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| Boilerpipe Text | Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
$1 marijuana revenue stamp, 1937 issue
US annual marijuana arrests.
NORML
.
[
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]
[
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]
[
3
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
The use, sale, and possession of
cannabis
containing over 0.3%
THC
by dry weight in the
United States
, despite laws in many states permitting it under various circumstances, is illegal under
federal law
.
[
6
]
As a Schedule I drug under the federal
Controlled Substances Act
(CSA) of 1970, cannabis containing over 0.3% THC by dry weight (legal term
marijuana
) is considered to have "no accepted medical use" and a high potential for abuse and physical or psychological dependence.
[
7
]
Cannabis use is illegal for any reason, with the exception of
FDA
-approved research programs.
[
8
]
However,
individual states
have enacted legislation permitting exemptions for various uses, including
medical
,
industrial
, and
recreational
use.
[
9
]
[
10
]
Cannabis for industrial uses (hemp) was made illegal to grow without a permit under the CSA because of its relation to cannabis as a drug, and any imported products must adhere to a
zero tolerance
policy.
[
11
]
[
12
]
The
Agricultural Act of 2014
allows for universities and state-level departments of agriculture to cultivate cannabis for research into its industrial potential.
[
13
]
In December 2018, hemp was permitted to be grown in the U.S. under federal law after the Hemp Farming Act was included in the passed
2018 Farm Bill
.
[
14
]
As a
psychoactive drug
, cannabis continues to find extensive favor among recreational and medical users in the U.S.
[
15
]
[
16
]
As of 2023, twenty-four states, three
U.S. territories
, and the
District of Columbia
have legalized recreational use of cannabis. Thirty-eight states, four U.S. territories, and D.C. have legalized medical use of the drug. Multiple efforts to
reschedule cannabis
under the CSA have failed, and the
U.S. Supreme Court
has ruled in
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative
(2001) and
Gonzales v. Raich
(2005) that the federal government has a right to regulate and criminalize cannabis, whether medical or recreational. As a result,
cannabis dispensaries
are licensed by each state;
[
17
]
these businesses sell cannabis products that have not been approved by the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration
,
[
18
]
nor are they legally registered with the federal government to sell controlled substances.
[
19
]
Although cannabis has not been approved, the FDA recognizes the potential benefits and has approved two drugs that contain components of marijuana.
[
20
]
The ability of states to implement cannabis legalization policies was weakened after U.S. Attorney General
Jeff Sessions
rescinded the
Cole Memorandum
on January 4, 2018, and issued a new memo instructing
U.S. attorneys
to enforce federal law related to marijuana.
[
21
]
The Cole memo, issued by former Deputy Attorney General James Cole in 2013, urged federal prosecutors to refrain from targeting state-legal marijuana operations.
[
22
]
Regarding the medical use of cannabis, the
Rohrabacher–Farr amendment
still remains in effect to protect state-legal medical cannabis activities from enforcement of federal law.
[
23
]
[
24
]
On May 1, 2024, the
Associated Press
reported on federal plans to change marijuana to a
Schedule III drug
.
[
25
]
On December 18, 2025, President
Donald Trump
signed an executive order
[
26
]
instructing the
Attorney General
to expedite the process of reclassify cannabis from a Schedule I drug (the most restrictive classification) to Schedule III.
[
27
]
The
Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
was one of the first measures to tax cannabis nationwide.
[
28
]
This act was overturned in 1969 in
Leary v. United States
, and was repealed and replaced with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) by Congress the next year.
[
29
]
Under the CSA cannabis was assigned a Schedule I classification, deemed to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use – thereby prohibiting even medical use of the drug. The classification has remained since the CSA was first signed into law, despite multiple efforts to reschedule.
[
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]
[
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]
In direct response, the U.S.
Libertarian Party
was one of the first major parties to endorse cannabis legalization in their first platform in 1972 which stated, "We favor the repeal of all laws creating "crimes without victims" now incorporated in Federal, state and local laws—such as laws on voluntary sexual relations, drug use, gambling, and attempted suicide."
[
32
]
As cannabis prohibition continued into the 21st Century, the
U.S. Marijuana Party
was formed in 2002 as a single-issue party to end the
war on drugs
and to legalize cannabis.
[
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]
States have also begun to engage in the process of
nullification
to override federal laws pertaining to cannabis. California started the trend by legalizing medicinal cannabis in 1996.
[
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]
Now, cannabis has been fully legalized for recreational use in 24 states, three U.S. territories and Washington D.C., with most states having some sort of state nullification of federal cannabis laws.
[
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]
In 1969,
Gallup
conducted a poll asking Americans whether "the use of marijuana should be legal" with only 12% at the time saying yes.
[
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]
In 1977, it rose to 28% and experienced a period of gradual increase thereafter. According to the latest poll
[
when?
]
, two-thirds of Americans think marijuana use should be legal.
[
37
]
In addition, a report by Business Insider indicates that in 2022 alone, Americans spent an estimated $30 billion on legal marijuana products. The report further predicts that legal pot sales could surpass $33 billion in the current year
[
when?
]
, surpassing combined sales of chocolate and craft beer.
[
38
]
A large cannabis flower bud, Alaska
Roger Roffman, a professor of social work at the
University of Washington
, asserted in July 2013 that "approximately 3.6 million Americans are daily or near daily users."
[
39
]
Peter Reuter, a professor at the School of Public Policy and the Department of Criminology at the
University of Maryland, College Park
, said that "experimenting with marijuana has long been a normal part of growing up in the U.S.; about half of the population born since 1960 has tried the drug by age 21."
[
39
]
A
World Health Organization
survey found that the U.S. is the world's leading per capita marijuana consumer.
[
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]
The 2007 National Survey on Drug Use & Health prepared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services indicated that 14.4 million U.S. citizens over the age of 12 had used marijuana within a month.
[
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]
The 2008 survey found that 35 million Americans
[
42
]
were willing to tell government representatives
[
43
]
that they had used marijuana in the past year.
[
42
]
According to the 2001
National Survey on Drug Use and Health
by the
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
, a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 41.9% (more than 2 in 5) of all Americans 12 or older have used cannabis at some point in their lives, while 11.5% (about 1 in 9) reported using it "this year."
[
44
]
According to a 2022 Gallup survey, 16% of Americans reported being marijuana smokers (up from 7% in 2013) and 48% reported trying marijuana at some point in their lifetimes (up from 4% in 1969).
[
45
]
Medical use is a common reason people buy cannabis online. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Medical marijuana refers to using the whole unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat a disease or symptom." While some report symptom relief from buying cannabis online, scientific evidence on its effectiveness remains inconsistent. More research is needed to confirm its benefits and evaluate potential risks. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not officially approved
marijuana as a medicine
.
[
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]
Cannabis has been used for its therapeutic effects since it was first documented in China in 2800 Bc. In the 19th century scientist believed that using drugs like cannabis can prevent and cure diseases due to the plants therapeutic properties.
[
citation needed
]
Approximately 18 million adults, nearly a third of users aged 18 and older, have reported symptoms of
cannabis use disorder
, according to a data analysis by a
Columbia University
epidemiologist
for
The New York Times
. This reflects ongoing use despite significant negative impacts, with around three million individuals classified as addicted. These estimates are based on the 2022 U.S. national drug use survey, which focused on individuals who reported cannabis consumption in the past year. Among those aged 18 to 25, over 4.5 million reported using cannabis daily or nearly every day, and 81 percent of these users met the criteria for cannabis use disorder.
Wilson Compton
, deputy director of the
National Institute on Drug Abuse
, noted that this suggests that almost all daily users report problems related to their use, and that it is "a very clear warning sign." In 2023, the federal government's
National Survey on Drug Use and Health
reported a cannabis use disorder rate of 16.6 percent among individuals aged 18 to 25, which was comparable to the rate of
alcohol use disorder
at 15.1 percent.
[
47
]
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
, resulting from heavy cannabis use, is characterized by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. It can lead to severe dehydration, seizures,
kidney failure
, and
cardiac arrest
, with at least eight reported deaths in the United States. Since its documentation in 2004, there has been a significant rise in reported cases. Accurate tracking of the condition is difficult due to inconsistent recording in medical records. Researchers estimate that up to one-third of near-daily cannabis users in the U.S. may experience symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, affecting approximately six million people. The rise of the syndrome in the past two decades coincides with the expansion of marijuana legalization in the United States. According to data from the nonprofit Health Care Cost Institute, cannabis-related diagnoses among individuals under 65 with employer-paid insurance increased by over 50 percent nationwide between 2016 and 2022, rising from approximately 341,000 to 522,000. The organization stated that these figures "almost certainly" represent an undercount.
[
47
]
In 2017, the
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
released a review of research on the health effects of cannabis, highlighting that the absence of evidence-based information represents a public health risk.
[
47
]
Timeline of
Gallup polls
in US on legalizing marijuana. See data table below.
[
48
]
Gallup polls
. Do you think the use of marijuana should be legal, or not?
[
48
]
Date
% Yes, legal
10/2/2023
70
10/3/2022
68
10/1/2021
68
10/1/2020
68
10/1/2019
66
5/15/2019
64
10/1/2018
66
10/5/2017
64
10/5/2016
60
10/7/2015
58
10/12/2014
51
10/3/2013
58
11/26/2012
48
10/6/2011
50
10/7/2010
46
10/1/2009
44
10/13/2005
36
11/10/2003
34
8/3/2001
34
8/29/2000
31
8/28/1995
25
5/17/1985
23
6/27/1980
25
5/18/1979
25
4/1/1977
28
1/26/1973
16
5/3/1972
15
10/2/1969
12
Since the
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
classified marijuana as a
Schedule I drug
, until the passage of the
2018 United States farm bill
, under federal law it was illegal to possess, use, buy, sell, or cultivate cannabis in all U.S. jurisdictions. As a Schedule I substance, the highest restriction of five different schedules of controlled substances, it is claimed cannabis has a high potential for abuse and has no acceptable medical use. Despite this federal prohibition, some state and local governments established laws attempting to decriminalize cannabis, which has reduced the number of "simple possession" offenders sent to jail, since federal law enforcement rarely targets individuals directly for such relatively minor offenses. Other state and local governments ask law enforcement agencies to limit enforcement of drug laws with respect to cannabis. However, under the
Supremacy Clause
of the
U.S. Constitution
, federal law preempts conflicting state and local laws. In most cases, the absence of a state law does not present a preemption conflict with a federal law.
[
24
]
The federal government criminalized marijuana under the
Interstate Commerce Clause
, and the application of these laws to intrastate commerce were addressed squarely by the
U.S. Supreme Court
in
Gonzales v. Raich
, 545 U.S. 1, in 2005.
In January 2009, President
Barack Obama
's transition team organized a poll to clarify some of the top issues the American public wants to have his administration look into, and two of the top ten ideas were to legalize the use of cannabis.
[
49
]
In July 2009,
Gil Kerlikowske
, Director of the
Office of National Drug Control Policy
, clarified the federal government's position when he stated that "marijuana is dangerous and has no medicinal benefit" and that "legalization is not in the president's vocabulary, and it's not in mine."
[
50
]
However, a January 2010 settlement between the U.S.
Drug Enforcement Administration
and the
Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana
(WAMM) provided an example confirming the administration policy as communicated by Attorney General
Eric Holder
, as WAMM reached an agreement that allowed them to re-open after being shut down by the federal government in 2002.
[
51
]
[
52
]
Following the 2012 presidential election, the Office of National Drug Control Policy under the
Obama administration
stated that it "steadfastly opposes legalization of marijuana and other drugs because legalization would increase the availability and use of illicit drugs, and pose significant health and safety risks".
[
53
]
In February 2014, the administration issued guidelines to banks for conducting transactions with legal marijuana sellers so these new businesses can stash away savings, make payroll, and pay taxes like any other enterprise.
[
54
]
However, marijuana businesses still lack access to banks and credit unions due to
Federal Reserve
regulations.
[
55
]
On August 29, 2013, the Justice Department adopted a new policy (known as the
Cole memo
) regarding the enforcement of federal law in states that have legalized non-medical cannabis. The policy specified that commercial distribution of cannabis would be generally tolerated, except in certain circumstances, such as if violence or firearms are involved, the proceeds go to gangs and cartels, or if the cannabis is distributed to states where it is illegal.
[
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]
On December 11, 2014, the Department of Justice told U.S. attorneys to allow Native American tribes on reservations to grow and sell marijuana, even in states where it is illegal. The policy will be implemented on a case-by-case basis and tribes must still follow federal guidelines.
[
57
]
On May 30, 2014, the
U.S. House of Representatives
passed the
Rohrabacher–Farr amendment
, prohibiting the Justice Department from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical marijuana laws. The amendment became law in December 2014, and must be renewed each year in order to remain in effect.
[
58
]
On March 10, 2015, U.S. Senators
Rand Paul
,
Kirsten Gillibrand
, and
Cory Booker
introduced the Compassionate Access, Research Expansion and Respect States Act or CARERS Act. The bipartisan bill would move cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule II of the
Controlled Substances Act
. This would allow states with
medical cannabis
laws to legally prescribe it, and allow for much easier research into its medical efficacy. The bill would also allow grow sites besides the University of Mississippi, which has long been the sole supplier of cannabis for academic research, to supply cannabis for study.
[
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The Food and Drug Administration has approved two synthetic cannabis drugs for treating cancer and other medical issues.
[
60
]
The federal government of the U.S. continues to argue that smoked cannabis has no recognized medical purpose (pointing to a definition of "medical purpose" published by the DEA, not the Food and Drug Administration, the
National Institutes of Health
, the
Centers for Disease Control
, or the office of the
U.S. Surgeon General
and the
U.S. Public Health Service
). Many officials point to the difficulty of regulating dosage of cannabis (a problem for treatment as well as research), despite the availability (in
Canada
and the
United Kingdom
) of dosage-controlled Sativex. The U.S. has also pressured other governments (especially Canada and
Mexico
, with which it shares borders) to retain restrictions on marijuana.
On January 4, 2018, the
Cole memo
was rescinded by Attorney General
Jeff Sessions
, restoring the ability of US Attorneys to enforce federal law in states that have legalized non-medical cannabis.
[
61
]
On December 20, 2018, President
Donald Trump
signed the farm bill which descheduled hemp, making cannabis under 0.3% THC legal once again.
[
62
]
The law may have
inadvertently allowed cultivation
of hemp plants with high levels of
delta-8-THC
, which is also psychoactive and has since become more popular recreationally across the U.S.
[
63
]
In February 2019, three researchers used
MedMen
as a case study to illustrate their concerns with marijuana companies' marketing practices.
[
64
]
The authors criticized MedMen's use of health claims without health warnings and their appeals to youth. They called for federal regulators to investigate the marketing practices of MedMen and other US-based marijuana companies.
In June 2021, Supreme Court justice
Clarence Thomas
stated that "A prohibition on interstate use or cultivation of marijuana may no longer be necessary or proper to support the federal government's piecemeal approach," criticizing "[t]he federal government's ... half-in, half-out regime that simultaneously tolerates and forbids local use of marijuana."
[
65
]
In 2022, President Joe Biden released a budget proposal that did not extend protections for states violating federal laws around marijuana. It also did not give the District of Columbia permission to legalize, which drew mild surprise among political observers given the Democratic Party's support of D.C. autonomy.
[
66
]
In July 2022,
Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act "CAOA"
(see Text of S.4591)
' was introduced by Senators
Cory Booker
(D-NJ),
Chuck Schumer
) (D-NY), and
Ron Wyden
(D-OR) with the aim of decriminalizing cannabis on the federal level and officially acknowledging states' own marijuana laws.
[
67
]
Even though the bill includes both
Democratic
and
Republican
priorities, it appears unlikely to pass.
[
68
]
Former U.S. President
Joe Biden
discusses rescheduling of cannabis.
While marijuana has been decriminalized throughout many states in the US, it remains a Schedule I drug as of October 2024. However, on January 12, 2024, the FDA announced its recommendation that marijuana be moved to a
Schedule III drug
, which is a much less strictly-regulated category and would acknowledge its potential for medical use.
[
69
]
If marijuana is rescheduled according to these recommendations, it would no longer be placed alongside drugs such as
heroin
and, instead, be placed alongside drugs such as
ketamine
.
This process is very lengthy, and first required a two month period for public comment, from May 21 to July 22.
[
70
]
There were nearly 43,000 comments in total, about 69% of whom stated the government should instead decriminalize marijuana entirely, with 23% supporting the move and 8% wanting marijuana to remain a schedule I drug.
[
71
]
Since then, a public hearing has been scheduled for December 2, and reclassification will not occur until after then.
[
72
]
Marijuana's status and classification under federal law hinders oversight and scientific research.
[
citation needed
]
States have implemented inconsistent standards and regulations, with only two states capping THC levels in most recreational marijuana products and just ten requiring warnings about the potential for habit formation. Even fewer states mandate warnings regarding cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome or
psychosis
, and none are equipped to monitor or assess the full range of health outcomes related to cannabis use.
[
47
]
A 2024 report from the
National Academies of Sciences
highlights the inconsistent legal framework surrounding cannabis legalization, which prioritizes sales revenue and taxes over public health.
[
73
]
The report calls for a more unified approach to cannabis regulation, including a federal campaign to educate the public about the risks of increasingly potent cannabis products.
[
74
]
It also advocates for lifting restrictions on cannabis research to better understand its health impacts. The
CDC
is urged to take a more active role in shaping cannabis policy, but additional funding would be required to implement these recommendations.
[
75
]
Retail store,
Homer, Alaska
In 1973
Oregon
became the first state to decriminalize cannabis, and in 2012
Colorado
and
Washington
became the first states to legalize
recreational use
.
[
76
]
As of November 2023, twenty-four states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington), Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia have legalized recreational use of cannabis, with all but Virginia and D.C. having legalized its commercial sale.
[
77
]
Another 7 states are considered to have
decriminalization
policies in effect.
[
77
]
In 1996, California became the first state to legalize the medical use of cannabis when voters approved
Proposition 215
.
[
76
]
As of March 2023, thirty-eight states, four out of five permanently inhabited
U.S. territories
, and the District of Columbia have legalized medical cannabis.
[
10
]
Ten other states have more restrictive laws limiting THC content, for the purpose of allowing access to products that are rich in
cannabidiol
(CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis.
[
10
]
In 2024 thirty-seven states including District of Columbia have legalized the use of medical marijuana and CBD including recreational use as well.
[
78
]
It was reported that in 2023 the states with marijuana legalized for personal consumption purposes generated around 4.2 billion in annual tax revenue. However this income does not include city takings or the proceeds that are taken to be distributed to smaller administrative divisions. This means that the number 4.2 billion was actually quite higher to begin with.
[
79
]
State and territory laws
[
edit
]
Legality of cannabis in the United States
Legal for recreational use
Legal for medical use
No comprehensive medical program
●
Decriminalized
Notes
:
·
Reflects laws of states and territories, including laws which have not yet gone into effect. Does not reflect federal, tribal, or local laws.
·
Map does not show state legality of
hemp
-derived
cannabinoids
such as
CBD
or
delta-8-THC
, which
have been legal
at federal level since enactment of the
2018 Farm Bill
.
v
t
e
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Indian Nations
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Prior to 2021, the National Center for Natural Products Research in
Oxford, Mississippi
was the only facility in the U.S. that was federally licensed by the
Drug Enforcement Administration
to cultivate cannabis for scientific research. The facility is part of the School of Pharmacy at the
University of Mississippi
, and cultivates cannabis through a contract with the
National Institute on Drug Abuse
, to which it provides the cannabis.
[
citation needed
]
Cannabis research has been hindered by the monopoly held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse that existed prior to 2021.
[
80
]
The cannabis supplied by NIDA has been criticized by researchers for a variety of reasons, including high amounts of stems and seeds,
[
81
]
high mold and yeast levels,
[
82
]
low THC content,
[
30
]
and low diversity of strains available.
[
81
]
NIDA has also been criticized for the length of time in which it responds to proposals, and for favoring research on the harms caused by cannabis over research on the health benefits of cannabis.
[
83
]
In August 2016 the DEA announced intention to issue additional cultivation licenses, however,
[
84
]
and in 2021 the first licenses were granted.
[
85
]
[
86
]
Research conducted on cannabis also requires licensing from the DEA (specific to Schedule I drugs),
[
87
]
and approval from the FDA as well.
[
30
]
Prior to 2015, research also required approval from the
U.S. Public Health Service
, but this requirement was eliminated to make it less difficult for cannabis research to be approved.
[
88
]
Numerous medical organizations in the U.S. have called for restrictions on cannabis research to be further eased, including the
American Academy of Family Physicians
,
[
89
]
American Psychological Association
,
[
90
]
American Cancer Society
,
[
91
]
American Academy of Pediatrics
,
[
92
]
and the
American Nurses Association
.
[
93
]
Chart from the
United States Bureau of Justice Statistics
[
94
]
The great majority of cannabis arrests are for possession.
[
95
]
However, in 1997, the vast majority of inmates in state prisons for marijuana-related convictions were convicted of offenses other than simple possession.
[
96
]
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's annual Uniform Crime Report, there have been over twelve million cannabis arrests in the U.S. since 1996, including 749,825 persons for marijuana violations in 2012. Of those charged with marijuana violations in 2012, 658,231 (88%) were charged with possession only. The remaining 91,593 individuals were charged with "sale/manufacture", a category that does not differentiate for cultivation offenses, even those where the marijuana was being grown for personal or medical use. Marijuana arrests comprise almost one-half (48.3%) of all drug arrests reported in the U.S.
[
97
]
According to the
American Civil Liberties Union
, there were 8.2 million marijuana arrests from 2001 to 2010, and 88% of those arrests were just for having marijuana with them.
[
98
]
Racial disparity in marijuana arrests
[
edit
]
In a study done by the American Civil Liberties Union, from 2001 to 2010 Black and
white people
use marijuana at about the same rate.
[
99
]
Nationwide, Black people are 3.6 times more likely than white people to be arrested for marijuana, despite similar usage rates.
[
100
]
Racial disparities vary in severity among states. For example, Colorado has the lowest disparity with Black people being 1.5 more likely than whites to be arrested for marijuana. On the other hand, in Montana, Kentucky, Illinois, West Virginia and Iowa, Black people are more than seven times more likely to be arrested for marijuana than white people.
[
100
]
Nonetheless, in all states whether marijuana is legalized, decriminalized or illegal, Black people still are more likely of going to prison on marijuana charges,
[
100
]
proving that legalizing or decriminalizing marijuana alone will not change the disparity.
Racial profiling
among law enforcement is to blame for these disparities. Law enforcement often targets people on their actual and perceived race instead of having reasonable suspicion for a crime.
[
100
]
Minor offense like possession of marijuana are strictly enforced in racial communities, while the same offenses are often ignored in white affluent communities.
[
100
]
This racial profiling results in the mass incarceration of Black, Hispanic and Latino individuals.
The
Libertarian Party
and the
Green Party
are known for advocating for the legalization of marijuana.
[
101
]
There are also active
cannabis political parties
in at least five states. These include the
Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party
, the
Legal Marijuana Now Party
, the
Legalize Marijuana Party
, and the
U.S. Marijuana Party
.
History of cannabis political parties in the U.S.
[
edit
]
The
Youth International Party
, formed in 1967 to advance the
counterculture of the 1960s
, often ran candidates for public office. The Yippie flag is a five-pointed star superimposed with a cannabis leaf.
[
102
]
The
Grassroots Party
was founded in Minnesota in 1986 and ran numerous candidates for state and federal offices. The party was active in Iowa, Minnesota, and Vermont. Grassroots Party ran candidates in every presidential election from 1988 to 2000.
[
103
]
[
104
]
[
105
]
[
106
]
The
Legal Marijuana Now Party
was established in Minnesota in 1998.
[
107
]
In 1998, an independent candidate,
Edward Forchion
, ran for Congress from New Jersey as the
Legalize Marijuana Party
candidate. Since then, Forchion has run several times for a number of offices, under that banner.
The
Marijuana Reform Party
was established in New York, in 1998, and ran gubernatorial candidates there in both 1998 and 2002.
[
108
]
The
U.S. Marijuana Party
is an organization that promotes electoral involvement by marijuana legalization supporters. In 2012, the group endorsed Libertarian Gary Johnson for President.
The
Anti-prohibition Party
ran candidates for office in New York State for one election cycle in 2010.
In 2010 and 2012, independent candidate
Cris Ericson
was on the ballot for multiple offices in Vermont under the label of U.S. Marijuana.
The
Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party
was founded in Minnesota, in 2014.
[
109
]
In 2016, the
Legal Marijuana Now Party
placed their presidential candidates onto the ballot in two states.
[
110
]
[
111
]
In July 2016, delegates at the
2016 Democratic National Convention
voted to approve a
party platform
calling for cannabis to be removed from the list of Schedule I substances, as well as calling for a "reasoned pathway for future legalization".
[
112
]
Gallup began polling the public as to the issue of legalizing cannabis in 1969; in that year 12% were in favor.
[
113
]
The 2017 Gallup poll showed a record high of 64% in favor of legalizing cannabis, including a majority of Republicans for the first time.
[
114
]
In 2018, the same poll increased to an all-new high of 68%, showing that the great majority of Americans favored legalizing recreational marijuana.
[
115
]
According to a 2013 survey by
Pew Research Center
, a majority of Americans favored complete or partial legalization of cannabis.
[
116
]
The survey showed 52% of respondents support cannabis legalization and 45% do not. College graduates' support increased from 39% to 52% in just three years, the support of self-identified conservative Republicans (a group not traditionally supportive of cannabis legalization) had increased to nearly 30%, and bipartisan support had increased across the board. The 2018 version of the poll showed public support had increased to 61%.
[
117
]
Attitudes regarding marijuana regulation changed as some states (Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Maine, and Alaska) passed their own laws legalizing marijuana for recreational use. According to a Gallup Poll published in December 2012, 64% of Americans believe the federal government should not intervene in these states.
[
118
]
A 2018 study in
Social Science Research
found that the main determinants of these changes in attitudes toward marijuana regulation since the 1990s were a decline in perception of the riskiness of marijuana, changes in media framing of marijuana, a decline in overall punitiveness, and a decrease in religious affiliation.
[
119
]
Marijuana legalization polled as very popular in 2019 according to three major national polls.
[
120
]
Adult lifetime cannabis use by country
Annual cannabis use by country
Cannabis dispensaries in the United States
Cannabis political parties
Cannabis: The Illegalization of Weed in America
Legality of cannabis by country
Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction
List of United States politicians who admit to cannabis use
Minors and the legality of cannabis
SAFE Banking Act
Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure
Americans for Safe Access
Law Enforcement Against Prohibition
Marijuana Policy Project
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
National Cannabis Industry Association
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- [1 Historic overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Historic_overview)
- [2 Usage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Usage)
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- [2\.1 Health effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Health_effects)
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- [3\.1 Federal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Federal)
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- [3\.2.1 State and territory laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#State_and_territory_laws)
- [4 Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Research)
- [5 Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Crime)
- [6 Racial disparity in marijuana arrests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Racial_disparity_in_marijuana_arrests)
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- [7\.1 History of cannabis political parties in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#History_of_cannabis_political_parties_in_the_U.S.)
- [8 Polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#Polling)
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# Cannabis in the United States
7 languages
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| |
|---|
| Part of a series on |
| [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg) |
| Arts [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_culture "Cannabis culture") [420](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420_\(cannabis_culture\) "420 (cannabis culture)") ([chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420chan "420chan")) [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis "List of books about cannabis") [Magu (deity)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magu_\(deity\) "Magu (deity)") [Names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis "List of names for cannabis") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion "Cannabis and religion") [Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Judaism "Cannabis and Judaism") [Latter-day Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Latter-day_Saints "Cannabis and Latter-day Saints") [Sikhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism "Cannabis and Sikhism") [Smoke-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke-in "Smoke-in") [Spiritual use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis "Entheogenic use of cannabis") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports "Cannabis and sports") [Stoner film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_film "Stoner film") [Stoner rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_rock "Stoner rock") [Terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms "Glossary of cannabis terms") |
| Chemistry **[Phytocannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids "Comparison of phytocannabinoids")** Main [THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol "Tetrahydrocannabinol") [Dronabinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronabinol "Dronabinol") (INN) [CBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") Minor [*delta*\-3-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [*delta*\-4-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-4-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-4-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [*delta*\-7-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-7-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-7-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [*delta*\-8-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [*delta*\-10-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [*delta*\-11-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [THCB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabutol "Tetrahydrocannabutol") [THCH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol "Tetrahydrocannabihexol") [THCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol "Tetrahydrocannabiphorol") [CBDH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol "Tetrahydrocannabihexol") [CBDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiphorol "Cannabidiphorol") **Semi-synthetic cannabinoids** [THC-O-acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC-O-acetate "THC-O-acetate") **[Synthetic cannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid "Synthetic cannabinoid")** [AM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AM_cannabinoids "List of AM cannabinoids") [AM-2201](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-2201 "AM-2201") [CP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CP_cannabinoids "List of CP cannabinoids") [CP-55940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_55,940 "CP 55,940") [Nabilone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabilone "Nabilone") [Dimethylheptylpyran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran "Dimethylheptylpyran") [HU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HU_cannabinoids "List of HU cannabinoids") [HU-210](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-210 "HU-210") [HU-331](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-331 "HU-331") [JWH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids "List of JWH cannabinoids") [JWH-018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-018 "JWH-018") [JWH-073](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-073 "JWH-073") [JWH-133](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-133 "JWH-133") [Levonantradol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonantradol "Levonantradol") [MDMB-CHMICA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA "MDMB-CHMICA") [SR144528](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-144,528 "SR-144,528") [WIN 55,212-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIN_55,212-2 "WIN 55,212-2") |
| Pharmacology **[Cannabinoid receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor "Cannabinoid receptor")** [Cannabinoid receptor type 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1 "Cannabinoid receptor type 1") [Cannabinoid receptor type 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2 "Cannabinoid receptor type 2") **[Endocannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system "Endocannabinoid system")** (activate cannabinoid receptors) [2-AG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol "2-Arachidonoylglycerol") [Anandamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide "Anandamide") [NADA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine "N-Arachidonoyl dopamine") [Virodhamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virodhamine "Virodhamine") |
| [Consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_consumption "Cannabis consumption") [Drinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_consumption#Drink "Cannabis consumption") [Edibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_edible "Cannabis edible") [Smoking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_smoking "Cannabis smoking") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_tea "Cannabis tea") [Conversion of CBD to THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC "Conversion of CBD to THC") [Vaping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_\(inhalation_device\) "Vaporizer (inhalation device)") [Adult lifetime cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country "Adult lifetime cannabis use by country") [Annual cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country "Annual cannabis use by country") |
| Economics [Coffeeshop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeeshop_\(Netherlands\) "Coffeeshop (Netherlands)") [Cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation "Cannabis cultivation") [Shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_shop "Cannabis shop") [Social Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club "Cannabis Social Club") [Employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_concerns_of_cannabis_use "Occupational health concerns of cannabis use") [Grow house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow_house "Grow house") [Grow shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow_shop "Grow shop") [Head shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shop "Head shop") [Marijuana vending machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_vending_machine "Marijuana vending machine") |
| [Effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis "Effects of cannabis") [Dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dependence "Cannabis dependence") [Driving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving "Cannabis and impaired driving") [Drug testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing "Cannabis drug testing") [Effects of legalized cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis "Effects of legalized cannabis") [Gateway drug theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory "Gateway drug theory") [Long term effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis "Long-term effects of cannabis") [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis") [Memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_memory "Cannabis and memory") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy "Cannabis in pregnancy") [Time perception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception "Cannabis and time perception") |
| Forms [Bhang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhang "Bhang") [Blunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_\(cannabis_cigar\) "Blunt (cannabis cigar)") [Charas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charas "Charas") [Flower essential oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil "Cannabis flower essential oil") [Hashish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish "Hashish") [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_oil "Hash oil") [Hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp "Hemp") [Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_beer "Hemp beer") [Milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_milk "Hemp milk") [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_oil "Hemp oil") [Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_protein "Hemp protein") [Hempcrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempcrete "Hempcrete") [Joint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_\(cannabis\) "Joint (cannabis)") [Kief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kief "Kief") [Roach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roach_\(smoking\) "Roach (smoking)") [Synthetic cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabis "Synthetic cannabis") [Tincture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis "Tincture of cannabis") |
| Law [Cannabis rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_rights "Cannabis rights") [Legality of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis "Legality of cannabis") [Timeline of cannabis law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law "Timeline of cannabis law") [Cannabis and international law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_international_law "Cannabis and international law") [Centenary of Cannabis prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_of_Cannabis_prohibition "Centenary of Cannabis prohibition") [UN 2020 descheduling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961 "Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961") [Single Convention on adult use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_2_paragraph_9_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs "Article 2 paragraph 9 of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs") [Cannabis in the United States]() [Legality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") [Legal history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States "Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States") [Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") [Non-medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") [Amnesty bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_bin "Amnesty bin") [Cannabis in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada "Cannabis in Canada") [Cannabis Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Act_\(Canada\) "Cannabis Act (Canada)") [Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory "Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory") [Legal history of cannabis in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada "Legal history of cannabis in Canada") Elsewhere [Cannabis by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_by_country "Cannabis by country") [Cannabis in Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta "Cannabis in Malta") [Cannabis in Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain "Cannabis in Spain") [Cannabis in South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa "Cannabis in South Africa") [Cannabis in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand "Cannabis in Thailand") [Cannabis in the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands "Cannabis in the Netherlands") [Drug policy of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal "Drug policy of Portugal") [Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_scheduling_of_synthetic_cannabinoids "Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids") |
| Variants [Autoflowering cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis "Autoflowering cannabis") **Genus** [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis") **Species** [Cannabis sativa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa "Cannabis sativa") [Cannabis indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_indica "Cannabis indica") [Cannabis ruderalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis "Cannabis ruderalis") **[Strains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_strains "Cannabis strains")** [Acapulco Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_\(cannabis\) "Acapulco Gold (cannabis)") [Charlotte's web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_web_\(cannabis\) "Charlotte's web (cannabis)") [Kush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kush_\(Cannabis\) "Kush (Cannabis)") [Malawi Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_Gold "Malawi Gold") [Sour Diesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_Diesel "Sour Diesel") |
| Related [Drug culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_culture "Drug culture") [Drug liberalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_liberalization "Drug liberalization") [Illegal drug trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade "Illegal drug trade") [Psychedelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelia "Psychedelia") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf_2.svg) [Cannabis portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cannabis "Portal:Cannabis") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esculaap4.svg) [Medicine portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine "Portal:Medicine") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veranotrigo.jpg) [Agriculture portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Agriculture "Portal:Agriculture") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cannabis_sidebar "Template:Cannabis sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_sidebar "Template talk:Cannabis sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis sidebar") |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marijuana,_%22MARIHUANA_TAX_ACT_OF_1937%22_%221_DOLLAR%22_art_detail,_from-_Marihuana_revenue_stamp_$1_1937_issue_\(cropped\).jpg)
[Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") \$1 marijuana revenue stamp, 1937 issue
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_annual_marijuana_arrests_chart_-_NORML.png)
US annual marijuana arrests. [NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORML "NORML").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-5)
The use, sale, and possession of [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_\(drug\) "Cannabis (drug)") containing over 0.3% [THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol "Tetrahydrocannabinol") by dry weight in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"), despite laws in many states permitting it under various circumstances, is illegal under [federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States "Federalism in the United States").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013a-6) As a Schedule I drug under the federal [Controlled Substances Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act") (CSA) of 1970, cannabis containing over 0.3% THC by dry weight (legal term [marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_\(word\) "Marijuana (word)")) is considered to have "no accepted medical use" and a high potential for abuse and physical or psychological dependence.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7) Cannabis use is illegal for any reason, with the exception of [FDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA "FDA")\-approved research programs.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-McKinseyBurke2014-8) However, [individual states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") have enacted legislation permitting exemptions for various uses, including [medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis"), [industrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp "Hemp"), and [recreational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_cannabis "Recreational cannabis") use.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_medical-10)
Cannabis for industrial uses (hemp) was made illegal to grow without a permit under the CSA because of its relation to cannabis as a drug, and any imported products must adhere to a [zero tolerance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_tolerance_\(food_policy\) "Zero tolerance (food policy)") policy.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-House2006-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-White2013-12) The [Agricultural Act of 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_2014 "Agricultural Act of 2014") allows for universities and state-level departments of agriculture to cultivate cannabis for research into its industrial potential.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-CaulkinsKilmer2016-13) In December 2018, hemp was permitted to be grown in the U.S. under federal law after the Hemp Farming Act was included in the passed [2018 Farm Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_farm_bill "2018 United States farm bill").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:0-14)
As a [psychoactive drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug "Psychoactive drug"), cannabis continues to find extensive favor among recreational and medical users in the U.S.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Lowinson2005-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-16) As of 2023, twenty-four states, three [U.S. territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States "Territories of the United States"), and the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia") have legalized recreational use of cannabis. Thirty-eight states, four U.S. territories, and D.C. have legalized medical use of the drug. Multiple efforts to [reschedule cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act "Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act") under the CSA have failed, and the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") has ruled in *[United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative")* (2001) and *[Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich")* (2005) that the federal government has a right to regulate and criminalize cannabis, whether medical or recreational. As a result, [cannabis dispensaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States") are licensed by each state;[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-NeubauerMeinhold2013-17) these businesses sell cannabis products that have not been approved by the U.S. [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration"),[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-18) nor are they legally registered with the federal government to sell controlled substances.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ThomasElSohly2015-19) Although cannabis has not been approved, the FDA recognizes the potential benefits and has approved two drugs that contain components of marijuana.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-20)
The ability of states to implement cannabis legalization policies was weakened after U.S. Attorney General [Jeff Sessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions "Jeff Sessions") rescinded the [Cole Memorandum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum") on January 4, 2018, and issued a new memo instructing [U.S. attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._attorneys "U.S. attorneys") to enforce federal law related to marijuana.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-21) The Cole memo, issued by former Deputy Attorney General James Cole in 2013, urged federal prosecutors to refrain from targeting state-legal marijuana operations.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-22) Regarding the medical use of cannabis, the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment") still remains in effect to protect state-legal medical cannabis activities from enforcement of federal law.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:1-24) On May 1, 2024, the [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported on federal plans to change marijuana to a [Schedule III drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_III_controlled_substances_\(U.S.\) "List of Schedule III controlled substances (U.S.)").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-To_be_rescheduled-25) On December 18, 2025, President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signed an executive order[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-26) instructing the [Attorney General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") to expedite the process of reclassify cannabis from a Schedule I drug (the most restrictive classification) to Schedule III.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-27)
## Historic overview
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Historic overview")\]
The [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") was one of the first measures to tax cannabis nationwide.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-28) This act was overturned in 1969 in *[Leary v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leary_v._United_States "Leary v. United States")*, and was repealed and replaced with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) by Congress the next year.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-29) Under the CSA cannabis was assigned a Schedule I classification, deemed to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use – thereby prohibiting even medical use of the drug. The classification has remained since the CSA was first signed into law, despite multiple efforts to reschedule.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-DPA_decades-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-brookings_report-31) In direct response, the U.S. [Libertarian Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") was one of the first major parties to endorse cannabis legalization in their first platform in 1972 which stated, "We favor the repeal of all laws creating "crimes without victims" now incorporated in Federal, state and local laws—such as laws on voluntary sexual relations, drug use, gambling, and attempted suicide."[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-32) As cannabis prohibition continued into the 21st Century, the [U.S. Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party "U.S. Marijuana Party") was formed in 2002 as a single-issue party to end the [war on drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_drugs "War on drugs") and to legalize cannabis.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-33) States have also begun to engage in the process of [nullification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_\(U.S._Constitution\) "Nullification (U.S. Constitution)") to override federal laws pertaining to cannabis. California started the trend by legalizing medicinal cannabis in 1996.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-34) Now, cannabis has been fully legalized for recreational use in 24 states, three U.S. territories and Washington D.C., with most states having some sort of state nullification of federal cannabis laws.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-35) In 1969, [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc. "Gallup, Inc.") conducted a poll asking Americans whether "the use of marijuana should be legal" with only 12% at the time saying yes.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-36) In 1977, it rose to 28% and experienced a period of gradual increase thereafter. According to the latest poll\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\], two-thirds of Americans think marijuana use should be legal.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-37) In addition, a report by Business Insider indicates that in 2022 alone, Americans spent an estimated \$30 billion on legal marijuana products. The report further predicts that legal pot sales could surpass \$33 billion in the current year\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\], surpassing combined sales of chocolate and craft beer.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-38)
## Usage
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Usage")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCB_top_bud.jpg)
A large cannabis flower bud, Alaska
Roger Roffman, a professor of social work at the [University of Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"), asserted in July 2013 that "approximately 3.6 million Americans are daily or near daily users."[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-NYTimes_2009-07-19-39) Peter Reuter, a professor at the School of Public Policy and the Department of Criminology at the [University of Maryland, College Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park "University of Maryland, College Park"), said that "experimenting with marijuana has long been a normal part of growing up in the U.S.; about half of the population born since 1960 has tried the drug by age 21."[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-NYTimes_2009-07-19-39) A [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") survey found that the U.S. is the world's leading per capita marijuana consumer.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-40) The 2007 National Survey on Drug Use & Health prepared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services indicated that 14.4 million U.S. citizens over the age of 12 had used marijuana within a month.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-SAMHSA_2009-07-27-41) The 2008 survey found that 35 million Americans[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-oas.samhsa.gov-42) were willing to tell government representatives[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-43) that they had used marijuana in the past year.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-oas.samhsa.gov-42)
According to the 2001 *National Survey on Drug Use and Health* by the [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"), a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 41.9% (more than 2 in 5) of all Americans 12 or older have used cannabis at some point in their lives, while 11.5% (about 1 in 9) reported using it "this year."[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-44) According to a 2022 Gallup survey, 16% of Americans reported being marijuana smokers (up from 7% in 2013) and 48% reported trying marijuana at some point in their lifetimes (up from 4% in 1969).[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-45)
Medical use is a common reason people buy cannabis online. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Medical marijuana refers to using the whole unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat a disease or symptom." While some report symptom relief from buying cannabis online, scientific evidence on its effectiveness remains inconsistent. More research is needed to confirm its benefits and evaluate potential risks. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not officially approved [marijuana as a medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_cannabis "Medicinal cannabis").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-46)
Cannabis has been used for its therapeutic effects since it was first documented in China in 2800 Bc. In the 19th century scientist believed that using drugs like cannabis can prevent and cure diseases due to the plants therapeutic properties.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Health effects
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Health effects")\]
Main article: [Effects of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis "Effects of cannabis")
Approximately 18 million adults, nearly a third of users aged 18 and older, have reported symptoms of [cannabis use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder "Cannabis use disorder"), according to a data analysis by a [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [epidemiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology") for *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. This reflects ongoing use despite significant negative impacts, with around three million individuals classified as addicted. These estimates are based on the 2022 U.S. national drug use survey, which focused on individuals who reported cannabis consumption in the past year. Among those aged 18 to 25, over 4.5 million reported using cannabis daily or nearly every day, and 81 percent of these users met the criteria for cannabis use disorder. [Wilson Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Compton_\(academic\) "Wilson Compton (academic)"), deputy director of the [National Institute on Drug Abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse "National Institute on Drug Abuse"), noted that this suggests that almost all daily users report problems related to their use, and that it is "a very clear warning sign." In 2023, the federal government's [National Survey on Drug Use and Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_on_Drug_Use_and_Health "National Survey on Drug Use and Health") reported a cannabis use disorder rate of 16.6 percent among individuals aged 18 to 25, which was comparable to the rate of [alcohol use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism") at 15.1 percent.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47)
[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome "Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome"), resulting from heavy cannabis use, is characterized by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. It can lead to severe dehydration, seizures, [kidney failure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure "Kidney failure"), and [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest "Cardiac arrest"), with at least eight reported deaths in the United States. Since its documentation in 2004, there has been a significant rise in reported cases. Accurate tracking of the condition is difficult due to inconsistent recording in medical records. Researchers estimate that up to one-third of near-daily cannabis users in the U.S. may experience symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, affecting approximately six million people. The rise of the syndrome in the past two decades coincides with the expansion of marijuana legalization in the United States. According to data from the nonprofit Health Care Cost Institute, cannabis-related diagnoses among individuals under 65 with employer-paid insurance increased by over 50 percent nationwide between 2016 and 2022, rising from approximately 341,000 to 522,000. The organization stated that these figures "almost certainly" represent an undercount.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47)
In 2017, the [National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine") released a review of research on the health effects of cannabis, highlighting that the absence of evidence-based information represents a public health risk.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47)
## Legality
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Legality")\]
Main articles: [Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") and [Legal history of cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States")
See also: [Medical cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") and [Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timeline_of_Gallup_polls_in_US_on_legalizing_marijuana.png)
Timeline of [Gallup polls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc "Gallup, Inc") in US on legalizing marijuana. See data table below.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-galluppolls-48)
| Date | % Yes, legal |
|---|---|
| 10/2/2023 | 70 |
| 10/3/2022 | 68 |
| 10/1/2021 | 68 |
| 10/1/2020 | 68 |
| 10/1/2019 | 66 |
| 5/15/2019 | 64 |
| 10/1/2018 | 66 |
| 10/5/2017 | 64 |
| 10/5/2016 | 60 |
| 10/7/2015 | 58 |
| 10/12/2014 | 51 |
| 10/3/2013 | 58 |
| 11/26/2012 | 48 |
| 10/6/2011 | 50 |
| 10/7/2010 | 46 |
| 10/1/2009 | 44 |
| 10/13/2005 | 36 |
| 11/10/2003 | 34 |
| 8/3/2001 | 34 |
| 8/29/2000 | 31 |
| 8/28/1995 | 25 |
| 5/17/1985 | 23 |
| 6/27/1980 | 25 |
| 5/18/1979 | 25 |
| 4/1/1977 | 28 |
| 1/26/1973 | 16 |
| 5/3/1972 | 15 |
| 10/2/1969 | 12 |
### Federal
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Federal")\]
Since the [Controlled Substances Act of 1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970 "Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970") classified marijuana as a [Schedule I drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_controlled_substances "Controlled Substances Act"), until the passage of the [2018 United States farm bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_farm_bill "2018 United States farm bill"), under federal law it was illegal to possess, use, buy, sell, or cultivate cannabis in all U.S. jurisdictions. As a Schedule I substance, the highest restriction of five different schedules of controlled substances, it is claimed cannabis has a high potential for abuse and has no acceptable medical use. Despite this federal prohibition, some state and local governments established laws attempting to decriminalize cannabis, which has reduced the number of "simple possession" offenders sent to jail, since federal law enforcement rarely targets individuals directly for such relatively minor offenses. Other state and local governments ask law enforcement agencies to limit enforcement of drug laws with respect to cannabis. However, under the [Supremacy Clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause "Supremacy Clause") of the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution "U.S. Constitution"), federal law preempts conflicting state and local laws. In most cases, the absence of a state law does not present a preemption conflict with a federal law.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:1-24)
The federal government criminalized marijuana under the [Interstate Commerce Clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Clause "Interstate Commerce Clause"), and the application of these laws to intrastate commerce were addressed squarely by the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") in *[Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich")*, 545 U.S. 1, in 2005.
In January 2009, President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")'s transition team organized a poll to clarify some of the top issues the American public wants to have his administration look into, and two of the top ten ideas were to legalize the use of cannabis.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-49) In July 2009, [Gil Kerlikowske](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kerlikowske "Gil Kerlikowske"), Director of the [Office of National Drug Control Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy "Office of National Drug Control Policy"), clarified the federal government's position when he stated that "marijuana is dangerous and has no medicinal benefit" and that "legalization is not in the president's vocabulary, and it's not in mine."[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-komonews-50) However, a January 2010 settlement between the U.S. [Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration "Drug Enforcement Administration") and the [Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana "Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana") (WAMM) provided an example confirming the administration policy as communicated by Attorney General [Eric Holder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder "Eric Holder"), as WAMM reached an agreement that allowed them to re-open after being shut down by the federal government in 2002.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-mercurynews-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-insidebayarea-52)
Following the 2012 presidential election, the Office of National Drug Control Policy under the [Obama administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration "Obama administration") stated that it "steadfastly opposes legalization of marijuana and other drugs because legalization would increase the availability and use of illicit drugs, and pose significant health and safety risks".[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-president-53) In February 2014, the administration issued guidelines to banks for conducting transactions with legal marijuana sellers so these new businesses can stash away savings, make payroll, and pay taxes like any other enterprise.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-54) However, marijuana businesses still lack access to banks and credit unions due to [Federal Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System "Federal Reserve System") regulations.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-55)
On August 29, 2013, the Justice Department adopted a new policy (known as the [Cole memo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum")) regarding the enforcement of federal law in states that have legalized non-medical cannabis. The policy specified that commercial distribution of cannabis would be generally tolerated, except in certain circumstances, such as if violence or firearms are involved, the proceeds go to gangs and cartels, or if the cannabis is distributed to states where it is illegal.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-56)
On December 11, 2014, the Department of Justice told U.S. attorneys to allow Native American tribes on reservations to grow and sell marijuana, even in states where it is illegal. The policy will be implemented on a case-by-case basis and tribes must still follow federal guidelines.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-57)
On May 30, 2014, the [U.S. House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives "U.S. House of Representatives") passed the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment"), prohibiting the Justice Department from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical marijuana laws. The amendment became law in December 2014, and must be renewed each year in order to remain in effect.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-58)
On March 10, 2015, U.S. Senators [Rand Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul "Rand Paul"), [Kirsten Gillibrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand "Kirsten Gillibrand"), and [Cory Booker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker "Cory Booker") introduced the Compassionate Access, Research Expansion and Respect States Act or CARERS Act. The bipartisan bill would move cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule II of the [Controlled Substances Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act"). This would allow states with [medical cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis") laws to legally prescribe it, and allow for much easier research into its medical efficacy. The bill would also allow grow sites besides the University of Mississippi, which has long been the sole supplier of cannabis for academic research, to supply cannabis for study.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-59)
The Food and Drug Administration has approved two synthetic cannabis drugs for treating cancer and other medical issues.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-60) The federal government of the U.S. continues to argue that smoked cannabis has no recognized medical purpose (pointing to a definition of "medical purpose" published by the DEA, not the Food and Drug Administration, the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health"), the [Centers for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control "Centers for Disease Control"), or the office of the [U.S. Surgeon General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Surgeon_General "U.S. Surgeon General") and the [U.S. Public Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service "U.S. Public Health Service")). Many officials point to the difficulty of regulating dosage of cannabis (a problem for treatment as well as research), despite the availability (in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada "Cannabis in Canada") and the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom "Cannabis in the United Kingdom")) of dosage-controlled Sativex. The U.S. has also pressured other governments (especially Canada and [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mexico "Cannabis in Mexico"), with which it shares borders) to retain restrictions on marijuana.
On January 4, 2018, the [Cole memo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum") was rescinded by Attorney General [Jeff Sessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions "Jeff Sessions"), restoring the ability of US Attorneys to enforce federal law in states that have legalized non-medical cannabis.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-61)
On December 20, 2018, President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signed the farm bill which descheduled hemp, making cannabis under 0.3% THC legal once again.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-62) The law may have [inadvertently allowed cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_loophole "Hemp loophole") of hemp plants with high levels of [delta-8-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-8-THC "Delta-8-THC"), which is also psychoactive and has since become more popular recreationally across the U.S.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-63)
In February 2019, three researchers used [MedMen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedMen "MedMen") as a case study to illustrate their concerns with marijuana companies' marketing practices.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-64) The authors criticized MedMen's use of health claims without health warnings and their appeals to youth. They called for federal regulators to investigate the marketing practices of MedMen and other US-based marijuana companies.
In June 2021, Supreme Court justice [Clarence Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas "Clarence Thomas") stated that "A prohibition on interstate use or cultivation of marijuana may no longer be necessary or proper to support the federal government's piecemeal approach," criticizing "\[t\]he federal government's ... half-in, half-out regime that simultaneously tolerates and forbids local use of marijuana."[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-65)
In 2022, President Joe Biden released a budget proposal that did not extend protections for states violating federal laws around marijuana. It also did not give the District of Columbia permission to legalize, which drew mild surprise among political observers given the Democratic Party's support of D.C. autonomy.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-66)
In July 2022, [Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act "CAOA"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Administration_and_Opportunity_Act "Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act") [(see Text of S.4591)](https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4591)' was introduced by Senators [Cory Booker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker "Cory Booker") (D-NJ), [Chuck Schumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer "Chuck Schumer")) (D-NY), and [Ron Wyden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden "Ron Wyden") (D-OR) with the aim of decriminalizing cannabis on the federal level and officially acknowledging states' own marijuana laws.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-67) Even though the bill includes both [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") priorities, it appears unlikely to pass.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-68)
Former U.S. President [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") discusses rescheduling of cannabis.
While marijuana has been decriminalized throughout many states in the US, it remains a Schedule I drug as of October 2024. However, on January 12, 2024, the FDA announced its recommendation that marijuana be moved to a [Schedule III drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedules_of_controlled_substances "Controlled Substances Act"), which is a much less strictly-regulated category and would acknowledge its potential for medical use.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-69) If marijuana is rescheduled according to these recommendations, it would no longer be placed alongside drugs such as [heroin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin "Heroin") and, instead, be placed alongside drugs such as [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine").
This process is very lengthy, and first required a two month period for public comment, from May 21 to July 22.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-70) There were nearly 43,000 comments in total, about 69% of whom stated the government should instead decriminalize marijuana entirely, with 23% supporting the move and 8% wanting marijuana to remain a schedule I drug.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-71) Since then, a public hearing has been scheduled for December 2, and reclassification will not occur until after then.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-72)
Marijuana's status and classification under federal law hinders oversight and scientific research.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] States have implemented inconsistent standards and regulations, with only two states capping THC levels in most recreational marijuana products and just ten requiring warnings about the potential for habit formation. Even fewer states mandate warnings regarding cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome or [psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis "Psychosis"), and none are equipped to monitor or assess the full range of health outcomes related to cannabis use.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47) A 2024 report from the [National Academies of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences") highlights the inconsistent legal framework surrounding cannabis legalization, which prioritizes sales revenue and taxes over public health.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-73) The report calls for a more unified approach to cannabis regulation, including a federal campaign to educate the public about the risks of increasingly potent cannabis products.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-74) It also advocates for lifting restrictions on cannabis research to better understand its health impacts. The [CDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") is urged to take a more active role in shaping cannabis policy, but additional funding would be required to implement these recommendations.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-75)
### State
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: State")\]
See also: [Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") and [Medical cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Herb%E2%80%99s.jpg)
Retail store, [Homer, Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer,_Alaska "Homer, Alaska")
In 1973 [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon") became the first state to decriminalize cannabis, and in 2012 [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado") and [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_\(state\) "Cannabis in Washington (state)") became the first states to legalize [recreational use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use "Recreational drug use").[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-nyt_timeline-76) As of November 2023, twenty-four states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington), Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia have legalized recreational use of cannabis, with all but Virginia and D.C. having legalized its commercial sale.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_decrim-77) Another 7 states are considered to have [decriminalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization "Decriminalization") policies in effect.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_decrim-77)
In 1996, California became the first state to legalize the medical use of cannabis when voters approved [Proposition 215](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_215 "Proposition 215").[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-nyt_timeline-76) As of March 2023, thirty-eight states, four out of five permanently inhabited [U.S. territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States "Territories of the United States"), and the District of Columbia have legalized medical cannabis.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_medical-10) Ten other states have more restrictive laws limiting THC content, for the purpose of allowing access to products that are rich in [cannabidiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_medical-10) In 2024 thirty-seven states including District of Columbia have legalized the use of medical marijuana and CBD including recreational use as well.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-78)
It was reported that in 2023 the states with marijuana legalized for personal consumption purposes generated around 4.2 billion in annual tax revenue. However this income does not include city takings or the proceeds that are taken to be distributed to smaller administrative divisions. This means that the number 4.2 billion was actually quite higher to begin with.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-79)
#### State and territory laws
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: State and territory laws")\]
Main article: [Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_US_state_cannabis_laws.svg)
**Legality of cannabis in the United States**
***
Legal for recreational use
Legal for medical use
No comprehensive medical program
● Decriminalized
***
Notes:
**·** Reflects laws of states and territories, including laws which have not yet gone into effect. Does not reflect federal, tribal, or local laws.
**·** Map does not show state legality of [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp "Hemp")\-derived [cannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoids "Cannabinoids") such as [CBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") or [delta-8-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"), which [have been legal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_loophole "Hemp loophole") at federal level since enactment of the [2018 Farm Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_farm_bill "2018 United States farm bill").
- [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Legality_of_cannabis_by_US_state "Template:Legality of cannabis by US state")
- [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Legality_of_cannabis_by_US_state "Template talk:Legality of cannabis by US state")
- [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legality_of_cannabis_by_US_state "Special:EditPage/Template:Legality of cannabis by US state")
- [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alabama "Cannabis in Alabama")
- [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska "Cannabis in Alaska")
- [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona "Cannabis in Arizona")
- [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arkansas "Cannabis in Arkansas")
- [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California "Cannabis in California")
- [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado")
- [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut "Cannabis in Connecticut")
- [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware "Cannabis in Delaware")
- [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Florida "Cannabis in Florida")
- [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Cannabis in Georgia (U.S. state)")
- [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hawaii "Cannabis in Hawaii")
- [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Idaho "Cannabis in Idaho")
- [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois "Cannabis in Illinois")
- [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Indiana "Cannabis in Indiana")
- [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iowa "Cannabis in Iowa")
- [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kansas "Cannabis in Kansas")
- [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kentucky "Cannabis in Kentucky")
- [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Louisiana "Cannabis in Louisiana")
- [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine "Cannabis in Maine")
- [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland "Cannabis in Maryland")
- [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts "Cannabis in Massachusetts")
- [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan "Cannabis in Michigan")
- [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Minnesota "Cannabis in Minnesota")
- [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mississippi "Cannabis in Mississippi")
- [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri "Cannabis in Missouri")
- [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana "Cannabis in Montana")
- [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nebraska "Cannabis in Nebraska")
- [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada "Cannabis in Nevada")
- [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire "Cannabis in New Hampshire")
- [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey "Cannabis in New Jersey")
- [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico "Cannabis in New Mexico")
- [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York "Cannabis in New York")
- [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Carolina "Cannabis in North Carolina")
- [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota "Cannabis in North Dakota")
- [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ohio "Cannabis in Ohio")
- [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oklahoma "Cannabis in Oklahoma")
- [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon")
- [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Pennsylvania "Cannabis in Pennsylvania")
- [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island "Cannabis in Rhode Island")
- [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Carolina "Cannabis in South Carolina")
- [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Dakota "Cannabis in South Dakota")
- [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tennessee "Cannabis in Tennessee")
- [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Texas "Cannabis in Texas")
- [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Utah "Cannabis in Utah")
- [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont "Cannabis in Vermont")
- [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia "Cannabis in Virginia")
- [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_\(state\) "Cannabis in Washington (state)")
- [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_West_Virginia "Cannabis in West Virginia")
- [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wisconsin "Cannabis in Wisconsin")
- [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wyoming "Cannabis in Wyoming")
- [American Indian Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_on_American_Indian_reservations "Cannabis on American Indian reservations")
- [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_American_Samoa "Cannabis in American Samoa")
- [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_District_of_Columbia "Cannabis in the District of Columbia")
- [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam "Cannabis in Guam")
- [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Cannabis in Northern Mariana Islands")
- [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico "Cannabis in Puerto Rico")
- [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cannabis in United States Virgin Islands")
## Research
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Research")\]
Prior to 2021, the National Center for Natural Products Research in [Oxford, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi "Oxford, Mississippi") was the only facility in the U.S. that was federally licensed by the [Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration "Drug Enforcement Administration") to cultivate cannabis for scientific research. The facility is part of the School of Pharmacy at the [University of Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi "University of Mississippi"), and cultivates cannabis through a contract with the [National Institute on Drug Abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse "National Institute on Drug Abuse"), to which it provides the cannabis.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Cannabis research has been hindered by the monopoly held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse that existed prior to 2021.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-80) The cannabis supplied by NIDA has been criticized by researchers for a variety of reasons, including high amounts of stems and seeds,[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Brookings_decision-81) high mold and yeast levels,[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-82) low THC content,[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-DPA_decades-30) and low diversity of strains available.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Brookings_decision-81) NIDA has also been criticized for the length of time in which it responds to proposals, and for favoring research on the harms caused by cannabis over research on the health benefits of cannabis.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-83) In August 2016 the DEA announced intention to issue additional cultivation licenses, however,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-84) and in 2021 the first licenses were granted.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-86)
Research conducted on cannabis also requires licensing from the DEA (specific to Schedule I drugs),[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-87) and approval from the FDA as well.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-DPA_decades-30) Prior to 2015, research also required approval from the [U.S. Public Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service "U.S. Public Health Service"), but this requirement was eliminated to make it less difficult for cannabis research to be approved.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-88) Numerous medical organizations in the U.S. have called for restrictions on cannabis research to be further eased, including the [American Academy of Family Physicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Family_Physicians "American Academy of Family Physicians"),[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-89) [American Psychological Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association "American Psychological Association"),[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-90) [American Cancer Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society "American Cancer Society"),[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-91) [American Academy of Pediatrics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics "American Academy of Pediatrics"),[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-92) and the [American Nurses Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Nurses_Association "American Nurses Association").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-93)
## Crime
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Crime")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_arrests_timeline_by_drug.svg)
Chart from the [United States Bureau of Justice Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics "United States Bureau of Justice Statistics")[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-94)
The great majority of cannabis arrests are for possession.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-95) However, in 1997, the vast majority of inmates in state prisons for marijuana-related convictions were convicted of offenses other than simple possession.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-96)
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's annual Uniform Crime Report, there have been over twelve million cannabis arrests in the U.S. since 1996, including 749,825 persons for marijuana violations in 2012. Of those charged with marijuana violations in 2012, 658,231 (88%) were charged with possession only. The remaining 91,593 individuals were charged with "sale/manufacture", a category that does not differentiate for cultivation offenses, even those where the marijuana was being grown for personal or medical use. Marijuana arrests comprise almost one-half (48.3%) of all drug arrests reported in the U.S.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-97) According to the [American Civil Liberties Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union "American Civil Liberties Union"), there were 8.2 million marijuana arrests from 2001 to 2010, and 88% of those arrests were just for having marijuana with them.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-98)
## Racial disparity in marijuana arrests
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Racial disparity in marijuana arrests")\]
In a study done by the American Civil Liberties Union, from 2001 to 2010 Black and [white people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people "White people") use marijuana at about the same rate.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-99) Nationwide, Black people are 3.6 times more likely than white people to be arrested for marijuana, despite similar usage rates.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) Racial disparities vary in severity among states. For example, Colorado has the lowest disparity with Black people being 1.5 more likely than whites to be arrested for marijuana. On the other hand, in Montana, Kentucky, Illinois, West Virginia and Iowa, Black people are more than seven times more likely to be arrested for marijuana than white people.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) Nonetheless, in all states whether marijuana is legalized, decriminalized or illegal, Black people still are more likely of going to prison on marijuana charges,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) proving that legalizing or decriminalizing marijuana alone will not change the disparity.
[Racial profiling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States "Racial profiling in the United States") among law enforcement is to blame for these disparities. Law enforcement often targets people on their actual and perceived race instead of having reasonable suspicion for a crime.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) Minor offense like possession of marijuana are strictly enforced in racial communities, while the same offenses are often ignored in white affluent communities.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) This racial profiling results in the mass incarceration of Black, Hispanic and Latino individuals.
## Political support
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Political support")\]
Main article: [Cannabis political parties of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_the_United_States "Cannabis political parties of the United States")
The [Libertarian Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(US\) "Libertarian Party (US)") and the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States "Green Party of the United States") are known for advocating for the legalization of marijuana.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Third_Parties_Roles-101) There are also active [cannabis political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties "Cannabis political parties") in at least five states. These include the [Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party "Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party"), the [Legal Marijuana Now Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party "Legal Marijuana Now Party"), the [Legalize Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalize_Marijuana_Party "Legalize Marijuana Party"), and the [U.S. Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party "U.S. Marijuana Party").
### History of cannabis political parties in the U.S.
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: History of cannabis political parties in the U.S.")\]
- The [Youth International Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_International_Party "Youth International Party"), formed in 1967 to advance the [counterculture of the 1960s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s "Counterculture of the 1960s"), often ran candidates for public office. The Yippie flag is a five-pointed star superimposed with a cannabis leaf.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Yippie_Flag-102)
- The [Grassroots Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Party "Grassroots Party") was founded in Minnesota in 1986 and ran numerous candidates for state and federal offices. The party was active in Iowa, Minnesota, and Vermont. Grassroots Party ran candidates in every presidential election from 1988 to 2000.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Election_Results_1988-103)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1992_Federal_Elections-104)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1996_Election_Results-105)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-106)
- The [Legal Marijuana Now Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party "Legal Marijuana Now Party") was established in Minnesota in 1998.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Q_and_A_with_Legal_Marijuana_Now-107)
- In 1998, an independent candidate, [Edward Forchion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Forchion "Edward Forchion"), ran for Congress from New Jersey as the [Legalize Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalize_Marijuana_Party "Legalize Marijuana Party") candidate. Since then, Forchion has run several times for a number of offices, under that banner.
- The [Marijuana Reform Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Reform_Party "Marijuana Reform Party") was established in New York, in 1998, and ran gubernatorial candidates there in both 1998 and 2002.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-108)
- The [U.S. Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party "U.S. Marijuana Party") is an organization that promotes electoral involvement by marijuana legalization supporters. In 2012, the group endorsed Libertarian Gary Johnson for President.
- The [Anti-prohibition Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-prohibition_Party "Anti-prohibition Party") ran candidates for office in New York State for one election cycle in 2010.
- In 2010 and 2012, independent candidate [Cris Ericson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cris_Ericson "Cris Ericson") was on the ballot for multiple offices in Vermont under the label of U.S. Marijuana.
- The [Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party "Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party") was founded in Minnesota, in 2014.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2014_MN_Candidate_Filings-109)
- In 2016, the [Legal Marijuana Now Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party "Legal Marijuana Now Party") placed their presidential candidates onto the ballot in two states.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-BallotInIowa16-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-PresidentialChoices16-111)
In July 2016, delegates at the [2016 Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention "2016 Democratic National Convention") voted to approve a [party platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_platform "Party platform") calling for cannabis to be removed from the list of Schedule I substances, as well as calling for a "reasoned pathway for future legalization".[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-112)
## Polling
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Polling")\]
Gallup began polling the public as to the issue of legalizing cannabis in 1969; in that year 12% were in favor.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-113) The 2017 Gallup poll showed a record high of 64% in favor of legalizing cannabis, including a majority of Republicans for the first time.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-114) In 2018, the same poll increased to an all-new high of 68%, showing that the great majority of Americans favored legalizing recreational marijuana.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-115)
According to a 2013 survey by [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center "Pew Research Center"), a majority of Americans favored complete or partial legalization of cannabis.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-116) The survey showed 52% of respondents support cannabis legalization and 45% do not. College graduates' support increased from 39% to 52% in just three years, the support of self-identified conservative Republicans (a group not traditionally supportive of cannabis legalization) had increased to nearly 30%, and bipartisan support had increased across the board. The 2018 version of the poll showed public support had increased to 61%.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-117)
Attitudes regarding marijuana regulation changed as some states (Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Maine, and Alaska) passed their own laws legalizing marijuana for recreational use. According to a Gallup Poll published in December 2012, 64% of Americans believe the federal government should not intervene in these states.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-118)
A 2018 study in [Social Science Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research "Social Science Research") found that the main determinants of these changes in attitudes toward marijuana regulation since the 1990s were a decline in perception of the riskiness of marijuana, changes in media framing of marijuana, a decline in overall punitiveness, and a decrease in religious affiliation.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-119)
Marijuana legalization polled as very popular in 2019 according to three major national polls.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-120)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg)[Cannabis portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cannabis "Portal:Cannabis")
- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
- [Adult lifetime cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country "Adult lifetime cannabis use by country")
- [Annual cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country "Annual cannabis use by country")
- [Cannabis dispensaries in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States")
- [Cannabis political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties "Cannabis political parties")
- *[Cannabis: The Illegalization of Weed in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis:_The_Illegalization_of_Weed_in_America "Cannabis: The Illegalization of Weed in America")*
- [Legality of cannabis by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country "Legality of cannabis by country")
- [Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction")
- [List of United States politicians who admit to cannabis use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_admit_to_cannabis_use "List of United States politicians who admit to cannabis use")
- [Minors and the legality of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minors_and_the_legality_of_cannabis "Minors and the legality of cannabis")
- [SAFE Banking Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE_Banking_Act "SAFE Banking Act")
- *[Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_and_Mirrors:_The_War_on_Drugs_and_the_Politics_of_Failure "Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure")*
### Advocacy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Advocacy")\]
- [Americans for Safe Access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access "Americans for Safe Access")
- [Law Enforcement Against Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Against_Prohibition "Law Enforcement Against Prohibition")
- [Marijuana Policy Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project "Marijuana Policy Project")
- [National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws")
- [National Cannabis Industry Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cannabis_Industry_Association "National Cannabis Industry Association")
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-1)**
["US Marijuana Arrest Charts"](https://norml.org/laws/arrest-charts). *[NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORML "NORML")*.
Updated yearly.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-2)** [Total Annual Arrests in the US by Year and Type of Offense](http://www.drugwarfacts.org/node/235) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144921/http://www.drugwarfacts.org/node/235) April 26, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Drug War Facts. Page lists [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") [Uniform Crime Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports "Uniform Crime Reports") sources. Page links to [data table](http://www.drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201207135824/https://drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) December 7, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"):
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-3)** Data table: [Total Number of Arrests in the US by Year and Type of Offense](http://www.drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201207135824/https://drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) December 7, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Drug War Facts.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-4)** [Drugs and Crime Facts: Drug law violations and enforcement](https://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/enforce.cfm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201225191654/https://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/enforce.cfm) December 25, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). From the [United States Bureau of Justice Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics "United States Bureau of Justice Statistics") (BJS). Source: [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") [Uniform Crime Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports "Uniform Crime Reports"). Click on the charts to view the data.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-5)** [Marijuana Research: Uniform Crime Reports - Marijuana Arrest Statistics](http://www.drugscience.org/Petition/C4F.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182547/http://www.drugscience.org/Petition/C4F.html) December 21, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Has data table for earlier years. Source: [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") [Uniform Crime Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports "Uniform Crime Reports").
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013a_6-0)**
Clarke, Robert; Merlin, Mark (2013). [*Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany*](https://books.google.com/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA185). University of California Press. p. 185. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-520-95457-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95457-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95457-1")
. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-7)**
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[Reston, James Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Reston,_Jr&action=edit&redlink=1 "James Reston, Jr (page does not exist)") (1991). [Collision at Home Plate: The Lives of Pete Rose and Bart Giamatti, *p. 78*](https://books.google.com/books?id=znjlwbfZOTcC&q=yippie+flag+five+point&pg=PA78). [University of Nebraska Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press "University of Nebraska Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8032-8964-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8964-2 "Special:BookSources/0-8032-8964-2")
. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-Election_Results_1988_103-0)**
[Minnesota Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Secretary_of_State "Minnesota Secretary of State") (November 1988). ["*Minnesota Election Results 1988,* p. 18"](https://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1988-11-08-g-sec.pdf) (PDF). *Minnesota Legislative Reference Library*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170115184538/https://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1988-11-08-g-sec.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-1992_Federal_Elections_104-0)**
Klein, Patricia A. (June 1993). ["*Federal Elections 92: Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives,* p. 9"](http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe1992/federalelections92.pdf) (PDF). *[Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161210054019/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe1992/federalelections92.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
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Bickford, Bob (October 7, 1998). ["1996 Presidential Election Results by State"](http://www.ballot-access.org/1996/allvotes96.html). *[Ballot Access News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_Access_News "Ballot Access News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170115184540/http://www.ballot-access.org/1996/allvotes96.html) from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
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["2000 Official Presidential General Election Results"](http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm). *[Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission")*. December 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120912083944/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm) from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-Q_and_A_with_Legal_Marijuana_Now_107-0)**
Brash, Jim (April 20, 2016). ["Q & A with the Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170510221357/http://www.thenorthstar.info/?p=12527). *The North Star*. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-108)**
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109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-2014_MN_Candidate_Filings_109-0)**
Winger, Richard (June 15, 2014). ["Minnesota Candidate Filing Closes"](http://www.ballot-access.org/2014/06/15/minnesota-candidate-filing-closes). *[Ballot Access News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_Access_News "Ballot Access News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161010045627/http://ballot-access.org/2014/06/15/minnesota-candidate-filing-closes/) from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-BallotInIowa16_110-0)**
Hanson, Alex (August 25, 2016). ["Weekly politics wrap-up: Ballot access in Iowa"](https://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/politics_and_administration/article_43e6ae44-6b12-11e6-aaca-276ee46b4f50.html). *[Iowa State Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_Daily "Iowa State Daily")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160915140707/http://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/politics_and_administration/article_43e6ae44-6b12-11e6-aaca-276ee46b4f50.html) from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-PresidentialChoices16_111-0)**
Stassen-Berger, Rachel E. (August 24, 2016). ["Don't like Trump or Clinton? You have choices"](http://www.twincities.com/2016/08/23/stassen-berger-minnesota-minor-party-choices-donald-trump-hillary-clinton/). *[Pioneer Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press "St. Paul Pioneer Press")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161029082636/http://www.twincities.com/2016/08/23/stassen-berger-minnesota-minor-party-choices-donald-trump-hillary-clinton/) from the original on October 29, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
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Hotakainen, Rob (July 26, 2016). ["Democrats become first major party to back pathway to legalizing pot"](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article91968027.html). *McClatchy*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170904111733/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article91968027.html) from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-113)**
Smith, Michael (October 19, 2016). ["Support for Legal Marijuana Use Up to 60% in U.S."](http://www.gallup.com/poll/196550/support-legal-marijuana.aspx) Gallup. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161120085734/http://www.gallup.com/poll/196550/support-legal-marijuana.aspx) from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-114)**
Ingraham, Christopher (October 25, 2017). ["For the first time, a majority of Republicans support marijuana legalization"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/10/25/for-the-first-time-a-majority-of-republicans-support-marijuana-legalization/). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180110142755/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/10/25/for-the-first-time-a-majority-of-republicans-support-marijuana-legalization/) from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-115)**
["Support for Legal Marijuana Inches Up to New High of 68%"](https://news.gallup.com/poll/323582/support-legal-marijuana-inches-new-high.aspx). *Gallup.com*. November 9, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201213191431/https://news.gallup.com/poll/323582/support-legal-marijuana-inches-new-high.aspx) from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-116)**
["Majority Now Supports Legalizing Marijuana"](https://www.people-press.org/2013/04/04/majority-now-supports-legalizing-marijuana/). *Pew Research Center for the People and the Press*. April 4, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151109211758/http://www.people-press.org/2013/04/04/majority-now-supports-legalizing-marijuana/) from the original on November 9, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-117)**
Geiger, Abigail (January 5, 2018). ["About six-in-ten Americans support marijuana legalization"](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/05/americans-support-marijuana-legalization/). *Pew Research Center*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201231043301/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/11/14/americans-support-marijuana-legalization/) from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-118)**
["Americans Want Federal Gov't Out of State Marijuana Laws"](http://www.gallup.com/poll/159152/americans-federal-gov-state-marijuana-laws.aspx). December 10, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201125025026/https://news.gallup.com/poll/159152/americans-federal-gov-state-marijuana-laws.aspx) from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-119)**
Felson, Jacob; Adamczyk, Amy; Thomas, Christopher (February 2019). "How and why have attitudes about cannabis legalization changed so much?". *Social Science Research*. **78**: 12–27\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.011](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ssresearch.2018.12.011). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [30670211](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670211).
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-120)**
Lopez, German (April 15, 2019). ["Marijuana legalization is very popular"](https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/4/15/18311320/marijuana-legalization-polls-surveys-trump). *Vox*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416025442/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/4/15/18311320/marijuana-legalization-polls-surveys-trump) from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- Mikos, Robert A. (October 18, 2022). "Observations on 25 Years of Cannabis Law Reforms and Their Implications for the Psychedelic Renaissance in the United States". *Annual Review of Law and Social Science*. **18** (1): 155–167\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120621-012645](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-lawsocsci-120621-012645).
- Anderson, D. Mark; Rees, Daniel I. (March 2023). "The Public Health Effects of Legalizing Marijuana". *Journal of Economic Literature*. **61** (1): 86–143\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1257/jel.20211635](https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.20211635).
Also available as:
- Anderson, D. Mark; Rees, Daniel I. (2021). [The Public Health Effects of Legalizing Marijuana](https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/14292/the-public-health-effects-of-legalizing-marijuana) (Report). IZA Discussion Paper, No. 14292. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [resrep61951](https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep61951).
- Anderson, D. Mark; Rees, Daniel (April 2021). The Public Health Effects of Legalizing Marijuana (Report). NBER Working Paper No. w28647. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3386/w28647](https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw28647). [SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_\(identifier\) "SSRN (identifier)") [3819550](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3819550).
- *[Reefer Madness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_Madness_\(2003_book\) "Reefer Madness (2003 book)")*, a 2003 book by [Eric Schlosser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schlosser "Eric Schlosser"), detailing the history of marijuana laws in the United States
- *[The Emperor Wears No Clothes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor_Wears_No_Clothes "The Emperor Wears No Clothes")*, a 1985 book by [Jack Herer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Herer "Jack Herer")
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: External links")\]
- ["The Debate On California's Pot Shops"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-debate-on-californias-pot-shops/). *60 Minutes*. CBS News. September 20, 2007.
- ["President Obama's Drug Czar: Feds Won't Support Legalized Pot"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090725204948/http://www.fresnobee.com/local/story/1553061.html). *Fresno Bee*. July 22, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.fresnobee.com/local/story/1553061.html) on July 25, 2009.
- Tschorn, Adam (August 30, 2009). ["The new high life"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-30-ig-potculture30-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*.
- Clarke, James W.; Levine, E. Lester (1971). "Marijuana Use, Social Discontent and Political Alienation: A Study of High School Youth". *The American Political Science Review*. **65** (1): 120–130\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/1955048](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1955048). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [1955048](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1955048).
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Template:Cannabis in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Cannabis in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis in the United States")[Cannabis in the United States]() | |
|---|---|
| [Federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States") | |
| | |
| Laws and bills | [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") [Controlled Substances Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act") (1970) [Solomon–Lautenberg amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%E2%80%93Lautenberg_amendment "Solomon–Lautenberg amendment") (1990) [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act "Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act") (2011) [Cole Memorandum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum") (2013) [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment") (2014) [STATES Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STATES_Act "STATES Act") (2018) [Marijuana Justice Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Justice_Act "Marijuana Justice Act") (2019) [Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Freedom_and_Opportunity_Act "Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act") (2019) [SAFE Banking Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE_Banking_Act "SAFE Banking Act") (2019) [MORE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_Act "Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act") (2019) [Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Administration_and_Opportunity_Act "Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act") (2022) [Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_and_Cannabidiol_Research_Expansion_Act "Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act") (2022) |
| Court cases | *[Leary v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leary_v._United_States "Leary v. United States")* (1969) *[Ravin v. State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravin_v._State "Ravin v. State")* (1975) *[Conant v. Walters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conant_v._Walters "Conant v. Walters")* (2000) *[United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative")* (2001) *[Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich")* (2005) *[Moncrieffe v. Holder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncrieffe_v._Holder "Moncrieffe v. Holder")* (2013) *[Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access_v._Drug_Enforcement_Administration "Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration")* (2013) |
| [Legality by jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") | |
| | |
| [Recreational use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") | [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska "Cannabis in Alaska") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona "Cannabis in Arizona") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California "Cannabis in California") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut "Cannabis in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware "Cannabis in Delaware") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois "Cannabis in Illinois") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine "Cannabis in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland "Cannabis in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts "Cannabis in Massachusetts") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan "Cannabis in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Minnesota "Cannabis in Minnesota") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri "Cannabis in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana "Cannabis in Montana") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada "Cannabis in Nevada") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey "Cannabis in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico "Cannabis in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York "Cannabis in New York") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ohio "Cannabis in Ohio") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island "Cannabis in Rhode Island") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont "Cannabis in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia "Cannabis in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_\(state\) "Cannabis in Washington (state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam "Cannabis in Guam") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands") [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington,_D.C. "Cannabis in Washington, D.C.") |
| [Medical use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alabama "Cannabis in Alabama") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arkansas "Cannabis in Arkansas") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Florida "Cannabis in Florida") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hawaii "Cannabis in Hawaii") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kentucky "Cannabis in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Louisiana "Cannabis in Louisiana") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mississippi "Cannabis in Mississippi") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nebraska "Cannabis in Nebraska") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire "Cannabis in New Hampshire") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota "Cannabis in North Dakota") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oklahoma "Cannabis in Oklahoma") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Pennsylvania "Cannabis in Pennsylvania") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Dakota "Cannabis in South Dakota") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Utah "Cannabis in Utah") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_West_Virginia "Cannabis in West Virginia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico "Cannabis in Puerto Rico") |
| [Decriminalized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") | [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hawaii "Cannabis in Hawaii") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Louisiana "Cannabis in Louisiana") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mississippi "Cannabis in Mississippi") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire "Cannabis in New Hampshire") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Carolina "Cannabis in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota "Cannabis in North Dakota") |
| Illegal | [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Cannabis in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Idaho "Cannabis in Idaho") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Indiana "Cannabis in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iowa "Cannabis in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kansas "Cannabis in Kansas") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Carolina "Cannabis in South Carolina") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tennessee "Cannabis in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Texas "Cannabis in Texas") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wisconsin "Cannabis in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wyoming "Cannabis in Wyoming") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_American_Samoa "Cannabis in American Samoa") |
| Regulation | [List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cannabis_regulatory_agencies "List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies") [Cannabis product testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_product_testing "Cannabis product testing") [Rescheduling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act "Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act") |
| Related | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States "Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States") [Congressional Cannabis Caucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Cannabis_Caucus "Congressional Cannabis Caucus") [Politicians who have admitted use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use "List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use") [Cannabis on American Indian reservations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_on_American_Indian_reservations "Cannabis on American Indian reservations") [Cannabis and the U.S. military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_the_United_States_military "Cannabis and the United States military") [Marijuana Policy Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project "Marijuana Policy Project") [NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws") [Harry J. Anslinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J._Anslinger "Harry J. Anslinger") [Dispensaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cannabis_by_country "Template:Cannabis by country") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_by_country "Template talk:Cannabis by country") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_by_country "Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis by country")[Cannabis by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_by_country "Cannabis by country") | |
|---|---|
| By country | |
| | |
| Africa | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Algeria "Cannabis in Algeria") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Angola "Cannabis in Angola") [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Benin "Cannabis in Benin") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Botswana "Cannabis in Botswana") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Burkina_Faso "Cannabis in Burkina Faso") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Burundi "Cannabis in Burundi") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cameroon "Cannabis in Cameroon") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cape_Verde "Cannabis in Cape Verde") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Central_African_Republic "Cannabis in the Central African Republic") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Chad "Cannabis in Chad") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Comoros "Cannabis in Comoros") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Cannabis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "Cannabis in the Republic of the Congo") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Djibouti "Cannabis in Djibouti") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt "Cannabis in Egypt") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Equatorial_Guinea "Cannabis in Equatorial Guinea") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Eritrea "Cannabis in Eritrea") [Eswatini (Swaziland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Eswatini "Cannabis in Eswatini") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ethiopia "Cannabis in Ethiopia") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Gabon "Cannabis in Gabon") [Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Gambia "Cannabis in the Gambia") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ghana "Cannabis in Ghana") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ivory_Coast "Cannabis in Ivory Coast") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kenya "Cannabis in Kenya") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Lesotho "Cannabis in Lesotho") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Liberia "Cannabis in Liberia") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malawi "Cannabis in Malawi") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mali "Cannabis in Mali") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mauritania "Cannabis in Mauritania") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mauritius "Cannabis in Mauritius") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Madagascar "Cannabis in Madagascar") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Morocco "Cannabis in Morocco") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mozambique "Cannabis in Mozambique") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Namibia "Cannabis in Namibia") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nigeria "Cannabis in Nigeria") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rwanda "Cannabis in Rwanda") [São Tomé and Principe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "Cannabis in São Tomé and Príncipe") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Senegal "Cannabis in Senegal") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Seychelles "Cannabis in Seychelles") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sierra_Leone "Cannabis in Sierra Leone") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Somalia "Cannabis in Somalia") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa "Cannabis in South Africa") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sudan "Cannabis in Sudan") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tanzania "Cannabis in Tanzania") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Togo "Cannabis in Togo") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tunisia "Cannabis in Tunisia") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uganda "Cannabis in Uganda") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Zambia "Cannabis in Zambia") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Zimbabwe "Cannabis in Zimbabwe") |
| Antarctica | [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Antarctica "Cannabis in Antarctica") |
| Asia | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Afghanistan "Cannabis in Afghanistan") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bahrain "Cannabis in Bahrain") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bangladesh "Cannabis in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bhutan "Cannabis in Bhutan") [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Brunei "Cannabis in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cambodia "Cannabis in Cambodia") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_China "Cannabis in China") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hong_Kong "Cannabis in Hong Kong") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Macau "Cannabis in Macau") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_India "Cannabis in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Indonesia "Cannabis in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iran "Cannabis in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iraq "Cannabis in Iraq") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Israel "Cannabis in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Japan "Cannabis in Japan") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Jordan "Cannabis in Jordan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kazakhstan "Cannabis in Kazakhstan") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Korea "Cannabis in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Korea "Cannabis in South Korea") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kuwait "Cannabis in Kuwait") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kyrgyzstan "Cannabis in Kyrgyzstan") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Laos "Cannabis in Laos") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Lebanon "Cannabis in Lebanon") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malaysia "Cannabis in Malaysia") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Maldives "Cannabis in the Maldives") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mongolia "Cannabis in Mongolia") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Myanmar "Cannabis in Myanmar") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nepal "Cannabis in Nepal") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oman "Cannabis in Oman") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Pakistan "Cannabis in Pakistan") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Philippines "Cannabis in the Philippines") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Qatar "Cannabis in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saudi_Arabia "Cannabis in Saudi Arabia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Singapore "Cannabis in Singapore") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sri_Lanka "Cannabis in Sri Lanka") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Syria "Cannabis in Syria") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Taiwan "Cannabis in Taiwan") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tajikistan "Cannabis in Tajikistan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand "Cannabis in Thailand") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Timor-Leste "Cannabis in Timor-Leste") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Turkey "Cannabis in Turkey") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Turkmenistan "Cannabis in Turkmenistan") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "Cannabis in the United Arab Emirates") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uzbekistan "Cannabis in Uzbekistan") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vietnam "Cannabis in Vietnam") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Yemen "Cannabis in Yemen") |
| Europe | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Albania "Cannabis in Albania") [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Andorra "Cannabis in Andorra") [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Austria "Cannabis in Austria") [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Armenia "Cannabis in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Azerbaijan "Cannabis in Azerbaijan") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Belarus "Cannabis in Belarus") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Belgium "Cannabis in Belgium") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Cannabis in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bulgaria "Cannabis in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Croatia "Cannabis in Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cyprus "Cannabis in Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Czech_Republic "Cannabis in the Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Denmark "Cannabis in Denmark") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greenland "Cannabis in Greenland") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Estonia "Cannabis in Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Finland "Cannabis in Finland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_France "Cannabis in France") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guadeloupe "Cannabis in Guadeloupe") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_French_Guiana "Cannabis in French Guiana") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Martinique "Cannabis in Martinique") [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Caledonia "Cannabis in New Caledonia") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_R%C3%A9union "Cannabis in Réunion") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Georgia_\(country\) "Cannabis in Georgia (country)") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Germany "Cannabis in Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece "Cannabis in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hungary "Cannabis in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iceland "Cannabis in Iceland") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ireland "Cannabis in Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Italy "Cannabis in Italy") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cannabis_in_Italy "History of cannabis in Italy") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kosovo "Cannabis in Kosovo") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Latvia "Cannabis in Latvia") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Liechtenstein "Cannabis in Liechtenstein") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Lithuania "Cannabis in Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Luxembourg "Cannabis in Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta "Cannabis in Malta") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Moldova "Cannabis in Moldova") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Monaco "Cannabis in Monaco") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montenegro "Cannabis in Montenegro") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands "Cannabis in the Netherlands") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Macedonia "Cannabis in North Macedonia") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Norway "Cannabis in Norway") [Svalbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Svalbard "Cannabis in Svalbard") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Poland "Cannabis in Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Portugal "Cannabis in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Romania "Cannabis in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia "Cannabis in Russia") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_San_Marino "Cannabis in San Marino") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Serbia "Cannabis in Serbia") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Slovakia "Cannabis in Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Slovenia "Cannabis in Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain "Cannabis in Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Sweden "Cannabis in Sweden") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Switzerland "Cannabis in Switzerland") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Turkey "Cannabis in Turkey") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ukraine "Cannabis in Ukraine") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom "Cannabis in the United Kingdom") [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bermuda "Cannabis in Bermuda") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Cayman_Islands "Cannabis in the Cayman Islands") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Gibraltar "Cannabis in Gibraltar") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montserrat "Cannabis in Montserrat") |
| North America | |
| | |
| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada "Cannabis in Canada") | [Legal history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada "Legal history of cannabis in Canada") [Legality by jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory "Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory") |
| [United States]() | [Legal history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States "Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States") [Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") [Non-medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") [Legality by jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") |
| Oceania | [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Australia "Cannabis in Australia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Fiji "Cannabis in Fiji") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kiribati "Cannabis in Kiribati") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Marshall_Islands "Cannabis in the Marshall Islands") [Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "Cannabis in the Federated States of Micronesia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Zealand "Cannabis in New Zealand") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Cook_Islands "Cannabis in the Cook Islands") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Palau "Cannabis in Palau") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Papua_New_Guinea "Cannabis in Papua New Guinea") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Samoa "Cannabis in Samoa") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Solomon_Islands "Cannabis in the Solomon Islands") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tonga "Cannabis in Tonga") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tuvalu "Cannabis in Tuvalu") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vanuatu "Cannabis in Vanuatu") |
| South America | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Argentina "Cannabis in Argentina") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bolivia "Cannabis in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Brazil "Cannabis in Brazil") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Chile "Cannabis in Chile") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colombia "Cannabis in Colombia") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ecuador "Cannabis in Ecuador") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guyana "Cannabis in Guyana") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Paraguay "Cannabis in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Peru "Cannabis in Peru") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Suriname "Cannabis in Suriname") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay "Cannabis in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Venezuela "Cannabis in Venezuela") |
| See also | [Legality of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis "Legality of cannabis") [Annual cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country "Annual cannabis use by country") [Adult lifetime cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country "Adult lifetime cannabis use by country") [Cannabis political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties "Cannabis political parties") [Timeline of cannabis law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law "Timeline of cannabis law") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Americas_topic "Template:Americas topic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic "Template talk:Americas topic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic "Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic")Cannabis in the Americas | |
|---|---|
| [Sovereign states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas "List of sovereign states in the Americas") | [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "Cannabis in Antigua and Barbuda") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Argentina "Cannabis in Argentina") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Bahamas "Cannabis in the Bahamas") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Barbados "Cannabis in Barbados") [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Belize "Cannabis in Belize") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bolivia "Cannabis in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Brazil "Cannabis in Brazil") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada "Cannabis in Canada") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Chile "Cannabis in Chile") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colombia "Cannabis in Colombia") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Costa_Rica "Cannabis in Costa Rica") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Cuba "Cannabis in Cuba") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Dominica "Cannabis in Dominica") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Dominican_Republic "Cannabis in the Dominican Republic") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ecuador "Cannabis in Ecuador") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_El_Salvador "Cannabis in El Salvador") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Grenada "Cannabis in Grenada") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guatemala "Cannabis in Guatemala") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guyana "Cannabis in Guyana") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Haiti "Cannabis in Haiti") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Honduras "Cannabis in Honduras") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Jamaica "Cannabis in Jamaica") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mexico "Cannabis in Mexico") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Nicaragua (page does not exist)") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Panama "Cannabis in Panama") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Paraguay "Cannabis in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Peru "Cannabis in Peru") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "Cannabis in Saint Kitts and Nevis") [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Lucia "Cannabis in Saint Lucia") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines "Cannabis in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Suriname "Cannabis in Suriname") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Cannabis in Trinidad and Tobago") [United States]() [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay "Cannabis in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Venezuela "Cannabis in Venezuela") |
| [Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory "Dependent territory") and [territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory "Territory") | [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Anguilla (page does not exist)") [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Aruba (page does not exist)") [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Bermuda "Cannabis in Bermuda") [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Bonaire (page does not exist)") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Cayman_Islands "Cannabis in the Cayman Islands") [Curaçao](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Curaçao (page does not exist)") [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_French_Guiana "Cannabis in French Guiana") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greenland "Cannabis in Greenland") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guadeloupe "Cannabis in Guadeloupe") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Martinique "Cannabis in Martinique") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montserrat "Cannabis in Montserrat") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico "Cannabis in Puerto Rico") [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Saba_\(island\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Saba (island) (page does not exist)") [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Cannabis in Saint Barthélemy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "Cannabis in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "Cannabis in Saint Pierre and Miquelon") [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)") [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)") [South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "Cannabis in the Turks and Caicos Islands") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands") |
| **[North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in North America (page does not exist)")** [Central America](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in Central America (page does not exist)") [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in the Caribbean (page does not exist)") **[South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cannabis in South America (page does not exist)")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_Policy_in_the_United_States "Template:Social Policy in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_Policy_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Social Policy in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_Policy_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Social Policy in the United States")[Social policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy "Social policy") in the United States |
|---|
| [Abortion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States "Abortion in the United States") [Affirmative action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States "Affirmative action in the United States") [Assisted suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States "Assisted suicide in the United States") [Drug policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States "Federal drug policy of the United States") [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States "List of alcohol laws of the United States") [cannabis]() [Death penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States "Capital punishment in the United States") [Gambling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_States "Gambling in the United States") [Gun policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States "Gun politics in the United States") [LGBTQ rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States "LGBTQ rights in the United States") [same-sex marriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States "Same-sex marriage in the United States") [Prostitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_States "Prostitution in the United States") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Template:Agriculture in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Agriculture in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United States")[Agriculture in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Agriculture in the United States") | | |
|---|---|---|
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States "History of agriculture in the United States") | [Rural American history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_American_history "Rural American history") [African-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States "African-American history of agriculture in the United States") [Black land loss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States "Black land loss in the United States") [Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture "Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture") [Cattle drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States "Cattle drives in the United States") [Columbian exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange "Columbian exchange") [Commercial tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States "History of commercial tobacco in the United States") [Colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_American_colonies "Tobacco in the American colonies") [Eastern Agricultural Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex "Eastern Agricultural Complex") [Three Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_\(agriculture\) "Three Sisters (agriculture)") [Early history of food regulation in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States "Early history of food regulation in the United States") [Indentured servitude in British America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America "Indentured servitude in British America") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia "Indentured servitude in Virginia") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania "Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania") [New World crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_crops "New World crops") [List of food plants native to the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_plants_native_to_the_Americas "List of food plants native to the Americas") [Native American in Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_agriculture_in_Virginia "Native American agriculture in Virginia") [Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_on_the_Great_Plains "Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains") [Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States "Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_wine "History of American wine") [Plantation complexes in the Southern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States "Plantation complexes in the Southern United States") [Range war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_war "Range war") [Sheep wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_wars "Sheep wars") [Slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States") [Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Slavery among Native Americans in the United States") [Colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States "Slavery in the colonial history of the United States") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IHC_corn_picker,_Story_County,_Iowa,_2011.jpg) |
| Industries | [Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_production_in_the_United_States "Banana production in the United States") [Bee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States "Beekeeping in the United States") [Blackcurrant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackcurrant_production_in_the_United_States "Blackcurrant production in the United States") [Cannabis]() [Hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_the_United_States "Hemp in the United States") [Cherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_production_in_the_United_States "Cherry production in the United States") [Christmas tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree_production_in_the_United_States "Christmas tree production in the United States") [Corn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States "Corn production in the United States") [Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States "Cotton production in the United States") [Cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States "Cider in the United States") [Dairy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States "Dairy industry in the United States") [Hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop_production_in_the_United_States "Hop production in the United States") [Poultry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States "Poultry farming in the United States") [Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_United_States "Rice production in the United States") [Spinach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach_in_the_United_States "Spinach in the United States") [Sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States "Sugar industry of the United States") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States "Tea production in the United States") [Tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States "Tobacco in the United States") [Wheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States "Wheat production in the United States") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wine "American wine") | |
| State, commonwealth, or territory-specific | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alabama "Agriculture in Alabama") [tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_Alabama "Tobacco in Alabama") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_wine "Alabama wine") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alaska "Agriculture in Alaska") [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska "Aquaculture in Alaska") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska "Cannabis in Alaska") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_wine "Alaska wine") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Arizona "Agriculture in Arizona") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_wine "Arizona wine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona "Cannabis in Arizona") Arkansas [rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_cultivation_in_Arkansas "Rice cultivation in Arkansas") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_wine "Arkansas wine") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_California "Agriculture in California") [almonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonds_in_California "Almonds in California") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California "Cannabis in California") [peaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_peaches_in_California "Production of peaches in California") [strawberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_cultivation_in_California "Strawberry cultivation in California") [walnuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnuts_in_California "Walnuts in California") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_wine "California wine") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colorado "Agriculture in Colorado") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_wine "Colorado wine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Connecticut "Agriculture in Connecticut") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut "Cannabis in Connecticut") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_wine "Connecticut wine") Delaware [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware "Cannabis in Delaware") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_wine "Delaware wine") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida "Agriculture in Florida") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_wine "Florida wine") [tomato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_production_in_Florida "Tomato production in Florida") [mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_production_in_Florida "Mango production in Florida") Georgia [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\)_wine "Georgia (U.S. state) wine") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hawaii "Agriculture in Hawaii") [coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii "Coffee production in Hawaii") [sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii "Sugar plantations in Hawaii") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_wine "Hawaii wine") [genetically modified food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii "Genetically modified food in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Idaho "Agriculture in Idaho") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_wine "Idaho wine") Illinois [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois "Cannabis in Illinois") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_wine "Illinois wine") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indiana "Agriculture in Indiana") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_wine "Indiana wine") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iowa "Agriculture in Iowa") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_wine "Iowa wine") Kansas [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_wine "Kansas wine") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kentucky "Agriculture in Kentucky") [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_Kentucky "Hemp in Kentucky") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_wine "Kentucky wine") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Louisiana "Agriculture in Louisiana") [tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perique "Perique") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_wine "Louisiana wine") Maine [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine "Aquaculture in Maine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine "Cannabis in Maine") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_wine "Maine wine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Maryland "Agriculture in Maryland") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland "Cannabis in Maryland") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_wine "Maryland wine") Massachusetts [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts "Cannabis in Massachusetts") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_wine "Massachusetts wine") Michigan [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan "Cannabis in Michigan") [cherries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_production_in_Michigan "Cherry production in Michigan") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_wine "Michigan wine") Minnesota [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_wine "Minnesota wine") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mississippi "Agriculture in Mississippi") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_wine "Mississippi wine") Missouri [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri "Cannabis in Missouri") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_wine "Missouri wine") Montana [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana "Cannabis in Montana") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_wine "Montana wine") Nebraska [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_wine "Nebraska wine") Nevada [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada "Cannabis in Nevada") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_wine "Nevada wine") New Hampshire [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine "New Hampshire wine") New Jersey [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey "Cannabis in New Jersey") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_wine "New Jersey wine") New Mexico [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico "Cannabis in New Mexico") [chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_chile "New Mexico chile") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_wine "New Mexico wine") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_York "Agriculture in New York") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York "Cannabis in New York") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_wine "New York wine") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Carolina "Agriculture in North Carolina") [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_North_Carolina "Hemp in North Carolina") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_wine "North Carolina wine") North Dakota [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_wine "North Dakota wine") Ohio [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_wine "Ohio wine") Oklahoma [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_wine "Oklahoma wine") Oregon [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_wine "Oregon wine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania "Agriculture in Pennsylvania") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine "Pennsylvania wine") Rhode Island [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island "Cannabis in Rhode Island") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine "Rhode Island wine") South Carolina [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_wine "South Carolina wine") South Dakota [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_wine "South Dakota wine") Tennessee [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_wine "Tennessee wine") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Texas "Agriculture in Texas") [rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_rice_production "Texas rice production") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_wine "Texas wine") Utah [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_wine "Utah wine") Vermont [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont "Cannabis in Vermont") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_wine "Vermont wine") Virginia [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia "Cannabis in Virginia") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_wine "Virginia wine") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Washington "Agriculture in Washington") [apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_apples "Washington apples") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_\(state\) "Cannabis in Washington (state)") [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_Washington "Hemp in Washington") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_wine "Washington wine") West Virginia [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_wine "West Virginia wine") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin "Agriculture in Wisconsin") [dairy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry "Wisconsin dairy industry") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_wine "Wisconsin wine") Wyoming [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_wine "Wyoming wine") Guam [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam "Cannabis in Guam") Northern Mariana Islands [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico "Agriculture in Puerto Rico") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico "Cannabis in Puerto Rico") [coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Puerto_Rico "Coffee production in Puerto Rico") Virgin Islands [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands") | |
| By region | [Southwestern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States "Agriculture in the Southwestern United States") [Black Dirt Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region "Black Dirt Region") [Corn Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Belt "Corn Belt") [Cotton Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Belt "Cotton Belt") [Connecticut shade tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco "Connecticut shade tobacco") [Fruit Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_Belt "Fruit Belt") [Rice Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Belt "Rice Belt") [Pacific Northwest oyster industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry "Pacific Northwest oyster industry") | |
| Government organizations | [United States Department of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture "United States Department of Agriculture") [National Institute of Food and Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture "National Institute of Food and Agriculture") [4-H](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H "4-H") [National Agricultural Statistics Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service "National Agricultural Statistics Service") [United States Census of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_of_Agriculture "United States Census of Agriculture") [Agricultural Research Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service "Agricultural Research Service") [National FFA Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_FFA_Organization "National FFA Organization") | |
| Non-governmental organizations | [American Farm Bureau Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation "American Farm Bureau Federation") [Alpha Gamma Rho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Rho "Alpha Gamma Rho") [Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Sigma_\(fraternity\) "Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)") [Alpha Tau Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Alpha "Alpha Tau Alpha") [Alpha Zeta (professional)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Zeta_\(professional\) "Alpha Zeta (professional)") [Delta Theta Sigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Theta_Sigma "Delta Theta Sigma") [National Grange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grange "National Grange") [National Society Descendants of American Farmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_Descendants_of_American_Farmers "National Society Descendants of American Farmers") | |
| Law and politics | [Agricultural policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States "Agricultural policy of the United States") [Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954 "Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954") [Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_Risk_Protection_Act_of_2000 "Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000") [California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975 "California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975") [Capper–Volstead Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act "Capper–Volstead Act") [Children's Act for Responsible Employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Act_for_Responsible_Employment "Children's Act for Responsible Employment") [Farm bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_farm_bill "United States farm bill") [Food Security Act of 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985 "Food Security Act of 1985") [Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990 "Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990") [Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agriculture_Improvement_and_Reform_Act_of_1996 "Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996") [Grain Futures Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_Futures_Act "Grain Futures Act") [Packers and Stockyards Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packers_and_Stockyards_Act "Packers and Stockyards Act") [Pure Food and Drug Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act "Pure Food and Drug Act") [Taylor Grazing Act of 1934](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934 "Taylor Grazing Act of 1934") [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") | |
| Health and environment | [Agricultural workers mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_in_United_States_agricultural_workers "Mental health in United States agricultural workers") [Climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States "Climate change and agriculture in the United States") [Farmer suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States "Farmers' suicides in the United States") [Genetically modified food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_the_United_States "Genetically modified food in the United States") [Water supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States "Water supply and sanitation in the United States") [Ogallala Aquifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer "Ogallala Aquifer") | |
| Crime | [Adulterated food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulterated_food_in_the_United_States "Adulterated food in the United States") [California nut crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_nut_crimes "California nut crimes") [Cattle raiding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_raiding "Cattle raiding") | |
| [Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmworkers_in_the_United_States "Farmworkers in the United States") | | |
| | | |
| [Bracero Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracero_Program "Bracero Program") [Convict leasing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict_leasing "Convict leasing") [Farm Labor Organizing Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee "Farm Labor Organizing Committee") [H-2A visa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-2A_visa "H-2A visa") [Operation Blooming Onion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blooming_Onion "Operation Blooming Onion") [United Farm Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farm_Workers "United Farm Workers") [United Food and Commercial Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers "United Food and Commercial Workers") [Woman's Land Army of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America "Woman's Land Army of America") | | |
| Labor disputes | [1903 Oxnard strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Oxnard_strike "1903 Oxnard strike") [1933 El Monte berry strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_El_Monte_berry_strike "1933 El Monte berry strike") [1933 Funsten Nut strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Funsten_Nut_strike "1933 Funsten Nut strike") [1933 Wisconsin milk strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Wisconsin_milk_strike "1933 Wisconsin milk strike") [1933 Yakima Valley strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Yakima_Valley_strike "1933 Yakima Valley strike") [1936 Venice celery strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Venice_celery_strike "1936 Venice celery strike") [1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_San_Antonio_pecan_shellers_strike "1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike") [California agricultural strikes of 1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_agricultural_strikes_of_1933 "California agricultural strikes of 1933") [Cantaloupe strike of 1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe_strike_of_1928 "Cantaloupe strike of 1928") [Citrus Strike of 1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_Strike_of_1936 "Citrus Strike of 1936") [Cotton pickers' strike of 1891](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_pickers%27_strike_of_1891 "Cotton pickers' strike of 1891") [Delano grape strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delano_grape_strike "Delano grape strike") [Hanapepe massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre "Hanapepe massacre") [Hardin County onion pickers strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County_onion_pickers_strike "Hardin County onion pickers strike") [Hawaiian sugar strike of 1946](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_sugar_strike_of_1946 "Hawaiian sugar strike of 1946") [Imperial Valley lettuce strike of 1930](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Valley_lettuce_strike_of_1930 "Imperial Valley lettuce strike of 1930") [Oahu sugar strike of 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920 "Oahu sugar strike of 1920") [Salad Bowl strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_Bowl_strike "Salad Bowl strike") [Santa Clara cherry strike of 1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_cherry_strike_of_1933 "Santa Clara cherry strike of 1933") [Thibodaux massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre "Thibodaux massacre") [Tulare labor camps rent strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_labor_camps_rent_strike "Tulare labor camps rent strike") [Vacaville tree pruners' strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacaville_tree_pruners%27_strike "Vacaville tree pruners' strike") [Wheatland hop riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland_hop_riot "Wheatland hop riot") | |
| Other | [Corn maze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_maze "Corn maze") [Ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch "Ranch") [Cowboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy "Cowboy") [Dude ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude_ranch "Dude ranch") | |
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Cannabis in the United States
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| Readable Markdown | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marijuana,_%22MARIHUANA_TAX_ACT_OF_1937%22_%221_DOLLAR%22_art_detail,_from-_Marihuana_revenue_stamp_$1_1937_issue_\(cropped\).jpg)
[Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") \$1 marijuana revenue stamp, 1937 issue
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_annual_marijuana_arrests_chart_-_NORML.png)
US annual marijuana arrests. [NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORML "NORML").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-5)
The use, sale, and possession of [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_\(drug\) "Cannabis (drug)") containing over 0.3% [THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol "Tetrahydrocannabinol") by dry weight in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"), despite laws in many states permitting it under various circumstances, is illegal under [federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States "Federalism in the United States").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013a-6) As a Schedule I drug under the federal [Controlled Substances Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act") (CSA) of 1970, cannabis containing over 0.3% THC by dry weight (legal term [marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_\(word\) "Marijuana (word)")) is considered to have "no accepted medical use" and a high potential for abuse and physical or psychological dependence.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7) Cannabis use is illegal for any reason, with the exception of [FDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA "FDA")\-approved research programs.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-McKinseyBurke2014-8) However, [individual states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") have enacted legislation permitting exemptions for various uses, including [medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis"), [industrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp "Hemp"), and [recreational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_cannabis "Recreational cannabis") use.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_medical-10)
Cannabis for industrial uses (hemp) was made illegal to grow without a permit under the CSA because of its relation to cannabis as a drug, and any imported products must adhere to a [zero tolerance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_tolerance_\(food_policy\) "Zero tolerance (food policy)") policy.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-House2006-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-White2013-12) The [Agricultural Act of 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_2014 "Agricultural Act of 2014") allows for universities and state-level departments of agriculture to cultivate cannabis for research into its industrial potential.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-CaulkinsKilmer2016-13) In December 2018, hemp was permitted to be grown in the U.S. under federal law after the Hemp Farming Act was included in the passed [2018 Farm Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_farm_bill "2018 United States farm bill").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:0-14)
As a [psychoactive drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug "Psychoactive drug"), cannabis continues to find extensive favor among recreational and medical users in the U.S.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Lowinson2005-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-16) As of 2023, twenty-four states, three [U.S. territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States "Territories of the United States"), and the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia") have legalized recreational use of cannabis. Thirty-eight states, four U.S. territories, and D.C. have legalized medical use of the drug. Multiple efforts to [reschedule cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act "Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act") under the CSA have failed, and the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") has ruled in *[United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative")* (2001) and *[Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich")* (2005) that the federal government has a right to regulate and criminalize cannabis, whether medical or recreational. As a result, [cannabis dispensaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States") are licensed by each state;[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-NeubauerMeinhold2013-17) these businesses sell cannabis products that have not been approved by the U.S. [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration"),[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-18) nor are they legally registered with the federal government to sell controlled substances.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ThomasElSohly2015-19) Although cannabis has not been approved, the FDA recognizes the potential benefits and has approved two drugs that contain components of marijuana.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-20)
The ability of states to implement cannabis legalization policies was weakened after U.S. Attorney General [Jeff Sessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions "Jeff Sessions") rescinded the [Cole Memorandum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum") on January 4, 2018, and issued a new memo instructing [U.S. attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._attorneys "U.S. attorneys") to enforce federal law related to marijuana.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-21) The Cole memo, issued by former Deputy Attorney General James Cole in 2013, urged federal prosecutors to refrain from targeting state-legal marijuana operations.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-22) Regarding the medical use of cannabis, the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment") still remains in effect to protect state-legal medical cannabis activities from enforcement of federal law.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:1-24) On May 1, 2024, the [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported on federal plans to change marijuana to a [Schedule III drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_III_controlled_substances_\(U.S.\) "List of Schedule III controlled substances (U.S.)").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-To_be_rescheduled-25) On December 18, 2025, President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signed an executive order[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-26) instructing the [Attorney General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") to expedite the process of reclassify cannabis from a Schedule I drug (the most restrictive classification) to Schedule III.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-27)
The [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") was one of the first measures to tax cannabis nationwide.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-28) This act was overturned in 1969 in *[Leary v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leary_v._United_States "Leary v. United States")*, and was repealed and replaced with the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) by Congress the next year.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-29) Under the CSA cannabis was assigned a Schedule I classification, deemed to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use – thereby prohibiting even medical use of the drug. The classification has remained since the CSA was first signed into law, despite multiple efforts to reschedule.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-DPA_decades-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-brookings_report-31) In direct response, the U.S. [Libertarian Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") was one of the first major parties to endorse cannabis legalization in their first platform in 1972 which stated, "We favor the repeal of all laws creating "crimes without victims" now incorporated in Federal, state and local laws—such as laws on voluntary sexual relations, drug use, gambling, and attempted suicide."[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-32) As cannabis prohibition continued into the 21st Century, the [U.S. Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party "U.S. Marijuana Party") was formed in 2002 as a single-issue party to end the [war on drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_drugs "War on drugs") and to legalize cannabis.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-33) States have also begun to engage in the process of [nullification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_\(U.S._Constitution\) "Nullification (U.S. Constitution)") to override federal laws pertaining to cannabis. California started the trend by legalizing medicinal cannabis in 1996.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-34) Now, cannabis has been fully legalized for recreational use in 24 states, three U.S. territories and Washington D.C., with most states having some sort of state nullification of federal cannabis laws.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-35) In 1969, [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc. "Gallup, Inc.") conducted a poll asking Americans whether "the use of marijuana should be legal" with only 12% at the time saying yes.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-36) In 1977, it rose to 28% and experienced a period of gradual increase thereafter. According to the latest poll\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\], two-thirds of Americans think marijuana use should be legal.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-37) In addition, a report by Business Insider indicates that in 2022 alone, Americans spent an estimated \$30 billion on legal marijuana products. The report further predicts that legal pot sales could surpass \$33 billion in the current year\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\], surpassing combined sales of chocolate and craft beer.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-38)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCB_top_bud.jpg)
A large cannabis flower bud, Alaska
Roger Roffman, a professor of social work at the [University of Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"), asserted in July 2013 that "approximately 3.6 million Americans are daily or near daily users."[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-NYTimes_2009-07-19-39) Peter Reuter, a professor at the School of Public Policy and the Department of Criminology at the [University of Maryland, College Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park "University of Maryland, College Park"), said that "experimenting with marijuana has long been a normal part of growing up in the U.S.; about half of the population born since 1960 has tried the drug by age 21."[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-NYTimes_2009-07-19-39) A [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") survey found that the U.S. is the world's leading per capita marijuana consumer.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-40) The 2007 National Survey on Drug Use & Health prepared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services indicated that 14.4 million U.S. citizens over the age of 12 had used marijuana within a month.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-SAMHSA_2009-07-27-41) The 2008 survey found that 35 million Americans[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-oas.samhsa.gov-42) were willing to tell government representatives[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-43) that they had used marijuana in the past year.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-oas.samhsa.gov-42)
According to the 2001 *National Survey on Drug Use and Health* by the [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"), a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 41.9% (more than 2 in 5) of all Americans 12 or older have used cannabis at some point in their lives, while 11.5% (about 1 in 9) reported using it "this year."[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-44) According to a 2022 Gallup survey, 16% of Americans reported being marijuana smokers (up from 7% in 2013) and 48% reported trying marijuana at some point in their lifetimes (up from 4% in 1969).[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-45)
Medical use is a common reason people buy cannabis online. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Medical marijuana refers to using the whole unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat a disease or symptom." While some report symptom relief from buying cannabis online, scientific evidence on its effectiveness remains inconsistent. More research is needed to confirm its benefits and evaluate potential risks. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not officially approved [marijuana as a medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_cannabis "Medicinal cannabis").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-46)
Cannabis has been used for its therapeutic effects since it was first documented in China in 2800 Bc. In the 19th century scientist believed that using drugs like cannabis can prevent and cure diseases due to the plants therapeutic properties.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Approximately 18 million adults, nearly a third of users aged 18 and older, have reported symptoms of [cannabis use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder "Cannabis use disorder"), according to a data analysis by a [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") [epidemiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology") for *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. This reflects ongoing use despite significant negative impacts, with around three million individuals classified as addicted. These estimates are based on the 2022 U.S. national drug use survey, which focused on individuals who reported cannabis consumption in the past year. Among those aged 18 to 25, over 4.5 million reported using cannabis daily or nearly every day, and 81 percent of these users met the criteria for cannabis use disorder. [Wilson Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Compton_\(academic\) "Wilson Compton (academic)"), deputy director of the [National Institute on Drug Abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse "National Institute on Drug Abuse"), noted that this suggests that almost all daily users report problems related to their use, and that it is "a very clear warning sign." In 2023, the federal government's [National Survey on Drug Use and Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Survey_on_Drug_Use_and_Health "National Survey on Drug Use and Health") reported a cannabis use disorder rate of 16.6 percent among individuals aged 18 to 25, which was comparable to the rate of [alcohol use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism") at 15.1 percent.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47)
[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome "Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome"), resulting from heavy cannabis use, is characterized by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. It can lead to severe dehydration, seizures, [kidney failure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure "Kidney failure"), and [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest "Cardiac arrest"), with at least eight reported deaths in the United States. Since its documentation in 2004, there has been a significant rise in reported cases. Accurate tracking of the condition is difficult due to inconsistent recording in medical records. Researchers estimate that up to one-third of near-daily cannabis users in the U.S. may experience symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, affecting approximately six million people. The rise of the syndrome in the past two decades coincides with the expansion of marijuana legalization in the United States. According to data from the nonprofit Health Care Cost Institute, cannabis-related diagnoses among individuals under 65 with employer-paid insurance increased by over 50 percent nationwide between 2016 and 2022, rising from approximately 341,000 to 522,000. The organization stated that these figures "almost certainly" represent an undercount.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47)
In 2017, the [National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine") released a review of research on the health effects of cannabis, highlighting that the absence of evidence-based information represents a public health risk.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timeline_of_Gallup_polls_in_US_on_legalizing_marijuana.png)
Timeline of [Gallup polls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc "Gallup, Inc") in US on legalizing marijuana. See data table below.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-galluppolls-48)
| Date | % Yes, legal |
|---|---|
| 10/2/2023 | 70 |
| 10/3/2022 | 68 |
| 10/1/2021 | 68 |
| 10/1/2020 | 68 |
| 10/1/2019 | 66 |
| 5/15/2019 | 64 |
| 10/1/2018 | 66 |
| 10/5/2017 | 64 |
| 10/5/2016 | 60 |
| 10/7/2015 | 58 |
| 10/12/2014 | 51 |
| 10/3/2013 | 58 |
| 11/26/2012 | 48 |
| 10/6/2011 | 50 |
| 10/7/2010 | 46 |
| 10/1/2009 | 44 |
| 10/13/2005 | 36 |
| 11/10/2003 | 34 |
| 8/3/2001 | 34 |
| 8/29/2000 | 31 |
| 8/28/1995 | 25 |
| 5/17/1985 | 23 |
| 6/27/1980 | 25 |
| 5/18/1979 | 25 |
| 4/1/1977 | 28 |
| 1/26/1973 | 16 |
| 5/3/1972 | 15 |
| 10/2/1969 | 12 |
Since the [Controlled Substances Act of 1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970 "Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970") classified marijuana as a [Schedule I drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_controlled_substances "Controlled Substances Act"), until the passage of the [2018 United States farm bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_farm_bill "2018 United States farm bill"), under federal law it was illegal to possess, use, buy, sell, or cultivate cannabis in all U.S. jurisdictions. As a Schedule I substance, the highest restriction of five different schedules of controlled substances, it is claimed cannabis has a high potential for abuse and has no acceptable medical use. Despite this federal prohibition, some state and local governments established laws attempting to decriminalize cannabis, which has reduced the number of "simple possession" offenders sent to jail, since federal law enforcement rarely targets individuals directly for such relatively minor offenses. Other state and local governments ask law enforcement agencies to limit enforcement of drug laws with respect to cannabis. However, under the [Supremacy Clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause "Supremacy Clause") of the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution "U.S. Constitution"), federal law preempts conflicting state and local laws. In most cases, the absence of a state law does not present a preemption conflict with a federal law.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:1-24)
The federal government criminalized marijuana under the [Interstate Commerce Clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Clause "Interstate Commerce Clause"), and the application of these laws to intrastate commerce were addressed squarely by the [U.S. Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") in *[Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich")*, 545 U.S. 1, in 2005.
In January 2009, President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")'s transition team organized a poll to clarify some of the top issues the American public wants to have his administration look into, and two of the top ten ideas were to legalize the use of cannabis.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-49) In July 2009, [Gil Kerlikowske](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kerlikowske "Gil Kerlikowske"), Director of the [Office of National Drug Control Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy "Office of National Drug Control Policy"), clarified the federal government's position when he stated that "marijuana is dangerous and has no medicinal benefit" and that "legalization is not in the president's vocabulary, and it's not in mine."[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-komonews-50) However, a January 2010 settlement between the U.S. [Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration "Drug Enforcement Administration") and the [Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana "Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana") (WAMM) provided an example confirming the administration policy as communicated by Attorney General [Eric Holder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder "Eric Holder"), as WAMM reached an agreement that allowed them to re-open after being shut down by the federal government in 2002.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-mercurynews-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-insidebayarea-52)
Following the 2012 presidential election, the Office of National Drug Control Policy under the [Obama administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration "Obama administration") stated that it "steadfastly opposes legalization of marijuana and other drugs because legalization would increase the availability and use of illicit drugs, and pose significant health and safety risks".[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-president-53) In February 2014, the administration issued guidelines to banks for conducting transactions with legal marijuana sellers so these new businesses can stash away savings, make payroll, and pay taxes like any other enterprise.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-54) However, marijuana businesses still lack access to banks and credit unions due to [Federal Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System "Federal Reserve System") regulations.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-55)
On August 29, 2013, the Justice Department adopted a new policy (known as the [Cole memo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum")) regarding the enforcement of federal law in states that have legalized non-medical cannabis. The policy specified that commercial distribution of cannabis would be generally tolerated, except in certain circumstances, such as if violence or firearms are involved, the proceeds go to gangs and cartels, or if the cannabis is distributed to states where it is illegal.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-56)
On December 11, 2014, the Department of Justice told U.S. attorneys to allow Native American tribes on reservations to grow and sell marijuana, even in states where it is illegal. The policy will be implemented on a case-by-case basis and tribes must still follow federal guidelines.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-57)
On May 30, 2014, the [U.S. House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives "U.S. House of Representatives") passed the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment"), prohibiting the Justice Department from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical marijuana laws. The amendment became law in December 2014, and must be renewed each year in order to remain in effect.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-58)
On March 10, 2015, U.S. Senators [Rand Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul "Rand Paul"), [Kirsten Gillibrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand "Kirsten Gillibrand"), and [Cory Booker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker "Cory Booker") introduced the Compassionate Access, Research Expansion and Respect States Act or CARERS Act. The bipartisan bill would move cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule II of the [Controlled Substances Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act"). This would allow states with [medical cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis") laws to legally prescribe it, and allow for much easier research into its medical efficacy. The bill would also allow grow sites besides the University of Mississippi, which has long been the sole supplier of cannabis for academic research, to supply cannabis for study.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-59)
The Food and Drug Administration has approved two synthetic cannabis drugs for treating cancer and other medical issues.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-60) The federal government of the U.S. continues to argue that smoked cannabis has no recognized medical purpose (pointing to a definition of "medical purpose" published by the DEA, not the Food and Drug Administration, the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health"), the [Centers for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control "Centers for Disease Control"), or the office of the [U.S. Surgeon General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Surgeon_General "U.S. Surgeon General") and the [U.S. Public Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service "U.S. Public Health Service")). Many officials point to the difficulty of regulating dosage of cannabis (a problem for treatment as well as research), despite the availability (in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada "Cannabis in Canada") and the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom "Cannabis in the United Kingdom")) of dosage-controlled Sativex. The U.S. has also pressured other governments (especially Canada and [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mexico "Cannabis in Mexico"), with which it shares borders) to retain restrictions on marijuana.
On January 4, 2018, the [Cole memo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum") was rescinded by Attorney General [Jeff Sessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions "Jeff Sessions"), restoring the ability of US Attorneys to enforce federal law in states that have legalized non-medical cannabis.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-61)
On December 20, 2018, President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signed the farm bill which descheduled hemp, making cannabis under 0.3% THC legal once again.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-62) The law may have [inadvertently allowed cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_loophole "Hemp loophole") of hemp plants with high levels of [delta-8-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-8-THC "Delta-8-THC"), which is also psychoactive and has since become more popular recreationally across the U.S.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-63)
In February 2019, three researchers used [MedMen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedMen "MedMen") as a case study to illustrate their concerns with marijuana companies' marketing practices.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-64) The authors criticized MedMen's use of health claims without health warnings and their appeals to youth. They called for federal regulators to investigate the marketing practices of MedMen and other US-based marijuana companies.
In June 2021, Supreme Court justice [Clarence Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas "Clarence Thomas") stated that "A prohibition on interstate use or cultivation of marijuana may no longer be necessary or proper to support the federal government's piecemeal approach," criticizing "\[t\]he federal government's ... half-in, half-out regime that simultaneously tolerates and forbids local use of marijuana."[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-65)
In 2022, President Joe Biden released a budget proposal that did not extend protections for states violating federal laws around marijuana. It also did not give the District of Columbia permission to legalize, which drew mild surprise among political observers given the Democratic Party's support of D.C. autonomy.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-66)
In July 2022, [Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act "CAOA"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Administration_and_Opportunity_Act "Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act") [(see Text of S.4591)](https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4591)' was introduced by Senators [Cory Booker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker "Cory Booker") (D-NJ), [Chuck Schumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer "Chuck Schumer")) (D-NY), and [Ron Wyden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden "Ron Wyden") (D-OR) with the aim of decriminalizing cannabis on the federal level and officially acknowledging states' own marijuana laws.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-67) Even though the bill includes both [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") priorities, it appears unlikely to pass.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-68)
Former U.S. President [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") discusses rescheduling of cannabis.
While marijuana has been decriminalized throughout many states in the US, it remains a Schedule I drug as of October 2024. However, on January 12, 2024, the FDA announced its recommendation that marijuana be moved to a [Schedule III drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedules_of_controlled_substances "Controlled Substances Act"), which is a much less strictly-regulated category and would acknowledge its potential for medical use.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-69) If marijuana is rescheduled according to these recommendations, it would no longer be placed alongside drugs such as [heroin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin "Heroin") and, instead, be placed alongside drugs such as [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine").
This process is very lengthy, and first required a two month period for public comment, from May 21 to July 22.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-70) There were nearly 43,000 comments in total, about 69% of whom stated the government should instead decriminalize marijuana entirely, with 23% supporting the move and 8% wanting marijuana to remain a schedule I drug.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-71) Since then, a public hearing has been scheduled for December 2, and reclassification will not occur until after then.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-72)
Marijuana's status and classification under federal law hinders oversight and scientific research.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] States have implemented inconsistent standards and regulations, with only two states capping THC levels in most recreational marijuana products and just ten requiring warnings about the potential for habit formation. Even fewer states mandate warnings regarding cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome or [psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis "Psychosis"), and none are equipped to monitor or assess the full range of health outcomes related to cannabis use.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-:2-47) A 2024 report from the [National Academies of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences") highlights the inconsistent legal framework surrounding cannabis legalization, which prioritizes sales revenue and taxes over public health.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-73) The report calls for a more unified approach to cannabis regulation, including a federal campaign to educate the public about the risks of increasingly potent cannabis products.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-74) It also advocates for lifting restrictions on cannabis research to better understand its health impacts. The [CDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") is urged to take a more active role in shaping cannabis policy, but additional funding would be required to implement these recommendations.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-75)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Herb%E2%80%99s.jpg)
Retail store, [Homer, Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer,_Alaska "Homer, Alaska")
In 1973 [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon") became the first state to decriminalize cannabis, and in 2012 [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado") and [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_\(state\) "Cannabis in Washington (state)") became the first states to legalize [recreational use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use "Recreational drug use").[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-nyt_timeline-76) As of November 2023, twenty-four states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington), Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia have legalized recreational use of cannabis, with all but Virginia and D.C. having legalized its commercial sale.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_decrim-77) Another 7 states are considered to have [decriminalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization "Decriminalization") policies in effect.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_decrim-77)
In 1996, California became the first state to legalize the medical use of cannabis when voters approved [Proposition 215](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_215 "Proposition 215").[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-nyt_timeline-76) As of March 2023, thirty-eight states, four out of five permanently inhabited [U.S. territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States "Territories of the United States"), and the District of Columbia have legalized medical cannabis.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_medical-10) Ten other states have more restrictive laws limiting THC content, for the purpose of allowing access to products that are rich in [cannabidiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-ncsl_medical-10) In 2024 thirty-seven states including District of Columbia have legalized the use of medical marijuana and CBD including recreational use as well.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-78)
It was reported that in 2023 the states with marijuana legalized for personal consumption purposes generated around 4.2 billion in annual tax revenue. However this income does not include city takings or the proceeds that are taken to be distributed to smaller administrative divisions. This means that the number 4.2 billion was actually quite higher to begin with.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-79)
#### State and territory laws
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: State and territory laws")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_US_state_cannabis_laws.svg)
**Legality of cannabis in the United States**
***
Legal for recreational use
Legal for medical use
No comprehensive medical program
● Decriminalized
***
Notes:
**·** Reflects laws of states and territories, including laws which have not yet gone into effect. Does not reflect federal, tribal, or local laws.
**·** Map does not show state legality of [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp "Hemp")\-derived [cannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoids "Cannabinoids") such as [CBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") or [delta-8-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"), which [have been legal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_loophole "Hemp loophole") at federal level since enactment of the [2018 Farm Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_farm_bill "2018 United States farm bill").
- [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Legality_of_cannabis_by_US_state "Template:Legality of cannabis by US state")
- [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Legality_of_cannabis_by_US_state "Template talk:Legality of cannabis by US state")
- [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legality_of_cannabis_by_US_state "Special:EditPage/Template:Legality of cannabis by US state")
- [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alabama "Cannabis in Alabama")
- [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska "Cannabis in Alaska")
- [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona "Cannabis in Arizona")
- [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arkansas "Cannabis in Arkansas")
- [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California "Cannabis in California")
- [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado")
- [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut "Cannabis in Connecticut")
- [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware "Cannabis in Delaware")
- [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Florida "Cannabis in Florida")
- [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Cannabis in Georgia (U.S. state)")
- [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hawaii "Cannabis in Hawaii")
- [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Idaho "Cannabis in Idaho")
- [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois "Cannabis in Illinois")
- [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Indiana "Cannabis in Indiana")
- [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iowa "Cannabis in Iowa")
- [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kansas "Cannabis in Kansas")
- [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kentucky "Cannabis in Kentucky")
- [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Louisiana "Cannabis in Louisiana")
- [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine "Cannabis in Maine")
- [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland "Cannabis in Maryland")
- [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts "Cannabis in Massachusetts")
- [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan "Cannabis in Michigan")
- [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Minnesota "Cannabis in Minnesota")
- [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mississippi "Cannabis in Mississippi")
- [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri "Cannabis in Missouri")
- [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana "Cannabis in Montana")
- [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nebraska "Cannabis in Nebraska")
- [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada "Cannabis in Nevada")
- [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire "Cannabis in New Hampshire")
- [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey "Cannabis in New Jersey")
- [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico "Cannabis in New Mexico")
- [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York "Cannabis in New York")
- [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Carolina "Cannabis in North Carolina")
- [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota "Cannabis in North Dakota")
- [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ohio "Cannabis in Ohio")
- [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oklahoma "Cannabis in Oklahoma")
- [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon")
- [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Pennsylvania "Cannabis in Pennsylvania")
- [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island "Cannabis in Rhode Island")
- [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Carolina "Cannabis in South Carolina")
- [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Dakota "Cannabis in South Dakota")
- [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tennessee "Cannabis in Tennessee")
- [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Texas "Cannabis in Texas")
- [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Utah "Cannabis in Utah")
- [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont "Cannabis in Vermont")
- [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia "Cannabis in Virginia")
- [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_\(state\) "Cannabis in Washington (state)")
- [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_West_Virginia "Cannabis in West Virginia")
- [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wisconsin "Cannabis in Wisconsin")
- [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wyoming "Cannabis in Wyoming")
- [American Indian Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_on_American_Indian_reservations "Cannabis on American Indian reservations")
- [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_American_Samoa "Cannabis in American Samoa")
- [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_District_of_Columbia "Cannabis in the District of Columbia")
- [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam "Cannabis in Guam")
- [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Cannabis in Northern Mariana Islands")
- [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico "Cannabis in Puerto Rico")
- [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cannabis in United States Virgin Islands")
Prior to 2021, the National Center for Natural Products Research in [Oxford, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi "Oxford, Mississippi") was the only facility in the U.S. that was federally licensed by the [Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration "Drug Enforcement Administration") to cultivate cannabis for scientific research. The facility is part of the School of Pharmacy at the [University of Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi "University of Mississippi"), and cultivates cannabis through a contract with the [National Institute on Drug Abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse "National Institute on Drug Abuse"), to which it provides the cannabis.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Cannabis research has been hindered by the monopoly held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse that existed prior to 2021.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-80) The cannabis supplied by NIDA has been criticized by researchers for a variety of reasons, including high amounts of stems and seeds,[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Brookings_decision-81) high mold and yeast levels,[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-82) low THC content,[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-DPA_decades-30) and low diversity of strains available.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Brookings_decision-81) NIDA has also been criticized for the length of time in which it responds to proposals, and for favoring research on the harms caused by cannabis over research on the health benefits of cannabis.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-83) In August 2016 the DEA announced intention to issue additional cultivation licenses, however,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-84) and in 2021 the first licenses were granted.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-86)
Research conducted on cannabis also requires licensing from the DEA (specific to Schedule I drugs),[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-87) and approval from the FDA as well.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-DPA_decades-30) Prior to 2015, research also required approval from the [U.S. Public Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service "U.S. Public Health Service"), but this requirement was eliminated to make it less difficult for cannabis research to be approved.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-88) Numerous medical organizations in the U.S. have called for restrictions on cannabis research to be further eased, including the [American Academy of Family Physicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Family_Physicians "American Academy of Family Physicians"),[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-89) [American Psychological Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association "American Psychological Association"),[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-90) [American Cancer Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society "American Cancer Society"),[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-91) [American Academy of Pediatrics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics "American Academy of Pediatrics"),[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-92) and the [American Nurses Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Nurses_Association "American Nurses Association").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-93)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_arrests_timeline_by_drug.svg)
Chart from the [United States Bureau of Justice Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics "United States Bureau of Justice Statistics")[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-94)
The great majority of cannabis arrests are for possession.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-95) However, in 1997, the vast majority of inmates in state prisons for marijuana-related convictions were convicted of offenses other than simple possession.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-96)
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's annual Uniform Crime Report, there have been over twelve million cannabis arrests in the U.S. since 1996, including 749,825 persons for marijuana violations in 2012. Of those charged with marijuana violations in 2012, 658,231 (88%) were charged with possession only. The remaining 91,593 individuals were charged with "sale/manufacture", a category that does not differentiate for cultivation offenses, even those where the marijuana was being grown for personal or medical use. Marijuana arrests comprise almost one-half (48.3%) of all drug arrests reported in the U.S.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-97) According to the [American Civil Liberties Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union "American Civil Liberties Union"), there were 8.2 million marijuana arrests from 2001 to 2010, and 88% of those arrests were just for having marijuana with them.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-98)
## Racial disparity in marijuana arrests
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Racial disparity in marijuana arrests")\]
In a study done by the American Civil Liberties Union, from 2001 to 2010 Black and [white people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people "White people") use marijuana at about the same rate.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-99) Nationwide, Black people are 3.6 times more likely than white people to be arrested for marijuana, despite similar usage rates.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) Racial disparities vary in severity among states. For example, Colorado has the lowest disparity with Black people being 1.5 more likely than whites to be arrested for marijuana. On the other hand, in Montana, Kentucky, Illinois, West Virginia and Iowa, Black people are more than seven times more likely to be arrested for marijuana than white people.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) Nonetheless, in all states whether marijuana is legalized, decriminalized or illegal, Black people still are more likely of going to prison on marijuana charges,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) proving that legalizing or decriminalizing marijuana alone will not change the disparity.
[Racial profiling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States "Racial profiling in the United States") among law enforcement is to blame for these disparities. Law enforcement often targets people on their actual and perceived race instead of having reasonable suspicion for a crime.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) Minor offense like possession of marijuana are strictly enforced in racial communities, while the same offenses are often ignored in white affluent communities.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Tale-100) This racial profiling results in the mass incarceration of Black, Hispanic and Latino individuals.
The [Libertarian Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(US\) "Libertarian Party (US)") and the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States "Green Party of the United States") are known for advocating for the legalization of marijuana.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Third_Parties_Roles-101) There are also active [cannabis political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties "Cannabis political parties") in at least five states. These include the [Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party "Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party"), the [Legal Marijuana Now Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party "Legal Marijuana Now Party"), the [Legalize Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalize_Marijuana_Party "Legalize Marijuana Party"), and the [U.S. Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party "U.S. Marijuana Party").
### History of cannabis political parties in the U.S.
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_the_United_States&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: History of cannabis political parties in the U.S.")\]
- The [Youth International Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_International_Party "Youth International Party"), formed in 1967 to advance the [counterculture of the 1960s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s "Counterculture of the 1960s"), often ran candidates for public office. The Yippie flag is a five-pointed star superimposed with a cannabis leaf.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Yippie_Flag-102)
- The [Grassroots Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Party "Grassroots Party") was founded in Minnesota in 1986 and ran numerous candidates for state and federal offices. The party was active in Iowa, Minnesota, and Vermont. Grassroots Party ran candidates in every presidential election from 1988 to 2000.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Election_Results_1988-103)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1992_Federal_Elections-104)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1996_Election_Results-105)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-106)
- The [Legal Marijuana Now Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party "Legal Marijuana Now Party") was established in Minnesota in 1998.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-Q_and_A_with_Legal_Marijuana_Now-107)
- In 1998, an independent candidate, [Edward Forchion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Forchion "Edward Forchion"), ran for Congress from New Jersey as the [Legalize Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalize_Marijuana_Party "Legalize Marijuana Party") candidate. Since then, Forchion has run several times for a number of offices, under that banner.
- The [Marijuana Reform Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Reform_Party "Marijuana Reform Party") was established in New York, in 1998, and ran gubernatorial candidates there in both 1998 and 2002.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-108)
- The [U.S. Marijuana Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party "U.S. Marijuana Party") is an organization that promotes electoral involvement by marijuana legalization supporters. In 2012, the group endorsed Libertarian Gary Johnson for President.
- The [Anti-prohibition Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-prohibition_Party "Anti-prohibition Party") ran candidates for office in New York State for one election cycle in 2010.
- In 2010 and 2012, independent candidate [Cris Ericson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cris_Ericson "Cris Ericson") was on the ballot for multiple offices in Vermont under the label of U.S. Marijuana.
- The [Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party "Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party") was founded in Minnesota, in 2014.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2014_MN_Candidate_Filings-109)
- In 2016, the [Legal Marijuana Now Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party "Legal Marijuana Now Party") placed their presidential candidates onto the ballot in two states.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-BallotInIowa16-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-PresidentialChoices16-111)
In July 2016, delegates at the [2016 Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention "2016 Democratic National Convention") voted to approve a [party platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_platform "Party platform") calling for cannabis to be removed from the list of Schedule I substances, as well as calling for a "reasoned pathway for future legalization".[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-112)
Gallup began polling the public as to the issue of legalizing cannabis in 1969; in that year 12% were in favor.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-113) The 2017 Gallup poll showed a record high of 64% in favor of legalizing cannabis, including a majority of Republicans for the first time.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-114) In 2018, the same poll increased to an all-new high of 68%, showing that the great majority of Americans favored legalizing recreational marijuana.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-115)
According to a 2013 survey by [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center "Pew Research Center"), a majority of Americans favored complete or partial legalization of cannabis.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-116) The survey showed 52% of respondents support cannabis legalization and 45% do not. College graduates' support increased from 39% to 52% in just three years, the support of self-identified conservative Republicans (a group not traditionally supportive of cannabis legalization) had increased to nearly 30%, and bipartisan support had increased across the board. The 2018 version of the poll showed public support had increased to 61%.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-117)
Attitudes regarding marijuana regulation changed as some states (Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Maine, and Alaska) passed their own laws legalizing marijuana for recreational use. According to a Gallup Poll published in December 2012, 64% of Americans believe the federal government should not intervene in these states.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-118)
A 2018 study in [Social Science Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research "Social Science Research") found that the main determinants of these changes in attitudes toward marijuana regulation since the 1990s were a decline in perception of the riskiness of marijuana, changes in media framing of marijuana, a decline in overall punitiveness, and a decrease in religious affiliation.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-119)
Marijuana legalization polled as very popular in 2019 according to three major national polls.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_note-120)
- [Adult lifetime cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country "Adult lifetime cannabis use by country")
- [Annual cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country "Annual cannabis use by country")
- [Cannabis dispensaries in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States")
- [Cannabis political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties "Cannabis political parties")
- *[Cannabis: The Illegalization of Weed in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis:_The_Illegalization_of_Weed_in_America "Cannabis: The Illegalization of Weed in America")*
- [Legality of cannabis by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_country "Legality of cannabis by country")
- [Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction")
- [List of United States politicians who admit to cannabis use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_admit_to_cannabis_use "List of United States politicians who admit to cannabis use")
- [Minors and the legality of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minors_and_the_legality_of_cannabis "Minors and the legality of cannabis")
- [SAFE Banking Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE_Banking_Act "SAFE Banking Act")
- *[Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_and_Mirrors:_The_War_on_Drugs_and_the_Politics_of_Failure "Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure")*
- [Americans for Safe Access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access "Americans for Safe Access")
- [Law Enforcement Against Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Against_Prohibition "Law Enforcement Against Prohibition")
- [Marijuana Policy Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project "Marijuana Policy Project")
- [National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws")
- [National Cannabis Industry Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cannabis_Industry_Association "National Cannabis Industry Association")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-1)**
["US Marijuana Arrest Charts"](https://norml.org/laws/arrest-charts). *[NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORML "NORML")*.
Updated yearly.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-2)** [Total Annual Arrests in the US by Year and Type of Offense](http://www.drugwarfacts.org/node/235) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144921/http://www.drugwarfacts.org/node/235) April 26, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Drug War Facts. Page lists [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") [Uniform Crime Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports "Uniform Crime Reports") sources. Page links to [data table](http://www.drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201207135824/https://drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) December 7, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"):
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-3)** Data table: [Total Number of Arrests in the US by Year and Type of Offense](http://www.drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201207135824/https://drugwarfacts.org/table/total_arrests) December 7, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Drug War Facts.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-4)** [Drugs and Crime Facts: Drug law violations and enforcement](https://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/enforce.cfm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201225191654/https://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/enforce.cfm) December 25, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). From the [United States Bureau of Justice Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics "United States Bureau of Justice Statistics") (BJS). Source: [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") [Uniform Crime Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports "Uniform Crime Reports"). Click on the charts to view the data.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-5)** [Marijuana Research: Uniform Crime Reports - Marijuana Arrest Statistics](http://www.drugscience.org/Petition/C4F.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182547/http://www.drugscience.org/Petition/C4F.html) December 21, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Has data table for earlier years. Source: [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI") [Uniform Crime Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports "Uniform Crime Reports").
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013a_6-0)**
Clarke, Robert; Merlin, Mark (2013). [*Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany*](https://books.google.com/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA185). University of California Press. p. 185. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-520-95457-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95457-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95457-1")
. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-7)**
DEA (2013). ["The DEA Position on Marijuana"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004653/https://www.dea.gov/docs/marijuana_position_2011.pdf) (PDF). Dea.gov. Archived from [the original](https://www.dea.gov/docs/marijuana_position_2011.pdf) (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-McKinseyBurke2014_8-0)**
McKinsey, John A.; Burke, Debra (2014). [*Carper's Understanding the Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ED9vCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216). Cengage Learning. p. 216. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-305-17730-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17730-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17730-7")
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9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-9)**
["State Industrial Hemp Statutes"](http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx). *National Conference of State Legislatures*. April 18, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201220165001/https://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx) from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-ncsl_medical_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-ncsl_medical_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-ncsl_medical_10-2)
["State Medical Marijuana Laws"](http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx). *National Conference of State Legislatures*. June 27, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212512/http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx) from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-House2006_11-0)**
Frank J. House (2006). [*Agricultural Programs, Terms and Laws*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vLTlyYKz40oC&pg=PA146). Nova Publishers. p. 146. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-White2013_12-0)**
White, Rob (2013). [*Global Environmental Harm: Criminological Perspectives*](https://books.google.com/books?id=N2gQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185). University of Tasmania. p. 185. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-134-03031-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-03031-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-134-03031-6")
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13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-CaulkinsKilmer2016_13-0)**
Jonathan P. Caulkins; Beau Kilmer; Mark A.R. Kleiman (2016). [*Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs to Know?*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xYsDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25). Oxford University Press. p. 25. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-026243-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026243-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026243-3")
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14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-:0_14-0)**
Dyer, Owen (May 31, 2018). "Trump signs bill to give patients right to try drugs". *BMJ*. **361** k2429. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/bmj.k2429](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.k2429). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [29853541](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29853541).
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-Lowinson2005_15-0)**
Lowinson, Joyce H. (2005). [*Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HtGb2wNsgn4C&pg=PA274). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 274. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7817-3474-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3474-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3474-5")
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16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-16)**
["Recreational Cannabis in US"](http://cannabisrevu.com/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160425235056/http://cannabisrevu.com/) from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-NeubauerMeinhold2013_17-0)**
David Neubauer; Stephen Meinhold (2013). [*Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zP9tCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108). Cengage Learning. p. 108. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-133-71178-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-71178-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-133-71178-0")
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18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-18)**
["Public Health Focus \> FDA and Marijuana: Questions and Answers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201211031755/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd). *Fda.gov*. Archived from [the original](https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm) on December 11, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-ThomasElSohly2015_19-0)**
Brian F Thomas; Mahmoud ElSohly (2015). [*The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis: Quality Assessment, Assurance, and Regulation of Medicinal Marijuana and Cannabinoid Preparations*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83). Elsevier Science. p. 83. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-12-804670-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804670-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804670-8")
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20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-20)**
Office of the Commissioner. ["Public Health Focus - FDA and Marijuana"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201204080120/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-cannabis-research-and-drug-approval-process). *www.FDA.gov*. Archived from [the original](https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421163.htm) on December 4, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-21)**
Zapotosky, Matt; Horwitz, Sari; Achenbach, Joel (January 4, 2018). ["Use of legalized marijuana threatened as Sessions rescinds Obama-era directive that eased federal enforcement"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-is-rescinding-obama-era-directive-for-feds-to-back-off-marijuana-enforcement-in-states-with-legal-pot/2018/01/04/b1a42746-f157-11e7-b3bf-ab90a706e175_story.html). *Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190405004905/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-is-rescinding-obama-era-directive-for-feds-to-back-off-marijuana-enforcement-in-states-with-legal-pot/2018/01/04/b1a42746-f157-11e7-b3bf-ab90a706e175_story.html) from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-22)**
Reilly, Ryan J.; Wing, Nick (January 4, 2018). ["Jeff Sessions Unleashes Federal Prosecutors On Legal Marijuana"](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeff-sessions-marijuana_us_5a4e38cee4b025f99e20582e). *Huffington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190211141046/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeff-sessions-marijuana_us_5a4e38cee4b025f99e20582e) from the original on February 11, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-23)**
Lopez, German (May 30, 2014). ["House protects marijuana patients from feds"](https://www.vox.com/2014/5/30/5763654/the-house-just-voted-to-protect-medical-marijuana-patients-from). *Vox*. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
24. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-:1_24-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-:1_24-1)
Sullum, Jacob (January 4, 2016). ["The Federal Ban on Medical Marijuana Was Not Lifted"](https://reason.com/2016/01/04/the-federal-ban-on-medical-marijuana-was/). *Reason.com*. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-To_be_rescheduled_25-0)**
Miller, Zeke; Goodman, Joshua; Mustian, Jim; Whitehurst, Lindsay (May 1, 2024). ["US poised to ease restrictions on marijuana in historic shift, but it'll remain controlled substance"](https://apnews.com/article/marijuana-biden-dea-criminal-justice-pot-f833a8dae6ceb31a8658a5d65832a3b8). *[Associated Press News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_News "Associated Press News")*. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-26)**
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27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-27)**
Gomez, Luke Fountain,Brandon (December 18, 2025). ["Trump signs executive order reclassifying cannabis, opening door to broader weed access"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/18/trump-pot-reclassification-cannabis-stocks-medicare-cbd.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved December 18, 2025.
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"))
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["Why the US Made Marijuana Illegal"](https://www.history.com/news/why-the-u-s-made-marijuana-illegal). August 31, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-29)** For repeal, see section 1101(b)(3), Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, Pub. L. No. 91-513, 84 Stat. 1236, 1292 (Oct. 27, 1970) (repealing the Marihuana Tax Act which had been codified in Subchapter A of Chapter 39 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954).
30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-DPA_decades_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-DPA_decades_30-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-DPA_decades_30-2)
[*The DEA: Four Decades of Impeding And Rejecting Science*](https://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/DPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf) (PDF), Drug Policy Alliance / Multidisciplinary Associations for Psychedelic Studies, June 2014, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171219205040/http://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/DPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf) (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2017, retrieved January 11, 2018
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-brookings_report_31-0)**
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34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-34)**
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35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-35)**
["MAP OF MARIJUANA LEGALITY BY STATE"](https://disa.com/map-of-marijuana-legality-by-state). Retrieved February 7, 2022.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-36)**
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37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-37)**
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38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-38)**
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39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-NYTimes_2009-07-19_39-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-NYTimes_2009-07-19_39-1)
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Also available as:
- Anderson, D. Mark; Rees, Daniel I. (2021). [The Public Health Effects of Legalizing Marijuana](https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/14292/the-public-health-effects-of-legalizing-marijuana) (Report). IZA Discussion Paper, No. 14292. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [resrep61951](https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep61951).
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| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States s443 |