| Cat 1 (1000 cc & below) | 41,008 | Jul 1997 | 210 | Feb 1991 | Cat A3 | 128,105 | Oct 2025[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-18) | 2 | Nov 2008a | a. Major historical plunge partly due to the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008\/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to [1997 Asian financial crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1997_Asian_financial_crisis \"1997 Asian financial crisis\") |\n| Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi | 62,208 | Jul 1997 | 909 | Mar 1991 |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc) | 83,500 | Dec 1994 | 50 | Jan 1998b | Cat B | 150,001 | Oct 2023[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) | 200 | Jan 2009a |   |\n| Cat 4 (2001 cc & above) | 110,500 | Dec 1994 | 800 | Apr 1991 |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus) | 39,000 | Dec 1994 | 1 | Apr 1991 | Cat C | 91,101 | Mar 2023[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-20) | 1 | Dec 2006– Mar 2007c | c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006 |\n| Cat 6 (Motorcycle) | 3,506 | Aug 1997 | 1 | Jan 1994, Feb 1994d | Cat D | 13,189 | Nov 2022[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:0-21) | 1 | Nov 2002– Mar 2003d | d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders |\n| Cat 7 (Open) | 95,986 | Dec 1994 | 998 | Mar 1991 | Cat E | 158,004 | Oct 2023[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) | 3,200 | Jan 2009 | – |\n| Cat 8 (Weekend Car)2 | 45,300 | Sep 1994 | 1,110 | Oct 1991 | OPC |   | COE rebate up to \\$17,000 |   |   |   |\n| 1\\. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 2\\. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate 3\\. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n\nIn 1994, academics Winston Koh and David Lee of the [National University of Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_University_of_Singapore \"National University of Singapore\") proposed to reform the bidding process. Instead of bidding in dollars, applicants for COEs would bid in percentage of the price of the vehicle.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4) In 2003, economist Tan Ling Hui of the [International Monetary Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") reiterated the idea.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8) In 2023, with COE prices surging, the idea of percentage bidding resurfaced in the general media. Proponents of percentage bidding argued that it was more equitable than bidding in dollars.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-23)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-24)\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-1)**\n   Tan, Ling Hui (2003). [\"Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System\"](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4149940). *IMF Staff Papers*. **50** (3): 436–457\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2307\/4149940](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F4149940). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1020-7635](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1020-7635). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\$identifier\$ \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [4149940](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4149940). Retrieved 18 August 2024.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-2)**\n   Grant, Jeremy (4 March 2014). [\"Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city\"](https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/336b90cc-a39e-11e3-aa85-00144feab7de). FT.com. Retrieved 7 July 2014.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-3)**\n   Singapore, National Library Board. [\"Certificate of Entitlement - Infopedia\"](http:\/\/eresources.nlb.gov.sg\/infopedia\/articles\/SIP_1005_2006-04-07.html). *eresources.nlb.gov.sg*.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-1)\n   Koh, Winston T.H.; Lee, David K.C. (1994). \"The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore: An Assessment\". *Transportation Research A*. **28A** (1): 31–47\\.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-5)**\n   Auto, Hermes (23 March 2022). [\"Singapore core inflation eases in February but jump in car prices drive up overall inflation \\| The Straits Times\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/business\/economy\/singapore-core-inflation-eases-in-february-but-jump-in-car-prices-drive-up-overall-inflation). *www.straitstimes.com*. Retrieved 1 June 2022.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-6)**\n   Menon, A P Gobinath (18 November 2017). [\"Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/getting-singaporeans-embrace-car-lite-society). *TODAY*. Retrieved 6 October 2023.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Overview of a Vehicle Quota System\"](http:\/\/www.lta.gov.sg\/content\/ltaweb\/en\/roads-and-motoring\/owning-a-vehicle\/vehicle-quota-system\/overview-of-vehicle-quota-system.html). Land Transport Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 24 January 2013.\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-1)\n   Tan, Ling Hui (2003). \"Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System\". *IMF Staff Papers*. **50** (3): 437–457\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2307\/4149940](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F4149940). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\$identifier\$ \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [4149940](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4149940).\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"Certificate of Entitlement\"](https:\/\/onemotoring.lta.gov.sg\/content\/onemotoring\/home\/buying\/upfront-vehicle-costs\/certificate-of-entitlement--coe-.html). *OneMotoring*. 28 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-10)**\n    [\"Road Traffic (Motor Vehicles, Quota System) Rules\"](https:\/\/sso.agc.gov.sg\/SL-Rev\/RTA1961-R31\/Published\/19990930?DocDate=19960515&ProvIds=P1V-#pr24-). *Attorney-General's Chambers Singapore*. Part V 24.2. 15 May 1996.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-11)** [http:\/\/www.onemotoring.com.sg](http:\/\/www.onemotoring.com.sg\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090106121432\/http:\/\/www.onemotoring.com.sg\/) 6 January 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-12)**\n    Farah Abdul Rahim (23 October 2005). [\"100,000 used Singapore cars expected to be exported this year\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070629134216\/http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/174881\/1\/.html). Channel NewsAsia. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/174881\/1\/.html) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-13)**\n    Chakraborty, Drima (30 July 2022). [\"Where do our old cars go? Surprisingly to Jamaica and Kenya, found one Reddit user\"](https:\/\/www.asiaone.com\/singapore\/where-do-our-old-cars-go-surprisingly-jamaica-and-kenya-found-one-reddit-user). *AsiaOne*. Retrieved 18 August 2024.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-14)** [COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars](http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/news\/singapore\/coe-system-to-include\/806728.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131119064854\/http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/news\/singapore\/coe-system-to-include\/806728.html) 19 November 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"Taxis out of COE bidding process from August\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120829121430\/http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/1216123\/1\/.html). *Channel News Asia*. 27 July 2012. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/stories\/singaporelocalnews\/view\/1216123\/1\/.html) on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2013.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles extended for 3 years until Jan 31, 2025\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/zero-growth-rate-cars-and-motorcycles-extended-3-years-until-jan-31-2025). *TODAY*. Retrieved 25 October 2023.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Zero car and motorcycle growth from February 2018\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/zero-car-and-motorcycle-growth-february-next-year). *TODAY*. Retrieved 25 October 2023.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Cat A COE premium hits new record of \\$128,105; Cat B price climbs to \\$141,000\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/transport\/cat-a-coe-premium-hits-new-record-of-128105-cat-b-price-climbs-to-141000). *The Straits Times*. 8 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025.\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-1)\n    [\"COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/singapore\/coe-premiums-large-car-and-open-categories-hit-record-highs-6th-straight-exercise-2284891). *TODAY*. Retrieved 18 October 2023.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-20)**\n    Lee, Nian Tjoe (8 March 2023). [\"COE for commercial vehicles hits new high again; premiums also up for cars and motorbikes\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/transport\/coe-premium-for-commercial-vehicles-hit-new-high-for-third-time-in-2023). *The Straits Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0585-3923](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0585-3923). Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:0_21-0)**\n    cue (29 December 2022). [\"COE premiums at all-time highs in 2022; buyers could get slight reprieve in latter half of 2023 \\| The Straits Times\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/transport\/coe-premiums-at-all-time-highs-in-2022-buyers-could-get-slight-reprieve-in-later-half-of-2023). *www.straitstimes.com*. Retrieved 30 December 2022.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"The Big Read: As premiums keep going through the roof, is it time to review the 33-year-old COE system?\"](https:\/\/www.todayonline.com\/big-read\/big-read-coe-system-prices-revamp-cars-2161101). *TODAY*. Retrieved 12 June 2023.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Commentary: Instead of making it expensive to own a car, why not make it expensive to use instead\"](https:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/commentary\/high-coe-prices-vehicles-cars-tax-usage-distance-3483516). *CNA*. Retrieved 12 June 2023.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-24)**\n    Tan, Christopher (9 June 2023). [\"Motor Mouth: Fixing COE anomalies requires more than tweaking supply\"](https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/life\/motoring\/motor-mouth-fixing-coe-anomalies-requires-more-than-tweaking-supply). *The Straits Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0585-3923](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0585-3923). Retrieved 12 June 2023.\n\n- [Land Transport Authority](http:\/\/www.lta.gov.sg\/)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In Singapore , the Certificate of Entitlement ( COE ) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle. [ 1 ] The licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an open bid uniform price auction which grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself. [ 2 ] The COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore. On 1 May 1990, the previous transportation unit of Singapore's Public Works Department (PWD) instituted a quota limit to vehicles called the COE, as rising affluence in the country catapulted land transport network usage and previous measure to curb vehicle ownership by simply increasing road taxes was ineffective in controlling vehicle population growth. [ 3 ] The premise was that the country had limited land resources, ie. limited supply of roads and car parks / parking lots, (with scarce land being managed to have a greater emphasis on providing an adequate supply of homes), along with demand for vehicle ownership spiralling out of control, would result in traffic conditions exceeding the criterion of a healthy road network that is sustainable by developments in land transport infrastructure resulting in gridlock. Along with a congestion tax called the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), the COE system is one of many key pillars in Singapore's traffic management strategies that aims to provide a sustainable urban quality of life. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In place of the COE and the ERP, the government has encouraged its citizens and tourists alike to take advantage of the extensive public transportation network to get around the country instead, such as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT) or public buses , and to embrace a "car-lite society". [ 6 ] Before buying a new vehicle, potential vehicle owners in Singapore are required by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) to first place a monetary bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The number of available COEs is governed by a quota system called the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) and is announced by LTA in April of each year with a review in October for possible adjustments for the period of one year starting from May. Approximately one-twelfth of the yearly quota is auctioned off each month in a sealed-bid, uniform price auction system and successful bidders pay the lowest winning bid. Vehicle Quota System (VQS) [ edit ] The number of COEs available to the public is regulated by the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that is calculated every 6 months based on the following conditions: [ 7 ] Actual number of vehicles taken off the roads (i.e. number of vehicles de-registered) Allowable growth in vehicle population Adjustments arising from temporary COEs that have expired or were cancelled. Since the change in the total motor vehicle population is given by the number of registrations minus the number of de-registrations and any unallocated quota in a given year may be carried over to the following year, the quota formula is as follows: [ 8 ] In the formula above, the subscript denotes calendar year and the subscript denotes quota year (May to April). Initially, projected de-registrations for (calendar) year were simply taken to be equal to actual de-registrations in but from quota year 1999–2000 onwards, a projected number of de-registrations has been used. Each year, the quota is set to allow for a targeted percent growth in the total motor vehicle population, plus additional quota licenses to cover the number of motor vehicles that will be deregistered during the (calendar) year, plus any unallocated quota licenses from the previous quota year. The holder of a COE is allowed to own a vehicle for an initial period of 10 years, after which they must scrap or export their vehicle or renew the COE at the prevailing rate if they wish to continue using their vehicle for an intended remaining lifespan. [ 9 ] At the end of the 10-year COE period, vehicle owners may choose to deregister their vehicle or to revalidate their COEs for another 5-year or 10-year period by paying the Prevailing Quota Premium, which is the three-month moving average of the Quota Premium for the respective vehicle category. You do not need to bid for a new COE to renew the existing COE of your vehicle. 5-year COEs cannot be further renewed. [ 10 ] COE biddings starts on the first and third Monday of the month and typically lasts for three days to the following Wednesday. Bidding duration will be pushed further in some circumstances, including public holidays. Bidding results can be obtained through the local media on the same day or on a website. [ 11 ] All COE bids made in the two car categories (Cat A and B COEs) and the motorcycle category (Cat D COEs) must be made in the name of the buyer. Once COE is obtained, the vehicle has to be registered in the name of the bidder, i.e. Cat A, B and D COEs are non-transferable. To provide flexibility, successful COE bids in the Cat C (Goods vehicles and Buses) and Cat E (Open Category) in the name of the individuals are transferable. However these can only be transferred once within the first 3 months, while successful bids by companies are not transferable at all. An additional restriction on car ownership is the requirement that motor vehicles more than ten years old, known as "time expired" vehicles, must either renew the COE for another 5 or 10 years or de-register the vehicle for scrapping or exporting from Singapore, usually to neighbouring countries in ASEAN . COEs renewed for 10 years are renewable indefinitely, but for vehicles which have a renewed COE of only 5 years, the owner of the vehicle has to scrap the vehicle at the end of the period with no option to renew the COE, totaling a car ownership of 15 years. Some of these vehicles, especially luxury ones, have been exported further to other right hand drive countries such as Australia and New Zealand , which has traditionally imported such vehicles from Japan. The result of the peculiarities of the Singapore car market has resulted in Singapore being the second largest exporter of used cars in the world after Japan. Cars are exported to many countries, including beyond Asia such as Kenya and South Africa in Africa as well as Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean. As these cars are often only about ten years old, they are often in high demand as they remain in relatively good condition. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Owners of such vehicles are given financial incentives to do this, which include a Preferential Additional Registration Fee (PARF). This program was implemented to reduce traffic congestion and it complements other measures to curb road usage such as the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) program. COE Category Refinement in 2013 [ edit ] In September 2013, The COE system has been refined to include a new criterion for Category A cars. Under the change, the engine power of Cat A cars should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW). This is equivalent to about 130 brake horsepower. This is in addition to the previous criterion of engine capacity of Cat A cars not exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres. However, cars with engine power output exceeding 97 kW (130 hp) will be classified under Category B in COE bidding exercises starting February 2014 despite having engine capacity below 1600 cubic centimetres. The review of the COE categories' criteria was because LTA wanted to differentiate and regulate the buying of mass market and premium cars under Cat A in a bid to control COE prices that hovered closer and closer to S$100,000. [ 14 ] Initially, COEs were divided into eight categories but after many revisions, the system has been simplified to five categories. Categories A, B & D are non-transferable. Taxis used to be classed under category A but issuance of COEs became unrestricted from August 2012 onwards. [ 15 ] Category Vehicle Class Cat 1 Cars 1000cc & below Cat 2 Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis Cat 3 Cars 1601-2000cc Cat 4 Cars above 2000cc Cat 5 Goods Vehicles & Buses Cat 6 Motorcycles Cat 7 "Open" (for any kind of vehicle) Category Vehicle Class Before May 2022 From May 2022 Cat A Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power output should not exceed 97 kW (130 bhp) Non-fully electric cars 1,600cc & below, and maximum power output up to 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output up to 110 kW (147 bhp) Cat B Cars above 1600cc, or the engine power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp) Non-fully electric cars above 1,600cc, or maximum power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output above 110 kW (147 bhp) Cat C Goods Vehicles & Buses (including public transport buses) Cat D Motorcycles Cat E "Open" (for any kind of vehicle, in 2017 motorcycles are no longer included in Cat E COE) Period % Remark May 1990 to May 2009 3.0 3.0% + deregistrations as per last annum Jun 2009 to Jun 2010 1.5 Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE Jul 2010 to Jul 2012 1.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 1.0 Taxi are moved to Cat E Feb 2013 to Jan 2014 0.5 Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015 Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 Change to recent quarterly deregistrations Feb 2015 to Jan 2018 0.25 Reduced to 0.25% Since Feb 2018 0.0 COE growth rate frozen for personal cars and motorbikes only. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Previous Category Highest Lowest 1 Current Category Highest Lowest Remarks May 1990 – Apr 1999 SGD Period SGD Period From May 1999 – present SGD Period SGD Period Cat 1 (1000 cc & below) 41,008 Jul 1997 210 Feb 1991 Cat A 3 128,105 Oct 2025 [ 18 ] 2 Nov 2008 a a. Major historical plunge partly due to the Great Recession and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to 1997 Asian financial crisis Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi 62,208 Jul 1997 909 Mar 1991 Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc) 83,500 Dec 1994 50 Jan 1998 b Cat B 150,001 Oct 2023 [ 19 ] 200 Jan 2009 a Cat 4 (2001 cc & above) 110,500 Dec 1994 800 Apr 1991 Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus) 39,000 Dec 1994 1 Apr 1991 Cat C 91,101 Mar 2023 [ 20 ] 1 Dec 2006– Mar 2007 c c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006 Cat 6 (Motorcycle) 3,506 Aug 1997 1 Jan 1994, Feb 1994 d Cat D 13,189 Nov 2022 [ 21 ] 1 Nov 2002– Mar 2003 d d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders Cat 7 (Open) 95,986 Dec 1994 998 Mar 1991 Cat E 158,004 Oct 2023 [ 19 ] 3,200 Jan 2009 – Cat 8 (Weekend Car) 2 45,300 Sep 1994 1,110 Oct 1991 OPC COE rebate up to $17,000 1. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 2. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate 3. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012 In 1994, academics Winston Koh and David Lee of the National University of Singapore proposed to reform the bidding process. Instead of bidding in dollars, applicants for COEs would bid in percentage of the price of the vehicle. [ 4 ] In 2003, economist Tan Ling Hui of the International Monetary Fund reiterated the idea. [ 8 ] In 2023, with COE prices surging, the idea of percentage bidding resurfaced in the general media. Proponents of percentage bidding argued that it was more equitable than bidding in dollars. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] ^ Tan, Ling Hui (2003). "Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System" . IMF Staff Papers . 50 (3): 436– 457. doi : 10.2307/4149940 . ISSN 1020-7635 . JSTOR 4149940 . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ Grant, Jeremy (4 March 2014). "Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city" . FT.com . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . ^ Singapore, National Library Board. "Certificate of Entitlement - Infopedia" . eresources.nlb.gov.sg . ^ a b Koh, Winston T.H.; Lee, David K.C. (1994). "The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore: An Assessment". Transportation Research A . 28A (1): 31– 47. ^ Auto, Hermes (23 March 2022). "Singapore core inflation eases in February but jump in car prices drive up overall inflation \| The Straits Times" . www.straitstimes.com . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ Menon, A P Gobinath (18 November 2017). "Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society" . TODAY . Retrieved 6 October 2023 . ^ "Overview of a Vehicle Quota System" . Land Transport Authority of Singapore . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . ^ a b Tan, Ling Hui (2003). "Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System". IMF Staff Papers . 50 (3): 437– 457. doi : 10.2307/4149940 . JSTOR 4149940 . ^ "Certificate of Entitlement" . OneMotoring . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "Road Traffic (Motor Vehicles, Quota System) Rules" . Attorney-General's Chambers Singapore . Part V 24.2. 15 May 1996. ^ http://www.onemotoring.com.sg Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Farah Abdul Rahim (23 October 2005). "100,000 used Singapore cars expected to be exported this year" . Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . ^ Chakraborty, Drima (30 July 2022). "Where do our old cars go? Surprisingly to Jamaica and Kenya, found one Reddit user" . AsiaOne . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars Archived 19 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Taxis out of COE bidding process from August" . Channel News Asia . 27 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . ^ "Zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles extended for 3 years until Jan 31, 2025" . TODAY . Retrieved 25 October 2023 . ^ "Zero car and motorcycle growth from February 2018" . TODAY . Retrieved 25 October 2023 . ^ "Cat A COE premium hits new record of $128,105; Cat B price climbs to $141,000" . The Straits Times . 8 October 2025 . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ a b "COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise" . TODAY . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ Lee, Nian Tjoe (8 March 2023). "COE for commercial vehicles hits new high again; premiums also up for cars and motorbikes" . The Straits Times . ISSN 0585-3923 . Retrieved 1 July 2023 . ^ cue (29 December 2022). "COE premiums at all-time highs in 2022; buyers could get slight reprieve in latter half of 2023 \| The Straits Times" . www.straitstimes.com . Retrieved 30 December 2022 . ^ "The Big Read: As premiums keep going through the roof, is it time to review the 33-year-old COE system?" . TODAY . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ "Commentary: Instead of making it expensive to own a car, why not make it expensive to use instead" . CNA . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . ^ Tan, Christopher (9 June 2023). "Motor Mouth: Fixing COE anomalies requires more than tweaking supply" . The Straits Times . ISSN 0585-3923 . Retrieved 12 June 2023 . Land Transport Authority
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Certificate+of+Entitlement "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Certificate+of+Entitlement "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement) - [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#History) - [2 System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#System) Toggle System subsection - [2\.1 Vehicle Quota System (VQS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Vehicle_Quota_System_$VQS$) - [2\.1.1 Formula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Formula) - [2\.2 Validity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Validity) - [2\.3 Auction process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Auction_process) - [2\.4 COE Category Refinement in 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#COE_Category_Refinement_in_2013) - [2\.5 Categories of COE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Categories_of_COE) - [2\.5.1 Prior to May 1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Prior_to_May_1999) - [2\.5.2 Current Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Current_Categories) - [3 Historical records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Historical_records) Toggle Historical records subsection - [3\.1 Car growth rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Car_growth_rate) - [3\.2 COE range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#COE_range) - [4 Reception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#Reception) - [5 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#References) - [6 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Certificate of Entitlement 2 languages - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement "Certificate of Entitlement – Thai") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%81%E8%BB%8A%E8%AD%89 "擁車證 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23119#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Certificate_of_Entitlement "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Certificate_of_Entitlement "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Certificate_of_Entitlement "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&oldid=1332742522 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Certificate_of_Entitlement&id=1332742522&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCertificate_of_Entitlement) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23119 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the proof of right of abode in the UK, see [Right of abode in the United Kingdom § Proof of the right of abode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_the_United_Kingdom#Proof_of_the_right_of_abode "Right of abode in the United Kingdom"). Document entitling a person to own a motorised vehicle in Singapore In [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), the Certificate of Entitlement (COE) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-1) The licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an [open bid uniform price auction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_price_auction "Uniform price auction") which grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-2) The COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore. ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\] See also: [Carfree city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfree_city "Carfree city"), [Car dependency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_dependency "Car dependency"), [Car-free movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car-free_movement "Car-free movement"), and [Transit-oriented development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development "Transit-oriented development") On 1 May 1990, the previous transportation unit of [Singapore's Public Works Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works_Department_of_Singapore "Public Works Department of Singapore") (PWD) instituted a quota limit to vehicles called the COE, as rising affluence in the country catapulted land transport network usage and previous measure to curb vehicle ownership by simply increasing road taxes was ineffective in controlling vehicle population growth.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-3) The premise was that the country had limited land resources, ie. limited supply of roads and car parks / parking lots, (with scarce land being managed to have a greater emphasis on providing an adequate supply of homes), along with demand for vehicle ownership spiralling out of control, would result in traffic conditions exceeding the criterion of a healthy road network that is sustainable by developments in land transport infrastructure resulting in gridlock. Along with a [congestion tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_tax "Congestion tax") called the [Electronic Road Pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing "Electronic Road Pricing") (ERP), the COE system is one of many key pillars in Singapore's traffic management strategies that aims to provide a sustainable urban quality of life.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-5) In place of the COE and the ERP, the government has encouraged its citizens and tourists alike to take advantage of the extensive public transportation network to get around the country instead, such as the [Mass Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_$Singapore$ "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)") (MRT), [Light Rail Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_$Singapore$ "Light Rail Transit (Singapore)") (LRT) or [public buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_buses_of_Singapore "Public buses of Singapore"), and to embrace a "car-lite society".[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-6) ## System \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: System")\] Before buying a new vehicle, potential vehicle owners in Singapore are required by the [Land Transport Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority "Land Transport Authority") (LTA) to first place a monetary bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The number of available COEs is governed by a quota system called the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) and is announced by LTA in April of each year with a review in October for possible adjustments for the period of one year starting from May. Approximately one-twelfth of the yearly quota is auctioned off each month in a sealed-bid, uniform price auction system and successful bidders pay the lowest winning bid. ### Vehicle Quota System (VQS) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Vehicle Quota System (VQS)")\] The number of COEs available to the public is regulated by the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that is calculated every 6 months based on the following conditions:[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-7) 1. Actual number of vehicles taken off the roads (i.e. number of vehicles de-registered) 2. Allowable growth in vehicle population 3. Adjustments arising from temporary COEs that have expired or were cancelled. #### Formula \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Formula")\] Since the change in the total motor vehicle population is given by the number of registrations minus the number of de-registrations and any unallocated quota in a given year may be carried over to the following year, the quota formula is as follows:[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8) ( Total COE Quota ) q y \= g . ( Motor vehicle population ) y − 1 \+ ( Projected de-registrations ) y \+ ( Unallocated quota ) q y − 1 {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}({\\text{Total COE Quota}})\_{qy}=\&g.({\\text{Motor vehicle population}})\_{y-1}\\\\&+({\\text{Projected de-registrations}})\_{y}\\\\&+({\\text{Unallocated quota}})\_{qy-1}\\end{aligned}}} ![{\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}({\\text{Total COE Quota}})\_{qy}=\&g.({\\text{Motor vehicle population}})\_{y-1}\\\\&+({\\text{Projected de-registrations}})\_{y}\\\\&+({\\text{Unallocated quota}})\_{qy-1}\\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/faae3ccb5222baa3d97aadbb4805d2914c772ae5) In the formula above, the subscript y {\\displaystyle y} ![{\\displaystyle y}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) denotes calendar year and the subscript q y {\\displaystyle qy} ![{\\displaystyle qy}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c02b06a29e60abe103486426891c16b76163e1f4) denotes quota year (May to April). Initially, projected de-registrations for (calendar) year y {\\displaystyle y} ![{\\displaystyle y}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) were simply taken to be equal to actual de-registrations in y − 1 {\\displaystyle y-1} ![{\\displaystyle y-1}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77879ac5028225ad5c6bd4e4f8a3268b9848bcfd) but from quota year 1999–2000 onwards, a projected number of de-registrations has been used. Each year, the quota is set to allow for a targeted g {\\displaystyle g} ![{\\displaystyle g}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77) percent growth in the total motor vehicle population, plus additional quota licenses to cover the number of motor vehicles that will be deregistered during the (calendar) year, plus any unallocated quota licenses from the previous quota year. ### Validity \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Validity")\] \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) \| This section does not [cite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") any [sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability"). Please help [improve this section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Certificate_of_Entitlement "Special:EditPage/Certificate of Entitlement") by [adding citations to reliable sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners"). Unsourced material may be challenged and [removed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence "Wikipedia:Verifiability"). (July 2024) ([Learn how and when to remove this message](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal")) \| The holder of a COE is allowed to own a vehicle for an initial period of 10 years, after which they must scrap or export their vehicle or renew the COE at the prevailing rate if they wish to continue using their vehicle for an intended remaining lifespan.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-9) At the end of the 10-year COE period, vehicle owners may choose to deregister their vehicle or to revalidate their COEs for another 5-year or 10-year period by paying the Prevailing Quota Premium, which is the three-month moving average of the Quota Premium for the respective vehicle category. You do not need to bid for a new COE to renew the existing COE of your vehicle. 5-year COEs cannot be further renewed.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-10) ### Auction process \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Auction process")\] COE biddings starts on the first and third Monday of the month and typically lasts for three days to the following Wednesday. Bidding duration will be pushed further in some circumstances, including public holidays. Bidding results can be obtained through the local media on the same day or on a website.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-11) All COE bids made in the two car categories (Cat A and B COEs) and the motorcycle category (Cat D COEs) must be made in the name of the buyer. Once COE is obtained, the vehicle has to be registered in the name of the bidder, i.e. Cat A, B and D COEs are non-transferable. To provide flexibility, successful COE bids in the Cat C (Goods vehicles and Buses) and Cat E (Open Category) in the name of the individuals are transferable. However these can only be transferred once within the first 3 months, while successful bids by companies are not transferable at all. An additional restriction on car ownership is the requirement that motor vehicles more than ten years old, known as "time expired" vehicles, must either renew the COE for another 5 or 10 years or de-register the vehicle for scrapping or exporting from Singapore, usually to neighbouring countries in [ASEAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN "ASEAN"). COEs renewed for 10 years are renewable indefinitely, but for vehicles which have a renewed COE of only 5 years, the owner of the vehicle has to scrap the vehicle at the end of the period with no option to renew the COE, totaling a car ownership of 15 years. Some of these vehicles, especially luxury ones, have been exported further to other [right hand drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hand_drive "Right hand drive") countries such as [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), which has traditionally imported such vehicles from Japan. The result of the peculiarities of the Singapore car market has resulted in Singapore being the second largest exporter of used cars in the world after Japan. Cars are exported to many countries, including beyond Asia such as [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya "Kenya") and [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") in Africa as well as [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica") and [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago") in the Caribbean. As these cars are often only about ten years old, they are often in high demand as they remain in relatively good condition.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-13) Owners of such vehicles are given financial incentives to do this, which include a Preferential Additional Registration Fee (PARF). This program was implemented to reduce [traffic congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion "Traffic congestion") and it complements other measures to curb road usage such as the [Electronic Road Pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing "Electronic Road Pricing") (ERP) program. ### COE Category Refinement in 2013 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: COE Category Refinement in 2013")\] In September 2013, The COE system has been refined to include a new criterion for Category A cars. Under the change, the engine power of Cat A cars should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW). This is equivalent to about 130 brake horsepower. This is in addition to the previous criterion of engine capacity of Cat A cars not exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres. However, cars with engine power output exceeding 97 kW (130 hp) will be classified under Category B in COE bidding exercises starting February 2014 despite having engine capacity below 1600 cubic centimetres. The review of the COE categories' criteria was because LTA wanted to differentiate and regulate the buying of mass market and premium cars under Cat A in a bid to control COE prices that hovered closer and closer to S\$100,000.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-14) ### Categories of COE \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Categories of COE")\] Initially, COEs were divided into eight categories but after many revisions, the system has been simplified to five categories. Categories A, B & D are non-transferable. Taxis used to be classed under category A but issuance of COEs became unrestricted from August 2012 onwards.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-15) #### Prior to May 1999 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Prior to May 1999")\] \| Category \| Vehicle Class \| \|---\|---\| \| Cat 1 \| Cars 1000cc & below \| \| Cat 2 \| Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis \| \| Cat 3 \| Cars 1601-2000cc \| \| Cat 4 \| Cars above 2000cc \| \| Cat 5 \| Goods Vehicles & Buses \| \| Cat 6 \| Motorcycles \| \| Cat 7 \| "Open" (for any kind of vehicle) \| #### Current Categories \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Current Categories")\] \| Category \| Vehicle Class \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Before May 2022 \| From May 2022 \| \| \| Cat A \| Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power output should not exceed 97 kW (130 bhp) \| Non-fully electric cars 1,600cc & below, and maximum power output up to 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output up to 110 kW (147 bhp) \| \| Cat B \| Cars above 1600cc, or the engine power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp) \| Non-fully electric cars above 1,600cc, or maximum power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output above 110 kW (147 bhp) \| \| Cat C \| Goods Vehicles & Buses (including public transport buses) \| \| \| Cat D \| Motorcycles \| \| \| Cat E \| "Open" (for any kind of vehicle, in 2017 motorcycles are no longer included in Cat E COE) \| \| ## Historical records \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Historical records")\] ### Car growth rate \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Car growth rate")\] \| Period \| [%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage "Percentage") \| Remark \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| May 1990 to May 2009 \| 3\.0 \| 3\.0% + deregistrations as per last annum \| \| Jun 2009 to Jun 2010 \| 1\.5 \| Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE \| \| Jul 2010 to Jul 2012 \| 1\.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July \| \| \| Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 \| 1\.0 \| Taxi are moved to Cat E \| \| Feb 2013 to Jan 2014 \| 0\.5 \| Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015 \| \| Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 \| Change to recent quarterly deregistrations \| \| \| Feb 2015 to Jan 2018 \| 0\.25 \| Reduced to 0.25% \| \| Since Feb 2018 \| 0\.0 \| COE growth rate frozen for personal cars and motorbikes only.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-17) \| ### COE range \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: COE range")\] \| Previous Category \| Highest \| Lowest1 \| Current Category \| Highest \| Lowest \| Remarks \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| May 1990 – Apr 1999 \| SGD \| Period \| SGD \| Period \| From May 1999 – present \| SGD \| Period \| SGD \| Period \| \| \| Cat 1 (1000 cc & below) \| 41,008 \| Jul 1997 \| 210 \| Feb 1991 \| Cat A3 \| 128,105 \| Oct 2025[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-18) \| 2 \| Nov 2008a \| a. Major historical plunge partly due to the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to [1997 Asian financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis "1997 Asian financial crisis") \| \| Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi \| 62,208 \| Jul 1997 \| 909 \| Mar 1991 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc) \| 83,500 \| Dec 1994 \| 50 \| Jan 1998b \| Cat B \| 150,001 \| Oct 2023[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) \| 200 \| Jan 2009a \| \| \| Cat 4 (2001 cc & above) \| 110,500 \| Dec 1994 \| 800 \| Apr 1991 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus) \| 39,000 \| Dec 1994 \| 1 \| Apr 1991 \| Cat C \| 91,101 \| Mar 2023[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-20) \| 1 \| Dec 2006– Mar 2007c \| c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006 \| \| Cat 6 (Motorcycle) \| 3,506 \| Aug 1997 \| 1 \| Jan 1994, Feb 1994d \| Cat D \| 13,189 \| Nov 2022[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:0-21) \| 1 \| Nov 2002– Mar 2003d \| d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders \| \| Cat 7 (Open) \| 95,986 \| Dec 1994 \| 998 \| Mar 1991 \| Cat E \| 158,004 \| Oct 2023[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) \| 3,200 \| Jan 2009 \| – \| \| Cat 8 (Weekend Car)2 \| 45,300 \| Sep 1994 \| 1,110 \| Oct 1991 \| OPC \| \| COE rebate up to \$17,000 \| \| \| \| \| 1\. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 2\. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate 3\. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Reception \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Reception")\] In 1994, academics Winston Koh and David Lee of the [National University of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore "National University of Singapore") proposed to reform the bidding process. Instead of bidding in dollars, applicants for COEs would bid in percentage of the price of the vehicle.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4) In 2003, economist Tan Ling Hui of the [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") reiterated the idea.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8) In 2023, with COE prices surging, the idea of percentage bidding resurfaced in the general media. Proponents of percentage bidding argued that it was more equitable than bidding in dollars.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-24) ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-1) Tan, Ling Hui (2003). ["Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149940). IMF Staff Papers. 50 (3): 436–457\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/4149940](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149940). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1020-7635](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1020-7635). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_$identifier$ "JSTOR (identifier)") [4149940](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149940). Retrieved 18 August 2024. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-2) Grant, Jeremy (4 March 2014). ["Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city"](https://www.ft.com/content/336b90cc-a39e-11e3-aa85-00144feab7de). FT.com. Retrieved 7 July 2014. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-3) Singapore, National Library Board. ["Certificate of Entitlement - Infopedia"](http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1005_2006-04-07.html). eresources.nlb.gov.sg. 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-1) Koh, Winston T.H.; Lee, David K.C. (1994). "The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore: An Assessment". Transportation Research A. 28A* (1): 31–47\. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-5) Auto, Hermes (23 March 2022). ["Singapore core inflation eases in February but jump in car prices drive up overall inflation \\| The Straits Times"](https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-core-inflation-eases-in-february-but-jump-in-car-prices-drive-up-overall-inflation). www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 1 June 2022. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-6) Menon, A P Gobinath (18 November 2017). ["Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/getting-singaporeans-embrace-car-lite-society). TODAY. Retrieved 6 October 2023. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-7) ["Overview of a Vehicle Quota System"](http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/roads-and-motoring/owning-a-vehicle/vehicle-quota-system/overview-of-vehicle-quota-system.html). Land Transport Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 24 January 2013. 8. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-1) Tan, Ling Hui (2003). "Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System". IMF Staff Papers. 50* (3): 437–457\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/4149940](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149940). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_$identifier$ "JSTOR (identifier)") [4149940](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149940). 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-9) ["Certificate of Entitlement"](https://onemotoring.lta.gov.sg/content/onemotoring/home/buying/upfront-vehicle-costs/certificate-of-entitlement--coe-.html). OneMotoring. 28 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-10) ["Road Traffic (Motor Vehicles, Quota System) Rules"](https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL-Rev/RTA1961-R31/Published/19990930?DocDate=19960515&ProvIds=P1V-#pr24-). Attorney-General's Chambers Singapore. Part V 24.2. 15 May 1996. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-11) <http://www.onemotoring.com.sg> [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090106121432/http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/) 6 January 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-12) Farah Abdul Rahim (23 October 2005). ["100,000 used Singapore cars expected to be exported this year"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070629134216/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/174881/1/.html). Channel NewsAsia. Archived from [the original](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/174881/1/.html) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-13) Chakraborty, Drima (30 July 2022). ["Where do our old cars go? Surprisingly to Jamaica and Kenya, found one Reddit user"](https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/where-do-our-old-cars-go-surprisingly-jamaica-and-kenya-found-one-reddit-user). AsiaOne. Retrieved 18 August 2024. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-14) [COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/coe-system-to-include/806728.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131119064854/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/coe-system-to-include/806728.html) 19 November 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-15) ["Taxis out of COE bidding process from August"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120829121430/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1216123/1/.html). Channel News Asia. 27 July 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1216123/1/.html) on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-16) ["Zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles extended for 3 years until Jan 31, 2025"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/zero-growth-rate-cars-and-motorcycles-extended-3-years-until-jan-31-2025). TODAY. Retrieved 25 October 2023. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-17) ["Zero car and motorcycle growth from February 2018"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/zero-car-and-motorcycle-growth-february-next-year). TODAY. Retrieved 25 October 2023. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-18) ["Cat A COE premium hits new record of \$128,105; Cat B price climbs to \$141,000"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/cat-a-coe-premium-hits-new-record-of-128105-cat-b-price-climbs-to-141000). The Straits Times. 8 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025. 19. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-1) ["COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/coe-premiums-large-car-and-open-categories-hit-record-highs-6th-straight-exercise-2284891). TODAY. Retrieved 18 October 2023. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-20)* Lee, Nian Tjoe (8 March 2023). ["COE for commercial vehicles hits new high again; premiums also up for cars and motorbikes"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coe-premium-for-commercial-vehicles-hit-new-high-for-third-time-in-2023). The Straits Times. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). Retrieved 1 July 2023. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:0_21-0) cue (29 December 2022). ["COE premiums at all-time highs in 2022; buyers could get slight reprieve in latter half of 2023 \\| The Straits Times"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coe-premiums-at-all-time-highs-in-2022-buyers-could-get-slight-reprieve-in-later-half-of-2023). www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 30 December 2022. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-22) ["The Big Read: As premiums keep going through the roof, is it time to review the 33-year-old COE system?"](https://www.todayonline.com/big-read/big-read-coe-system-prices-revamp-cars-2161101). TODAY. Retrieved 12 June 2023. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-23) ["Commentary: Instead of making it expensive to own a car, why not make it expensive to use instead"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/high-coe-prices-vehicles-cars-tax-usage-distance-3483516). CNA. Retrieved 12 June 2023. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-24) Tan, Christopher (9 June 2023). ["Motor Mouth: Fixing COE anomalies requires more than tweaking supply"](https://www.straitstimes.com/life/motoring/motor-mouth-fixing-coe-anomalies-requires-more-than-tweaking-supply). The Straits Times. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). 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Readable Markdown	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), the Certificate of Entitlement (COE) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-1) The licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an [open bid uniform price auction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_price_auction "Uniform price auction") which grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-2) The COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore. On 1 May 1990, the previous transportation unit of [Singapore's Public Works Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works_Department_of_Singapore "Public Works Department of Singapore") (PWD) instituted a quota limit to vehicles called the COE, as rising affluence in the country catapulted land transport network usage and previous measure to curb vehicle ownership by simply increasing road taxes was ineffective in controlling vehicle population growth.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-3) The premise was that the country had limited land resources, ie. limited supply of roads and car parks / parking lots, (with scarce land being managed to have a greater emphasis on providing an adequate supply of homes), along with demand for vehicle ownership spiralling out of control, would result in traffic conditions exceeding the criterion of a healthy road network that is sustainable by developments in land transport infrastructure resulting in gridlock. Along with a [congestion tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_tax "Congestion tax") called the [Electronic Road Pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing "Electronic Road Pricing") (ERP), the COE system is one of many key pillars in Singapore's traffic management strategies that aims to provide a sustainable urban quality of life.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-5) In place of the COE and the ERP, the government has encouraged its citizens and tourists alike to take advantage of the extensive public transportation network to get around the country instead, such as the [Mass Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_$Singapore$ "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)") (MRT), [Light Rail Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_$Singapore$ "Light Rail Transit (Singapore)") (LRT) or [public buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_buses_of_Singapore "Public buses of Singapore"), and to embrace a "car-lite society".[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-6) Before buying a new vehicle, potential vehicle owners in Singapore are required by the [Land Transport Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority "Land Transport Authority") (LTA) to first place a monetary bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The number of available COEs is governed by a quota system called the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) and is announced by LTA in April of each year with a review in October for possible adjustments for the period of one year starting from May. Approximately one-twelfth of the yearly quota is auctioned off each month in a sealed-bid, uniform price auction system and successful bidders pay the lowest winning bid. ### Vehicle Quota System (VQS) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Vehicle Quota System (VQS)")\] The number of COEs available to the public is regulated by the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) that is calculated every 6 months based on the following conditions:[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-7) 1. Actual number of vehicles taken off the roads (i.e. number of vehicles de-registered) 2. Allowable growth in vehicle population 3. Adjustments arising from temporary COEs that have expired or were cancelled. Since the change in the total motor vehicle population is given by the number of registrations minus the number of de-registrations and any unallocated quota in a given year may be carried over to the following year, the quota formula is as follows:[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8) ![{\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}({\\text{Total COE Quota}})\_{qy}=\&g.({\\text{Motor vehicle population}})\_{y-1}\\\\&+({\\text{Projected de-registrations}})\_{y}\\\\&+({\\text{Unallocated quota}})\_{qy-1}\\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/faae3ccb5222baa3d97aadbb4805d2914c772ae5) In the formula above, the subscript ![{\\displaystyle y}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) denotes calendar year and the subscript ![{\\displaystyle qy}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c02b06a29e60abe103486426891c16b76163e1f4) denotes quota year (May to April). Initially, projected de-registrations for (calendar) year ![{\\displaystyle y}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d) were simply taken to be equal to actual de-registrations in ![{\\displaystyle y-1}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77879ac5028225ad5c6bd4e4f8a3268b9848bcfd) but from quota year 1999–2000 onwards, a projected number of de-registrations has been used. Each year, the quota is set to allow for a targeted ![{\\displaystyle g}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77) percent growth in the total motor vehicle population, plus additional quota licenses to cover the number of motor vehicles that will be deregistered during the (calendar) year, plus any unallocated quota licenses from the previous quota year. The holder of a COE is allowed to own a vehicle for an initial period of 10 years, after which they must scrap or export their vehicle or renew the COE at the prevailing rate if they wish to continue using their vehicle for an intended remaining lifespan.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-9) At the end of the 10-year COE period, vehicle owners may choose to deregister their vehicle or to revalidate their COEs for another 5-year or 10-year period by paying the Prevailing Quota Premium, which is the three-month moving average of the Quota Premium for the respective vehicle category. You do not need to bid for a new COE to renew the existing COE of your vehicle. 5-year COEs cannot be further renewed.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-10) COE biddings starts on the first and third Monday of the month and typically lasts for three days to the following Wednesday. Bidding duration will be pushed further in some circumstances, including public holidays. Bidding results can be obtained through the local media on the same day or on a website.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-11) All COE bids made in the two car categories (Cat A and B COEs) and the motorcycle category (Cat D COEs) must be made in the name of the buyer. Once COE is obtained, the vehicle has to be registered in the name of the bidder, i.e. Cat A, B and D COEs are non-transferable. To provide flexibility, successful COE bids in the Cat C (Goods vehicles and Buses) and Cat E (Open Category) in the name of the individuals are transferable. However these can only be transferred once within the first 3 months, while successful bids by companies are not transferable at all. An additional restriction on car ownership is the requirement that motor vehicles more than ten years old, known as "time expired" vehicles, must either renew the COE for another 5 or 10 years or de-register the vehicle for scrapping or exporting from Singapore, usually to neighbouring countries in [ASEAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN "ASEAN"). COEs renewed for 10 years are renewable indefinitely, but for vehicles which have a renewed COE of only 5 years, the owner of the vehicle has to scrap the vehicle at the end of the period with no option to renew the COE, totaling a car ownership of 15 years. Some of these vehicles, especially luxury ones, have been exported further to other [right hand drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hand_drive "Right hand drive") countries such as [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), which has traditionally imported such vehicles from Japan. The result of the peculiarities of the Singapore car market has resulted in Singapore being the second largest exporter of used cars in the world after Japan. Cars are exported to many countries, including beyond Asia such as [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya "Kenya") and [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") in Africa as well as [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica "Jamaica") and [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago") in the Caribbean. As these cars are often only about ten years old, they are often in high demand as they remain in relatively good condition.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-13) Owners of such vehicles are given financial incentives to do this, which include a Preferential Additional Registration Fee (PARF). This program was implemented to reduce [traffic congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion "Traffic congestion") and it complements other measures to curb road usage such as the [Electronic Road Pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing "Electronic Road Pricing") (ERP) program. ### COE Category Refinement in 2013 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_of_Entitlement&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: COE Category Refinement in 2013")\] In September 2013, The COE system has been refined to include a new criterion for Category A cars. Under the change, the engine power of Cat A cars should not exceed 97 kilowatts (kW). This is equivalent to about 130 brake horsepower. This is in addition to the previous criterion of engine capacity of Cat A cars not exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres. However, cars with engine power output exceeding 97 kW (130 hp) will be classified under Category B in COE bidding exercises starting February 2014 despite having engine capacity below 1600 cubic centimetres. The review of the COE categories' criteria was because LTA wanted to differentiate and regulate the buying of mass market and premium cars under Cat A in a bid to control COE prices that hovered closer and closer to S\$100,000.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-14) Initially, COEs were divided into eight categories but after many revisions, the system has been simplified to five categories. Categories A, B & D are non-transferable. Taxis used to be classed under category A but issuance of COEs became unrestricted from August 2012 onwards.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-15) \| Category \| Vehicle Class \| \|---\|---\| \| Cat 1 \| Cars 1000cc & below \| \| Cat 2 \| Cars 1001-1600cc & Taxis \| \| Cat 3 \| Cars 1601-2000cc \| \| Cat 4 \| Cars above 2000cc \| \| Cat 5 \| Goods Vehicles & Buses \| \| Cat 6 \| Motorcycles \| \| Cat 7 \| "Open" (for any kind of vehicle) \| \| Category \| Vehicle Class \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Before May 2022 \| From May 2022 \| \| \| Cat A \| Cars 1600cc & below, and the engine power output should not exceed 97 kW (130 bhp) \| Non-fully electric cars 1,600cc & below, and maximum power output up to 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output up to 110 kW (147 bhp) \| \| Cat B \| Cars above 1600cc, or the engine power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp) \| Non-fully electric cars above 1,600cc, or maximum power output exceeds 97 kW (130 bhp); and fully electric cars with maximum power output above 110 kW (147 bhp) \| \| Cat C \| Goods Vehicles & Buses (including public transport buses) \| \| \| Cat D \| Motorcycles \| \| \| Cat E \| "Open" (for any kind of vehicle, in 2017 motorcycles are no longer included in Cat E COE) \| \| \| Period \| [%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage "Percentage") \| Remark \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| May 1990 to May 2009 \| 3\.0 \| 3\.0% + deregistrations as per last annum \| \| Jun 2009 to Jun 2010 \| 1\.5 \| Reduced to 1.5% + deregistrations as per last annum, partly due to low price COE \| \| Jul 2010 to Jul 2012 \| 1\.5% as per last annum + recent half-yearly deregistrations, rate are extended to July \| \| \| Aug 2012 to Jan 2013 \| 1\.0 \| Taxi are moved to Cat E \| \| Feb 2013 to Jan 2014 \| 0\.5 \| Reduced to 0.5% and expected to last till Jan 2015 \| \| Feb 2014 to Jan 2015 \| Change to recent quarterly deregistrations \| \| \| Feb 2015 to Jan 2018 \| 0\.25 \| Reduced to 0.25% \| \| Since Feb 2018 \| 0\.0 \| COE growth rate frozen for personal cars and motorbikes only.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-17) \| \| Previous Category \| Highest \| Lowest1 \| Current Category \| Highest \| Lowest \| Remarks \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| May 1990 – Apr 1999 \| SGD \| Period \| SGD \| Period \| From May 1999 – present \| SGD \| Period \| SGD \| Period \| \| \| Cat 1 (1000 cc & below) \| 41,008 \| Jul 1997 \| 210 \| Feb 1991 \| Cat A3 \| 128,105 \| Oct 2025[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-18) \| 2 \| Nov 2008a \| a. Major historical plunge partly due to the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") and over-projections of vehicle de-registrations in 2008/09 b. Major historical plunge partly due to [1997 Asian financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis "1997 Asian financial crisis") \| \| Cat 2 (1001 – 1600 cc) & taxi \| 62,208 \| Jul 1997 \| 909 \| Mar 1991 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Cat 3 (1601 – 2000 cc) \| 83,500 \| Dec 1994 \| 50 \| Jan 1998b \| Cat B \| 150,001 \| Oct 2023[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) \| 200 \| Jan 2009a \| \| \| Cat 4 (2001 cc & above) \| 110,500 \| Dec 1994 \| 800 \| Apr 1991 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Cat 5 (Goods Vehicle & Bus) \| 39,000 \| Dec 1994 \| 1 \| Apr 1991 \| Cat C \| 91,101 \| Mar 2023[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-20) \| 1 \| Dec 2006– Mar 2007c \| c. Partly due to strict emission standards from Oct 2006 \| \| Cat 6 (Motorcycle) \| 3,506 \| Aug 1997 \| 1 \| Jan 1994, Feb 1994d \| Cat D \| 13,189 \| Nov 2022[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:0-21) \| 1 \| Nov 2002– Mar 2003d \| d. Mainly due to higher quota and lower than minimum bidders \| \| Cat 7 (Open) \| 95,986 \| Dec 1994 \| 998 \| Mar 1991 \| Cat E \| 158,004 \| Oct 2023[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:1-19) \| 3,200 \| Jan 2009 \| – \| \| Cat 8 (Weekend Car)2 \| 45,300 \| Sep 1994 \| 1,110 \| Oct 1991 \| OPC \| \| COE rebate up to \$17,000 \| \| \| \| \| 1\. Excluded initial quote for first 3 months (May~Jul'90). Previous lowest record due to higher quota for year 1991 2\. It was stopped on Sep 1994, the scheme was replaced by the Off-Peak Car rebate 3\. Taxi are moved to Cat E from Aug 2012 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| In 1994, academics Winston Koh and David Lee of the [National University of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore "National University of Singapore") proposed to reform the bidding process. Instead of bidding in dollars, applicants for COEs would bid in percentage of the price of the vehicle.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:3-4) In 2003, economist Tan Ling Hui of the [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") reiterated the idea.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-:2-8) In 2023, with COE prices surging, the idea of percentage bidding resurfaced in the general media. Proponents of percentage bidding argued that it was more equitable than bidding in dollars.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_note-24) 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-1) Tan, Ling Hui (2003). ["Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149940). IMF Staff Papers. 50 (3): 436–457\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/4149940](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149940). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1020-7635](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1020-7635). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_$identifier$ "JSTOR (identifier)") [4149940](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149940). Retrieved 18 August 2024. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-2) Grant, Jeremy (4 March 2014). ["Singapore overtakes Tokyo as world's most expensive city"](https://www.ft.com/content/336b90cc-a39e-11e3-aa85-00144feab7de). FT.com. Retrieved 7 July 2014. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-3) Singapore, National Library Board. ["Certificate of Entitlement - Infopedia"](http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1005_2006-04-07.html). eresources.nlb.gov.sg. 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:3_4-1) Koh, Winston T.H.; Lee, David K.C. (1994). "The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore: An Assessment". Transportation Research A. 28A* (1): 31–47\. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-5) Auto, Hermes (23 March 2022). ["Singapore core inflation eases in February but jump in car prices drive up overall inflation \\| The Straits Times"](https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-core-inflation-eases-in-february-but-jump-in-car-prices-drive-up-overall-inflation). www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 1 June 2022. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-6) Menon, A P Gobinath (18 November 2017). ["Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/getting-singaporeans-embrace-car-lite-society). TODAY. Retrieved 6 October 2023. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-7) ["Overview of a Vehicle Quota System"](http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/roads-and-motoring/owning-a-vehicle/vehicle-quota-system/overview-of-vehicle-quota-system.html). Land Transport Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 24 January 2013. 8. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:2_8-1) Tan, Ling Hui (2003). "Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore's Vehicle Quota System". IMF Staff Papers. 50* (3): 437–457\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/4149940](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149940). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_$identifier$ "JSTOR (identifier)") [4149940](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149940). 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-9) ["Certificate of Entitlement"](https://onemotoring.lta.gov.sg/content/onemotoring/home/buying/upfront-vehicle-costs/certificate-of-entitlement--coe-.html). OneMotoring. 28 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-10) ["Road Traffic (Motor Vehicles, Quota System) Rules"](https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL-Rev/RTA1961-R31/Published/19990930?DocDate=19960515&ProvIds=P1V-#pr24-). Attorney-General's Chambers Singapore. Part V 24.2. 15 May 1996. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-11) [http://www.onemotoring.com.sg](http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090106121432/http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/) 6 January 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-12) Farah Abdul Rahim (23 October 2005). ["100,000 used Singapore cars expected to be exported this year"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070629134216/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/174881/1/.html). Channel NewsAsia. Archived from [the original](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/174881/1/.html) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-13) Chakraborty, Drima (30 July 2022). ["Where do our old cars go? Surprisingly to Jamaica and Kenya, found one Reddit user"](https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/where-do-our-old-cars-go-surprisingly-jamaica-and-kenya-found-one-reddit-user). AsiaOne. Retrieved 18 August 2024. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-14) [COE System to Include Engine Power for Cat A Cars](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/coe-system-to-include/806728.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131119064854/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/coe-system-to-include/806728.html) 19 November 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-15) ["Taxis out of COE bidding process from August"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120829121430/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1216123/1/.html). Channel News Asia. 27 July 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1216123/1/.html) on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-16) ["Zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles extended for 3 years until Jan 31, 2025"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/zero-growth-rate-cars-and-motorcycles-extended-3-years-until-jan-31-2025). TODAY. Retrieved 25 October 2023. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-17) ["Zero car and motorcycle growth from February 2018"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/zero-car-and-motorcycle-growth-february-next-year). TODAY. Retrieved 25 October 2023. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-18) ["Cat A COE premium hits new record of \$128,105; Cat B price climbs to \$141,000"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/cat-a-coe-premium-hits-new-record-of-128105-cat-b-price-climbs-to-141000). The Straits Times. 8 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025. 19. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:1_19-1) ["COE premiums for large car and Open categories hit record highs for 6th straight exercise"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/coe-premiums-large-car-and-open-categories-hit-record-highs-6th-straight-exercise-2284891). TODAY. Retrieved 18 October 2023. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-20)* Lee, Nian Tjoe (8 March 2023). ["COE for commercial vehicles hits new high again; premiums also up for cars and motorbikes"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coe-premium-for-commercial-vehicles-hit-new-high-for-third-time-in-2023). The Straits Times. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). Retrieved 1 July 2023. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-:0_21-0) cue (29 December 2022). ["COE premiums at all-time highs in 2022; buyers could get slight reprieve in latter half of 2023 \\| The Straits Times"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coe-premiums-at-all-time-highs-in-2022-buyers-could-get-slight-reprieve-in-later-half-of-2023). www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 30 December 2022. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-22) ["The Big Read: As premiums keep going through the roof, is it time to review the 33-year-old COE system?"](https://www.todayonline.com/big-read/big-read-coe-system-prices-revamp-cars-2161101). TODAY. Retrieved 12 June 2023. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-23) ["Commentary: Instead of making it expensive to own a car, why not make it expensive to use instead"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/high-coe-prices-vehicles-cars-tax-usage-distance-3483516). CNA. Retrieved 12 June 2023. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement#cite_ref-24) Tan, Christopher (9 June 2023). ["Motor Mouth: Fixing COE anomalies requires more than tweaking supply"](https://www.straitstimes.com/life/motoring/motor-mouth-fixing-coe-anomalies-requires-more-than-tweaking-supply). The Straits Times. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). Retrieved 12 June 2023. - [Land Transport Authority](http://www.lta.gov.sg/)
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