🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa158)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China","crawl_time":1774179830,"first_indexed_time":1376015346,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Capital punishment in China - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Capital punishment\nis a legal penalty in the\nPeople's Republic of China\n. It is applicable to offenses ranging from murder to\ndrug trafficking\n.\n[\n1\n]\nExecutions are carried out by\nlethal injection\nor by\nshooting\n.\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nA survey conducted by\nThe\nNew York Times\nin 2014 found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society.\n[\n5\n]\nAccording to\nAmnesty International\n, China executes more people than all other countries combined.\n[\n6\n]\nThe exact numbers of executions and death sentences are not publicly available, being considered a state secret by China.\n[\n7\n]\nAccording to the U.S.-based\nDui Hua Foundation\n, the estimated number of executions has declined steadily in the twenty-first century, from 12,000 each year to 2,400.\n[\n8\n]\nHowever, in 2022 the\nWorld Coalition Against the Death Penalty\nannounced that since 2007 at least 8,000 people per year were executed in China.\n[\n9\n]\nSince 2006, the\nChinese government\nhas taken effective measures to limit use of the death penalty,\n[\n10\n]\nproclaiming that it is doing this with the aim of completely abolishing it.\n[\n11\n]\nCapital punishment in China should not be confused with\ndeath sentence with reprieve\n, which is a form of lenient sentencing that is handed down by Chinese courts as frequently as, or more often than, actual death sentences.\n[\n12\n]\nDeath sentence with reprieve is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and is sometimes inaccurately added to the number of actual death sentences.\n[\n13\n]\nHistorical background\n[\nedit\n]\nMing dynasty\nShuilu ritual painting\ndepicting imprisonment and execution.\nCapital punishment was one of the classical\nFive Punishments\nof China's dynastic period.\n[\n14\n]\nIn\nChinese philosophy\n, capital punishment was supported by the\nLegalists\n, but its application was tempered by the\nConfucians\n, who preferred rehabilitation and mercy over capital punishment.\n[\n15\n]\n: 199 \nConfucius\ndid not oppose capital punishment absolutely, but did take the view that in a well-ordered society based on moral persuasion, capital punishment would become unnecessary.\n[\n16\n]\n: 293–94 \nDuring China's early dynasties, capital punishment and amputation were predominant among the five punishments. Later, amputation became less common, but capital punishment and corporal punishment remained. There was wide variability in the number of types of capital offenses over time. Under the\nPunishments of Lu\n(\nLu Xing\n), written sometime in the\nWarring States period\n(475–221 BCE), there were 200 capital offenses.\n[\n17\n]\n: 32–33 \nThe\nTang Code\n(653 CE) listed 233 capital offenses, and the\nSong dynasty\n(960–1279) retained these and added sixty more over time. Under the\nYuan dynasty\n, the \"number of separate capital provisions\" precipitously dropped, reaching a low of 125 crimes. The number of capital offenses spiked again under the\nMing dynasty\n(1368–1644), with 282 capital offenses, and the\nQing dynasty\n(1644–1911), with more than 800 capital offenses.\n[\n17\n]\n: 32–33 \nHistorically, poorer and lower-status Chinese were most often subject to capital punishment; however, officials and others of high-rank were put to death as a means of social control in times of war, internal disarray, or strife.\n[\n17\n]\n: 31–32 \nFor example,\nKing Wu\nof the\nWestern Zhou\nordered officials who violated royal regulations, failed to carry out their duties, or \"promulgated innovations\" to be put to death; 39 military officials were executed following a peasant uprising during the\nTang dynasty\n; the\nsix gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform\n, who advocated social reform in the late Qing dynasty were executed.\n[\n17\n]\n: 32 \nThe first type of classical punishment was a\nsystem of torture\nused in the process of examining a criminal. Examining a criminal by torture began in the\nQin dynasty\nwhen judges, after a preliminary hearing and investigation, used bambooing and\nbastinado\nto force the offender to admit to committing the crime. Second, there was a system of\ncollective responsibility\ninitiated by\nDuke Wen\nof the\nState of Qin\n; under that system, when a criminal is sentenced to death, other family members above a certain age were also sentenced to death. This included the wife's family or siblings' families. At some point, even the families of a man's concubines were also killed. Thirdly, there was a system of revenge based on the\nConfucian philosophy\ncentered around\nfilial piety\n. The right to seek retribution was codified in the Legal Code of the\nQing dynasty\n(1644–1911), which describes the legal proceedings and punishments for family members who seek revenge and kill the murderer of their relatives. The fourth type of punishment system was structured according to booty, loot, and spoil. Following conviction of these crimes, the punishment ranged from fifty strokes of the cane or death by hanging. Finally, the fifth classical punishment was a system advocating amnesty, probation, and parole. However, this system of punishment was not practiced often because the Chinese legal system asserted a retributive theory of punishment.\n[\n14\n]\nBy both confirmed and estimated data, the number of executions from capital punishment in China is far higher than in any other country, while the number\nper capita\nis comparable to Vietnam and Singapore, and lower than several other countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.\n[\n18\n]\n[\n19\n]\n[\n20\n]\n[\n21\n]\nThe number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People's Court regained the power to review all death sentences; for instance, the\nDui Hua Foundation\nestimates that China executed 12,000 people in 2002, 6,500 people in 2007, and roughly 2,400 in 2013 and 2014.\n[\n22\n]\n[\n23\n]\n[\n21\n]\nGiven conservative and variable estimates of executions in China, executions in China account for more than 58% in 2009 and 65% in 2010 of those worldwide.\n[\n11\n]\nThe exact numbers of people executed in China is classified as a state secret; occasionally death penalty cases are posted publicly by the judiciary, as in certain high-profile cases. One such example was the execution of former\nState Food and Drug Administration\ndirector\nZheng Xiaoyu\n, which was confirmed by both state television and the official\nXinhua News Agency\n.\n[\n24\n]\nOther media, such as Internet message boards, have become outlets for confirming death penalty cases usually after a sentence has been carried out.\nBecause of the inaccessibility to official statistics of the number of executions that occur within the death penalty system, academic researchers must use data compiled by NGOs such as\nAmnesty International\n, which is the most cited source of reports regarding rates of execution statistics. In 2009, Amnesty International counted 1718 executions as having taken place during 2008 (which equates to 0.0001%, or 1 in 1,000,000 of the Chinese population\n[\n25\n]\n), based on all information available. Amnesty International believed that the total figure was likely to be much higher.\n[\n26\n]\nAccording to \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\", \"it also represents the most conservative estimate of death sentences and executions in China due to the following accounting rules: 1) when there is doubt of accuracy, figures were excluded; 2) where two conflicting reports existed, the lower figure was used; 3) when a combined figure of death sentences and prison sentences was given, only one death sentence was recorded; and 4) when a group was sentenced to death, only one sentence was entered.\"\n[\n11\n]\nAfter a first trial conducted by an\nintermediate people's court\nconcludes with a death sentence, a double appeals process must follow. The first appeal is conducted by a\nhigh people's court\nif the condemned appealed to it, and since 2007, another appeal is conducted automatically (even if the condemned waived the first appeal) by the\nSupreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\n(SPC) in Beijing,\n[\n27\n]\nto prevent the circumstances in which the defendant is proven innocent\nafter\nthe death penalty—an obviously irrevocable punishment—has been administered.\nWhen a case involving the death penalty is sent to the SPC for mandatory review, the case is delivered to one of the court's five divisions according to the geographic origin of the case or, in some cases, the type of crime involved.\n[\n28\n]\nThe SPC's second criminal division is dedicated to handling review of some of the most sensitive cases.\n[\n28\n]\nEach case is then assigned to a panel of three judges, one of whom is designated as the principal case manager.\n[\n28\n]\nSince 2012, judges are also required to interview defendants before deciding whether or not to confirm a death sentence.\n[\n28\n]\nThe judges write reports summarizing the case, discuss the case, and then report the decision to the division head, SPC vice president, and finally the SPC president.\n[\n28\n]\nIf the lower court death sentence is upheld, the execution is carried out shortly thereafter. As a result of its reforms, the PRC's government claims, the Supreme People's Court overturned about 15 percent of the death sentences handed down by high courts in the first half of 2008. In a brief report in May 2008,\nXinhua\nquoted anonymous sources as saying Chinese courts handed down 30 percent fewer death sentences in 2007 compared with 2006.\n[\n21\n]\nThe cases of Li Yan (2014) and\nWu Ying\n(2012) are two examples in which the Supreme People's Court reversed a death sentence pronounced by lower courts.\n[\n29\n]\nChinese courts hand down the sentence of \"\ndeath sentence with two years' probation\n\" (\nChinese\n:\n死缓\n;\npinyin\n:\nsǐ huǎn\n) as frequently as, or more often than,\n[\n27\n]\nthey do actual death sentences. This unique sentence is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and has a centuries-old history in Chinese jurisprudence.\n[\n30\n]\nIt is almost always reduced to\nlife\nor 10 to 15 years imprisonment if no new crime is intentionally committed during the two year\nprobationary\nperiod.\n[\n30\n]\nArticle 49 in the Chinese criminal code explicitly forbids the death penalty for offenders who are under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.\n[\n31\n]\nThe SPC also issued a policy in 2007 which required lower courts to arrange for the\nvisitation\nof condemned criminals by relatives; forbade the practice by local authorities of parading prisoners on death row; and required that executions be publicly announced.\n[\n27\n]\nHowever, capital punishment in China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced the leader of a\ntriad society\nto a death sentence with two years of probation. However, the public opinion was that the sentence was too light. Under public pressure, the Supreme People's Court took the case and retried the leader, resulting in a death sentence which was carried out immediately.\n[\n32\n]\nSince 1980, the state's security apparatus has initiated various \"strike hard\" (Chinese:\n严打\n; pinyin:\nYándǎ\n) campaigns against specific types of crime. Critics have noted that the campaigns lead to the streamlining of capital cases, where cases are investigated, appeals heard, and sentences carried out at rates much more rapidly than normal. Since 2006,\nChinese Supreme Court\njustice\nXiao Yang\nhas worked to blunt the \"strike hard\" policy with his own policy of \"balancing leniency and severity\" (Chinese:\n宽严相济\n; pinyin:\nKuānyán Xiāngjì\n), which is supposedly influenced by\nHu Jintao\n's\nharmonious society\nconcept. Xiao's policy includes improving the quality of appeals by mandating that the SPC, rather than simply the high people's court, review capital crime cases; increasing use of the \"death sentence with two years' probation\"; and requiring \"clear facts\" and \"abundant evidence\" for capital cases.\n[\n27\n]\nThe\nabolition of the death penalty\nin\nHong Kong\nsince 1993 is a major reason why\nChina\ndoes not have a\nrendition\nagreement with that city.\n[\n33\n]\nSince April 2019\n, a proposed extradition bill has sparked massive\nprotests\n.\n[\nneeds update\n]\nThe list of capital crimes includes counter-revolutionary crimes, such as organizing an \"armed mass rebellion\"; endangerment of public security, such as committing\narson\n; and crimes against the person, such as the rape of a person under the age of 14.\n[\n30\n]\nDuring the 1980s, \"economic crimes\" such as\nbribery\n,\ndrug trafficking\n, and\nembezzlement\nwere added to the legal code.\n[\n30\n]\nCapital punishment in China can be imposed on crimes against national symbols and\ntreasures\n, such as theft of cultural relics and (before 1997) the killing of\ngiant pandas\n.\n[\n34\n]\nExecutions under the pretense of political crimes are extremely rare and confined to persons involved in violence or the threat of violence.\n[\n30\n]\nThirteen crimes were removed from the list of capital offenses in 2011, including smuggling of cultural relics, wildlife products, and precious metals.\n[\n35\n]\n[\n36\n]\n[\n37\n]\nThis brought the total number of capital offenses down from 68 to 55,\n[\n38\n]\nthough many of the crimes dropped from the list were rarely if ever punished with death penalty.\n[\n37\n]\nThe Draft 9th Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law was passed on 29 August 2015, which removed a further nine crimes from the list of capital offenses.\n[\n39\n]\nThe crimes that were removed were:\n[\n40\n]\n[\n41\n]\n[\n42\n]\n[\n43\n]\nSmuggling weapons or ammunition\nSmuggling nuclear materials\nSmuggling counterfeit money\nCounterfeiting\nInvestment fraud\/fraudulent fundraising\nOrganizing prostitution\nForcing prostitution\nObstructing military affairs\nSpreading rumors and undermining morale during wartime\nExecution procedure\n[\nedit\n]\nThe execution protocol is defined on the criminal procedure law, under article 252:\n[\n44\n]\nBefore a people's court executes a death sentence, it shall notify the people's procuratorate at the same level to send personnel to supervise the execution.\nDeath sentences shall be executed by means of shooting or injection.\nDeath sentences may be executed at the execution ground or in designated places of custody.\nThe judicial personnel directing the execution shall verify the identity of the criminal offender, ask him if he has any last words or letters, and then deliver him to the executioner for the death sentence. If, before the execution, it is found that there may be an error, the execution shall be suspended and the matter shall be reported to the Supreme People's Court for decision.\nExecution of death sentences shall be announced to the public, but shall not be\nheld in public\n.\nThe attending court clerk shall, after the execution of a death sentence, make a written record thereon. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall submit a report on the execution to the Supreme People's Court.\nThe people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall, after the execution, notify the family of the criminal offender.\nIn Beijing, the execution ground is located on a hillside next to Jingyuan Road, near Yingshangzui Park in Mentougou. It's a compound with a sign on the gate reading \"Beijing Supreme People's Court Project 86\".\n[\n45\n]\nIt has become redundant since lethal injection was introduced.\nIn most parts of China, there is no specific execution ground. A scout team chooses a place in advance to serve as the execution ground. In such case, the execution ground normally will have three perimeters:\nthe innermost 50 meters is the responsibility of the execution team;\nthe 200 meter radius from the center is the responsibility of the\nPeople's Armed Police\n;\nthe 2 km alert line is the responsibility of the local police.\nThe public is generally not allowed to view the execution.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nThe role of the executioner was fulfilled in the past by the\nPeople's Armed Police\nsoldiers. In recent times, the People's Courts’\njudicial police\nofficers (Chinese:\n法警\n; pinyin:\nfǎjǐng\n) assumed this role.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nChina commonly employs two methods of execution. Since 1949, the most common method has been\nexecution by firing squad\n, which has been largely superseded by\nlethal injection\n, using the same three-drug cocktail pioneered by\nthe United States\n, introduced in 1996.\nExecution vans\nare unique to China. Lethal injection is more commonly used for \"economic crimes\", such as\ncorruption\n, while firing squads are used for more common crimes like\nmurder\n. In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injection become the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only legal form of capital punishment.\n[\n46\n]\nThe Dui Hua foundation notes that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of execution is rarely specified in published reports.\n[\n47\n]\nChinese authorities\nhave recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized.\n[\n48\n]\nIn 1996, the government made lethal injection a legal method of execution. The\nSupreme People's Court\ndistributed the execution kits, developed by the\nChina Academy of Medical Science\nPharmaceutical Institute, and the first experiments occurred in 1997.\n[\n49\n]\nThe same year, China banned suspended\ncapital punishment for juvenile offenders\n. Before then, 16-year-olds and 17-year-olds could be sentenced to death for particularly heinous crimes, albeit the law mandated that the\ndeath sentence be suspended\nand only be carried out when the juvenile had resisted any and all efforts to reform them.\n[\n50\n]\nHowever, several more juvenile offenders were executed after this law was passed. In 2003, 18-year-old Zhao Lin was executed for a murder committed in 2000, when he was sixteen.\n[\n51\n]\nSince 2006, under global pressures, China has embarked on significant reforms on the death penalty system.\n[\n52\n]\nIn 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC,\n[\n11\n]\nwhich was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The\nNational People's Congress Standing Committee\nadopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55.\n[\n53\n]\nAccording to \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: \"smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals\".\n[\n11\n]\nIn addition to decreasing the number of capital offenses, in Article 3 of Amendment VIII, the article states that seniors aged 75 years old and older should only be sentenced to death when they have caused the death of another person by cruel and unusual means. Article 1 states that seniors aged 75 years old or older who have committed crimes may be given lighter sentences. For those seniors who have committed crimes of negligence, their sentences can be lighter or mitigated. In addition, Article 19 dictates that criminals less than 18 years old at the time of a crime who are sentenced to prison terms of less than five years do not have to report to jail in situations of army recruitment and employment.\n[\n11\n]\nLater the same year, the\nSupreme People's Court\nordered lower courts to suspend death sentences for two years and to \"ensure that it only applies to a very small minority of criminals committing extremely serious crimes. This series of actions is thought of as marking the beginning of China's tenuous start toward completely abolishing the death penalty. While many critics are skeptical of Amendment VIII bringing long-term change, the reforms represent a gradual transition towards greater state respect and protection of human rights.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nIn practice, China traditionally uses the\nfiring squad\nas its standard method of execution. However, in recent years, China has adopted\nlethal injection\nas its sole method of execution, though execution by firing squad can still be administered.\n[\n38\n]\n[\nbetter source needed\n]\nKey reforms since 2006\n[\nedit\n]\nNotice Improving Work on Open Trial for Second Instance Case with Death Sentences (7 December 2005)\nProvisions on Some Issues Concerning the Court Trial Procedures for the Second Instance of Cases Involving the Death Penalty (for Trial Implementation) (21 September 2006)\nAmendment to the Organic Law of the People's Court (31 October 2006)\nProvision of the SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Review of Death Penalty Cases (27 February 2007)\nOpinion on Strengthening Handling Cases in Strict Accordance with Law and Guaranteeing the Quality of Handling Death Penalty Cases (9 March 2007)\nProvisions Concerning Issues in Examination of Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases (13 June 2010)\nRegulation on Issues Concerning Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Handling Criminal Cases (13 June 2010)\n[\n11\n]\nKey changes since reforms in 2006\n[\nedit\n]\nExercise of the death penalty in general – After changes, the reform officially stated the principle of killing fewer and cautiously.\nDeath Penalty (immediate execution) cases review body – SPC reassumes power to review immediate execution cases.\nDecisions on a wrongful conviction\/sentence – SPC can order a lower court to retry a case except in a few scenarios.\nQuestioning of convicted person during review – In principle, SPC judges should question the convicted person.\nOpen trial during appeal – In cases that may result in immediate execution, there must be an open trial.\nExclusion of illegal evidence – Evidence that is not acquired through legal means, like confessions obtained through torture must be excluded.\nIn March 2007, China's representative in the UN Human Rights council, La Yifan stated that \"the death penalty's scope of application was to be reviewed shortly, and it was expected that this scope would be reduced, with the final aim to abolish it.\"\n[\n11\n]\nDuring the same year, the\nSupreme People's Court\nassumed the power to review every death sentence handed down by a lower court. Since this reform, it has been rumored that the number of executions has at least halved.\n[\n54\n]\nIn February 2011, capital punishment in China was abolished for 13 non-violent crimes and it was also banned for offenders over the age of 75.\n[\n54\n]\nIn 2024, China issued the\nGuidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard \"Taiwan independence\" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession\nwhich state that supporters of\nTaiwanese independence\n, regardless of their location, can be\ntried\nin absentia\nand sentenced to death by Chinese courts.\n[\n55\n]\n[\n56\n]\nThis section needs to be\nupdated\n. The reason given is:\nAny polls after 2014?\n.\nPlease help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.\n(\nDecember 2025\n)\nCapital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in Europe.\n[\n30\n]\nSurveys conducted by the\nChinese Academy of Social Sciences\nin 1995, for instance, found that 95% of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies.\n[\n57\n]\nA poll conducted in 2002, showed that 88% of the population are in favour of the death penalty.\n[\n58\n]\nIn 2005, a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1% supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty.\n[\n11\n]\nPolling conducted by the\nDui Hua Foundation\nin 2007 in\nBeijing\n,\nHunan\nand\nGuangdong\nfound a more moderate 58% in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8%) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public.\n[\n47\n]\nA survey conducted in 2008 by the\nMax Planck Institute\nshowed that 60% of survey respondents in Beijing,\nHubei\n, and Guangdong supported capital punishment. In the past, however, the public has expressed few dissenting opinions.\n[\n59\n]\nReducing or abolishing the use of capital punishment has become a topic of open discussion during recent years.\n[\n5\n]\nA survey conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey of\nPeking University\nin 2014 showed that 68% of the Chinese people supported death penalty, and respondents with higher education were more likely to be supportive of the capital punishment.\n[\n60\n]\nInternational criticism\n[\nedit\n]\nBecause of the wide application of capital offenses in Chinese criminal law, substantial use of capital punishment, and the hidden numbers of the execution rate, the Chinese death penalty system has been criticized by many international organizations which make an appeal to ethics and human rights, without always being well informed about the historical and cultural conditions in China.\n[\n58\n]\nA foreign reporter stated, \"China's enthusiasm for capital punishment has long been a target for international criticism of its human rights record.\" Most of the international criticism stems from the wide scope of capital offenses and the amnesty system.\n[\n11\n]\nAmnesty International\nreports that until 2010 among 197 nations worldwide, 96 nations had completely abolished the death penalty, 9 had abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and 34 were abolitionist in practice, meaning that they have not executed anyone for at least 10 years and have generally settled on the policy to not sentence any executions. The last wave of international death penalty abolition has been influenced by the process of democratization and has inspired constitutions that protect the right to live. China has ratified more than 200 international covenants in recent decades and has taken on international responsibilities like respecting the right to life and thus limiting the use of capital punishment. When a draft of the Amendment was published in 2010, a foreign reporter commented, \"it is believed that the proposed amendment is one of several moves by the Chinese government to soften its image as the world's biggest executioner.\"\n[\n11\n]\nAccording to an Amnesty International report, \"available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year.\"\n[\n61\n]\nHuman rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty.\n[\n62\n]\nHowever, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the\nChinese Supreme Court\nand the\nUnited States Department of State\n, are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries.\n[\n30\n]\nInternational death penalty abolitionist norms and trends have shaped Chinese death penalty practices significantly in recent years. Through international interventions and policies, like the\nEuropean Union\n-led campaign against the death penalty in China since the mid-2000s, there has been an increased exchange of anti-death penalty knowledge and ideologies, dissemination of original information, and legislation geared towards scaling down the wide application of the death penalty.\n[\n63\n]\nAllegation made by Falun Gong\n[\nedit\n]\nThe\nCoalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong\nhas accused Chinese hospitals of\nusing the organs of executed prisoners\nfor\ncommercial transplantation\n.\n[\n64\n]\nUnder Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but Wang Guoqi, a Chinese dissident and former\nPLA\nphysician, has claimed that because of this and other legal restrictions an international\nblack market\nin organs and cadavers from China has developed.\n[\n65\n]\nIn December 2005, China's deputy health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that the country harvested organs from executed prisoners.\n[\n64\n]\nIn 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the practice.\n[\n66\n]\nThe Australian\nRefugee Review Tribunal\nand the\nLaogai Research Foundation\n, an NGO specialising in gathering information on human rights in Chinese prisons, investigated the claims made by\nFalun Gong\nby sending undercover investigators to Chinese hospitals, prisons, and military camps.\n[\n67\n]\nHowever, they were unable to find any evidence that organs were extracted against people's will, and concluded that:\n[\n67\n]\n1) According to our investigation in China, the alleged concentration camp that locks up as many as 6,000 people does not exist in Sujiatun District; 2) over the past two decades, the Chinese government did harvest organs from death row prisoners, but neither in theory or in practice [is it possible] to conduct the operation to crop organs alive from as many as 4,500 people; 3) the report that \"the CCP crops organs from the Falun Gong practitioners and exports them to Thailand and other countries\" is totally unreliable.\n— Harry Wu, RRT Research Response (CHN31249), Refugee Review Tribunal & Laogai Research Foundation\nThe investigators also tried to contact Falun Gong spokespeople and witnesses, but were either ignored or not provided with any evidence, causing the investigators to conclude that the witnesses \"most probably had fabricated the story\".\n[\n67\n]\nWrongful convictions\n[\nedit\n]\nDeath sentence with reprieve\n, an alternative of the capital punishment which potentially changes the penalty from death to life or limited term of imprisonment after 2 years of the conviction.\nCrime in China\nLaw of China\nCapital punishment in Taiwan\nCapital punishment in Hong Kong\nCapital punishment in Macau\n^\nMiao, Michelle (June 2019). \"Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China\".\nThe American Journal of Comparative Law\n.\n67\n(2):\n327–\n382.\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/ajcl\/avz017\n.\n^\n\"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China)\"\n.\nwww.gov.cn\n(in Simplified Chinese). 2012-03-17.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2018-01-03.\n死刑采用枪决或者注射等方法执行 (A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection)\n^\n\"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版） [the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (English Version)]\"\n.\n中国人大网 (\nNational People's Congress\nof China)\n. 2011-08-23. Archived from\nthe original\non 2018-01-03\n. Retrieved\n2018-01-03\n.\nA death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection.\n^\n\"Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide\"\n. Cornell Law School. 2018-06-20.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2019-01-17\n. Retrieved\n2019-01-16\n.\n^\na\nb\nZhang, Lijia (2014-12-29).\n\"Opinion | China's Death-Penalty Debate\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-07\n.\n^\n\"Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 2019-01-15.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2019-01-15\n. Retrieved\n2019-01-15\n.\nChina is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number.  Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands – more than the rest of the world's nations put together.\n^\nHogg, Chris (2011-02-25).\n\"China ends death penalty for 13 economic crimes\"\n.\nBBC News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2015-01-18\n. Retrieved\n2015-02-22\n.\n^\n\"Beijing calls for an international \"fox\" hunt\"\n.\nNikkei Asia\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2015-03-10\n. Retrieved\n2015-03-02\n.\n^\n\"The Status Quo of China's Death Penalty and the Civil Society Abolitionist Movement\"\n.\nWorld Coalition Against the Death Penalty\n. 2022-02-22.\n^\nMiao, Michelle (2013).\n\"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism\"\n.\nThe British Journal of Criminology\n. 53, Issue 3, Pages 500–519 (3):\n500–\n519.\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/bjc\/azt004\n. Retrieved\n2023-01-23\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nZhou, Zhenjie (2013-07-13). \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\".\nBulletin of the Waseda Institute for Advanced Study\n.\nWaseda University\n.\nhdl\n:\n2065\/39459\n.\nISSN\n \n1883-5163\n.\nOCLC\n \n5182577448\n.\n^\nTrevaskes, Susan (May–June 2008). \"The Death Penalty in China Today: Kill Fewer, Kill Cautiously\".\nAsian Survey\n.\n48\n(3):\n393–\n413.\ndoi\n:\n10.1525\/as.2008.48.3.393\n.\nhdl\n:\n10072\/26121\n.\n^\nScobell, Andrew (September 1990). \"The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China\".\nChina Quarterly\n.\n123\n(123):\n503–\n520.\ndoi\n:\n10.1017\/S0305741000018890\n.\nJSTOR\n \n654154\n.\nS2CID\n \n154380257\n.\n^\na\nb\nCheng, Chi-Yu (1949).\n\"The Chinese Theory of Criminal Law\"\n.\nJ. Crim. L. & Criminology\n.\n39\n:\n464–\n65.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2017-03-04\n. Retrieved\n2017-03-03\n.\n^\nBakken, Børge (2016-04-08). \"The Norms of Death: On Attitudes to Capital Punishment in China\". In Scherdin, Lill (ed.).\nCapital Punishment: A Hazard to a Sustainable Criminal Justice System?\n.\nRoutledge\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.4324\/9781315570808-13\n.\nISBN\n \n978-1-315-57080-8\n.\n^\nNi, Peimin (2017-02-07).\nUnderstanding the Analects of Confucius: A New Translation of Lunyu with Annotations\n.\nState University of New York Press\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1515\/9781438464527\n.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4384-6452-7\n.\nJSTOR\n \njj.18252804\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nLu, Hong; Miethe, Terance D. (2007).\nChina's Death Penalty\n.\nRoutledge\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.4324\/9780203941300\n.\nISBN\n \n978-1-135-91492-9\n.\n^\n\"Executions Around the World\"\n. Death Penalty Information Center\n. Retrieved\n2010-05-03\n.\n^\n\"Overview: We know that, together, we can end the death penalty everywhere\"\n.\nAmnesty International\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2016-08-22\n. Retrieved\n2020-05-03\n.\n^\nJohnson; Miao (December 2015). \"Chinese Capital Punishment in Comparative Perspective\".\nThe Death Penalty in China\n. pp. \n300–\n326.\ndoi\n:\n10.7312\/columbia\/9780231170079.003.0011\n.\nISBN\n \n9780231170079\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nFan, Maureen; Cha, Ariana Eunjung (2008-12-24).\n\"China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 2011-01-25\n. Retrieved\n2010-08-16\n.\n^\n\"INFOGRAPHIC: Capital punishment in China\"\n. South China Morning Post. 2014-11-04.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2017-07-05\n. Retrieved\n2020-05-03\n.\n^\nDui Hua Foundation.\n\"Criminal Justice: Death Penalty Reform\"\n.\nDui Hua Foundation\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 2014-09-15\n. Retrieved\n2015-03-02\n.\n^\n\"China Executes Ex-Food and Drug Chief\"\n.\nNPR\n. 2007-07-10.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2015-05-05\n. Retrieved\n2010-08-16\n.\n^\n\"China population\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2011-07-05\n. Retrieved\n2011-05-25\n.\n^\n\"Abolish the death penalty\"\n.\nAmnesty International\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2010-08-30\n. Retrieved\n2010-08-16\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nTrevaskes, Susan (May–June 2008). \"The Death Penalty in China Today: Kill Fewer, Kill Cautiously\".\nAsian Survey\n.\n48\n(3):\n393–\n413.\ndoi\n:\n10.1525\/as.2008.48.3.393\n.\nhdl\n:\n10072\/26121\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nDui Hua Foundation.\n\"Deciding Death: How Chinese Judges Review Capital Punishment Cases\"\n.\nDui Hua Human Rights Journal\n. Dui Hua Foundation.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2015-03-19\n. Retrieved\n2015-03-02\n.\n^\nDuihua.\n\"China's Supreme Court Overturns Death Sentence of Domestic Violence Survivor\"\n.\nDuihua.org\n. Dui Hua Foundation.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2015-04-14\n. Retrieved\n2015-04-13\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nScobell, Andrew (September 1990). \"The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China\".\nChina Quarterly\n.\n123\n(123):\n503–\n520.\ndoi\n:\n10.1017\/S0305741000018890\n.\nJSTOR\n \n654154\n.\nS2CID\n \n154380257\n.\n^\n\"Selected Legal Provisions of the People's Republic of China Affecting Criminal Justice\"\n. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 1997-03-14. Archived from\nthe original\non 2010-08-03\n. Retrieved\n2010-08-16\n.\n^\n\"Gang leader executed after retrial\"\n.\nChina Daily\n. 2003-12-23.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2011-01-01\n. Retrieved\n2010-08-16\n.\n^\nLo, Sonny Shiu-Hing (July–August 2011). \"The Influence of Hong Kong's Policing on China\".\nAsian Survey\n.\n51\n(4):\n770–\n784.\ndoi\n:\n10.1525\/as.2011.51.4.770\n.\n^\n\"Threats\"\n.\nPanda Central\n.\nWorld Wide Fund for Nature\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 2010-05-29\n. Retrieved\n2010-08-16\n.\n^\n\"Capital crimes removed\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 2011-05-04\n. Retrieved\n2011-08-22\n.\n^\n\"Criminal justice system improved for human rights|Politics|chinadaily.com.cn\"\n.\neurope.chinadaily.com.cn\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2013-08-22\n. Retrieved\n2011-12-05\n.\n^\na\nb\nCongressional-Executive Commission on China,\nChinese Government Considers Reducing Number of Crimes Punishable by Death\nArchived\n6 April 2012 at the\nWayback Machine\n, 23 February 2011.\n^\na\nb\nGhosh, Palash (2011-05-25).\n\"China suspends executions for two years\"\n.\nInternational Business Times\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-07\n.\n^\nChinanews.com.\n\"刑法修正案（九）草案拟取消9个死刑罪名\"\n.\nchinanews.com\n. chinanews.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2015-03-20\n. Retrieved\n2015-04-14\n.\n^\n\"China: Death Penalty Crimes to Be Further Reduced\"\n. Library of Congress. 2015-09-22.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2017-07-11\n. Retrieved\n2019-06-23\n.\n^\nVan Sant, Shannon.\n\"China Reduces Number of Crimes Punishable by Death\"\n. Voice of America. Archived from\nthe original\non 2019-06-23\n. Retrieved\n2019-06-23\n.\n^\nDaum, Jeremy (2015-09-28).\n\"It's a crime, I tell ya: Major Changes in China's Criminal Law Amendment 9\"\n. China Law Translate.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2019-06-23\n. Retrieved\n2019-06-23\n.\n^\nPlaçais, Aurélie (2015-10-06).\n\"China reduces the number of crimes punishable by death to 46, but keep drug trafficking in the list\"\n. World Coalition against the Death Penalty.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2019-06-23\n. Retrieved\n2019-06-23\n.\n^\n\"Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China – 1996\"\n. Lehman, Lee & Xu. 1996-03-17.\n^\n\"CHINA'S EXECUTIONERS: A PUNISHING SCHEDULE\"\n.\nWashington Post\n. 1994-03-26.\n^\nCongressional-Executive Commission on China,\n2010 Annual Report\nArchived\n5 December 2010 at the\nWayback Machine\n, 10 October 2010, p. 98.\n^\na\nb\nDui Hua Foundation,\n'Reducing Death Penalty Crimes in China More Symbol Than Substance'\nArchived\n17 October 2015 at the\nWayback Machine\n, Dialogue, Issue 40, Fall 2010.\n^\nMiao, Michelle (2013).\n\"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism\"\n.\nThe British Journal of Criminology\n.\n53\n(3):\n500–\n519.\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/bjc\/azt004\n. Retrieved\n2023-01-23\n.\n^\nSmith, Craig S. (2001-12-28).\n\"In Shift, Chinese Carry Out Executions by Lethal Injection\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n. Retrieved\n2020-10-19\n.\n^\n\"People's Republic of China Today - A View of Its Juvenile Justice System | Office of Justice Programs\"\n.\nwww.ojp.gov\n. Retrieved\n2025-07-09\n.\n^\n\"Executions of Juveniles Outside of the U.S.\"\nDeath Penalty Information Center\n. Retrieved\n2025-07-09\n.\n^\nMiao, Michelle (2013).\n\"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism\"\n.\nThe British Journal of Criminology\n.\n53\n(3):\n500–\n519.\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/bjc\/azt004\n. Retrieved\n2023-01-23\n.\n^\nnews.xinhuanet.com Capital crimes dropped\nArchived\n28 February 2011 at the\nWayback Machine\n- Retrieved 6 April 2012\n^\na\nb\nHood, Roger; Hoyle, Carolyn (2015).\n\"The Death Penalty in China – The Road to Reform\"\n.\nOxford University Law Faculty\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2016-06-09.\n^\n\"China's regulations a bid for jurisdiction: experts\"\n.\nTaipei Times\n. 2024-06-27\n. Retrieved\n2025-07-10\n.\n^\nLee, Yimou (2025-03-09).\n\"China could 'arrest' Taiwanese abroad\"\n.\nTaipei Times\n. Retrieved\n2025-07-10\n.\n^\n学者称死刑未必公正 政治家应引导民意废除\n.\nqq.com\n(in Chinese). 青年周末. 2008-04-03.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2013-10-01\n. Retrieved\n2012-06-07\n.\n^\na\nb\nNing, Zhang (2005-12-01).\n\"The Debate Over the Death Penalty in Today's China\"\n.\nChina Perspectives\n.\n2005\n(6):\n1–\n14.\ndoi\n:\n10.4000\/chinaperspectives.545\n.\nISSN\n \n2070-3449\n.\n^\nLim, Zi Heng (2013-05-09).\n\"Why China Executes So Many People\"\n.\nThe Atlantic\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2017-03-04.\n^\nLiu, John Zhuang (2020-06-19). \"Public Support for the Death Penalty in China: Less from the Populace but More from Elites\".\nThe China Quarterly\n.\n246\n:\n527–\n544.\ndoi\n:\n10.1017\/S0305741020000739\n.\n^\nGriffiths, James (2016-04-07).\n\"China is the world's top executioner, but it doesn't want you to know that\"\n.\nCNN\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2017-03-04.\n^\n\"Death sentences and executions in 2010\"\n.\nAmnesty International\n. 2011-03-28\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-07\n.\n^\nMiao, Michelle.\n\"International Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy and China's Recent Capital Punishment Reform\"\n.\nInternational Affairs Forum\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2017-03-04.\n^\na\nb\nFickling, David (2006-04-19).\n\"China 'using prisoner organs for transplants'\n\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\nISSN\n \n0261-3077\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-07\n.\n^\nCobain, Ian; Luck, Adam (2005-09-12).\n\"The beauty products from the skin of executed Chinese prisoners\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\nISSN\n \n0261-3077\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-07\n.\n^\nPeter Foster,\n'China admits organs removed from prisoners for transplants'\nArchived\n27 February 2019 at the\nWayback Machine\n, The Telegraph, 26 August 2009.\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"RRT Research Response (CHN31249)\"\n(PDF)\n.\nRefugee Review Tribunal\n. 2007-01-17.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 2020-11-12\n. Retrieved\n2021-01-15\n.\nThe Chinese Human Rights Web\nChina: Death Penalty Worldwide\nArchived\n27 November 2019 at the\nWayback Machine\nAcademic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Capital+punishment+in+China \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Capital+punishment+in+China \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China)\n- [1 Historical background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Historical_background)\n- [2 Rates of execution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Rates_of_execution)\n- [3 Legal procedure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Legal_procedure)\n- [4 Execution procedure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Execution_procedure)\n  Toggle Execution procedure subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Execution ground](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Execution_ground)\n  - [4\\.2 Execution van](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Execution_van)\n- [5 Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Reform)\n  Toggle Reform subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Key reforms since 2006](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Key_reforms_since_2006)\n  - [5\\.2 Key changes since reforms in 2006](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Key_changes_since_reforms_in_2006)\n- [6 Support](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Support)\n- [7 Criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Criticism)\n  Toggle Criticism subsection\n  - [7\\.1 International criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#International_criticism)\n  - [7\\.2 Allegation made by Falun Gong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Allegation_made_by_Falun_Gong)\n  - [7\\.3 Wrongful convictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#Wrongful_convictions)\n- [8 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#See_also)\n- [9 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#References)\n- [10 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Capital punishment in China\n19 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86 \"عقوبة الإعدام في الصين – Arabic\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pena_capital_en_China \"Pena capital en China – Asturian\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Todesstrafe_in_der_Volksrepublik_China \"Todesstrafe in der Volksrepublik China – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1 \"Θανατική ποινή στην Κίνα – Greek\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pena_capital_en_China \"Pena capital en China – Spanish\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86 \"اعدام در چین – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuolemanrangaistus_Kiinassa \"Kuolemanrangaistus Kiinassa – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peine_de_mort_en_Chine \"Peine de mort en Chine – French\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hukuman_mati_di_Tiongkok \"Hukuman mati di Tiongkok – Indonesian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pena_di_morte_in_Cina \"Pena di morte in Cina – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91 \"中華人民共和国における死刑 – Japanese\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%AC%ED%98%95%EC%A0%9C \"중화인민공화국의 사형제 – Korean\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD \"വധശിക്ഷ ചൈനയിൽ – Malayalam\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doodstraf_in_China \"Doodstraf in China – Dutch\")\n- [پښتو](https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%BE%D9%87_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB_%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7 \"په چین کې د مرګ سزا – Pashto\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pena_de_morte_na_China \"Pena de morte na China – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5 \"Смертная казнь в Китае – Russian\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%A0 \"Смертна кара в КНР – Ukrainian\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 \"中華人民共和國死刑制度 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q1532447#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Capital_punishment_in_China \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Capital_punishment_in_China \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Capital_punishment_in_China \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent 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[Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") [14th State Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang_government \"Li Qiang government\"): [Li Qiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang \"Li Qiang\") [Current state leaders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders \"List of leaders of the People's Republic of China\") [Current provincial leaders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders \"List of current Chinese provincial leaders\") [Party and state leaders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Party_and_state_leaders \"Party and state leaders\") [Orders of precedence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orders_of_precedence_in_China \"Orders of precedence in China\") [Paramount leader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paramount_leader \"Paramount leader\"): [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") [First 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\"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\") ([list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Leader of the Chinese Communist Party\")) [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") [Central Politburo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\") ([20th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\")) [Standing Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\") ([20th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\")) [Central Secretariat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party\") ([20th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party\")) First-ranked secretary: [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") [Central Military Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Military_Commission_\\(China\\) \"Central Military Commission (China)\") [Chairman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_\\(China\\) \"Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)\"): [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") [Vice Chairmen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission\"): [Zhang Youxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Youxia \"Zhang Youxia\") [National Security Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party\") Chairman: [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") Vice-Chairman: [Li Qiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang \"Li Qiang\"), [Zhao Leji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhao_Leji \"Zhao Leji\"), [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") Office Chief: [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") [Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission \"Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission\") Director: [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") Deputy Directors: [Li Qiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang \"Li Qiang\"), [Wang Huning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Huning \"Wang Huning\"), [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") Secretary-General: [Wang Huning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Huning \"Wang Huning\") [Financial & Economic Affairs Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission \"Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission\") Director: [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") Deputy Director: [Li Qiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang \"Li Qiang\") Office Chief: [He Lifeng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/He_Lifeng \"He Lifeng\") [General Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"General Office of the Chinese Communist Party\") [Director](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Director_of_the_General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Director of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party\"): [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") [Office of the General Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\") Director: [Han Shiming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Han_Shiming&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Han Shiming (page does not exist)\") [Central Guard Bureau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Guard_Bureau \"Central Guard Bureau\") [Central Guard Unit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Guard_Regiment \"Central Guard Regiment\") [Office of the Central Secrecy Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets \"National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets\") [Organization Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party\") [Head](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Head_of_the_Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party\"): [Shi Taifeng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi_Taifeng \"Shi Taifeng\") [Central Commission for Discipline Inspection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection \"Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\") ([20th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection \"20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\")) [Standing Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection \"Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\") ([20th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection \"Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\")) [Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection \"Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\"): [Li Xi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Xi_\\(politician\\) \"Li Xi (politician)\") [Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission\") Secretary: [Zhang Shengmin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Shengmin \"Zhang Shengmin\") [Central Leading Group for Inspection Work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work \"Central Leading Group for Inspection Work\") Leader: [Li Xi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Xi_\\(politician\\) \"Li Xi (politician)\") Provincial committee [Standing committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee \"Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee\") [Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary \"Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary\") [Deputy secretaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary \"Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary\") [Party group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Party_group \"Party group\") |\n| [National People's Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_People%27s_Congress \"National People's Congress\") ([14th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14th_National_People%27s_Congress \"14th National People's Congress\")) [Elections](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elections_in_China \"Elections in China\") [Democracy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democracy_in_China \"Democracy in China\") [System of people's congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/System_of_people%27s_congress \"System of people's congress\") [Standing Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\") ([14th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_National_People%27s_Congress \"Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress\")) [Council of Chairpersons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Council of Chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\") [Chairman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\"): [Zhao Leji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhao_Leji \"Zhao Leji\") [Vice-Chairpersons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\") Top-ranked: [Li Hongzhong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Hongzhong \"Li Hongzhong\") [Secretary-General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary-General_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\"): [Liu Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Qi_\\(politician,_born_1957\\) \"Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)\") [Special Committees](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Special Committee of the National People's Congress\") [Ethnic Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee \"Ethnic Affairs Committee\") [Constitution and Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_and_Law_Committee \"Constitution and Law Committee\") [Supervisory and Judicial Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee \"Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee\") [Financial and Economic Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee \"Financial and Economic Affairs Committee\") [Education, Science, Culture and Public Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee \"Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee\") [Foreign Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress\") [Overseas Chinese Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee \"Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee\") [Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee \"Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee\") [Agriculture and Rural Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee \"Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee\") [Social Development Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee \"Social Development Affairs Committee\") [Presidium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Presidium of the National People's Congress\") State representative [President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_China \"President of China\") ([list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China\")): [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") [Presidential Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_the_President_of_China \"Office of the President of China\") Chief: [Han Shiming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Han_Shiming&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Han Shiming (page does not exist)\") [Vice President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_President_of_China \"Vice President of China\"): [Han Zheng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Han_Zheng \"Han Zheng\") Executive organ [State Council (Central People's Government)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Council_of_China \"State Council of China\") [Li Qiang Cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang_government \"Li Qiang government\") [Premier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premier_of_China \"Premier of China\") ([list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_premiers_of_China \"List of premiers of China\")): [Li Qiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang \"Li Qiang\") [Vice-Premiers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_Premier_of_China \"Vice Premier of China\") ([list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China\")) [Ding Xuexiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ding_Xuexiang \"Ding Xuexiang\") [He Lifeng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/He_Lifeng \"He Lifeng\") [Zhang Guoqing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Guoqing \"Zhang Guoqing\") [Liu Guozhong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Guozhong \"Liu Guozhong\") [State Councilors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_councillor \"State councillor\") [Wang Xiaohong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Xiaohong \"Wang Xiaohong\") [Wu Zhenglong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wu_Zhenglong \"Wu Zhenglong\") [Shen Yiqin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shen_Yiqin \"Shen Yiqin\") [Secretary-General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council \"Secretary-General of the State Council\"): [Wu Zhenglong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wu_Zhenglong \"Wu Zhenglong\") [Cabinet-level departments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council \"Constituent departments of the State Council\") [National Development & Reform Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission \"National Development and Reform Commission\") [Central bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Bank_of_China \"People's Bank of China\") [National Audit Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Audit_Office_\\(China\\) \"National Audit Office (China)\") [General Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Office_of_the_State_Council \"General Office of the State Council\") [Secretary-General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council \"Secretary-General of the State Council\") [Deputy Secretaries-General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council \"Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council\") [State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission_of_the_State_Council \"State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council\") [most Central Enterprises](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China \"List of government-owned companies of China\") Military organ [Central Military Commission (CMC)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Military_Commission_\\(China\\) \"Central Military Commission (China)\") [Chairman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_\\(China\\) \"Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)\") ([supreme commander](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_command_of_the_armed_forces_in_China \"Supreme command of the armed forces in China\")): [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") [Vice Chairmen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission\"): [Zhang Youxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Youxia \"Zhang Youxia\") *Vacant* Members: [Liu Zhenli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Zhenli_\\(general\\) \"Liu Zhenli (general)\") [Zhang Shengmin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Shengmin \"Zhang Shengmin\") Departments: [General Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"General Office of the Central Military Commission\") Director: [Zhong Shaojun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhong_Shaojun \"Zhong Shaojun\") [Joint Staff Dept.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_Staff_Department_\\(China\\) \"Joint Staff Department (China)\") [Chief](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_of_staff \"Chief of staff\"): [Liu Zhenli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Zhenli_\\(general\\) \"Liu Zhenli (general)\") [Political Work Dept.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission\") Director: *Vacant* [Logistic Support Dept.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logistic_Support_Department \"Logistic Support Department\") Director: [Zhang Lin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Lin_\\(general\\) \"Zhang Lin (general)\") [Equipment Development Dept.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission\") Director: [Xu Xueqiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xu_Xueqiang \"Xu Xueqiang\") [Training and Administration Dept.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission\") Director: [Wang Peng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Peng_\\(lieutenant_general\\) \"Wang Peng (lieutenant general)\") [National Defense Mobilization Dept.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission\") Director: [Liu Faqing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Faqing \"Liu Faqing\") [Discipline Inspection Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission\") Secretary: [Zhang Shengmin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Shengmin \"Zhang Shengmin\") [Politics and Legal Affairs Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission\") [Science and Technology Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission\") [Strategic Planning Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission\") [Reform & Organizational Structure Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure \"Office for Reform and Organizational Structure\") [Int'l Military Cooperation Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission\") [Audit Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Audit Office of the Central Military Commission\") [Offices Administration Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission\") National armed forces: [![Emblem of the People's Liberation Army](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/34\/China_Emblem_PLA.svg\/40px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg \"Emblem of the People's Liberation Army\") [People's Liberation Army](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") [Theater commands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theater_command \"Theater command\") [![Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/68\/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg\/40px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_\\(CAPF\\)_cap_insignia.svg \"Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force\") [People's Armed Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Armed_Police \"People's Armed Police\") [1st Mobile Contingent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1st_Mobile_Contingent \"1st Mobile Contingent\") [2nd Mobile Contingent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2nd_Mobile_Contingent \"2nd Mobile Contingent\") [![Emblem of the Coast Guard](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png\/40px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_\\(2024\\).png \"Emblem of the Coast Guard\") [China Coast Guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Coast_Guard \"China Coast Guard\") [Militia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Militia_\\(China\\) \"Militia (China)\") [State Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Council_of_China \"State Council of China\") [National Defense Mobilization Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission \"National Defense Mobilization Commission\") [Chairman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premier_of_China \"Premier of China\"): [Li Qiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang \"Li Qiang\") [Ministry of National Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_National_Defense_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of National Defense (China)\") [Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_National_Defense_\\(China\\) \"Minister of National Defense (China)\"): [Dong Jun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dong_Jun \"Dong Jun\") [Ministry of Veterans Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)\") [State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence \"State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence\") [Military history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army \"History of the People's Liberation Army\") [Armed conflicts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"List of wars involving the People's Republic of China\") [Military modernization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army \"Modernization of the People's Liberation Army\") [Military reform since 2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform \"Deepening National Defense and Military Reform\") [CMC Leading Group for Military Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform \"Central Leading Group for Military Reform\") Leader: [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") Supervisory organ [National Supervisory Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Supervisory_Commission \"National Supervisory Commission\") [Director](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission \"Director of the National Supervisory Commission\"): [Liu Jinguo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Jinguo \"Liu Jinguo\") [Corruption in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corruption_in_China \"Corruption in China\") [Anti-corruption campaign since 2012](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping \"Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping\") [Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_\\(Hong_Kong\\) \"Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)\") [Commission Against Corruption (Macau)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commission_Against_Corruption_\\(Macau\\) \"Commission Against Corruption (Macau)\") Judicial organs [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court \"Supreme People's Court\") [President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court \"President of the Supreme People's Court\"): [Zhang Jun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Jun_\\(politician\\) \"Zhang Jun (politician)\") [People's Courts Judicial Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Police_\\(China\\) \"People's Police (China)\") [Supreme People's Procuratorate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate \"Supreme People's Procuratorate\") [Procurator-General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate \"Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate\"): [Ying Yong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ying_Yong \"Ying Yong\") [People's Procuratorates Judicial Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Police_\\(China\\) \"People's Police (China)\") [Judiciary of Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong \"Judiciary of Hong Kong\") [Court of Final Appeal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal \"Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal\") [Department of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Justice_\\(Hong_Kong\\) \"Department of Justice (Hong Kong)\") [Prosecutions Division](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prosecutions_Division_\\(Hong_Kong\\) \"Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)\") [Law enforcement in Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong \"Law enforcement in Hong Kong\") [Disciplined Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disciplined_Services \"Disciplined Services\") [Security Bureau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Security_Bureau_\\(Hong_Kong\\) \"Security Bureau (Hong Kong)\") [Hong Kong Police Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Police_Force \"Hong Kong Police Force\") [Judiciary of Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judiciary_of_Macau \"Judiciary of Macau\") [Court of Final Appeal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Court_of_Final_Appeal_\\(Macau\\) \"Court of Final Appeal (Macau)\") [Public Prosecutions Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_\\(Macau\\)&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)\") [Secretariat for Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretariat_for_Security_\\(Macau\\) \"Secretariat for Security (Macau)\") [Macau Security Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macau_Security_Force \"Macau Security Force\") [Unitary Police Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80 \"zh:警察總局\")\\] [Public Security Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_Security_Police_Force \"Public Security Police Force\") [Judiciary Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80 \"zh:司法警察局\")\\] |\n| [United front](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_front_\\(China\\) \"United front (China)\") [System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/System_of_multi-party_cooperation_and_political_consultation \"System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation\") [Political Consultative Conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\") [National Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\") ([14th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14th_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\")) [Standing Committee of the National Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\") ([14th](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Standing Committee of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\")) [Chairman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\"): [Wang Huning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Huning \"Wang Huning\") [Vice-Chairpersons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Vice Chairperson of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\") Top-ranked: [Shi Taifeng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi_Taifeng \"Shi Taifeng\") [Secretary-General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary-General_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Secretary-General of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\"): [Wang Dongfeng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Dongfeng \"Wang Dongfeng\") [Political parties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_political_parties_in_China \"List of political parties in China\"): [CCP (ruling)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") [United Front Work Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Front_Work_Department \"United Front Work Department\") [Head](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Head_of_the_United_Front_Work_Department \"Head of the United Front Work Department\"): [Li Ganjie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Ganjie \"Li Ganjie\") [Democratic parties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_parties_\\(China\\) \"Democratic parties (China)\") [RCCK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang \"Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang\") [CDL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Democratic_League \"China Democratic League\") [CNDCA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association \"China National Democratic Construction Association\") [CAPD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy \"China Association for Promoting Democracy\") [CPWDP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party \"Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party\") [CZGP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Zhi_Gong_Party \"China Zhi Gong Party\") [JS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jiusan_Society \"Jiusan Society\") [TDSL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League \"Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League\") Historical parties: [KMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") [CDSP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party \"China Democratic Socialist Party\") [YCP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Young_China_Party \"Young China Party\") [Federation of Industry and Commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce \"All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce\") [People's organizations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_organization \"People's organization\") |\n| [Law enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_China \"Law enforcement in China\") [CCP Central Politics and Law Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission \"Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission\") [Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_the_Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission \"Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission\"): [Chen Wenqing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Wenqing \"Chen Wenqing\") [Enforced disappearance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enforced_disappearance \"Enforced disappearance\") [Ministry of Public Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Public_Security_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Public Security (China)\") [Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_Public_Security_\\(China\\) \"Minister of Public Security (China)\"): [Wang Xiaohong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Xiaohong \"Wang Xiaohong\") [Public Security Organs People's Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Police_\\(China\\) \"People's Police (China)\") [State Immigration Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Immigration_Administration \"State Immigration Administration\") [Local public security bureaus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_security_bureau_\\(China\\) \"Public security bureau (China)\") [Ministry of State Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_State_Security_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of State Security (China)\") [Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_State_Security_\\(China\\) \"Minister of State Security (China)\"): [Chen Yixin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Yixin \"Chen Yixin\") [State Security Organs People's Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Police_\\(China\\) \"People's Police (China)\") [Ministry of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Justice_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Justice (China)\") [Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_Justice_\\(China\\) \"Minister of Justice (China)\"): [He Rong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/He_Rong \"He Rong\") [Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Police_\\(China\\) \"People's Police (China)\") [![Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/68\/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg\/40px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_\\(CAPF\\)_cap_insignia.svg \"Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force\") [People's Armed Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Armed_Police \"People's Armed Police\") [1st Mobile Contingent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1st_Mobile_Contingent \"1st Mobile Contingent\") [2nd Mobile Contingent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2nd_Mobile_Contingent \"2nd Mobile Contingent\") [![Emblem of the Coast Guard](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png\/40px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_\\(2024\\).png \"Emblem of the Coast Guard\") [China Coast Guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Coast_Guard \"China Coast Guard\") [Bureau of Prison Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80 \"zh:司法部监狱管理局\")\\] [Office for Safeguarding National Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security \"Office for Safeguarding National Security\") [Urban Management *(chengguan)*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement \"Urban management and law enforcement\") |\n| [Propaganda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propaganda_in_China \"Propaganda in China\") [Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture \"Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture\") Leader: [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") Deputy Leaders: [Li Shulei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Shulei \"Li Shulei\"), [Shen Yiqin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shen_Yiqin \"Shen Yiqin\") [Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization \"Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization\") Director: [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") Deputy Director: [Li Shulei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Shulei \"Li Shulei\") [Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party\") [Head](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Head_of_the_Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Head of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party\"): [Li Shulei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Shulei \"Li Shulei\") [General Administration of Press and Publication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication \"General Administration of Press and Publication\") [China Film Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Film_Administration \"China Film Administration\") [State Council Information Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Council_Information_Office \"State Council Information Office\") *[China Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Daily \"China Daily\")* [Ministry of Culture and Tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)\") [National Radio and Television Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration \"National Radio and Television Administration\") [China Media Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Media_Group \"China Media Group\") [China Central Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Central_Television \"China Central Television\") [China Global Television Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Global_Television_Network \"China Global Television Network\") [China National Radio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_National_Radio \"China National Radio\") [China Radio International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Radio_International \"China Radio International\") [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\") *[Reference News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reference_News \"Reference News\")* [China News Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_News_Service \"China News Service\") *[People's Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Daily \"People's Daily\")* *[Global Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Times \"Global Times\")* *[China Today](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Today \"China Today\")* [Censorship in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Censorship_in_China \"Censorship in China\") [Great Cannon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Cannon \"Great Cannon\") [Great Firewall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Firewall \"Great Firewall\") [Overseas censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues \"Overseas censorship of Chinese issues\") [Radio jamming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_jamming_in_China \"Radio jamming in China\") [Media of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_of_China \"Media of China\") [Internal media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internal_media_of_China \"Internal media of China\") [International communication centers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_communication_centers \"International communication centers\") [Publishing industry in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Publishing_industry_in_China \"Publishing industry in China\") [Internet in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_in_China \"Internet in China\") [Internet censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_censorship_in_China \"Internet censorship in China\") [Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission \"Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission\") Director: [Cai Qi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cai_Qi \"Cai Qi\") [Cyberspace Administration of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China \"Cyberspace Administration of China\") Director: [Zhuang Rongwen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhuang_Rongwen \"Zhuang Rongwen\") |\n| [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macau \"Macau\") [Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs \"Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs\") Leader: [Ding Xuexiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ding_Xuexiang \"Ding Xuexiang\") [HK & Macau Affairs Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_and_Macao_Affairs_Office \"Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office\") Director: [Xia Baolong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xia_Baolong \"Xia Baolong\") [Hong Kong Liaison Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office \"Hong Kong Liaison Office\") [Macau Liaison Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macau_Liaison_Office \"Macau Liaison Office\") [One country, two systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_country,_two_systems \"One country, two systems\") [Special administrative regions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_administrative_regions_of_China \"Special administrative regions of China\") [Hong Kong Basic Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law \"Hong Kong Basic Law\") [Chief Executive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong \"Chief Executive of Hong Kong\"): [John Lee Ka-chiu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Lee_Ka-chiu \"John Lee Ka-chiu\") [Hong Kong SAR Government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_Hong_Kong \"Government of Hong Kong\") [Politics of Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Hong_Kong \"Politics of Hong Kong\") [Pro-Beijing camp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-Beijing_camp_\\(Hong_Kong\\) \"Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)\") [Pro-democracy camp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-democracy_camp_\\(Hong_Kong\\) \"Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)\") [Independence movement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_independence \"Hong Kong independence\") [Mainland & HK CEPA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement \"Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement\") [Macao Basic Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macao_Basic_Law \"Macao Basic Law\") [Chief Executive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_Executive_of_Macau \"Chief Executive of Macau\"): [Ho Iat-seng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ho_Iat-seng \"Ho Iat-seng\") [Macau SAR Government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_Macau \"Government of Macau\") [Politics of Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Macau \"Politics of Macau\") [Mainland & Macau CEPA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement \"Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement\") |\n| [Cross-strait relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-strait_relations \"Cross-strait relations\") [Cross-strait relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-strait_relations \"Cross-strait relations\") [Chinese Civil War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\") [One China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_China \"One China\") [Political status of Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_status_of_Taiwan \"Political status of Taiwan\") [Republic of China on Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan \"Republic of China on Taiwan\") [Taiwan Area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China \"Free area of the Republic of China\") [\"Taiwan Province\", PRC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China\") [Taiwan independence movement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_independence_movement \"Taiwan independence movement\") [Anti-Secession Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-Secession_Law \"Anti-Secession Law\") [Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement \"Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement\") [Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement \"Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement\") [Chinese unification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_unification \"Chinese unification\") [Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs \"Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs\") Leader: [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") Deputy Leader: [Wang Huning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Huning \"Wang Huning\") [Taiwan Affairs Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_Affairs_Office \"Taiwan Affairs Office\") Director: [Song Tao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Song_Tao_\\(diplomat\\) \"Song Tao (diplomat)\") [Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits \"Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits\") |\n| [Foreign relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_relations_of_China \"Foreign relations of China\") [Central Foreign Affairs Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission \"Central Foreign Affairs Commission\") Director: [Xi Jinping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi_Jinping \"Xi Jinping\") Deputy Director: [Li Qiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Qiang \"Li Qiang\") Secretary-General: [Wang Yi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Yi_\\(politician\\) \"Wang Yi (politician)\") [Ministry of Foreign Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)\") [Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_\\(China\\) \"Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)\"): [Wang Yi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Yi_\\(politician\\) \"Wang Yi (politician)\") [Spokespersons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China \"List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China\") [Diplomatic missions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China \"List of diplomatic missions of China\") [Diplomatic missions of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China \"List of diplomatic missions of China\") \/ [in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China \"List of diplomatic missions in China\") [Foreign aid from China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_foreign_aid \"Chinese foreign aid\") \/ [to China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_aid_to_China \"Foreign aid to China\") [International Development Cooperation Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency \"China International Development Cooperation Agency\") [Ministry of Commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Commerce_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Commerce (China)\") [Exim Bank of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exim_Bank_of_China \"Exim Bank of China\") [China Development Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Development_Bank \"China Development Bank\") [Belt and Road Initiative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belt_and_Road_Initiative \"Belt and Road Initiative\") [Silk Road Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silk_Road_Fund \"Silk Road Fund\") [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank \"Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank\") [BRICS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BRICS \"BRICS\") [New Development Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Development_Bank \"New Development Bank\") [Ministry of National Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_National_Defense_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of National Defense (China)\") [International Military Cooperation Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission \"Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission\") [NPC Foreign Affairs Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress \"Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress\") [CCP International Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"International Department of the Chinese Communist Party\") [State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs \"State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs\") [Overseas Chinese Affairs Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office \"Overseas Chinese Affairs Office\") [Chinese nationality law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_nationality_law \"Chinese nationality law\") [Chinese passports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_passport \"Chinese passport\") ([Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport \"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport\"); [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport \"Macao Special Administrative Region passport\")) [Visa requirements for Chinese citizens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens \"Visa requirements for Chinese citizens\") ([Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong \"Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong\"), [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau \"Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau\")) [Visa policy of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_policy_of_China \"Visa policy of China\") ([Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong \"Visa policy of Hong Kong\"); [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_policy_of_Macau \"Visa policy of Macau\")) [National Immigration Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Immigration_Administration \"National Immigration Administration\") [Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence \"Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence\") [Panda diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panda_diplomacy \"Panda diplomacy\") [Beijing Consensus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing_Consensus \"Beijing Consensus\") [Community of Common Destiny](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_of_Common_Destiny \"Community of Common Destiny\") [China and the United Nations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_and_the_United_Nations \"China and the United Nations\") [China and the World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization \"China and the World Trade Organization\") [Shanghai Cooperation Organisation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation \"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\") [China–Africa relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations \"Africa–China relations\") [China–Arab relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Arab_relations \"Sino-Arab relations\") [China–Caribbean relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caribbean%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations \"Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations\") [China–European Union relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations \"China–European Union relations\") [China–Iran relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations \"China–Iran relations\") [China–Latin America relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations \"China–Latin America relations\") [China–Pacific relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Pacific_relations \"Sino-Pacific relations\") [China–Russia relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations \"China–Russia relations\") [China–United States relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations \"China–United States relations\") |\n| Related topics [Administrative divisions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Administrative_divisions_of_China \"Administrative divisions of China\") [Chinese information operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare \"Chinese information operations and information warfare\") [Ethnic minorities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethnic_minorities_in_China \"Ethnic minorities in China\") [Family planning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_planning_policy \"Family planning policy\") [Hukou system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hukou_system \"Hukou system\") [Human rights in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_China \"Human rights in China\") [Chinese intelligence activity abroad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad \"Chinese intelligence activity abroad\") |\n| ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png) [China portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:China \"Portal:China\") [Other countries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region \"Outline of political science\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Politics_of_China \"Template:Politics of China\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Politics_of_China \"Template talk:Politics of China\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Politics_of_China \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Politics of China\") |\n\n[Capital punishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment \"Capital punishment\") is a legal penalty in the [People's Republic of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\"). It is applicable to offenses ranging from murder to [drug trafficking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China \"Illegal drug trade in China\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-1) Executions are carried out by [lethal injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\") or by [shooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_shooting \"Execution by shooting\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Cornell_Law_School-4) A survey conducted by [*The* *New York Times*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") in 2014 found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5)\n\nAccording to [Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"), China executes more people than all other countries combined.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-6) The exact numbers of executions and death sentences are not publicly available, being considered a state secret by China.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-7) According to the U.S.-based [Dui Hua Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)\"), the estimated number of executions has declined steadily in the twenty-first century, from 12,000 each year to 2,400.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-8) However, in 2022 the [World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty \"World Coalition Against the Death Penalty\") announced that since 2007 at least 8,000 people per year were executed in China.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-9) Since 2006, the [Chinese government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_China \"Government of China\") has taken effective measures to limit use of the death penalty,[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-10) proclaiming that it is doing this with the aim of completely abolishing it.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nCapital punishment in China should not be confused with [death sentence with reprieve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_sentence_with_reprieve \"Death sentence with reprieve\"), which is a form of lenient sentencing that is handed down by Chinese courts as frequently as, or more often than, actual death sentences.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-12) Death sentence with reprieve is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and is sometimes inaccurately added to the number of actual death sentences.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-13)\n\n## Historical background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Historical background\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e2\/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg\/250px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg)\n\nMing dynasty [Shuilu ritual painting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuilu_ritual_paintings \"Shuilu ritual paintings\") depicting imprisonment and execution.\n\nCapital punishment was one of the classical [Five Punishments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_Punishments \"Five Punishments\") of China's dynastic period.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14) In [Chinese philosophy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_philosophy \"Chinese philosophy\"), capital punishment was supported by the [Legalists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legalism_\\(Chinese_philosophy\\) \"Legalism (Chinese philosophy)\"), but its application was tempered by the [Confucians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucians \"Confucians\"), who preferred rehabilitation and mercy over capital punishment.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-15): 199  [Confucius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucius \"Confucius\") did not oppose capital punishment absolutely, but did take the view that in a well-ordered society based on moral persuasion, capital punishment would become unnecessary.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-16): 293–94\n\nDuring China's early dynasties, capital punishment and amputation were predominant among the five punishments. Later, amputation became less common, but capital punishment and corporal punishment remained. There was wide variability in the number of types of capital offenses over time. Under the *Punishments of Lu* (*Lu Xing*), written sometime in the [Warring States period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warring_States_period \"Warring States period\") (475–221 BCE), there were 200 capital offenses.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33  The [Tang Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_Code \"Tang Code\") (653 CE) listed 233 capital offenses, and the [Song dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") (960–1279) retained these and added sixty more over time. Under the [Yuan dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuan_dynasty \"Yuan dynasty\"), the \"number of separate capital provisions\" precipitously dropped, reaching a low of 125 crimes. The number of capital offenses spiked again under the [Ming dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\") (1368–1644), with 282 capital offenses, and the [Qing dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") (1644–1911), with more than 800 capital offenses.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33\n\nHistorically, poorer and lower-status Chinese were most often subject to capital punishment; however, officials and others of high-rank were put to death as a means of social control in times of war, internal disarray, or strife.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 31–32  For example, [King Wu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_Wu_of_Zhou \"King Wu of Zhou\") of the [Western Zhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Zhou \"Western Zhou\") ordered officials who violated royal regulations, failed to carry out their duties, or \"promulgated innovations\" to be put to death; 39 military officials were executed following a peasant uprising during the [Tang dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\"); the [six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Six_gentlemen_of_the_Hundred_Days%27_Reform \"Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform\"), who advocated social reform in the late Qing dynasty were executed.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32\n\nThe first type of classical punishment was a [system of torture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torture \"Torture\") used in the process of examining a criminal. Examining a criminal by torture began in the [Qin dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qin_dynasty \"Qin dynasty\") when judges, after a preliminary hearing and investigation, used bambooing and [bastinado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bastinado \"Bastinado\") to force the offender to admit to committing the crime. Second, there was a system of [collective responsibility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collective_responsibility \"Collective responsibility\") initiated by [Duke Wen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duke_Wen_of_Qin \"Duke Wen of Qin\") of the [State of Qin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qin_\\(state\\) \"Qin (state)\"); under that system, when a criminal is sentenced to death, other family members above a certain age were also sentenced to death. This included the wife's family or siblings' families. At some point, even the families of a man's concubines were also killed. Thirdly, there was a system of revenge based on the [Confucian philosophy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucian_philosophy \"Confucian philosophy\") centered around [filial piety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filial_piety \"Filial piety\"). The right to seek retribution was codified in the Legal Code of the [Qing dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") (1644–1911), which describes the legal proceedings and punishments for family members who seek revenge and kill the murderer of their relatives. The fourth type of punishment system was structured according to booty, loot, and spoil. Following conviction of these crimes, the punishment ranged from fifty strokes of the cane or death by hanging. Finally, the fifth classical punishment was a system advocating amnesty, probation, and parole. However, this system of punishment was not practiced often because the Chinese legal system asserted a retributive theory of punishment.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14)\n\n## Rates of execution\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Rates of execution\")\\]\n\nBy both confirmed and estimated data, the number of executions from capital punishment in China is far higher than in any other country, while the number [per capita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per_capita \"Per capita\") is comparable to Vietnam and Singapore, and lower than several other countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-18)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-20)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) The number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People's Court regained the power to review all death sentences; for instance, the [Dui Hua Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)\") estimates that China executed 12,000 people in 2002, 6,500 people in 2007, and roughly 2,400 in 2013 and 2014.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-23)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) Given conservative and variable estimates of executions in China, executions in China account for more than 58% in 2009 and 65% in 2010 of those worldwide.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nThe exact numbers of people executed in China is classified as a state secret; occasionally death penalty cases are posted publicly by the judiciary, as in certain high-profile cases. One such example was the execution of former [State Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Food_and_Drug_Administration \"State Food and Drug Administration\") director [Zheng Xiaoyu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zheng_Xiaoyu \"Zheng Xiaoyu\"), which was confirmed by both state television and the official [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-24) Other media, such as Internet message boards, have become outlets for confirming death penalty cases usually after a sentence has been carried out.\n\nBecause of the inaccessibility to official statistics of the number of executions that occur within the death penalty system, academic researchers must use data compiled by NGOs such as [Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"), which is the most cited source of reports regarding rates of execution statistics. In 2009, Amnesty International counted 1718 executions as having taken place during 2008 (which equates to 0.0001%, or 1 in 1,000,000 of the Chinese population[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-25)), based on all information available. Amnesty International believed that the total figure was likely to be much higher.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-26) According to \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\", \"it also represents the most conservative estimate of death sentences and executions in China due to the following accounting rules: 1) when there is doubt of accuracy, figures were excluded; 2) where two conflicting reports existed, the lower figure was used; 3) when a combined figure of death sentences and prison sentences was given, only one death sentence was recorded; and 4) when a group was sentenced to death, only one sentence was entered.\"[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\n## Legal procedure\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Legal procedure\")\\]\n\nAfter a first trial conducted by an [intermediate people's court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermediate_people%27s_court \"Intermediate people's court\") concludes with a death sentence, a double appeals process must follow. The first appeal is conducted by a [high people's court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_people%27s_court \"High people's court\") if the condemned appealed to it, and since 2007, another appeal is conducted automatically (even if the condemned waived the first appeal) by the [Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") (SPC) in Beijing,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) to prevent the circumstances in which the defendant is proven innocent *after* the death penalty—an obviously irrevocable punishment—has been administered.\n\nWhen a case involving the death penalty is sent to the SPC for mandatory review, the case is delivered to one of the court's five divisions according to the geographic origin of the case or, in some cases, the type of crime involved.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The SPC's second criminal division is dedicated to handling review of some of the most sensitive cases.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Each case is then assigned to a panel of three judges, one of whom is designated as the principal case manager.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Since 2012, judges are also required to interview defendants before deciding whether or not to confirm a death sentence.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The judges write reports summarizing the case, discuss the case, and then report the decision to the division head, SPC vice president, and finally the SPC president.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28)\n\nIf the lower court death sentence is upheld, the execution is carried out shortly thereafter. As a result of its reforms, the PRC's government claims, the Supreme People's Court overturned about 15 percent of the death sentences handed down by high courts in the first half of 2008. In a brief report in May 2008, [Xinhua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua \"Xinhua\") quoted anonymous sources as saying Chinese courts handed down 30 percent fewer death sentences in 2007 compared with 2006.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21)\n\nThe cases of Li Yan (2014) and [Wu Ying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wu_Ying#Trials_and_sentencing \"Wu Ying\") (2012) are two examples in which the Supreme People's Court reversed a death sentence pronounced by lower courts.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-29)\n\nChinese courts hand down the sentence of \"[death sentence with two years' probation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_sentence_with_reprieve \"Death sentence with reprieve\")\" ([Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"): 死缓; [pinyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinyin \"Pinyin\"): *sǐ huǎn*) as frequently as, or more often than,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) they do actual death sentences. This unique sentence is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and has a centuries-old history in Chinese jurisprudence.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) It is almost always reduced to [life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_imprisonment \"Life imprisonment\") or 10 to 15 years imprisonment if no new crime is intentionally committed during the two year [probationary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probation \"Probation\") period.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30)\n\nArticle 49 in the Chinese criminal code explicitly forbids the death penalty for offenders who are under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-cecc-31) The SPC also issued a policy in 2007 which required lower courts to arrange for the [visitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contact_\\(law\\) \"Contact (law)\") of condemned criminals by relatives; forbade the practice by local authorities of parading prisoners on death row; and required that executions be publicly announced.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27)\n\nHowever, capital punishment in China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced the leader of a [triad society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triad_society \"Triad society\") to a death sentence with two years of probation. However, the public opinion was that the sentence was too light. Under public pressure, the Supreme People's Court took the case and retried the leader, resulting in a death sentence which was carried out immediately.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-32)\n\nSince 1980, the state's security apparatus has initiated various \"strike hard\" (Chinese: 严打; pinyin: *Yándǎ*) campaigns against specific types of crime. Critics have noted that the campaigns lead to the streamlining of capital cases, where cases are investigated, appeals heard, and sentences carried out at rates much more rapidly than normal. Since 2006, [Chinese Supreme Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") justice [Xiao Yang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiao_Yang_\\(judge\\) \"Xiao Yang (judge)\") has worked to blunt the \"strike hard\" policy with his own policy of \"balancing leniency and severity\" (Chinese: 宽严相济; pinyin: *Kuānyán Xiāngjì*), which is supposedly influenced by [Hu Jintao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hu_Jintao \"Hu Jintao\")'s [harmonious society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonious_society \"Harmonious society\") concept. Xiao's policy includes improving the quality of appeals by mandating that the SPC, rather than simply the high people's court, review capital crime cases; increasing use of the \"death sentence with two years' probation\"; and requiring \"clear facts\" and \"abundant evidence\" for capital cases.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27)\n\nThe [abolition of the death penalty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong \"Capital punishment in Hong Kong\") in [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") since 1993 is a major reason why [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\") does not have a [rendition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rendition_\\(law\\) \"Rendition (law)\") agreement with that city.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-33) Since April 2019[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit), a proposed extradition bill has sparked massive [protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests \"2019–20 Hong Kong protests\").\\[*[needs update](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Dates and numbers\")*\\]\n\nThe list of capital crimes includes counter-revolutionary crimes, such as organizing an \"armed mass rebellion\"; endangerment of public security, such as committing [arson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arson \"Arson\"); and crimes against the person, such as the rape of a person under the age of 14.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) During the 1980s, \"economic crimes\" such as [bribery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bribery \"Bribery\"), [drug trafficking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_trafficking \"Drug trafficking\"), and [embezzlement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embezzlement \"Embezzlement\") were added to the legal code.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Capital punishment in China can be imposed on crimes against national symbols and [treasures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_treasure \"National treasure\"), such as theft of cultural relics and (before 1997) the killing of [giant pandas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_panda \"Giant panda\").[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-34) Executions under the pretense of political crimes are extremely rare and confined to persons involved in violence or the threat of violence.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30)\n\nThirteen crimes were removed from the list of capital offenses in 2011, including smuggling of cultural relics, wildlife products, and precious metals.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) This brought the total number of capital offenses down from 68 to 55,[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38) though many of the crimes dropped from the list were rarely if ever punished with death penalty.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) The Draft 9th Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law was passed on 29 August 2015, which removed a further nine crimes from the list of capital offenses.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-39) The crimes that were removed were:[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-41)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-43)\n\n- Smuggling weapons or ammunition\n- Smuggling nuclear materials\n- Smuggling counterfeit money\n- Counterfeiting\n- Investment fraud\/fraudulent fundraising\n- Organizing prostitution\n- Forcing prostitution\n- Obstructing military affairs\n- Spreading rumors and undermining morale during wartime\n\n## Execution procedure\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Execution procedure\")\\]\n\nThe execution protocol is defined on the criminal procedure law, under article 252:[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-44)\n\n- Before a people's court executes a death sentence, it shall notify the people's procuratorate at the same level to send personnel to supervise the execution.\n- Death sentences shall be executed by means of shooting or injection.\n- Death sentences may be executed at the execution ground or in designated places of custody.\n- The judicial personnel directing the execution shall verify the identity of the criminal offender, ask him if he has any last words or letters, and then deliver him to the executioner for the death sentence. If, before the execution, it is found that there may be an error, the execution shall be suspended and the matter shall be reported to the Supreme People's Court for decision.\n- Execution of death sentences shall be announced to the public, but shall not be [held in public](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_execution \"Public execution\").\n- The attending court clerk shall, after the execution of a death sentence, make a written record thereon. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall submit a report on the execution to the Supreme People's Court.\n- The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall, after the execution, notify the family of the criminal offender.\n\nIn Beijing, the execution ground is located on a hillside next to Jingyuan Road, near Yingshangzui Park in Mentougou. It's a compound with a sign on the gate reading \"Beijing Supreme People's Court Project 86\".[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-45) It has become redundant since lethal injection was introduced.\n\n### Execution ground\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Execution ground\")\\]\n\nIn most parts of China, there is no specific execution ground. A scout team chooses a place in advance to serve as the execution ground. In such case, the execution ground normally will have three perimeters:\n\n- the innermost 50 meters is the responsibility of the execution team;\n- the 200 meter radius from the center is the responsibility of the [People's Armed Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Armed_Police \"People's Armed Police\");\n- the 2 km alert line is the responsibility of the local police.\n\nThe public is generally not allowed to view the execution.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] The role of the executioner was fulfilled in the past by the [People's Armed Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Armed_Police \"People's Armed Police\") soldiers. In recent times, the People's Courts’ [judicial police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judicial_police \"Judicial police\") officers (Chinese: 法警; pinyin: *fǎjǐng*) assumed this role.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nChina commonly employs two methods of execution. Since 1949, the most common method has been [execution by firing squad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_firing_squad \"Execution by firing squad\"), which has been largely superseded by [lethal injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\"), using the same three-drug cocktail pioneered by [the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States \"Capital punishment in the United States\"), introduced in 1996.\n\n### Execution van\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Execution van\")\\]\n\n[Execution vans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_van \"Execution van\") are unique to China. Lethal injection is more commonly used for \"economic crimes\", such as [corruption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_corruption \"Political corruption\"), while firing squads are used for more common crimes like [murder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murder \"Murder\"). In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injection become the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only legal form of capital punishment.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-46) The Dui Hua foundation notes that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of execution is rarely specified in published reports.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47)\n\n## Reform\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Reform\")\\]\n\n[Chinese authorities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Government of the People's Republic of China\") have recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-48)\n\nIn 1996, the government made lethal injection a legal method of execution. The [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court \"Supreme People's Court\") distributed the execution kits, developed by the [China Academy of Medical Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=China_Academy_of_Medical_Science&action=edit&redlink=1 \"China Academy of Medical Science (page does not exist)\") Pharmaceutical Institute, and the first experiments occurred in 1997.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-49) The same year, China banned suspended [capital punishment for juvenile offenders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_for_juvenile_offenders \"Capital punishment for juvenile offenders\"). Before then, 16-year-olds and 17-year-olds could be sentenced to death for particularly heinous crimes, albeit the law mandated that the [death sentence be suspended](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suspended_death_sentence \"Suspended death sentence\") and only be carried out when the juvenile had resisted any and all efforts to reform them.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-50) However, several more juvenile offenders were executed after this law was passed. In 2003, 18-year-old Zhao Lin was executed for a murder committed in 2000, when he was sixteen.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-51)\n\nSince 2006, under global pressures, China has embarked on significant reforms on the death penalty system.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-52) In 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC,[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) which was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The [National People's Congress Standing Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee \"National People's Congress Standing Committee\") adopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-53) According to \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: \"smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals\".[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nIn addition to decreasing the number of capital offenses, in Article 3 of Amendment VIII, the article states that seniors aged 75 years old and older should only be sentenced to death when they have caused the death of another person by cruel and unusual means. Article 1 states that seniors aged 75 years old or older who have committed crimes may be given lighter sentences. For those seniors who have committed crimes of negligence, their sentences can be lighter or mitigated. In addition, Article 19 dictates that criminals less than 18 years old at the time of a crime who are sentenced to prison terms of less than five years do not have to report to jail in situations of army recruitment and employment.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Later the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") ordered lower courts to suspend death sentences for two years and to \"ensure that it only applies to a very small minority of criminals committing extremely serious crimes. This series of actions is thought of as marking the beginning of China's tenuous start toward completely abolishing the death penalty. While many critics are skeptical of Amendment VIII bringing long-term change, the reforms represent a gradual transition towards greater state respect and protection of human rights.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn practice, China traditionally uses the [firing squad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firing_squad \"Firing squad\") as its standard method of execution. However, in recent years, China has adopted [lethal injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\") as its sole method of execution, though execution by firing squad can still be administered.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38)\\[*[better source needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\n### Key reforms since 2006\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Key reforms since 2006\")\\]\n\n- Notice Improving Work on Open Trial for Second Instance Case with Death Sentences (7 December 2005)\n- Provisions on Some Issues Concerning the Court Trial Procedures for the Second Instance of Cases Involving the Death Penalty (for Trial Implementation) (21 September 2006)\n- Amendment to the Organic Law of the People's Court (31 October 2006)\n- Provision of the SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Review of Death Penalty Cases (27 February 2007)\n- Opinion on Strengthening Handling Cases in Strict Accordance with Law and Guaranteeing the Quality of Handling Death Penalty Cases (9 March 2007)\n- Provisions Concerning Issues in Examination of Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases (13 June 2010)\n- Regulation on Issues Concerning Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Handling Criminal Cases (13 June 2010)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\n### Key changes since reforms in 2006\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Key changes since reforms in 2006\")\\]\n\n- Exercise of the death penalty in general – After changes, the reform officially stated the principle of killing fewer and cautiously.\n- Death Penalty (immediate execution) cases review body – SPC reassumes power to review immediate execution cases.\n- Decisions on a wrongful conviction\/sentence – SPC can order a lower court to retry a case except in a few scenarios.\n- Questioning of convicted person during review – In principle, SPC judges should question the convicted person.\n- Open trial during appeal – In cases that may result in immediate execution, there must be an open trial.\n- Exclusion of illegal evidence – Evidence that is not acquired through legal means, like confessions obtained through torture must be excluded.\n\nIn March 2007, China's representative in the UN Human Rights council, La Yifan stated that \"the death penalty's scope of application was to be reviewed shortly, and it was expected that this scope would be reduced, with the final aim to abolish it.\"[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) During the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court \"Supreme People's Court\") assumed the power to review every death sentence handed down by a lower court. Since this reform, it has been rumored that the number of executions has at least halved.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54) In February 2011, capital punishment in China was abolished for 13 non-violent crimes and it was also banned for offenders over the age of 75.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54)\n\nIn 2024, China issued the [Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard \"Taiwan independence\" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guidelines_on_Imposing_Criminal_Punishments_on_Diehard_%22Taiwan_independence%22_Separatists_for_Conducting_or_Inciting_Secession \"Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard \\\"Taiwan independence\\\" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession\") which state that supporters of [Taiwanese independence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_independence_movement \"Taiwan independence movement\"), regardless of their location, can be [tried *in absentia*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_in_absentia \"Trial in absentia\") and sentenced to death by Chinese courts.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-55)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-56)\n\n## Support\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Support\")\\]\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg\/60px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. The reason given is: **Any polls after 2014?**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(December 2025)* |\n\nCapital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in Europe.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Surveys conducted by the [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Social Sciences\") in 1995, for instance, found that 95% of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-57) A poll conducted in 2002, showed that 88% of the population are in favour of the death penalty.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) In 2005, a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1% supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Polling conducted by the [Dui Hua Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)\") in 2007 in [Beijing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [Hunan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hunan \"Hunan\") and [Guangdong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangdong \"Guangdong\") found a more moderate 58% in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8%) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47)\n\nA survey conducted in 2008 by the [Max Planck Institute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Planck_Institute \"Max Planck Institute\") showed that 60% of survey respondents in Beijing, [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubei \"Hubei\"), and Guangdong supported capital punishment. In the past, however, the public has expressed few dissenting opinions.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:0-59) Reducing or abolishing the use of capital punishment has become a topic of open discussion during recent years.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5) A survey conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey of [Peking University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peking_University \"Peking University\") in 2014 showed that 68% of the Chinese people supported death penalty, and respondents with higher education were more likely to be supportive of the capital punishment.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-60)\n\n## Criticism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Criticism\")\\]\n\n### International criticism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: International criticism\")\\]\n\nBecause of the wide application of capital offenses in Chinese criminal law, substantial use of capital punishment, and the hidden numbers of the execution rate, the Chinese death penalty system has been criticized by many international organizations which make an appeal to ethics and human rights, without always being well informed about the historical and cultural conditions in China.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) A foreign reporter stated, \"China's enthusiasm for capital punishment has long been a target for international criticism of its human rights record.\" Most of the international criticism stems from the wide scope of capital offenses and the amnesty system.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\n[Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") reports that until 2010 among 197 nations worldwide, 96 nations had completely abolished the death penalty, 9 had abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and 34 were abolitionist in practice, meaning that they have not executed anyone for at least 10 years and have generally settled on the policy to not sentence any executions. The last wave of international death penalty abolition has been influenced by the process of democratization and has inspired constitutions that protect the right to live. China has ratified more than 200 international covenants in recent decades and has taken on international responsibilities like respecting the right to life and thus limiting the use of capital punishment. When a draft of the Amendment was published in 2010, a foreign reporter commented, \"it is believed that the proposed amendment is one of several moves by the Chinese government to soften its image as the world's biggest executioner.\"[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nAccording to an Amnesty International report, \"available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year.\"[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-61) Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-62) However, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the [Chinese Supreme Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") and the [United States Department of State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\"), are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30)\n\nInternational death penalty abolitionist norms and trends have shaped Chinese death penalty practices significantly in recent years. Through international interventions and policies, like the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\")\\-led campaign against the death penalty in China since the mid-2000s, there has been an increased exchange of anti-death penalty knowledge and ideologies, dissemination of original information, and legislation geared towards scaling down the wide application of the death penalty.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-63)\n\n### Allegation made by Falun Gong\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Allegation made by Falun Gong\")\\]\n\nThe [Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coalition_to_Investigate_the_Persecution_of_Falun_Gong \"Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong\") has accused Chinese hospitals of [using the organs of executed prisoners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China \"Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China\") for [commercial transplantation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organ_transplantation_in_China \"Organ transplantation in China\").[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) Under Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but Wang Guoqi, a Chinese dissident and former [PLA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") physician, has claimed that because of this and other legal restrictions an international [black market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_market \"Black market\") in organs and cadavers from China has developed.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-65) In December 2005, China's deputy health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that the country harvested organs from executed prisoners.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) In 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the practice.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-66)\n\nThe Australian [Refugee Review Tribunal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refugee_Review_Tribunal \"Refugee Review Tribunal\") and the [Laogai Research Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laogai_Research_Foundation \"Laogai Research Foundation\"), an NGO specialising in gathering information on human rights in Chinese prisons, investigated the claims made by [Falun Gong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falun_Gong \"Falun Gong\") by sending undercover investigators to Chinese hospitals, prisons, and military camps.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) However, they were unable to find any evidence that organs were extracted against people's will, and concluded that:[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67)\n\n> 1\\) According to our investigation in China, the alleged concentration camp that locks up as many as 6,000 people does not exist in Sujiatun District; 2) over the past two decades, the Chinese government did harvest organs from death row prisoners, but neither in theory or in practice \\[is it possible\\] to conduct the operation to crop organs alive from as many as 4,500 people; 3) the report that \"the CCP crops organs from the Falun Gong practitioners and exports them to Thailand and other countries\" is totally unreliable.\n\n— Harry Wu, RRT Research Response (CHN31249), Refugee Review Tribunal & Laogai Research Foundation\n\nThe investigators also tried to contact Falun Gong spokespeople and witnesses, but were either ignored or not provided with any evidence, causing the investigators to conclude that the witnesses \"most probably had fabricated the story\".[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67)\n\n### Wrongful convictions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Wrongful convictions\")\\]\n\nFor a more comprehensive list, see [List of miscarriage of justice cases § China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_miscarriage_of_justice_cases#China \"List of miscarriage of justice cases\").\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Death sentence with reprieve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_sentence_with_reprieve \"Death sentence with reprieve\"), an alternative of the capital punishment which potentially changes the penalty from death to life or limited term of imprisonment after 2 years of the conviction.\n- [Crime in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime_in_China \"Crime in China\")\n- [Law of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_China \"Law of China\")\n- [Capital punishment in Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan \"Capital punishment in Taiwan\")\n- [Capital punishment in Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong \"Capital punishment in Hong Kong\")\n- [Capital punishment in Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Macau \"Capital punishment in Macau\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-1)**\n   Miao, Michelle (June 2019). \"Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China\". *[The American Journal of Comparative Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law \"The American Journal of Comparative Law\")*. **67** (2): 327–382\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/ajcl\/avz017](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fajcl%2Favz017).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China)\"](http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/flfg\/2012-03\/17\/content_2094354.htm). *www.gov.cn* (in Simplified Chinese). 2012-03-17. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180103162458\/http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/flfg\/2012-03\/17\/content_2094354.htm) from the original on 2018-01-03. \"死刑采用枪决或者注射等方法执行 (A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection)\"\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版） \\[the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (English Version)\\]\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180103162648\/http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/huiyi\/lfzt\/xsssfxg\/2011-08\/23\/content_1666668.htm). *中国人大网 ([National People's Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_People%27s_Congress \"National People's Congress\") of China)*. 2011-08-23. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/huiyi\/lfzt\/xsssfxg\/2011-08\/23\/content_1666668.htm) on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-03. \"A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection.\"\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Cornell_Law_School_4-0)**\n   [\"Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide\"](https:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/public-opinion.cfm). Cornell Law School. 2018-06-20. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190117013325\/https:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/public-opinion.cfm) from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-16.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-1)\n   Zhang, Lijia (2014-12-29). [\"Opinion \\| China's Death-Penalty Debate\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/12\/30\/opinion\/chinas-death-penalty-debate.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0362-4331](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331). Retrieved 2026-03-07.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-6)**\n   [\"Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-china-46872651). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. 2019-01-15. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190115135917\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/amp\/world-asia-china-46872651) from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-15. \"China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands – more than the rest of the world's nations put together.\"\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-7)**\n   Hogg, Chris (2011-02-25). [\"China ends death penalty for 13 economic crimes\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-12580504). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150118201304\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-12580504) from the original on 2015-01-18. Retrieved 2015-02-22.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-8)**\n   [\"Beijing calls for an international \"fox\" hunt\"](http:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/magazine\/20150212-Xi-s-dragnet\/On-the-Cover\/Beijing-calls-for-an-international-fox-hunt). *[Nikkei Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nikkei_Asia \"Nikkei Asia\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150310175146\/http:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/magazine\/20150212-Xi-s-dragnet\/On-the-Cover\/Beijing-calls-for-an-international-fox-hunt) from the original on 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2015-03-02.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"The Status Quo of China's Death Penalty and the Civil Society Abolitionist Movement\"](https:\/\/worldcoalition.org\/2022\/02\/15\/china-death-penalty-2022\/#:~:text=Based%20on%20our%20experience%20as,executed%20every%20year%20since%202007.). *[World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty \"World Coalition Against the Death Penalty\")*. 2022-02-22.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-10)**\n    Miao, Michelle (2013). [\"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism\"](https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjc\/article-abstract\/53\/3\/500\/542242). *[The British Journal of Criminology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_British_Journal_of_Criminology \"The British Journal of Criminology\")*. 53, Issue 3, Pages 500–519 (3): 500–519\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/bjc\/azt004](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazt004). Retrieved 2023-01-23.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-10)\n    Zhou, Zhenjie (2013-07-13). \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\". *Bulletin of the Waseda Institute for Advanced Study*. [Waseda University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waseda_University \"Waseda University\"). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[2065\/39459](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2065%2F39459). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1883-5163](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1883-5163). [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [5182577448](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/5182577448).\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-12)**\n    Trevaskes, Susan (May–June 2008). \"The Death Penalty in China Today: Kill Fewer, Kill Cautiously\". *[Asian Survey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asian_Survey \"Asian Survey\")*. **48** (3): 393–413\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1525\/as.2008.48.3.393](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525%2Fas.2008.48.3.393). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[10072\/26121](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10072%2F26121).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-13)**\n    Scobell, Andrew (September 1990). \"The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China\". *[China Quarterly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Quarterly \"China Quarterly\")*. **123** (123): 503–520\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1017\/S0305741000018890](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0305741000018890). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [654154](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/654154). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [154380257](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:154380257).\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:6_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:6_14-1)\n    Cheng, Chi-Yu (1949). [\"The Chinese Theory of Criminal Law\"](http:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu\/jclc\/vol39\/iss4\/5). *J. Crim. L. & Criminology*. **39**: 464–65\\. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170304193834\/http:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu\/jclc\/vol39\/iss4\/5\/) from the original on 2017-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-03.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-15)**\n    Bakken, Børge (2016-04-08). \"The Norms of Death: On Attitudes to Capital Punishment in China\". In Scherdin, Lill (ed.). *Capital Punishment: A Hazard to a Sustainable Criminal Justice System?*. [Routledge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge \"Routledge\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.4324\/9781315570808-13](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324%2F9781315570808-13). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-315-57080-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-315-57080-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-315-57080-8\")\n    \n    .\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-16)**\n    Ni, Peimin (2017-02-07). *Understanding the Analects of Confucius: A New Translation of Lunyu with Annotations*. [State University of New York Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_University_of_New_York_Press \"State University of New York Press\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1515\/9781438464527](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515%2F9781438464527). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4384-6452-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4384-6452-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4384-6452-7\")\n    \n    . [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [jj.18252804](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jj.18252804).\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-3)\n    Lu, Hong; Miethe, Terance D. (2007). *China's Death Penalty*. [Routledge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge \"Routledge\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.4324\/9780203941300](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324%2F9780203941300). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-135-91492-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-135-91492-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-135-91492-9\")\n    \n    .\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Executions Around the World\"](https:\/\/deathpenaltyinfo.org\/policy-issues\/international\/executions-around-the-world). Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 2010-05-03.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-19)**\n    [\"Overview: We know that, together, we can end the death penalty everywhere\"](https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/what-we-do\/death-penalty\/). [Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160822235316\/https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/what-we-do\/death-penalty\/) from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2020-05-03.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-20)**\n    Johnson; Miao (December 2015). \"Chinese Capital Punishment in Comparative Perspective\". *The Death Penalty in China*. pp. 300–326\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.7312\/columbia\/9780231170079.003.0011](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231170079.003.0011). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9780231170079](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780231170079 \"Special:BookSources\/9780231170079\")\n    \n    .\n21. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-wp_21-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-wp_21-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-wp_21-2)\n    Fan, Maureen; Cha, Ariana Eunjung (2008-12-24). [\"China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110125093236\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/12\/23\/AR2008122302795.html). *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/12\/23\/AR2008122302795.html) on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2010-08-16.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"INFOGRAPHIC: Capital punishment in China\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/infographics\/article\/1631703\/infographic-capital-punishment). South China Morning Post. 2014-11-04. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170705012552\/http:\/\/www.scmp.com\/infographics\/article\/1631703\/infographic-capital-punishment) from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2020-05-03.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-23)**\n    Dui Hua Foundation. [\"Criminal Justice: Death Penalty Reform\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140915073902\/http:\/\/duihua.org\/wp\/?page_id=136). *Dui Hua Foundation*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/duihua.org\/wp\/?page_id=136) on 2014-09-15. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170304115357\/https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/china\/archive\/2013\/05\/why-china-executes-so-many-people\/275695\/) from the original on 2017-03-04.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-60)**\n    Liu, John Zhuang (2020-06-19). \"Public Support for the Death Penalty in China: Less from the Populace but More from Elites\". *[The China Quarterly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_China_Quarterly \"The China Quarterly\")*. **246**: 527–544\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1017\/S0305741020000739](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0305741020000739).\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-61)**\n    Griffiths, James (2016-04-07). [\"China is the world's top executioner, but it doesn't want you to know that\"](http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/04\/06\/asia\/china-death-penalty\/). *[CNN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNN \"CNN\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170304114950\/http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/04\/06\/asia\/china-death-penalty\/) from the original on 2017-03-04.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-62)**\n    [\"Death sentences and executions in 2010\"](https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/act50\/001\/2011\/en\/). *[Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\")*. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2026-03-07.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-63)**\n    Miao, Michelle. [\"International Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy and China's Recent Capital Punishment Reform\"](http:\/\/www.ia-forum.org\/Content\/ViewInternalDocument.cfm?ContentID=8399). *International Affairs Forum*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170304114436\/http:\/\/www.ia-forum.org\/Content\/ViewInternalDocument.cfm?ContentID=8399) from the original on 2017-03-04.\n64. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:1_64-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:1_64-1)\n    Fickling, David (2006-04-19). [\"China 'using prisoner organs for transplants'\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2006\/apr\/19\/china.health). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). Retrieved 2026-03-07.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-65)**\n    Cobain, Ian; Luck, Adam (2005-09-12). [\"The beauty products from the skin of executed Chinese prisoners\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2005\/sep\/13\/medicineandhealth.china). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). Retrieved 2026-03-07.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-66)** Peter Foster, ['China admits organs removed from prisoners for transplants'](https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/china\/6094228\/China-admits-organs-removed-from-prisoners-for-transplants.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190227233202\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/china\/6094228\/China-admits-organs-removed-from-prisoners-for-transplants.html) 27 February 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), The Telegraph, 26 August 2009.\n67. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-2)\n    [\"RRT Research Response (CHN31249)\"](https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/4b6fe16df.pdf) (PDF). *Refugee Review Tribunal*. 2007-01-17. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201112014104\/https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/4b6fe16df.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2021-01-15.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[Library resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library \"Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library\") about   \n **Capital punishment in China**\n***\n\n- [Resources in your library](https:\/\/ftl.toolforge.org\/cgi-bin\/ftl?st=wp&su=Capital+punishment+in+China)\n- [Resources in other libraries](https:\/\/ftl.toolforge.org\/cgi-bin\/ftl?st=wp&su=Capital+punishment+in+China&library=0CHOOSE0)\n\n- [The Chinese Human Rights Web](http:\/\/www.chinesehumanrightsreader.org\/topics\/dp.html)\n- [China: Death Penalty Worldwide](http:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/country-search-post.cfm?country=China) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191127200831\/http:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/country-search-post.cfm%3Fcountry%3DChina) 27 November 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Capital_punishment \"Template:Capital punishment\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Capital_punishment \"Template talk:Capital punishment\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Capital_punishment \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Capital punishment\")[Capital punishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment \"Capital punishment\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Current methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Current_methods \"List of methods of capital punishment\") | [Hanging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanging \"Hanging\") [Shooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_shooting \"Execution by shooting\") [firing squad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_firing_squad \"Execution by firing squad\") [Lethal injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\") [Nitrogen hypoxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inert_gas_asphyxiation \"Inert gas asphyxiation\") [Electrocution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electric_chair \"Electric chair\") [Gas chamber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gas_chamber \"Gas chamber\") [Beheading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decapitation \"Decapitation\") [Stoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stoning \"Stoning\") |\n| [Former methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Former_methods \"List of methods of capital punishment\") | *[Damnatio ad bestias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damnatio_ad_bestias \"Damnatio ad bestias\")* [Blood eagle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_eagle \"Blood eagle\") [Blowing from a gun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blowing_from_a_gun \"Blowing from a gun\") [Brazen bull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazen_bull \"Brazen bull\") [Boiling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_by_boiling \"Death by boiling\") [Breaking wheel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breaking_wheel \"Breaking wheel\") [Burial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premature_burial \"Premature burial\") [Burning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_by_burning \"Death by burning\") [Crucifixion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crucifixion \"Crucifixion\") [Crushing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crushing_\\(execution\\) \"Crushing (execution)\") [Decimation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decimation_\\(punishment\\) \"Decimation (punishment)\") [Disembowelment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disembowelment \"Disembowelment\") [Dismemberment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dismemberment \"Dismemberment\") [Drowning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_drowning \"Execution by drowning\") [Republican marriage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republican_marriage \"Republican marriage\") [Elephant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_elephant \"Execution by elephant\") [Falling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falling_\\(execution\\) \"Falling (execution)\") [Flaying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flaying \"Flaying\") [Garrote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garrote \"Garrote\") [Gibbeting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibbeting \"Gibbeting\") [Guillotine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guillotine \"Guillotine\") [Hanged, drawn and quartered](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered \"Hanged, drawn and quartered\") [Immurement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immurement \"Immurement\") [Impalement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impalement \"Impalement\") [Ishikozume](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ishikozume \"Ishikozume\") *[Mazzatello](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mazzatello \"Mazzatello\")* [Sawing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_by_sawing \"Death by sawing\") [Scaphism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scaphism \"Scaphism\") *[Seppuku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seppuku \"Seppuku\")* [Slow slicing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lingchi \"Lingchi\") [Suffocation in ash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suffocation_in_ash \"Suffocation in ash\") [Upright jerker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upright_jerker \"Upright jerker\") [Waist chop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waist_chop \"Waist chop\") |\n| Related topics | [Enforcement or use by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_by_country \"Capital punishment by country\") [Most recent executions by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction \"List of most recent executions by jurisdiction\") [Crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime \"Crime\") [Death row](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_row \"Death row\") [Executioner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executioner \"Executioner\") [list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_executioners \"List of executioners\") [Scharfrichter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scharfrichter \"Scharfrichter\") [Final statement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Final_statement \"Final statement\") [Last meal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Last_meal \"Last meal\") [Penology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penology \"Penology\") [List of methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment \"List of methods of capital punishment\") [Nine familial exterminations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nine_familial_exterminations \"Nine familial exterminations\") [Religion and capital punishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_and_capital_punishment \"Religion and capital punishment\") [Wrongful execution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wrongful_execution \"Wrongful execution\") [Botched execution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_botched_executions \"List of botched executions\") [Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations \"Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations\") [Capital punishment for drug trafficking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking \"Capital punishment for drug trafficking\") [Capital punishment for homosexuality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality \"Capital punishment for homosexuality\") [Trial by ordeal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_by_ordeal \"Trial by ordeal\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Asia_topic \"Template:Asia topic\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Asia_topic \"Template talk:Asia topic\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Asia_topic \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Asia topic\")[Capital punishment in Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Asia \"Capital punishment in Asia\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Sovereign states](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_sovereign_states \"List of sovereign states\") | [Afghanistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan \"Capital punishment in Afghanistan\") [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Armenia \"Capital punishment in Armenia\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Azerbaijan \"Capital punishment in Azerbaijan\") [Bahrain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Bahrain \"Capital punishment in Bahrain\") [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Bangladesh \"Capital punishment in Bangladesh\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan \"Capital punishment in Bhutan\") [Brunei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Brunei \"Capital punishment in Brunei\") [Cambodia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Cambodia \"Capital punishment in Cambodia\") [China]() [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Cyprus \"Capital punishment in Cyprus\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt \"Capital punishment in Egypt\") [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_\\(country\\) \"Capital punishment in Georgia (country)\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_India \"Capital punishment in India\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Indonesia \"Capital punishment in Indonesia\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Iran \"Capital punishment in Iran\") [Iraq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq \"Capital punishment in Iraq\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Israel \"Capital punishment in Israel\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Japan \"Capital punishment in Japan\") [Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Jordan \"Capital punishment in Jordan\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Kazakhstan \"Capital punishment in Kazakhstan\") [North Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_North_Korea \"Capital punishment in North Korea\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_South_Korea \"Capital punishment in South Korea\") [Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Kuwait \"Capital punishment in Kuwait\") [Kyrgyzstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Kyrgyzstan \"Capital punishment in Kyrgyzstan\") [Laos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Laos \"Capital punishment in Laos\") [Lebanon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Lebanon \"Capital punishment in Lebanon\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Malaysia \"Capital punishment in Malaysia\") [Maldives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_the_Maldives \"Capital punishment in the Maldives\") [Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Mongolia \"Capital punishment in Mongolia\") [Myanmar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Myanmar \"Capital punishment in Myanmar\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal \"Capital punishment in Nepal\") [Oman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Oman \"Capital punishment in Oman\") [Palestine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Capital punishment in Palestine (page does not exist)\") [Pakistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan \"Capital punishment in Pakistan\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_the_Philippines \"Capital punishment in the Philippines\") [Qatar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Qatar \"Capital punishment in Qatar\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Russia \"Capital punishment in Russia\") [Saudi Arabia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia \"Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore \"Capital punishment in Singapore\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka \"Capital punishment in Sri Lanka\") [Syria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Syria \"Capital punishment in Syria\") [Tajikistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Tajikistan \"Capital punishment in Tajikistan\") [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Thailand \"Capital punishment in Thailand\") [Timor-Leste (East Timor)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Timor-Leste \"Capital punishment in Timor-Leste\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey \"Capital punishment in Turkey\") [Turkmenistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Turkmenistan \"Capital punishment in Turkmenistan\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates\") [Uzbekistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Uzbekistan \"Capital punishment in Uzbekistan\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Vietnam \"Capital punishment in Vietnam\") [Yemen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Yemen \"Capital punishment in Yemen\") |\n| [States with limited recognition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition \"List of states with limited recognition\") | [Abkhazia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Abkhazia \"Capital punishment in Abkhazia\") [Northern Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Northern_Cyprus \"Capital punishment in Northern Cyprus\") [South Ossetia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Capital punishment in South Ossetia (page does not exist)\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan \"Capital punishment in Taiwan\") |\n| [Dependencies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dependent_territory \"Dependent territory\") and other territories | [British Indian Ocean Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory \"Capital punishment in the British Indian Ocean Territory\") [Christmas Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Christmas_Island \"Capital punishment in Christmas Island\") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_the_Cocos_\\(Keeling\\)_Islands \"Capital punishment in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands\") [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong \"Capital punishment in Hong Kong\") [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Macau \"Capital punishment in Macau\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Asia \"Category:Asia\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/e\/e2\/Symbol_portal_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg \"Portal\") [Asia portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Asia \"Portal:Asia\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:China_national_security \"Template:China national security\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:China_national_security \"Template talk:China national security\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:China_national_security \"Special:EditPage\/Template:China national security\")[National security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_security_of_China \"National security of China\") and [law enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_China \"Law enforcement in China\") in China |   |\n|---|---|\n| National | [Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\") [National Security Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party \"National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party\") [Central Military Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Military_Commission_\\(China\\) \"Central Military Commission (China)\") [People's Liberation Army](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") [Militia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Militia_\\(China\\) \"Militia (China)\") [Maritime Militia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maritime_Militia \"Maritime Militia\") [NDMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission \"National Defense Mobilization Commission\") [United Front Work Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Front_Work_Department \"United Front Work Department\") [State Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Council_of_China \"State Council of China\") [Ministry of State Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_State_Security_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of State Security (China)\") [Ministry of Public Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Public_Security_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Public Security (China)\") [National Defense Mobilization Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission \"National Defense Mobilization Commission\") [Ministry of National Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_National_Defense_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of National Defense (China)\") [Taiwan Affairs Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_Affairs_Office \"Taiwan Affairs Office\") |\n| [Mainland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\") | [Fire and Rescue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Fire_and_Rescue_Administration \"National Fire and Rescue Administration\") ([China Fire and Rescue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Fire_and_Rescue \"China Fire and Rescue\")) [Supervisory Commissions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Supervisory_Commission \"National Supervisory Commission\") [People's Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Police_\\(China\\) \"People's Police (China)\") [Public Security PP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Public_Security_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Public Security (China)\") [provincial Public Security Departments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Provincial_public_security_departments \"Category:Provincial public security departments\") [city\/county Public Security Bureaus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Municipal_public_security_bureaus_of_China \"Category:Municipal public security bureaus of China\") [Internet police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Internet_police \"Chinese Internet police\") [Immigration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Immigration_Administration \"National Immigration Administration\") [Inspection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Immigration_Inspection \"China Immigration Inspection\") [State Security PP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_State_Security_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of State Security (China)\") [Provincial departments of State security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Provincial_organs_of_the_Ministry_of_State_Security_\\(China\\) \"Category:Provincial organs of the Ministry of State Security (China)\") [Municipal Bureaus of State security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Municipal_organs_of_the_Ministry_of_State_Security_\\(China\\) \"Category:Municipal organs of the Ministry of State Security (China)\") [Judicial Administrative PP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Justice_\\(China\\) \"Ministry of Justice (China)\") [People's Courts Judicial Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judicial_system_of_China \"Judicial system of China\") [People's Procuratorates Judicial Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate \"Supreme People's Procuratorate\") [People's Armed Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Armed_Police \"People's Armed Police\") ~~[Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Public_Security_Active_Service_Forces \"Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces\")~~ [Coast Guard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Coast_Guard \"China Coast Guard\") Mobile units [1st Mobile Corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1st_Mobile_Corps \"1st Mobile Corps\") [2nd Mobile Corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2nd_Mobile_Corps \"2nd Mobile Corps\") [Customs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Administration_of_Customs \"General Administration of Customs\") [State Secrets Protection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection \"National Administration of State Secrets Protection\") [Cyberspace Admin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China \"Cyberspace Administration of China\") [Urban Admin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_Administrative_and_Law_Enforcement_Bureau \"Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau\") [Judicial system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judicial_system_of_China \"Judicial system of China\") [PLA Unit 61398](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PLA_Unit_61398 \"PLA Unit 61398\") ~~[610 Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/610_Office \"610 Office\")~~ ~~[Central Case Examination Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Case_Examination_Group \"Central Case Examination Group\")~~ |\n| [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong \"Law enforcement in Hong Kong\") | [Office for Safeguarding National Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security \"Office for Safeguarding National Security\") [Committee for Safeguarding National Security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Committee_for_Safeguarding_National_Security \"Committee for Safeguarding National Security\") [PLA Hong Kong Garrison](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Garrison \"Hong Kong Garrison\") [Independent Commission Against Corruption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_\\(Hong_Kong\\) \"Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)\") [Disciplined Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disciplined_Services \"Disciplined Services\") [Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Police_Force \"Hong Kong Police Force\") [National Security Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Security_Department \"National Security Department\") [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department \"Hong Kong Fire Services Department\") [Correction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Correctional_Services_Department \"Correctional Services Department\") [Customs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Customs_and_Excise_Department \"Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department\") [Immigration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immigration_Department \"Immigration Department\") [Judiciary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judiciary \"Judiciary\") |\n| [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_Macau \"Law enforcement in Macau\") | [PLA Macau Garrison](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macao_Garrison \"Macao Garrison\") [Commission Against Corruption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commission_Against_Corruption \"Commission Against Corruption\") [Macau Security Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macau_Security_Force \"Macau Security Force\") [Unitary Police Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Service&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Unitary Police Service (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80 \"zh:警察總局\")\\] [Public Security Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_Security_Police_Force \"Public Security Police Force\") (including *Migration Service*) [Judicial Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Macau_Judicial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Macau Judicial Police (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80 \"zh:澳門司法警察局\")\\] [Fire Services Bureau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_Services_Bureau \"Fire Services Bureau\") [Correctional Services Bureau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Correctional_Services_Bureau \"Correctional Services Bureau\") [Macau Customs Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macau_Customs_Service \"Macau Customs Service\") [Judiciary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judiciary \"Judiciary\") |\n| Operations | [Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries \"Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries\") (1950–53) [Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns \"Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns\") (1951–52) [Sufan movement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sufan_movement \"Sufan movement\") (1955–57) [Anti-Rightist Campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-Rightist_Campaign \"Anti-Rightist Campaign\") (1957–59) [Red August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_August \"Red August\") (1966) [Shadian incident](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shadian_incident \"Shadian incident\") (1975) [1983 \"Strike Hard\" Anti-crime Campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign \"1983 \\\"Strike Hard\\\" Anti-crime Campaign\") (1983–87) [Persecution of Falun Gong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong \"Persecution of Falun Gong\") (1999) [6521 Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6521_Project \"6521 Project\") (2009) [Crackdown on dissidents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_crackdown_on_dissidents_in_China \"2011 crackdown on dissidents in China\") (2011) [Anti-corruption campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping \"Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping\") (2012–) [Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism \"Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism\") (2014–) [Operation Fox Hunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Fox_Hunt \"Operation Fox Hunt\") (2014–) [Persecution of Uyghurs in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China \"Persecution of Uyghurs in China\") (2014–) [709 crackdown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/709_crackdown \"709 crackdown\") (2015) [Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_Campaign_to_Crack_Down_on_Organized_Crime_and_Eliminate_Evil \"Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil\") (2018–21) [Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education_and_Rectification_of_the_Political_and_Legal_Teams \"Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams\") (2021–22) [Abroad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad \"Chinese intelligence activity abroad\") [Information operations and information warfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare \"Chinese information operations and information warfare\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Chinese espionage in the United Kingdom\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States \"Chinese espionage in the United States\") [California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_espionage_in_California \"Chinese espionage in California\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_espionage_in_Hawaii \"Chinese espionage in Hawaii\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2025_China%E2%80%93Philippines_espionage_cases \"2025 China–Philippines espionage cases\") |\n| Other topics | [Arbitrary arrest and detention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention \"Arbitrary arrest and detention\") [Black jails](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_jails \"Black jails\") [Capital punishment]() [Censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Censorship_in_China \"Censorship in China\") [Chinese information operations and information warfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare \"Chinese information operations and information warfare\") [Civil Servant-Family Pair Up](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up \"Civil Servant-Family Pair Up\") [Death sentence with reprieve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_sentence_with_reprieve \"Death sentence with reprieve\") [Enforced disappearance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enforced_disappearance \"Enforced disappearance\") [Fengqiao experience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fengqiao_experience \"Fengqiao experience\") [Great Cannon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Cannon \"Great Cannon\") [Grid-style social management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grid-style_social_management_in_China \"Grid-style social management in China\") [Holistic national security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holistic_national_security \"Holistic national security\") [Hong Kong national security law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law \"2020 Hong Kong national security law\") [List of Hong Kong national security cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Hong_Kong_national_security_cases \"List of Hong Kong national security cases\") [Human flesh search engine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_flesh_search_engine \"Human flesh search engine\") [Human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_China \"Human rights in China\") [Tibet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Tibet \"Human rights in Tibet\") [Macao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Macau \"Human rights in Macau\") [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong \"Human rights in Hong Kong\") [Internet censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_censorship_in_China \"Internet censorship in China\") [Inciting subversion of state power](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power \"Inciting subversion of state power\") *[Laogai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laogai \"Laogai\")* [Life imprisonment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_imprisonment_in_China \"Life imprisonment in China\") *[Liuzhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liuzhi_\\(detention\\) \"Liuzhi (detention)\")* [Mass surveillance in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_surveillance_in_China \"Mass surveillance in China\") [Migration to Xinjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Migration_to_Xinjiang \"Migration to Xinjiang\") [National Security Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Security_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"National Security Law of the People's Republic of China\") [Penal system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penal_system_in_China \"Penal system in China\") [Political offences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_offences_in_China \"Political offences in China\") [Picking quarrels and provoking trouble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble \"Picking quarrels and provoking trouble\") [Re-education through labor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Re-education_through_labor \"Re-education through labor\") [Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location \"Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location\") [Soft detention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soft_detention \"Soft detention\") *[Shuanggui](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuanggui \"Shuanggui\")* [Stability maintenance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stability_maintenance \"Stability maintenance\") [Three warfares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three_warfares \"Three warfares\") [Two-faced person](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Two-faced_person \"Two-faced person\") [Xinjiang internment camps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinjiang_internment_camps \"Xinjiang internment camps\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:China_prisons \"Template:China prisons\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:China_prisons \"Template talk:China prisons\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:China_prisons \"Special:EditPage\/Template:China prisons\")[Prisons in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penal_system_in_China \"Penal system in China\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Organizations | [Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons \"Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons\") [Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongqing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons \"Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons\") [Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangdong_Prison_Administrative_Bureau \"Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau\") [Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_Municipal_Prison_Administration \"Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration\") [Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sichuan_Province_Prison_Administrative_Bureau \"Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau\") SARs: [Hong Kong Correctional Services Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Correctional_Services_Department \"Correctional Services Department\") [Macao Correctional Services Bureau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Correctional_Services_Bureau \"Correctional Services Bureau\") |\n| Prisons |   |\n|   |   |\n| Closed | [Victoria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victoria_Prison \"Victoria Prison\") (Hong Kong) |\n| Juvenile facilities | [Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment \"Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment\") [Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongqing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment \"Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment\") |\n| Other topics | [Black jails](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_jails \"Black jails\") [Capital punishment]() [Human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_China \"Human rights in China\") [Tibet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Tibet \"Human rights in Tibet\") [Macao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Macau \"Human rights in Macau\") [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong \"Human rights in Hong Kong\") [Judicial system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judicial_system_of_China \"Judicial system of China\") *[Laogai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laogai \"Laogai\")* [Law enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_China \"Law enforcement in China\") [Life imprisonment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_imprisonment_in_China \"Life imprisonment in China\") *[Liuzhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liuzhi_\\(supervision\\) \"Liuzhi (supervision)\")* [National security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_security_of_China \"National security of China\") [Re-education through labor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Re-education_through_labor \"Re-education through labor\") [Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location \"Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location\") [Soft detention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soft_detention \"Soft detention\") *[Shuanggui](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuanggui \"Shuanggui\")* [Xinjiang internment camps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinjiang_internment_camps \"Xinjiang internment camps\") |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&oldid=1342257627>\"\n\n[Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Capital punishment in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Capital_punishment_in_China \"Category:Capital punishment in China\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_Simplified_Chinese-language_sources_\\(zh-hans\\) \"Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)\")\n- [CS1: long volume value](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value \"Category:CS1: long volume value\")\n- [Webarchive template wayback links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links \"Category:Webarchive template 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By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nCapital punishment in China\n\n19 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China)","attrs_readable_markdown":"[Capital punishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment \"Capital punishment\") is a legal penalty in the [People's Republic of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\"). It is applicable to offenses ranging from murder to [drug trafficking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China \"Illegal drug trade in China\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-1) Executions are carried out by [lethal injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\") or by [shooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_shooting \"Execution by shooting\").[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Cornell_Law_School-4) A survey conducted by [*The* *New York Times*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") in 2014 found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5)\n\nAccording to [Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"), China executes more people than all other countries combined.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-6) The exact numbers of executions and death sentences are not publicly available, being considered a state secret by China.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-7) According to the U.S.-based [Dui Hua Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)\"), the estimated number of executions has declined steadily in the twenty-first century, from 12,000 each year to 2,400.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-8) However, in 2022 the [World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty \"World Coalition Against the Death Penalty\") announced that since 2007 at least 8,000 people per year were executed in China.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-9) Since 2006, the [Chinese government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_China \"Government of China\") has taken effective measures to limit use of the death penalty,[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-10) proclaiming that it is doing this with the aim of completely abolishing it.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nCapital punishment in China should not be confused with [death sentence with reprieve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_sentence_with_reprieve \"Death sentence with reprieve\"), which is a form of lenient sentencing that is handed down by Chinese courts as frequently as, or more often than, actual death sentences.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-12) Death sentence with reprieve is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and is sometimes inaccurately added to the number of actual death sentences.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-13)\n\n## Historical background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Historical background\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e2\/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg\/250px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg)\n\nMing dynasty [Shuilu ritual painting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuilu_ritual_paintings \"Shuilu ritual paintings\") depicting imprisonment and execution.\n\nCapital punishment was one of the classical [Five Punishments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_Punishments \"Five Punishments\") of China's dynastic period.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14) In [Chinese philosophy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_philosophy \"Chinese philosophy\"), capital punishment was supported by the [Legalists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legalism_\\(Chinese_philosophy\\) \"Legalism (Chinese philosophy)\"), but its application was tempered by the [Confucians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucians \"Confucians\"), who preferred rehabilitation and mercy over capital punishment.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-15): 199  [Confucius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucius \"Confucius\") did not oppose capital punishment absolutely, but did take the view that in a well-ordered society based on moral persuasion, capital punishment would become unnecessary.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-16): 293–94\n\nDuring China's early dynasties, capital punishment and amputation were predominant among the five punishments. Later, amputation became less common, but capital punishment and corporal punishment remained. There was wide variability in the number of types of capital offenses over time. Under the *Punishments of Lu* (*Lu Xing*), written sometime in the [Warring States period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warring_States_period \"Warring States period\") (475–221 BCE), there were 200 capital offenses.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33  The [Tang Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_Code \"Tang Code\") (653 CE) listed 233 capital offenses, and the [Song dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") (960–1279) retained these and added sixty more over time. Under the [Yuan dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuan_dynasty \"Yuan dynasty\"), the \"number of separate capital provisions\" precipitously dropped, reaching a low of 125 crimes. The number of capital offenses spiked again under the [Ming dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ming_dynasty \"Ming dynasty\") (1368–1644), with 282 capital offenses, and the [Qing dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") (1644–1911), with more than 800 capital offenses.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33\n\nHistorically, poorer and lower-status Chinese were most often subject to capital punishment; however, officials and others of high-rank were put to death as a means of social control in times of war, internal disarray, or strife.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 31–32  For example, [King Wu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_Wu_of_Zhou \"King Wu of Zhou\") of the [Western Zhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Zhou \"Western Zhou\") ordered officials who violated royal regulations, failed to carry out their duties, or \"promulgated innovations\" to be put to death; 39 military officials were executed following a peasant uprising during the [Tang dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\"); the [six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Six_gentlemen_of_the_Hundred_Days%27_Reform \"Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform\"), who advocated social reform in the late Qing dynasty were executed.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32\n\nThe first type of classical punishment was a [system of torture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torture \"Torture\") used in the process of examining a criminal. Examining a criminal by torture began in the [Qin dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qin_dynasty \"Qin dynasty\") when judges, after a preliminary hearing and investigation, used bambooing and [bastinado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bastinado \"Bastinado\") to force the offender to admit to committing the crime. Second, there was a system of [collective responsibility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collective_responsibility \"Collective responsibility\") initiated by [Duke Wen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duke_Wen_of_Qin \"Duke Wen of Qin\") of the [State of Qin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qin_\\(state\\) \"Qin (state)\"); under that system, when a criminal is sentenced to death, other family members above a certain age were also sentenced to death. This included the wife's family or siblings' families. At some point, even the families of a man's concubines were also killed. Thirdly, there was a system of revenge based on the [Confucian philosophy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucian_philosophy \"Confucian philosophy\") centered around [filial piety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filial_piety \"Filial piety\"). The right to seek retribution was codified in the Legal Code of the [Qing dynasty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") (1644–1911), which describes the legal proceedings and punishments for family members who seek revenge and kill the murderer of their relatives. The fourth type of punishment system was structured according to booty, loot, and spoil. Following conviction of these crimes, the punishment ranged from fifty strokes of the cane or death by hanging. Finally, the fifth classical punishment was a system advocating amnesty, probation, and parole. However, this system of punishment was not practiced often because the Chinese legal system asserted a retributive theory of punishment.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14)\n\nBy both confirmed and estimated data, the number of executions from capital punishment in China is far higher than in any other country, while the number [per capita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per_capita \"Per capita\") is comparable to Vietnam and Singapore, and lower than several other countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-18)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-19)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-20)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) The number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People's Court regained the power to review all death sentences; for instance, the [Dui Hua Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)\") estimates that China executed 12,000 people in 2002, 6,500 people in 2007, and roughly 2,400 in 2013 and 2014.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-22)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-23)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) Given conservative and variable estimates of executions in China, executions in China account for more than 58% in 2009 and 65% in 2010 of those worldwide.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nThe exact numbers of people executed in China is classified as a state secret; occasionally death penalty cases are posted publicly by the judiciary, as in certain high-profile cases. One such example was the execution of former [State Food and Drug Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Food_and_Drug_Administration \"State Food and Drug Administration\") director [Zheng Xiaoyu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zheng_Xiaoyu \"Zheng Xiaoyu\"), which was confirmed by both state television and the official [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-24) Other media, such as Internet message boards, have become outlets for confirming death penalty cases usually after a sentence has been carried out.\n\nBecause of the inaccessibility to official statistics of the number of executions that occur within the death penalty system, academic researchers must use data compiled by NGOs such as [Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"), which is the most cited source of reports regarding rates of execution statistics. In 2009, Amnesty International counted 1718 executions as having taken place during 2008 (which equates to 0.0001%, or 1 in 1,000,000 of the Chinese population[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-25)), based on all information available. Amnesty International believed that the total figure was likely to be much higher.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-26) According to \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\", \"it also represents the most conservative estimate of death sentences and executions in China due to the following accounting rules: 1) when there is doubt of accuracy, figures were excluded; 2) where two conflicting reports existed, the lower figure was used; 3) when a combined figure of death sentences and prison sentences was given, only one death sentence was recorded; and 4) when a group was sentenced to death, only one sentence was entered.\"[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nAfter a first trial conducted by an [intermediate people's court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermediate_people%27s_court \"Intermediate people's court\") concludes with a death sentence, a double appeals process must follow. The first appeal is conducted by a [high people's court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_people%27s_court \"High people's court\") if the condemned appealed to it, and since 2007, another appeal is conducted automatically (even if the condemned waived the first appeal) by the [Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") (SPC) in Beijing,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) to prevent the circumstances in which the defendant is proven innocent *after* the death penalty—an obviously irrevocable punishment—has been administered.\n\nWhen a case involving the death penalty is sent to the SPC for mandatory review, the case is delivered to one of the court's five divisions according to the geographic origin of the case or, in some cases, the type of crime involved.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The SPC's second criminal division is dedicated to handling review of some of the most sensitive cases.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Each case is then assigned to a panel of three judges, one of whom is designated as the principal case manager.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Since 2012, judges are also required to interview defendants before deciding whether or not to confirm a death sentence.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The judges write reports summarizing the case, discuss the case, and then report the decision to the division head, SPC vice president, and finally the SPC president.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28)\n\nIf the lower court death sentence is upheld, the execution is carried out shortly thereafter. As a result of its reforms, the PRC's government claims, the Supreme People's Court overturned about 15 percent of the death sentences handed down by high courts in the first half of 2008. In a brief report in May 2008, [Xinhua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua \"Xinhua\") quoted anonymous sources as saying Chinese courts handed down 30 percent fewer death sentences in 2007 compared with 2006.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21)\n\nThe cases of Li Yan (2014) and [Wu Ying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wu_Ying#Trials_and_sentencing \"Wu Ying\") (2012) are two examples in which the Supreme People's Court reversed a death sentence pronounced by lower courts.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-29)\n\nChinese courts hand down the sentence of \"[death sentence with two years' probation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_sentence_with_reprieve \"Death sentence with reprieve\")\" ([Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"): 死缓; [pinyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinyin \"Pinyin\"): *sǐ huǎn*) as frequently as, or more often than,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) they do actual death sentences. This unique sentence is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and has a centuries-old history in Chinese jurisprudence.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) It is almost always reduced to [life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_imprisonment \"Life imprisonment\") or 10 to 15 years imprisonment if no new crime is intentionally committed during the two year [probationary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probation \"Probation\") period.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30)\n\nArticle 49 in the Chinese criminal code explicitly forbids the death penalty for offenders who are under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-cecc-31) The SPC also issued a policy in 2007 which required lower courts to arrange for the [visitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contact_\\(law\\) \"Contact (law)\") of condemned criminals by relatives; forbade the practice by local authorities of parading prisoners on death row; and required that executions be publicly announced.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27)\n\nHowever, capital punishment in China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced the leader of a [triad society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triad_society \"Triad society\") to a death sentence with two years of probation. However, the public opinion was that the sentence was too light. Under public pressure, the Supreme People's Court took the case and retried the leader, resulting in a death sentence which was carried out immediately.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-32)\n\nSince 1980, the state's security apparatus has initiated various \"strike hard\" (Chinese: 严打; pinyin: *Yándǎ*) campaigns against specific types of crime. Critics have noted that the campaigns lead to the streamlining of capital cases, where cases are investigated, appeals heard, and sentences carried out at rates much more rapidly than normal. Since 2006, [Chinese Supreme Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") justice [Xiao Yang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiao_Yang_\\(judge\\) \"Xiao Yang (judge)\") has worked to blunt the \"strike hard\" policy with his own policy of \"balancing leniency and severity\" (Chinese: 宽严相济; pinyin: *Kuānyán Xiāngjì*), which is supposedly influenced by [Hu Jintao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hu_Jintao \"Hu Jintao\")'s [harmonious society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonious_society \"Harmonious society\") concept. Xiao's policy includes improving the quality of appeals by mandating that the SPC, rather than simply the high people's court, review capital crime cases; increasing use of the \"death sentence with two years' probation\"; and requiring \"clear facts\" and \"abundant evidence\" for capital cases.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27)\n\nThe [abolition of the death penalty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong \"Capital punishment in Hong Kong\") in [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") since 1993 is a major reason why [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\") does not have a [rendition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rendition_\\(law\\) \"Rendition (law)\") agreement with that city.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-33) Since April 2019, a proposed extradition bill has sparked massive [protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests \"2019–20 Hong Kong protests\").\\[*[needs update](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Dates and numbers\")*\\]\n\nThe list of capital crimes includes counter-revolutionary crimes, such as organizing an \"armed mass rebellion\"; endangerment of public security, such as committing [arson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arson \"Arson\"); and crimes against the person, such as the rape of a person under the age of 14.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) During the 1980s, \"economic crimes\" such as [bribery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bribery \"Bribery\"), [drug trafficking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_trafficking \"Drug trafficking\"), and [embezzlement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embezzlement \"Embezzlement\") were added to the legal code.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Capital punishment in China can be imposed on crimes against national symbols and [treasures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_treasure \"National treasure\"), such as theft of cultural relics and (before 1997) the killing of [giant pandas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_panda \"Giant panda\").[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-34) Executions under the pretense of political crimes are extremely rare and confined to persons involved in violence or the threat of violence.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30)\n\nThirteen crimes were removed from the list of capital offenses in 2011, including smuggling of cultural relics, wildlife products, and precious metals.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) This brought the total number of capital offenses down from 68 to 55,[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38) though many of the crimes dropped from the list were rarely if ever punished with death penalty.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) The Draft 9th Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law was passed on 29 August 2015, which removed a further nine crimes from the list of capital offenses.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-39) The crimes that were removed were:[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-41)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-43)\n\n- Smuggling weapons or ammunition\n- Smuggling nuclear materials\n- Smuggling counterfeit money\n- Counterfeiting\n- Investment fraud\/fraudulent fundraising\n- Organizing prostitution\n- Forcing prostitution\n- Obstructing military affairs\n- Spreading rumors and undermining morale during wartime\n\n## Execution procedure\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Execution procedure\")\\]\n\nThe execution protocol is defined on the criminal procedure law, under article 252:[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-44)\n\n- Before a people's court executes a death sentence, it shall notify the people's procuratorate at the same level to send personnel to supervise the execution.\n- Death sentences shall be executed by means of shooting or injection.\n- Death sentences may be executed at the execution ground or in designated places of custody.\n- The judicial personnel directing the execution shall verify the identity of the criminal offender, ask him if he has any last words or letters, and then deliver him to the executioner for the death sentence. If, before the execution, it is found that there may be an error, the execution shall be suspended and the matter shall be reported to the Supreme People's Court for decision.\n- Execution of death sentences shall be announced to the public, but shall not be [held in public](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_execution \"Public execution\").\n- The attending court clerk shall, after the execution of a death sentence, make a written record thereon. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall submit a report on the execution to the Supreme People's Court.\n- The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall, after the execution, notify the family of the criminal offender.\n\nIn Beijing, the execution ground is located on a hillside next to Jingyuan Road, near Yingshangzui Park in Mentougou. It's a compound with a sign on the gate reading \"Beijing Supreme People's Court Project 86\".[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-45) It has become redundant since lethal injection was introduced.\n\nIn most parts of China, there is no specific execution ground. A scout team chooses a place in advance to serve as the execution ground. In such case, the execution ground normally will have three perimeters:\n\n- the innermost 50 meters is the responsibility of the execution team;\n- the 200 meter radius from the center is the responsibility of the [People's Armed Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Armed_Police \"People's Armed Police\");\n- the 2 km alert line is the responsibility of the local police.\n\nThe public is generally not allowed to view the execution.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] The role of the executioner was fulfilled in the past by the [People's Armed Police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Armed_Police \"People's Armed Police\") soldiers. In recent times, the People's Courts’ [judicial police](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judicial_police \"Judicial police\") officers (Chinese: 法警; pinyin: *fǎjǐng*) assumed this role.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nChina commonly employs two methods of execution. Since 1949, the most common method has been [execution by firing squad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_by_firing_squad \"Execution by firing squad\"), which has been largely superseded by [lethal injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\"), using the same three-drug cocktail pioneered by [the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States \"Capital punishment in the United States\"), introduced in 1996.\n\n[Execution vans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_van \"Execution van\") are unique to China. Lethal injection is more commonly used for \"economic crimes\", such as [corruption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_corruption \"Political corruption\"), while firing squads are used for more common crimes like [murder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murder \"Murder\"). In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injection become the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only legal form of capital punishment.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-46) The Dui Hua foundation notes that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of execution is rarely specified in published reports.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47)\n\n[Chinese authorities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Government of the People's Republic of China\") have recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-48)\n\nIn 1996, the government made lethal injection a legal method of execution. The [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court \"Supreme People's Court\") distributed the execution kits, developed by the [China Academy of Medical Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=China_Academy_of_Medical_Science&action=edit&redlink=1 \"China Academy of Medical Science (page does not exist)\") Pharmaceutical Institute, and the first experiments occurred in 1997.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-49) The same year, China banned suspended [capital punishment for juvenile offenders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_for_juvenile_offenders \"Capital punishment for juvenile offenders\"). Before then, 16-year-olds and 17-year-olds could be sentenced to death for particularly heinous crimes, albeit the law mandated that the [death sentence be suspended](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suspended_death_sentence \"Suspended death sentence\") and only be carried out when the juvenile had resisted any and all efforts to reform them.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-50) However, several more juvenile offenders were executed after this law was passed. In 2003, 18-year-old Zhao Lin was executed for a murder committed in 2000, when he was sixteen.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-51)\n\nSince 2006, under global pressures, China has embarked on significant reforms on the death penalty system.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-52) In 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC,[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) which was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The [National People's Congress Standing Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee \"National People's Congress Standing Committee\") adopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-53) According to \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: \"smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals\".[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nIn addition to decreasing the number of capital offenses, in Article 3 of Amendment VIII, the article states that seniors aged 75 years old and older should only be sentenced to death when they have caused the death of another person by cruel and unusual means. Article 1 states that seniors aged 75 years old or older who have committed crimes may be given lighter sentences. For those seniors who have committed crimes of negligence, their sentences can be lighter or mitigated. In addition, Article 19 dictates that criminals less than 18 years old at the time of a crime who are sentenced to prison terms of less than five years do not have to report to jail in situations of army recruitment and employment.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Later the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") ordered lower courts to suspend death sentences for two years and to \"ensure that it only applies to a very small minority of criminals committing extremely serious crimes. This series of actions is thought of as marking the beginning of China's tenuous start toward completely abolishing the death penalty. While many critics are skeptical of Amendment VIII bringing long-term change, the reforms represent a gradual transition towards greater state respect and protection of human rights.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn practice, China traditionally uses the [firing squad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firing_squad \"Firing squad\") as its standard method of execution. However, in recent years, China has adopted [lethal injection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\") as its sole method of execution, though execution by firing squad can still be administered.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38)\\[*[better source needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\]\n\n### Key reforms since 2006\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Key reforms since 2006\")\\]\n\n- Notice Improving Work on Open Trial for Second Instance Case with Death Sentences (7 December 2005)\n- Provisions on Some Issues Concerning the Court Trial Procedures for the Second Instance of Cases Involving the Death Penalty (for Trial Implementation) (21 September 2006)\n- Amendment to the Organic Law of the People's Court (31 October 2006)\n- Provision of the SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Review of Death Penalty Cases (27 February 2007)\n- Opinion on Strengthening Handling Cases in Strict Accordance with Law and Guaranteeing the Quality of Handling Death Penalty Cases (9 March 2007)\n- Provisions Concerning Issues in Examination of Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases (13 June 2010)\n- Regulation on Issues Concerning Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Handling Criminal Cases (13 June 2010)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\n### Key changes since reforms in 2006\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Key changes since reforms in 2006\")\\]\n\n- Exercise of the death penalty in general – After changes, the reform officially stated the principle of killing fewer and cautiously.\n- Death Penalty (immediate execution) cases review body – SPC reassumes power to review immediate execution cases.\n- Decisions on a wrongful conviction\/sentence – SPC can order a lower court to retry a case except in a few scenarios.\n- Questioning of convicted person during review – In principle, SPC judges should question the convicted person.\n- Open trial during appeal – In cases that may result in immediate execution, there must be an open trial.\n- Exclusion of illegal evidence – Evidence that is not acquired through legal means, like confessions obtained through torture must be excluded.\n\nIn March 2007, China's representative in the UN Human Rights council, La Yifan stated that \"the death penalty's scope of application was to be reviewed shortly, and it was expected that this scope would be reduced, with the final aim to abolish it.\"[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) During the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court \"Supreme People's Court\") assumed the power to review every death sentence handed down by a lower court. Since this reform, it has been rumored that the number of executions has at least halved.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54) In February 2011, capital punishment in China was abolished for 13 non-violent crimes and it was also banned for offenders over the age of 75.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54)\n\nIn 2024, China issued the [Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard \"Taiwan independence\" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guidelines_on_Imposing_Criminal_Punishments_on_Diehard_%22Taiwan_independence%22_Separatists_for_Conducting_or_Inciting_Secession \"Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard \\\"Taiwan independence\\\" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession\") which state that supporters of [Taiwanese independence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_independence_movement \"Taiwan independence movement\"), regardless of their location, can be [tried *in absentia*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_in_absentia \"Trial in absentia\") and sentenced to death by Chinese courts.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-55)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-56)\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg\/60px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png) | This section needs to be **updated**. The reason given is: **Any polls after 2014?**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(December 2025)* |\n\nCapital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in Europe.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Surveys conducted by the [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Social Sciences\") in 1995, for instance, found that 95% of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-57) A poll conducted in 2002, showed that 88% of the population are in favour of the death penalty.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) In 2005, a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1% supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Polling conducted by the [Dui Hua Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)\") in 2007 in [Beijing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [Hunan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hunan \"Hunan\") and [Guangdong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangdong \"Guangdong\") found a more moderate 58% in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8%) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47)\n\nA survey conducted in 2008 by the [Max Planck Institute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Planck_Institute \"Max Planck Institute\") showed that 60% of survey respondents in Beijing, [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubei \"Hubei\"), and Guangdong supported capital punishment. In the past, however, the public has expressed few dissenting opinions.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:0-59) Reducing or abolishing the use of capital punishment has become a topic of open discussion during recent years.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5) A survey conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey of [Peking University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peking_University \"Peking University\") in 2014 showed that 68% of the Chinese people supported death penalty, and respondents with higher education were more likely to be supportive of the capital punishment.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-60)\n\n### International criticism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: International criticism\")\\]\n\nBecause of the wide application of capital offenses in Chinese criminal law, substantial use of capital punishment, and the hidden numbers of the execution rate, the Chinese death penalty system has been criticized by many international organizations which make an appeal to ethics and human rights, without always being well informed about the historical and cultural conditions in China.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) A foreign reporter stated, \"China's enthusiasm for capital punishment has long been a target for international criticism of its human rights record.\" Most of the international criticism stems from the wide scope of capital offenses and the amnesty system.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\n[Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") reports that until 2010 among 197 nations worldwide, 96 nations had completely abolished the death penalty, 9 had abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and 34 were abolitionist in practice, meaning that they have not executed anyone for at least 10 years and have generally settled on the policy to not sentence any executions. The last wave of international death penalty abolition has been influenced by the process of democratization and has inspired constitutions that protect the right to live. China has ratified more than 200 international covenants in recent decades and has taken on international responsibilities like respecting the right to life and thus limiting the use of capital punishment. When a draft of the Amendment was published in 2010, a foreign reporter commented, \"it is believed that the proposed amendment is one of several moves by the Chinese government to soften its image as the world's biggest executioner.\"[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11)\n\nAccording to an Amnesty International report, \"available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year.\"[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-61) Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-62) However, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the [Chinese Supreme Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China\") and the [United States Department of State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\"), are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30)\n\nInternational death penalty abolitionist norms and trends have shaped Chinese death penalty practices significantly in recent years. Through international interventions and policies, like the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\")\\-led campaign against the death penalty in China since the mid-2000s, there has been an increased exchange of anti-death penalty knowledge and ideologies, dissemination of original information, and legislation geared towards scaling down the wide application of the death penalty.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-63)\n\n### Allegation made by Falun Gong\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Allegation made by Falun Gong\")\\]\n\nThe [Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coalition_to_Investigate_the_Persecution_of_Falun_Gong \"Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong\") has accused Chinese hospitals of [using the organs of executed prisoners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China \"Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China\") for [commercial transplantation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organ_transplantation_in_China \"Organ transplantation in China\").[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) Under Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but Wang Guoqi, a Chinese dissident and former [PLA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") physician, has claimed that because of this and other legal restrictions an international [black market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_market \"Black market\") in organs and cadavers from China has developed.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-65) In December 2005, China's deputy health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that the country harvested organs from executed prisoners.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) In 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the practice.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-66)\n\nThe Australian [Refugee Review Tribunal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refugee_Review_Tribunal \"Refugee Review Tribunal\") and the [Laogai Research Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laogai_Research_Foundation \"Laogai Research Foundation\"), an NGO specialising in gathering information on human rights in Chinese prisons, investigated the claims made by [Falun Gong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falun_Gong \"Falun Gong\") by sending undercover investigators to Chinese hospitals, prisons, and military camps.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) However, they were unable to find any evidence that organs were extracted against people's will, and concluded that:[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67)\n\n> 1\\) According to our investigation in China, the alleged concentration camp that locks up as many as 6,000 people does not exist in Sujiatun District; 2) over the past two decades, the Chinese government did harvest organs from death row prisoners, but neither in theory or in practice \\[is it possible\\] to conduct the operation to crop organs alive from as many as 4,500 people; 3) the report that \"the CCP crops organs from the Falun Gong practitioners and exports them to Thailand and other countries\" is totally unreliable.\n\n— Harry Wu, RRT Research Response (CHN31249), Refugee Review Tribunal & Laogai Research Foundation\n\nThe investigators also tried to contact Falun Gong spokespeople and witnesses, but were either ignored or not provided with any evidence, causing the investigators to conclude that the witnesses \"most probably had fabricated the story\".[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67)\n\n### Wrongful convictions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Wrongful convictions\")\\]\n\n- [Death sentence with reprieve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_sentence_with_reprieve \"Death sentence with reprieve\"), an alternative of the capital punishment which potentially changes the penalty from death to life or limited term of imprisonment after 2 years of the conviction.\n- [Crime in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime_in_China \"Crime in China\")\n- [Law of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_China \"Law of China\")\n- [Capital punishment in Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan \"Capital punishment in Taiwan\")\n- [Capital punishment in Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong \"Capital punishment in Hong Kong\")\n- [Capital punishment in Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Macau \"Capital punishment in Macau\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-1)**\n   Miao, Michelle (June 2019). \"Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China\". *[The American Journal of Comparative Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law \"The American Journal of Comparative Law\")*. **67** (2): 327–382\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/ajcl\/avz017](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fajcl%2Favz017).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China)\"](http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/flfg\/2012-03\/17\/content_2094354.htm). *www.gov.cn* (in Simplified Chinese). 2012-03-17. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180103162458\/http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/flfg\/2012-03\/17\/content_2094354.htm) from the original on 2018-01-03. \"死刑采用枪决或者注射等方法执行 (A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection)\"\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版） \\[the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (English Version)\\]\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180103162648\/http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/huiyi\/lfzt\/xsssfxg\/2011-08\/23\/content_1666668.htm). *中国人大网 ([National People's Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_People%27s_Congress \"National People's Congress\") of China)*. 2011-08-23. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/huiyi\/lfzt\/xsssfxg\/2011-08\/23\/content_1666668.htm) on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-03. \"A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection.\"\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Cornell_Law_School_4-0)**\n   [\"Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide\"](https:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/public-opinion.cfm). Cornell Law School. 2018-06-20. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190117013325\/https:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/public-opinion.cfm) from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-16.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-1)\n   Zhang, Lijia (2014-12-29). [\"Opinion \\| China's Death-Penalty Debate\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/12\/30\/opinion\/chinas-death-penalty-debate.html). *[The New York Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0362-4331](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331). Retrieved 2026-03-07.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-6)**\n   [\"Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-china-46872651). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. 2019-01-15. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190115135917\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/amp\/world-asia-china-46872651) from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-15. \"China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands – more than the rest of the world's nations put together.\"\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-7)**\n   Hogg, Chris (2011-02-25). [\"China ends death penalty for 13 economic crimes\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-12580504). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150118201304\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-12580504) from the original on 2015-01-18. Retrieved 2015-02-22.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-8)**\n   [\"Beijing calls for an international \"fox\" hunt\"](http:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/magazine\/20150212-Xi-s-dragnet\/On-the-Cover\/Beijing-calls-for-an-international-fox-hunt). *[Nikkei Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nikkei_Asia \"Nikkei Asia\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150310175146\/http:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/magazine\/20150212-Xi-s-dragnet\/On-the-Cover\/Beijing-calls-for-an-international-fox-hunt) from the original on 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2015-03-02.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"The Status Quo of China's Death Penalty and the Civil Society Abolitionist Movement\"](https:\/\/worldcoalition.org\/2022\/02\/15\/china-death-penalty-2022\/#:~:text=Based%20on%20our%20experience%20as,executed%20every%20year%20since%202007.). *[World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty \"World Coalition Against the Death Penalty\")*. 2022-02-22.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-10)**\n    Miao, Michelle (2013). [\"The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism\"](https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjc\/article-abstract\/53\/3\/500\/542242). *[The British Journal of Criminology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_British_Journal_of_Criminology \"The British Journal of Criminology\")*. 53, Issue 3, Pages 500–519 (3): 500–519\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/bjc\/azt004](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazt004). Retrieved 2023-01-23.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-10)\n    Zhou, Zhenjie (2013-07-13). \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\". *Bulletin of the Waseda Institute for Advanced Study*. [Waseda University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waseda_University \"Waseda University\"). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[2065\/39459](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2065%2F39459). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1883-5163](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1883-5163). [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [5182577448](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/5182577448).\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-12)**\n    Trevaskes, Susan (May–June 2008). \"The Death Penalty in China Today: Kill Fewer, Kill Cautiously\". *[Asian Survey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asian_Survey \"Asian Survey\")*. **48** (3): 393–413\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1525\/as.2008.48.3.393](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525%2Fas.2008.48.3.393). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[10072\/26121](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10072%2F26121).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-13)**\n    Scobell, Andrew (September 1990). \"The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China\". *[China Quarterly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Quarterly \"China Quarterly\")*. **123** (123): 503–520\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1017\/S0305741000018890](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0305741000018890). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [654154](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/654154). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [154380257](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:154380257).\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:6_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:6_14-1)\n    Cheng, Chi-Yu (1949). [\"The Chinese Theory of Criminal Law\"](http:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu\/jclc\/vol39\/iss4\/5). *J. Crim. L. & Criminology*. **39**: 464–65\\. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170304193834\/http:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu\/jclc\/vol39\/iss4\/5\/) from the original on 2017-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-03.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-15)**\n    Bakken, Børge (2016-04-08). \"The Norms of Death: On Attitudes to Capital Punishment in China\". In Scherdin, Lill (ed.). *Capital Punishment: A Hazard to a Sustainable Criminal Justice System?*. [Routledge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge \"Routledge\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.4324\/9781315570808-13](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324%2F9781315570808-13). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-315-57080-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-315-57080-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-315-57080-8\")\n    \n    .\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-16)**\n    Ni, Peimin (2017-02-07). *Understanding the Analects of Confucius: A New Translation of Lunyu with Annotations*. [State University of New York Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_University_of_New_York_Press \"State University of New York Press\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1515\/9781438464527](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515%2F9781438464527). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4384-6452-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4384-6452-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4384-6452-7\")\n    \n    . [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [jj.18252804](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jj.18252804).\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-LuMiethe_17-3)\n    Lu, Hong; Miethe, Terance D. (2007). *China's Death Penalty*. [Routledge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge \"Routledge\"). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.4324\/9780203941300](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324%2F9780203941300). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-135-91492-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-135-91492-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-135-91492-9\")\n    \n    .\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Executions Around the World\"](https:\/\/deathpenaltyinfo.org\/policy-issues\/international\/executions-around-the-world). Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 2010-05-03.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-19)**\n    [\"Overview: We know that, together, we can end the death penalty everywhere\"](https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/what-we-do\/death-penalty\/). [Amnesty International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160822235316\/https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/what-we-do\/death-penalty\/) from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2020-05-03.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-20)**\n    Johnson; Miao (December 2015). \"Chinese Capital Punishment in Comparative Perspective\". *The Death Penalty in China*. pp. 300–326\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.7312\/columbia\/9780231170079.003.0011](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231170079.003.0011). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9780231170079](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780231170079 \"Special:BookSources\/9780231170079\")\n    \n    .\n21. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-wp_21-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-wp_21-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-wp_21-2)\n    Fan, Maureen; Cha, Ariana Eunjung (2008-12-24). [\"China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110125093236\/http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/12\/23\/AR2008122302795.html). *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/12\/23\/AR2008122302795.html) on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2010-08-16.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"INFOGRAPHIC: Capital punishment in China\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/infographics\/article\/1631703\/infographic-capital-punishment). South China Morning Post. 2014-11-04. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170705012552\/http:\/\/www.scmp.com\/infographics\/article\/1631703\/infographic-capital-punishment) from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2020-05-03.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-23)**\n    Dui Hua Foundation. [\"Criminal Justice: Death Penalty Reform\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140915073902\/http:\/\/duihua.org\/wp\/?page_id=136). *Dui Hua Foundation*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/duihua.org\/wp\/?page_id=136) on 2014-09-15. 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[\"International Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy and China's Recent Capital Punishment Reform\"](http:\/\/www.ia-forum.org\/Content\/ViewInternalDocument.cfm?ContentID=8399). *International Affairs Forum*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170304114436\/http:\/\/www.ia-forum.org\/Content\/ViewInternalDocument.cfm?ContentID=8399) from the original on 2017-03-04.\n64. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:1_64-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:1_64-1)\n    Fickling, David (2006-04-19). [\"China 'using prisoner organs for transplants'\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2006\/apr\/19\/china.health). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). Retrieved 2026-03-07.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-65)**\n    Cobain, Ian; Luck, Adam (2005-09-12). [\"The beauty products from the skin of executed Chinese prisoners\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2005\/sep\/13\/medicineandhealth.china). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). Retrieved 2026-03-07.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-66)** Peter Foster, ['China admits organs removed from prisoners for transplants'](https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/china\/6094228\/China-admits-organs-removed-from-prisoners-for-transplants.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190227233202\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/china\/6094228\/China-admits-organs-removed-from-prisoners-for-transplants.html) 27 February 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), The Telegraph, 26 August 2009.\n67. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-2)\n    [\"RRT Research Response (CHN31249)\"](https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/4b6fe16df.pdf) (PDF). *Refugee Review Tribunal*. 2007-01-17. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201112014104\/https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/4b6fe16df.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2021-01-15.\n\n- [The Chinese Human Rights Web](http:\/\/www.chinesehumanrightsreader.org\/topics\/dp.html)\n- [China: Death Penalty Worldwide](http:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/country-search-post.cfm?country=China) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191127200831\/http:\/\/www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org\/country-search-post.cfm%3Fcountry%3DChina) 27 November 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the People's Republic of China . It is applicable to offenses ranging from murder to drug trafficking . [ 1 ] Executions are carried out by lethal injection or by shooting . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A survey conducted by The New York Times in 2014 found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society. [ 5 ] According to Amnesty International , China executes more people than all other countries combined. [ 6 ] The exact numbers of executions and death sentences are not publicly available, being considered a state secret by China. [ 7 ] According to the U.S.-based Dui Hua Foundation , the estimated number of executions has declined steadily in the twenty-first century, from 12,000 each year to 2,400. [ 8 ] However, in 2022 the World Coalition Against the Death Penalty announced that since 2007 at least 8,000 people per year were executed in China. [ 9 ] Since 2006, the Chinese government has taken effective measures to limit use of the death penalty, [ 10 ] proclaiming that it is doing this with the aim of completely abolishing it. [ 11 ] Capital punishment in China should not be confused with death sentence with reprieve , which is a form of lenient sentencing that is handed down by Chinese courts as frequently as, or more often than, actual death sentences. [ 12 ] Death sentence with reprieve is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and is sometimes inaccurately added to the number of actual death sentences. [ 13 ] Historical background [ edit ] Ming dynasty Shuilu ritual painting depicting imprisonment and execution. Capital punishment was one of the classical Five Punishments of China's dynastic period. [ 14 ] In Chinese philosophy , capital punishment was supported by the Legalists , but its application was tempered by the Confucians , who preferred rehabilitation and mercy over capital punishment. [ 15 ] : 199 Confucius did not oppose capital punishment absolutely, but did take the view that in a well-ordered society based on moral persuasion, capital punishment would become unnecessary. [ 16 ] : 293–94 During China's early dynasties, capital punishment and amputation were predominant among the five punishments. Later, amputation became less common, but capital punishment and corporal punishment remained. There was wide variability in the number of types of capital offenses over time. Under the Punishments of Lu ( Lu Xing ), written sometime in the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), there were 200 capital offenses. [ 17 ] : 32–33 The Tang Code (653 CE) listed 233 capital offenses, and the Song dynasty (960–1279) retained these and added sixty more over time. Under the Yuan dynasty , the "number of separate capital provisions" precipitously dropped, reaching a low of 125 crimes. The number of capital offenses spiked again under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), with 282 capital offenses, and the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), with more than 800 capital offenses. [ 17 ] : 32–33 Historically, poorer and lower-status Chinese were most often subject to capital punishment; however, officials and others of high-rank were put to death as a means of social control in times of war, internal disarray, or strife. [ 17 ] : 31–32 For example, King Wu of the Western Zhou ordered officials who violated royal regulations, failed to carry out their duties, or "promulgated innovations" to be put to death; 39 military officials were executed following a peasant uprising during the Tang dynasty ; the six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform , who advocated social reform in the late Qing dynasty were executed. [ 17 ] : 32 The first type of classical punishment was a system of torture used in the process of examining a criminal. Examining a criminal by torture began in the Qin dynasty when judges, after a preliminary hearing and investigation, used bambooing and bastinado to force the offender to admit to committing the crime. Second, there was a system of collective responsibility initiated by Duke Wen of the State of Qin ; under that system, when a criminal is sentenced to death, other family members above a certain age were also sentenced to death. This included the wife's family or siblings' families. At some point, even the families of a man's concubines were also killed. Thirdly, there was a system of revenge based on the Confucian philosophy centered around filial piety . The right to seek retribution was codified in the Legal Code of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), which describes the legal proceedings and punishments for family members who seek revenge and kill the murderer of their relatives. The fourth type of punishment system was structured according to booty, loot, and spoil. Following conviction of these crimes, the punishment ranged from fifty strokes of the cane or death by hanging. Finally, the fifth classical punishment was a system advocating amnesty, probation, and parole. However, this system of punishment was not practiced often because the Chinese legal system asserted a retributive theory of punishment. [ 14 ] By both confirmed and estimated data, the number of executions from capital punishment in China is far higher than in any other country, while the number per capita is comparable to Vietnam and Singapore, and lower than several other countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People's Court regained the power to review all death sentences; for instance, the Dui Hua Foundation estimates that China executed 12,000 people in 2002, 6,500 people in 2007, and roughly 2,400 in 2013 and 2014. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 21 ] Given conservative and variable estimates of executions in China, executions in China account for more than 58% in 2009 and 65% in 2010 of those worldwide. [ 11 ] The exact numbers of people executed in China is classified as a state secret; occasionally death penalty cases are posted publicly by the judiciary, as in certain high-profile cases. One such example was the execution of former State Food and Drug Administration director Zheng Xiaoyu , which was confirmed by both state television and the official Xinhua News Agency . [ 24 ] Other media, such as Internet message boards, have become outlets for confirming death penalty cases usually after a sentence has been carried out. Because of the inaccessibility to official statistics of the number of executions that occur within the death penalty system, academic researchers must use data compiled by NGOs such as Amnesty International , which is the most cited source of reports regarding rates of execution statistics. In 2009, Amnesty International counted 1718 executions as having taken place during 2008 (which equates to 0.0001%, or 1 in 1,000,000 of the Chinese population [ 25 ] ), based on all information available. Amnesty International believed that the total figure was likely to be much higher. [ 26 ] According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", "it also represents the most conservative estimate of death sentences and executions in China due to the following accounting rules: 1) when there is doubt of accuracy, figures were excluded; 2) where two conflicting reports existed, the lower figure was used; 3) when a combined figure of death sentences and prison sentences was given, only one death sentence was recorded; and 4) when a group was sentenced to death, only one sentence was entered." [ 11 ] After a first trial conducted by an intermediate people's court concludes with a death sentence, a double appeals process must follow. The first appeal is conducted by a high people's court if the condemned appealed to it, and since 2007, another appeal is conducted automatically (even if the condemned waived the first appeal) by the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China (SPC) in Beijing, [ 27 ] to prevent the circumstances in which the defendant is proven innocent after the death penalty—an obviously irrevocable punishment—has been administered. When a case involving the death penalty is sent to the SPC for mandatory review, the case is delivered to one of the court's five divisions according to the geographic origin of the case or, in some cases, the type of crime involved. [ 28 ] The SPC's second criminal division is dedicated to handling review of some of the most sensitive cases. [ 28 ] Each case is then assigned to a panel of three judges, one of whom is designated as the principal case manager. [ 28 ] Since 2012, judges are also required to interview defendants before deciding whether or not to confirm a death sentence. [ 28 ] The judges write reports summarizing the case, discuss the case, and then report the decision to the division head, SPC vice president, and finally the SPC president. [ 28 ] If the lower court death sentence is upheld, the execution is carried out shortly thereafter. As a result of its reforms, the PRC's government claims, the Supreme People's Court overturned about 15 percent of the death sentences handed down by high courts in the first half of 2008. In a brief report in May 2008, Xinhua quoted anonymous sources as saying Chinese courts handed down 30 percent fewer death sentences in 2007 compared with 2006. [ 21 ] The cases of Li Yan (2014) and Wu Ying (2012) are two examples in which the Supreme People's Court reversed a death sentence pronounced by lower courts. [ 29 ] Chinese courts hand down the sentence of " death sentence with two years' probation " ( Chinese : 死缓 ; pinyin : sǐ huǎn ) as frequently as, or more often than, [ 27 ] they do actual death sentences. This unique sentence is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and has a centuries-old history in Chinese jurisprudence. [ 30 ] It is almost always reduced to life or 10 to 15 years imprisonment if no new crime is intentionally committed during the two year probationary period. [ 30 ] Article 49 in the Chinese criminal code explicitly forbids the death penalty for offenders who are under the age of 18 at the time of the crime. [ 31 ] The SPC also issued a policy in 2007 which required lower courts to arrange for the visitation of condemned criminals by relatives; forbade the practice by local authorities of parading prisoners on death row; and required that executions be publicly announced. [ 27 ] However, capital punishment in China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced the leader of a triad society to a death sentence with two years of probation. However, the public opinion was that the sentence was too light. Under public pressure, the Supreme People's Court took the case and retried the leader, resulting in a death sentence which was carried out immediately. [ 32 ] Since 1980, the state's security apparatus has initiated various "strike hard" (Chinese: 严打 ; pinyin: Yándǎ ) campaigns against specific types of crime. Critics have noted that the campaigns lead to the streamlining of capital cases, where cases are investigated, appeals heard, and sentences carried out at rates much more rapidly than normal. Since 2006, Chinese Supreme Court justice Xiao Yang has worked to blunt the "strike hard" policy with his own policy of "balancing leniency and severity" (Chinese: 宽严相济 ; pinyin: Kuānyán Xiāngjì ), which is supposedly influenced by Hu Jintao 's harmonious society concept. Xiao's policy includes improving the quality of appeals by mandating that the SPC, rather than simply the high people's court, review capital crime cases; increasing use of the "death sentence with two years' probation"; and requiring "clear facts" and "abundant evidence" for capital cases. [ 27 ] The abolition of the death penalty in Hong Kong since 1993 is a major reason why China does not have a rendition agreement with that city. [ 33 ] Since April 2019 , a proposed extradition bill has sparked massive protests . [ needs update ] The list of capital crimes includes counter-revolutionary crimes, such as organizing an "armed mass rebellion"; endangerment of public security, such as committing arson ; and crimes against the person, such as the rape of a person under the age of 14. [ 30 ] During the 1980s, "economic crimes" such as bribery , drug trafficking , and embezzlement were added to the legal code. [ 30 ] Capital punishment in China can be imposed on crimes against national symbols and treasures , such as theft of cultural relics and (before 1997) the killing of giant pandas . [ 34 ] Executions under the pretense of political crimes are extremely rare and confined to persons involved in violence or the threat of violence. [ 30 ] Thirteen crimes were removed from the list of capital offenses in 2011, including smuggling of cultural relics, wildlife products, and precious metals. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] This brought the total number of capital offenses down from 68 to 55, [ 38 ] though many of the crimes dropped from the list were rarely if ever punished with death penalty. [ 37 ] The Draft 9th Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law was passed on 29 August 2015, which removed a further nine crimes from the list of capital offenses. [ 39 ] The crimes that were removed were: [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Smuggling weapons or ammunition Smuggling nuclear materials Smuggling counterfeit money Counterfeiting Investment fraud/fraudulent fundraising Organizing prostitution Forcing prostitution Obstructing military affairs Spreading rumors and undermining morale during wartime Execution procedure [ edit ] The execution protocol is defined on the criminal procedure law, under article 252: [ 44 ] Before a people's court executes a death sentence, it shall notify the people's procuratorate at the same level to send personnel to supervise the execution. Death sentences shall be executed by means of shooting or injection. Death sentences may be executed at the execution ground or in designated places of custody. The judicial personnel directing the execution shall verify the identity of the criminal offender, ask him if he has any last words or letters, and then deliver him to the executioner for the death sentence. If, before the execution, it is found that there may be an error, the execution shall be suspended and the matter shall be reported to the Supreme People's Court for decision. Execution of death sentences shall be announced to the public, but shall not be held in public . The attending court clerk shall, after the execution of a death sentence, make a written record thereon. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall submit a report on the execution to the Supreme People's Court. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall, after the execution, notify the family of the criminal offender. In Beijing, the execution ground is located on a hillside next to Jingyuan Road, near Yingshangzui Park in Mentougou. It's a compound with a sign on the gate reading "Beijing Supreme People's Court Project 86". [ 45 ] It has become redundant since lethal injection was introduced. In most parts of China, there is no specific execution ground. A scout team chooses a place in advance to serve as the execution ground. In such case, the execution ground normally will have three perimeters: the innermost 50 meters is the responsibility of the execution team; the 200 meter radius from the center is the responsibility of the People's Armed Police ; the 2 km alert line is the responsibility of the local police. The public is generally not allowed to view the execution. [ citation needed ] The role of the executioner was fulfilled in the past by the People's Armed Police soldiers. In recent times, the People's Courts’ judicial police officers (Chinese: 法警 ; pinyin: fǎjǐng ) assumed this role. [ citation needed ] China commonly employs two methods of execution. Since 1949, the most common method has been execution by firing squad , which has been largely superseded by lethal injection , using the same three-drug cocktail pioneered by the United States , introduced in 1996. Execution vans are unique to China. Lethal injection is more commonly used for "economic crimes", such as corruption , while firing squads are used for more common crimes like murder . In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injection become the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only legal form of capital punishment. [ 46 ] The Dui Hua foundation notes that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of execution is rarely specified in published reports. [ 47 ] Chinese authorities have recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized. [ 48 ] In 1996, the government made lethal injection a legal method of execution. The Supreme People's Court distributed the execution kits, developed by the China Academy of Medical Science Pharmaceutical Institute, and the first experiments occurred in 1997. [ 49 ] The same year, China banned suspended capital punishment for juvenile offenders . Before then, 16-year-olds and 17-year-olds could be sentenced to death for particularly heinous crimes, albeit the law mandated that the death sentence be suspended and only be carried out when the juvenile had resisted any and all efforts to reform them. [ 50 ] However, several more juvenile offenders were executed after this law was passed. In 2003, 18-year-old Zhao Lin was executed for a murder committed in 2000, when he was sixteen. [ 51 ] Since 2006, under global pressures, China has embarked on significant reforms on the death penalty system. [ 52 ] In 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC, [ 11 ] which was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The National People's Congress Standing Committee adopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55. [ 53 ] According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: "smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals". [ 11 ] In addition to decreasing the number of capital offenses, in Article 3 of Amendment VIII, the article states that seniors aged 75 years old and older should only be sentenced to death when they have caused the death of another person by cruel and unusual means. Article 1 states that seniors aged 75 years old or older who have committed crimes may be given lighter sentences. For those seniors who have committed crimes of negligence, their sentences can be lighter or mitigated. In addition, Article 19 dictates that criminals less than 18 years old at the time of a crime who are sentenced to prison terms of less than five years do not have to report to jail in situations of army recruitment and employment. [ 11 ] Later the same year, the Supreme People's Court ordered lower courts to suspend death sentences for two years and to "ensure that it only applies to a very small minority of criminals committing extremely serious crimes. This series of actions is thought of as marking the beginning of China's tenuous start toward completely abolishing the death penalty. While many critics are skeptical of Amendment VIII bringing long-term change, the reforms represent a gradual transition towards greater state respect and protection of human rights. [ citation needed ] In practice, China traditionally uses the firing squad as its standard method of execution. However, in recent years, China has adopted lethal injection as its sole method of execution, though execution by firing squad can still be administered. [ 38 ] [ better source needed ] Key reforms since 2006 [ edit ] Notice Improving Work on Open Trial for Second Instance Case with Death Sentences (7 December 2005) Provisions on Some Issues Concerning the Court Trial Procedures for the Second Instance of Cases Involving the Death Penalty (for Trial Implementation) (21 September 2006) Amendment to the Organic Law of the People's Court (31 October 2006) Provision of the SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Review of Death Penalty Cases (27 February 2007) Opinion on Strengthening Handling Cases in Strict Accordance with Law and Guaranteeing the Quality of Handling Death Penalty Cases (9 March 2007) Provisions Concerning Issues in Examination of Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases (13 June 2010) Regulation on Issues Concerning Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Handling Criminal Cases (13 June 2010) [ 11 ] Key changes since reforms in 2006 [ edit ] Exercise of the death penalty in general – After changes, the reform officially stated the principle of killing fewer and cautiously. Death Penalty (immediate execution) cases review body – SPC reassumes power to review immediate execution cases. Decisions on a wrongful conviction/sentence – SPC can order a lower court to retry a case except in a few scenarios. Questioning of convicted person during review – In principle, SPC judges should question the convicted person. Open trial during appeal – In cases that may result in immediate execution, there must be an open trial. Exclusion of illegal evidence – Evidence that is not acquired through legal means, like confessions obtained through torture must be excluded. In March 2007, China's representative in the UN Human Rights council, La Yifan stated that "the death penalty's scope of application was to be reviewed shortly, and it was expected that this scope would be reduced, with the final aim to abolish it." [ 11 ] During the same year, the Supreme People's Court assumed the power to review every death sentence handed down by a lower court. Since this reform, it has been rumored that the number of executions has at least halved. [ 54 ] In February 2011, capital punishment in China was abolished for 13 non-violent crimes and it was also banned for offenders over the age of 75. [ 54 ] In 2024, China issued the Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard "Taiwan independence" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession which state that supporters of Taiwanese independence , regardless of their location, can be tried in absentia and sentenced to death by Chinese courts. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] This section needs to be updated . The reason given is: Any polls after 2014? . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( December 2025 ) Capital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in Europe. [ 30 ] Surveys conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1995, for instance, found that 95% of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies. [ 57 ] A poll conducted in 2002, showed that 88% of the population are in favour of the death penalty. [ 58 ] In 2005, a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1% supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty. [ 11 ] Polling conducted by the Dui Hua Foundation in 2007 in Beijing , Hunan and Guangdong found a more moderate 58% in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8%) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public. [ 47 ] A survey conducted in 2008 by the Max Planck Institute showed that 60% of survey respondents in Beijing, Hubei , and Guangdong supported capital punishment. In the past, however, the public has expressed few dissenting opinions. [ 59 ] Reducing or abolishing the use of capital punishment has become a topic of open discussion during recent years. [ 5 ] A survey conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey of Peking University in 2014 showed that 68% of the Chinese people supported death penalty, and respondents with higher education were more likely to be supportive of the capital punishment. [ 60 ] International criticism [ edit ] Because of the wide application of capital offenses in Chinese criminal law, substantial use of capital punishment, and the hidden numbers of the execution rate, the Chinese death penalty system has been criticized by many international organizations which make an appeal to ethics and human rights, without always being well informed about the historical and cultural conditions in China. [ 58 ] A foreign reporter stated, "China's enthusiasm for capital punishment has long been a target for international criticism of its human rights record." Most of the international criticism stems from the wide scope of capital offenses and the amnesty system. [ 11 ] Amnesty International reports that until 2010 among 197 nations worldwide, 96 nations had completely abolished the death penalty, 9 had abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and 34 were abolitionist in practice, meaning that they have not executed anyone for at least 10 years and have generally settled on the policy to not sentence any executions. The last wave of international death penalty abolition has been influenced by the process of democratization and has inspired constitutions that protect the right to live. China has ratified more than 200 international covenants in recent decades and has taken on international responsibilities like respecting the right to life and thus limiting the use of capital punishment. When a draft of the Amendment was published in 2010, a foreign reporter commented, "it is believed that the proposed amendment is one of several moves by the Chinese government to soften its image as the world's biggest executioner." [ 11 ] According to an Amnesty International report, "available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year." [ 61 ] Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty. [ 62 ] However, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the Chinese Supreme Court and the United States Department of State , are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries. [ 30 ] International death penalty abolitionist norms and trends have shaped Chinese death penalty practices significantly in recent years. Through international interventions and policies, like the European Union -led campaign against the death penalty in China since the mid-2000s, there has been an increased exchange of anti-death penalty knowledge and ideologies, dissemination of original information, and legislation geared towards scaling down the wide application of the death penalty. [ 63 ] Allegation made by Falun Gong [ edit ] The Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong has accused Chinese hospitals of using the organs of executed prisoners for commercial transplantation . [ 64 ] Under Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but Wang Guoqi, a Chinese dissident and former PLA physician, has claimed that because of this and other legal restrictions an international black market in organs and cadavers from China has developed. [ 65 ] In December 2005, China's deputy health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that the country harvested organs from executed prisoners. [ 64 ] In 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the practice. [ 66 ] The Australian Refugee Review Tribunal and the Laogai Research Foundation , an NGO specialising in gathering information on human rights in Chinese prisons, investigated the claims made by Falun Gong by sending undercover investigators to Chinese hospitals, prisons, and military camps. [ 67 ] However, they were unable to find any evidence that organs were extracted against people's will, and concluded that: [ 67 ] 1) According to our investigation in China, the alleged concentration camp that locks up as many as 6,000 people does not exist in Sujiatun District; 2) over the past two decades, the Chinese government did harvest organs from death row prisoners, but neither in theory or in practice [is it possible] to conduct the operation to crop organs alive from as many as 4,500 people; 3) the report that "the CCP crops organs from the Falun Gong practitioners and exports them to Thailand and other countries" is totally unreliable. — Harry Wu, RRT Research Response (CHN31249), Refugee Review Tribunal & Laogai Research Foundation The investigators also tried to contact Falun Gong spokespeople and witnesses, but were either ignored or not provided with any evidence, causing the investigators to conclude that the witnesses "most probably had fabricated the story". [ 67 ] Wrongful convictions [ edit ] Death sentence with reprieve , an alternative of the capital punishment which potentially changes the penalty from death to life or limited term of imprisonment after 2 years of the conviction. Crime in China Law of China Capital punishment in Taiwan Capital punishment in Hong Kong Capital punishment in Macau ^ Miao, Michelle (June 2019). "Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China". The American Journal of Comparative Law . 67 (2): 327– 382. doi : 10.1093/ajcl/avz017 . ^ "中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China)" . www.gov.cn (in Simplified Chinese). 2012-03-17. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. 死刑采用枪决或者注射等方法执行 (A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection) ^ "中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版） [the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (English Version)]" . 中国人大网 ( National People's Congress of China) . 2011-08-23. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03 . Retrieved 2018-01-03 . A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection. ^ "Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide" . Cornell Law School. 2018-06-20. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17 . Retrieved 2019-01-16 . ^ a b Zhang, Lijia (2014-12-29). "Opinion \| China's Death-Penalty Debate" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2026-03-07 . ^ "Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says" . BBC News . 2019-01-15. Archived from the original on 2019-01-15 . Retrieved 2019-01-15 . China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands – more than the rest of the world's nations put together. ^ Hogg, Chris (2011-02-25). "China ends death penalty for 13 economic crimes" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 2015-01-18 . Retrieved 2015-02-22 . ^ "Beijing calls for an international "fox" hunt" . 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China Quarterly . 123 (123): 503– 520. doi : 10.1017/S0305741000018890 . JSTOR 654154 . S2CID 154380257 . ^ a b Cheng, Chi-Yu (1949). "The Chinese Theory of Criminal Law" . J. Crim. L. & Criminology . 39 : 464– 65. Archived from the original on 2017-03-04 . Retrieved 2017-03-03 . ^ Bakken, Børge (2016-04-08). "The Norms of Death: On Attitudes to Capital Punishment in China". In Scherdin, Lill (ed.). Capital Punishment: A Hazard to a Sustainable Criminal Justice System? . Routledge . doi : 10.4324/9781315570808-13 . ISBN 978-1-315-57080-8 . ^ Ni, Peimin (2017-02-07). Understanding the Analects of Confucius: A New Translation of Lunyu with Annotations . State University of New York Press . doi : 10.1515/9781438464527 . ISBN 978-1-4384-6452-7 . JSTOR jj.18252804 . ^ a b c d Lu, Hong; Miethe, Terance D. (2007). China's Death Penalty . Routledge . doi : 10.4324/9780203941300 . ISBN 978-1-135-91492-9 . ^ "Executions Around the World" . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 2010-05-03 . ^ "Overview: We know that, together, we can end the death penalty everywhere" . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on 2016-08-22 . Retrieved 2020-05-03 . ^ Johnson; Miao (December 2015). "Chinese Capital Punishment in Comparative Perspective". The Death Penalty in China . pp. 300– 326. doi : 10.7312/columbia/9780231170079.003.0011 . ISBN 9780231170079 . ^ a b c Fan, Maureen; Cha, Ariana Eunjung (2008-12-24). "China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2011-01-25 . Retrieved 2010-08-16 . ^ "INFOGRAPHIC: Capital punishment in China" . South China Morning Post. 2014-11-04. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05 . Retrieved 2020-05-03 . ^ Dui Hua Foundation. "Criminal Justice: Death Penalty Reform" . Dui Hua Foundation . Archived from the original on 2014-09-15 . Retrieved 2015-03-02 . ^ "China Executes Ex-Food and Drug Chief" . NPR . 2007-07-10. Archived from the original on 2015-05-05 . 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China Quarterly . 123 (123): 503– 520. doi : 10.1017/S0305741000018890 . JSTOR 654154 . S2CID 154380257 . ^ "Selected Legal Provisions of the People's Republic of China Affecting Criminal Justice" . Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 1997-03-14. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03 . Retrieved 2010-08-16 . ^ "Gang leader executed after retrial" . China Daily . 2003-12-23. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01 . Retrieved 2010-08-16 . ^ Lo, Sonny Shiu-Hing (July–August 2011). "The Influence of Hong Kong's Policing on China". Asian Survey . 51 (4): 770– 784. doi : 10.1525/as.2011.51.4.770 . ^ "Threats" . Panda Central . World Wide Fund for Nature . Archived from the original on 2010-05-29 . Retrieved 2010-08-16 . ^ "Capital crimes removed" . Archived from the original on 2011-05-04 . Retrieved 2011-08-22 . ^ "Criminal justice system improved for human rights\|Politics\|chinadaily.com.cn" . europe.chinadaily.com.cn . Archived from the original on 2013-08-22 . 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Retrieved 2019-06-23 . ^ Plaçais, Aurélie (2015-10-06). "China reduces the number of crimes punishable by death to 46, but keep drug trafficking in the list" . World Coalition against the Death Penalty. Archived from the original on 2019-06-23 . Retrieved 2019-06-23 . ^ "Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China – 1996" . Lehman, Lee & Xu. 1996-03-17. ^ "CHINA'S EXECUTIONERS: A PUNISHING SCHEDULE" . Washington Post . 1994-03-26. ^ Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 2010 Annual Report Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine , 10 October 2010, p. 98. ^ a b Dui Hua Foundation, 'Reducing Death Penalty Crimes in China More Symbol Than Substance' Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine , Dialogue, Issue 40, Fall 2010. ^ Miao, Michelle (2013). "The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism" . The British Journal of Criminology . 53 (3): 500– 519. doi : 10.1093/bjc/azt004 . Retrieved 2023-01-23 . ^ Smith, Craig S. (2001-12-28). "In Shift, Chinese Carry Out Executions by Lethal Injection" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2020-10-19 . ^ "People's Republic of China Today - A View of Its Juvenile Justice System \| Office of Justice Programs" . www.ojp.gov . Retrieved 2025-07-09 . ^ "Executions of Juveniles Outside of the U.S." Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 2025-07-09 . ^ Miao, Michelle (2013). "The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism" . The British Journal of Criminology . 53 (3): 500– 519. doi : 10.1093/bjc/azt004 . Retrieved 2023-01-23 . ^ news.xinhuanet.com Capital crimes dropped Archived 28 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine - Retrieved 6 April 2012 ^ a b Hood, Roger; Hoyle, Carolyn (2015). "The Death Penalty in China – The Road to Reform" . Oxford University Law Faculty . Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. ^ "China's regulations a bid for jurisdiction: experts" . Taipei Times . 2024-06-27 . Retrieved 2025-07-10 . ^ Lee, Yimou (2025-03-09). "China could 'arrest' Taiwanese abroad" . Taipei Times . Retrieved 2025-07-10 . ^ 学者称死刑未必公正政治家应引导民意废除 . qq.com (in Chinese). 青年周末. 2008-04-03. Archived from the original on 2013-10-01 . Retrieved 2012-06-07 . ^ a b Ning, Zhang (2005-12-01). "The Debate Over the Death Penalty in Today's China" . China Perspectives . 2005 (6): 1– 14. doi : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.545 . ISSN 2070-3449 . ^ Lim, Zi Heng (2013-05-09). "Why China Executes So Many People" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 2017-03-04. ^ Liu, John Zhuang (2020-06-19). "Public Support for the Death Penalty in China: Less from the Populace but More from Elites". The China Quarterly . 246 : 527– 544. doi : 10.1017/S0305741020000739 . ^ Griffiths, James (2016-04-07). "China is the world's top executioner, but it doesn't want you to know that" . CNN . Archived from the original on 2017-03-04. ^ "Death sentences and executions in 2010" . 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The Chinese Human Rights Web China: Death Penalty Worldwide Archived 27 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Capital+punishment+in+China "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Capital+punishment+in+China "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China) - [1 Historical background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Historical_background) - [2 Rates of execution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Rates_of_execution) - [3 Legal procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Legal_procedure) - [4 Execution procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Execution_procedure) Toggle Execution procedure subsection - [4\.1 Execution ground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Execution_ground) - [4\.2 Execution van](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Execution_van) - [5 Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Reform) Toggle Reform subsection - [5\.1 Key reforms since 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Key_reforms_since_2006) - [5\.2 Key changes since reforms in 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Key_changes_since_reforms_in_2006) - [6 Support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Support) - [7 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Criticism) Toggle Criticism subsection - [7\.1 International criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#International_criticism) - [7\.2 Allegation made by Falun Gong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Allegation_made_by_Falun_Gong) - [7\.3 Wrongful convictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#Wrongful_convictions) - [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#See_also) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#References) - [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Capital punishment in China 19 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[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/120px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_\(2\).svg) \| \| [Leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "List of leaders of the People's Republic of China") [Leadership generations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership "Generations of Chinese leadership") [Succession of power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China "Succession of power in China") [Hu–Wen Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration "Hu–Wen Administration") (2002–2012) [Xi–Li Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration "Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration") (2012–2017) [Xi's general 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and state leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders "Party and state leaders") [Orders of precedence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China "Orders of precedence in China") [Paramount leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader "Paramount leader"): [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [First lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "First Lady of the People's Republic of China"): [Peng Liyuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Liyuan "Peng Liyuan") [Communist Party leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Leader of the Chinese Communist Party"): [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [State representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China"): [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [Head of government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_China "List of premiers of China"): [Li Qiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang "Li Qiang") [Congress Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"): [Zhao Leji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji "Zhao Leji") [Conference Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference"): [Wang Huning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning "Wang Huning") [Commander-in-chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_command_of_the_armed_forces_in_China "Supreme command of the armed forces in China"): [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") Related systems [Unified power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_power "Unified power") [Democratic centralism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism "Democratic centralism") [Collective leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership "Collective leadership") [Organization Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party") [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_China "Elections in China") [Civil service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_China "Civil service of China") \| \| 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Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China") [Criminal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_China "Crime in China") [Capital punishment]() [Capital offences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China "Capital offences in China") [Death sentence with reprieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve") \| \| [Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "History of the Chinese Communist Party") [Principal leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Leader of the Chinese Communist Party") [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party") and 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Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party") ([20th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party")) [Central Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") ([20th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party")) [General Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Leader of the Chinese Communist Party")) [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [Central Politburo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party") ([20th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party")) [Standing Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") ([20th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party")) [Central Secretariat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party") ([20th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party")) First-ranked secretary: [Cai Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi "Cai Qi") [Central Military Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_\(China\) "Central Military Commission (China)") [Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_\(China\) "Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)"): [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [Vice Chairmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission"): [Zhang Youxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Youxia "Zhang Youxia") [National Security Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party") Chairman: [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") Vice-Chairman: [Li Qiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang "Li Qiang"), [Zhao Leji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji "Zhao Leji"), [Cai Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi "Cai Qi") Office Chief: [Cai Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi "Cai Qi") [Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission "Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission") Director: [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") Deputy Directors: [Li Qiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang "Li Qiang"), [Wang Huning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning "Wang Huning"), [Cai Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi "Cai Qi") Secretary-General: [Wang Huning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning "Wang Huning") [Financial & Economic Affairs Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission "Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission") Director: [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") Deputy Director: [Li Qiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang "Li Qiang") Office Chief: [He Lifeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Lifeng "He Lifeng") [General Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "General Office of the Chinese Communist Party") [Director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Director of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party"): [Cai Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi "Cai Qi") [Office of the General Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party") Director: [Han Shiming](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_Shiming&action=edit&redlink=1 "Han Shiming (page does not exist)") [Central Guard Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau "Central Guard Bureau") [Central Guard Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment "Central Guard Regiment") [Office of the Central Secrecy Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets "National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets") [Organization Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party") [Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Head of the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party"): [Shi Taifeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Taifeng "Shi Taifeng") [Central Commission for Discipline Inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection "Central Commission for Discipline Inspection") ([20th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection "20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection")) [Standing Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection "Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection") ([20th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection "Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection")) [Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection "Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"): [Li Xi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xi_\(politician\) "Li Xi (politician)") [Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission") Secretary: [Zhang Shengmin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin "Zhang Shengmin") [Central Leading Group for Inspection Work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work "Central Leading Group for Inspection Work") Leader: [Li Xi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xi_\(politician\) "Li Xi (politician)") Provincial committee [Standing committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee "Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee") [Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary "Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary") [Deputy secretaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary "Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary") [Party group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_group "Party group") \| \| [National People's Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress") ([14th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress "14th National People's Congress")) [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_China "Elections in China") [Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_China "Democracy in China") [System of people's congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_people%27s_congress "System of people's congress") [Standing Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Standing Committee of the National People's Congress") ([14th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_National_People%27s_Congress "Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress")) [Council of Chairpersons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Council of Chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress") [Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"): [Zhao Leji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji "Zhao Leji") [Vice-Chairpersons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress") Top-ranked: [Li Hongzhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hongzhong "Li Hongzhong") [Secretary-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"): [Liu Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Qi_\(politician,_born_1957\) "Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)") [Special Committees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Special Committee of the National People's Congress") [Ethnic Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee "Ethnic Affairs Committee") [Constitution and Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee "Constitution and Law Committee") [Supervisory and Judicial Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee "Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee") [Financial and Economic Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee "Financial and Economic Affairs Committee") [Education, Science, Culture and Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee "Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee") [Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress") [Overseas Chinese Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee "Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee") [Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee "Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee") [Agriculture and Rural Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee "Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee") [Social Development Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee "Social Development Affairs Committee") [Presidium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress "Presidium of the National People's Congress") State representative [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China "President of China") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China")): [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [Presidential Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_China "Office of the President of China") Chief: [Han Shiming](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_Shiming&action=edit&redlink=1 "Han Shiming (page does not exist)") [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China "Vice President of China"): [Han Zheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng "Han Zheng") Executive organ [State Council (Central People's Government)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China "State Council of China") [Li Qiang Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang_government "Li Qiang government") [Premier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China "Premier of China") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_China "List of premiers of China")): [Li Qiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang "Li Qiang") [Vice-Premiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China "Vice Premier of China") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China")) [Ding Xuexiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang "Ding Xuexiang") [He Lifeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Lifeng "He Lifeng") [Zhang Guoqing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing "Zhang Guoqing") [Liu Guozhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Guozhong "Liu Guozhong") [State Councilors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_councillor "State councillor") [Wang Xiaohong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong "Wang Xiaohong") [Wu Zhenglong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong "Wu Zhenglong") [Shen Yiqin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Yiqin "Shen Yiqin") [Secretary-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council "Secretary-General of the State Council"): [Wu Zhenglong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong "Wu Zhenglong") [Cabinet-level departments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council "Constituent departments of the State Council") [National Development & Reform Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission "National Development and Reform Commission") [Central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China "People's Bank of China") [National Audit Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audit_Office_\(China\) "National Audit Office (China)") [General Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council "General Office of the State Council") [Secretary-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council "Secretary-General of the State Council") [Deputy Secretaries-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council "Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council") [State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission_of_the_State_Council "State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council") [most Central Enterprises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China "List of government-owned companies of China") Military organ [Central Military Commission (CMC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_\(China\) "Central Military Commission (China)") [Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_\(China\) "Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)") ([supreme commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_command_of_the_armed_forces_in_China "Supreme command of the armed forces in China")): [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") [Vice Chairmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission"): [Zhang Youxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Youxia "Zhang Youxia") Vacant Members: [Liu Zhenli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_\(general\) "Liu Zhenli (general)") [Zhang Shengmin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin "Zhang Shengmin") Departments: [General Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "General Office of the Central Military Commission") Director: [Zhong Shaojun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun "Zhong Shaojun") [Joint Staff Dept.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_\(China\) "Joint Staff Department (China)") [Chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff "Chief of staff"): [Liu Zhenli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_\(general\) "Liu Zhenli (general)") [Political Work Dept.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission") Director: Vacant [Logistic Support Dept.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department "Logistic Support Department") Director: [Zhang Lin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Lin_\(general\) "Zhang Lin (general)") [Equipment Development Dept.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission") Director: [Xu Xueqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang "Xu Xueqiang") [Training and Administration Dept.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission") Director: [Wang Peng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Peng_\(lieutenant_general\) "Wang Peng (lieutenant general)") [National Defense Mobilization Dept.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission") Director: [Liu Faqing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Faqing "Liu Faqing") [Discipline Inspection Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission") Secretary: [Zhang Shengmin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin "Zhang Shengmin") [Politics and Legal Affairs Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission") [Science and Technology Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission") [Strategic Planning Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission") [Reform & Organizational Structure Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure "Office for Reform and Organizational Structure") [Int'l Military Cooperation Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission") [Audit Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Audit Office of the Central Military Commission") [Offices Administration Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission "Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission") National armed forces: [![Emblem of the People's Liberation Army](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/40px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg "Emblem of the People's Liberation Army") [People's Liberation Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") [Theater commands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_command "Theater command") [![Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/40px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_\(CAPF\)_cap_insignia.svg "Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force") [People's Armed Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police "People's Armed Police") [1st Mobile Contingent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mobile_Contingent "1st Mobile Contingent") [2nd Mobile Contingent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Mobile_Contingent "2nd Mobile Contingent") [![Emblem of the Coast Guard](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/40px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_\(2024\).png "Emblem of the Coast Guard") [China Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Coast_Guard "China Coast Guard") [Militia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_\(China\) "Militia (China)") [State Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China "State Council of China") [National Defense Mobilization Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission "National Defense Mobilization Commission") [Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China "Premier of China"): [Li Qiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang "Li Qiang") [Ministry of National Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_\(China\) "Ministry of National Defense (China)") [Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_\(China\) "Minister of National Defense (China)"): [Dong Jun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Jun "Dong Jun") [Ministry of Veterans Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_\(China\) "Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)") [State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence "State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence") [Military history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army "History of the People's Liberation Army") [Armed conflicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "List of wars involving the People's Republic of China") [Military modernization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army "Modernization of the People's Liberation Army") [Military reform since 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform "Deepening National Defense and Military Reform") [CMC Leading Group for Military Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform "Central Leading Group for Military Reform") Leader: [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") Supervisory organ [National Supervisory Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission "National Supervisory Commission") [Director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission "Director of the National Supervisory Commission"): [Liu Jinguo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jinguo "Liu Jinguo") [Corruption in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China "Corruption in China") [Anti-corruption campaign since 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping "Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping") [Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_\(Hong_Kong\) "Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)") [Commission Against Corruption (Macau)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_\(Macau\) "Commission Against Corruption (Macau)") Judicial organs [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court "Supreme People's Court") [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court "President of the Supreme People's Court"): [Zhang Jun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jun_\(politician\) "Zhang Jun (politician)") [People's Courts Judicial Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Police_\(China\) "People's Police (China)") [Supreme People's Procuratorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate "Supreme People's Procuratorate") [Procurator-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate "Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate"): [Ying Yong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying_Yong "Ying Yong") [People's Procuratorates Judicial Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Police_\(China\) "People's Police (China)") [Judiciary of Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong "Judiciary of Hong Kong") [Court of Final Appeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal "Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal") [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_\(Hong_Kong\) "Department of Justice (Hong Kong)") [Prosecutions Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_\(Hong_Kong\) "Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)") [Law enforcement in Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong "Law enforcement in Hong Kong") [Disciplined Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplined_Services "Disciplined Services") [Security Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Bureau_\(Hong_Kong\) "Security Bureau (Hong Kong)") [Hong Kong Police Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force "Hong Kong Police Force") [Judiciary of Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau "Judiciary of Macau") [Court of Final Appeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_\(Macau\) "Court of Final Appeal (Macau)") [Public Prosecutions Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_\(Macau\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)") [Secretariat for Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_\(Macau\) "Secretariat for Security (Macau)") [Macau Security Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Security_Force "Macau Security Force") [Unitary Police Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1 "Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80 "zh:警察總局")\] [Public Security Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force "Public Security Police Force") [Judiciary Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1 "Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80 "zh:司法警察局")\] \| \| [United front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_\(China\) "United front (China)") [System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_multi-party_cooperation_and_political_consultation "System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation") [Political Consultative Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference") [National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference") ([14th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference")) [Standing Committee of the National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference") ([14th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Standing Committee of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference")) [Chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference"): [Wang Huning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning "Wang Huning") [Vice-Chairpersons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Vice Chairperson of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference") Top-ranked: [Shi Taifeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Taifeng "Shi Taifeng") [Secretary-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Secretary-General of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference"): [Wang Dongfeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng "Wang Dongfeng") [Political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China "List of political parties in China"): [CCP (ruling)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") [United Front Work Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department "United Front Work Department") [Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_United_Front_Work_Department "Head of the United Front Work Department"): [Li Ganjie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ganjie "Li Ganjie") [Democratic parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_parties_\(China\) "Democratic parties (China)") [RCCK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang "Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang") [CDL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Democratic_League "China Democratic League") [CNDCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association "China National Democratic Construction Association") [CAPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy "China Association for Promoting Democracy") [CPWDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party "Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party") [CZGP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party "China Zhi Gong Party") [JS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiusan_Society "Jiusan Society") [TDSL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League "Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League") Historical parties: [KMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") [CDSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party "China Democratic Socialist Party") [YCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_China_Party "Young China Party") [Federation of Industry and Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce "All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce") [People's organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_organization "People's organization") \| \| [Law enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China "Law enforcement in China") [CCP Central Politics and Law Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission "Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission") [Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission "Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission"): [Chen Wenqing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wenqing "Chen Wenqing") [Enforced disappearance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforced_disappearance "Enforced disappearance") [Ministry of Public Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_\(China\) "Ministry of Public Security (China)") [Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_\(China\) "Minister of Public Security (China)"): [Wang Xiaohong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong "Wang Xiaohong") [Public Security Organs People's Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Police_\(China\) "People's Police (China)") [State Immigration Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration "State Immigration Administration") [Local public security bureaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_security_bureau_\(China\) "Public security bureau (China)") [Ministry of State Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_\(China\) "Ministry of State Security (China)") [Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_\(China\) "Minister of State Security (China)"): [Chen Yixin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yixin "Chen Yixin") [State Security Organs People's Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Police_\(China\) "People's Police (China)") [Ministry of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_\(China\) "Ministry of Justice (China)") [Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_\(China\) "Minister of Justice (China)"): [He Rong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Rong "He Rong") [Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Police_\(China\) "People's Police (China)") [![Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/40px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_\(CAPF\)_cap_insignia.svg "Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force") [People's Armed Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police "People's Armed Police") [1st Mobile Contingent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mobile_Contingent "1st Mobile Contingent") [2nd Mobile Contingent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Mobile_Contingent "2nd Mobile Contingent") [![Emblem of the Coast Guard](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/40px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_\(2024\).png "Emblem of the Coast Guard") [China Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Coast_Guard "China Coast Guard") [Bureau of Prison Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80 "zh:司法部监狱管理局")\] [Office for Safeguarding National Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security "Office for Safeguarding National Security") [Urban Management (chengguan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement "Urban management and law enforcement") \| \| [Propaganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_China "Propaganda in China") [Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture "Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture") Leader: [Cai Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi "Cai Qi") Deputy Leaders: [Li Shulei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shulei "Li Shulei"), [Shen Yiqin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Yiqin "Shen Yiqin") [Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization "Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization") Director: [Cai Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi "Cai Qi") Deputy Director: [Li Shulei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shulei "Li Shulei") [Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party") [Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Head of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party"): [Li Shulei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shulei "Li Shulei") [General Administration of Press and Publication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication "General Administration of Press and Publication") [China Film Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Film_Administration "China Film Administration") [State Council Information Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office "State Council Information Office") [China Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily "China Daily") [Ministry of Culture and Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_\(China\) "Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)") [National Radio and Television Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration "National Radio and Television Administration") [China Media Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Media_Group "China Media Group") [China Central Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television "China Central Television") [China Global Television Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network "China Global Television Network") [China National Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Radio "China National Radio") [China Radio International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Radio_International "China Radio International") [Xinhua News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency") [Reference News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_News "Reference News") [China News Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_News_Service "China News Service") [People's Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily "People's Daily") [Global Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Times "Global Times") [China Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Today "China Today") [Censorship in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_China 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Union relations") [China–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations "China–Iran relations") [China–Latin America relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations "China–Latin America relations") [China–Pacific relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations "Sino-Pacific relations") [China–Russia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations "China–Russia relations") [China–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations "China–United States relations") \| \| Related topics [Administrative divisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China "Administrative divisions of China") [Chinese information operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare "Chinese information operations and information warfare") [Ethnic minorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China "Ethnic minorities in China") [Family planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_policy "Family planning policy") [Hukou system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukou_system "Hukou system") [Human rights in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China "Human rights in China") [Chinese intelligence activity abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad "Chinese intelligence activity abroad") \| \| ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png) [China portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China "Portal:China") [Other countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region "Outline of political science") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China "Template:Politics of China") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China "Template talk:Politics of China") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China "Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China") \| [Capital punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment "Capital punishment") is a legal penalty in the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China"). It is applicable to offenses ranging from murder to [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China "Illegal drug trade in China").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-1) Executions are carried out by [lethal injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection") or by [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_shooting "Execution by shooting").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Cornell_Law_School-4) A survey conducted by [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") in 2014 found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5) According to [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International"), China executes more people than all other countries combined.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-6) The exact numbers of executions and death sentences are not publicly available, being considered a state secret by China.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-7) According to the U.S.-based [Dui Hua Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)"), the estimated number of executions has declined steadily in the twenty-first century, from 12,000 each year to 2,400.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-8) However, in 2022 the [World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty "World Coalition Against the Death Penalty") announced that since 2007 at least 8,000 people per year were executed in China.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-9) Since 2006, the [Chinese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China "Government of China") has taken effective measures to limit use of the death penalty,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-10) proclaiming that it is doing this with the aim of completely abolishing it.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Capital punishment in China should not be confused with [death sentence with reprieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve"), which is a form of lenient sentencing that is handed down by Chinese courts as frequently as, or more often than, actual death sentences.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-12) Death sentence with reprieve is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and is sometimes inaccurately added to the number of actual death sentences.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-13) ## Historical background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Historical background")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg/250px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg) Ming dynasty [Shuilu ritual painting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuilu_ritual_paintings "Shuilu ritual paintings") depicting imprisonment and execution. Capital punishment was one of the classical [Five Punishments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Punishments "Five Punishments") of China's dynastic period.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14) In [Chinese philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy "Chinese philosophy"), capital punishment was supported by the [Legalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_\(Chinese_philosophy\) "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)"), but its application was tempered by the [Confucians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucians "Confucians"), who preferred rehabilitation and mercy over capital punishment.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-15): 199 [Confucius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius "Confucius") did not oppose capital punishment absolutely, but did take the view that in a well-ordered society based on moral persuasion, capital punishment would become unnecessary.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-16): 293–94 During China's early dynasties, capital punishment and amputation were predominant among the five punishments. Later, amputation became less common, but capital punishment and corporal punishment remained. There was wide variability in the number of types of capital offenses over time. Under the Punishments of Lu (Lu Xing), written sometime in the [Warring States period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period "Warring States period") (475–221 BCE), there were 200 capital offenses.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33 The [Tang Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Code "Tang Code") (653 CE) listed 233 capital offenses, and the [Song dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") (960–1279) retained these and added sixty more over time. Under the [Yuan dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty "Yuan dynasty"), the "number of separate capital provisions" precipitously dropped, reaching a low of 125 crimes. The number of capital offenses spiked again under the [Ming dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty") (1368–1644), with 282 capital offenses, and the [Qing dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") (1644–1911), with more than 800 capital offenses.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33 Historically, poorer and lower-status Chinese were most often subject to capital punishment; however, officials and others of high-rank were put to death as a means of social control in times of war, internal disarray, or strife.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 31–32 For example, [King Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou "King Wu of Zhou") of the [Western Zhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou "Western Zhou") ordered officials who violated royal regulations, failed to carry out their duties, or "promulgated innovations" to be put to death; 39 military officials were executed following a peasant uprising during the [Tang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty"); the [six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_gentlemen_of_the_Hundred_Days%27_Reform "Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform"), who advocated social reform in the late Qing dynasty were executed.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32 The first type of classical punishment was a [system of torture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture "Torture") used in the process of examining a criminal. Examining a criminal by torture began in the [Qin dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty "Qin dynasty") when judges, after a preliminary hearing and investigation, used bambooing and [bastinado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastinado "Bastinado") to force the offender to admit to committing the crime. Second, there was a system of [collective responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_responsibility "Collective responsibility") initiated by [Duke Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Qin "Duke Wen of Qin") of the [State of Qin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_\(state\) "Qin (state)"); under that system, when a criminal is sentenced to death, other family members above a certain age were also sentenced to death. This included the wife's family or siblings' families. At some point, even the families of a man's concubines were also killed. Thirdly, there was a system of revenge based on the [Confucian philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_philosophy "Confucian philosophy") centered around [filial piety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety "Filial piety"). The right to seek retribution was codified in the Legal Code of the [Qing dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") (1644–1911), which describes the legal proceedings and punishments for family members who seek revenge and kill the murderer of their relatives. The fourth type of punishment system was structured according to booty, loot, and spoil. Following conviction of these crimes, the punishment ranged from fifty strokes of the cane or death by hanging. Finally, the fifth classical punishment was a system advocating amnesty, probation, and parole. However, this system of punishment was not practiced often because the Chinese legal system asserted a retributive theory of punishment.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14) ## Rates of execution \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Rates of execution")\] By both confirmed and estimated data, the number of executions from capital punishment in China is far higher than in any other country, while the number [per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita "Per capita") is comparable to Vietnam and Singapore, and lower than several other countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) The number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People's Court regained the power to review all death sentences; for instance, the [Dui Hua Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)") estimates that China executed 12,000 people in 2002, 6,500 people in 2007, and roughly 2,400 in 2013 and 2014.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-23)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) Given conservative and variable estimates of executions in China, executions in China account for more than 58% in 2009 and 65% in 2010 of those worldwide.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) The exact numbers of people executed in China is classified as a state secret; occasionally death penalty cases are posted publicly by the judiciary, as in certain high-profile cases. One such example was the execution of former [State Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Food_and_Drug_Administration "State Food and Drug Administration") director [Zheng Xiaoyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Xiaoyu "Zheng Xiaoyu"), which was confirmed by both state television and the official [Xinhua News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-24) Other media, such as Internet message boards, have become outlets for confirming death penalty cases usually after a sentence has been carried out. Because of the inaccessibility to official statistics of the number of executions that occur within the death penalty system, academic researchers must use data compiled by NGOs such as [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International"), which is the most cited source of reports regarding rates of execution statistics. In 2009, Amnesty International counted 1718 executions as having taken place during 2008 (which equates to 0.0001%, or 1 in 1,000,000 of the Chinese population[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-25)), based on all information available. Amnesty International believed that the total figure was likely to be much higher.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-26) According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", "it also represents the most conservative estimate of death sentences and executions in China due to the following accounting rules: 1) when there is doubt of accuracy, figures were excluded; 2) where two conflicting reports existed, the lower figure was used; 3) when a combined figure of death sentences and prison sentences was given, only one death sentence was recorded; and 4) when a group was sentenced to death, only one sentence was entered."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) ## Legal procedure \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Legal procedure")\] After a first trial conducted by an [intermediate people's court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_people%27s_court "Intermediate people's court") concludes with a death sentence, a double appeals process must follow. The first appeal is conducted by a [high people's court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_people%27s_court "High people's court") if the condemned appealed to it, and since 2007, another appeal is conducted automatically (even if the condemned waived the first appeal) by the [Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") (SPC) in Beijing,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) to prevent the circumstances in which the defendant is proven innocent after the death penalty—an obviously irrevocable punishment—has been administered. When a case involving the death penalty is sent to the SPC for mandatory review, the case is delivered to one of the court's five divisions according to the geographic origin of the case or, in some cases, the type of crime involved.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The SPC's second criminal division is dedicated to handling review of some of the most sensitive cases.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Each case is then assigned to a panel of three judges, one of whom is designated as the principal case manager.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Since 2012, judges are also required to interview defendants before deciding whether or not to confirm a death sentence.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The judges write reports summarizing the case, discuss the case, and then report the decision to the division head, SPC vice president, and finally the SPC president.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) If the lower court death sentence is upheld, the execution is carried out shortly thereafter. As a result of its reforms, the PRC's government claims, the Supreme People's Court overturned about 15 percent of the death sentences handed down by high courts in the first half of 2008. In a brief report in May 2008, [Xinhua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua "Xinhua") quoted anonymous sources as saying Chinese courts handed down 30 percent fewer death sentences in 2007 compared with 2006.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) The cases of Li Yan (2014) and [Wu Ying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Ying#Trials_and_sentencing "Wu Ying") (2012) are two examples in which the Supreme People's Court reversed a death sentence pronounced by lower courts.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-29) Chinese courts hand down the sentence of "[death sentence with two years' probation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve")" ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"): 死缓; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin "Pinyin"): sǐ huǎn) as frequently as, or more often than,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) they do actual death sentences. This unique sentence is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and has a centuries-old history in Chinese jurisprudence.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) It is almost always reduced to [life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment "Life imprisonment") or 10 to 15 years imprisonment if no new crime is intentionally committed during the two year [probationary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation "Probation") period.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Article 49 in the Chinese criminal code explicitly forbids the death penalty for offenders who are under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-cecc-31) The SPC also issued a policy in 2007 which required lower courts to arrange for the [visitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_\(law\) "Contact (law)") of condemned criminals by relatives; forbade the practice by local authorities of parading prisoners on death row; and required that executions be publicly announced.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) However, capital punishment in China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced the leader of a [triad society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_society "Triad society") to a death sentence with two years of probation. However, the public opinion was that the sentence was too light. Under public pressure, the Supreme People's Court took the case and retried the leader, resulting in a death sentence which was carried out immediately.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-32) Since 1980, the state's security apparatus has initiated various "strike hard" (Chinese: 严打; pinyin: Yándǎ) campaigns against specific types of crime. Critics have noted that the campaigns lead to the streamlining of capital cases, where cases are investigated, appeals heard, and sentences carried out at rates much more rapidly than normal. Since 2006, [Chinese Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") justice [Xiao Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Yang_\(judge\) "Xiao Yang (judge)") has worked to blunt the "strike hard" policy with his own policy of "balancing leniency and severity" (Chinese: 宽严相济; pinyin: Kuānyán Xiāngjì), which is supposedly influenced by [Hu Jintao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao "Hu Jintao")'s [harmonious society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonious_society "Harmonious society") concept. Xiao's policy includes improving the quality of appeals by mandating that the SPC, rather than simply the high people's court, review capital crime cases; increasing use of the "death sentence with two years' probation"; and requiring "clear facts" and "abundant evidence" for capital cases.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) The [abolition of the death penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong "Capital punishment in Hong Kong") in [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") since 1993 is a major reason why [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") does not have a [rendition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendition_\(law\) "Rendition (law)") agreement with that city.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-33) Since April 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit), a proposed extradition bill has sparked massive [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests "2019–20 Hong Kong protests").\[[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")\] The list of capital crimes includes counter-revolutionary crimes, such as organizing an "armed mass rebellion"; endangerment of public security, such as committing [arson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson "Arson"); and crimes against the person, such as the rape of a person under the age of 14.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) During the 1980s, "economic crimes" such as [bribery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery "Bribery"), [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_trafficking "Drug trafficking"), and [embezzlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement "Embezzlement") were added to the legal code.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Capital punishment in China can be imposed on crimes against national symbols and [treasures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_treasure "National treasure"), such as theft of cultural relics and (before 1997) the killing of [giant pandas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda "Giant panda").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-34) Executions under the pretense of political crimes are extremely rare and confined to persons involved in violence or the threat of violence.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Thirteen crimes were removed from the list of capital offenses in 2011, including smuggling of cultural relics, wildlife products, and precious metals.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) This brought the total number of capital offenses down from 68 to 55,[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38) though many of the crimes dropped from the list were rarely if ever punished with death penalty.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) The Draft 9th Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law was passed on 29 August 2015, which removed a further nine crimes from the list of capital offenses.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-39) The crimes that were removed were:[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-43) - Smuggling weapons or ammunition - Smuggling nuclear materials - Smuggling counterfeit money - Counterfeiting - Investment fraud/fraudulent fundraising - Organizing prostitution - Forcing prostitution - Obstructing military affairs - Spreading rumors and undermining morale during wartime ## Execution procedure \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Execution procedure")\] The execution protocol is defined on the criminal procedure law, under article 252:[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-44) - Before a people's court executes a death sentence, it shall notify the people's procuratorate at the same level to send personnel to supervise the execution. - Death sentences shall be executed by means of shooting or injection. - Death sentences may be executed at the execution ground or in designated places of custody. - The judicial personnel directing the execution shall verify the identity of the criminal offender, ask him if he has any last words or letters, and then deliver him to the executioner for the death sentence. If, before the execution, it is found that there may be an error, the execution shall be suspended and the matter shall be reported to the Supreme People's Court for decision. - Execution of death sentences shall be announced to the public, but shall not be [held in public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_execution "Public execution"). - The attending court clerk shall, after the execution of a death sentence, make a written record thereon. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall submit a report on the execution to the Supreme People's Court. - The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall, after the execution, notify the family of the criminal offender. In Beijing, the execution ground is located on a hillside next to Jingyuan Road, near Yingshangzui Park in Mentougou. It's a compound with a sign on the gate reading "Beijing Supreme People's Court Project 86".[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-45) It has become redundant since lethal injection was introduced. ### Execution ground \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Execution ground")\] In most parts of China, there is no specific execution ground. A scout team chooses a place in advance to serve as the execution ground. In such case, the execution ground normally will have three perimeters: - the innermost 50 meters is the responsibility of the execution team; - the 200 meter radius from the center is the responsibility of the [People's Armed Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police "People's Armed Police"); - the 2 km alert line is the responsibility of the local police. The public is generally not allowed to view the execution.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The role of the executioner was fulfilled in the past by the [People's Armed Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police "People's Armed Police") soldiers. In recent times, the People's Courts’ [judicial police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_police "Judicial police") officers (Chinese: 法警; pinyin: fǎjǐng) assumed this role.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] China commonly employs two methods of execution. Since 1949, the most common method has been [execution by firing squad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad "Execution by firing squad"), which has been largely superseded by [lethal injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection"), using the same three-drug cocktail pioneered by [the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States "Capital punishment in the United States"), introduced in 1996. ### Execution van \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Execution van")\] [Execution vans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_van "Execution van") are unique to China. Lethal injection is more commonly used for "economic crimes", such as [corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption "Political corruption"), while firing squads are used for more common crimes like [murder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder "Murder"). In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injection become the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only legal form of capital punishment.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-46) The Dui Hua foundation notes that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of execution is rarely specified in published reports.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47) ## Reform \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Reform")\] [Chinese authorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Government of the People's Republic of China") have recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-48) In 1996, the government made lethal injection a legal method of execution. The [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court "Supreme People's Court") distributed the execution kits, developed by the [China Academy of Medical Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Academy_of_Medical_Science&action=edit&redlink=1 "China Academy of Medical Science (page does not exist)") Pharmaceutical Institute, and the first experiments occurred in 1997.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-49) The same year, China banned suspended [capital punishment for juvenile offenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_juvenile_offenders "Capital punishment for juvenile offenders"). Before then, 16-year-olds and 17-year-olds could be sentenced to death for particularly heinous crimes, albeit the law mandated that the [death sentence be suspended](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_death_sentence "Suspended death sentence") and only be carried out when the juvenile had resisted any and all efforts to reform them.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-50) However, several more juvenile offenders were executed after this law was passed. In 2003, 18-year-old Zhao Lin was executed for a murder committed in 2000, when he was sixteen.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-51) Since 2006, under global pressures, China has embarked on significant reforms on the death penalty system.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-52) In 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) which was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The [National People's Congress Standing Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee "National People's Congress Standing Committee") adopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-53) According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: "smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals".[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) In addition to decreasing the number of capital offenses, in Article 3 of Amendment VIII, the article states that seniors aged 75 years old and older should only be sentenced to death when they have caused the death of another person by cruel and unusual means. Article 1 states that seniors aged 75 years old or older who have committed crimes may be given lighter sentences. For those seniors who have committed crimes of negligence, their sentences can be lighter or mitigated. In addition, Article 19 dictates that criminals less than 18 years old at the time of a crime who are sentenced to prison terms of less than five years do not have to report to jail in situations of army recruitment and employment.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Later the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") ordered lower courts to suspend death sentences for two years and to "ensure that it only applies to a very small minority of criminals committing extremely serious crimes. This series of actions is thought of as marking the beginning of China's tenuous start toward completely abolishing the death penalty. While many critics are skeptical of Amendment VIII bringing long-term change, the reforms represent a gradual transition towards greater state respect and protection of human rights.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In practice, China traditionally uses the [firing squad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_squad "Firing squad") as its standard method of execution. However, in recent years, China has adopted [lethal injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection") as its sole method of execution, though execution by firing squad can still be administered.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38)\[[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] ### Key reforms since 2006 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Key reforms since 2006")\] - Notice Improving Work on Open Trial for Second Instance Case with Death Sentences (7 December 2005) - Provisions on Some Issues Concerning the Court Trial Procedures for the Second Instance of Cases Involving the Death Penalty (for Trial Implementation) (21 September 2006) - Amendment to the Organic Law of the People's Court (31 October 2006) - Provision of the SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Review of Death Penalty Cases (27 February 2007) - Opinion on Strengthening Handling Cases in Strict Accordance with Law and Guaranteeing the Quality of Handling Death Penalty Cases (9 March 2007) - Provisions Concerning Issues in Examination of Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases (13 June 2010) - Regulation on Issues Concerning Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Handling Criminal Cases (13 June 2010)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) ### Key changes since reforms in 2006 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Key changes since reforms in 2006")\] - Exercise of the death penalty in general – After changes, the reform officially stated the principle of killing fewer and cautiously. - Death Penalty (immediate execution) cases review body – SPC reassumes power to review immediate execution cases. - Decisions on a wrongful conviction/sentence – SPC can order a lower court to retry a case except in a few scenarios. - Questioning of convicted person during review – In principle, SPC judges should question the convicted person. - Open trial during appeal – In cases that may result in immediate execution, there must be an open trial. - Exclusion of illegal evidence – Evidence that is not acquired through legal means, like confessions obtained through torture must be excluded. In March 2007, China's representative in the UN Human Rights council, La Yifan stated that "the death penalty's scope of application was to be reviewed shortly, and it was expected that this scope would be reduced, with the final aim to abolish it."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) During the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court "Supreme People's Court") assumed the power to review every death sentence handed down by a lower court. Since this reform, it has been rumored that the number of executions has at least halved.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54) In February 2011, capital punishment in China was abolished for 13 non-violent crimes and it was also banned for offenders over the age of 75.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54) In 2024, China issued the [Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard "Taiwan independence" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidelines_on_Imposing_Criminal_Punishments_on_Diehard_%22Taiwan_independence%22_Separatists_for_Conducting_or_Inciting_Secession "Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard \"Taiwan independence\" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession") which state that supporters of [Taiwanese independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement "Taiwan independence movement"), regardless of their location, can be [tried in absentia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia "Trial in absentia") and sentenced to death by Chinese courts.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-56) ## Support \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Support")\] \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png) \| This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Any polls after 2014?. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2025) \| Capital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in Europe.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Surveys conducted by the [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Social Sciences") in 1995, for instance, found that 95% of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-57) A poll conducted in 2002, showed that 88% of the population are in favour of the death penalty.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) In 2005, a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1% supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Polling conducted by the [Dui Hua Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)") in 2007 in [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [Hunan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan "Hunan") and [Guangdong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong "Guangdong") found a more moderate 58% in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8%) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47) A survey conducted in 2008 by the [Max Planck Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute "Max Planck Institute") showed that 60% of survey respondents in Beijing, [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), and Guangdong supported capital punishment. In the past, however, the public has expressed few dissenting opinions.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:0-59) Reducing or abolishing the use of capital punishment has become a topic of open discussion during recent years.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5) A survey conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey of [Peking University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University "Peking University") in 2014 showed that 68% of the Chinese people supported death penalty, and respondents with higher education were more likely to be supportive of the capital punishment.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-60) ## Criticism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Criticism")\] ### International criticism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: International criticism")\] Because of the wide application of capital offenses in Chinese criminal law, substantial use of capital punishment, and the hidden numbers of the execution rate, the Chinese death penalty system has been criticized by many international organizations which make an appeal to ethics and human rights, without always being well informed about the historical and cultural conditions in China.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) A foreign reporter stated, "China's enthusiasm for capital punishment has long been a target for international criticism of its human rights record." Most of the international criticism stems from the wide scope of capital offenses and the amnesty system.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") reports that until 2010 among 197 nations worldwide, 96 nations had completely abolished the death penalty, 9 had abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and 34 were abolitionist in practice, meaning that they have not executed anyone for at least 10 years and have generally settled on the policy to not sentence any executions. The last wave of international death penalty abolition has been influenced by the process of democratization and has inspired constitutions that protect the right to live. China has ratified more than 200 international covenants in recent decades and has taken on international responsibilities like respecting the right to life and thus limiting the use of capital punishment. When a draft of the Amendment was published in 2010, a foreign reporter commented, "it is believed that the proposed amendment is one of several moves by the Chinese government to soften its image as the world's biggest executioner."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) According to an Amnesty International report, "available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year."[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-61) Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-62) However, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the [Chinese Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") and the [United States Department of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State"), are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) International death penalty abolitionist norms and trends have shaped Chinese death penalty practices significantly in recent years. Through international interventions and policies, like the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")\-led campaign against the death penalty in China since the mid-2000s, there has been an increased exchange of anti-death penalty knowledge and ideologies, dissemination of original information, and legislation geared towards scaling down the wide application of the death penalty.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-63) ### Allegation made by Falun Gong \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Allegation made by Falun Gong")\] The [Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_to_Investigate_the_Persecution_of_Falun_Gong "Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong") has accused Chinese hospitals of [using the organs of executed prisoners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China "Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China") for [commercial transplantation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_China "Organ transplantation in China").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) Under Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but Wang Guoqi, a Chinese dissident and former [PLA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") physician, has claimed that because of this and other legal restrictions an international [black market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market "Black market") in organs and cadavers from China has developed.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-65) In December 2005, China's deputy health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that the country harvested organs from executed prisoners.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) In 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the practice.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-66) The Australian [Refugee Review Tribunal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Review_Tribunal "Refugee Review Tribunal") and the [Laogai Research Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laogai_Research_Foundation "Laogai Research Foundation"), an NGO specialising in gathering information on human rights in Chinese prisons, investigated the claims made by [Falun Gong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun_Gong "Falun Gong") by sending undercover investigators to Chinese hospitals, prisons, and military camps.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) However, they were unable to find any evidence that organs were extracted against people's will, and concluded that:[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) > 1\) According to our investigation in China, the alleged concentration camp that locks up as many as 6,000 people does not exist in Sujiatun District; 2) over the past two decades, the Chinese government did harvest organs from death row prisoners, but neither in theory or in practice \[is it possible\] to conduct the operation to crop organs alive from as many as 4,500 people; 3) the report that "the CCP crops organs from the Falun Gong practitioners and exports them to Thailand and other countries" is totally unreliable. — Harry Wu, RRT Research Response (CHN31249), Refugee Review Tribunal & Laogai Research Foundation The investigators also tried to contact Falun Gong spokespeople and witnesses, but were either ignored or not provided with any evidence, causing the investigators to conclude that the witnesses "most probably had fabricated the story".[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) ### Wrongful convictions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Wrongful convictions")\] For a more comprehensive list, see [List of miscarriage of justice cases § China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_miscarriage_of_justice_cases#China "List of miscarriage of justice cases"). ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Death sentence with reprieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve"), an alternative of the capital punishment which potentially changes the penalty from death to life or limited term of imprisonment after 2 years of the conviction. - [Crime in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_China "Crime in China") - [Law of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_China "Law of China") - [Capital punishment in Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan "Capital punishment in Taiwan") - [Capital punishment in Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong "Capital punishment in Hong Kong") - [Capital punishment in Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Macau "Capital punishment in Macau") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-1) Miao, Michelle (June 2019). "Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China". [The American Journal of Comparative Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law "The American Journal of Comparative Law"). 67 (2): 327–382\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/ajcl/avz017](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcl%2Favz017). 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-2) ["中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China)"](http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2012-03/17/content_2094354.htm). www.gov.cn (in Simplified Chinese). 2012-03-17. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103162458/http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2012-03/17/content_2094354.htm) from the original on 2018-01-03. "死刑采用枪决或者注射等方法执行 (A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection)" 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-3) ["中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版） \[the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (English Version)\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103162648/http://www.npc.gov.cn/huiyi/lfzt/xsssfxg/2011-08/23/content_1666668.htm). 中国人大网 ([National People's Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress") of China). 2011-08-23. Archived from [the original](http://www.npc.gov.cn/huiyi/lfzt/xsssfxg/2011-08/23/content_1666668.htm) on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-03. "A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection." 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Cornell_Law_School_4-0) ["Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide"](https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/public-opinion.cfm). Cornell Law School. 2018-06-20. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013325/https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/public-opinion.cfm) from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-16. 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-1) Zhang, Lijia (2014-12-29). ["Opinion \\| China's Death-Penalty Debate"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/30/opinion/chinas-death-penalty-debate.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 2026-03-07. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-6)* ["Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46872651). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). 2019-01-15. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190115135917/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-china-46872651) from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-15. "China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands – more than the rest of the world's nations put together." 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-7) Hogg, Chris (2011-02-25). ["China ends death penalty for 13 economic crimes"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12580504). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150118201304/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12580504) from the original on 2015-01-18. Retrieved 2015-02-22. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-8) ["Beijing calls for an international "fox" hunt"](http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20150212-Xi-s-dragnet/On-the-Cover/Beijing-calls-for-an-international-fox-hunt). [Nikkei Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_Asia "Nikkei Asia"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150310175146/http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20150212-Xi-s-dragnet/On-the-Cover/Beijing-calls-for-an-international-fox-hunt) from the original on 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2015-03-02. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-9) ["The Status Quo of China's Death Penalty and the Civil Society Abolitionist Movement"](https://worldcoalition.org/2022/02/15/china-death-penalty-2022/#:~:text=Based%20on%20our%20experience%20as,executed%20every%20year%20since%202007.). [World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty "World Coalition Against the Death Penalty"). 2022-02-22. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-10) Miao, Michelle (2013). ["The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism"](https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article-abstract/53/3/500/542242). [The British Journal of Criminology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Journal_of_Criminology "The British Journal of Criminology"). 53, Issue 3, Pages 500–519 (3): 500–519\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/bjc/azt004](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazt004). Retrieved 2023-01-23. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:2_11-10) Zhou, Zhenjie (2013-07-13). "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future". Bulletin of the Waseda Institute for Advanced Study. [Waseda University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University "Waseda University"). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[2065/39459](https://hdl.handle.net/2065%2F39459). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1883-5163](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1883-5163). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [5182577448](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5182577448). 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-12)* Trevaskes, Susan (May–June 2008). "The Death Penalty in China Today: Kill Fewer, Kill Cautiously". [Asian Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Survey "Asian Survey"). 48 (3): 393–413\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1525/as.2008.48.3.393](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2008.48.3.393). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10072/26121](https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F26121). 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-13) Scobell, Andrew (September 1990). "The Death Penalty in Post-Mao China". [China Quarterly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Quarterly "China Quarterly"). 123 (123): 503–520\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0305741000018890](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000018890). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [654154](https://www.jstor.org/stable/654154). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [154380257](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154380257). 14. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:6_14-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:6_14-1) Cheng, Chi-Yu (1949). 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["China could 'arrest' Taiwanese abroad"](https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/03/09/2003833126). [Taipei Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times "Taipei Times"). Retrieved 2025-07-10. 57. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-57) [学者称死刑未必公正政治家应引导民意废除](http://news.qq.com/a/20080403/000918_1.htm) . [qq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qq.com "Qq.com") (in Chinese). 青年周末. 2008-04-03. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131001155943/http://news.qq.com/a/20080403/000918_1.htm) from the original on 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2012-06-07. 58. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:4_58-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:4_58-1) Ning, Zhang (2005-12-01). ["The Debate Over the Death Penalty in Today's China"](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.545). [China Perspectives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Perspectives "China Perspectives"). 2005* (6): 1–14\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4000/chinaperspectives.545](https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.545). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2070-3449](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-3449). 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:0_59-0) Lim, Zi Heng (2013-05-09). ["Why China Executes So Many People"](https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/05/why-china-executes-so-many-people/275695/). [The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170304115357/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/05/why-china-executes-so-many-people/275695/) from the original on 2017-03-04. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-60) Liu, John Zhuang (2020-06-19). "Public Support for the Death Penalty in China: Less from the Populace but More from Elites". [The China Quarterly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Quarterly "The China Quarterly"). 246: 527–544\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0305741020000739](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741020000739). 61. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-61) Griffiths, James (2016-04-07). ["China is the world's top executioner, but it doesn't want you to know that"](http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/06/asia/china-death-penalty/). [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114950/http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/06/asia/china-death-penalty/) from the original on 2017-03-04. 62. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-62) ["Death sentences and executions in 2010"](https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/001/2011/en/). [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International"). 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2026-03-07. 63. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-63) Miao, Michelle. ["International Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy and China's Recent Capital Punishment Reform"](http://www.ia-forum.org/Content/ViewInternalDocument.cfm?ContentID=8399). International Affairs Forum. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114436/http://www.ia-forum.org/Content/ViewInternalDocument.cfm?ContentID=8399) from the original on 2017-03-04. 64. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:1_64-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:1_64-1) Fickling, David (2006-04-19). ["China 'using prisoner organs for transplants'"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/19/china.health). [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2026-03-07. 65. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-65)* Cobain, Ian; Luck, Adam (2005-09-12). ["The beauty products from the skin of executed Chinese prisoners"](https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/13/medicineandhealth.china). [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2026-03-07. 66. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-66) Peter Foster, ['China admits organs removed from prisoners for transplants'](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/6094228/China-admits-organs-removed-from-prisoners-for-transplants.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190227233202/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/6094228/China-admits-organs-removed-from-prisoners-for-transplants.html) 27 February 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), The Telegraph, 26 August 2009. 67. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-:3_67-2) ["RRT Research Response (CHN31249)"](https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b6fe16df.pdf) (PDF). Refugee Review Tribunal. 2007-01-17. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014104/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b6fe16df.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2021-01-15. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: External links")\] [Library resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library "Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library") about Capital punishment in China* *** - [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Capital+punishment+in+China) - [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Capital+punishment+in+China&library=0CHOOSE0) - [The Chinese Human Rights Web](http://www.chinesehumanrightsreader.org/topics/dp.html) - [China: Death Penalty Worldwide](http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=China) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191127200831/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm%3Fcountry%3DChina) 27 November 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world. \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Capital_punishment "Template:Capital punishment") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_punishment "Template talk:Capital punishment") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_punishment "Special:EditPage/Template:Capital punishment")[Capital punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment "Capital punishment") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Current methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Current_methods "List of methods of capital punishment") \| [Hanging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging "Hanging") [Shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_shooting "Execution by shooting") [firing squad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad "Execution by firing squad") [Lethal 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by boiling") [Breaking wheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_wheel "Breaking wheel") [Burial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_burial "Premature burial") [Burning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_burning "Death by burning") [Crucifixion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion "Crucifixion") [Crushing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushing_\(execution\) "Crushing (execution)") [Decimation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation_\(punishment\) "Decimation (punishment)") [Disembowelment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disembowelment "Disembowelment") [Dismemberment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment "Dismemberment") [Drowning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_drowning "Execution by drowning") [Republican marriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_marriage "Republican marriage") [Elephant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_elephant "Execution by elephant") [Falling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_\(execution\) "Falling (execution)") [Flaying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaying "Flaying") [Garrote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrote "Garrote") [Gibbeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbeting "Gibbeting") [Guillotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine "Guillotine") [Hanged, drawn and quartered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered "Hanged, drawn and quartered") [Immurement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immurement "Immurement") [Impalement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalement "Impalement") [Ishikozume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikozume "Ishikozume") [Mazzatello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazzatello "Mazzatello") [Sawing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_sawing "Death by sawing") [Scaphism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphism "Scaphism") [Seppuku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku "Seppuku") [Slow slicing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingchi "Lingchi") [Suffocation in ash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash "Suffocation in ash") [Upright jerker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upright_jerker "Upright jerker") [Waist chop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waist_chop "Waist chop") \| \| Related topics \| [Enforcement or use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country "Capital punishment by country") [Most recent executions by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction "List of most recent executions by jurisdiction") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime "Crime") [Death row](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row "Death row") [Executioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executioner "Executioner") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executioners "List of executioners") [Scharfrichter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharfrichter "Scharfrichter") [Final statement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_statement "Final statement") [Last meal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_meal "Last meal") [Penology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penology "Penology") [List of methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment "List of methods of capital punishment") [Nine familial exterminations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_familial_exterminations "Nine familial exterminations") [Religion and capital punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment "Religion and capital punishment") [Wrongful execution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_execution "Wrongful execution") [Botched execution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botched_executions "List of botched executions") [Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations "Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations") [Capital punishment for drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking "Capital punishment for drug trafficking") [Capital punishment for homosexuality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality "Capital punishment for homosexuality") [Trial by ordeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal "Trial by ordeal") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic "Template:Asia topic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic "Template talk:Asia topic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic "Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic")[Capital punishment in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Asia "Capital punishment in Asia") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Sovereign states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states "List of sovereign states") \| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan "Capital punishment in Afghanistan") [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Armenia "Capital punishment in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Azerbaijan "Capital punishment in Azerbaijan") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bahrain "Capital punishment in Bahrain") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bangladesh "Capital punishment in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan "Capital punishment in Bhutan") [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brunei "Capital punishment in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cambodia "Capital punishment in Cambodia") [China]() [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cyprus "Capital punishment in Cyprus") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt "Capital punishment in Egypt") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_\(country\) "Capital punishment in Georgia (country)") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India "Capital punishment in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Indonesia "Capital punishment in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran "Capital punishment in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq "Capital punishment in Iraq") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Israel "Capital punishment in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan "Capital punishment in Japan") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jordan "Capital punishment in Jordan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kazakhstan "Capital punishment in Kazakhstan") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Korea "Capital punishment in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Korea "Capital punishment in South Korea") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kuwait "Capital punishment in Kuwait") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kyrgyzstan "Capital punishment in Kyrgyzstan") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Laos "Capital punishment in Laos") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lebanon "Capital punishment in Lebanon") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malaysia "Capital punishment in Malaysia") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Maldives "Capital punishment in the Maldives") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mongolia "Capital punishment in Mongolia") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Myanmar "Capital punishment in Myanmar") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal "Capital punishment in Nepal") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oman "Capital punishment in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Capital punishment in Palestine (page does not exist)") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan "Capital punishment in Pakistan") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Philippines "Capital punishment in the Philippines") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Qatar "Capital punishment in Qatar") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia "Capital punishment in Russia") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia "Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore "Capital punishment in Singapore") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka "Capital punishment in Sri Lanka") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Syria "Capital punishment in Syria") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tajikistan "Capital punishment in Tajikistan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Thailand "Capital punishment in Thailand") [Timor-Leste (East Timor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Timor-Leste "Capital punishment in Timor-Leste") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey "Capital punishment in Turkey") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkmenistan "Capital punishment in Turkmenistan") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Uzbekistan "Capital punishment in Uzbekistan") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vietnam "Capital punishment in Vietnam") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Yemen "Capital punishment in Yemen") \| \| [States with limited recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition "List of states with limited recognition") \| [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Abkhazia "Capital punishment in Abkhazia") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Northern_Cyprus "Capital punishment in Northern Cyprus") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Capital punishment in South Ossetia (page does not exist)") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan "Capital punishment in Taiwan") \| \| [Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory "Dependent territory") and other territories \| [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory "Capital punishment in the British Indian Ocean Territory") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Christmas_Island "Capital punishment in Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Cocos_\(Keeling\)_Islands "Capital punishment in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong "Capital punishment in Hong Kong") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Macau "Capital punishment in Macau") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia "Category:Asia") 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Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party") [National Security Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party "National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party") [Central Military Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_\(China\) "Central Military Commission (China)") [People's Liberation Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") [Militia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_\(China\) "Militia (China)") [Maritime Militia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Militia "Maritime Militia") [NDMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission "National Defense Mobilization Commission") [United Front Work Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department "United Front Work Department") [State Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China "State Council of China") [Ministry of State Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_\(China\) "Ministry of State Security (China)") [Ministry of Public Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_\(China\) "Ministry of Public Security (China)") [National Defense Mobilization Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission "National Defense Mobilization Commission") [Ministry of National Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_\(China\) "Ministry of National Defense (China)") [Taiwan Affairs Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office "Taiwan Affairs Office") \| \| [Mainland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China") \| [Fire and Rescue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fire_and_Rescue_Administration "National Fire and Rescue Administration") ([China Fire and Rescue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Fire_and_Rescue "China Fire and Rescue")) [Supervisory Commissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission "National Supervisory Commission") [People's Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Police_\(China\) "People's Police (China)") [Public Security PP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_\(China\) "Ministry of Public Security (China)") [provincial Public Security Departments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Provincial_public_security_departments "Category:Provincial public security departments") [city/county Public Security Bureaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Municipal_public_security_bureaus_of_China "Category:Municipal public security bureaus of China") [Internet police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Internet_police "Chinese Internet police") [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration "National Immigration Administration") [Inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Immigration_Inspection "China Immigration Inspection") [State Security PP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_\(China\) "Ministry of State Security (China)") [Provincial departments of State security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Provincial_organs_of_the_Ministry_of_State_Security_\(China\) "Category:Provincial organs of the Ministry of State Security (China)") [Municipal Bureaus of State security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Municipal_organs_of_the_Ministry_of_State_Security_\(China\) "Category:Municipal organs of the Ministry of State Security (China)") [Judicial Administrative PP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_\(China\) "Ministry of Justice (China)") [People's Courts Judicial Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China "Judicial system of China") [People's Procuratorates Judicial Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate "Supreme People's Procuratorate") [People's Armed Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police "People's Armed Police") ~~[Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_Active_Service_Forces "Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces")~~ [Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Coast_Guard "China Coast Guard") Mobile units [1st Mobile Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mobile_Corps "1st Mobile Corps") [2nd Mobile Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Mobile_Corps "2nd Mobile Corps") [Customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs "General Administration of Customs") [State Secrets Protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection "National Administration of State Secrets Protection") [Cyberspace Admin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China "Cyberspace Administration of China") [Urban Admin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Administrative_and_Law_Enforcement_Bureau "Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau") [Judicial system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China "Judicial system of China") [PLA Unit 61398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398 "PLA Unit 61398") ~~[610 Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/610_Office "610 Office")~~ ~~[Central Case Examination Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group "Central Case Examination Group")~~ \| \| [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong "Law enforcement in Hong Kong") \| [Office for Safeguarding National Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security "Office for Safeguarding National Security") [Committee for Safeguarding National Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Safeguarding_National_Security "Committee for Safeguarding National Security") [PLA Hong Kong Garrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison "Hong Kong Garrison") [Independent Commission Against Corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_\(Hong_Kong\) "Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)") [Disciplined Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplined_Services "Disciplined Services") [Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force "Hong Kong Police Force") [National Security Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Department "National Security Department") [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department "Hong Kong Fire Services Department") [Correction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department "Correctional Services Department") [Customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Customs_and_Excise_Department "Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department") [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Department "Immigration Department") [Judiciary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary "Judiciary") \| \| [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Macau "Law enforcement in Macau") \| [PLA Macau Garrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao_Garrison "Macao Garrison") [Commission Against Corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption "Commission Against Corruption") [Macau Security Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Security_Force "Macau Security Force") [Unitary Police Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Service&action=edit&redlink=1 "Unitary Police Service (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80 "zh:警察總局")\] [Public Security Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force "Public Security Police Force") (including Migration Service) [Judicial Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judicial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1 "Macau Judicial Police (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80 "zh:澳門司法警察局")\] [Fire Services Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Services_Bureau "Fire Services Bureau") [Correctional Services Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau "Correctional Services Bureau") [Macau Customs Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Customs_Service "Macau Customs Service") [Judiciary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary "Judiciary") \| \| Operations \| [Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries "Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries") (1950–53) [Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns "Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns") (1951–52) [Sufan movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufan_movement "Sufan movement") (1955–57) [Anti-Rightist Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign "Anti-Rightist Campaign") (1957–59) [Red August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_August "Red August") (1966) [Shadian incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadian_incident "Shadian incident") (1975) [1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign "1983 \"Strike Hard\" Anti-crime Campaign") (1983–87) [Persecution of Falun Gong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong "Persecution of Falun Gong") (1999) [6521 Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6521_Project "6521 Project") (2009) [Crackdown on dissidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_crackdown_on_dissidents_in_China "2011 crackdown on dissidents in China") (2011) [Anti-corruption campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping "Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping") (2012–) [Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism "Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism") (2014–) [Operation Fox Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fox_Hunt "Operation Fox Hunt") (2014–) [Persecution of Uyghurs in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China "Persecution of Uyghurs in China") (2014–) [709 crackdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/709_crackdown "709 crackdown") (2015) [Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Campaign_to_Crack_Down_on_Organized_Crime_and_Eliminate_Evil "Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil") (2018–21) [Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_and_Rectification_of_the_Political_and_Legal_Teams "Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams") (2021–22) [Abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad "Chinese intelligence activity abroad") [Information operations and information warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare "Chinese information operations and information warfare") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_Kingdom "Chinese espionage in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States "Chinese espionage in the United States") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_California "Chinese espionage in California") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_Hawaii "Chinese espionage in Hawaii") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_China%E2%80%93Philippines_espionage_cases "2025 China–Philippines espionage cases") \| \| Other topics \| [Arbitrary arrest and detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention "Arbitrary arrest and detention") [Black jails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_jails "Black jails") [Capital punishment]() [Censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_China "Censorship in China") [Chinese information operations and information warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare "Chinese information operations and information warfare") [Civil Servant-Family Pair Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up "Civil Servant-Family Pair Up") [Death sentence with reprieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve") [Enforced disappearance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforced_disappearance "Enforced disappearance") [Fengqiao experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengqiao_experience "Fengqiao experience") [Great Cannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Cannon "Great Cannon") [Grid-style social management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-style_social_management_in_China "Grid-style social management in China") [Holistic national security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_national_security "Holistic national security") [Hong Kong national security law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law "2020 Hong Kong national security law") [List of Hong Kong national security cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_national_security_cases "List of Hong Kong national security cases") [Human flesh search engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_flesh_search_engine "Human flesh search engine") [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China "Human rights in China") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet "Human rights in Tibet") [Macao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau "Human rights in Macau") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong "Human rights in Hong Kong") [Internet censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China "Internet censorship in China") [Inciting subversion of state power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power "Inciting subversion of state power") [Laogai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laogai "Laogai") [Life imprisonment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_China "Life imprisonment in China") [Liuzhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuzhi_\(detention\) "Liuzhi (detention)") [Mass surveillance in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China "Mass surveillance in China") [Migration to Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang "Migration to Xinjiang") [National Security Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "National Security Law of the People's Republic of China") [Penal system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system_in_China "Penal system in China") [Political offences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_offences_in_China "Political offences in China") [Picking quarrels and provoking trouble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble "Picking quarrels and provoking trouble") [Re-education through labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-education_through_labor "Re-education through labor") [Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location "Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location") [Soft detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_detention "Soft detention") [Shuanggui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuanggui "Shuanggui") [Stability maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_maintenance "Stability maintenance") [Three warfares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_warfares "Three warfares") [Two-faced person](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-faced_person "Two-faced person") [Xinjiang internment camps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps "Xinjiang internment camps") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:China_prisons "Template:China prisons") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:China_prisons "Template talk:China prisons") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_prisons "Special:EditPage/Template:China prisons")[Prisons in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system_in_China "Penal system in China") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Organizations \| [Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons "Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons") [Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons "Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons") [Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Prison_Administrative_Bureau "Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau") [Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Prison_Administration "Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration") [Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Province_Prison_Administrative_Bureau "Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau") SARs: [Hong Kong Correctional Services Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department "Correctional Services Department") [Macao Correctional Services Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau "Correctional Services Bureau") \| \| Prisons \| \| \| \| \| \| Closed \| [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Prison "Victoria Prison") (Hong Kong) \| \| Juvenile facilities \| [Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment "Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment") [Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment "Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment") \| \| Other topics \| [Black jails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_jails "Black jails") [Capital punishment]() [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China "Human rights in China") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet "Human rights in Tibet") [Macao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau "Human rights in Macau") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong "Human rights in Hong Kong") [Judicial system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China "Judicial system of China") [Laogai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laogai "Laogai") [Law enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China "Law enforcement in China") [Life imprisonment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_China "Life imprisonment in China") [Liuzhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuzhi_\(supervision\) "Liuzhi (supervision)") [National security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_China "National security of China") [Re-education through labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-education_through_labor "Re-education through labor") [Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location "Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location") [Soft detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_detention "Soft detention") [Shuanggui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuanggui "Shuanggui") [Xinjiang internment camps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps "Xinjiang internment camps") \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&oldid=1342257627>" [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Capital punishment in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Capital_punishment_in_China "Category:Capital punishment in China") Hidden categories: - [CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Simplified_Chinese-language_sources_\(zh-hans\) "Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)") - [CS1: long volume value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value "Category:CS1: long volume value") - [Webarchive template wayback links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links") - [CS1 uses Chinese-language script 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Readable Markdown	[Capital punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment "Capital punishment") is a legal penalty in the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China"). It is applicable to offenses ranging from murder to [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China "Illegal drug trade in China").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-1) Executions are carried out by [lethal injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection") or by [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_shooting "Execution by shooting").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Cornell_Law_School-4) A survey conducted by [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") in 2014 found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5) According to [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International"), China executes more people than all other countries combined.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-6) The exact numbers of executions and death sentences are not publicly available, being considered a state secret by China.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-7) According to the U.S.-based [Dui Hua Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)"), the estimated number of executions has declined steadily in the twenty-first century, from 12,000 each year to 2,400.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-8) However, in 2022 the [World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty "World Coalition Against the Death Penalty") announced that since 2007 at least 8,000 people per year were executed in China.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-9) Since 2006, the [Chinese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China "Government of China") has taken effective measures to limit use of the death penalty,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-10) proclaiming that it is doing this with the aim of completely abolishing it.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Capital punishment in China should not be confused with [death sentence with reprieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve"), which is a form of lenient sentencing that is handed down by Chinese courts as frequently as, or more often than, actual death sentences.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-12) Death sentence with reprieve is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and is sometimes inaccurately added to the number of actual death sentences.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-13) ## Historical background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Historical background")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg/250px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA%E8%B5%B4%E5%88%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BD%E6%AD%BB%E7%8B%B4%E7%89%A2%E9%AC%BC%E9%AD%82%E4%BC%97.jpg) Ming dynasty [Shuilu ritual painting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuilu_ritual_paintings "Shuilu ritual paintings") depicting imprisonment and execution. Capital punishment was one of the classical [Five Punishments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Punishments "Five Punishments") of China's dynastic period.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14) In [Chinese philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy "Chinese philosophy"), capital punishment was supported by the [Legalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_\(Chinese_philosophy\) "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)"), but its application was tempered by the [Confucians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucians "Confucians"), who preferred rehabilitation and mercy over capital punishment.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-15): 199 [Confucius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius "Confucius") did not oppose capital punishment absolutely, but did take the view that in a well-ordered society based on moral persuasion, capital punishment would become unnecessary.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-16): 293–94 During China's early dynasties, capital punishment and amputation were predominant among the five punishments. Later, amputation became less common, but capital punishment and corporal punishment remained. There was wide variability in the number of types of capital offenses over time. Under the Punishments of Lu (Lu Xing), written sometime in the [Warring States period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period "Warring States period") (475–221 BCE), there were 200 capital offenses.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33 The [Tang Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Code "Tang Code") (653 CE) listed 233 capital offenses, and the [Song dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") (960–1279) retained these and added sixty more over time. Under the [Yuan dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty "Yuan dynasty"), the "number of separate capital provisions" precipitously dropped, reaching a low of 125 crimes. The number of capital offenses spiked again under the [Ming dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty "Ming dynasty") (1368–1644), with 282 capital offenses, and the [Qing dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") (1644–1911), with more than 800 capital offenses.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32–33 Historically, poorer and lower-status Chinese were most often subject to capital punishment; however, officials and others of high-rank were put to death as a means of social control in times of war, internal disarray, or strife.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 31–32 For example, [King Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou "King Wu of Zhou") of the [Western Zhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou "Western Zhou") ordered officials who violated royal regulations, failed to carry out their duties, or "promulgated innovations" to be put to death; 39 military officials were executed following a peasant uprising during the [Tang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty"); the [six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_gentlemen_of_the_Hundred_Days%27_Reform "Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform"), who advocated social reform in the late Qing dynasty were executed.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-LuMiethe-17): 32 The first type of classical punishment was a [system of torture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture "Torture") used in the process of examining a criminal. Examining a criminal by torture began in the [Qin dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty "Qin dynasty") when judges, after a preliminary hearing and investigation, used bambooing and [bastinado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastinado "Bastinado") to force the offender to admit to committing the crime. Second, there was a system of [collective responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_responsibility "Collective responsibility") initiated by [Duke Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Qin "Duke Wen of Qin") of the [State of Qin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_\(state\) "Qin (state)"); under that system, when a criminal is sentenced to death, other family members above a certain age were also sentenced to death. This included the wife's family or siblings' families. At some point, even the families of a man's concubines were also killed. Thirdly, there was a system of revenge based on the [Confucian philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_philosophy "Confucian philosophy") centered around [filial piety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety "Filial piety"). The right to seek retribution was codified in the Legal Code of the [Qing dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") (1644–1911), which describes the legal proceedings and punishments for family members who seek revenge and kill the murderer of their relatives. The fourth type of punishment system was structured according to booty, loot, and spoil. Following conviction of these crimes, the punishment ranged from fifty strokes of the cane or death by hanging. Finally, the fifth classical punishment was a system advocating amnesty, probation, and parole. However, this system of punishment was not practiced often because the Chinese legal system asserted a retributive theory of punishment.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:6-14) By both confirmed and estimated data, the number of executions from capital punishment in China is far higher than in any other country, while the number [per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita "Per capita") is comparable to Vietnam and Singapore, and lower than several other countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) The number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People's Court regained the power to review all death sentences; for instance, the [Dui Hua Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)") estimates that China executed 12,000 people in 2002, 6,500 people in 2007, and roughly 2,400 in 2013 and 2014.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-23)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) Given conservative and variable estimates of executions in China, executions in China account for more than 58% in 2009 and 65% in 2010 of those worldwide.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) The exact numbers of people executed in China is classified as a state secret; occasionally death penalty cases are posted publicly by the judiciary, as in certain high-profile cases. One such example was the execution of former [State Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Food_and_Drug_Administration "State Food and Drug Administration") director [Zheng Xiaoyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Xiaoyu "Zheng Xiaoyu"), which was confirmed by both state television and the official [Xinhua News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-24) Other media, such as Internet message boards, have become outlets for confirming death penalty cases usually after a sentence has been carried out. Because of the inaccessibility to official statistics of the number of executions that occur within the death penalty system, academic researchers must use data compiled by NGOs such as [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International"), which is the most cited source of reports regarding rates of execution statistics. In 2009, Amnesty International counted 1718 executions as having taken place during 2008 (which equates to 0.0001%, or 1 in 1,000,000 of the Chinese population[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-25)), based on all information available. Amnesty International believed that the total figure was likely to be much higher.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-26) According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", "it also represents the most conservative estimate of death sentences and executions in China due to the following accounting rules: 1) when there is doubt of accuracy, figures were excluded; 2) where two conflicting reports existed, the lower figure was used; 3) when a combined figure of death sentences and prison sentences was given, only one death sentence was recorded; and 4) when a group was sentenced to death, only one sentence was entered."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) After a first trial conducted by an [intermediate people's court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_people%27s_court "Intermediate people's court") concludes with a death sentence, a double appeals process must follow. The first appeal is conducted by a [high people's court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_people%27s_court "High people's court") if the condemned appealed to it, and since 2007, another appeal is conducted automatically (even if the condemned waived the first appeal) by the [Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") (SPC) in Beijing,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) to prevent the circumstances in which the defendant is proven innocent after the death penalty—an obviously irrevocable punishment—has been administered. When a case involving the death penalty is sent to the SPC for mandatory review, the case is delivered to one of the court's five divisions according to the geographic origin of the case or, in some cases, the type of crime involved.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The SPC's second criminal division is dedicated to handling review of some of the most sensitive cases.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Each case is then assigned to a panel of three judges, one of whom is designated as the principal case manager.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) Since 2012, judges are also required to interview defendants before deciding whether or not to confirm a death sentence.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) The judges write reports summarizing the case, discuss the case, and then report the decision to the division head, SPC vice president, and finally the SPC president.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Dui_Hua_Foundation-28) If the lower court death sentence is upheld, the execution is carried out shortly thereafter. As a result of its reforms, the PRC's government claims, the Supreme People's Court overturned about 15 percent of the death sentences handed down by high courts in the first half of 2008. In a brief report in May 2008, [Xinhua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua "Xinhua") quoted anonymous sources as saying Chinese courts handed down 30 percent fewer death sentences in 2007 compared with 2006.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-wp-21) The cases of Li Yan (2014) and [Wu Ying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Ying#Trials_and_sentencing "Wu Ying") (2012) are two examples in which the Supreme People's Court reversed a death sentence pronounced by lower courts.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-29) Chinese courts hand down the sentence of "[death sentence with two years' probation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve")" ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"): 死缓; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin "Pinyin"): sǐ huǎn) as frequently as, or more often than,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) they do actual death sentences. This unique sentence is used to emphasize the seriousness of the crime and the mercy of the court, and has a centuries-old history in Chinese jurisprudence.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) It is almost always reduced to [life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment "Life imprisonment") or 10 to 15 years imprisonment if no new crime is intentionally committed during the two year [probationary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation "Probation") period.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Article 49 in the Chinese criminal code explicitly forbids the death penalty for offenders who are under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-cecc-31) The SPC also issued a policy in 2007 which required lower courts to arrange for the [visitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_\(law\) "Contact (law)") of condemned criminals by relatives; forbade the practice by local authorities of parading prisoners on death row; and required that executions be publicly announced.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) However, capital punishment in China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced the leader of a [triad society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_society "Triad society") to a death sentence with two years of probation. However, the public opinion was that the sentence was too light. Under public pressure, the Supreme People's Court took the case and retried the leader, resulting in a death sentence which was carried out immediately.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-32) Since 1980, the state's security apparatus has initiated various "strike hard" (Chinese: 严打; pinyin: Yándǎ) campaigns against specific types of crime. Critics have noted that the campaigns lead to the streamlining of capital cases, where cases are investigated, appeals heard, and sentences carried out at rates much more rapidly than normal. Since 2006, [Chinese Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") justice [Xiao Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Yang_\(judge\) "Xiao Yang (judge)") has worked to blunt the "strike hard" policy with his own policy of "balancing leniency and severity" (Chinese: 宽严相济; pinyin: Kuānyán Xiāngjì), which is supposedly influenced by [Hu Jintao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao "Hu Jintao")'s [harmonious society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonious_society "Harmonious society") concept. Xiao's policy includes improving the quality of appeals by mandating that the SPC, rather than simply the high people's court, review capital crime cases; increasing use of the "death sentence with two years' probation"; and requiring "clear facts" and "abundant evidence" for capital cases.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Trevaskes-27) The [abolition of the death penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong "Capital punishment in Hong Kong") in [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") since 1993 is a major reason why [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") does not have a [rendition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendition_\(law\) "Rendition (law)") agreement with that city.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-33) Since April 2019, a proposed extradition bill has sparked massive [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests "2019–20 Hong Kong protests").\[[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")\] The list of capital crimes includes counter-revolutionary crimes, such as organizing an "armed mass rebellion"; endangerment of public security, such as committing [arson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson "Arson"); and crimes against the person, such as the rape of a person under the age of 14.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) During the 1980s, "economic crimes" such as [bribery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery "Bribery"), [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_trafficking "Drug trafficking"), and [embezzlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement "Embezzlement") were added to the legal code.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Capital punishment in China can be imposed on crimes against national symbols and [treasures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_treasure "National treasure"), such as theft of cultural relics and (before 1997) the killing of [giant pandas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda "Giant panda").[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-34) Executions under the pretense of political crimes are extremely rare and confined to persons involved in violence or the threat of violence.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Thirteen crimes were removed from the list of capital offenses in 2011, including smuggling of cultural relics, wildlife products, and precious metals.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) This brought the total number of capital offenses down from 68 to 55,[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38) though many of the crimes dropped from the list were rarely if ever punished with death penalty.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-CECC2011-37) The Draft 9th Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law was passed on 29 August 2015, which removed a further nine crimes from the list of capital offenses.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-39) The crimes that were removed were:[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-43) - Smuggling weapons or ammunition - Smuggling nuclear materials - Smuggling counterfeit money - Counterfeiting - Investment fraud/fraudulent fundraising - Organizing prostitution - Forcing prostitution - Obstructing military affairs - Spreading rumors and undermining morale during wartime ## Execution procedure \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Execution procedure")\] The execution protocol is defined on the criminal procedure law, under article 252:[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-44) - Before a people's court executes a death sentence, it shall notify the people's procuratorate at the same level to send personnel to supervise the execution. - Death sentences shall be executed by means of shooting or injection. - Death sentences may be executed at the execution ground or in designated places of custody. - The judicial personnel directing the execution shall verify the identity of the criminal offender, ask him if he has any last words or letters, and then deliver him to the executioner for the death sentence. If, before the execution, it is found that there may be an error, the execution shall be suspended and the matter shall be reported to the Supreme People's Court for decision. - Execution of death sentences shall be announced to the public, but shall not be [held in public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_execution "Public execution"). - The attending court clerk shall, after the execution of a death sentence, make a written record thereon. The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall submit a report on the execution to the Supreme People's Court. - The people's court that caused the death sentence to be executed shall, after the execution, notify the family of the criminal offender. In Beijing, the execution ground is located on a hillside next to Jingyuan Road, near Yingshangzui Park in Mentougou. It's a compound with a sign on the gate reading "Beijing Supreme People's Court Project 86".[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-45) It has become redundant since lethal injection was introduced. In most parts of China, there is no specific execution ground. A scout team chooses a place in advance to serve as the execution ground. In such case, the execution ground normally will have three perimeters: - the innermost 50 meters is the responsibility of the execution team; - the 200 meter radius from the center is the responsibility of the [People's Armed Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police "People's Armed Police"); - the 2 km alert line is the responsibility of the local police. The public is generally not allowed to view the execution.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The role of the executioner was fulfilled in the past by the [People's Armed Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police "People's Armed Police") soldiers. In recent times, the People's Courts’ [judicial police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_police "Judicial police") officers (Chinese: 法警; pinyin: fǎjǐng) assumed this role.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] China commonly employs two methods of execution. Since 1949, the most common method has been [execution by firing squad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad "Execution by firing squad"), which has been largely superseded by [lethal injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection"), using the same three-drug cocktail pioneered by [the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States "Capital punishment in the United States"), introduced in 1996. [Execution vans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_van "Execution van") are unique to China. Lethal injection is more commonly used for "economic crimes", such as [corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption "Political corruption"), while firing squads are used for more common crimes like [murder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder "Murder"). In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injection become the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only legal form of capital punishment.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-46) The Dui Hua foundation notes that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of execution is rarely specified in published reports.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47) [Chinese authorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Government of the People's Republic of China") have recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-48) In 1996, the government made lethal injection a legal method of execution. The [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court "Supreme People's Court") distributed the execution kits, developed by the [China Academy of Medical Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Academy_of_Medical_Science&action=edit&redlink=1 "China Academy of Medical Science (page does not exist)") Pharmaceutical Institute, and the first experiments occurred in 1997.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-49) The same year, China banned suspended [capital punishment for juvenile offenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_juvenile_offenders "Capital punishment for juvenile offenders"). Before then, 16-year-olds and 17-year-olds could be sentenced to death for particularly heinous crimes, albeit the law mandated that the [death sentence be suspended](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_death_sentence "Suspended death sentence") and only be carried out when the juvenile had resisted any and all efforts to reform them.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-50) However, several more juvenile offenders were executed after this law was passed. In 2003, 18-year-old Zhao Lin was executed for a murder committed in 2000, when he was sixteen.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-51) Since 2006, under global pressures, China has embarked on significant reforms on the death penalty system.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-52) In 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) which was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The [National People's Congress Standing Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee "National People's Congress Standing Committee") adopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-53) According to "The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: "smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals".[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) In addition to decreasing the number of capital offenses, in Article 3 of Amendment VIII, the article states that seniors aged 75 years old and older should only be sentenced to death when they have caused the death of another person by cruel and unusual means. Article 1 states that seniors aged 75 years old or older who have committed crimes may be given lighter sentences. For those seniors who have committed crimes of negligence, their sentences can be lighter or mitigated. In addition, Article 19 dictates that criminals less than 18 years old at the time of a crime who are sentenced to prison terms of less than five years do not have to report to jail in situations of army recruitment and employment.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Later the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") ordered lower courts to suspend death sentences for two years and to "ensure that it only applies to a very small minority of criminals committing extremely serious crimes. This series of actions is thought of as marking the beginning of China's tenuous start toward completely abolishing the death penalty. While many critics are skeptical of Amendment VIII bringing long-term change, the reforms represent a gradual transition towards greater state respect and protection of human rights.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In practice, China traditionally uses the [firing squad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_squad "Firing squad") as its standard method of execution. However, in recent years, China has adopted [lethal injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection") as its sole method of execution, though execution by firing squad can still be administered.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-ibt-38)\[[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] ### Key reforms since 2006 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Key reforms since 2006")\] - Notice Improving Work on Open Trial for Second Instance Case with Death Sentences (7 December 2005) - Provisions on Some Issues Concerning the Court Trial Procedures for the Second Instance of Cases Involving the Death Penalty (for Trial Implementation) (21 September 2006) - Amendment to the Organic Law of the People's Court (31 October 2006) - Provision of the SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Review of Death Penalty Cases (27 February 2007) - Opinion on Strengthening Handling Cases in Strict Accordance with Law and Guaranteeing the Quality of Handling Death Penalty Cases (9 March 2007) - Provisions Concerning Issues in Examination of Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases (13 June 2010) - Regulation on Issues Concerning Exclusion of Illegal Evidence in Handling Criminal Cases (13 June 2010)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) ### Key changes since reforms in 2006 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Key changes since reforms in 2006")\] - Exercise of the death penalty in general – After changes, the reform officially stated the principle of killing fewer and cautiously. - Death Penalty (immediate execution) cases review body – SPC reassumes power to review immediate execution cases. - Decisions on a wrongful conviction/sentence – SPC can order a lower court to retry a case except in a few scenarios. - Questioning of convicted person during review – In principle, SPC judges should question the convicted person. - Open trial during appeal – In cases that may result in immediate execution, there must be an open trial. - Exclusion of illegal evidence – Evidence that is not acquired through legal means, like confessions obtained through torture must be excluded. In March 2007, China's representative in the UN Human Rights council, La Yifan stated that "the death penalty's scope of application was to be reviewed shortly, and it was expected that this scope would be reduced, with the final aim to abolish it."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) During the same year, the [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court "Supreme People's Court") assumed the power to review every death sentence handed down by a lower court. Since this reform, it has been rumored that the number of executions has at least halved.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54) In February 2011, capital punishment in China was abolished for 13 non-violent crimes and it was also banned for offenders over the age of 75.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:5-54) In 2024, China issued the [Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard "Taiwan independence" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidelines_on_Imposing_Criminal_Punishments_on_Diehard_%22Taiwan_independence%22_Separatists_for_Conducting_or_Inciting_Secession "Guidelines on Imposing Criminal Punishments on Diehard \"Taiwan independence\" Separatists for Conducting or Inciting Secession") which state that supporters of [Taiwanese independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement "Taiwan independence movement"), regardless of their location, can be [tried in absentia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia "Trial in absentia") and sentenced to death by Chinese courts.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-56) \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png) \| This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Any polls after 2014?. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2025) \| Capital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in Europe.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) Surveys conducted by the [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Social Sciences") in 1995, for instance, found that 95% of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-57) A poll conducted in 2002, showed that 88% of the population are in favour of the death penalty.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) In 2005, a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1% supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) Polling conducted by the [Dui Hua Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dui_Hua_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dui Hua Foundation (page does not exist)") in 2007 in [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [Hunan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan "Hunan") and [Guangdong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong "Guangdong") found a more moderate 58% in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8%) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Duihua-47) A survey conducted in 2008 by the [Max Planck Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute "Max Planck Institute") showed that 60% of survey respondents in Beijing, [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), and Guangdong supported capital punishment. In the past, however, the public has expressed few dissenting opinions.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:0-59) Reducing or abolishing the use of capital punishment has become a topic of open discussion during recent years.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Zhang_Lijia-5) A survey conducted by the Institute of Social Science Survey of [Peking University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University "Peking University") in 2014 showed that 68% of the Chinese people supported death penalty, and respondents with higher education were more likely to be supportive of the capital punishment.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-60) ### International criticism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: International criticism")\] Because of the wide application of capital offenses in Chinese criminal law, substantial use of capital punishment, and the hidden numbers of the execution rate, the Chinese death penalty system has been criticized by many international organizations which make an appeal to ethics and human rights, without always being well informed about the historical and cultural conditions in China.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:4-58) A foreign reporter stated, "China's enthusiasm for capital punishment has long been a target for international criticism of its human rights record." Most of the international criticism stems from the wide scope of capital offenses and the amnesty system.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") reports that until 2010 among 197 nations worldwide, 96 nations had completely abolished the death penalty, 9 had abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes, and 34 were abolitionist in practice, meaning that they have not executed anyone for at least 10 years and have generally settled on the policy to not sentence any executions. The last wave of international death penalty abolition has been influenced by the process of democratization and has inspired constitutions that protect the right to live. China has ratified more than 200 international covenants in recent decades and has taken on international responsibilities like respecting the right to life and thus limiting the use of capital punishment. When a draft of the Amendment was published in 2010, a foreign reporter commented, "it is believed that the proposed amendment is one of several moves by the Chinese government to soften its image as the world's biggest executioner."[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:2-11) According to an Amnesty International report, "available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year."[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-61) Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-62) However, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the [Chinese Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China") and the [United States Department of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State"), are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-Scobell-30) International death penalty abolitionist norms and trends have shaped Chinese death penalty practices significantly in recent years. Through international interventions and policies, like the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")\-led campaign against the death penalty in China since the mid-2000s, there has been an increased exchange of anti-death penalty knowledge and ideologies, dissemination of original information, and legislation geared towards scaling down the wide application of the death penalty.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-63) ### Allegation made by Falun Gong \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Allegation made by Falun Gong")\] The [Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_to_Investigate_the_Persecution_of_Falun_Gong "Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong") has accused Chinese hospitals of [using the organs of executed prisoners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China "Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China") for [commercial transplantation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_China "Organ transplantation in China").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) Under Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but Wang Guoqi, a Chinese dissident and former [PLA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") physician, has claimed that because of this and other legal restrictions an international [black market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market "Black market") in organs and cadavers from China has developed.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-65) In December 2005, China's deputy health minister Huang Jiefu admitted that the country harvested organs from executed prisoners.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:1-64) In 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the practice.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-66) The Australian [Refugee Review Tribunal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Review_Tribunal "Refugee Review Tribunal") and the [Laogai Research Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laogai_Research_Foundation "Laogai Research Foundation"), an NGO specialising in gathering information on human rights in Chinese prisons, investigated the claims made by [Falun Gong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun_Gong "Falun Gong") by sending undercover investigators to Chinese hospitals, prisons, and military camps.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) However, they were unable to find any evidence that organs were extracted against people's will, and concluded that:[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) > 1\) According to our investigation in China, the alleged concentration camp that locks up as many as 6,000 people does not exist in Sujiatun District; 2) over the past two decades, the Chinese government did harvest organs from death row prisoners, but neither in theory or in practice \[is it possible\] to conduct the operation to crop organs alive from as many as 4,500 people; 3) the report that "the CCP crops organs from the Falun Gong practitioners and exports them to Thailand and other countries" is totally unreliable. — Harry Wu, RRT Research Response (CHN31249), Refugee Review Tribunal & Laogai Research Foundation The investigators also tried to contact Falun Gong spokespeople and witnesses, but were either ignored or not provided with any evidence, causing the investigators to conclude that the witnesses "most probably had fabricated the story".[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_note-:3-67) ### Wrongful convictions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_China&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Wrongful convictions")\] - [Death sentence with reprieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve "Death sentence with reprieve"), an alternative of the capital punishment which potentially changes the penalty from death to life or limited term of imprisonment after 2 years of the conviction. - [Crime in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_China "Crime in China") - [Law of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_China "Law of China") - [Capital punishment in Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan "Capital punishment in Taiwan") - [Capital punishment in Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong "Capital punishment in Hong Kong") - [Capital punishment in Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Macau "Capital punishment in Macau") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-1) Miao, Michelle (June 2019). "Defining Death-Eligible Murder in China". [The American Journal of Comparative Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law "The American Journal of Comparative Law"). 67 (2): 327–382\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/ajcl/avz017](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcl%2Favz017). 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-2) ["中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China)"](http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2012-03/17/content_2094354.htm). www.gov.cn (in Simplified Chinese). 2012-03-17. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103162458/http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2012-03/17/content_2094354.htm) from the original on 2018-01-03. "死刑采用枪决或者注射等方法执行 (A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection)" 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-3) ["中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版） \[the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (English Version)\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103162648/http://www.npc.gov.cn/huiyi/lfzt/xsssfxg/2011-08/23/content_1666668.htm). 中国人大网 ([National People's Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress "National People's Congress") of China). 2011-08-23. Archived from [the original](http://www.npc.gov.cn/huiyi/lfzt/xsssfxg/2011-08/23/content_1666668.htm) on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-03. "A death sentence shall be executed by such means as shooting or injection." 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Cornell_Law_School_4-0) ["Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide"](https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/public-opinion.cfm). Cornell Law School. 2018-06-20. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013325/https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/public-opinion.cfm) from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-16. 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-Zhang_Lijia_5-1) Zhang, Lijia (2014-12-29). ["Opinion \\| China's Death-Penalty Debate"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/30/opinion/chinas-death-penalty-debate.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 2026-03-07. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-6)* ["Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-46872651). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). 2019-01-15. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190115135917/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-china-46872651) from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-15. "China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands – more than the rest of the world's nations put together." 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-7) Hogg, Chris (2011-02-25). ["China ends death penalty for 13 economic crimes"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12580504). [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150118201304/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12580504) from the original on 2015-01-18. Retrieved 2015-02-22. 8. 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[World Coalition Against the Death Penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty "World Coalition Against the Death Penalty"). 2022-02-22. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China#cite_ref-10) Miao, Michelle (2013). ["The Politics of China's Death Penalty Reform in the Context of Global Abolitionism"](https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article-abstract/53/3/500/542242). [The British Journal of Criminology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Journal_of_Criminology "The British Journal of Criminology"). 53, Issue 3, Pages 500–519 (3): 500–519\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/bjc/azt004](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjc%2Fazt004). 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