🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa005)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California","crawl_time":1774116734,"first_indexed_time":1431781113,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Cannabis in California - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"California's Cannabis Universal Symbol\nCannabis in California\nis illegal under United States\nfederal law\n, yet legally sanctioned for\nmedical use\nsince 1996 and for\nrecreational use\nsince late 2016 under\nCalifornia law\n. The state of\nCalifornia\nhas been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize\ncannabis laws in the United States\n, beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis (\nProposition 19\n). Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to\nlegalize medical cannabis\nthrough the\nCompassionate Use Act of 1996\n(Proposition 215), which passed with 56% voter approval.\n[\n1\n]\nIn November 2016, California voters approved the\nAdult Use of Marijuana Act\n(Proposition 64) with 57% of the vote, which\nlegalized the recreational use of cannabis\n.\nAs a result of recreational legalization, local governments (city and county) may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Commercial activities can be regulated or prohibited by local governments although deliveries cannot be prohibited.\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\nFollowing recreational legalization, existing growers and suppliers of medical cannabis were required to register, comply with regulations, and apply for permits. Over half of the nonprofit\ndispensaries legally providing medical marijuana\nclosed. Local agencies have been slow to approve retail stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes with most cities and counties banning retail with a wait and see approach. Many existing growers have been slow to apply for permits as it has been estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States comes from northern California. The export of marijuana to other states remains illegal since the\nU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration\nconsiders it a\nSchedule I drug\n.\nReducing illegal activity is considered essential for the success of legal operations who pay the considerable taxes assessed by state and local authorities. Many people do not have nearby retail stores selling cannabis and continue to buy from unlicensed sellers. Illegal growing continues in remote rural areas. Raids and confiscation by law enforcement of illegal retail and grow operations have continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.\nCalifornia's main regulatory agencies were initially the\nBureau of Cannabis Control\n(BCC),\nDepartment of Food and Agriculture\n, and\nDepartment of Public Health\n.\n[\n4\n]\n[\n5\n]\nTheir responsibilities were merged under the Department of Cannabis Control in 2021.\n[\n6\n]\nCurrent state and local regulation\n[\nedit\n]\nCompanies must obtain a license from a local agency in each jurisdiction to cultivate, test, or sell cannabis.\n[\n7\n]\nCities and counties, including unincorporated areas, may choose to permit all, some, or none of these activities.\n[\n2\n]\nHowever, since January 2019, local governments may not prohibit deliveries by state-licensed companies.\n[\n3\n]\nDistributors are required to act as intermediaries between cannabis producers and retailers.\n[\n8\n]\nIn July 2021, California consolidated its state cannabis regulatory agencies into the Department of Cannabis Control.\n[\n9\n]\n[\n10\n]\nBefore this change, the industry was overseen by three separate agencies. The Bureau of Cannabis Control regulated retailers, distributors, and testing laboratories. The Department of Food and Agriculture’s CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing Division oversaw cultivators. The Department of Public Health’s Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch regulated cannabis product manufacturers.\n[\n11\n]\nMany communities have adopted zoning rules that prohibit cannabis retail stores. In response, some state legislators have introduced bills that would require certain local jurisdictions to permit a limited number of retail establishments, particularly in areas where a majority of voters supported legalizing recreational cannabis.\n[\n2\n]\nLocal governments have opposed these proposals. A May 2019 editorial in the\nLos Angeles Times\nalso criticized this type of legislation.\n[\n12\n]\nSupporters of the bills argue that limited access to legal retailers contributes to the continuation of illegal cannabis sales.\n[\n2\n]\nCalifornia prohibits the export of marijuana to other states, as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.\n[\n13\n]\n[\n14\n]\nSome estimates indicate that California produces up to five times more cannabis than is consumed within the state. Other estimates suggest that about 80% of the crop is shipped to other states. Cannabis that is exported from California is not subject to the state’s taxes or regulatory oversight. In addition, consumers in other states often pay higher prices for the product.\n[\n15\n]\nThe\nFederal Bureau of Investigation\nhas investigated officials in several cities and counties.\n[\n16\n]\nUnlicensed sales were not reduced as fast as many expected.\n[\n17\n]\n[\n18\n]\nThe growth of the legal market has been inhibited since the majority of cities and counties have not allowed the retail sale of cannabis.\n[\n19\n]\nDue to the continued operation of much illegal activity, heavy taxation is an important issue for licensed operators.\n[\n20\n]\nThey are concerned about the perceived lack of sufficient enforcement against illegal activities.\n[\n21\n]\n[\n22\n]\nThe legal market includes the cost of mandatory testing.\n[\n17\n]\nTransitioning from a provisional, temporary license to a permanent license has also been difficult. As of April 2020, about 82% of the cannabis licenses were still provisional.\n[\n23\n]\nAuthorities warn that the illegal market may contain pesticide or other chemical residues and mold.\n[\n18\n]\nOther products sold illegally that have not been tested include\nedible products\n[\n24\n]\nand\nvaping pens\n.\n[\n25\n]\n[\n26\n]\n[\n27\n]\nLocal governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using or transporting marijuana for personal use. An appeals court ruled that inmates who possess small amounts of marijuana in prison are not guilty of a felony crime.\n[\n28\n]\nAttorney General\nXavier Becerra\n's office had argued that possessing small amounts of marijuana is legally banned in prison which can result in significantly increasing a prisoner's sentence.\n[\n29\n]\nCannabis is estimated to be the largest cash crop in California with a value of more than $11 billion.\n[\n30\n]\nThe state provided most of the cannabis consumed in the United States prior to legalization which was intended to provide a transition to legal, licensed growing. The\nCalifornia Environmental Quality Act\n(CEQA) requires a detailed\nanalysis of the environmental impact\nof growers operations. Statewide, 208 growers had obtained regular, annual licenses by July 2019. At this point of some 18 months into legalization, 1,532 growers were still operating on provisional permits as they went through the CEQA process that requires extensive paperwork.\n[\n31\n]\nSmaller farms were given five years to become established under legalization before larger growers were allowed to enter the market.\n[\n32\n]\nUnder the regulations set to expire in 2023, growers can have only one medium licence but there is no limit on the number of small licenses an individual grower can have. This\nloophole\nhas allowed larger growers to operate.\n[\n33\n]\nHumboldt\n,\nMendocino\n, and\nTrinity\ncounties have long been known as Northern California's\nEmerald Triangle\nas it is estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States is grown there. Registering and applying for permits has not been an easy decision for many long time growers in these three counties.\n[\n30\n]\nIn\nSanta Barbara County\n, cannabis growing has taken over greenhouses that formerly grew flowers. In the first four months of legalization, the county had almost 800 permits issued for cultivators, the most of any county in the state.\n[\n33\n]\nCalaveras County\nregistered more than seven hundred cultivators after county voters approved a tax in 2016.\n[\n34\n]\nUnlicensed growing continues in remote rural areas and has expanded according to law enforcement reports. Raids and confiscation of illegal grow operations by law enforcement has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.\n[\n35\n]\n[\n36\n]\n[\n37\n]\nAuthorities are constantly dealing with illegal cultivation in remote protected areas such as state parks and national forests.\n[\n38\n]\n[\n39\n]\n[\n40\n]\nIllegal grows are partially responsible for record levels of water thefts during the\ndrought that began in 2020\n.\n[\n41\n]\nA large number of\ninsect pests\nare significant, along with some mammals:\nMice\n,\nRattus rattus\n,\nNeotoma\nrat spp.,\nThomomys\ngopher spp.,\nblack-tailed deer\n(\nOdocoileus hemionus columbianus\n), and black bears (\nUrsus americanus\n).\n[\n42\n]\nPowdery mildew\nSphaerotheca macularis\nand various Pythium root rots (\nPythium\nspp.) are important\ndiseases in this crop\n.\n[\n42\n]\nThe\nDepartment of Pesticide Regulation\nprovides legal guidance and treatment recommendations for all of these.\n[\n42\n]\nOn-site consumption\n[\nedit\n]\nIn July 2019,\nWest Hollywood\napproved a cannabis consumption license for\nLowell Herb Co\n, \"the first of its kind in the nation\".\nLowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe\nopened in September 2019 with a menu of cannabis for consumption, THC-infused drinks and meals for cannabis-enhanced sense of taste and smell. It includes the expertise of cannabis\nsommeliers\n, known as \"\nbudtenders\n\" on site.\n[\n43\n]\n[\n44\n]\nIt has since been rebranded as the \"Original Cannabis Cafe\", separating itself from the Lowell Farms corporate brand. A retail establishment Seaweed On Ocean, was licensed in\nLompoc\nfor on site consumption in July 2018 and opened December 2019, claims to be the first between Los Angeles and San Francisco.\n[\n45\n]\nRetail and delivery\n[\nedit\n]\nStores selling cannabis for recreational purposes have been banned from 80% of the 482 municipalities in California.\n[\n2\n]\nIn September 2019, 873 cannabis sellers had been licensed by the state while the United Cannabis Business Assn. conducted an audit that estimated there are approximately 2,835 unlicensed dispensaries and delivery services based on advertising.\n[\n25\n]\nLegal retailers say the illegal market is larger than the legal market due to the high costs they pay in start-up permit costs and on-going taxes. They complain about the lack of effective enforcement against unlicensed shops.\n[\n30\n]\nPrior to 2018, about 2,000 nonprofit dispensaries legally provided medical marijuana. Legalization introduced regulations that increased the cost of operation and more than 65% of dispensaries shut their doors.\n[\n46\n]\nRecreational marijuana shops began to open in January 2018, with many districts beginning recreational sales on the first or fifth of January 2018.\n[\n47\n]\nIn January, 2018, Los Angeles had no licensed retailers; the closest cities with licensed retail sales were\nSanta Ana\non January 1 and\nWest Hollywood\non January 2.\n[\n48\n]\n[\n49\n]\nAs of September 2019\n, 187 dispensaries had temporary city approval in Los Angeles.\n[\n25\n]\nLos Angeles adopted an ordinance in 2018 to restrict some storefront and billboard advertising after research showed that young adults who lived near dispensaries that had storefront signage used marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more positive views about the drug.\n[\n50\n]\nMany dispensaries and delivery companies continued to operate under the\nstay-at-home order\nduring the\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n.\n[\n51\n]\nWith an executive order on March 22, Governor Gavin Newsom declared cannabis one of the enterprises to be considered an essential business.\n[\n52\n]\nOrganizers of cannabis festivals are required to get permission from state and local agencies. Under the permits, they can let anyone 21 and older buy and smoke weed at the festival.\n[\n53\n]\n[\n54\n]\nIn 2019,\nOutside Lands Music and Arts Festival\nin San Francisco became the first major music festival to offer legal cannabis for sale on site. The area was known as \"Grass Lands\" and sold more than $1 million in cannabis products such as edibles, vaping cartridges and joints over the three-day event.\n[\n55\n]\nCannabis\nwas cultivated for fiber and rope as early as 1795 in California, when cultivation began at\nMission San Jose\nunder the governorship of\nDiego de Borica\n. Cannabis was grown in several regions of Southern California, with two-thirds of it being grown on the missions.\n[\n56\n]\nCalifornia produced 13,000 pounds of hemp in 1807, and 220,000 pounds in 1810.\n[\n57\n]\nHowever, in 1810 Mexico began to rebel against the Spanish crown, and the subsidies for growing hemp were cut, leading to a near-disappearance of the crop. A few missions continued to grow it for local use, and the\nRussian colonists\ngrew hemp at\nFort Ross\nuntil the station was abandoned in 1841.\n[\n56\n]\nPsychoactive cannabis\n[\nedit\n]\nAmong the early cultivators of cannabis for recreational use in California were Arabs, Armenians, and Turks who grew cannabis as early as 1895 to make\nhashish\nfor local consumption.\n[\n58\n]\nUnlike in other states where fears of black or Hispanic use of cannabis drove new restrictions, California was an exception for its focus on South Asian immigrants. A California delegate to the Hague Convention wrote in 1911: \"Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica; they are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast.\"\n[\n59\n]\nThe Poison Act was passed in California in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment\n[\n60\n]\nwas made to make possession of \"extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds\" a misdemeanor.\n[\n61\n]\nThere is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment\n[\n62\n]\nforbade the sale or possession of \"flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed (\nCannabis sativa\n), Indian hemp\" except with a prescription.\n[\n61\n]\nBoth bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy.\n[\n61\n]\nIn 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of\nSonoratown\nin Los Angeles, where police raided two \"dream gardens\" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis.\n[\n63\n]\nIn 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishable by up to 6 years in prison, and black market sale, which had initially been a misdemeanor punishable by a $100–$400 fine and\/or 50–180 days in jail for first offenders, became punishable by 6 months–6 years.\n[\n61\n]\nIn 1927, the laws designed to target opium usage were finally extended to Indian hemp.\n[\n61\n]\nIn 1929, second offenses for possession became punishable by sentences of 6 months–10 years.\n[\n61\n]\nIn 1937, cannabis cultivation became a separate offense.\n[\n61\n]\nBy 1932, 60% of narcotics arrests in Los Angeles involved cannabis, which was considered \"much less serious than the morphine cases.\"\n[\n64\n]\nIn 1954, penalties for marijuana possession were hiked to a minimum 1–10 years in prison, and sale was made punishable by 5–15 years with a mandatory 3 years before eligibility for parole; two prior felonies raised the maximum sentences for both offenses to life imprisonment.\n[\n61\n]\nIn the 1950s and 1960s, the\nbeatnik\nand later\nhippie\ncultures experimented with cannabis, driving increased interest in the drug. In 1964, the first cannabis legalization group was formed in the U.S. when Lowell Eggemeier of San Francisco was arrested, and his attorney established LEMAR (LEgalize MARijuana) shortly afterwards.\n[\n65\n]\nBy the mid-1960s, the\nSaturday Evening Post\nwas publishing articles estimating that half the college population of California had tried cannabis. One writer commented that usage was:\nso widespread that pot must be considered an integral part of the generation's life experience.\n[\n66\n]\nIllicit cultivation\n[\nedit\n]\nIn the 1960s–1970s, people in California had developed the\nsinsemilla\n(\"without seeds\") method of producing cannabis, uprooting the male plants before they could pollinate the females, resulting a seedless and more potent cannabis. Around 1975, this technique arrived in Humboldt County, which was to become one of the nation's most famous centers of cannabis production. California growers received an unintentional advantage from the US government, which in the 1970s began spraying cannabis fields in Mexico with the herbicide\nparaquat\n. Fears of contamination led to a drop in demand for cheaper Mexican cannabis, and a corresponding increase in demand for California-grown cannabis. By 1979, 35% of cannabis consumed in California was grown in-state. By 2010, 79% of cannabis nationwide came from California.\n[\n67\n]\nDecriminalization\nof cannabis – which treats possession of small amounts as a civil (rather than a criminal) offense – was established in July 1975 when the state legislature passed Senate Bill 95, the Moscone Act.\n[\n61\n]\n[\n68\n]\n[\n69\n]\n[\n70\n]\nSB 95 made possession of one ounce (28 g) of marijuana a misdemeanor punishable by a $100 fine, with higher punishments for amounts greater than one ounce, for possession on school grounds, or for cultivation.\n[\n71\n]\n\"Smoke a joint, lose your license\" expires (1999)\n[\nedit\n]\nIn 1999, a state law was allowed to expire that mandated a six-month driver's license suspension for possession of cannabis or other illegal drugs. The policy originated with a 1990 federal law that threatened to reduce transportation funding for states unless they took one of two actions: impose a six-month driver’s license suspension for individuals convicted of a drug offense, or pass a resolution formally declining to adopt such a penalty.\n[\n72\n]\nThe law was enacted in 1994 at the urging of Governor\nPete Wilson\n, who argued that the policy kept unsafe drivers off the road and helped prevent illegal drug use.\n[\n73\n]\nCritics argued that the punishment was excessive and often had nothing to do with the offense committed.\n[\n73\n]\nThe law resulted in as many as 100,000 license suspensions per year according to the\nCalifornia Department of Motor Vehicles\n.\n[\n72\n]\nProposition 36 (2000)\n[\nedit\n]\nProposition 36 (also known as the\nSubstance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000\n) was approved by 61% of voters, requiring that \"first and second offense drug violators be sent to drug treatment programs instead of facing trial and possible incarceration.\"\n[\n74\n]\nSenate Bill 1449 (2010)\n[\nedit\n]\nOn September 30, 2010, Governor\nArnold Schwarzenegger\nsigned into law SB 1449, which further reduced the charge of possession of one ounce (28 g) of cannabis or less, from a misdemeanor to an infraction, similar to a traffic violation—a maximum of a $100 fine and no mandatory court appearance or criminal record.\n[\n75\n]\nThe law became effective January 1, 2011.\n[\n76\n]\nMedical cannabis legalization\n[\nedit\n]\nEarly reform efforts (pre-1996)\n[\nedit\n]\nThe movement to legalize medical cannabis in the U.S. sprang out of\nSan Francisco\nin the early 1990s, with efforts soon spreading statewide and eventually across the nation.  Proposition P was approved by 79% of San Francisco voters in November 1991, calling on state lawmakers to pass legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis.\n[\n77\n]\nThe city board of supervisors additionally passed a resolution in August 1992 urging the police commission and district attorney to \"make lowest priority the arrest or prosecution of those involved in the possession or cultivation of [cannabis] for medicinal purposes\" and to \"allow a letter from a treating physician to be used as\nprima facia\nevidence that marijuana can alleviate the pain and suffering of that patient's medical condition\".\n[\n78\n]\nThe resolution enabled the open sale of cannabis to AIDS patients and others within the city, most notably through the\nSan Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club\nwhich was operated by medical cannabis activist\nDennis Peron\n(who spearheaded Proposition P and later the statewide Proposition 215).\n[\n79\n]\nSimilar clubs appeared outside San Francisco in the ensuing years as other cities passed legislation to support the medical use of cannabis.  The\nWo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana\nwas founded in 1993 after 75% of\nSanta Cruz\nvoters approved Measure A in November 1992.\n[\n80\n]\nAnd the\nOakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative\nwas founded in 1995 shortly before the city council passed multiple medical cannabis resolutions.\n[\n80\n]\nFollowing the lead of San Francisco and other cities in California, state lawmakers passed Senate Joint Resolution 8 in 1993, a non-binding measure calling on the federal government to enact legislation allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis.\n[\n81\n]\nIn 1994, Senate Bill 1364 was approved by state legislators, to reclassify cannabis as a Schedule II drug at the state level.\n[\n81\n]\nAnd Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis.\n[\n81\n]\nBoth SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor\nPete Wilson\n, however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996.\n[\n81\n]\nProposition 215 (1996)\n[\nedit\n]\nFrustrated by vetoes of medical cannabis bills in successive years, medical cannabis advocates in California took the issue directly to the voters, collecting 775,000 signatures for qualification of a statewide ballot initiative in 1996.\n[\n82\n]\nProposition 215 – the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 – was subsequently approved with 56% of the vote, legalizing the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis by patients with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or \"any other illness for which marijuana provides relief\".\n[\n83\n]\nThe law also allowed patient\ncaregivers\nto cultivate cannabis, and urged lawmakers to facilitate the \"safe and affordable distribution of marijuana\".\n[\n83\n]\nSenate Bill 420 (2003)\n[\nedit\n]\nMedical cannabis card in\nMarin County\nVague wording became a major criticism of Proposition 215, though the law has since been clarified through state Supreme Court rulings and the passage of subsequent laws. The first such legislative solution came in January 2003 with the passage of Senate Bill 420 (colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act).  Senate Bill 420 established an\nidentification card system for medical cannabis patients\n, and allowed the formation of non-profit collectives for provision of cannabis to patients.\nIn 2006\nSan Diego County\nfiled a lawsuit over its required participation in the state ID card program,\n[\n84\n]\nbut the challenge was later struck down and the city was forced to comply.\n[\n85\n]\nIn January 2010 the California Supreme Court ruled in\nPeople v. Kelly\nthat SB 420 did not limit the quantity of cannabis that a patient can possess.  All possession limits were therefore lifted.\nImplementation and criticism\n[\nedit\n]\nCalifornia was the first state to establish a medical cannabis program, enacted by Proposition 215 in 1996 and Senate Bill 420 in 2003. Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allows people the right to obtain and use cannabis for any illness if they obtain a recommendation from a doctor. The\nSupreme Court of California\nhas ruled there are no specified limits as to what a patient may possess in their private residence if the cannabis is strictly for the patient's own use.\n[\n86\n]\nMedical cannabis identification cards are issued through the\nCalifornia Department of Public Health\n's Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). The program began in three counties in May 2005, and expanded statewide in August of the same year. 37,236 cards have been issued throughout 55 counties as of December 2009. However, cannabis dispensaries within the state accept recommendations, with an embossed license, from a doctor who has given the patient an examination and believes cannabis would be beneficial for their ailment.\nCannabis evaluations in\nVenice Beach\nCritics of California's medical cannabis program argued that the program essentially gave cannabis quasi-legality, as \"anyone can obtain a recommendation for medical marijuana at any time for practically any ailment\".\n[\n87\n]\nAcknowledging that there were instances in which the system was abused and that laws could be improved, Stephen Gutwillig of the\nDrug Policy Alliance\ninsisted that what Proposition 215 had accomplished was \"nothing short of incredible\".\n[\n87\n]\nGutwillig argued that because of the law, 200,000 patients in the state had safe and affordable access to medical cannabis to relieve pain and treat medical conditions, without having to risk arrest or buy off the black market.\n[\n87\n]\nConflict with federal law\n[\nedit\n]\nAlthough Proposition 215 legalized medical cannabis in California, at the federal level it remained a\nSchedule I\nprohibited drug.\n[\n88\n]\nSeeking to enforce this prohibition, the\nJustice Department\nconducted numerous raids and prosecutions of medical cannabis providers throughout the state in subsequent years. Who grows marijuana and where it comes from were lightly regulated. Federal authorities claimed that these medical marijuana businesses were fronts for the black market. Also rather than growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients, they claimed the cannabis was coming from Mexico or large hidden grows in California.\n[\n89\n]\nSome state and local officials strongly supported these enforcement efforts, in particular Attorney General\nDan Lungren\nwho was a vocal opponent of Proposition 215 leading up to its passage.\n[\n85\n]\nOther officials, such as San Francisco District Attorney\nTerence Hallinan\n, condemned the actions as a gross intrusion into the state's affairs.\n[\n85\n]\nThe raids and prosecutions increased in frequency throughout the Bush and Obama years,\n[\n90\n]\nuntil finally in December 2014 the\nRohrabacher–Farr amendment\nwas enacted at the federal level.\nOne of the raids that occurred was at the\nWo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana\nin Santa Cruz in September 2002. WAMM was a non-profit collective set up to provide cannabis to seriously ill patients, and was working closely with local authorities to follow all applicable state and local laws.\n[\n91\n]\nOn the morning of September 5, 2022, DEA agents equipped with paramilitary gear and semiautomatic weapons stormed the premises, destroyed all the cannabis plants, and arrested the property owners Mike and Valerie Corral.\n[\n85\n]\n[\n92\n]\nThis prompted an angry response from nearby medical cannabis patients – some in wheelchairs – who gathered at the site to block federal agents from leaving, until finally after three hours later the Corrals were released.\n[\n85\n]\nThe raid triggered a strong backlash from Santa Cruz city officials as well, who sanctioned an event two weeks later where cannabis was handed out to patients on the steps of city hall,\n[\n93\n]\nattracting widespread media attention.\n[\n80\n]\nThe DEA was \"appalled\" by the event,\n[\n94\n]\nbut took no further action.\nFurther pushback against federal enforcement efforts occurred in June 2003 following the jury trial conviction of\nEd Rosenthal\n, a high school biology teacher and\nHigh Times\nauthor, who had been raided by the DEA in 2002 for growing more than 100 cannabis plants in an\nOakland\nwarehouse.\n[\n95\n]\nBecause cannabis remained a prohibited substance under federal law, jurors could not be informed that Rosenthal had been deputized by the city of Oakland to grow the cannabis, or even that the cannabis was being used for medical purposes only.\n[\n85\n]\nRosenthal was easily convicted as a result; however, immediately following the trial, when jurors found out the true circumstances of the case, they publicly renounced the verdict they had just handed down and demanded a retrial.\n[\n85\n]\nJudge\nCharles Breyer\n, in part influenced by the extraordinary action of the jurors, sentenced Rosenthal to just one day in jail, of which he had already served.\n[\n95\n]\nIn July 2007, a new tactic was adopted by the DEA of threatening landlords renting to medical cannabis providers.\n[\n96\n]\nLetters were sent to a number of property owners in the Los Angeles area, informing them that they faced up to 20 years in prison for violating the \"crack house statute\" of the Controlled Substances Act, in addition to seizure of their properties.  This tactic subsequently spread to other areas of California, while DEA raids continued to increase as well in the following years.  In October 2011 an extensive and coordinated crackdown on California's cannabis dispensaries was announced by the chief prosecutors of the state's four federal districts.\n[\n97\n]\nThree major court cases originated in California that attempted to challenge the federal government's ability to enforce federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis.\nConant v. McCaffrey\nwas brought forth in response to various threats made by the federal government against doctors who recommend cannabis to patients.  Decided in 2000, it upheld the right of physicians to recommend but not prescribe cannabis.\n[\n98\n]\nIn\nUnited States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative\n(decided in 2001), it was argued that medical use of cannabis should be permitted as constituted by a \"\nmedical necessity\n\" – but this argument was unsuccessful.\n[\n98\n]\nIn\nGonzales v. Raich\n(decided in 2005), the constitutionality of the Controlled Substances Act was challenged based on the idea that cannabis grown and consumed in California does not qualify as\ninterstate commerce\n – but this argument was also found to be without merit.\n[\n98\n]\nRecreational cannabis legalization\n[\nedit\n]\nProposition 19 (1972)\n[\nedit\n]\nIn 1972, California became the first state to vote on a ballot measure seeking to legalize cannabis.  Proposition 19 – the California Marijuana Initiative – sought to legalize the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis, but did not allow for commercial sales.\n[\n68\n]\nThe initiative was spearheaded by the group Amorphia, which was founded in 1969 (by Blair Newman) and financed its activities through the sale of hemp\nrolling papers\n.\n[\n99\n]\nIt was ultimately defeated by a wide margin (33–67%), but supporters were encouraged by the results,\n[\n100\n]\nwhich provided momentum to other reform efforts in California in subsequent years.\n[\n80\n]\nIn 1974, Amorphia ran into financial difficulties and became the California chapter of\nNORML\n.\n[\n101\n]\nMarijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)\n[\nedit\n]\nIn February 2009,\nTom Ammiano\nintroduced the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act, which would remove penalties under state law for the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana for persons the age of 21 or older. When the Assembly Public Safety Committee approved the bill on a 4 to 3 vote in January 2010, this marked the first time in United States history that a bill legalizing marijuana passed a legislative committee. While the legislation failed to reach the Assembly floor, Ammiano stated his plans to reintroduce the bill later in the year, depending on the success of\nProposition 19\n, the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act.\n[\n102\n]\nAccording to\nTime\n, California tax collectors estimated the bill would have raised about $1.3 billion a year in revenue.\nCritics such as John Lovell, lobbyist for the California Peace Officers' Association, argued that too many people already struggle with alcohol and drug abuse, and legalizing another mind-altering substance would lead to a surge of use, making problems worse.\n[\n103\n]\nApart from helping the state's budget by enforcing a tax on the sale of cannabis, proponents of the bill argued that legalization would reduce the amount of criminal activity associated with the drug.\nProposition 19 (2010)\n[\nedit\n]\nIn November 2010, California voters rejected Proposition 19 (by a vote of 53.5% to 46.5%), an initiative that would have legalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for adults age 21 and over, and regulated its sale similar to alcohol.\n[\n104\n]\nThe initiative faced stiff opposition from numerous police organizations in the state, while many growers in the\nEmerald Triangle\nwere strongly opposed due to fears that corporate megafarms would put them out of business.\n[\n85\n]\nThe initiative was also undercut by the passage of\nSenate Bill 1449\na month before the election.\n[\n85\n]\nProposition 19 was spearheaded by\nRichard Lee\n, founder of\nOaksterdam University\n.\n[\n85\n]\nProposition 64 (2016)\n[\nedit\n]\nProposition 64 (2016)\nresults by county. Counties with a majority of \"yes\" votes are in blue and counties with a majority of \"no\" votes are in yellow.\nHigh Times cannabis dispensary in\nCoalinga\n, California, pictured in October 2022 (Sarah Stierch (\nCC BY 4.0\n))\nOn November 8, 2016, Proposition 64 – the Adult Use of Marijuana Act – passed by a 57% to 43% vote, legalizing the use, sale, and cultivation of recreational cannabis in California for adults 21 and over. The initiative was certified for the ballot on June 28, 2016,\n[\n105\n]\nafter supporters handed in more than 600,000 raw signatures of the 365,000 certified signatures that were required.\n[\n106\n]\nThe initiative received the largest amount of support from Napster founder\nSean Parker\nwho contributed more than $8.6 million of the $25 million that was raised in support of the initiative.\n[\n107\n]\nLieutenant Governor\nGavin Newsom\nwas the highest-ranking official in the state to endorse the initiative;\n[\n107\n]\nit was also endorsed by several of the state's major newspapers including the\nLos Angeles Times\n,\n[\n108\n]\nSan Francisco Chronicle\n,\n[\n109\n]\nSan Diego Union-Tribune\n,\n[\n110\n]\nOrange County Register\n,\n[\n111\n]\nand\nSan Jose Mercury News\n.\n[\n112\n]\nImmediately upon certification of the November 2016 ballot results, adults age 21 or older were allowed to:\nPossess, transport, process, purchase, obtain, or give away, without any compensation whatsoever, no more than one ounce of dry cannabis or eight grams concentrated cannabis to adults the age of 21 or older.\nPossess, plant, cultivate, harvest, dry, or process no more than six live plants and the produce of those plants in a private residence, in a locked area not seen from normal view, in compliance with all local ordinances.\nSmoke or ingest cannabis.\nPossess, transport, purchase, obtain, use, manufacture, or give away marijuana paraphernalia to peoples the age of 21 or older.\nUsers may not:\nSmoke it where tobacco is prohibited.\nPossess, ingest or smoke within 1,000 feet (300 m) of a day care, school, or youth center while children are present (except within a private residence and if said smoke is not detectable to said children).\n[\n113\n]\nManufacture concentrated cannabis using a volatile solvent without a license under Chapter 3.5 of Division 8 or Division 10 of the Business and Professions Code.\nPossess an open container or marijuana paraphernalia while in the driver or passenger seat of a vehicle used for transportation.\nSmoke or ingest marijuana while operating a vehicle used for transportation.\nSmoke or ingest marijuana while riding in the passenger seat or compartment of a vehicle.\n[\n114\n]\nLicenses were issued to allow cultivation and business establishment beginning in 2018. Legal sales for non-medical use were allowed by law beginning January 1, 2018, following formulation of new regulations on retail market by the state's Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation (to be renamed Bureau of Marijuana Control).\n[\n115\n]\n[\n116\n]\nProposition 64 is not meant in any way to affect, amend, or restrict the statutes provided for medical cannabis in California under Proposition 215.\n[\n114\n]\nIn 2016, in response to Proposition 64, State Treasurer\nJohn Chiang\nset up a working group to explore access to financial services for legal marijuana-related businesses operating in California,\n[\n117\n]\nas access to banking services has been a problem due to the additional burdens mandated by the\nFinancial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)\non financial institutions to assure that any marijuana related business clients are in compliance with all state laws.\n[\n118\n]\nCannabis Appellations Program (2021)\n[\nedit\n]\nAfter the adoption of Proposition 64, California has been pioneering\n[\n119\n]\nthe CalCannabis Appellations Project (CAP),\n[\n120\n]\nto develop\nappellations of origin\nfor cannabis products.\n[\n121\n]\nThe\nCalifornia Department of Food and Agriculture\nclaims that the CAP will \"promote regional cannabis goods and local businesses, prevent the misrepresentation of a cannabis good’s origin, and support consumer confidence about a cannabis good’s origin and characteristics.\"\n[\n122\n]\nA series of consultations are underway to develop the CAP.\n[\n122\n]\nThe benefits of this program:\n[\n123\n]\nPromoting the unique characteristics and qualities of cannabis grown in different regions, similar to how wine regions are known for specific varietals and styles.\nEncouraging sustainable and responsible farming practices by requiring growers in designated regions to meet certain environmental and labor standards.\n[\n124\n]\nSupporting small farmers and preserving local agriculture by promoting and protecting the unique heritage of cannabis grown in specific regions.\nProvide consumers with more information about the origin and quality of cannabis products, similar to how wine bottles are labeled with their region of origin.\nHelp to establish California as a leader in the cannabis industry\n[\n125\n]\nby setting standards for high-quality cannabis production.\nCreate economic opportunities for rural communities and help them to diversify their income sources\nPromote transparency, traceability, and accountability in the cannabis supply chain by providing a means to certify the origin and quality of cannabis products.\nSeptember 2022 reforms\n[\nedit\n]\nIn September 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a number of cannabis-related reforms, including bills to protect cannabis users from healthcare discrimination,\n[\n126\n]\nrequire child welfare social workers to treat parental cannabis use the same as alcohol,\n[\n127\n]\nprevent employees from being fired for cannabis use outside of work hours (with exceptions for federal employees or workers in safety-sensitive positions),\n[\n128\n]\nallow veterinarians to recommend medical cannabis for pets,\n[\n128\n]\nfacilitate the sealing of records for certain cannabis offenses,\n[\n128\n]\nand allow interstate commerce for cannabis to and from California (provided that the federal government has first indicated that it will allow such activity).\n[\n128\n]\nPesticide contamination\n[\nedit\n]\nIn June 2024, the\nLos Angeles Times\ntested legally-sold cannabis products in California and uncovered large amounts of pesticides in many  cannabis products.   Twenty-five of 42 products contained pesticides exceeding the levels permitted by law.  The investigation alleges that many testing laboratories fraudulently certified products as satisfying pesticide regulations, when in fact they did not meet the regulations. Owners of some private testing laboratories stated that they were forced out of business because they refused to falsify test results.  The Department of Cannabis Control, which is responsible for regulating cannabis in California, refused to release the results of its own internal testing of cannabis products.  In September 2024, a lawsuit was filed by a former employee of the Department of Cannabis Control, alleging that the head of the department had ignored fraudulent testing, and that the department fired the former employee  when the employee attempted to publicize the fraud.\n[\n129\n]\n[\n130\n]\n[\n131\n]\n[\n132\n]\nThe same lawsuit also alleges that the potency displayed on the labels of many legal cannabis products in California are deliberately inflated by fraudulent testing laboratories.\n[\n133\n]\n[\n134\n]\nCalifornia's New Cannabis Policy\n, effective January 1, 2025, introduces several significant changes to the state's cannabis regulations, aiming to enhance consumer experiences, streamline business operations, and address public health concerns within the framework of California's existing legal cannabis market.\n[\n135\n]\n[\n136\n]\nDrug policy of California\nLaw of California\nLegal history of cannabis in the United States\n^\n\"US election: California voters approve marijuana for recreational use\"\n.\nBBC News\n. November 9, 2016.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nMcGreevy, Patrick (April 5, 2019).\n\"California cities sue state over home deliveries of pot\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nApril 5,\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nHarris, Mike (June 2, 2019).\n\"Some local officials frustrated with eroding of local control by FCC and state pot bureau\"\n.\nVentura County Star\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on June 7, 2019\n. Retrieved\nJune 4,\n2019\n.\n^\nBlood, Michael R. (November 17, 2017).\n\"California's legal pot countdown: What's coming by Jan. 1\"\n. Associated Press. Archived from\nthe original\non November 22, 2017\n. Retrieved\nNovember 19,\n2017\n– via KSBY.\n^\n\"Is California Really Ready For Legal Marijuana?\"\n.\nThe Fresh Toast\n. October 23, 2017.\n^\nState cannabis consolidation\n^\nNguyen, Julia (October 27, 2021).\n\"Ventura cannabis company ordered to pay $75k for operating without a license, failure to pay taxes\"\n.\nKEYT\n. Retrieved\nOctober 28,\n2021\n.\n^\nBlack, Lester (November 19, 2023).\n\"The biggest pot distributor in California has collapsed\"\n.\nSFGATE\n. Retrieved\nNovember 19,\n2023\n.\n^\nDolgin, Jonathan (July 21, 2021).\n\"California Governor Signs Bill Creating Department of Cannabis Control\"\n. Fox Rothschild LLP – via JD Supra.\n^\nBloom, Isabella (July 16, 2021).\n\"California opens new marijuana agency 5 years after legalization, aiming to simplify rules\"\n.\nThe Sacramento Bee\n.\n^\nStaggs, Brooke (January 11, 2020).\n\"Newsom's budget calls for changing how California regulates its cannabis industry\"\n.\nOrange County Register\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 12,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"California lawmakers already want to roll back a key promise of marijuana legalization\"\n. The Times Editorial Board.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nMay 19,\n2019\n.\n^\nDavis, Kristina (July 4, 2020).\n\"Border Patrol checkpoints are a risky reality for California cannabis companies\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nJuly 5,\n2020\n.\n^\nBlack, Lester (December 20, 2023).\n\"California's latest attempt to save the legal cannabis market just failed\"\n.\nSFGATE\n. Retrieved\nDecember 21,\n2023\n.\n^\nSerna, Joseph (May 12, 2019).\n\"Weed smuggling arrests at LAX have surged 166% since marijuana legalization\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nMay 12,\n2019\n.\n^\nElmahrek, Adam; Vives, Ruben (November 9, 2020).\n\"FBI raids on local officials mark latest probe targeting corruption in cannabis licensing\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nNovember 9,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nStratigopoulos, McKenzie (August 31, 2019).\n\"Why California's legal pot industry 'is struggling' against a black market\"\n. Finance.\nYahoo!\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 1,\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nMcGreevy, Patrick (July 22, 2019).\n\"California seizes $30 million in black market cannabis from illegal pot shops\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nJuly 22,\n2019\n.\n^\nLewis, Amanda Chicago (November 2, 2021).\n\"California legalized weed five years ago. Why is the illicit market still thriving?\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\nNovember 3,\n2021\n.\n^\nHUSSAIN, SUHAUNA; QUEALLY, JAMES (August 24, 2019).\n\"Weedmaps says it will ban advertisements from unlicensed cannabis sellers. Legal sellers applaud\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nAugust 25,\n2019\n.\n^\nSheeler, Andrew (August 6, 2019).\n\"\n'Political heavyweights' unite to fight for cannabis from the capitol to the counties\"\n.\nSacramento Bee\n. Retrieved\nAugust 7,\n2019\n.\n^\nBlood, Mike; Johnson, Gene (August 22, 2019).\n\"Weedmaps to stop advertising unlicensed pot businesses\"\n.\nThe Boston Globe\n. Associated Press\n. Retrieved\nAugust 25,\n2019\n.\n^\nMcGreevy, Patrick (June 14, 2021).\n\"California offers $100 million to rescue its struggling legal marijuana industry\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nJune 15,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Cannabis Market Size, Research | Marijuana Industry Growth 2026\"\n.\nFortune Business Insights\n. August 2019\n. Retrieved\nMarch 14,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nQueally, James; McGreevy, Patrick (September 12, 2019).\n\"Nearly 3,000 illegal marijuana businesses found in California audit, dwarfing legal trade\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 12,\n2019\n.\n^\nQueally, James (April 17, 2019).\n\"L.A. sues unlicensed pot dispensary, alleging it sold pesticide-tainted marijuana\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nApril 17,\n2019\n.\n^\nQueally, James (August 26, 2019).\n\"Counterfeit cannabis products stoke black market for California weed\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nAugust 28,\n2019\n.\n^\nTaylor, Derrick Bryson (June 16, 2019).\n\"Inmates Can Legally Possess Marijuana, but Not Smoke It, California Court Rules\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n. Retrieved\nJune 16,\n2019\n.\n^\nChappel, Bill (June 14, 2019).\n\"Possessing Marijuana In Prison 'Is Not A Felony,' California Court Says\"\n.\nNPR News\n. Retrieved\nJune 15,\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nAlfonsi, Sharyn (August 2, 2020).\n\"How red tape and black market weed are buzzkills for California's legal marijuana industry\"\n.\nCBS News\n. Retrieved\nAugust 3,\n2020\n.\n^\nMcGreevy, Patrick (June 14, 2019).\n\"California to give struggling cannabis businesses more time on provisional permits\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nJune 15,\n2019\n.\n^\nPolson, Michael (February 11, 2020).\n\"Op-Ed: Get Big Agriculture out of cannabis farming in California\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 13,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nStaggs, Brooke (April 28, 2018).\n\"Santa Barbara County leads California in the number of permits to legally grow marijuana\"\n.\nVentura County Star\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 8, 2019\n. Retrieved\nMay 25,\n2019\n.\n^\nParvini, Sarah (February 28, 2018).\n\"A rural county legalized marijuana farms. It took their tax money – then voted to ban them\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nOctober 3,\n2019\n.\n^\nShalby, Colleen (June 5, 2019).\n\"Illegal pot growers targeted by Riverside County officials in second raid in 6 weeks\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nJune 7,\n2019\n.\n^\nBolton, Tom (June 22, 2019).\n\"Raids turn up 40,000 pounds of marijuana, 350,000 plants in SLO, Santa Barbara counties\"\n.\nSan Luis Obispo Tribune\n. Retrieved\nJune 23,\n2019\n.\n^\nBlood, Michael R. (July 16, 2020).\n\"Report: Pot arrests still fall heavily on Hispanics, Blacks\"\n.\nAP NEWS\n. Retrieved\nAugust 6,\n2020\n.\n^\nMcDaniel, Piper (August 21, 2019).\n\"Mexican marijuana traffickers are poisoning California forests with a banned pesticide, officials say\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nAugust 23,\n2019\n.\n^\nNobert, Matthew (July 11, 2024).\n\"Over 2,000 lbs of illegal cannabis grow waste found in Northern California's largest state park\"\n.\nFOX40\n. Retrieved\nJuly 12,\n2024\n.\n^\nWestervelt, Eric (November 12, 2019).\n\"Illegal Pot Operations In Public Forests Are Poisoning Wildlife And Water\"\n.\nNPR News\n. Retrieved\nNovember 12,\n2019\n.\n^\nCart, Julie (July 20, 2021).\n\"Thieves are stealing California's scarce water. Where's it going? Illegal marijuana farms\"\n.\nCalMatters\n. Retrieved\nJuly 21,\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nCalifornia Department of Pesticide Regulation\n(October 9, 2017).\n\"Legal Pest Management Practices for Cannabis Growers in California\"\n(PDF)\n. pp. \n1–\n8.\n^\nReyes-Velarde, Alejandra (July 17, 2019).\n\"First cannabis cafe approved by West Hollywood, but local rabbi isn't happy\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nJuly 18,\n2019\n.\n^\nSchmidt, Ingrid (July 11, 2019).\n\"America's First Cannabis Café Featuring 'Budtenders' to Open in L.A.\"\nThe Hollywood Reporter\n. Retrieved\nAugust 16,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"New cannabis shop opening in Lompoc to allow on-site consumption\"\n.\nKSBY\n. December 12, 2019\n. Retrieved\nDecember 13,\n2019\n.\n^\nDeAngelo, Steve (July 15, 2019).\n\"How the U.S. tax code keeps the illegal market for marijuana alive and well\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nJuly 16,\n2019\n.\n^\nMargolis, Jacob (September 6, 2016).\n\"California Report: 6 Ways Recreational Pot Would Change California — and 7 Ways It Wouldn't\"\n.\nKPCC\n. Archived from\nthe original\non November 5, 2016\n. Retrieved\nNovember 4,\n2016\n.\n^\nAngel Jennings; Sarah Parvini (December 31, 2017),\n\"California pot shops prepare for their first day of legal recreational marijuana sales\"\n,\nLos Angeles Times\n^\nLA Begins Pot Licensing Process\n, CBS Los Angeles, January 3, 2018\n^\n\"Living near marijuana dispensaries makes youth more likely to use it, study finds\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. June 18, 2019\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 16,\n2019\n.\n^\nDaniels, Melissa (May 24, 2020).\n\"\n'Essential' cannabis companies are seeing sales spikes during California's shelter-in-place order\"\n.\nDesert Sun\n. Retrieved\nMarch 28,\n2020\n.\n^\nRust, Susanne; Cole, Carolyn (April 18, 2020).\n\"Boom times for cannabis businesses as Californians, in a pandemic fog, isolate indoors\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nApril 18,\n2020\n.\n^\nStaggs, Brooke Edwards (May 3, 2019).\n\"Ice Cube to headline first licensed Cannabis Cup marijuana festival in Southern California\"\n.\nDaily Breeze\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2019\n.\n^\nChabria, Anita; McGreevy, Patrick (August 12, 2019).\n\"A whiff of the music festival future? Outside Lands sells cannabis for the first time\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nAugust 12,\n2019\n.\n^\nGentile, Dan (August 14, 2019).\n\"Outside Lands' Grass Lands sold seven figures worth of cannabis. How much weed is that?\"\n.\nSFGate\n. Retrieved\nAugust 15,\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nRobert Clarke; Mark Merlin (September 1, 2013).\nCannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany\n. University of California Press. pp. 181–.\nISBN\n \n978-0-520-95457-1\n.\n^\nFacts On File, Incorporated (2008).\nMarijuana\n. Infobase Publishing. pp. 46–.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4381-1824-6\n.\n^\nChris Duvall (November 15, 2014).\nCannabis\n. Reaktion Books. pp. 99–.\nISBN\n \n978-1-78023-386-4\n.\n^\nMartin Booth (June 16, 2015).\nCannabis: A History\n. St. Martin's Press. pp. 163–.\nISBN\n \n978-1-250-08219-0\n.\n^\n(\nStats. 1913\nArchived\n2013-11-12 at the\nWayback Machine\n, Ch. 342, p. 697)\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nGieringer, Dale H. (1999).\n\"The Forgotten Origins of Cannabis Prohibition in California\"\n(PDF)\n.\nContemporary Drug Problems\n.\n26\n(2):\n237–\n288.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/009145099902600204\n.\nS2CID\n \n145499009\n.\n^\n(\nStats. 1915\nArchived\n2013-11-12 at the\nWayback Machine\n, Ch. 604, pp. 1067–1068)\n^\n\"The nation's first marijuana raid likely happened in LA\"\n.\nSouthern California Public Radio\n. September 19, 2014.\n^\nSurvey of Drug Addiction in California\n. California state printing office, H. Hammond, state printer. 1932.\n^\nEd Rosenthal (July 1, 2009).\nMarijuana Grower's Handbook: Your Complete Guide for Medical and Personal Marijuana Cultivation\n. Quick Trading Company. pp. 20–.\nISBN\n \n978-0-932551-50-4\n.\n^\nKirse Granat May (2002).\nGolden State, Golden Youth: The California Image in Popular Culture, 1955-1966\n. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. \n189\n–.\nISBN\n \n978-0-8078-5362-7\n.\n^\nEmily Brady (June 18, 2013).\nHumboldt: Life on America's Marijuana Frontier\n. Grand Central Publishing. pp. \n55\n–.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4555-0677-4\n.\n^\na\nb\nAnderson, Patrick (February 27, 1981).\nHigh In America: The True Story Behind NORML And The Politics Of Marijuana\n. The Viking Press.\nISBN\n \n978-0670119905\n.\n^\nBudman, K B.\n\"IMPACT OF CALIFORNIA'S NEW MARIJUANA LAW (SB 95) REPORT, 1ST\"\n. Retrieved\nMay 6,\n2012\n.\n^\nPhilip Bean, ed. (2003).\nCrime: Critical Concepts in Sociology\n. Routledge. pp. \n249–\n250.\nISBN\n \n978-0-415-25267-6\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 15,\n2010\n.\n^\n\"California - NORML\"\n. National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML). Archived from\nthe original\non January 12, 2010\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 15,\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nBustillo, Miguel (May 24, 2000).\n\"Davis Fights to Suspend Licenses in Drug Cases\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 20,\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nIngram, Carl (December 1, 1994).\n\"\n'Smoke a Joint, Lose License' Law in Effect\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 20,\n2020\n.\n^\nWallace, Bill (November 15, 2000).\n\"Money, Opinion Propelled Prop. 36\"\n.\nSan Francisco Chronicle\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 15,\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Bill Text - SB-1449 Marijuana: possession\"\n.\nleginfo.legislature.ca.gov\n.\n^\nMidgette, Greg; Reuter, Peter (January 1, 2020).\n\"Has Cannabis Use Among Youth Increased After Changes in Its Legal Status? A Commentary on Use of Monitoring the Future for Analyses of Changes in State Cannabis Laws\"\n.\nPrevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research\n.\n21\n(1):\n137–\n145.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/s11121-019-01068-4\n.\nISSN\n \n1573-6695\n.\nPMC\n \n6960330\n.\nPMID\n \n31792712\n.\n^\nBoire, Richard Glen; Feeney, Kevin (January 26, 2007).\nMedical Marijuana Law\n. Ronin Publishing.\nISBN\n \n9781579510343\n.\n^\n\"Proposition P\"\n.\nmarijuanalibrary.org\n. Retrieved\nApril 30,\n2017\n.\n^\nGardner, Fred (August 26, 2014).\n\"The Cannabis Buyers Club: How Medical Marijuana Began in California\"\n.\nmarijuana.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non November 20, 2018\n. Retrieved\nMay 4,\n2017\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nHeddleston, Thomas R. (June 2012).\nFrom the Frontlines to the Bottom Line: Medical Marijuana, the War on Drugs, and the Drug Policy Reform Movement\n(Thesis). UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 19, 2015.\nAlt URL\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nVitiello, Michael (1998).\n\"Proposition 215: De Facto Legalization of Pot and the Shortcomings of Direct Democracy\"\n. McGeorge School of Law\n. Retrieved\nApril 30,\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Medical Marijuana Initiative Qualifies For November Ballot\"\n.\nNORML\n. June 6, 1996\n. Retrieved\nApril 30,\n2017\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Proposition 215: Text of Proposed Law\"\n(PDF)\n.\nProCon.org\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non May 17, 2017.\n^\nMcDonald, Jeff (October 27, 2008).\n\"County pursues medicinal marijuana case\"\n.\nThe San Diego Union-Tribune\n. Retrieved\nMarch 7,\n2018\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nLee, Martin A. (August 2012).\nSmoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana – Medical, Recreational, and Scientific\n. New York: Scribner.\nISBN\n \n978-1439102602\n.\n^\n\"Ca Supreme Court Strikes Down Medical Marijuana Possession, Cultivation Limits\"\n.\nwww.canorml.org\n. January 21, 2010\n. Retrieved\nNovember 10,\n2016\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nImler, Scott; Gutwillig, Stephen (March 6, 2009).\n\"Medical marijuana in California: a history\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Archived from\nthe original\non June 4, 2011\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 12,\n2010\n.\n^\nLopez, German (August 20, 2018).\n\"Marijuana is illegal under federal law even in states that legalize it\"\n.\nVox\n. Retrieved\nMarch 14,\n2020\n.\n^\nDokoupil, Tony (November 13, 2012).\n\"Legalizing And Regulating Pot: A Growth Industry\"\n.\nNPR News\n. Retrieved\nMarch 14,\n2020\n.\nCalifornia doesn't have tight regulations on who grows marijuana, where it comes from. So the feds move in, and what they claim is that these med marijuana businesses are fronts for what are in fact just old-school black market drug dealers. And they're not growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients. They're growing it in Mexico, or they're growing it in the hills, and they're just bringing it in, and it suddenly, magically becomes legal once it gets in the store. But in fact, it's based on illegality.\n^\nWhat's the Cost? | The Federal War on Patients\n(PDF)\n, Americans for Safe Access, June 2013\n, retrieved\nApril 29,\n2017\n^\nBerry, Denis (September 12, 2002).\n\"City leaders stand behind Medical Marijuana at City Hall\"\n.\nDrug Policy Alliance\n. Archived from\nthe original\non February 24, 2018\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 24,\n2018\n.\n^\nGardner, Fred (September 2002).\n\"The Raid on WAMM\"\n.\nO'Shaughnessy's\n. Retrieved\nMarch 6,\n2018\n.\n^\nLeduff, Charlie; Liptak, Adam (September 18, 2002).\n\"Defiant California City Hands Out Marijuana\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 24,\n2018\n.\n^\nGaura, Maria Alicia; Stannard, Matthew B. (September 13, 2002).\n\"Santa Cruz officials to defy feds, hand out medical pot at City Hall\"\n.\nSan Francisco Chronicle\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 24,\n2018\n.\n^\na\nb\nBaily, Eric; Rodriguez, Marcelo (June 5, 2003).\n\"The 'Guru of Ganja' Gets a Day in Jail\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Archived from\nthe original\non December 11, 2025\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 28,\n2018\n.\n^\nEddy, Mark (April 2, 2010),\nMedical Marijuana: Review and Analysis of Federal and State Policies\n(PDF)\n, Congressional Research Service\n^\nHoeffel, John (October 7, 2011).\n\"Federal crackdown on medical pot sales reflects a shift in policy\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nState-By-State Medical Marijuana Laws\n(PDF)\n, Marijuana Policy Project, December 2016\n^\nDufton, Emily (December 5, 2017).\nGrass Roots: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Marijuana in America\n. Basic Books.\nISBN\n \n978-0465096169\n.\n^\nSinclair, John (October 27, 2010).\n\"Getting NORML | A brief history of the movement to legalize marijuana\"\n.\nDetroit Metro Times\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 11,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Our Mission\"\n.\nCalifornia NORML\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 11,\n2018\n.\n^\nBanks, Sandy (March 29, 2010).\n\"Pot breaks the age barrier\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nMarch 31,\n2010\n.\n^\nStateman, Alison (March 13, 2009).\n\"Can Marijuana Help Rescue California's Economy?\"\n.\nTime\n. Retrieved\nMay 24,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"California Proposition 19, the Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2010)\"\n.\nBallotpedia\n. Retrieved\nMarch 17,\n2018\n.\n^\nMcGreevy, Patrick (June 28, 2016).\n\"Initiative to legalize recreational use of pot in California qualifies for November ballot\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\nLeff, Lisa (May 4, 2016).\n\"Pot legalization backers kick off California campaign\"\n.\nAssociated Press\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"California Proposition 64, Marijuana Legalization (2016)\"\n.\nBallotpedia\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Editorial: It's time to legalize and regulate marijuana in California. Yes on Proposition 64\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. September 16, 2016\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Chronicle recommends: Legalize marijuana Yes on Prop. 64\"\n.\nSan Francisco Chronicle\n. September 15, 2016\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Yes on Prop. 64: California should legalize marijuana\"\n.\nThe San Diego Union-Tribune\n. October 27, 2016\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Yes on Proposition 64\"\n.\nOrange County Register\n. October 5, 2016\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Editorial: California should legalize recreational marijuana\"\n.\nSan Jose Mercury News\n. August 5, 2016\n. Retrieved\nMay 18,\n2021\n.\n^\nMCGREEVY, PATRICK (October 10, 2019).\n\"Medical marijuana OK at K-12 schools in California after Gov. Newsom signs new law\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nOctober 11,\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Adult Use of Marijuana Act\"\n(PDF)\n.\nyeson64.org\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non March 13, 2017.\n^\nMichael R. Blood; Don Thomson (January 30, 2017),\n\"\n\"Building the airplane while it's being flown\": How California looks to build $7B legal pot economy\"\n,\nThe Cannabist\n, Associated Press\n^\nPeter Hecht (January 18, 2017),\n\"California's pot czar on upcoming marijuana regulation: \"We will not fail\"\n\"\n,\nSacramento Bee\n,\narchived\nfrom the original on February 21, 2017\n^\nKiel, Matt S. (August 10, 2017).\n\"Financing California's Cannabis Businesses: Public Banking Model as a State-Level Solution\"\n.\nThe National Law Review\n. Wilson Elser\n. Retrieved\nOctober 11,\n2017\n.\n^\nBlack, Lester (April 19, 2017).\n\"The Credit Unions and Small Banks That Solved the Cannabis Cash Crisis\"\n.\nThe Stranger\n. Retrieved\nOctober 11,\n2017\n.\n^\nMoreau, Jean-Baptiste; Janvier, Caroline (May 5, 2021).\nRapport d'étape sur le cannabis récréatif, établi par la Mission d'Information Commune de l'Assemblée Nationale sur la règlementation et l'impact des différents usages du cannabis\n(PDF)\n(in French).\nParis\n(\nFrance\n):\nNational Assembly\n. p. 208.\n^\n\"CalCannabis Appellations Project Fact Sheet\"\n(PDF)\n.\nCalifornia Department of Food and Agriculture\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non December 12, 2021\n. Retrieved\nMay 30,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"CDFA Releases the Proposed Regulations for the Cannabis Appellations Program | Cannabis\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non June 2, 2021\n. Retrieved\nMay 30,\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"CDFA - CalCannabis - CalCannabis Appellations Project\"\n.\nwww.cdfa.ca.gov\n. Retrieved\nMay 30,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"California Marijuana Laws | CaliforniaCannabis.org\"\n.\nCalifornia Cannabis Information Portal\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 23,\n2023\n.\n^\n\"CDFA CANNABIS APPELLATIONS PROGRAM\"\n(PDF)\n.\n^\n\"Cannabis social equity assessment\"\n(PDF)\n.\n^\nJaeger, Kyle (September 5, 2022).\n\"California Governor Signs Bill Protecting Medical Cannabis Patients From Healthcare Discrimination\"\n.\nMarijuana Moment\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 28,\n2022\n.\n^\nJaeger, Kyle (September 7, 2022).\n\"California Governor Signs Child Welfare Bill Treating Parental Marijuana Use Just Like Alcohol\"\n.\nMarijuana Moment\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 28,\n2022\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nJaeger, Kyle (September 18, 2022).\n\"California Governor Signs 10 Marijuana Bills, Including Interstate Commerce, Employment Protections And Record Sealing\"\n.\nMarijuana Moment\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 28,\n2022\n.\n^\nSt. John, Paige (September 18, 2024).\n\"California Legal Weed Industry in Tumult after Times Pesticide Investigation\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 18,\n2024\n.\n^\nSt. John, Paige; Halperin, Alex (June 14, 2024).\n\"The dirty secret of California's legal weed\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 18,\n2024\n.\n^\nSt. John, Paige; Alex, Halpern (June 14, 2024).\n\"How we tested for pesticides\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 18,\n2024\n.\n^\nIñiguez Elebee, Lorena; St. John, Paige (June 14, 2024).\n\"Contaminated weed in you\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 18,\n2024\n.\n^\nSchroyer, John (September 12, 2024).\n\"Former California cannabis regulator sues ex-bosses, alleging whistleblower retaliation\"\n.\nGreen Market Report\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 18,\n2024\n.\n^\nSpoto, Maia (September 10, 2024).\n\"California Weed Lab Whistleblower Sues Agency Over Termination\"\n.\nBloomberg Law\n.\n^\nCalifornia, Department of Cannabis Control-State of.\n\"California Supreme Court action preserves California's cannabis laws\"\n.\nDepartment of Cannabis Control\n. Retrieved\nMay 7,\n2025\n.\n^\nMarijuana Policy Project.\n\"2025 Cannabis Policy Reform Legislation and Voter Measures\"\n.\nMPP\n. Retrieved\nMay 7,\n2025\n.\nCalifornia Cannabis Portal\n, California's official website for information on legal marijuana.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cannabis+in+California \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cannabis+in+California \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cannabis+in+California \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cannabis+in+California \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California)\n- [1 Current state and local regulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Current_state_and_local_regulation)\n  Toggle Current state and local regulation subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Possession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Possession)\n  - [1\\.2 Cultivation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Cultivation)\n    - [1\\.2.1 Trespass grows](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Trespass_grows)\n    - [1\\.2.2 Pests and diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Pests_and_diseases)\n  - [1\\.3 On-site consumption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#On-site_consumption)\n  - [1\\.4 Retail and delivery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Retail_and_delivery)\n  - [1\\.5 Special events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Special_events)\n- [2 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Industrial hemp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Industrial_hemp)\n  - [2\\.2 Psychoactive cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Psychoactive_cannabis)\n  - [2\\.3 Criminalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Criminalization)\n  - [2\\.4 Popularization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Popularization)\n  - [2\\.5 Illicit cultivation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Illicit_cultivation)\n  - [2\\.6 Decriminalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Decriminalization)\n    - [2\\.6.1 Moscone Act (1975)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Moscone_Act_\$1975\$)\n    - [2\\.6.2 \"Smoke a joint, lose your license\" expires (1999)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#\"Smoke_a_joint,_lose_your_license\"_expires_\$1999\$)\n    - [2\\.6.3 Proposition 36 (2000)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_36_\$2000\$)\n    - [2\\.6.4 Senate Bill 1449 (2010)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_1449_\$2010\$)\n  - [2\\.7 Medical cannabis legalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Medical_cannabis_legalization)\n    - [2\\.7.1 Early reform efforts (pre-1996)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Early_reform_efforts_\$pre-1996\$)\n    - [2\\.7.2 Proposition 215 (1996)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_215_\$1996\$)\n    - [2\\.7.3 Senate Bill 420 (2003)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_420_\$2003\$)\n    - [2\\.7.4 Implementation and criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Implementation_and_criticism)\n    - [2\\.7.5 Conflict with federal law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Conflict_with_federal_law)\n  - [2\\.8 Recreational cannabis legalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Recreational_cannabis_legalization)\n    - [2\\.8.1 Proposition 19 (1972)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_19_\$1972\$)\n    - [2\\.8.2 Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Marijuana_Control,_Regulation,_and_Education_Act_\$2009\$)\n    - [2\\.8.3 Proposition 19 (2010)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_19_\$2010\$)\n    - [2\\.8.4 Proposition 64 (2016)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_64_\$2016\$)\n  - [2\\.9 Post-legalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Post-legalization)\n    - [2\\.9.1 Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Cannabis_Appellations_Program_\$2021\$)\n    - [2\\.9.2 September 2022 reforms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#September_2022_reforms)\n    - [2\\.9.3 Pesticide contamination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Pesticide_contamination)\n    - [2\\.9.4 Policy in 2025](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Policy_in_2025)\n- [3 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#See_also)\n- [4 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#References)\n- [5 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Cannabis in California\n4 languages\n\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rechtliche_Stellung_des_Cannabisgebrauchs_in_Kalifornien \"Rechtliche Stellung des Cannabisgebrauchs in Kalifornien – German\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_en_California \"Cannabis en California – Spanish\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Softdrugsbeleid_in_Californi%C3%AB \"Softdrugsbeleid in Californië – Dutch\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8 \"Марихуана в Калифорнии – Russian\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q2338725#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Cannabis_in_California \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Cannabis_in_California \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Cannabis_in_California \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&oldid=1341545606 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cannabis_in_California&id=1341545606&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCannabis_in_California)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cannabis_in_California&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Cannabis_in_California)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q2338725 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7b\/California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg\/250px-California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg)\n\nCalifornia's Cannabis Universal Symbol\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| Part of a series on |\n| [Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis \"Cannabis\") |\n| [![Cannabis](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Cannabis_leaf.svg\/120px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg) |\n| Arts [Culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_culture \"Cannabis culture\") [420](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/420_\$cannabis_culture\$ \"420 (cannabis culture)\") ([chan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/420chan \"420chan\")) [Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_books_about_cannabis \"List of books about cannabis\") [Magu (deity)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magu_\$deity\$ \"Magu (deity)\") [Names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_names_for_cannabis \"List of names for cannabis\") [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_religion \"Cannabis and religion\") [Judaism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_Judaism \"Cannabis and Judaism\") [Latter-day Saints](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_Latter-day_Saints \"Cannabis and Latter-day Saints\") [Sikhism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_Sikhism \"Cannabis and Sikhism\") [Smoke-in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoke-in \"Smoke-in\") [Spiritual use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis \"Entheogenic use of cannabis\") [Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_sports \"Cannabis and sports\") [Stoner film](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stoner_film \"Stoner film\") [Stoner rock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stoner_rock \"Stoner rock\") [Terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms \"Glossary of cannabis terms\") |\n| Chemistry **[Phytocannabinoids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids \"Comparison of phytocannabinoids\")** Main [THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Tetrahydrocannabinol\") [Dronabinol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dronabinol \"Dronabinol\") (INN) [CBD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabidiol \"Cannabidiol\") Minor [*delta*\\-3-THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Δ-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol\") [*delta*\\-4-THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94-4-Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Δ-4-Tetrahydrocannabinol\") [*delta*\\-7-THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94-7-Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Δ-7-Tetrahydrocannabinol\") [*delta*\\-8-THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol\") [*delta*\\-10-THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol\") [*delta*\\-11-THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%94-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Δ-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol\") [THCB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrahydrocannabutol \"Tetrahydrocannabutol\") [THCH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrahydrocannabihexol \"Tetrahydrocannabihexol\") [THCP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol \"Tetrahydrocannabiphorol\") [CBDH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetrahydrocannabihexol \"Tetrahydrocannabihexol\") [CBDP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabidiphorol \"Cannabidiphorol\") **Semi-synthetic cannabinoids** [THC-O-acetate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/THC-O-acetate \"THC-O-acetate\") **[Synthetic cannabinoids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synthetic_cannabinoid \"Synthetic cannabinoid\")** [AM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_AM_cannabinoids \"List of AM cannabinoids\") [AM-2201](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AM-2201 \"AM-2201\") [CP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_CP_cannabinoids \"List of CP cannabinoids\") [CP-55940](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP_55,940 \"CP 55,940\") [Nabilone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nabilone \"Nabilone\") [Dimethylheptylpyran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimethylheptylpyran \"Dimethylheptylpyran\") [HU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_HU_cannabinoids \"List of HU cannabinoids\") [HU-210](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HU-210 \"HU-210\") [HU-331](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HU-331 \"HU-331\") [JWH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids \"List of JWH cannabinoids\") [JWH-018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JWH-018 \"JWH-018\") [JWH-073](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JWH-073 \"JWH-073\") [JWH-133](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JWH-133 \"JWH-133\") [Levonantradol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levonantradol \"Levonantradol\") [MDMB-CHMICA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDMB-CHMICA \"MDMB-CHMICA\") [SR144528](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SR-144,528 \"SR-144,528\") [WIN 55,212-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WIN_55,212-2 \"WIN 55,212-2\") |\n| Pharmacology **[Cannabinoid receptors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabinoid_receptor \"Cannabinoid receptor\")** [Cannabinoid receptor type 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1 \"Cannabinoid receptor type 1\") [Cannabinoid receptor type 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2 \"Cannabinoid receptor type 2\") **[Endocannabinoids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endocannabinoid_system \"Endocannabinoid system\")** (activate cannabinoid receptors) [2-AG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2-Arachidonoylglycerol \"2-Arachidonoylglycerol\") [Anandamide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anandamide \"Anandamide\") [NADA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine \"N-Arachidonoyl dopamine\") [Virodhamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virodhamine \"Virodhamine\") |\n| [Consumption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_consumption \"Cannabis consumption\") [Drinks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_consumption#Drink \"Cannabis consumption\") [Edibles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_edible \"Cannabis edible\") [Smoking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_smoking \"Cannabis smoking\") [Tea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_tea \"Cannabis tea\") [Conversion of CBD to THC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC \"Conversion of CBD to THC\") [Vaping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaporizer_\$inhalation_device\$ \"Vaporizer (inhalation device)\") [Adult lifetime cannabis use by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country \"Adult lifetime cannabis use by country\") [Annual cannabis use by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country \"Annual cannabis use by country\") |\n| Economics [Coffeeshop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coffeeshop_\$Netherlands\$ \"Coffeeshop (Netherlands)\") [Cultivation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_cultivation \"Cannabis cultivation\") [Shop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_shop \"Cannabis shop\") [Social Club](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_Social_Club \"Cannabis Social Club\") [Employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_health_concerns_of_cannabis_use \"Occupational health concerns of cannabis use\") [Grow house](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grow_house \"Grow house\") [Grow shop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grow_shop \"Grow shop\") [Head shop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Head_shop \"Head shop\") [Marijuana vending machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marijuana_vending_machine \"Marijuana vending machine\") |\n| [Effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effects_of_cannabis \"Effects of cannabis\") [Dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_dependence \"Cannabis dependence\") [Driving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving \"Cannabis and impaired driving\") [Drug testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_drug_testing \"Cannabis drug testing\") [Effects of legalized cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis \"Effects of legalized cannabis\") [Gateway drug theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gateway_drug_theory \"Gateway drug theory\") [Long term effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis \"Long-term effects of cannabis\") [Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis \"Medical cannabis\") [Memory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_memory \"Cannabis and memory\") [Pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_pregnancy \"Cannabis in pregnancy\") [Time perception](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_time_perception \"Cannabis and time perception\") |\n| Forms [Bhang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhang \"Bhang\") [Blunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blunt_\$cannabis_cigar\$ \"Blunt (cannabis cigar)\") [Charas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charas \"Charas\") [Flower essential oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil \"Cannabis flower essential oil\") [Hashish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hashish \"Hashish\") [Oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hash_oil \"Hash oil\") [Hemp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp \"Hemp\") [Beer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_beer \"Hemp beer\") [Milk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_milk \"Hemp milk\") [Oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_oil \"Hemp oil\") [Protein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_protein \"Hemp protein\") [Hempcrete](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hempcrete \"Hempcrete\") [Joint](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_\$cannabis\$ \"Joint (cannabis)\") [Kief](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kief \"Kief\") [Roach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roach_\$smoking\$ \"Roach (smoking)\") [Synthetic cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synthetic_cannabis \"Synthetic cannabis\") [Tincture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tincture_of_cannabis \"Tincture of cannabis\") |\n| Law [Cannabis rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_rights \"Cannabis rights\") [Legality of cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legality_of_cannabis \"Legality of cannabis\") [Timeline of cannabis law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_cannabis_law \"Timeline of cannabis law\") [Cannabis and international law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_international_law \"Cannabis and international law\") [Centenary of Cannabis prohibition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centenary_of_Cannabis_prohibition \"Centenary of Cannabis prohibition\") [UN 2020 descheduling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961 \"Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961\") [Single Convention on adult use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Article_2_paragraph_9_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs \"Article 2 paragraph 9 of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs\") [Cannabis in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Cannabis in the United States\") [Legality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction \"Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction\") [Legal history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legal history of cannabis in the United States\") [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States \"Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States\") [Medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Medical cannabis in the United States\") [Non-medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States\") [Amnesty bin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amnesty_bin \"Amnesty bin\") [Cannabis in Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Canada \"Cannabis in Canada\") [Cannabis Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_Act_\$Canada\$ \"Cannabis Act (Canada)\") [Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory \"Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory\") [Legal history of cannabis in Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada \"Legal history of cannabis in Canada\") Elsewhere [Cannabis by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_by_country \"Cannabis by country\") [Cannabis in Malta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Malta \"Cannabis in Malta\") [Cannabis in Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Spain \"Cannabis in Spain\") [Cannabis in South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_South_Africa \"Cannabis in South Africa\") [Cannabis in Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Thailand \"Cannabis in Thailand\") [Cannabis in the Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands \"Cannabis in the Netherlands\") [Drug policy of Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_policy_of_Portugal \"Drug policy of Portugal\") [Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Structural_scheduling_of_synthetic_cannabinoids \"Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids\") |\n| Variants [Autoflowering cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autoflowering_cannabis \"Autoflowering cannabis\") **Genus** [Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis \"Cannabis\") **Species** [Cannabis sativa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_sativa \"Cannabis sativa\") [Cannabis indica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_indica \"Cannabis indica\") [Cannabis ruderalis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_ruderalis \"Cannabis ruderalis\") **[Strains](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_strains \"Cannabis strains\")** [Acapulco Gold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acapulco_Gold_\$cannabis\$ \"Acapulco Gold (cannabis)\") [Charlotte's web](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charlotte%27s_web_\$cannabis\$ \"Charlotte's web (cannabis)\") [Kush](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kush_\$Cannabis\$ \"Kush (Cannabis)\") [Malawi Gold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malawi_Gold \"Malawi Gold\") [Sour Diesel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sour_Diesel \"Sour Diesel\") |\n| Related [Drug culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_culture \"Drug culture\") [Drug liberalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_liberalization \"Drug liberalization\") [Illegal drug trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illegal_drug_trade \"Illegal drug trade\") [Psychedelia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychedelia \"Psychedelia\") |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg\/20px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cannabis_leaf_2.svg) [Cannabis portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Cannabis \"Portal:Cannabis\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/66\/Esculaap4.svg\/20px-Esculaap4.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Esculaap4.svg) [Medicine portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Medicine \"Portal:Medicine\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4f\/Veranotrigo.jpg\/20px-Veranotrigo.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Veranotrigo.jpg) [Agriculture portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Agriculture \"Portal:Agriculture\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cannabis_sidebar \"Template:Cannabis sidebar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Cannabis_sidebar \"Template talk:Cannabis sidebar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Cannabis_sidebar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Cannabis sidebar\") |\n\n| [California law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_California \"Law of California\") |\n|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg\/250px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg)[Great Seal of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Seal_of_California \"Great Seal of California\") |\n| [Constitution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_California \"Constitution of California\") |\n| [Propositions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_ballot_proposition \"California ballot proposition\") ([list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_California \"Category:Amendments to the Constitution of California\")) [Offices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_California_state_constitutional_offices \"List of California state constitutional offices\") |\n| [Codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Codes \"California Codes\") |\n| [Civil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Civil_Code \"California Civil Code\") [Civil Procedure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Code_of_Civil_Procedure \"California Code of Civil Procedure\") [Evidence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Evidence_Code \"California Evidence Code\") [Health and Safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Health_and_Safety_Code \"California Health and Safety Code\") [Insurance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Insurance_Code \"California Insurance Code\") [Labor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Labor_Code \"California Labor Code\") [Penal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Penal_Code \"California Penal Code\") [Vehicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Vehicle_Code \"California Vehicle Code\") Note: There are 29 California codes. |\n| [Courts of record](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Courts_of_California \"Courts of California\") |\n| [Supreme Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_California \"Supreme Court of California\") [Courts of Appeal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Courts_of_Appeal \"California Courts of Appeal\") [Superior Courts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superior_Courts_of_California \"Superior Courts of California\") |\n| Areas |\n| [Adoption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adoption_in_California \"Adoption in California\") [Bicycles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bicycle_law_in_California \"Bicycle law in California\") [Criminal law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_criminal_law \"California criminal law\") [Capital punishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_California \"Capital punishment in California\") [Cannabis]() [Drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_policy_of_California \"Drug policy of California\") [Taxation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxation_in_California \"Taxation in California\") [Gambling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gambling_in_California \"Gambling in California\") [Gun law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gun_laws_in_California \"Gun laws in California\") |\n| [Civil procedural law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_procedure \"Civil procedure\") [Administrative Procedure Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Administrative_Procedure_Act \"California Administrative Procedure Act\") [Bagley-Keene Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bagley-Keene_Act \"Bagley-Keene Act\") [California Style Manual](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Style_Manual \"California Style Manual\") [Civil Harassment Restraining Order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Harassment_Restraining_Order \"Civil Harassment Restraining Order\") [Special motion to strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_motion_to_strike \"Special motion to strike\") [Ordinary and administrative mandate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Writ_of_mandate_\$California\$ \"Writ of mandate (California)\") |\n| [Tort law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tort_law \"Tort law\") [Cumis counsel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cumis_counsel \"Cumis counsel\") [Duty to protect students](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regents_of_University_of_California_v._Superior_Court_of_Los_Angeles_County_\$Rosen\$ \"Regents of University of California v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (Rosen)\") [Informed consent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salgo_v._Leland_Stanford_Jr._University_Board_of_Trustees \"Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees\") [Negligent infliction of emotional distress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress \"Negligent infliction of emotional distress\") [Peculiar risk doctrine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peculiar_risk_doctrine \"Peculiar risk doctrine\") [Pure comparative negligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_v._Yellow_Cab_Co. \"Li v. Yellow Cab Co.\") [*Tarasoff* liability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tarasoff_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California \"Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California\") [Strict product liability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenman_v._Yuba_Power_Products,_Inc. \"Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.\") [Tort Claims Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Tort_Claims_Act \"California Tort Claims Act\") |\n| [Civil rights law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_rights_law \"Civil rights law\") [Prop 209](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1996_California_Proposition_209 \"1996 California Proposition 209\") (public affirmative action ban) [SB 54](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Senate_Bill_54_\$2017\$ \"California Senate Bill 54 (2017)\") (sanctuary law) [Act to Save Lives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Act_to_Save_Lives \"California Act to Save Lives\") [Art Preservation Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Art_Preservation_Act \"California Art Preservation Act\") [Celebrities Rights Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Celebrities_Rights_Act \"California Celebrities Rights Act\") [End of Life Option Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_End_of_Life_Option_Act \"California End of Life Option Act\") [Fair Employment and Housing Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act_of_1959 \"California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959\") [Fair procedure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_procedure \"Fair procedure\") [Public Records Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Public_Records_Act \"California Public Records Act\") [Shield Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Shield_Law \"California Shield Law\") [Free speech on privately owned property](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins \"Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins\") [Unruh Civil Rights Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unruh_Civil_Rights_Act \"Unruh Civil Rights Act\") |\n| [Criminal law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criminal_law \"Criminal law\") [.50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.50_Caliber_BMG_Regulation_Act_of_2004 \".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004\") [AB 962](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Assembly_Bill_962_\$2009\$ \"California Assembly Bill 962 (2009)\") (handgun ammunition sales) [AB 1471](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Assembly_Bill_1471_\$2007\$ \"California Assembly Bill 1471 (2007)\") (firearm microstamping) [Adequate provocation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People_v._Berry \"People v. Berry\") [Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Comprehensive_Computer_Data_Access_and_Fraud_Act \"California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act\") [Felony petty theft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felony_petty_theft \"Felony petty theft\") [Felony murder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felony_murder_rule_\$California\$ \"Felony murder rule (California)\") [Marsden motion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marsden_motion \"Marsden motion\") [Murgia motion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murgia_motion \"Murgia motion\") (selective prosecution) [Murder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murder_\$California\$ \"Murder (California)\") [Romero motion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People_v._Superior_Court_\$Romero\$ \"People v. Superior Court (Romero)\") [Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uniform_Determinate_Sentencing_Act_of_1976 \"Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976\") |\n| Laws concerning [political subdivisions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_subdivisions \"Political subdivisions\") of the state [AB 811](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Assembly_Bill_811_\$2008\$ \"California Assembly Bill 811 (2008)\") (energy efficiency zoning) [Housing Accountability Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Housing_Accountability_Act \"California Housing Accountability Act\") [Brown Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brown_Act \"Brown Act\") [Marks-Roos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marks-Roos \"Marks-Roos\") (joint powers authorities) [Mello-Roos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mello-Roos \"Mello-Roos\") (local tax districts) [Mills Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mills_Act \"Mills Act\") (historic structure preservation) |\n| [Environmental law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_law \"Environmental law\") [2008 Statewide Truck and Bus Rule](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_California_Statewide_Truck_and_Bus_Rule \"2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule\") [California Environmental Quality Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Environmental_Quality_Act \"California Environmental Quality Act\") [California Water Plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Water_Plan \"California Water Plan\") [Electronic Waste Recycling Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Electronic_Waste_Recycling_Act \"California Electronic Waste Recycling Act\") [Endangered Species Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Endangered_Species_Act \"California Endangered Species Act\") [Hodge decision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hodge_decision \"Hodge decision\") [Sustainable Groundwater Management Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act \"Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\") |\n| [Labor law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labor_law \"Labor law\") [Prop 22](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_California_Proposition_22 \"2020 California Proposition 22\") (rideshare drivers as contractors) [AB 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Assembly_Bill_5_\$2019\$ \"California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)\") (independent contractors) [Agricultural Labor Relations Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975 \"California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975\") [AB 1066](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Assembly_Bill_1066_\$2016\$ \"California Assembly Bill 1066 (2016)\") (equal overtime for farmworkers) [California Rule](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Rule_\$pension_law\$ \"California Rule (pension law)\") (pensions) [Child Actor's Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Child_Actor%27s_Bill \"California Child Actor's Bill\") [De Havilland Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_Havilland_Law \"De Havilland Law\") (seven year maximum on labor contracts) [Paid Family Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paid_Family_Leave_\$California\$ \"Paid Family Leave (California)\") [Talent Agencies Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talent_Agencies_Act_\$California\$ \"Talent Agencies Act (California)\") |\n| [Family law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_law \"Family law\") [Palimony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palimony_in_the_United_States \"Palimony in the United States\") [Pereira accounting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pereira_accounting \"Pereira accounting\") [Van Camp accounting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Van_Camp_accounting \"Van Camp accounting\") |\n| [Consumer protection law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_protection_law \"Consumer protection law\") and [building codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Building_codes \"Building codes\") [Prop 103](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposition_103 \"Proposition 103\") (insurance rates) [Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alquist_Priolo_Special_Studies_Zone_Act \"Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act\") [Building Standards Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Building_Standards_Code \"California Building Standards Code\") (contains the [Energy Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Energy_Code \"California Energy Code\")) [Balloon Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Balloon_Law \"California Balloon Law\") [California foie gras law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_foie_gras_law \"California foie gras law\") [Consumers Legal Remedies Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Consumers_Legal_Remedies_Act \"California Consumers Legal Remedies Act\") [Consumer Privacy Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act \"California Consumer Privacy Act\") [Technical Bulletin 117](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Technical_Bulletin_117 \"California Technical Bulletin 117\") (fire extinguishers) |\n| [Education law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education_law \"Education law\") [SB 277](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Senate_Bill_277 \"California Senate Bill 277\") (removing vaccine exemptions) [California Student Free Expression Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Education_Code_48907 \"California Education Code 48907\") [DREAM Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_DREAM_Act \"California DREAM Act\") [Leonard Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonard_Law \"Leonard Law\") [School Success and Opportunity Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/School_Success_and_Opportunity_Act \"School Success and Opportunity Act\") [Vergara v. California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vergara_v._California \"Vergara v. California\") |\n| Miscellaneous [AB 1215](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Assembly_Bill_1215_\$2011\$ \"California Assembly Bill 1215 (2011)\") (automobile titling) [AB 1535](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Assembly_Bill_1535_\$2014\$ \"California Assembly Bill 1535 (2014)\") (naloxone prescription by pharmacists) [Corporate Disclosure Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Corporate_Disclosure_Act \"California Corporate Disclosure Act\") [Presidential Tax Transparency and Accountability Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Senate_Bill_27 \"California Senate Bill 27\") [Road Repair and Accountability Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road_Repair_and_Accountability_Act \"Road Repair and Accountability Act\") |\n| Historical laws [Act for the Government and Protection of Indians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_for_the_Government_and_Protection_of_Indians \"Act for the Government and Protection of Indians\") [Alien Land Law of 1913](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913 \"California Alien Land Law of 1913\") [Consenting Adult Sex Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consenting_Adult_Sex_Bill \"Consenting Adult Sex Bill\") [Criminal Syndicalism Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Criminal_Syndicalism_Act \"California Criminal Syndicalism Act\") [Sanitary Ordinance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanitary_Ordinance \"Sanitary Ordinance\") |\n\n**Cannabis in California** is illegal under United States [federal law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_law \"Federal law\"), yet legally sanctioned for [medical use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis \"Medical cannabis\") since 1996 and for [recreational use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recreational_drug_use \"Recreational drug use\") since late 2016 under [California law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_California \"Law of California\"). The state of [California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California \"California\") has been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize [cannabis laws in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legal history of cannabis in the United States\"), beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis ([Proposition 19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$1972\$ \"California Proposition 19 (1972)\")). Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to [legalize medical cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Medical cannabis in the United States\") through the [Compassionate Use Act of 1996](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compassionate_Use_Act_of_1996 \"Compassionate Use Act of 1996\") (Proposition 215), which passed with 56% voter approval.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-BBC-1) In November 2016, California voters approved the [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_California_Proposition_64 \"2016 California Proposition 64\") (Proposition 64) with 57% of the vote, which [legalized the recreational use of cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States\").\n\nAs a result of recreational legalization, local governments (city and county) may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Commercial activities can be regulated or prohibited by local governments although deliveries cannot be prohibited.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019\/06\/02-3) Following recreational legalization, existing growers and suppliers of medical cannabis were required to register, comply with regulations, and apply for permits. Over half of the nonprofit [dispensaries legally providing medical marijuana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States \"Cannabis dispensaries in the United States\") closed. Local agencies have been slow to approve retail stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes with most cities and counties banning retail with a wait and see approach. Many existing growers have been slow to apply for permits as it has been estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States comes from northern California. The export of marijuana to other states remains illegal since the [U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Drug_Enforcement_Administration \"U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration\") considers it a [Schedule I drug](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schedule_I_drug \"Schedule I drug\").\n\nReducing illegal activity is considered essential for the success of legal operations who pay the considerable taxes assessed by state and local authorities. Many people do not have nearby retail stores selling cannabis and continue to buy from unlicensed sellers. Illegal growing continues in remote rural areas. Raids and confiscation by law enforcement of illegal retail and grow operations have continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.\n\nCalifornia's main regulatory agencies were initially the [Bureau of Cannabis Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bureau_of_Cannabis_Control \"Bureau of Cannabis Control\") (BCC), [Department of Food and Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture \"California Department of Food and Agriculture\"), and [Department of Public Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Public_Health \"California Department of Public Health\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-KSBY_2017-11-22-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Toast-5) Their responsibilities were merged under the Department of Cannabis Control in 2021.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-6)\n\n## Current state and local regulation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Current state and local regulation\")\\]\n\nCompanies must obtain a license from a local agency in each jurisdiction to cultivate, test, or sell cannabis.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-7) Cities and counties, including unincorporated areas, may choose to permit all, some, or none of these activities.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) However, since January 2019, local governments may not prohibit deliveries by state-licensed companies.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019\/06\/02-3) Distributors are required to act as intermediaries between cannabis producers and retailers.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-8)\n\nIn July 2021, California consolidated its state cannabis regulatory agencies into the Department of Cannabis Control.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-10) Before this change, the industry was overseen by three separate agencies. The Bureau of Cannabis Control regulated retailers, distributors, and testing laboratories. The Department of Food and Agriculture’s CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing Division oversaw cultivators. The Department of Public Health’s Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch regulated cannabis product manufacturers.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-11)\n\nMany communities have adopted zoning rules that prohibit cannabis retail stores. In response, some state legislators have introduced bills that would require certain local jurisdictions to permit a limited number of retail establishments, particularly in areas where a majority of voters supported legalizing recreational cannabis.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) Local governments have opposed these proposals. A May 2019 editorial in the *Los Angeles Times* also criticized this type of legislation.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-05-18-12) Supporters of the bills argue that limited access to legal retailers contributes to the continuation of illegal cannabis sales.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2)\n\nCalifornia prohibits the export of marijuana to other states, as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-07-04-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-14) Some estimates indicate that California produces up to five times more cannabis than is consumed within the state. Other estimates suggest that about 80% of the crop is shipped to other states. Cannabis that is exported from California is not subject to the state’s taxes or regulatory oversight. In addition, consumers in other states often pay higher prices for the product.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-15) The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\") has investigated officials in several cities and counties.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-11-09-16)\n\nUnlicensed sales were not reduced as fast as many expected.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) The growth of the legal market has been inhibited since the majority of cities and counties have not allowed the retail sale of cannabis.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-TG_2021-11-02-19) Due to the continued operation of much illegal activity, heavy taxation is an important issue for licensed operators.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-20) They are concerned about the perceived lack of sufficient enforcement against illegal activities.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-22) The legal market includes the cost of mandatory testing.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17) Transitioning from a provisional, temporary license to a permanent license has also been difficult. As of April 2020, about 82% of the cannabis licenses were still provisional.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-23) Authorities warn that the illegal market may contain pesticide or other chemical residues and mold.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) Other products sold illegally that have not been tested include [edible products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_edibles \"Cannabis edibles\")[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-24) and [vaping pens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_cigarettes \"Electronic cigarettes\").[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-16-26)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-08-25-27)\n\n### Possession\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Possession\")\\]\n\nLocal governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using or transporting marijuana for personal use. An appeals court ruled that inmates who possess small amounts of marijuana in prison are not guilty of a felony crime.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-28) Attorney General [Xavier Becerra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xavier_Becerra \"Xavier Becerra\")'s office had argued that possessing small amounts of marijuana is legally banned in prison which can result in significantly increasing a prisoner's sentence.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-29)\n\n### Cultivation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Cultivation\")\\]\n\nCannabis is estimated to be the largest cash crop in California with a value of more than \\$11 billion.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) The state provided most of the cannabis consumed in the United States prior to legalization which was intended to provide a transition to legal, licensed growing. The [California Environmental Quality Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Environmental_Quality_Act \"California Environmental Quality Act\") (CEQA) requires a detailed [analysis of the environmental impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_assessment \"Environmental impact assessment\") of growers operations. Statewide, 208 growers had obtained regular, annual licenses by July 2019. At this point of some 18 months into legalization, 1,532 growers were still operating on provisional permits as they went through the CEQA process that requires extensive paperwork.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-31) Smaller farms were given five years to become established under legalization before larger growers were allowed to enter the market.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-32) Under the regulations set to expire in 2023, growers can have only one medium licence but there is no limit on the number of small licenses an individual grower can have. This [loophole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loophole \"Loophole\") has allowed larger growers to operate.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018\/04\/29-33)\n\n[Humboldt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humboldt_County,_California \"Humboldt County, California\"), [Mendocino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mendocino_County \"Mendocino County\"), and [Trinity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinity_County,_California \"Trinity County, California\") counties have long been known as Northern California's [Emerald Triangle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerald_Triangle \"Emerald Triangle\") as it is estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States is grown there. Registering and applying for permits has not been an easy decision for many long time growers in these three counties.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30)\n\nIn [Santa Barbara County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Barbara_County \"Santa Barbara County\"), cannabis growing has taken over greenhouses that formerly grew flowers. In the first four months of legalization, the county had almost 800 permits issued for cultivators, the most of any county in the state.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018\/04\/29-33)\n\n[Calaveras County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calaveras_County,_California \"Calaveras County, California\") registered more than seven hundred cultivators after county voters approved a tax in 2016.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-34)\n\n#### Trespass grows\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Trespass grows\")\\]\n\nUnlicensed growing continues in remote rural areas and has expanded according to law enforcement reports. Raids and confiscation of illegal grow operations by law enforcement has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-37) Authorities are constantly dealing with illegal cultivation in remote protected areas such as state parks and national forests.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-39)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-40) Illegal grows are partially responsible for record levels of water thefts during the [drought that began in 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Droughts_in_California \"Droughts in California\").[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-41)\n\n#### Pests and diseases\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Pests and diseases\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Cannabis pests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_pests \"Cannabis pests\"), [Cannabis diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_diseases \"Cannabis diseases\"), [Hemp pests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_pests \"Hemp pests\"), and [Hemp diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_diseases \"Hemp diseases\")\n\nA large number of [insect pests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insect_pest \"Insect pest\") are significant, along with some mammals: [Mice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mice \"Mice\"), *[Rattus rattus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rattus_rattus \"Rattus rattus\")*, *[Neotoma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotoma \"Neotoma\")* rat spp., *[Thomomys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomomys \"Thomomys\")* gopher spp., [black-tailed deer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black-tailed_deer \"Black-tailed deer\") (*Odocoileus hemionus columbianus*), and black bears (*[Ursus americanus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursus_americanus \"Ursus americanus\")*).[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) Powdery mildew *[Sphaerotheca macularis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sphaerotheca_macularis \"Sphaerotheca macularis\")* and various Pythium root rots (*[Pythium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pythium \"Pythium\")* spp.) are important [diseases in this crop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_hemp_diseases \"List of hemp diseases\").[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) The [Department of Pesticide Regulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Pesticide_Regulation \"Department of Pesticide Regulation\") provides legal guidance and treatment recommendations for all of these.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42)\n\n### On-site consumption\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: On-site consumption\")\\]\n\nIn July 2019, [West Hollywood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\") approved a cannabis consumption license for [Lowell Herb Co](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lowell_Herb_Co \"Lowell Herb Co\"), \"the first of its kind in the nation\". [Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lowell_Farms:_A_Cannabis_Cafe \"Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe\") opened in September 2019 with a menu of cannabis for consumption, THC-infused drinks and meals for cannabis-enhanced sense of taste and smell. It includes the expertise of cannabis [sommeliers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sommelier \"Sommelier\"), known as \"[budtenders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Budtender \"Budtender\")\" on site.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-43)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-44) It has since been rebranded as the \"Original Cannabis Cafe\", separating itself from the Lowell Farms corporate brand. A retail establishment Seaweed On Ocean, was licensed in [Lompoc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lompoc \"Lompoc\") for on site consumption in July 2018 and opened December 2019, claims to be the first between Los Angeles and San Francisco.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-45)\n\n### Retail and delivery\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Retail and delivery\")\\]\n\nStores selling cannabis for recreational purposes have been banned from 80% of the 482 municipalities in California.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) In September 2019, 873 cannabis sellers had been licensed by the state while the United Cannabis Business Assn. conducted an audit that estimated there are approximately 2,835 unlicensed dispensaries and delivery services based on advertising.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Legal retailers say the illegal market is larger than the legal market due to the high costs they pay in start-up permit costs and on-going taxes. They complain about the lack of effective enforcement against unlicensed shops.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30)\n\nPrior to 2018, about 2,000 nonprofit dispensaries legally provided medical marijuana. Legalization introduced regulations that increased the cost of operation and more than 65% of dispensaries shut their doors.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-46) Recreational marijuana shops began to open in January 2018, with many districts beginning recreational sales on the first or fifth of January 2018.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-kpcc-47) In January, 2018, Los Angeles had no licensed retailers; the closest cities with licensed retail sales were [Santa Ana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Ana,_California \"Santa Ana, California\") on January 1 and [West Hollywood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\") on January 2.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-48)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-49) As of September 2019[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit), 187 dispensaries had temporary city approval in Los Angeles.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Los Angeles adopted an ordinance in 2018 to restrict some storefront and billboard advertising after research showed that young adults who lived near dispensaries that had storefront signage used marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more positive views about the drug.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-50)\n\nMany dispensaries and delivery companies continued to operate under the [stay-at-home order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stay-at-home_order \"Stay-at-home order\") during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-51) With an executive order on March 22, Governor Gavin Newsom declared cannabis one of the enterprises to be considered an essential business.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-52)\n\n### Special events\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Special events\")\\]\n\nOrganizers of cannabis festivals are required to get permission from state and local agencies. Under the permits, they can let anyone 21 and older buy and smoke weed at the festival.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-DB_2019-05-03-53)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-54) In 2019, [Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outside_Lands_Music_and_Arts_Festival \"Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival\") in San Francisco became the first major music festival to offer legal cannabis for sale on site. The area was known as \"Grass Lands\" and sold more than \\$1 million in cannabis products such as edibles, vaping cartridges and joints over the three-day event.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-55)\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\n### Industrial hemp\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Industrial hemp\")\\]\n\n[Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis \"Cannabis\") was cultivated for fiber and rope as early as 1795 in California, when cultivation began at [Mission San Jose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_\$California\$ \"Mission San José (California)\") under the governorship of [Diego de Borica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diego_de_Borica \"Diego de Borica\"). Cannabis was grown in several regions of Southern California, with two-thirds of it being grown on the missions.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56) California produced 13,000 pounds of hemp in 1807, and 220,000 pounds in 1810.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Incorporated2008-57) However, in 1810 Mexico began to rebel against the Spanish crown, and the subsidies for growing hemp were cut, leading to a near-disappearance of the crop. A few missions continued to grow it for local use, and the [Russian colonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas \"Russian colonization of the Americas\") grew hemp at [Fort Ross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Ross \"Fort Ross\") until the station was abandoned in 1841.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56)\n\n### Psychoactive cannabis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Psychoactive cannabis\")\\]\n\nAmong the early cultivators of cannabis for recreational use in California were Arabs, Armenians, and Turks who grew cannabis as early as 1895 to make [hashish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hashish \"Hashish\") for local consumption.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Duvall2014-58) Unlike in other states where fears of black or Hispanic use of cannabis drove new restrictions, California was an exception for its focus on South Asian immigrants. A California delegate to the Hague Convention wrote in 1911: \"Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica; they are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast.\"[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Booth2015-59)\n\n### Criminalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Criminalization\")\\]\n\nThe Poison Act was passed in California in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-60) was made to make possession of \"extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds\" a misdemeanor.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-62) forbade the sale or possession of \"flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed (*Cannabis sativa*), Indian hemp\" except with a prescription.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) Both bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)\n\nIn 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of [Sonoratown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sonoratown \"Sonoratown\") in Los Angeles, where police raided two \"dream gardens\" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-63) In 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishable by up to 6 years in prison, and black market sale, which had initially been a misdemeanor punishable by a \\$100–\\$400 fine and\/or 50–180 days in jail for first offenders, became punishable by 6 months–6 years.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1927, the laws designed to target opium usage were finally extended to Indian hemp.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1929, second offenses for possession became punishable by sentences of 6 months–10 years.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1937, cannabis cultivation became a separate offense.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)\n\nBy 1932, 60% of narcotics arrests in Los Angeles involved cannabis, which was considered \"much less serious than the morphine cases.\"[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-64) In 1954, penalties for marijuana possession were hiked to a minimum 1–10 years in prison, and sale was made punishable by 5–15 years with a mandatory 3 years before eligibility for parole; two prior felonies raised the maximum sentences for both offenses to life imprisonment.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)\n\n### Popularization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Popularization\")\\]\n\nIn the 1950s and 1960s, the [beatnik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beatnik \"Beatnik\") and later [hippie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hippie \"Hippie\") cultures experimented with cannabis, driving increased interest in the drug. In 1964, the first cannabis legalization group was formed in the U.S. when Lowell Eggemeier of San Francisco was arrested, and his attorney established LEMAR (LEgalize MARijuana) shortly afterwards.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Rosenthal2009-65) By the mid-1960s, the *Saturday Evening Post* was publishing articles estimating that half the college population of California had tried cannabis. One writer commented that usage was: *so widespread that pot must be considered an integral part of the generation's life experience.*[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-May2002-66)\n\n### Illicit cultivation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Illicit cultivation\")\\]\n\nIn the 1960s–1970s, people in California had developed the *[sinsemilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinsemilla \"Sinsemilla\")* (\"without seeds\") method of producing cannabis, uprooting the male plants before they could pollinate the females, resulting a seedless and more potent cannabis. Around 1975, this technique arrived in Humboldt County, which was to become one of the nation's most famous centers of cannabis production. California growers received an unintentional advantage from the US government, which in the 1970s began spraying cannabis fields in Mexico with the herbicide [paraquat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paraquat \"Paraquat\"). Fears of contamination led to a drop in demand for cheaper Mexican cannabis, and a corresponding increase in demand for California-grown cannabis. By 1979, 35% of cannabis consumed in California was grown in-state. By 2010, 79% of cannabis nationwide came from California.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Brady2013-67)\n\n### Decriminalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Decriminalization\")\\]\n\nFor broader coverage of this topic, see [Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States\").\n\n#### Moscone Act (1975)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Moscone Act (1975)\")\\]\n\n[Decriminalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decriminalization \"Decriminalization\") of cannabis – which treats possession of small amounts as a civil (rather than a criminal) offense – was established in July 1975 when the state legislature passed Senate Bill 95, the Moscone Act.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Crime-70) SB 95 made possession of one ounce (28 g) of marijuana a misdemeanor punishable by a \\$100 fine, with higher punishments for amounts greater than one ounce, for possession on school grounds, or for cultivation.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-NORML-71)\n\n#### \"Smoke a joint, lose your license\" expires (1999)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: \\\"Smoke a joint, lose your license\\\" expires (1999)\")\\]\n\nFor broader coverage of this topic, see [Solomon–Lautenberg amendment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solomon%E2%80%93Lautenberg_amendment \"Solomon–Lautenberg amendment\").\n\nIn 1999, a state law was allowed to expire that mandated a six-month driver's license suspension for possession of cannabis or other illegal drugs. The policy originated with a 1990 federal law that threatened to reduce transportation funding for states unless they took one of two actions: impose a six-month driver’s license suspension for individuals convicted of a drug offense, or pass a resolution formally declining to adopt such a penalty.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72) The law was enacted in 1994 at the urging of Governor [Pete Wilson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pete_Wilson \"Pete Wilson\"), who argued that the policy kept unsafe drivers off the road and helped prevent illegal drug use.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) Critics argued that the punishment was excessive and often had nothing to do with the offense committed.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) The law resulted in as many as 100,000 license suspensions per year according to the [California Department of Motor Vehicles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles \"California Department of Motor Vehicles\").[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72)\n\n#### Proposition 36 (2000)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Proposition 36 (2000)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [California Proposition 36 (2000)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_36_\$2000\$ \"California Proposition 36 (2000)\")\n\nProposition 36 (also known as the [Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_California_Proposition_36 \"2000 California Proposition 36\")) was approved by 61% of voters, requiring that \"first and second offense drug violators be sent to drug treatment programs instead of facing trial and possible incarceration.\"[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop36-74)\n\n#### Senate Bill 1449 (2010)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Senate Bill 1449 (2010)\")\\]\n\nOn September 30, 2010, Governor [Arnold Schwarzenegger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arnold_Schwarzenegger \"Arnold Schwarzenegger\") signed into law SB 1449, which further reduced the charge of possession of one ounce (28 g) of cannabis or less, from a misdemeanor to an infraction, similar to a traffic violation—a maximum of a \\$100 fine and no mandatory court appearance or criminal record.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-activatedirect1-75) The law became effective January 1, 2011.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-76)\n\n### Medical cannabis legalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Medical cannabis legalization\")\\]\n\n#### Early reform efforts (pre-1996)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Early reform efforts (pre-1996)\")\\]\n\nThe movement to legalize medical cannabis in the U.S. sprang out of [San Francisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") in the early 1990s, with efforts soon spreading statewide and eventually across the nation. Proposition P was approved by 79% of San Francisco voters in November 1991, calling on state lawmakers to pass legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-77) The city board of supervisors additionally passed a resolution in August 1992 urging the police commission and district attorney to \"make lowest priority the arrest or prosecution of those involved in the possession or cultivation of \\[cannabis\\] for medicinal purposes\" and to \"allow a letter from a treating physician to be used as [prima facia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prima_facie \"Prima facie\") evidence that marijuana can alleviate the pain and suffering of that patient's medical condition\".[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-78) The resolution enabled the open sale of cannabis to AIDS patients and others within the city, most notably through the [San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Cannabis_Buyers_Club \"San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club\") which was operated by medical cannabis activist [Dennis Peron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dennis_Peron \"Dennis Peron\") (who spearheaded Proposition P and later the statewide Proposition 215).[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-79) Similar clubs appeared outside San Francisco in the ensuing years as other cities passed legislation to support the medical use of cannabis. The [Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wo\/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana \"Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana\") was founded in 1993 after 75% of [Santa Cruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Cruz,_California \"Santa Cruz, California\") voters approved Measure A in November 1992.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) And the [Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative \"Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative\") was founded in 1995 shortly before the city council passed multiple medical cannabis resolutions.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80)\n\nFollowing the lead of San Francisco and other cities in California, state lawmakers passed Senate Joint Resolution 8 in 1993, a non-binding measure calling on the federal government to enact legislation allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) In 1994, Senate Bill 1364 was approved by state legislators, to reclassify cannabis as a Schedule II drug at the state level.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) And Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) Both SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor [Pete Wilson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pete_Wilson \"Pete Wilson\"), however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81)\n\n#### Proposition 215 (1996)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Proposition 215 (1996)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [1996 California Proposition 215](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1996_California_Proposition_215 \"1996 California Proposition 215\")\n\nFrustrated by vetoes of medical cannabis bills in successive years, medical cannabis advocates in California took the issue directly to the voters, collecting 775,000 signatures for qualification of a statewide ballot initiative in 1996.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-82) Proposition 215 – the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 – was subsequently approved with 56% of the vote, legalizing the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis by patients with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or \"any other illness for which marijuana provides relief\".[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83) The law also allowed patient [caregivers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caregiver \"Caregiver\") to cultivate cannabis, and urged lawmakers to facilitate the \"safe and affordable distribution of marijuana\".[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83)\n\n#### Senate Bill 420 (2003)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Senate Bill 420 (2003)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [California Senate Bill 420](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Senate_Bill_420 \"California Senate Bill 420\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg\/250px-Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg)\n\nMedical cannabis card in [Marin County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marin_County,_California \"Marin County, California\")\n\nVague wording became a major criticism of Proposition 215, though the law has since been clarified through state Supreme Court rulings and the passage of subsequent laws. The first such legislative solution came in January 2003 with the passage of Senate Bill 420 (colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act). Senate Bill 420 established an [identification card system for medical cannabis patients](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis_card \"Medical cannabis card\"), and allowed the formation of non-profit collectives for provision of cannabis to patients.\n\nIn 2006 [San Diego County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Diego_County,_California \"San Diego County, California\") filed a lawsuit over its required participation in the state ID card program,[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-84) but the challenge was later struck down and the city was forced to comply.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) In January 2010 the California Supreme Court ruled in *[People v. Kelly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Senate_Bill_420#People_v._Kelly \"California Senate Bill 420\")* that SB 420 did not limit the quantity of cannabis that a patient can possess. All possession limits were therefore lifted.\n\n#### Implementation and criticism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: Implementation and criticism\")\\]\n\nCalifornia was the first state to establish a medical cannabis program, enacted by Proposition 215 in 1996 and Senate Bill 420 in 2003. Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allows people the right to obtain and use cannabis for any illness if they obtain a recommendation from a doctor. The [Supreme Court of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_California \"Supreme Court of California\") has ruled there are no specified limits as to what a patient may possess in their private residence if the cannabis is strictly for the patient's own use.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-86) Medical cannabis identification cards are issued through the [California Department of Public Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Public_Health \"California Department of Public Health\")'s Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). The program began in three counties in May 2005, and expanded statewide in August of the same year. 37,236 cards have been issued throughout 55 counties as of December 2009. However, cannabis dispensaries within the state accept recommendations, with an embossed license, from a doctor who has given the patient an examination and believes cannabis would be beneficial for their ailment.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif\/lossy-page1-250px-The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Green_Doctors,_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations,_Venice,_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles,_California_LCCN2013632427.tif)\n\nCannabis evaluations in [Venice Beach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venice,_Los_Angeles#Venice_Beach \"Venice, Los Angeles\")\n\nCritics of California's medical cannabis program argued that the program essentially gave cannabis quasi-legality, as \"anyone can obtain a recommendation for medical marijuana at any time for practically any ailment\".[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Acknowledging that there were instances in which the system was abused and that laws could be improved, Stephen Gutwillig of the [Drug Policy Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_Policy_Alliance \"Drug Policy Alliance\") insisted that what Proposition 215 had accomplished was \"nothing short of incredible\".[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Gutwillig argued that because of the law, 200,000 patients in the state had safe and affordable access to medical cannabis to relieve pain and treat medical conditions, without having to risk arrest or buy off the black market.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87)\n\n#### Conflict with federal law\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: Conflict with federal law\")\\]\n\nAlthough Proposition 215 legalized medical cannabis in California, at the federal level it remained a [Schedule I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schedule_I_drugs \"Schedule I drugs\") prohibited drug.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-88) Seeking to enforce this prohibition, the [Justice Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") conducted numerous raids and prosecutions of medical cannabis providers throughout the state in subsequent years. Who grows marijuana and where it comes from were lightly regulated. Federal authorities claimed that these medical marijuana businesses were fronts for the black market. Also rather than growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients, they claimed the cannabis was coming from Mexico or large hidden grows in California.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-89) Some state and local officials strongly supported these enforcement efforts, in particular Attorney General [Dan Lungren](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dan_Lungren \"Dan Lungren\") who was a vocal opponent of Proposition 215 leading up to its passage.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Other officials, such as San Francisco District Attorney [Terence Hallinan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terence_Hallinan \"Terence Hallinan\"), condemned the actions as a gross intrusion into the state's affairs.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raids and prosecutions increased in frequency throughout the Bush and Obama years,[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-WTC-90) until finally in December 2014 the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment \"Rohrabacher–Farr amendment\") was enacted at the federal level.\n\nOne of the raids that occurred was at the [Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wo\/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana \"Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana\") in Santa Cruz in September 2002. WAMM was a non-profit collective set up to provide cannabis to seriously ill patients, and was working closely with local authorities to follow all applicable state and local laws.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-91) On the morning of September 5, 2022, DEA agents equipped with paramilitary gear and semiautomatic weapons stormed the premises, destroyed all the cannabis plants, and arrested the property owners Mike and Valerie Corral.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-92) This prompted an angry response from nearby medical cannabis patients – some in wheelchairs – who gathered at the site to block federal agents from leaving, until finally after three hours later the Corrals were released.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raid triggered a strong backlash from Santa Cruz city officials as well, who sanctioned an event two weeks later where cannabis was handed out to patients on the steps of city hall,[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-93) attracting widespread media attention.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) The DEA was \"appalled\" by the event,[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-94) but took no further action.\n\nFurther pushback against federal enforcement efforts occurred in June 2003 following the jury trial conviction of [Ed Rosenthal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ed_Rosenthal \"Ed Rosenthal\"), a high school biology teacher and *[High Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_Times \"High Times\")* author, who had been raided by the DEA in 2002 for growing more than 100 cannabis plants in an [Oakland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oakland,_California \"Oakland, California\") warehouse.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95) Because cannabis remained a prohibited substance under federal law, jurors could not be informed that Rosenthal had been deputized by the city of Oakland to grow the cannabis, or even that the cannabis was being used for medical purposes only.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Rosenthal was easily convicted as a result; however, immediately following the trial, when jurors found out the true circumstances of the case, they publicly renounced the verdict they had just handed down and demanded a retrial.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Judge [Charles Breyer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_R._Breyer \"Charles R. Breyer\"), in part influenced by the extraordinary action of the jurors, sentenced Rosenthal to just one day in jail, of which he had already served.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95)\n\nIn July 2007, a new tactic was adopted by the DEA of threatening landlords renting to medical cannabis providers.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-96) Letters were sent to a number of property owners in the Los Angeles area, informing them that they faced up to 20 years in prison for violating the \"crack house statute\" of the Controlled Substances Act, in addition to seizure of their properties. This tactic subsequently spread to other areas of California, while DEA raids continued to increase as well in the following years. In October 2011 an extensive and coordinated crackdown on California's cannabis dispensaries was announced by the chief prosecutors of the state's four federal districts.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-97)\n\nThree major court cases originated in California that attempted to challenge the federal government's ability to enforce federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis. *[Conant v. McCaffrey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conant_v._McCaffrey \"Conant v. McCaffrey\")* was brought forth in response to various threats made by the federal government against doctors who recommend cannabis to patients. Decided in 2000, it upheld the right of physicians to recommend but not prescribe cannabis.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In *[United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative \"United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative\")* (decided in 2001), it was argued that medical use of cannabis should be permitted as constituted by a \"[medical necessity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_necessity \"Medical necessity\")\" – but this argument was unsuccessful.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In *[Gonzales v. Raich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonzales_v._Raich \"Gonzales v. Raich\")* (decided in 2005), the constitutionality of the Controlled Substances Act was challenged based on the idea that cannabis grown and consumed in California does not qualify as [interstate commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interstate_commerce \"Interstate commerce\") – but this argument was also found to be without merit.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98)\n\n### Recreational cannabis legalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: Recreational cannabis legalization\")\\]\n\n#### Proposition 19 (1972)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=27 \"Edit section: Proposition 19 (1972)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [California Proposition 19 (1972)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$1972\$ \"California Proposition 19 (1972)\")\n\nIn 1972, California became the first state to vote on a ballot measure seeking to legalize cannabis. Proposition 19 – the California Marijuana Initiative – sought to legalize the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis, but did not allow for commercial sales.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68) The initiative was spearheaded by the group Amorphia, which was founded in 1969 (by Blair Newman) and financed its activities through the sale of hemp [rolling papers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolling_paper \"Rolling paper\").[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-99) It was ultimately defeated by a wide margin (33–67%), but supporters were encouraged by the results,[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-100) which provided momentum to other reform efforts in California in subsequent years.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) In 1974, Amorphia ran into financial difficulties and became the California chapter of [NORML](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws \"National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\").[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-101)\n\n#### Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=28 \"Edit section: Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marijuana_Control,_Regulation,_and_Education_Act \"Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act\")\n\nIn February 2009, [Tom Ammiano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Ammiano \"Tom Ammiano\") introduced the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act, which would remove penalties under state law for the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana for persons the age of 21 or older. When the Assembly Public Safety Committee approved the bill on a 4 to 3 vote in January 2010, this marked the first time in United States history that a bill legalizing marijuana passed a legislative committee. While the legislation failed to reach the Assembly floor, Ammiano stated his plans to reintroduce the bill later in the year, depending on the success of [Proposition 19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$2010\$ \"California Proposition 19 (2010)\"), the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-banks1-102) According to *[Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_\$magazine\$ \"Time (magazine)\")*, California tax collectors estimated the bill would have raised about \\$1.3 billion a year in revenue.\n\nCritics such as John Lovell, lobbyist for the California Peace Officers' Association, argued that too many people already struggle with alcohol and drug abuse, and legalizing another mind-altering substance would lead to a surge of use, making problems worse.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Time-103) Apart from helping the state's budget by enforcing a tax on the sale of cannabis, proponents of the bill argued that legalization would reduce the amount of criminal activity associated with the drug.\n\n#### Proposition 19 (2010)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=29 \"Edit section: Proposition 19 (2010)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [California Proposition 19 (2010)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$2010\$ \"California Proposition 19 (2010)\")\n\nIn November 2010, California voters rejected Proposition 19 (by a vote of 53.5% to 46.5%), an initiative that would have legalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for adults age 21 and over, and regulated its sale similar to alcohol.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-104) The initiative faced stiff opposition from numerous police organizations in the state, while many growers in the [Emerald Triangle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerald_Triangle \"Emerald Triangle\") were strongly opposed due to fears that corporate megafarms would put them out of business.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The initiative was also undercut by the passage of [Senate Bill 1449](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_1449_\$2010\$) a month before the election.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Proposition 19 was spearheaded by [Richard Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lee_\$activist\$ \"Richard Lee (activist)\"), founder of [Oaksterdam University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oaksterdam_University \"Oaksterdam University\").[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85)\n\n#### Proposition 64 (2016)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=30 \"Edit section: Proposition 64 (2016)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act \"Adult Use of Marijuana Act\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg\/330px-2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg)\n\n[Proposition 64 (2016)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act \"Adult Use of Marijuana Act\") results by county. Counties with a majority of \"yes\" votes are in blue and counties with a majority of \"no\" votes are in yellow.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg\/250px-High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg)\n\nHigh Times cannabis dispensary in [Coalinga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coalinga \"Coalinga\"), California, pictured in October 2022 (Sarah Stierch ([CC BY 4.0](https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/)))\n\nOn November 8, 2016, Proposition 64 – the Adult Use of Marijuana Act – passed by a 57% to 43% vote, legalizing the use, sale, and cultivation of recreational cannabis in California for adults 21 and over. The initiative was certified for the ballot on June 28, 2016,[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-105) after supporters handed in more than 600,000 raw signatures of the 365,000 certified signatures that were required.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-106) The initiative received the largest amount of support from Napster founder [Sean Parker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sean_Parker \"Sean Parker\") who contributed more than \\$8.6 million of the \\$25 million that was raised in support of the initiative.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) Lieutenant Governor [Gavin Newsom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gavin_Newsom \"Gavin Newsom\") was the highest-ranking official in the state to endorse the initiative;[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) it was also endorsed by several of the state's major newspapers including the [Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\"),[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-108) [San Francisco Chronicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Chronicle \"San Francisco Chronicle\"),[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-109) [San Diego Union-Tribune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Diego_Union-Tribune \"San Diego Union-Tribune\"),[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-110) [Orange County Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orange_County_Register \"Orange County Register\"),[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-111) and [San Jose Mercury News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Mercury_News \"The Mercury News\").[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-112)\n\nImmediately upon certification of the November 2016 ballot results, adults age 21 or older were allowed to:\n\n- Possess, transport, process, purchase, obtain, or give away, without any compensation whatsoever, no more than one ounce of dry cannabis or eight grams concentrated cannabis to adults the age of 21 or older.\n- Possess, plant, cultivate, harvest, dry, or process no more than six live plants and the produce of those plants in a private residence, in a locked area not seen from normal view, in compliance with all local ordinances.\n- Smoke or ingest cannabis.\n- Possess, transport, purchase, obtain, use, manufacture, or give away marijuana paraphernalia to peoples the age of 21 or older.\n\nUsers may not:\n\n- Smoke it where tobacco is prohibited.\n- Possess, ingest or smoke within 1,000 feet (300 m) of a day care, school, or youth center while children are present (except within a private residence and if said smoke is not detectable to said children).[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-113)\n- Manufacture concentrated cannabis using a volatile solvent without a license under Chapter 3.5 of Division 8 or Division 10 of the Business and Professions Code.\n- Possess an open container or marijuana paraphernalia while in the driver or passenger seat of a vehicle used for transportation.\n- Smoke or ingest marijuana while operating a vehicle used for transportation.\n- Smoke or ingest marijuana while riding in the passenger seat or compartment of a vehicle.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)\n\nLicenses were issued to allow cultivation and business establishment beginning in 2018. Legal sales for non-medical use were allowed by law beginning January 1, 2018, following formulation of new regulations on retail market by the state's Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation (to be renamed Bureau of Marijuana Control).[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-115)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-116)\n\nProposition 64 is not meant in any way to affect, amend, or restrict the statutes provided for medical cannabis in California under Proposition 215.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)\n\nIn 2016, in response to Proposition 64, State Treasurer [John Chiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Chiang_\$California_politician\$ \"John Chiang (California politician)\") set up a working group to explore access to financial services for legal marijuana-related businesses operating in California,[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-117) as access to banking services has been a problem due to the additional burdens mandated by the [Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network \"Financial Crimes Enforcement Network\") on financial institutions to assure that any marijuana related business clients are in compliance with all state laws.[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-118)\n\n### Post-legalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=31 \"Edit section: Post-legalization\")\\]\n\n#### Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=32 \"Edit section: Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)\")\\]\n\nAfter the adoption of Proposition 64, California has been pioneering[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-119) the CalCannabis Appellations Project (CAP),[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-120) to develop [appellations of origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Appellation_of_origin \"Appellation of origin\") for cannabis products.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-121) The [California Department of Food and Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture \"California Department of Food and Agriculture\") claims that the CAP will \"promote regional cannabis goods and local businesses, prevent the misrepresentation of a cannabis good’s origin, and support consumer confidence about a cannabis good’s origin and characteristics.\"[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122) A series of consultations are underway to develop the CAP.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122)\n\nThe benefits of this program:[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-123)\n\n1. Promoting the unique characteristics and qualities of cannabis grown in different regions, similar to how wine regions are known for specific varietals and styles.\n2. Encouraging sustainable and responsible farming practices by requiring growers in designated regions to meet certain environmental and labor standards.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-124)\n3. Supporting small farmers and preserving local agriculture by promoting and protecting the unique heritage of cannabis grown in specific regions.\n4. Provide consumers with more information about the origin and quality of cannabis products, similar to how wine bottles are labeled with their region of origin.\n5. Help to establish California as a leader in the cannabis industry[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-125) by setting standards for high-quality cannabis production.\n6. Create economic opportunities for rural communities and help them to diversify their income sources\n7. Promote transparency, traceability, and accountability in the cannabis supply chain by providing a means to certify the origin and quality of cannabis products.\n\n#### September 2022 reforms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=33 \"Edit section: September 2022 reforms\")\\]\n\nIn September 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a number of cannabis-related reforms, including bills to protect cannabis users from healthcare discrimination,[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-126) require child welfare social workers to treat parental cannabis use the same as alcohol,[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-127) prevent employees from being fired for cannabis use outside of work hours (with exceptions for federal employees or workers in safety-sensitive positions),[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) allow veterinarians to recommend medical cannabis for pets,[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) facilitate the sealing of records for certain cannabis offenses,[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) and allow interstate commerce for cannabis to and from California (provided that the federal government has first indicated that it will allow such activity).[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128)\n\n#### Pesticide contamination\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=34 \"Edit section: Pesticide contamination\")\\]\n\nIn June 2024, the *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* tested legally-sold cannabis products in California and uncovered large amounts of pesticides in many cannabis products. Twenty-five of 42 products contained pesticides exceeding the levels permitted by law. The investigation alleges that many testing laboratories fraudulently certified products as satisfying pesticide regulations, when in fact they did not meet the regulations. Owners of some private testing laboratories stated that they were forced out of business because they refused to falsify test results. The Department of Cannabis Control, which is responsible for regulating cannabis in California, refused to release the results of its own internal testing of cannabis products. In September 2024, a lawsuit was filed by a former employee of the Department of Cannabis Control, alleging that the head of the department had ignored fraudulent testing, and that the department fired the former employee when the employee attempted to publicize the fraud.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-tumult-129)[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-secr-130)[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-test-131)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-body-132) The same lawsuit also alleges that the potency displayed on the labels of many legal cannabis products in California are deliberately inflated by fraudulent testing laboratories.[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-pogtent-133)[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-blo-134)\n\n#### Policy in 2025\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=35 \"Edit section: Policy in 2025\")\\]\n\nThis section is an excerpt from [Cannabis Policy in California (2025)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_Policy_in_California_\$2025\$ \"Cannabis Policy in California (2025)\").\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_Policy_in_California_\$2025\$&action=edit)\\]\n\n[California's New Cannabis Policy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_Policy_in_California_\$2025\$ \"Cannabis Policy in California (2025)\"), effective January 1, 2025, introduces several significant changes to the state's cannabis regulations, aiming to enhance consumer experiences, streamline business operations, and address public health concerns within the framework of California's existing legal cannabis market.[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-135)[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-136)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=36 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Cannabis_leaf.svg\/40px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg)[Cannabis portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Cannabis \"Portal:Cannabis\")\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/01\/Flag_of_California.svg\/40px-Flag_of_California.svg.png)[California portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:California \"Portal:California\")\n\n- [Drug policy of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_policy_of_California \"Drug policy of California\")\n- [Law of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_California \"Law of California\")\n- [Legal history of cannabis in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legal history of cannabis in the United States\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=37 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-BBC_1-0)**\n   [\"US election: California voters approve marijuana for recreational use\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-37917472). *BBC News*. November 9, 2016.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-4)\n   McGreevy, Patrick (April 5, 2019). [\"California cities sue state over home deliveries of pot\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-california-sued-pot-deliveries-20190405-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved April 5, 2019.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2019\/06\/02_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2019\/06\/02_3-1)\n   Harris, Mike (June 2, 2019). [\"Some local officials frustrated with eroding of local control by FCC and state pot bureau\"](https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/local\/communities\/conejo-valley\/2019\/06\/02\/officials-frustrated-fcc-order-5-g-state-marijuana-deliveries\/3694124002\/). *[Ventura County Star](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventura_County_Star \"Ventura County Star\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190607140940\/https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/local\/communities\/conejo-valley\/2019\/06\/02\/officials-frustrated-fcc-order-5-g-state-marijuana-deliveries\/3694124002\/) from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-KSBY_2017-11-22_4-0)**\n   Blood, Michael R. (November 17, 2017). [\"California's legal pot countdown: What's coming by Jan. 1\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171122071729\/http:\/\/www.ksby.com\/story\/36874567\/californias-legal-pot-countdown-whats-coming-by-jan-1). Associated Press. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ksby.com\/story\/36874567\/californias-legal-pot-countdown-whats-coming-by-jan-1) on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017 – via KSBY.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Toast_5-0)**\n   [\"Is California Really Ready For Legal Marijuana?\"](https:\/\/thefreshtoast.com\/cannabis\/is-california-ready-for-legal-weed\/). *The Fresh Toast*. October 23, 2017.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-6)** [State cannabis consolidation](https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/about-us\/consolidation\/)\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-7)**\n   Nguyen, Julia (October 27, 2021). [\"Ventura cannabis company ordered to pay \\$75k for operating without a license, failure to pay taxes\"](https:\/\/keyt.com\/news\/crime\/2021\/10\/26\/ventura-cannabis-company-ordered-to-pay-75k-for-operating-without-a-license-failure-to-pay-taxes\/). *KEYT*. Retrieved October 28, 2021.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-8)**\n   Black, Lester (November 19, 2023). [\"The biggest pot distributor in California has collapsed\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cannabis\/article\/failed-california-cannabis-distributor-18496585.php). *SFGATE*. Retrieved November 19, 2023.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-9)**\n   Dolgin, Jonathan (July 21, 2021). [\"California Governor Signs Bill Creating Department of Cannabis Control\"](https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/california-governor-signs-bill-creating-1040940\/). Fox Rothschild LLP – via JD Supra.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-10)**\n    Bloom, Isabella (July 16, 2021). [\"California opens new marijuana agency 5 years after legalization, aiming to simplify rules\"](https:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article252810093.html). *The Sacramento Bee*.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-11)**\n    Staggs, Brooke (January 11, 2020). [\"Newsom's budget calls for changing how California regulates its cannabis industry\"](https:\/\/www.ocregister.com\/newsoms-budget-calls-for-changing-how-california-regulates-its-cannabis-industry). *Orange County Register*. Retrieved January 12, 2020.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-05-18_12-0)**\n    [\"California lawmakers already want to roll back a key promise of marijuana legalization\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/editorials\/la-ed-marijuana-legalization-proposition-64-local-bans-20190518-story.html). The Times Editorial Board. *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved May 19, 2019.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2020-07-04_13-0)**\n    Davis, Kristina (July 4, 2020). [\"Border Patrol checkpoints are a risky reality for California cannabis companies\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2020-07-04\/border-patrol-checkpoints-california-cannabis-companies). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 5, 2020.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-14)**\n    Black, Lester (December 20, 2023). [\"California's latest attempt to save the legal cannabis market just failed\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cannabis\/article\/california-legal-cannabis-market-rescue-18566778.php). *SFGATE*. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-15)**\n    Serna, Joseph (May 12, 2019). [\"Weed smuggling arrests at LAX have surged 166% since marijuana legalization\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-lax-marijuana-trafficking-california-airports-20190512-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved May 12, 2019.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2020-11-09_16-0)**\n    Elmahrek, Adam; Vives, Ruben (November 9, 2020). [\"FBI raids on local officials mark latest probe targeting corruption in cannabis licensing\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2020-11-09\/cannabis-fbi-search-warrants-baldwin-park-compton-san-bernardino). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved November 9, 2020.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Yahoo_2019-09-01_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Yahoo_2019-09-01_17-1)\n    Stratigopoulos, McKenzie (August 31, 2019). [\"Why California's legal pot industry 'is struggling' against a black market\"](https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/californias-legal-pot-industry-is-struggling-against-a-black-market-expert-140029624.html). Finance. *Yahoo\\!*. Retrieved September 1, 2019.\n18. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-07-19_18-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-07-19_18-1)\n    McGreevy, Patrick (July 22, 2019). [\"California seizes \\$30 million in black market cannabis from illegal pot shops\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-07-19\/california-crackdown-illegal-pot-shops-marijuana). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 22, 2019.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-TG_2021-11-02_19-0)**\n    Lewis, Amanda Chicago (November 2, 2021). [\"California legalized weed five years ago. Why is the illicit market still thriving?\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2021\/nov\/02\/california-legal-weed-cannabis-industry-economy). *The Guardian*. Retrieved November 3, 2021.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-20)**\n    HUSSAIN, SUHAUNA; QUEALLY, JAMES (August 24, 2019). [\"Weedmaps says it will ban advertisements from unlicensed cannabis sellers. Legal sellers applaud\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/business\/story\/2019-08-23\/weedmaps-says-its-going-to-ban-advertisements-from-unlicensed-operators-what-does-that-mean). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved August 25, 2019.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-21)**\n    Sheeler, Andrew (August 6, 2019). [\"'Political heavyweights' unite to fight for cannabis from the capitol to the counties\"](https:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article233268053.html). *[Sacramento Bee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacramento_Bee \"Sacramento Bee\")*. Retrieved August 7, 2019.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-22)**\n    Blood, Mike; Johnson, Gene (August 22, 2019). [\"Weedmaps to stop advertising unlicensed pot businesses\"](https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/news\/marijuana\/2019\/08\/22\/weedmaps-stop-advertising-unlicensed-pot-businesses\/wWhKGkrwtN6FoKkgHbDnpL\/story.html). *The Boston Globe*. Associated Press. Retrieved August 25, 2019.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-23)**\n    McGreevy, Patrick (June 14, 2021). [\"California offers \\$100 million to rescue its struggling legal marijuana industry\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2021-06-14\/california-struggling-marijuana-industry-cash-grants-budget). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 15, 2021.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-24)**\n    [\"Cannabis Market Size, Research \\| Marijuana Industry Growth 2026\"](https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/industry-reports\/cannabis-marijuana-market-100219). *Fortune Business Insights*. August 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2020.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-09-11_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-09-11_25-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-09-11_25-2)\n    Queally, James; McGreevy, Patrick (September 12, 2019). [\"Nearly 3,000 illegal marijuana businesses found in California audit, dwarfing legal trade\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-09-11\/california-marijuana-black-market-dwarfs-legal-pot-industry). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved September 12, 2019.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-16_26-0)**\n    Queally, James (April 17, 2019). [\"L.A. sues unlicensed pot dispensary, alleging it sold pesticide-tainted marijuana\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-ln-los-angeles-marijuana-lawsuit-20190416-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved April 17, 2019.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-08-25_27-0)**\n    Queally, James (August 26, 2019). [\"Counterfeit cannabis products stoke black market for California weed\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-08-25\/knockoff-cannabis-products-headache-for-california-legal-weed). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved August 28, 2019.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-28)**\n    Taylor, Derrick Bryson (June 16, 2019). [\"Inmates Can Legally Possess Marijuana, but Not Smoke It, California Court Rules\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/06\/16\/us\/california-inmates-marijuana.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0362-4331](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331). Retrieved June 16, 2019.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-29)**\n    Chappel, Bill (June 14, 2019). [\"Possessing Marijuana In Prison 'Is Not A Felony,' California Court Says\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/06\/14\/732730429\/possessing-marijuana-in-prison-is-not-a-felony-california-court-says). *NPR News*. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\n30. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-CBS_2020-08-02_30-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-CBS_2020-08-02_30-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-CBS_2020-08-02_30-2)\n    Alfonsi, Sharyn (August 2, 2020). [\"How red tape and black market weed are buzzkills for California's legal marijuana industry\"](https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/marijuana-in-california-black-market-weed-buzzkills-for-california-legal-weed-industry-60-minutes-2020-08-02\/). *CBS News*. Retrieved August 3, 2020.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-31)**\n    McGreevy, Patrick (June 14, 2019). [\"California to give struggling cannabis businesses more time on provisional permits\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-pot-business-permits-delayed-20190614-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-32)**\n    Polson, Michael (February 11, 2020). [\"Op-Ed: Get Big Agriculture out of cannabis farming in California\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/story\/2020-02-11\/cannabis-farms-california-agriculture-regulations). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved February 13, 2020.\n33. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2018\/04\/29_33-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2018\/04\/29_33-1)\n    Staggs, Brooke (April 28, 2018). [\"Santa Barbara County leads California in the number of permits to legally grow marijuana\"](https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/2018\/04\/29\/santa-barbara-county-leads-california-number-permits-legally-grow-marijuana\/562364002\/). *[Ventura County Star](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventura_County_Star \"Ventura County Star\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190908220945\/https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/2018\/04\/29\/santa-barbara-county-leads-california-number-permits-legally-grow-marijuana\/562364002\/) from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-34)**\n    Parvini, Sarah (February 28, 2018). [\"A rural county legalized marijuana farms. It took their tax money – then voted to ban them\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/california\/la-me-calaveras-county-marijuana-20180228-htmlstory.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved October 3, 2019.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-35)**\n    Shalby, Colleen (June 5, 2019). [\"Illegal pot growers targeted by Riverside County officials in second raid in 6 weeks\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-marijuana-raids-riverside-county-20190605-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved June 7, 2019.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-36)**\n    Bolton, Tom (June 22, 2019). [\"Raids turn up 40,000 pounds of marijuana, 350,000 plants in SLO, Santa Barbara counties\"](https:\/\/www.sanluisobispo.com\/news\/local\/crime\/article231866238.html). *[San Luis Obispo Tribune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Luis_Obispo_Tribune \"San Luis Obispo Tribune\")*. Retrieved June 23, 2019.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-37)**\n    Blood, Michael R. (July 16, 2020). [\"Report: Pot arrests still fall heavily on Hispanics, Blacks\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/02383a8dcf7fbbef3b876c20a587b709). *AP NEWS*. Retrieved August 6, 2020.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-38)**\n    McDaniel, Piper (August 21, 2019). [\"Mexican marijuana traffickers are poisoning California forests with a banned pesticide, officials say\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/environment\/story\/2019-08-21\/mexican-marijuana-traffickers-banned-pesticide-carbofuran-california-forests). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved August 23, 2019.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-39)**\n    Nobert, Matthew (July 11, 2024). [\"Over 2,000 lbs of illegal cannabis grow waste found in Northern California's largest state park\"](https:\/\/fox40.com\/news\/california-connection\/over-2000-lbs-of-illegal-cannabis-grow-waste-found-in-northern-californias-largest-state-park\/). *FOX40*. Retrieved July 12, 2024.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-40)**\n    Westervelt, Eric (November 12, 2019). [\"Illegal Pot Operations In Public Forests Are Poisoning Wildlife And Water\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/11\/12\/773122043\/illegal-pot-grows-in-americas-public-forests-are-poisoning-wildlife-and-water). *NPR News*. Retrieved November 12, 2019.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-41)**\n    Cart, Julie (July 20, 2021). [\"Thieves are stealing California's scarce water. Where's it going? Illegal marijuana farms\"](https:\/\/calmatters.org\/environment\/2021\/07\/illegal-marijuana-growers-steal-california-water\/). *CalMatters*. Retrieved July 21, 2021.\n42. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017_42-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017_42-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017_42-2)\n    [California Department of Pesticide Regulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Pesticide_Regulation \"California Department of Pesticide Regulation\") (October 9, 2017). [\"Legal Pest Management Practices for Cannabis Growers in California\"](http:\/\/www.cdpr.ca.gov\/docs\/county\/cacltrs\/penfltrs\/penf2015\/2015atch\/attach1502.pdf) (PDF). pp. 1–8\\.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-43)**\n    Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra (July 17, 2019). [\"First cannabis cafe approved by West Hollywood, but local rabbi isn't happy\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-07-17\/first-cannabis-cafe-west-hollywood). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 18, 2019.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-44)**\n    Schmidt, Ingrid (July 11, 2019). [\"America's First Cannabis Café Featuring 'Budtenders' to Open in L.A.\"](https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/news\/america-s-first-cannabis-caf-open-la-1223835) *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved August 16, 2019.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-45)**\n    [\"New cannabis shop opening in Lompoc to allow on-site consumption\"](https:\/\/www.ksby.com\/news\/local-news\/new-cannabis-shop-opening-in-lompoc-to-offer-on-site-consumption). *KSBY*. December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-46)**\n    DeAngelo, Steve (July 15, 2019). [\"How the U.S. tax code keeps the illegal market for marijuana alive and well\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/la-oe-deangelo-marijuana-cannabis-tax-deductions-20190715-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 16, 2019.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-kpcc_47-0)**\n    Margolis, Jacob (September 6, 2016). [\"California Report: 6 Ways Recreational Pot Would Change California — and 7 Ways It Wouldn't\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161105161152\/http:\/\/elections.kqed.org\/article\/marijuana\/11076610\/6-ways-recreational-pot-would-change-california-and-7-ways-it-wouldnt). *[KPCC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KPCC_\$radio_station\$ \"KPCC (radio station)\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/elections.kqed.org\/article\/marijuana\/11076610\/6-ways-recreational-pot-would-change-california-and-7-ways-it-wouldnt) on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-48)**\n    Angel Jennings; Sarah Parvini (December 31, 2017), [\"California pot shops prepare for their first day of legal recreational marijuana sales\"](http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-ln-marijuana-prep-20171231-story.html), *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-49)**\n    [*LA Begins Pot Licensing Process*](http:\/\/losangeles.cbslocal.com\/2018\/01\/03\/la-begins-pot-licensing-process\/), CBS Los Angeles, January 3, 2018\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-50)**\n    [\"Living near marijuana dispensaries makes youth more likely to use it, study finds\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-marijuana-pot-dispensary-young-people-20190617-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. June 18, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-51)**\n    Daniels, Melissa (May 24, 2020). [\"'Essential' cannabis companies are seeing sales spikes during California's shelter-in-place order\"](https:\/\/www.desertsun.com\/story\/money\/business\/2020\/03\/23\/cannabis-sales-spike-during-california-shelter-place\/2885930001\/). *Desert Sun*. Retrieved March 28, 2020.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-52)**\n    Rust, Susanne; Cole, Carolyn (April 18, 2020). [\"Boom times for cannabis businesses as Californians, in a pandemic fog, isolate indoors\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2020-04-18\/california-north-states-cannabis-industry-jackpot). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved April 18, 2020.\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-DB_2019-05-03_53-0)**\n    Staggs, Brooke Edwards (May 3, 2019). [\"Ice Cube to headline first licensed Cannabis Cup marijuana festival in Southern California\"](http:\/\/www.sbsun.com\/ice-cube-to-headline-first-licensed-cannabis-cup-marijuana-festival-in-southern-california). *Daily Breeze*. Retrieved May 18, 2019.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-54)**\n    Chabria, Anita; McGreevy, Patrick (August 12, 2019). [\"A whiff of the music festival future? Outside Lands sells cannabis for the first time\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-08-11\/outside-lands-cannabis-sales-music-festival). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved August 12, 2019.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-55)**\n    Gentile, Dan (August 14, 2019). [\"Outside Lands' Grass Lands sold seven figures worth of cannabis. How much weed is that?\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/entertainment\/article\/Outside-Lands-Grass-Lands-total-marijuana-sold-14304264.php). *SFGate*. Retrieved August 15, 2019.\n56. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013_56-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013_56-1)\n    Robert Clarke; Mark Merlin (September 1, 2013). [*Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA181). University of California Press. pp. 181–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-520-95457-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-520-95457-1 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-520-95457-1\")\n    \n    .\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Incorporated2008_57-0)**\n    Facts On File, Incorporated (2008). [*Marijuana*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=knyWvsS9-BIC&pg=PA46). Infobase Publishing. pp. 46–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4381-1824-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4381-1824-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4381-1824-6\")\n    \n    .\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Duvall2014_58-0)**\n    Chris Duvall (November 15, 2014). [*Cannabis*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=SVU8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT99). Reaktion Books. pp. 99–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-78023-386-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-78023-386-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-78023-386-4\")\n    \n    .\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Booth2015_59-0)**\n    Martin Booth (June 16, 2015). [*Cannabis: A History*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ecITBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163). St. Martin's Press. pp. 163–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-250-08219-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-250-08219-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-250-08219-0\")\n    \n    .\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-60)** ([Stats. 1913](http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1913\/1913.pdf) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131112060204\/http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1913\/1913.pdf) 2013-11-12 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Ch. 342, p. 697)\n61. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-8)\n    Gieringer, Dale H. (1999). [\"The Forgotten Origins of Cannabis Prohibition in California\"](https:\/\/www.canorml.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Cal-Origins-MJ-Proh-2024.pdf) (PDF). *Contemporary Drug Problems*. **26** (2): 237–288\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1177\/009145099902600204](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F009145099902600204). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [145499009](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:145499009).\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-62)** ([Stats. 1915](http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1915\/15Vol1_Chapters.pdf) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131112060309\/http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1915\/15Vol1_Chapters.pdf) 2013-11-12 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Ch. 604, pp. 1067–1068)\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-63)**\n    [\"The nation's first marijuana raid likely happened in LA\"](https:\/\/www.scpr.org\/programs\/offramp\/2014\/09\/19\/39399\/the-nation-s-first-marijuana-raid-likely-happened\/). *Southern California Public Radio*. September 19, 2014.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-64)**\n    [*Survey of Drug Addiction in California*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zQF4YCdtz7AC). California state printing office, H. Hammond, state printer. 1932.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Rosenthal2009_65-0)**\n    Ed Rosenthal (July 1, 2009). [*Marijuana Grower's Handbook: Your Complete Guide for Medical and Personal Marijuana Cultivation*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ySRFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20). Quick Trading Company. pp. 20–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-932551-50-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-932551-50-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-932551-50-4\")\n    \n    .\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-May2002_66-0)**\n    Kirse Granat May (2002). [*Golden State, Golden Youth: The California Image in Popular Culture, 1955-1966*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/goldenstategolde0000mayk). Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. [189](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/goldenstategolde0000mayk\/page\/189)–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-8078-5362-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8078-5362-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8078-5362-7\")\n    \n    .\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Brady2013_67-0)**\n    Emily Brady (June 18, 2013). [*Humboldt: Life on America's Marijuana Frontier*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/humboldtlifeonam0000brad). Grand Central Publishing. pp. [55](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/humboldtlifeonam0000brad\/page\/55)–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4555-0677-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4555-0677-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4555-0677-4\")\n    \n    .\n68. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Anderson_68-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Anderson_68-1)\n    Anderson, Patrick (February 27, 1981). [*High In America: The True Story Behind NORML And The Politics Of Marijuana*](http:\/\/www.druglibrary.org\/special\/anderson\/highinamerica.htm). The Viking Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0670119905](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0670119905 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0670119905\")\n    \n    .\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-69)**\n    Budman, K B. [\"IMPACT OF CALIFORNIA'S NEW MARIJUANA LAW (SB 95) REPORT, 1ST\"](https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/App\/publications\/Abstract.aspx?id=45532). Retrieved May 6, 2012.\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Crime_70-0)**\n    Philip Bean, ed. (2003). [*Crime: Critical Concepts in Sociology*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=3ahzoZhXyQwC&q=California+%22SB+95%22+marijuana&pg=PA249). Routledge. pp. 249–250\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-415-25267-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-25267-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-25267-6\")\n    \n    . Retrieved January 15, 2010.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-NORML_71-0)**\n    [\"California - NORML\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100112181026\/http:\/\/norml.com\/index.cfm?wtm_view=&Group_ID=4525). National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.norml.com\/index.cfm?wtm_view=&Group_ID=4525) on January 12, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2010.\n72. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-davis_72-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-davis_72-1)\n    Bustillo, Miguel (May 24, 2000). [\"Davis Fights to Suspend Licenses in Drug Cases\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2000-may-24-mn-33499-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 20, 2020.\n73. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-wilson_73-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-wilson_73-1)\n    Ingram, Carl (December 1, 1994). [\"'Smoke a Joint, Lose License' Law in Effect\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1994-12-01-mn-3616-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 20, 2020.\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Prop36_74-0)**\n    Wallace, Bill (November 15, 2000). [\"Money, Opinion Propelled Prop. 36\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/politics\/article\/Money-Opinion-Propelled-Prop-36-Drug-2728249.php). *San Francisco Chronicle*. Retrieved January 15, 2010.\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-activatedirect1_75-0)**\n    [\"Bill Text - SB-1449 Marijuana: possession\"](http:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100SB1449). *leginfo.legislature.ca.gov*.\n76. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-76)**\n    Midgette, Greg; Reuter, Peter (January 1, 2020). [\"Has Cannabis Use Among Youth Increased After Changes in Its Legal Status? A Commentary on Use of Monitoring the Future for Analyses of Changes in State Cannabis Laws\"](https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6960330\/). *Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research*. **21** (1): 137–145\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/s11121-019-01068-4](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11121-019-01068-4). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1573-6695](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1573-6695). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [6960330](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6960330). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [31792712](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31792712).\n77. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-77)**\n    Boire, Richard Glen; Feeney, Kevin (January 26, 2007). [*Medical Marijuana Law*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=c1Tw_UFU2XEC). Ronin Publishing. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781579510343](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781579510343 \"Special:BookSources\/9781579510343\")\n    \n    .\n78. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-78)**\n    [\"Proposition P\"](http:\/\/www.marijuanalibrary.org\/Proposition_P_Nov_1991.html). *marijuanalibrary.org*. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\n79. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-79)**\n    Gardner, Fred (August 26, 2014). [\"The Cannabis Buyers Club: How Medical Marijuana Began in California\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181120221138\/https:\/\/www.marijuana.com\/news\/2014\/08\/the-cannabis-buyers-club-how-medical-marijuana-began-in-california\/). *marijuana.com*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.marijuana.com\/news\/2014\/08\/the-cannabis-buyers-club-how-medical-marijuana-began-in-california\/) on November 20, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2017.\n80. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-3)\n    Heddleston, Thomas R. (June 2012). [*From the Frontlines to the Bottom Line: Medical Marijuana, the War on Drugs, and the Drug Policy Reform Movement*](http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/1t7220hj) (Thesis). UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151019053506\/http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/1t7220hj) from the original on October 19, 2015.\n    \n    [Alt URL](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/MedicalMarijuanaTheWarOnDrugsAndTheDrugPolicyReformMovement)\n81. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-3)\n    Vitiello, Michael (1998). 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But in fact, it's based on illegality.\"\n90. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-WTC_90-0)**\n    [*What's the Cost? \\| The Federal War on Patients*](https:\/\/american-safe-access.s3.amazonaws.com\/documents\/WhatsTheCost.pdf) (PDF), Americans for Safe Access, June 2013, retrieved April 29, 2017\n91. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-91)**\n    Berry, Denis (September 12, 2002). [\"City leaders stand behind Medical Marijuana at City Hall\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180224232634\/http:\/\/www.drugpolicy.org\/news\/2002\/09\/city-leaders-stand-behind-medical-marijuana-city-hall). *Drug Policy Alliance*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.drugpolicy.org\/news\/2002\/09\/city-leaders-stand-behind-medical-marijuana-city-hall) on February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.\n92. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-92)**\n    Gardner, Fred (September 2002). 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Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n132. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-body_132-0)**\n     Iñiguez Elebee, Lorena; St. John, Paige (June 14, 2024). [\"Contaminated weed in you\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2024-06-14\/how-heavy-metal-and-pesticide-contaminated-weed-affects-your-health). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n133. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-pogtent_133-0)**\n     Schroyer, John (September 12, 2024). [\"Former California cannabis regulator sues ex-bosses, alleging whistleblower retaliation\"](https:\/\/www.greenmarketreport.com\/former-california-cannabis-regulator-sues-former-bosses-alleging-whistleblower-retaliation\/). *Green Market Report*. Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n134. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-blo_134-0)**\n     Spoto, Maia (September 10, 2024). [\"California Weed Lab Whistleblower Sues Agency Over Termination\"](https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/litigation\/california-weed-lab-whistleblower-sues-agency-over-termination). *Bloomberg Law*.\n135. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-135)**\n     California, Department of Cannabis Control-State of. [\"California Supreme Court action preserves California's cannabis laws\"](https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2025\/03\/california-supreme-court-action-preserves-californias-cannabis-laws\/). *Department of Cannabis Control*. Retrieved May 7, 2025.\n136. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-136)**\n     Marijuana Policy Project. [\"2025 Cannabis Policy Reform Legislation and Voter Measures\"](https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/issues\/legislation\/key-marijuana-policy-reform\/). *MPP*. Retrieved May 7, 2025.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=38 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg\/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg)\n\nThe Wikibook *[California Public Policy and Citizen Participation](https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/California_Public_Policy_and_Citizen_Participation \"wikibooks:California Public Policy and Citizen Participation\")* has a page on the topic of: ***[Cannabis policies in California](https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/California_Public_Policy_and_Citizen_Participation\/Chapter_Eleven \"wikibooks:California Public Policy and Citizen Participation\/Chapter Eleven\")***\n\n- [California Cannabis Portal](https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/), California's official website for information on legal marijuana.\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:California_Marijuana \"Template:California Marijuana\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:California_Marijuana \"Template talk:California Marijuana\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:California_Marijuana \"Special:EditPage\/Template:California Marijuana\")[Cannabis in California]() |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| Propositions | [California Proposition 19 (1972)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$1972\$ \"California Proposition 19 (1972)\") [California Proposition 215 (1996)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_215_\$1996\$ \"California Proposition 215 (1996)\") [California Proposition 36 (2000)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_36_\$2000\$ \"California Proposition 36 (2000)\") [California Proposition 19 (2010)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$2010\$ \"California Proposition 19 (2010)\") [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act \"Adult Use of Marijuana Act\") (2016) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/California_marijuana_template.jpg\/120px-California_marijuana_template.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:California_marijuana_template.jpg) |\n| California Senate Bills | [California Senate Bill 420](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Senate_Bill_420 \"California Senate Bill 420\") (2003) |   |\n| California Assembly Bills | [Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marijuana_Control,_Regulation,_and_Education_Act \"Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act\") (2009) |   |\n| Related | [Barbary Coast cannabis lounge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbary_Coast_cannabis_lounge \"Barbary Coast cannabis lounge\") [California Bureau of Cannabis Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Bureau_of_Cannabis_Control \"California Bureau of Cannabis Control\") [Emerald Triangle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerald_Triangle \"Emerald Triangle\") [Lowell Herb Co](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lowell_Herb_Co \"Lowell Herb Co\") [San Francisco Office of Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Office_of_Cannabis \"San Francisco Office of Cannabis\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Template:Cannabis in the United States\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Template talk:Cannabis in the United States\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Cannabis in the United States\")[Cannabis in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Cannabis in the United States\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Federal law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legal history of cannabis in the United States\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Laws and bills | [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 \"Marihuana Tax Act of 1937\") [Controlled Substances Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Controlled_Substances_Act \"Controlled Substances Act\") (1970) [Solomon–Lautenberg amendment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solomon%E2%80%93Lautenberg_amendment \"Solomon–Lautenberg amendment\") (1990) [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act \"Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act\") (2011) [Cole Memorandum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cole_Memorandum \"Cole Memorandum\") (2013) [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment \"Rohrabacher–Farr amendment\") (2014) [STATES Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/STATES_Act \"STATES Act\") (2018) [Marijuana Justice Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marijuana_Justice_Act \"Marijuana Justice Act\") (2019) [Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marijuana_Freedom_and_Opportunity_Act \"Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act\") (2019) [SAFE Banking Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SAFE_Banking_Act \"SAFE Banking Act\") (2019) [MORE Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_Act \"Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act\") (2019) [Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_Administration_and_Opportunity_Act \"Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act\") (2022) [Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Marijuana_and_Cannabidiol_Research_Expansion_Act \"Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act\") (2022) |\n| Court cases | *[Leary v. United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leary_v._United_States \"Leary v. United States\")* (1969) *[Ravin v. State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ravin_v._State \"Ravin v. State\")* (1975) *[Conant v. Walters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conant_v._Walters \"Conant v. Walters\")* (2000) *[United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative \"United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative\")* (2001) *[Gonzales v. Raich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonzales_v._Raich \"Gonzales v. Raich\")* (2005) *[Moncrieffe v. Holder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moncrieffe_v._Holder \"Moncrieffe v. Holder\")* (2013) *[Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Americans_for_Safe_Access_v._Drug_Enforcement_Administration \"Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration\")* (2013) |\n| [Legality by jurisdiction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction \"Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Recreational use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States\") | [Alaska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Alaska \"Cannabis in Alaska\") [Arizona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Arizona \"Cannabis in Arizona\") [California]() [Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Colorado \"Cannabis in Colorado\") [Connecticut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Connecticut \"Cannabis in Connecticut\") [Delaware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Delaware \"Cannabis in Delaware\") [Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Illinois \"Cannabis in Illinois\") [Maine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Maine \"Cannabis in Maine\") [Maryland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Maryland \"Cannabis in Maryland\") [Massachusetts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts \"Cannabis in Massachusetts\") [Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Michigan \"Cannabis in Michigan\") [Minnesota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Minnesota \"Cannabis in Minnesota\") [Missouri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Missouri \"Cannabis in Missouri\") [Montana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Montana \"Cannabis in Montana\") [Nevada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Nevada \"Cannabis in Nevada\") [New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey \"Cannabis in New Jersey\") [New Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico \"Cannabis in New Mexico\") [New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_York \"Cannabis in New York\") [Ohio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Ohio \"Cannabis in Ohio\") [Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Oregon \"Cannabis in Oregon\") [Rhode Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island \"Cannabis in Rhode Island\") [Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Vermont \"Cannabis in Vermont\") [Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Virginia \"Cannabis in Virginia\") [Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Washington_\$state\$ \"Cannabis in Washington (state)\") [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Guam \"Cannabis in Guam\") [Northern Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands\") [District of Columbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Washington,_D.C. \"Cannabis in Washington, D.C.\") |\n| [Medical use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Medical cannabis in the United States\") | [Alabama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Alabama \"Cannabis in Alabama\") [Arkansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Arkansas \"Cannabis in Arkansas\") [Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Florida \"Cannabis in Florida\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Hawaii \"Cannabis in Hawaii\") [Kentucky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Kentucky \"Cannabis in Kentucky\") [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Louisiana \"Cannabis in Louisiana\") [Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Mississippi \"Cannabis in Mississippi\") [Nebraska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Nebraska \"Cannabis in Nebraska\") [New Hampshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire \"Cannabis in New Hampshire\") [North Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota \"Cannabis in North Dakota\") [Oklahoma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Oklahoma \"Cannabis in Oklahoma\") [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Pennsylvania \"Cannabis in Pennsylvania\") [South Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_South_Dakota \"Cannabis in South Dakota\") [Utah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Utah \"Cannabis in Utah\") [West Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_West_Virginia \"Cannabis in West Virginia\") [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico \"Cannabis in Puerto Rico\") |\n| [Decriminalized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States\") | [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Hawaii \"Cannabis in Hawaii\") [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Louisiana \"Cannabis in Louisiana\") [Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Mississippi \"Cannabis in Mississippi\") [New Hampshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire \"Cannabis in New Hampshire\") [North Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_North_Carolina \"Cannabis in North Carolina\") [North Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota \"Cannabis in North Dakota\") |\n| Illegal | [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Georgia_\$U.S._state\$ \"Cannabis in Georgia (U.S. state)\") [Idaho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Idaho \"Cannabis in Idaho\") [Indiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Indiana \"Cannabis in Indiana\") [Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Iowa \"Cannabis in Iowa\") [Kansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Kansas \"Cannabis in Kansas\") [South Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_South_Carolina \"Cannabis in South Carolina\") [Tennessee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Tennessee \"Cannabis in Tennessee\") [Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Texas \"Cannabis in Texas\") [Wisconsin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Wisconsin \"Cannabis in Wisconsin\") [Wyoming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Wyoming \"Cannabis in Wyoming\") [American Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_American_Samoa \"Cannabis in American Samoa\") |\n| Regulation | [List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_United_States_cannabis_regulatory_agencies \"List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies\") [Cannabis product testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_product_testing \"Cannabis product testing\") [Rescheduling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act \"Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act\") |\n| Related | [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States \"Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States\") [Congressional Cannabis Caucus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congressional_Cannabis_Caucus \"Congressional Cannabis Caucus\") [Politicians who have admitted use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use \"List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use\") [Cannabis on American Indian reservations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_on_American_Indian_reservations \"Cannabis on American Indian reservations\") [Cannabis and the U.S. military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_and_the_United_States_military \"Cannabis and the United States military\") [Marijuana Policy Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marijuana_Policy_Project \"Marijuana Policy Project\") [NORML](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws \"National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\") [Harry J. Anslinger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_J._Anslinger \"Harry J. Anslinger\") [Dispensaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States \"Cannabis dispensaries in the United States\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States \"Template:Agriculture in the United States\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_States \"Template talk:Agriculture in the United States\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Agriculture in the United States\")[Agriculture in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_the_United_States \"Agriculture in the United States\") |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States \"History of agriculture in the United States\") | [Rural American history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rural_American_history \"Rural American history\") [African-American](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States \"African-American history of agriculture in the United States\") [Black land loss](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States \"Black land loss in the United States\") [Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture \"Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture\") [Cattle drives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States \"Cattle drives in the United States\") [Columbian exchange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columbian_exchange \"Columbian exchange\") [Commercial tobacco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States \"History of commercial tobacco in the United States\") [Colonial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tobacco_in_the_American_colonies \"Tobacco in the American colonies\") [Eastern Agricultural Complex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex \"Eastern Agricultural Complex\") [Three Sisters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three_Sisters_\$agriculture\$ \"Three Sisters (agriculture)\") [Early history of food regulation in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States \"Early history of food regulation in the United States\") [Indentured servitude in British America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America \"Indentured servitude in British America\") [Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia \"Indentured servitude in Virginia\") [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania \"Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania\") [New World crops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_World_crops \"New World crops\") [List of food plants native to the Americas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_food_plants_native_to_the_Americas \"List of food plants native to the Americas\") [Native American in Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Native_American_agriculture_in_Virginia \"Native American agriculture in Virginia\") [Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prehistoric_agriculture_on_the_Great_Plains \"Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains\") [Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prehistoric_agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States \"Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States\") [Wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_American_wine \"History of American wine\") [Plantation complexes in the Southern United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States \"Plantation complexes in the Southern United States\") [Range war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Range_war \"Range war\") [Sheep wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheep_wars \"Sheep wars\") [Slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_in_the_United_States \"Slavery in the United States\") [Native American](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Slavery among Native Americans in the United States\") [Colonial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States \"Slavery in the colonial history of the United States\") | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg\/120px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:IHC_corn_picker,_Story_County,_Iowa,_2011.jpg) |\n| Industries | [Banana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banana_production_in_the_United_States \"Banana production in the United States\") [Bee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States \"Beekeeping in the United States\") [Blackcurrant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blackcurrant_production_in_the_United_States \"Blackcurrant production in the United States\") [Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Cannabis in the United States\") [Hemp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_in_the_United_States \"Hemp in the United States\") [Cherry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cherry_production_in_the_United_States \"Cherry production in the United States\") [Christmas tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christmas_tree_production_in_the_United_States \"Christmas tree production in the United States\") [Corn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corn_production_in_the_United_States \"Corn production in the United States\") [Cotton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States \"Cotton production in the United States\") [Cider](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cider_in_the_United_States \"Cider in the United States\") [Dairy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States \"Dairy industry in the United States\") [Hop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hop_production_in_the_United_States \"Hop production in the United States\") [Poultry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States \"Poultry farming in the United States\") [Rice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rice_production_in_the_United_States \"Rice production in the United States\") [Spinach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinach_in_the_United_States \"Spinach in the United States\") [Sugar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States \"Sugar industry of the United States\") [Tea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tea_production_in_the_United_States \"Tea production in the United States\") [Tobacco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tobacco_in_the_United_States \"Tobacco in the United States\") [Wheat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States \"Wheat production in the United States\") [Wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_wine \"American wine\") |   |\n| State, commonwealth,  or territory-specific | [Alabama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Alabama \"Agriculture in Alabama\") [tobacco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tobacco_in_Alabama \"Tobacco in Alabama\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alabama_wine \"Alabama wine\") [Alaska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Alaska \"Agriculture in Alaska\") [aquaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture_in_Alaska \"Aquaculture in Alaska\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Alaska \"Cannabis in Alaska\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_wine \"Alaska wine\") [Arizona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Arizona \"Agriculture in Arizona\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arizona_wine \"Arizona wine\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Arizona \"Cannabis in Arizona\") Arkansas [rice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rice_cultivation_in_Arkansas \"Rice cultivation in Arkansas\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arkansas_wine \"Arkansas wine\") [California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_California \"Agriculture in California\") [almonds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almonds_in_California \"Almonds in California\") [cannabis]() [peaches](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Production_of_peaches_in_California \"Production of peaches in California\") [strawberry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strawberry_cultivation_in_California \"Strawberry cultivation in California\") [walnuts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walnuts_in_California \"Walnuts in California\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_wine \"California wine\") [Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Colorado \"Agriculture in Colorado\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorado_wine \"Colorado wine\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Colorado \"Cannabis in Colorado\") [Connecticut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Connecticut \"Agriculture in Connecticut\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Connecticut \"Cannabis in Connecticut\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Connecticut_wine \"Connecticut wine\") Delaware [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Delaware \"Cannabis in Delaware\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delaware_wine \"Delaware wine\") [Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Florida \"Agriculture in Florida\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florida_wine \"Florida wine\") [tomato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomato_production_in_Florida \"Tomato production in Florida\") [mango](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mango_production_in_Florida \"Mango production in Florida\") Georgia [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgia_\$U.S._state\$_wine \"Georgia (U.S. state) wine\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Hawaii \"Agriculture in Hawaii\") [coffee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii \"Coffee production in Hawaii\") [sugar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii \"Sugar plantations in Hawaii\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaii_wine \"Hawaii wine\") [genetically modified food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii \"Genetically modified food in Hawaii\") [Idaho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Idaho \"Agriculture in Idaho\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idaho_wine \"Idaho wine\") Illinois [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Illinois \"Cannabis in Illinois\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illinois_wine \"Illinois wine\") [Indiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Indiana \"Agriculture in Indiana\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indiana_wine \"Indiana wine\") [Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Iowa \"Agriculture in Iowa\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa_wine \"Iowa wine\") Kansas [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kansas_wine \"Kansas wine\") [Kentucky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Kentucky \"Agriculture in Kentucky\") [hemp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_in_Kentucky \"Hemp in Kentucky\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kentucky_wine \"Kentucky wine\") [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Louisiana \"Agriculture in Louisiana\") [tobacco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perique \"Perique\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louisiana_wine \"Louisiana wine\") Maine [aquaculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture_in_Maine \"Aquaculture in Maine\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Maine \"Cannabis in Maine\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maine_wine \"Maine wine\") [Maryland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Maryland \"Agriculture in Maryland\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Maryland \"Cannabis in Maryland\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maryland_wine \"Maryland wine\") Massachusetts [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts \"Cannabis in Massachusetts\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Massachusetts_wine \"Massachusetts wine\") Michigan [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Michigan \"Cannabis in Michigan\") [cherries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cherry_production_in_Michigan \"Cherry production in Michigan\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michigan_wine \"Michigan wine\") Minnesota [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minnesota_wine \"Minnesota wine\") [Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Mississippi \"Agriculture in Mississippi\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mississippi_wine \"Mississippi wine\") Missouri [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Missouri \"Cannabis in Missouri\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Missouri_wine \"Missouri wine\") Montana [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Montana \"Cannabis in Montana\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montana_wine \"Montana wine\") Nebraska [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nebraska_wine \"Nebraska wine\") Nevada [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Nevada \"Cannabis in Nevada\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_wine \"Nevada wine\") New Hampshire [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Hampshire_wine \"New Hampshire wine\") New Jersey [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey \"Cannabis in New Jersey\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Jersey_wine \"New Jersey wine\") New Mexico [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico \"Cannabis in New Mexico\") [chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Mexico_chile \"New Mexico chile\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Mexico_wine \"New Mexico wine\") [New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_New_York \"Agriculture in New York\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_New_York \"Cannabis in New York\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_wine \"New York wine\") [North Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_North_Carolina \"Agriculture in North Carolina\") [hemp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_in_North_Carolina \"Hemp in North Carolina\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Carolina_wine \"North Carolina wine\") North Dakota [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Dakota_wine \"North Dakota wine\") Ohio [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ohio_wine \"Ohio wine\") Oklahoma [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oklahoma_wine \"Oklahoma wine\") Oregon [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oregon_wine \"Oregon wine\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Oregon \"Cannabis in Oregon\") [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania \"Agriculture in Pennsylvania\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pennsylvania_wine \"Pennsylvania wine\") Rhode Island [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island \"Cannabis in Rhode Island\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhode_Island_wine \"Rhode Island wine\") South Carolina [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Carolina_wine \"South Carolina wine\") South Dakota [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Dakota_wine \"South Dakota wine\") Tennessee [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tennessee_wine \"Tennessee wine\") [Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Texas \"Agriculture in Texas\") [rice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_rice_production \"Texas rice production\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_wine \"Texas wine\") Utah [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Utah_wine \"Utah wine\") Vermont [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Vermont \"Cannabis in Vermont\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vermont_wine \"Vermont wine\") Virginia [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Virginia \"Cannabis in Virginia\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia_wine \"Virginia wine\") [Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Washington \"Agriculture in Washington\") [apples](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_apples \"Washington apples\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Washington_\$state\$ \"Cannabis in Washington (state)\") [hemp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemp_in_Washington \"Hemp in Washington\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_wine \"Washington wine\") West Virginia [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Virginia_wine \"West Virginia wine\") [Wisconsin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin \"Agriculture in Wisconsin\") [dairy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wisconsin_dairy_industry \"Wisconsin dairy industry\") [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wisconsin_wine \"Wisconsin wine\") Wyoming [wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wyoming_wine \"Wyoming wine\") Guam [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Guam \"Cannabis in Guam\") Northern Mariana Islands [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico \"Agriculture in Puerto Rico\") [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico \"Cannabis in Puerto Rico\") [coffee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coffee_production_in_Puerto_Rico \"Coffee production in Puerto Rico\") Virgin Islands [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands\") |   |\n| By region | [Southwestern United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States \"Agriculture in the Southwestern United States\") [Black Dirt Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Dirt_Region \"Black Dirt Region\") [Corn Belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corn_Belt \"Corn Belt\") [Cotton Belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cotton_Belt \"Cotton Belt\") [Connecticut shade tobacco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Connecticut_shade_tobacco \"Connecticut shade tobacco\") [Fruit Belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fruit_Belt \"Fruit Belt\") [Rice Belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rice_Belt \"Rice Belt\") [Pacific Northwest oyster industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry \"Pacific Northwest oyster industry\") |   |\n| Government  organizations | [United States Department of Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture \"United States Department of Agriculture\") [National Institute of Food and Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture \"National Institute of Food and Agriculture\") [4-H](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4-H \"4-H\") [National Agricultural Statistics Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service \"National Agricultural Statistics Service\") [United States Census of Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Census_of_Agriculture \"United States Census of Agriculture\") [Agricultural Research Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agricultural_Research_Service \"Agricultural Research Service\") [National FFA Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_FFA_Organization \"National FFA Organization\") |   |\n| Non-governmental  organizations | [American Farm Bureau Federation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation \"American Farm Bureau Federation\") [Alpha Gamma Rho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_Gamma_Rho \"Alpha Gamma Rho\") [Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_Gamma_Sigma_\$fraternity\$ \"Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)\") [Alpha Tau Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_Tau_Alpha \"Alpha Tau Alpha\") [Alpha Zeta (professional)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_Zeta_\$professional\$ \"Alpha Zeta (professional)\") [Delta Theta Sigma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delta_Theta_Sigma \"Delta Theta Sigma\") [National Grange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Grange \"National Grange\") [National Society Descendants of American Farmers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Society_Descendants_of_American_Farmers \"National Society Descendants of American Farmers\") |   |\n| Law and politics | [Agricultural policy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States \"Agricultural policy of the United States\") [Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954 \"Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954\") [Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_Risk_Protection_Act_of_2000 \"Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000\") [California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975 \"California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975\") [Capper–Volstead Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act \"Capper–Volstead Act\") [Children's Act for Responsible Employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Children%27s_Act_for_Responsible_Employment \"Children's Act for Responsible Employment\") [Farm bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_farm_bill \"United States farm bill\") [Food Security Act of 1985](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_Security_Act_of_1985 \"Food Security Act of 1985\") [Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990 \"Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990\") [Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Agriculture_Improvement_and_Reform_Act_of_1996 \"Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996\") [Grain Futures Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grain_Futures_Act \"Grain Futures Act\") [Packers and Stockyards Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Packers_and_Stockyards_Act \"Packers and Stockyards Act\") [Pure Food and Drug Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act \"Pure Food and Drug Act\") [Taylor Grazing Act of 1934](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934 \"Taylor Grazing Act of 1934\") [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 \"Marihuana Tax Act of 1937\") |   |\n| Health and  environment | [Agricultural workers mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health_in_United_States_agricultural_workers \"Mental health in United States agricultural workers\") [Climate change](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States \"Climate change and agriculture in the United States\") [Farmer suicide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States \"Farmers' suicides in the United States\") [Genetically modified food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetically_modified_food_in_the_United_States \"Genetically modified food in the United States\") [Water supply](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States \"Water supply and sanitation in the United States\") [Ogallala Aquifer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ogallala_Aquifer \"Ogallala Aquifer\") |   |\n| Crime | [Adulterated food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adulterated_food_in_the_United_States \"Adulterated food in the United States\") [California nut crimes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_nut_crimes \"California nut crimes\") [Cattle raiding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cattle_raiding \"Cattle raiding\") |   |\n| [Labor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farmworkers_in_the_United_States \"Farmworkers in the United States\") |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| [Bracero Program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bracero_Program \"Bracero Program\") [Convict leasing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convict_leasing \"Convict leasing\") [Farm Labor Organizing Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee \"Farm Labor Organizing Committee\") [H-2A visa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H-2A_visa \"H-2A visa\") [Operation Blooming Onion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Blooming_Onion \"Operation Blooming Onion\") [United Farm Workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Farm_Workers \"United Farm Workers\") [United Food and Commercial Workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers \"United Food and Commercial Workers\") [Woman's Land Army of America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America \"Woman's Land Army of America\") |   |   |\n| Labor disputes | [1903 Oxnard strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1903_Oxnard_strike \"1903 Oxnard strike\") [1933 El Monte berry strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1933_El_Monte_berry_strike \"1933 El Monte berry strike\") [1933 Funsten Nut strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1933_Funsten_Nut_strike \"1933 Funsten Nut strike\") [1933 Wisconsin milk strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1933_Wisconsin_milk_strike \"1933 Wisconsin milk strike\") [1933 Yakima Valley strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1933_Yakima_Valley_strike \"1933 Yakima Valley strike\") [1936 Venice celery strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1936_Venice_celery_strike \"1936 Venice celery strike\") [1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1938_San_Antonio_pecan_shellers_strike \"1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike\") [California agricultural strikes of 1933](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_agricultural_strikes_of_1933 \"California agricultural strikes of 1933\") [Cantaloupe strike of 1928](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cantaloupe_strike_of_1928 \"Cantaloupe strike of 1928\") [Citrus Strike of 1936](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citrus_Strike_of_1936 \"Citrus Strike of 1936\") [Cotton pickers' strike of 1891](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cotton_pickers%27_strike_of_1891 \"Cotton pickers' strike of 1891\") [Delano grape strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delano_grape_strike \"Delano grape strike\") [Hanapepe massacre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanapepe_massacre \"Hanapepe massacre\") [Hardin County onion pickers strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hardin_County_onion_pickers_strike \"Hardin County onion pickers strike\") [Hawaiian sugar strike of 1946](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaiian_sugar_strike_of_1946 \"Hawaiian sugar strike of 1946\") [Imperial Valley lettuce strike of 1930](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Valley_lettuce_strike_of_1930 \"Imperial Valley lettuce strike of 1930\") [Oahu sugar strike of 1920](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920 \"Oahu sugar strike of 1920\") [Salad Bowl strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salad_Bowl_strike \"Salad Bowl strike\") [Santa Clara cherry strike of 1933](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Clara_cherry_strike_of_1933 \"Santa Clara cherry strike of 1933\") [Thibodaux massacre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thibodaux_massacre \"Thibodaux massacre\") [Tulare labor camps rent strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tulare_labor_camps_rent_strike \"Tulare labor camps rent strike\") [Vacaville tree pruners' strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vacaville_tree_pruners%27_strike \"Vacaville tree pruners' strike\") [Wheatland hop riot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wheatland_hop_riot \"Wheatland hop riot\") |   |\n| Other | [Corn maze](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corn_maze \"Corn maze\") [Ranch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ranch \"Ranch\") [Cowboy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cowboy \"Cowboy\") [Dude ranch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dude_ranch \"Dude ranch\") |   |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&oldid=1341545606>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Cannabis in California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Cannabis_in_California \"Category:Cannabis in California\")\n- [California law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:California_law \"Category:California law\")\n- [California statutes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:California_statutes \"Category:California statutes\")\n- [Cannabis in the United States by state](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Cannabis_in_the_United_States_by_state \"Category:Cannabis in the United States by state\")\n- [Culture 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The state of [California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California \"California\") has been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize [cannabis laws in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legal history of cannabis in the United States\"), beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis ([Proposition 19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$1972\$ \"California Proposition 19 (1972)\")). Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to [legalize medical cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Medical cannabis in the United States\") through the [Compassionate Use Act of 1996](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compassionate_Use_Act_of_1996 \"Compassionate Use Act of 1996\") (Proposition 215), which passed with 56% voter approval.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-BBC-1) In November 2016, California voters approved the [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_California_Proposition_64 \"2016 California Proposition 64\") (Proposition 64) with 57% of the vote, which [legalized the recreational use of cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States\").\n\nAs a result of recreational legalization, local governments (city and county) may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Commercial activities can be regulated or prohibited by local governments although deliveries cannot be prohibited.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019\/06\/02-3) Following recreational legalization, existing growers and suppliers of medical cannabis were required to register, comply with regulations, and apply for permits. Over half of the nonprofit [dispensaries legally providing medical marijuana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States \"Cannabis dispensaries in the United States\") closed. Local agencies have been slow to approve retail stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes with most cities and counties banning retail with a wait and see approach. Many existing growers have been slow to apply for permits as it has been estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States comes from northern California. The export of marijuana to other states remains illegal since the [U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Drug_Enforcement_Administration \"U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration\") considers it a [Schedule I drug](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schedule_I_drug \"Schedule I drug\").\n\nReducing illegal activity is considered essential for the success of legal operations who pay the considerable taxes assessed by state and local authorities. Many people do not have nearby retail stores selling cannabis and continue to buy from unlicensed sellers. Illegal growing continues in remote rural areas. Raids and confiscation by law enforcement of illegal retail and grow operations have continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.\n\nCalifornia's main regulatory agencies were initially the [Bureau of Cannabis Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bureau_of_Cannabis_Control \"Bureau of Cannabis Control\") (BCC), [Department of Food and Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture \"California Department of Food and Agriculture\"), and [Department of Public Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Public_Health \"California Department of Public Health\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-KSBY_2017-11-22-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Toast-5) Their responsibilities were merged under the Department of Cannabis Control in 2021.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-6)\n\n## Current state and local regulation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Current state and local regulation\")\\]\n\nCompanies must obtain a license from a local agency in each jurisdiction to cultivate, test, or sell cannabis.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-7) Cities and counties, including unincorporated areas, may choose to permit all, some, or none of these activities.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) However, since January 2019, local governments may not prohibit deliveries by state-licensed companies.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019\/06\/02-3) Distributors are required to act as intermediaries between cannabis producers and retailers.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-8)\n\nIn July 2021, California consolidated its state cannabis regulatory agencies into the Department of Cannabis Control.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-10) Before this change, the industry was overseen by three separate agencies. The Bureau of Cannabis Control regulated retailers, distributors, and testing laboratories. The Department of Food and Agriculture’s CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing Division oversaw cultivators. The Department of Public Health’s Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch regulated cannabis product manufacturers.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-11)\n\nMany communities have adopted zoning rules that prohibit cannabis retail stores. In response, some state legislators have introduced bills that would require certain local jurisdictions to permit a limited number of retail establishments, particularly in areas where a majority of voters supported legalizing recreational cannabis.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) Local governments have opposed these proposals. A May 2019 editorial in the *Los Angeles Times* also criticized this type of legislation.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-05-18-12) Supporters of the bills argue that limited access to legal retailers contributes to the continuation of illegal cannabis sales.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2)\n\nCalifornia prohibits the export of marijuana to other states, as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-07-04-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-14) Some estimates indicate that California produces up to five times more cannabis than is consumed within the state. Other estimates suggest that about 80% of the crop is shipped to other states. Cannabis that is exported from California is not subject to the state’s taxes or regulatory oversight. In addition, consumers in other states often pay higher prices for the product.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-15) The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\") has investigated officials in several cities and counties.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-11-09-16)\n\nUnlicensed sales were not reduced as fast as many expected.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) The growth of the legal market has been inhibited since the majority of cities and counties have not allowed the retail sale of cannabis.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-TG_2021-11-02-19) Due to the continued operation of much illegal activity, heavy taxation is an important issue for licensed operators.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-20) They are concerned about the perceived lack of sufficient enforcement against illegal activities.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-22) The legal market includes the cost of mandatory testing.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17) Transitioning from a provisional, temporary license to a permanent license has also been difficult. As of April 2020, about 82% of the cannabis licenses were still provisional.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-23) Authorities warn that the illegal market may contain pesticide or other chemical residues and mold.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) Other products sold illegally that have not been tested include [edible products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_edibles \"Cannabis edibles\")[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-24) and [vaping pens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_cigarettes \"Electronic cigarettes\").[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-16-26)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-08-25-27)\n\nLocal governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using or transporting marijuana for personal use. An appeals court ruled that inmates who possess small amounts of marijuana in prison are not guilty of a felony crime.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-28) Attorney General [Xavier Becerra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xavier_Becerra \"Xavier Becerra\")'s office had argued that possessing small amounts of marijuana is legally banned in prison which can result in significantly increasing a prisoner's sentence.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-29)\n\nCannabis is estimated to be the largest cash crop in California with a value of more than \\$11 billion.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) The state provided most of the cannabis consumed in the United States prior to legalization which was intended to provide a transition to legal, licensed growing. The [California Environmental Quality Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Environmental_Quality_Act \"California Environmental Quality Act\") (CEQA) requires a detailed [analysis of the environmental impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_assessment \"Environmental impact assessment\") of growers operations. Statewide, 208 growers had obtained regular, annual licenses by July 2019. At this point of some 18 months into legalization, 1,532 growers were still operating on provisional permits as they went through the CEQA process that requires extensive paperwork.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-31) Smaller farms were given five years to become established under legalization before larger growers were allowed to enter the market.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-32) Under the regulations set to expire in 2023, growers can have only one medium licence but there is no limit on the number of small licenses an individual grower can have. This [loophole](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loophole \"Loophole\") has allowed larger growers to operate.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018\/04\/29-33)\n\n[Humboldt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humboldt_County,_California \"Humboldt County, California\"), [Mendocino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mendocino_County \"Mendocino County\"), and [Trinity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinity_County,_California \"Trinity County, California\") counties have long been known as Northern California's [Emerald Triangle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerald_Triangle \"Emerald Triangle\") as it is estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States is grown there. Registering and applying for permits has not been an easy decision for many long time growers in these three counties.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30)\n\nIn [Santa Barbara County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Barbara_County \"Santa Barbara County\"), cannabis growing has taken over greenhouses that formerly grew flowers. In the first four months of legalization, the county had almost 800 permits issued for cultivators, the most of any county in the state.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018\/04\/29-33)\n\n[Calaveras County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calaveras_County,_California \"Calaveras County, California\") registered more than seven hundred cultivators after county voters approved a tax in 2016.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-34)\n\nUnlicensed growing continues in remote rural areas and has expanded according to law enforcement reports. Raids and confiscation of illegal grow operations by law enforcement has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-35)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-36)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-37) Authorities are constantly dealing with illegal cultivation in remote protected areas such as state parks and national forests.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-39)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-40) Illegal grows are partially responsible for record levels of water thefts during the [drought that began in 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Droughts_in_California \"Droughts in California\").[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-41)\n\nA large number of [insect pests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insect_pest \"Insect pest\") are significant, along with some mammals: [Mice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mice \"Mice\"), *[Rattus rattus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rattus_rattus \"Rattus rattus\")*, *[Neotoma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotoma \"Neotoma\")* rat spp., *[Thomomys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomomys \"Thomomys\")* gopher spp., [black-tailed deer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black-tailed_deer \"Black-tailed deer\") (*Odocoileus hemionus columbianus*), and black bears (*[Ursus americanus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursus_americanus \"Ursus americanus\")*).[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) Powdery mildew *[Sphaerotheca macularis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sphaerotheca_macularis \"Sphaerotheca macularis\")* and various Pythium root rots (*[Pythium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pythium \"Pythium\")* spp.) are important [diseases in this crop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_hemp_diseases \"List of hemp diseases\").[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) The [Department of Pesticide Regulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Pesticide_Regulation \"Department of Pesticide Regulation\") provides legal guidance and treatment recommendations for all of these.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42)\n\n### On-site consumption\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: On-site consumption\")\\]\n\nIn July 2019, [West Hollywood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\") approved a cannabis consumption license for [Lowell Herb Co](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lowell_Herb_Co \"Lowell Herb Co\"), \"the first of its kind in the nation\". [Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lowell_Farms:_A_Cannabis_Cafe \"Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe\") opened in September 2019 with a menu of cannabis for consumption, THC-infused drinks and meals for cannabis-enhanced sense of taste and smell. It includes the expertise of cannabis [sommeliers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sommelier \"Sommelier\"), known as \"[budtenders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Budtender \"Budtender\")\" on site.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-43)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-44) It has since been rebranded as the \"Original Cannabis Cafe\", separating itself from the Lowell Farms corporate brand. A retail establishment Seaweed On Ocean, was licensed in [Lompoc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lompoc \"Lompoc\") for on site consumption in July 2018 and opened December 2019, claims to be the first between Los Angeles and San Francisco.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-45)\n\n### Retail and delivery\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Retail and delivery\")\\]\n\nStores selling cannabis for recreational purposes have been banned from 80% of the 482 municipalities in California.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) In September 2019, 873 cannabis sellers had been licensed by the state while the United Cannabis Business Assn. conducted an audit that estimated there are approximately 2,835 unlicensed dispensaries and delivery services based on advertising.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Legal retailers say the illegal market is larger than the legal market due to the high costs they pay in start-up permit costs and on-going taxes. They complain about the lack of effective enforcement against unlicensed shops.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30)\n\nPrior to 2018, about 2,000 nonprofit dispensaries legally provided medical marijuana. Legalization introduced regulations that increased the cost of operation and more than 65% of dispensaries shut their doors.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-46) Recreational marijuana shops began to open in January 2018, with many districts beginning recreational sales on the first or fifth of January 2018.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-kpcc-47) In January, 2018, Los Angeles had no licensed retailers; the closest cities with licensed retail sales were [Santa Ana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Ana,_California \"Santa Ana, California\") on January 1 and [West Hollywood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Hollywood \"West Hollywood\") on January 2.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-48)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-49) As of September 2019, 187 dispensaries had temporary city approval in Los Angeles.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Los Angeles adopted an ordinance in 2018 to restrict some storefront and billboard advertising after research showed that young adults who lived near dispensaries that had storefront signage used marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more positive views about the drug.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-50)\n\nMany dispensaries and delivery companies continued to operate under the [stay-at-home order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stay-at-home_order \"Stay-at-home order\") during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-51) With an executive order on March 22, Governor Gavin Newsom declared cannabis one of the enterprises to be considered an essential business.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-52)\n\nOrganizers of cannabis festivals are required to get permission from state and local agencies. Under the permits, they can let anyone 21 and older buy and smoke weed at the festival.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-DB_2019-05-03-53)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-54) In 2019, [Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outside_Lands_Music_and_Arts_Festival \"Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival\") in San Francisco became the first major music festival to offer legal cannabis for sale on site. The area was known as \"Grass Lands\" and sold more than \\$1 million in cannabis products such as edibles, vaping cartridges and joints over the three-day event.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-55)\n\n[Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis \"Cannabis\") was cultivated for fiber and rope as early as 1795 in California, when cultivation began at [Mission San Jose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_\$California\$ \"Mission San José (California)\") under the governorship of [Diego de Borica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diego_de_Borica \"Diego de Borica\"). Cannabis was grown in several regions of Southern California, with two-thirds of it being grown on the missions.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56) California produced 13,000 pounds of hemp in 1807, and 220,000 pounds in 1810.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Incorporated2008-57) However, in 1810 Mexico began to rebel against the Spanish crown, and the subsidies for growing hemp were cut, leading to a near-disappearance of the crop. A few missions continued to grow it for local use, and the [Russian colonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas \"Russian colonization of the Americas\") grew hemp at [Fort Ross](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Ross \"Fort Ross\") until the station was abandoned in 1841.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56)\n\n### Psychoactive cannabis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Psychoactive cannabis\")\\]\n\nAmong the early cultivators of cannabis for recreational use in California were Arabs, Armenians, and Turks who grew cannabis as early as 1895 to make [hashish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hashish \"Hashish\") for local consumption.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Duvall2014-58) Unlike in other states where fears of black or Hispanic use of cannabis drove new restrictions, California was an exception for its focus on South Asian immigrants. A California delegate to the Hague Convention wrote in 1911: \"Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica; they are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast.\"[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Booth2015-59)\n\nThe Poison Act was passed in California in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-60) was made to make possession of \"extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds\" a misdemeanor.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-62) forbade the sale or possession of \"flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed (*Cannabis sativa*), Indian hemp\" except with a prescription.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) Both bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)\n\nIn 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of [Sonoratown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sonoratown \"Sonoratown\") in Los Angeles, where police raided two \"dream gardens\" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-63) In 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishable by up to 6 years in prison, and black market sale, which had initially been a misdemeanor punishable by a \\$100–\\$400 fine and\/or 50–180 days in jail for first offenders, became punishable by 6 months–6 years.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1927, the laws designed to target opium usage were finally extended to Indian hemp.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1929, second offenses for possession became punishable by sentences of 6 months–10 years.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1937, cannabis cultivation became a separate offense.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)\n\nBy 1932, 60% of narcotics arrests in Los Angeles involved cannabis, which was considered \"much less serious than the morphine cases.\"[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-64) In 1954, penalties for marijuana possession were hiked to a minimum 1–10 years in prison, and sale was made punishable by 5–15 years with a mandatory 3 years before eligibility for parole; two prior felonies raised the maximum sentences for both offenses to life imprisonment.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)\n\nIn the 1950s and 1960s, the [beatnik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beatnik \"Beatnik\") and later [hippie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hippie \"Hippie\") cultures experimented with cannabis, driving increased interest in the drug. In 1964, the first cannabis legalization group was formed in the U.S. when Lowell Eggemeier of San Francisco was arrested, and his attorney established LEMAR (LEgalize MARijuana) shortly afterwards.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Rosenthal2009-65) By the mid-1960s, the *Saturday Evening Post* was publishing articles estimating that half the college population of California had tried cannabis. One writer commented that usage was: *so widespread that pot must be considered an integral part of the generation's life experience.*[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-May2002-66)\n\n### Illicit cultivation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Illicit cultivation\")\\]\n\nIn the 1960s–1970s, people in California had developed the *[sinsemilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinsemilla \"Sinsemilla\")* (\"without seeds\") method of producing cannabis, uprooting the male plants before they could pollinate the females, resulting a seedless and more potent cannabis. Around 1975, this technique arrived in Humboldt County, which was to become one of the nation's most famous centers of cannabis production. California growers received an unintentional advantage from the US government, which in the 1970s began spraying cannabis fields in Mexico with the herbicide [paraquat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paraquat \"Paraquat\"). Fears of contamination led to a drop in demand for cheaper Mexican cannabis, and a corresponding increase in demand for California-grown cannabis. By 1979, 35% of cannabis consumed in California was grown in-state. By 2010, 79% of cannabis nationwide came from California.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Brady2013-67)\n\n[Decriminalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decriminalization \"Decriminalization\") of cannabis – which treats possession of small amounts as a civil (rather than a criminal) offense – was established in July 1975 when the state legislature passed Senate Bill 95, the Moscone Act.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Crime-70) SB 95 made possession of one ounce (28 g) of marijuana a misdemeanor punishable by a \\$100 fine, with higher punishments for amounts greater than one ounce, for possession on school grounds, or for cultivation.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-NORML-71)\n\n#### \"Smoke a joint, lose your license\" expires (1999)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: \\\"Smoke a joint, lose your license\\\" expires (1999)\")\\]\n\nIn 1999, a state law was allowed to expire that mandated a six-month driver's license suspension for possession of cannabis or other illegal drugs. The policy originated with a 1990 federal law that threatened to reduce transportation funding for states unless they took one of two actions: impose a six-month driver’s license suspension for individuals convicted of a drug offense, or pass a resolution formally declining to adopt such a penalty.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72) The law was enacted in 1994 at the urging of Governor [Pete Wilson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pete_Wilson \"Pete Wilson\"), who argued that the policy kept unsafe drivers off the road and helped prevent illegal drug use.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) Critics argued that the punishment was excessive and often had nothing to do with the offense committed.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) The law resulted in as many as 100,000 license suspensions per year according to the [California Department of Motor Vehicles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles \"California Department of Motor Vehicles\").[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72)\n\n#### Proposition 36 (2000)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Proposition 36 (2000)\")\\]\n\nProposition 36 (also known as the [Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2000_California_Proposition_36 \"2000 California Proposition 36\")) was approved by 61% of voters, requiring that \"first and second offense drug violators be sent to drug treatment programs instead of facing trial and possible incarceration.\"[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop36-74)\n\n#### Senate Bill 1449 (2010)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Senate Bill 1449 (2010)\")\\]\n\nOn September 30, 2010, Governor [Arnold Schwarzenegger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arnold_Schwarzenegger \"Arnold Schwarzenegger\") signed into law SB 1449, which further reduced the charge of possession of one ounce (28 g) of cannabis or less, from a misdemeanor to an infraction, similar to a traffic violation—a maximum of a \\$100 fine and no mandatory court appearance or criminal record.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-activatedirect1-75) The law became effective January 1, 2011.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-76)\n\n### Medical cannabis legalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Medical cannabis legalization\")\\]\n\n#### Early reform efforts (pre-1996)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Early reform efforts (pre-1996)\")\\]\n\nThe movement to legalize medical cannabis in the U.S. sprang out of [San Francisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") in the early 1990s, with efforts soon spreading statewide and eventually across the nation. Proposition P was approved by 79% of San Francisco voters in November 1991, calling on state lawmakers to pass legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-77) The city board of supervisors additionally passed a resolution in August 1992 urging the police commission and district attorney to \"make lowest priority the arrest or prosecution of those involved in the possession or cultivation of \\[cannabis\\] for medicinal purposes\" and to \"allow a letter from a treating physician to be used as [prima facia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prima_facie \"Prima facie\") evidence that marijuana can alleviate the pain and suffering of that patient's medical condition\".[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-78) The resolution enabled the open sale of cannabis to AIDS patients and others within the city, most notably through the [San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Cannabis_Buyers_Club \"San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club\") which was operated by medical cannabis activist [Dennis Peron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dennis_Peron \"Dennis Peron\") (who spearheaded Proposition P and later the statewide Proposition 215).[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-79) Similar clubs appeared outside San Francisco in the ensuing years as other cities passed legislation to support the medical use of cannabis. The [Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wo\/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana \"Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana\") was founded in 1993 after 75% of [Santa Cruz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santa_Cruz,_California \"Santa Cruz, California\") voters approved Measure A in November 1992.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) And the [Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative \"Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative\") was founded in 1995 shortly before the city council passed multiple medical cannabis resolutions.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80)\n\nFollowing the lead of San Francisco and other cities in California, state lawmakers passed Senate Joint Resolution 8 in 1993, a non-binding measure calling on the federal government to enact legislation allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) In 1994, Senate Bill 1364 was approved by state legislators, to reclassify cannabis as a Schedule II drug at the state level.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) And Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) Both SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor [Pete Wilson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pete_Wilson \"Pete Wilson\"), however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81)\n\n#### Proposition 215 (1996)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Proposition 215 (1996)\")\\]\n\nFrustrated by vetoes of medical cannabis bills in successive years, medical cannabis advocates in California took the issue directly to the voters, collecting 775,000 signatures for qualification of a statewide ballot initiative in 1996.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-82) Proposition 215 – the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 – was subsequently approved with 56% of the vote, legalizing the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis by patients with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or \"any other illness for which marijuana provides relief\".[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83) The law also allowed patient [caregivers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caregiver \"Caregiver\") to cultivate cannabis, and urged lawmakers to facilitate the \"safe and affordable distribution of marijuana\".[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83)\n\n#### Senate Bill 420 (2003)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Senate Bill 420 (2003)\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg\/250px-Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg)\n\nMedical cannabis card in [Marin County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marin_County,_California \"Marin County, California\")\n\nVague wording became a major criticism of Proposition 215, though the law has since been clarified through state Supreme Court rulings and the passage of subsequent laws. The first such legislative solution came in January 2003 with the passage of Senate Bill 420 (colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act). Senate Bill 420 established an [identification card system for medical cannabis patients](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_cannabis_card \"Medical cannabis card\"), and allowed the formation of non-profit collectives for provision of cannabis to patients.\n\nIn 2006 [San Diego County](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Diego_County,_California \"San Diego County, California\") filed a lawsuit over its required participation in the state ID card program,[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-84) but the challenge was later struck down and the city was forced to comply.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) In January 2010 the California Supreme Court ruled in *[People v. Kelly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Senate_Bill_420#People_v._Kelly \"California Senate Bill 420\")* that SB 420 did not limit the quantity of cannabis that a patient can possess. All possession limits were therefore lifted.\n\n#### Implementation and criticism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: Implementation and criticism\")\\]\n\nCalifornia was the first state to establish a medical cannabis program, enacted by Proposition 215 in 1996 and Senate Bill 420 in 2003. Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allows people the right to obtain and use cannabis for any illness if they obtain a recommendation from a doctor. The [Supreme Court of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_California \"Supreme Court of California\") has ruled there are no specified limits as to what a patient may possess in their private residence if the cannabis is strictly for the patient's own use.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-86) Medical cannabis identification cards are issued through the [California Department of Public Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Public_Health \"California Department of Public Health\")'s Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). The program began in three counties in May 2005, and expanded statewide in August of the same year. 37,236 cards have been issued throughout 55 counties as of December 2009. However, cannabis dispensaries within the state accept recommendations, with an embossed license, from a doctor who has given the patient an examination and believes cannabis would be beneficial for their ailment.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif\/lossy-page1-250px-The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Green_Doctors,_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations,_Venice,_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles,_California_LCCN2013632427.tif)\n\nCannabis evaluations in [Venice Beach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venice,_Los_Angeles#Venice_Beach \"Venice, Los Angeles\")\n\nCritics of California's medical cannabis program argued that the program essentially gave cannabis quasi-legality, as \"anyone can obtain a recommendation for medical marijuana at any time for practically any ailment\".[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Acknowledging that there were instances in which the system was abused and that laws could be improved, Stephen Gutwillig of the [Drug Policy Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_Policy_Alliance \"Drug Policy Alliance\") insisted that what Proposition 215 had accomplished was \"nothing short of incredible\".[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Gutwillig argued that because of the law, 200,000 patients in the state had safe and affordable access to medical cannabis to relieve pain and treat medical conditions, without having to risk arrest or buy off the black market.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87)\n\n#### Conflict with federal law\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: Conflict with federal law\")\\]\n\nAlthough Proposition 215 legalized medical cannabis in California, at the federal level it remained a [Schedule I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schedule_I_drugs \"Schedule I drugs\") prohibited drug.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-88) Seeking to enforce this prohibition, the [Justice Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") conducted numerous raids and prosecutions of medical cannabis providers throughout the state in subsequent years. Who grows marijuana and where it comes from were lightly regulated. Federal authorities claimed that these medical marijuana businesses were fronts for the black market. Also rather than growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients, they claimed the cannabis was coming from Mexico or large hidden grows in California.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-89) Some state and local officials strongly supported these enforcement efforts, in particular Attorney General [Dan Lungren](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dan_Lungren \"Dan Lungren\") who was a vocal opponent of Proposition 215 leading up to its passage.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Other officials, such as San Francisco District Attorney [Terence Hallinan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terence_Hallinan \"Terence Hallinan\"), condemned the actions as a gross intrusion into the state's affairs.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raids and prosecutions increased in frequency throughout the Bush and Obama years,[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-WTC-90) until finally in December 2014 the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment \"Rohrabacher–Farr amendment\") was enacted at the federal level.\n\nOne of the raids that occurred was at the [Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wo\/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana \"Wo\/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana\") in Santa Cruz in September 2002. WAMM was a non-profit collective set up to provide cannabis to seriously ill patients, and was working closely with local authorities to follow all applicable state and local laws.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-91) On the morning of September 5, 2022, DEA agents equipped with paramilitary gear and semiautomatic weapons stormed the premises, destroyed all the cannabis plants, and arrested the property owners Mike and Valerie Corral.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-92) This prompted an angry response from nearby medical cannabis patients – some in wheelchairs – who gathered at the site to block federal agents from leaving, until finally after three hours later the Corrals were released.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raid triggered a strong backlash from Santa Cruz city officials as well, who sanctioned an event two weeks later where cannabis was handed out to patients on the steps of city hall,[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-93) attracting widespread media attention.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) The DEA was \"appalled\" by the event,[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-94) but took no further action.\n\nFurther pushback against federal enforcement efforts occurred in June 2003 following the jury trial conviction of [Ed Rosenthal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ed_Rosenthal \"Ed Rosenthal\"), a high school biology teacher and *[High Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_Times \"High Times\")* author, who had been raided by the DEA in 2002 for growing more than 100 cannabis plants in an [Oakland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oakland,_California \"Oakland, California\") warehouse.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95) Because cannabis remained a prohibited substance under federal law, jurors could not be informed that Rosenthal had been deputized by the city of Oakland to grow the cannabis, or even that the cannabis was being used for medical purposes only.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Rosenthal was easily convicted as a result; however, immediately following the trial, when jurors found out the true circumstances of the case, they publicly renounced the verdict they had just handed down and demanded a retrial.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Judge [Charles Breyer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_R._Breyer \"Charles R. Breyer\"), in part influenced by the extraordinary action of the jurors, sentenced Rosenthal to just one day in jail, of which he had already served.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95)\n\nIn July 2007, a new tactic was adopted by the DEA of threatening landlords renting to medical cannabis providers.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-96) Letters were sent to a number of property owners in the Los Angeles area, informing them that they faced up to 20 years in prison for violating the \"crack house statute\" of the Controlled Substances Act, in addition to seizure of their properties. This tactic subsequently spread to other areas of California, while DEA raids continued to increase as well in the following years. In October 2011 an extensive and coordinated crackdown on California's cannabis dispensaries was announced by the chief prosecutors of the state's four federal districts.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-97)\n\nThree major court cases originated in California that attempted to challenge the federal government's ability to enforce federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis. *[Conant v. McCaffrey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conant_v._McCaffrey \"Conant v. McCaffrey\")* was brought forth in response to various threats made by the federal government against doctors who recommend cannabis to patients. Decided in 2000, it upheld the right of physicians to recommend but not prescribe cannabis.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In *[United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative \"United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative\")* (decided in 2001), it was argued that medical use of cannabis should be permitted as constituted by a \"[medical necessity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_necessity \"Medical necessity\")\" – but this argument was unsuccessful.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In *[Gonzales v. Raich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonzales_v._Raich \"Gonzales v. Raich\")* (decided in 2005), the constitutionality of the Controlled Substances Act was challenged based on the idea that cannabis grown and consumed in California does not qualify as [interstate commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interstate_commerce \"Interstate commerce\") – but this argument was also found to be without merit.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98)\n\n### Recreational cannabis legalization\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: Recreational cannabis legalization\")\\]\n\n#### Proposition 19 (1972)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=27 \"Edit section: Proposition 19 (1972)\")\\]\n\nIn 1972, California became the first state to vote on a ballot measure seeking to legalize cannabis. Proposition 19 – the California Marijuana Initiative – sought to legalize the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis, but did not allow for commercial sales.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68) The initiative was spearheaded by the group Amorphia, which was founded in 1969 (by Blair Newman) and financed its activities through the sale of hemp [rolling papers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolling_paper \"Rolling paper\").[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-99) It was ultimately defeated by a wide margin (33–67%), but supporters were encouraged by the results,[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-100) which provided momentum to other reform efforts in California in subsequent years.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) In 1974, Amorphia ran into financial difficulties and became the California chapter of [NORML](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws \"National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\").[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-101)\n\n#### Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=28 \"Edit section: Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)\")\\]\n\nIn February 2009, [Tom Ammiano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Ammiano \"Tom Ammiano\") introduced the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act, which would remove penalties under state law for the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana for persons the age of 21 or older. When the Assembly Public Safety Committee approved the bill on a 4 to 3 vote in January 2010, this marked the first time in United States history that a bill legalizing marijuana passed a legislative committee. While the legislation failed to reach the Assembly floor, Ammiano stated his plans to reintroduce the bill later in the year, depending on the success of [Proposition 19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Proposition_19_\$2010\$ \"California Proposition 19 (2010)\"), the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-banks1-102) According to *[Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_\$magazine\$ \"Time (magazine)\")*, California tax collectors estimated the bill would have raised about \\$1.3 billion a year in revenue.\n\nCritics such as John Lovell, lobbyist for the California Peace Officers' Association, argued that too many people already struggle with alcohol and drug abuse, and legalizing another mind-altering substance would lead to a surge of use, making problems worse.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Time-103) Apart from helping the state's budget by enforcing a tax on the sale of cannabis, proponents of the bill argued that legalization would reduce the amount of criminal activity associated with the drug.\n\n#### Proposition 19 (2010)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=29 \"Edit section: Proposition 19 (2010)\")\\]\n\nIn November 2010, California voters rejected Proposition 19 (by a vote of 53.5% to 46.5%), an initiative that would have legalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for adults age 21 and over, and regulated its sale similar to alcohol.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-104) The initiative faced stiff opposition from numerous police organizations in the state, while many growers in the [Emerald Triangle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerald_Triangle \"Emerald Triangle\") were strongly opposed due to fears that corporate megafarms would put them out of business.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The initiative was also undercut by the passage of [Senate Bill 1449](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_1449_\$2010\$) a month before the election.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Proposition 19 was spearheaded by [Richard Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lee_\$activist\$ \"Richard Lee (activist)\"), founder of [Oaksterdam University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oaksterdam_University \"Oaksterdam University\").[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85)\n\n#### Proposition 64 (2016)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=30 \"Edit section: Proposition 64 (2016)\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg\/330px-2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg)\n\n[Proposition 64 (2016)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act \"Adult Use of Marijuana Act\") results by county. Counties with a majority of \"yes\" votes are in blue and counties with a majority of \"no\" votes are in yellow.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg\/250px-High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg)\n\nHigh Times cannabis dispensary in [Coalinga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coalinga \"Coalinga\"), California, pictured in October 2022 (Sarah Stierch ([CC BY 4.0](https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/)))\n\nOn November 8, 2016, Proposition 64 – the Adult Use of Marijuana Act – passed by a 57% to 43% vote, legalizing the use, sale, and cultivation of recreational cannabis in California for adults 21 and over. The initiative was certified for the ballot on June 28, 2016,[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-105) after supporters handed in more than 600,000 raw signatures of the 365,000 certified signatures that were required.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-106) The initiative received the largest amount of support from Napster founder [Sean Parker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sean_Parker \"Sean Parker\") who contributed more than \\$8.6 million of the \\$25 million that was raised in support of the initiative.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) Lieutenant Governor [Gavin Newsom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gavin_Newsom \"Gavin Newsom\") was the highest-ranking official in the state to endorse the initiative;[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) it was also endorsed by several of the state's major newspapers including the [Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\"),[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-108) [San Francisco Chronicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Chronicle \"San Francisco Chronicle\"),[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-109) [San Diego Union-Tribune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Diego_Union-Tribune \"San Diego Union-Tribune\"),[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-110) [Orange County Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orange_County_Register \"Orange County Register\"),[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-111) and [San Jose Mercury News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Mercury_News \"The Mercury News\").[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-112)\n\nImmediately upon certification of the November 2016 ballot results, adults age 21 or older were allowed to:\n\n- Possess, transport, process, purchase, obtain, or give away, without any compensation whatsoever, no more than one ounce of dry cannabis or eight grams concentrated cannabis to adults the age of 21 or older.\n- Possess, plant, cultivate, harvest, dry, or process no more than six live plants and the produce of those plants in a private residence, in a locked area not seen from normal view, in compliance with all local ordinances.\n- Smoke or ingest cannabis.\n- Possess, transport, purchase, obtain, use, manufacture, or give away marijuana paraphernalia to peoples the age of 21 or older.\n\nUsers may not:\n\n- Smoke it where tobacco is prohibited.\n- Possess, ingest or smoke within 1,000 feet (300 m) of a day care, school, or youth center while children are present (except within a private residence and if said smoke is not detectable to said children).[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-113)\n- Manufacture concentrated cannabis using a volatile solvent without a license under Chapter 3.5 of Division 8 or Division 10 of the Business and Professions Code.\n- Possess an open container or marijuana paraphernalia while in the driver or passenger seat of a vehicle used for transportation.\n- Smoke or ingest marijuana while operating a vehicle used for transportation.\n- Smoke or ingest marijuana while riding in the passenger seat or compartment of a vehicle.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)\n\nLicenses were issued to allow cultivation and business establishment beginning in 2018. Legal sales for non-medical use were allowed by law beginning January 1, 2018, following formulation of new regulations on retail market by the state's Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation (to be renamed Bureau of Marijuana Control).[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-115)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-116)\n\nProposition 64 is not meant in any way to affect, amend, or restrict the statutes provided for medical cannabis in California under Proposition 215.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)\n\nIn 2016, in response to Proposition 64, State Treasurer [John Chiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Chiang_\$California_politician\$ \"John Chiang (California politician)\") set up a working group to explore access to financial services for legal marijuana-related businesses operating in California,[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-117) as access to banking services has been a problem due to the additional burdens mandated by the [Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network \"Financial Crimes Enforcement Network\") on financial institutions to assure that any marijuana related business clients are in compliance with all state laws.[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-118)\n\n#### Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=32 \"Edit section: Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)\")\\]\n\nAfter the adoption of Proposition 64, California has been pioneering[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-119) the CalCannabis Appellations Project (CAP),[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-120) to develop [appellations of origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Appellation_of_origin \"Appellation of origin\") for cannabis products.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-121) The [California Department of Food and Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture \"California Department of Food and Agriculture\") claims that the CAP will \"promote regional cannabis goods and local businesses, prevent the misrepresentation of a cannabis good’s origin, and support consumer confidence about a cannabis good’s origin and characteristics.\"[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122) A series of consultations are underway to develop the CAP.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122)\n\nThe benefits of this program:[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-123)\n\n1. Promoting the unique characteristics and qualities of cannabis grown in different regions, similar to how wine regions are known for specific varietals and styles.\n2. Encouraging sustainable and responsible farming practices by requiring growers in designated regions to meet certain environmental and labor standards.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-124)\n3. Supporting small farmers and preserving local agriculture by promoting and protecting the unique heritage of cannabis grown in specific regions.\n4. Provide consumers with more information about the origin and quality of cannabis products, similar to how wine bottles are labeled with their region of origin.\n5. Help to establish California as a leader in the cannabis industry[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-125) by setting standards for high-quality cannabis production.\n6. Create economic opportunities for rural communities and help them to diversify their income sources\n7. Promote transparency, traceability, and accountability in the cannabis supply chain by providing a means to certify the origin and quality of cannabis products.\n\n#### September 2022 reforms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=33 \"Edit section: September 2022 reforms\")\\]\n\nIn September 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a number of cannabis-related reforms, including bills to protect cannabis users from healthcare discrimination,[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-126) require child welfare social workers to treat parental cannabis use the same as alcohol,[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-127) prevent employees from being fired for cannabis use outside of work hours (with exceptions for federal employees or workers in safety-sensitive positions),[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) allow veterinarians to recommend medical cannabis for pets,[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) facilitate the sealing of records for certain cannabis offenses,[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) and allow interstate commerce for cannabis to and from California (provided that the federal government has first indicated that it will allow such activity).[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128)\n\n#### Pesticide contamination\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=34 \"Edit section: Pesticide contamination\")\\]\n\nIn June 2024, the *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* tested legally-sold cannabis products in California and uncovered large amounts of pesticides in many cannabis products. Twenty-five of 42 products contained pesticides exceeding the levels permitted by law. The investigation alleges that many testing laboratories fraudulently certified products as satisfying pesticide regulations, when in fact they did not meet the regulations. Owners of some private testing laboratories stated that they were forced out of business because they refused to falsify test results. The Department of Cannabis Control, which is responsible for regulating cannabis in California, refused to release the results of its own internal testing of cannabis products. In September 2024, a lawsuit was filed by a former employee of the Department of Cannabis Control, alleging that the head of the department had ignored fraudulent testing, and that the department fired the former employee when the employee attempted to publicize the fraud.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-tumult-129)[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-secr-130)[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-test-131)[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-body-132) The same lawsuit also alleges that the potency displayed on the labels of many legal cannabis products in California are deliberately inflated by fraudulent testing laboratories.[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-pogtent-133)[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-blo-134)\n\n[California's New Cannabis Policy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_Policy_in_California_\$2025\$ \"Cannabis Policy in California (2025)\"), effective January 1, 2025, introduces several significant changes to the state's cannabis regulations, aiming to enhance consumer experiences, streamline business operations, and address public health concerns within the framework of California's existing legal cannabis market.[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-135)[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-136)\n\n- [Drug policy of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_policy_of_California \"Drug policy of California\")\n- [Law of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_California \"Law of California\")\n- [Legal history of cannabis in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States \"Legal history of cannabis in the United States\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-BBC_1-0)**\n   [\"US election: California voters approve marijuana for recreational use\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-37917472). *BBC News*. November 9, 2016.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-4)\n   McGreevy, Patrick (April 5, 2019). [\"California cities sue state over home deliveries of pot\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-california-sued-pot-deliveries-20190405-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved April 5, 2019.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2019\/06\/02_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2019\/06\/02_3-1)\n   Harris, Mike (June 2, 2019). [\"Some local officials frustrated with eroding of local control by FCC and state pot bureau\"](https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/local\/communities\/conejo-valley\/2019\/06\/02\/officials-frustrated-fcc-order-5-g-state-marijuana-deliveries\/3694124002\/). *[Ventura County Star](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventura_County_Star \"Ventura County Star\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190607140940\/https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/local\/communities\/conejo-valley\/2019\/06\/02\/officials-frustrated-fcc-order-5-g-state-marijuana-deliveries\/3694124002\/) from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-KSBY_2017-11-22_4-0)**\n   Blood, Michael R. (November 17, 2017). [\"California's legal pot countdown: What's coming by Jan. 1\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171122071729\/http:\/\/www.ksby.com\/story\/36874567\/californias-legal-pot-countdown-whats-coming-by-jan-1). Associated Press. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ksby.com\/story\/36874567\/californias-legal-pot-countdown-whats-coming-by-jan-1) on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017 – via KSBY.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Toast_5-0)**\n   [\"Is California Really Ready For Legal Marijuana?\"](https:\/\/thefreshtoast.com\/cannabis\/is-california-ready-for-legal-weed\/). *The Fresh Toast*. October 23, 2017.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-6)** [State cannabis consolidation](https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/about-us\/consolidation\/)\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-7)**\n   Nguyen, Julia (October 27, 2021). [\"Ventura cannabis company ordered to pay \\$75k for operating without a license, failure to pay taxes\"](https:\/\/keyt.com\/news\/crime\/2021\/10\/26\/ventura-cannabis-company-ordered-to-pay-75k-for-operating-without-a-license-failure-to-pay-taxes\/). *KEYT*. Retrieved October 28, 2021.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-8)**\n   Black, Lester (November 19, 2023). [\"The biggest pot distributor in California has collapsed\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cannabis\/article\/failed-california-cannabis-distributor-18496585.php). *SFGATE*. Retrieved November 19, 2023.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-9)**\n   Dolgin, Jonathan (July 21, 2021). [\"California Governor Signs Bill Creating Department of Cannabis Control\"](https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/california-governor-signs-bill-creating-1040940\/). Fox Rothschild LLP – via JD Supra.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-10)**\n    Bloom, Isabella (July 16, 2021). [\"California opens new marijuana agency 5 years after legalization, aiming to simplify rules\"](https:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article252810093.html). *The Sacramento Bee*.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-11)**\n    Staggs, Brooke (January 11, 2020). [\"Newsom's budget calls for changing how California regulates its cannabis industry\"](https:\/\/www.ocregister.com\/newsoms-budget-calls-for-changing-how-california-regulates-its-cannabis-industry). *Orange County Register*. Retrieved January 12, 2020.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-05-18_12-0)**\n    [\"California lawmakers already want to roll back a key promise of marijuana legalization\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/editorials\/la-ed-marijuana-legalization-proposition-64-local-bans-20190518-story.html). The Times Editorial Board. *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved May 19, 2019.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2020-07-04_13-0)**\n    Davis, Kristina (July 4, 2020). [\"Border Patrol checkpoints are a risky reality for California cannabis companies\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2020-07-04\/border-patrol-checkpoints-california-cannabis-companies). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 5, 2020.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-14)**\n    Black, Lester (December 20, 2023). [\"California's latest attempt to save the legal cannabis market just failed\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cannabis\/article\/california-legal-cannabis-market-rescue-18566778.php). *SFGATE*. Retrieved December 21, 2023.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-15)**\n    Serna, Joseph (May 12, 2019). [\"Weed smuggling arrests at LAX have surged 166% since marijuana legalization\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-lax-marijuana-trafficking-california-airports-20190512-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved May 12, 2019.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2020-11-09_16-0)**\n    Elmahrek, Adam; Vives, Ruben (November 9, 2020). [\"FBI raids on local officials mark latest probe targeting corruption in cannabis licensing\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2020-11-09\/cannabis-fbi-search-warrants-baldwin-park-compton-san-bernardino). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved November 9, 2020.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Yahoo_2019-09-01_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Yahoo_2019-09-01_17-1)\n    Stratigopoulos, McKenzie (August 31, 2019). [\"Why California's legal pot industry 'is struggling' against a black market\"](https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/californias-legal-pot-industry-is-struggling-against-a-black-market-expert-140029624.html). Finance. *Yahoo\\!*. Retrieved September 1, 2019.\n18. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-07-19_18-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-07-19_18-1)\n    McGreevy, Patrick (July 22, 2019). [\"California seizes \\$30 million in black market cannabis from illegal pot shops\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-07-19\/california-crackdown-illegal-pot-shops-marijuana). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 22, 2019.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-TG_2021-11-02_19-0)**\n    Lewis, Amanda Chicago (November 2, 2021). [\"California legalized weed five years ago. Why is the illicit market still thriving?\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2021\/nov\/02\/california-legal-weed-cannabis-industry-economy). *The Guardian*. Retrieved November 3, 2021.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-20)**\n    HUSSAIN, SUHAUNA; QUEALLY, JAMES (August 24, 2019). [\"Weedmaps says it will ban advertisements from unlicensed cannabis sellers. Legal sellers applaud\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/business\/story\/2019-08-23\/weedmaps-says-its-going-to-ban-advertisements-from-unlicensed-operators-what-does-that-mean). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved August 25, 2019.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-21)**\n    Sheeler, Andrew (August 6, 2019). [\"'Political heavyweights' unite to fight for cannabis from the capitol to the counties\"](https:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/politics-government\/capitol-alert\/article233268053.html). *[Sacramento Bee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacramento_Bee \"Sacramento Bee\")*. Retrieved August 7, 2019.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-22)**\n    Blood, Mike; Johnson, Gene (August 22, 2019). [\"Weedmaps to stop advertising unlicensed pot businesses\"](https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/news\/marijuana\/2019\/08\/22\/weedmaps-stop-advertising-unlicensed-pot-businesses\/wWhKGkrwtN6FoKkgHbDnpL\/story.html). *The Boston Globe*. Associated Press. Retrieved August 25, 2019.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-23)**\n    McGreevy, Patrick (June 14, 2021). [\"California offers \\$100 million to rescue its struggling legal marijuana industry\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2021-06-14\/california-struggling-marijuana-industry-cash-grants-budget). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 15, 2021.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-24)**\n    [\"Cannabis Market Size, Research \\| Marijuana Industry Growth 2026\"](https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/industry-reports\/cannabis-marijuana-market-100219). *Fortune Business Insights*. August 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2020.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-09-11_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-09-11_25-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-09-11_25-2)\n    Queally, James; McGreevy, Patrick (September 12, 2019). [\"Nearly 3,000 illegal marijuana businesses found in California audit, dwarfing legal trade\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-09-11\/california-marijuana-black-market-dwarfs-legal-pot-industry). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved September 12, 2019.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-16_26-0)**\n    Queally, James (April 17, 2019). [\"L.A. sues unlicensed pot dispensary, alleging it sold pesticide-tainted marijuana\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-ln-los-angeles-marijuana-lawsuit-20190416-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved April 17, 2019.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-08-25_27-0)**\n    Queally, James (August 26, 2019). [\"Counterfeit cannabis products stoke black market for California weed\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-08-25\/knockoff-cannabis-products-headache-for-california-legal-weed). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved August 28, 2019.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-28)**\n    Taylor, Derrick Bryson (June 16, 2019). [\"Inmates Can Legally Possess Marijuana, but Not Smoke It, California Court Rules\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/06\/16\/us\/california-inmates-marijuana.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0362-4331](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331). Retrieved June 16, 2019.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-29)**\n    Chappel, Bill (June 14, 2019). [\"Possessing Marijuana In Prison 'Is Not A Felony,' California Court Says\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/06\/14\/732730429\/possessing-marijuana-in-prison-is-not-a-felony-california-court-says). *NPR News*. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\n30. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-CBS_2020-08-02_30-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-CBS_2020-08-02_30-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-CBS_2020-08-02_30-2)\n    Alfonsi, Sharyn (August 2, 2020). [\"How red tape and black market weed are buzzkills for California's legal marijuana industry\"](https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/marijuana-in-california-black-market-weed-buzzkills-for-california-legal-weed-industry-60-minutes-2020-08-02\/). *CBS News*. Retrieved August 3, 2020.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-31)**\n    McGreevy, Patrick (June 14, 2019). [\"California to give struggling cannabis businesses more time on provisional permits\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/la-pol-ca-pot-business-permits-delayed-20190614-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-32)**\n    Polson, Michael (February 11, 2020). [\"Op-Ed: Get Big Agriculture out of cannabis farming in California\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/story\/2020-02-11\/cannabis-farms-california-agriculture-regulations). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved February 13, 2020.\n33. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2018\/04\/29_33-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2018\/04\/29_33-1)\n    Staggs, Brooke (April 28, 2018). [\"Santa Barbara County leads California in the number of permits to legally grow marijuana\"](https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/2018\/04\/29\/santa-barbara-county-leads-california-number-permits-legally-grow-marijuana\/562364002\/). *[Ventura County Star](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventura_County_Star \"Ventura County Star\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190908220945\/https:\/\/www.vcstar.com\/story\/news\/2018\/04\/29\/santa-barbara-county-leads-california-number-permits-legally-grow-marijuana\/562364002\/) from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-34)**\n    Parvini, Sarah (February 28, 2018). [\"A rural county legalized marijuana farms. 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[\"Raids turn up 40,000 pounds of marijuana, 350,000 plants in SLO, Santa Barbara counties\"](https:\/\/www.sanluisobispo.com\/news\/local\/crime\/article231866238.html). *[San Luis Obispo Tribune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Luis_Obispo_Tribune \"San Luis Obispo Tribune\")*. Retrieved June 23, 2019.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-37)**\n    Blood, Michael R. (July 16, 2020). [\"Report: Pot arrests still fall heavily on Hispanics, Blacks\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/02383a8dcf7fbbef3b876c20a587b709). *AP NEWS*. Retrieved August 6, 2020.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-38)**\n    McDaniel, Piper (August 21, 2019). [\"Mexican marijuana traffickers are poisoning California forests with a banned pesticide, officials say\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/environment\/story\/2019-08-21\/mexican-marijuana-traffickers-banned-pesticide-carbofuran-california-forests). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved August 23, 2019.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-39)**\n    Nobert, Matthew (July 11, 2024). [\"Over 2,000 lbs of illegal cannabis grow waste found in Northern California's largest state park\"](https:\/\/fox40.com\/news\/california-connection\/over-2000-lbs-of-illegal-cannabis-grow-waste-found-in-northern-californias-largest-state-park\/). *FOX40*. Retrieved July 12, 2024.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-40)**\n    Westervelt, Eric (November 12, 2019). [\"Illegal Pot Operations In Public Forests Are Poisoning Wildlife And Water\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/11\/12\/773122043\/illegal-pot-grows-in-americas-public-forests-are-poisoning-wildlife-and-water). *NPR News*. Retrieved November 12, 2019.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-41)**\n    Cart, Julie (July 20, 2021). [\"Thieves are stealing California's scarce water. Where's it going? Illegal marijuana farms\"](https:\/\/calmatters.org\/environment\/2021\/07\/illegal-marijuana-growers-steal-california-water\/). *CalMatters*. Retrieved July 21, 2021.\n42. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017_42-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017_42-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017_42-2)\n    [California Department of Pesticide Regulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Pesticide_Regulation \"California Department of Pesticide Regulation\") (October 9, 2017). [\"Legal Pest Management Practices for Cannabis Growers in California\"](http:\/\/www.cdpr.ca.gov\/docs\/county\/cacltrs\/penfltrs\/penf2015\/2015atch\/attach1502.pdf) (PDF). pp. 1–8\\.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-43)**\n    Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra (July 17, 2019). [\"First cannabis cafe approved by West Hollywood, but local rabbi isn't happy\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-07-17\/first-cannabis-cafe-west-hollywood). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 18, 2019.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-44)**\n    Schmidt, Ingrid (July 11, 2019). [\"America's First Cannabis Café Featuring 'Budtenders' to Open in L.A.\"](https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/news\/america-s-first-cannabis-caf-open-la-1223835) *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved August 16, 2019.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-45)**\n    [\"New cannabis shop opening in Lompoc to allow on-site consumption\"](https:\/\/www.ksby.com\/news\/local-news\/new-cannabis-shop-opening-in-lompoc-to-offer-on-site-consumption). *KSBY*. December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-46)**\n    DeAngelo, Steve (July 15, 2019). [\"How the U.S. tax code keeps the illegal market for marijuana alive and well\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/la-oe-deangelo-marijuana-cannabis-tax-deductions-20190715-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved July 16, 2019.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-kpcc_47-0)**\n    Margolis, Jacob (September 6, 2016). [\"California Report: 6 Ways Recreational Pot Would Change California — and 7 Ways It Wouldn't\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161105161152\/http:\/\/elections.kqed.org\/article\/marijuana\/11076610\/6-ways-recreational-pot-would-change-california-and-7-ways-it-wouldnt). *[KPCC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KPCC_\$radio_station\$ \"KPCC (radio station)\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/elections.kqed.org\/article\/marijuana\/11076610\/6-ways-recreational-pot-would-change-california-and-7-ways-it-wouldnt) on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-48)**\n    Angel Jennings; Sarah Parvini (December 31, 2017), [\"California pot shops prepare for their first day of legal recreational marijuana sales\"](http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-ln-marijuana-prep-20171231-story.html), *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-49)**\n    [*LA Begins Pot Licensing Process*](http:\/\/losangeles.cbslocal.com\/2018\/01\/03\/la-begins-pot-licensing-process\/), CBS Los Angeles, January 3, 2018\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-50)**\n    [\"Living near marijuana dispensaries makes youth more likely to use it, study finds\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/lanow\/la-me-marijuana-pot-dispensary-young-people-20190617-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. June 18, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-51)**\n    Daniels, Melissa (May 24, 2020). [\"'Essential' cannabis companies are seeing sales spikes during California's shelter-in-place order\"](https:\/\/www.desertsun.com\/story\/money\/business\/2020\/03\/23\/cannabis-sales-spike-during-california-shelter-place\/2885930001\/). *Desert Sun*. Retrieved March 28, 2020.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-52)**\n    Rust, Susanne; Cole, Carolyn (April 18, 2020). [\"Boom times for cannabis businesses as Californians, in a pandemic fog, isolate indoors\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2020-04-18\/california-north-states-cannabis-industry-jackpot). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved April 18, 2020.\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-DB_2019-05-03_53-0)**\n    Staggs, Brooke Edwards (May 3, 2019). [\"Ice Cube to headline first licensed Cannabis Cup marijuana festival in Southern California\"](http:\/\/www.sbsun.com\/ice-cube-to-headline-first-licensed-cannabis-cup-marijuana-festival-in-southern-california). *Daily Breeze*. Retrieved May 18, 2019.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-54)**\n    Chabria, Anita; McGreevy, Patrick (August 12, 2019). [\"A whiff of the music festival future? Outside Lands sells cannabis for the first time\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2019-08-11\/outside-lands-cannabis-sales-music-festival). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved August 12, 2019.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-55)**\n    Gentile, Dan (August 14, 2019). [\"Outside Lands' Grass Lands sold seven figures worth of cannabis. How much weed is that?\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/entertainment\/article\/Outside-Lands-Grass-Lands-total-marijuana-sold-14304264.php). *SFGate*. Retrieved August 15, 2019.\n56. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013_56-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ClarkeMerlin2013_56-1)\n    Robert Clarke; Mark Merlin (September 1, 2013). [*Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA181). University of California Press. pp. 181–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-520-95457-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-520-95457-1 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-520-95457-1\")\n    \n    .\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Incorporated2008_57-0)**\n    Facts On File, Incorporated (2008). [*Marijuana*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=knyWvsS9-BIC&pg=PA46). Infobase Publishing. pp. 46–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4381-1824-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4381-1824-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4381-1824-6\")\n    \n    .\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Duvall2014_58-0)**\n    Chris Duvall (November 15, 2014). [*Cannabis*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=SVU8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT99). Reaktion Books. pp. 99–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-78023-386-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-78023-386-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-78023-386-4\")\n    \n    .\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Booth2015_59-0)**\n    Martin Booth (June 16, 2015). [*Cannabis: A History*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ecITBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163). St. Martin's Press. pp. 163–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-250-08219-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-250-08219-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-250-08219-0\")\n    \n    .\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-60)** ([Stats. 1913](http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1913\/1913.pdf) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131112060204\/http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1913\/1913.pdf) 2013-11-12 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Ch. 342, p. 697)\n61. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-gieringer_61-8)\n    Gieringer, Dale H. (1999). [\"The Forgotten Origins of Cannabis Prohibition in California\"](https:\/\/www.canorml.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Cal-Origins-MJ-Proh-2024.pdf) (PDF). *Contemporary Drug Problems*. **26** (2): 237–288\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1177\/009145099902600204](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F009145099902600204). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [145499009](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:145499009).\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-62)** ([Stats. 1915](http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1915\/15Vol1_Chapters.pdf) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131112060309\/http:\/\/192.234.213.35\/clerkarchive\/archive\/Statutes\/1915\/15Vol1_Chapters.pdf) 2013-11-12 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Ch. 604, pp. 1067–1068)\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-63)**\n    [\"The nation's first marijuana raid likely happened in LA\"](https:\/\/www.scpr.org\/programs\/offramp\/2014\/09\/19\/39399\/the-nation-s-first-marijuana-raid-likely-happened\/). *Southern California Public Radio*. September 19, 2014.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-64)**\n    [*Survey of Drug Addiction in California*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zQF4YCdtz7AC). California state printing office, H. Hammond, state printer. 1932.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Rosenthal2009_65-0)**\n    Ed Rosenthal (July 1, 2009). [*Marijuana Grower's Handbook: Your Complete Guide for Medical and Personal Marijuana Cultivation*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ySRFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20). Quick Trading Company. pp. 20–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-932551-50-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-932551-50-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-932551-50-4\")\n    \n    .\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-May2002_66-0)**\n    Kirse Granat May (2002). [*Golden State, Golden Youth: The California Image in Popular Culture, 1955-1966*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/goldenstategolde0000mayk). Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. [189](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/goldenstategolde0000mayk\/page\/189)–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-8078-5362-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8078-5362-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8078-5362-7\")\n    \n    .\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Brady2013_67-0)**\n    Emily Brady (June 18, 2013). [*Humboldt: Life on America's Marijuana Frontier*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/humboldtlifeonam0000brad). Grand Central Publishing. pp. [55](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/humboldtlifeonam0000brad\/page\/55)–. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4555-0677-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4555-0677-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4555-0677-4\")\n    \n    .\n68. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Anderson_68-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Anderson_68-1)\n    Anderson, Patrick (February 27, 1981). [*High In America: The True Story Behind NORML And The Politics Of Marijuana*](http:\/\/www.druglibrary.org\/special\/anderson\/highinamerica.htm). The Viking Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0670119905](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0670119905 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0670119905\")\n    \n    .\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-69)**\n    Budman, K B. [\"IMPACT OF CALIFORNIA'S NEW MARIJUANA LAW (SB 95) REPORT, 1ST\"](https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/App\/publications\/Abstract.aspx?id=45532). Retrieved May 6, 2012.\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Crime_70-0)**\n    Philip Bean, ed. (2003). [*Crime: Critical Concepts in Sociology*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=3ahzoZhXyQwC&q=California+%22SB+95%22+marijuana&pg=PA249). Routledge. pp. 249–250\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-415-25267-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-25267-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-415-25267-6\")\n    \n    . Retrieved January 15, 2010.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-NORML_71-0)**\n    [\"California - NORML\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100112181026\/http:\/\/norml.com\/index.cfm?wtm_view=&Group_ID=4525). National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.norml.com\/index.cfm?wtm_view=&Group_ID=4525) on January 12, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2010.\n72. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-davis_72-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-davis_72-1)\n    Bustillo, Miguel (May 24, 2000). [\"Davis Fights to Suspend Licenses in Drug Cases\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2000-may-24-mn-33499-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 20, 2020.\n73. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-wilson_73-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-wilson_73-1)\n    Ingram, Carl (December 1, 1994). [\"'Smoke a Joint, Lose License' Law in Effect\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1994-12-01-mn-3616-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 20, 2020.\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Prop36_74-0)**\n    Wallace, Bill (November 15, 2000). [\"Money, Opinion Propelled Prop. 36\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/politics\/article\/Money-Opinion-Propelled-Prop-36-Drug-2728249.php). *San Francisco Chronicle*. Retrieved January 15, 2010.\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-activatedirect1_75-0)**\n    [\"Bill Text - SB-1449 Marijuana: possession\"](http:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100SB1449). *leginfo.legislature.ca.gov*.\n76. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-76)**\n    Midgette, Greg; Reuter, Peter (January 1, 2020). [\"Has Cannabis Use Among Youth Increased After Changes in Its Legal Status? A Commentary on Use of Monitoring the Future for Analyses of Changes in State Cannabis Laws\"](https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6960330\/). *Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research*. **21** (1): 137–145\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1007\/s11121-019-01068-4](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs11121-019-01068-4). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1573-6695](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1573-6695). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [6960330](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6960330). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [31792712](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31792712).\n77. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-77)**\n    Boire, Richard Glen; Feeney, Kevin (January 26, 2007). [*Medical Marijuana Law*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=c1Tw_UFU2XEC). Ronin Publishing. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [9781579510343](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781579510343 \"Special:BookSources\/9781579510343\")\n    \n    .\n78. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-78)**\n    [\"Proposition P\"](http:\/\/www.marijuanalibrary.org\/Proposition_P_Nov_1991.html). *marijuanalibrary.org*. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\n79. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-79)**\n    Gardner, Fred (August 26, 2014). [\"The Cannabis Buyers Club: How Medical Marijuana Began in California\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181120221138\/https:\/\/www.marijuana.com\/news\/2014\/08\/the-cannabis-buyers-club-how-medical-marijuana-began-in-california\/). *marijuana.com*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.marijuana.com\/news\/2014\/08\/the-cannabis-buyers-club-how-medical-marijuana-began-in-california\/) on November 20, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2017.\n80. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Heddleston_80-3)\n    Heddleston, Thomas R. (June 2012). [*From the Frontlines to the Bottom Line: Medical Marijuana, the War on Drugs, and the Drug Policy Reform Movement*](http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/1t7220hj) (Thesis). UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151019053506\/http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/1t7220hj) from the original on October 19, 2015.\n    \n    [Alt URL](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/MedicalMarijuanaTheWarOnDrugsAndTheDrugPolicyReformMovement)\n81. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Vitiello_215_81-3)\n    Vitiello, Michael (1998). [\"Proposition 215: De Facto Legalization of Pot and the Shortcomings of Direct Democracy\"](http:\/\/scholarlycommons.pacific.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=facultyarticles). McGeorge School of Law. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\n82. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-82)**\n    [\"Medical Marijuana Initiative Qualifies For November Ballot\"](http:\/\/norml.org\/news\/1996\/06\/06\/medical-marijuana-initiative-qualifies-for-november-ballot). *NORML*. June 6, 1996. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\n83. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Prop215_text_83-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Prop215_text_83-1)\n    [\"Proposition 215: Text of Proposed Law\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170517131727\/http:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/sourcefiles\/california-proposition-215.pdf) (PDF). *ProCon.org*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/sourcefiles\/california-proposition-215.pdf) (PDF) on May 17, 2017.\n84. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-84)**\n    McDonald, Jeff (October 27, 2008). [\"County pursues medicinal marijuana case\"](http:\/\/www.sandiegouniontribune.com\/sdut-county-pursues-medicinal-marijuana-case-2008oct27-story.html). *The San Diego Union-Tribune*. Retrieved March 7, 2018.\n85. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Lee_85-9)\n    Lee, Martin A. (August 2012). *Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana – Medical, Recreational, and Scientific*. New York: Scribner. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1439102602](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1439102602 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1439102602\")\n    \n    .\n86. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-86)**\n    [\"Ca Supreme Court Strikes Down Medical Marijuana Possession, Cultivation Limits\"](http:\/\/www.canorml.org\/news\/supremekelly.html). *www.canorml.org*. January 21, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2016.\n87. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-History_87-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-History_87-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-History_87-2)\n    Imler, Scott; Gutwillig, Stephen (March 6, 2009). [\"Medical marijuana in California: a history\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110604071650\/http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/news\/printedition\/sunletters\/la-oew-gutwillig-imler6-2009mar06,1,7457273,full.story). *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/news\/printedition\/sunletters\/la-oew-gutwillig-imler6-2009mar06,1,7457273,full.story) on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2010.\n88. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-88)**\n    Lopez, German (August 20, 2018). [\"Marijuana is illegal under federal law even in states that legalize it\"](https:\/\/www.vox.com\/identities\/2018\/8\/20\/17938372\/marijuana-legalization-federal-prohibition-drug-scheduling-system). *Vox*. Retrieved March 14, 2020.\n89. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-89)**\n    Dokoupil, Tony (November 13, 2012). [\"Legalizing And Regulating Pot: A Growth Industry\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/11\/13\/164981433\/legalizing-and-regulating-pot-a-growth-industry). *NPR News*. Retrieved March 14, 2020. \"California doesn't have tight regulations on who grows marijuana, where it comes from. So the feds move in, and what they claim is that these med marijuana businesses are fronts for what are in fact just old-school black market drug dealers. And they're not growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients. They're growing it in Mexico, or they're growing it in the hills, and they're just bringing it in, and it suddenly, magically becomes legal once it gets in the store. But in fact, it's based on illegality.\"\n90. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-WTC_90-0)**\n    [*What's the Cost? \\| The Federal War on Patients*](https:\/\/american-safe-access.s3.amazonaws.com\/documents\/WhatsTheCost.pdf) (PDF), Americans for Safe Access, June 2013, retrieved April 29, 2017\n91. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-91)**\n    Berry, Denis (September 12, 2002). [\"City leaders stand behind Medical Marijuana at City Hall\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180224232634\/http:\/\/www.drugpolicy.org\/news\/2002\/09\/city-leaders-stand-behind-medical-marijuana-city-hall). *Drug Policy Alliance*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.drugpolicy.org\/news\/2002\/09\/city-leaders-stand-behind-medical-marijuana-city-hall) on February 24, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.\n92. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-92)**\n    Gardner, Fred (September 2002). [\"The Raid on WAMM\"](http:\/\/www.beyondthc.com\/the-raid-on-wamm\/). *O'Shaughnessy's*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.\n93. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-93)**\n    Leduff, Charlie; Liptak, Adam (September 18, 2002). [\"Defiant California City Hands Out Marijuana\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/09\/18\/us\/defiant-california-city-hands-out-marijuana.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved February 24, 2018.\n94. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-94)**\n    Gaura, Maria Alicia; Stannard, Matthew B. (September 13, 2002). [\"Santa Cruz officials to defy feds, hand out medical pot at City Hall\"](https:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/health\/article\/Santa-Cruz-officials-to-defy-feds-hand-out-2771085.php). *San Francisco Chronicle*. Retrieved February 24, 2018.\n95. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-rosenthal_95-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-rosenthal_95-1)\n    Baily, Eric; Rodriguez, Marcelo (June 5, 2003). [\"The 'Guru of Ganja' Gets a Day in Jail\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20251211010655\/https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2003-jun-05-me-guru5-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2003-jun-05-me-guru5-story.html) on December 11, 2025. Retrieved February 28, 2018.\n96. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-96)**\n    Eddy, Mark (April 2, 2010), [*Medical Marijuana: Review and Analysis of Federal and State Policies*](https:\/\/medicalmarijuana.procon.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/medicalmarjiuanastatepolicies040210.pdf) (PDF), Congressional Research Service\n97. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-97)**\n    Hoeffel, John (October 7, 2011). [\"Federal crackdown on medical pot sales reflects a shift in policy\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/local\/la-xpm-2011-oct-07-la-me-obama-medical-marijuana-20111008-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*.\n98. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-mpp_98-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-mpp_98-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-mpp_98-2)\n    [*State-By-State Medical Marijuana Laws*](https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/assets\/pdf\/issues\/medical-marijuana\/State-by-State-Laws-Report-2015.pdf) (PDF), Marijuana Policy Project, December 2016\n99. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-99)**\n    Dufton, Emily (December 5, 2017). *Grass Roots: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Marijuana in America*. Basic Books. 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Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.yeson64.org\/pdfs\/AUMA.Amended.12.7.15.Final.pdf) (PDF) on March 13, 2017.\n115. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-115)**\n     Michael R. Blood; Don Thomson (January 30, 2017), [\"\"Building the airplane while it's being flown\": How California looks to build \\$7B legal pot economy\"](http:\/\/www.thecannabist.co\/2017\/01\/30\/california-marijuana-legal-economy\/72444\/), *The Cannabist*, Associated Press\n116. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-116)**\n     Peter Hecht (January 18, 2017), [\"California's pot czar on upcoming marijuana regulation: \"We will not fail\"\"](https:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/california\/california-weed\/article127368214.html), *Sacramento Bee*, [archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170221111423\/http:\/\/www.sacbee.com\/news\/state\/california\/california-weed\/article127368214.html) from the original on February 21, 2017\n117. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-117)**\n     Kiel, Matt S. (August 10, 2017). [\"Financing California's Cannabis Businesses: Public Banking Model as a State-Level Solution\"](https:\/\/www.natlawreview.com\/article\/financing-california-s-cannabis-businesses-public-banking-model-state-level-solution). *The National Law Review*. Wilson Elser. Retrieved October 11, 2017.\n118. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-118)**\n     Black, Lester (April 19, 2017). [\"The Credit Unions and Small Banks That Solved the Cannabis Cash Crisis\"](http:\/\/www.thestranger.com\/green-guide-spring-2017\/2017\/04\/19\/25083313\/the-credit-unions-and-small-banks-that-solved-the-cannabis-cash-crisis). *The Stranger*. Retrieved October 11, 2017.\n119. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-119)**\n     Moreau, Jean-Baptiste; Janvier, Caroline (May 5, 2021). 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[Paris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris \"Paris\") ([France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France \"France\")): [National Assembly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Assembly_\$France\$ \"National Assembly (France)\"). p. 208.\n120. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-120)**\n     [\"CalCannabis Appellations Project Fact Sheet\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211212165721\/https:\/\/static.cdfa.ca.gov\/MCCP\/document\/P45_Appellation%20Fact_Sheet_ADA.pdf) (PDF). *[California Department of Food and Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture \"California Department of Food and Agriculture\")*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/static.cdfa.ca.gov\/MCCP\/document\/P45_Appellation%20Fact_Sheet_ADA.pdf) (PDF) on December 12, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.\n121. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-121)**\n     [\"CDFA Releases the Proposed Regulations for the Cannabis Appellations Program \\| Cannabis\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210602213619\/https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2020\/02\/20\/cdfa-releases-the-proposed-regulations-for-the-cannabis-appellations-program\/). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2020\/02\/20\/cdfa-releases-the-proposed-regulations-for-the-cannabis-appellations-program\/) on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.\n122. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-:0_122-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-:0_122-1)\n     [\"CDFA - CalCannabis - CalCannabis Appellations Project\"](https:\/\/www.cdfa.ca.gov\/calcannabis\/appellations.html). *www.cdfa.ca.gov*. 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[\"California Governor Signs Bill Protecting Medical Cannabis Patients From Healthcare Discrimination\"](https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/california-governor-signs-bill-protecting-medical-cannabis-patients-from-healthcare-discrimination\/). *Marijuana Moment*. Retrieved September 28, 2022.\n127. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-127)**\n     Jaeger, Kyle (September 7, 2022). [\"California Governor Signs Child Welfare Bill Treating Parental Marijuana Use Just Like Alcohol\"](https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/california-governor-signs-child-welfare-bill-treating-parental-marijuana-use-just-like-alcohol\/). *Marijuana Moment*. Retrieved September 28, 2022.\n128. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ten_128-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ten_128-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ten_128-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-ten_128-3)\n     Jaeger, Kyle (September 18, 2022). [\"California Governor Signs 10 Marijuana Bills, Including Interstate Commerce, Employment Protections And Record Sealing\"](https:\/\/www.marijuanamoment.net\/california-governor-signs-10-marijuana-bills-including-interstate-commerce-employment-protections-and-record-sealing\/). *Marijuana Moment*. Retrieved September 28, 2022.\n129. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-tumult_129-0)**\n     St. John, Paige (September 18, 2024). [\"California Legal Weed Industry in Tumult after Times Pesticide Investigation\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2024-09-18\/california-legal-weed-industry-in-tumult-after-times-pesticide-investigation). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n130. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-secr_130-0)**\n     St. John, Paige; Halperin, Alex (June 14, 2024). [\"The dirty secret of California's legal weed\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2024-06-14\/the-dirty-secret-of-californias-legal-weed). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n131. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-test_131-0)**\n     St. John, Paige; Alex, Halpern (June 14, 2024). [\"How we tested for pesticides\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2024-06-14\/california-doesnt-test-legal-weed-for-pesticides-so-we-did). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n132. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-body_132-0)**\n     Iñiguez Elebee, Lorena; St. John, Paige (June 14, 2024). [\"Contaminated weed in you\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2024-06-14\/how-heavy-metal-and-pesticide-contaminated-weed-affects-your-health). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n133. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-pogtent_133-0)**\n     Schroyer, John (September 12, 2024). [\"Former California cannabis regulator sues ex-bosses, alleging whistleblower retaliation\"](https:\/\/www.greenmarketreport.com\/former-california-cannabis-regulator-sues-former-bosses-alleging-whistleblower-retaliation\/). *Green Market Report*. Retrieved September 18, 2024.\n134. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-blo_134-0)**\n     Spoto, Maia (September 10, 2024). [\"California Weed Lab Whistleblower Sues Agency Over Termination\"](https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/litigation\/california-weed-lab-whistleblower-sues-agency-over-termination). *Bloomberg Law*.\n135. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-135)**\n     California, Department of Cannabis Control-State of. [\"California Supreme Court action preserves California's cannabis laws\"](https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/2025\/03\/california-supreme-court-action-preserves-californias-cannabis-laws\/). *Department of Cannabis Control*. Retrieved May 7, 2025.\n136. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-136)**\n     Marijuana Policy Project. [\"2025 Cannabis Policy Reform Legislation and Voter Measures\"](https:\/\/www.mpp.org\/issues\/legislation\/key-marijuana-policy-reform\/). *MPP*. Retrieved May 7, 2025.\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg\/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg)\n\n- [California Cannabis Portal](https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/), California's official website for information on legal marijuana.","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California
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Boilerpipe Text	California's Cannabis Universal Symbol Cannabis in California is illegal under United States federal law , yet legally sanctioned for medical use since 1996 and for recreational use since late 2016 under California law . The state of California has been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize cannabis laws in the United States , beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis ( Proposition 19 ). Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to legalize medical cannabis through the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (Proposition 215), which passed with 56% voter approval. [ 1 ] In November 2016, California voters approved the Adult Use of Marijuana Act (Proposition 64) with 57% of the vote, which legalized the recreational use of cannabis . As a result of recreational legalization, local governments (city and county) may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Commercial activities can be regulated or prohibited by local governments although deliveries cannot be prohibited. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Following recreational legalization, existing growers and suppliers of medical cannabis were required to register, comply with regulations, and apply for permits. Over half of the nonprofit dispensaries legally providing medical marijuana closed. Local agencies have been slow to approve retail stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes with most cities and counties banning retail with a wait and see approach. Many existing growers have been slow to apply for permits as it has been estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States comes from northern California. The export of marijuana to other states remains illegal since the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug . Reducing illegal activity is considered essential for the success of legal operations who pay the considerable taxes assessed by state and local authorities. Many people do not have nearby retail stores selling cannabis and continue to buy from unlicensed sellers. Illegal growing continues in remote rural areas. Raids and confiscation by law enforcement of illegal retail and grow operations have continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization. California's main regulatory agencies were initially the Bureau of Cannabis Control (BCC), Department of Food and Agriculture , and Department of Public Health . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Their responsibilities were merged under the Department of Cannabis Control in 2021. [ 6 ] Current state and local regulation [ edit ] Companies must obtain a license from a local agency in each jurisdiction to cultivate, test, or sell cannabis. [ 7 ] Cities and counties, including unincorporated areas, may choose to permit all, some, or none of these activities. [ 2 ] However, since January 2019, local governments may not prohibit deliveries by state-licensed companies. [ 3 ] Distributors are required to act as intermediaries between cannabis producers and retailers. [ 8 ] In July 2021, California consolidated its state cannabis regulatory agencies into the Department of Cannabis Control. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Before this change, the industry was overseen by three separate agencies. The Bureau of Cannabis Control regulated retailers, distributors, and testing laboratories. The Department of Food and Agriculture’s CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing Division oversaw cultivators. The Department of Public Health’s Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch regulated cannabis product manufacturers. [ 11 ] Many communities have adopted zoning rules that prohibit cannabis retail stores. In response, some state legislators have introduced bills that would require certain local jurisdictions to permit a limited number of retail establishments, particularly in areas where a majority of voters supported legalizing recreational cannabis. [ 2 ] Local governments have opposed these proposals. A May 2019 editorial in the Los Angeles Times also criticized this type of legislation. [ 12 ] Supporters of the bills argue that limited access to legal retailers contributes to the continuation of illegal cannabis sales. [ 2 ] California prohibits the export of marijuana to other states, as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Some estimates indicate that California produces up to five times more cannabis than is consumed within the state. Other estimates suggest that about 80% of the crop is shipped to other states. Cannabis that is exported from California is not subject to the state’s taxes or regulatory oversight. In addition, consumers in other states often pay higher prices for the product. [ 15 ] The Federal Bureau of Investigation has investigated officials in several cities and counties. [ 16 ] Unlicensed sales were not reduced as fast as many expected. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The growth of the legal market has been inhibited since the majority of cities and counties have not allowed the retail sale of cannabis. [ 19 ] Due to the continued operation of much illegal activity, heavy taxation is an important issue for licensed operators. [ 20 ] They are concerned about the perceived lack of sufficient enforcement against illegal activities. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The legal market includes the cost of mandatory testing. [ 17 ] Transitioning from a provisional, temporary license to a permanent license has also been difficult. As of April 2020, about 82% of the cannabis licenses were still provisional. [ 23 ] Authorities warn that the illegal market may contain pesticide or other chemical residues and mold. [ 18 ] Other products sold illegally that have not been tested include edible products [ 24 ] and vaping pens . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Local governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using or transporting marijuana for personal use. An appeals court ruled that inmates who possess small amounts of marijuana in prison are not guilty of a felony crime. [ 28 ] Attorney General Xavier Becerra 's office had argued that possessing small amounts of marijuana is legally banned in prison which can result in significantly increasing a prisoner's sentence. [ 29 ] Cannabis is estimated to be the largest cash crop in California with a value of more than $11 billion. [ 30 ] The state provided most of the cannabis consumed in the United States prior to legalization which was intended to provide a transition to legal, licensed growing. The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires a detailed analysis of the environmental impact of growers operations. Statewide, 208 growers had obtained regular, annual licenses by July 2019. At this point of some 18 months into legalization, 1,532 growers were still operating on provisional permits as they went through the CEQA process that requires extensive paperwork. [ 31 ] Smaller farms were given five years to become established under legalization before larger growers were allowed to enter the market. [ 32 ] Under the regulations set to expire in 2023, growers can have only one medium licence but there is no limit on the number of small licenses an individual grower can have. This loophole has allowed larger growers to operate. [ 33 ] Humboldt , Mendocino , and Trinity counties have long been known as Northern California's Emerald Triangle as it is estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States is grown there. Registering and applying for permits has not been an easy decision for many long time growers in these three counties. [ 30 ] In Santa Barbara County , cannabis growing has taken over greenhouses that formerly grew flowers. In the first four months of legalization, the county had almost 800 permits issued for cultivators, the most of any county in the state. [ 33 ] Calaveras County registered more than seven hundred cultivators after county voters approved a tax in 2016. [ 34 ] Unlicensed growing continues in remote rural areas and has expanded according to law enforcement reports. Raids and confiscation of illegal grow operations by law enforcement has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Authorities are constantly dealing with illegal cultivation in remote protected areas such as state parks and national forests. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Illegal grows are partially responsible for record levels of water thefts during the drought that began in 2020 . [ 41 ] A large number of insect pests are significant, along with some mammals: Mice , Rattus rattus , Neotoma rat spp., Thomomys gopher spp., black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ), and black bears ( Ursus americanus ). [ 42 ] Powdery mildew Sphaerotheca macularis and various Pythium root rots ( Pythium spp.) are important diseases in this crop . [ 42 ] The Department of Pesticide Regulation provides legal guidance and treatment recommendations for all of these. [ 42 ] On-site consumption [ edit ] In July 2019, West Hollywood approved a cannabis consumption license for Lowell Herb Co , "the first of its kind in the nation". Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe opened in September 2019 with a menu of cannabis for consumption, THC-infused drinks and meals for cannabis-enhanced sense of taste and smell. It includes the expertise of cannabis sommeliers , known as " budtenders " on site. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] It has since been rebranded as the "Original Cannabis Cafe", separating itself from the Lowell Farms corporate brand. A retail establishment Seaweed On Ocean, was licensed in Lompoc for on site consumption in July 2018 and opened December 2019, claims to be the first between Los Angeles and San Francisco. [ 45 ] Retail and delivery [ edit ] Stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes have been banned from 80% of the 482 municipalities in California. [ 2 ] In September 2019, 873 cannabis sellers had been licensed by the state while the United Cannabis Business Assn. conducted an audit that estimated there are approximately 2,835 unlicensed dispensaries and delivery services based on advertising. [ 25 ] Legal retailers say the illegal market is larger than the legal market due to the high costs they pay in start-up permit costs and on-going taxes. They complain about the lack of effective enforcement against unlicensed shops. [ 30 ] Prior to 2018, about 2,000 nonprofit dispensaries legally provided medical marijuana. Legalization introduced regulations that increased the cost of operation and more than 65% of dispensaries shut their doors. [ 46 ] Recreational marijuana shops began to open in January 2018, with many districts beginning recreational sales on the first or fifth of January 2018. [ 47 ] In January, 2018, Los Angeles had no licensed retailers; the closest cities with licensed retail sales were Santa Ana on January 1 and West Hollywood on January 2. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] As of September 2019 , 187 dispensaries had temporary city approval in Los Angeles. [ 25 ] Los Angeles adopted an ordinance in 2018 to restrict some storefront and billboard advertising after research showed that young adults who lived near dispensaries that had storefront signage used marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more positive views about the drug. [ 50 ] Many dispensaries and delivery companies continued to operate under the stay-at-home order during the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 51 ] With an executive order on March 22, Governor Gavin Newsom declared cannabis one of the enterprises to be considered an essential business. [ 52 ] Organizers of cannabis festivals are required to get permission from state and local agencies. Under the permits, they can let anyone 21 and older buy and smoke weed at the festival. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] In 2019, Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival in San Francisco became the first major music festival to offer legal cannabis for sale on site. The area was known as "Grass Lands" and sold more than $1 million in cannabis products such as edibles, vaping cartridges and joints over the three-day event. [ 55 ] Cannabis was cultivated for fiber and rope as early as 1795 in California, when cultivation began at Mission San Jose under the governorship of Diego de Borica . Cannabis was grown in several regions of Southern California, with two-thirds of it being grown on the missions. [ 56 ] California produced 13,000 pounds of hemp in 1807, and 220,000 pounds in 1810. [ 57 ] However, in 1810 Mexico began to rebel against the Spanish crown, and the subsidies for growing hemp were cut, leading to a near-disappearance of the crop. A few missions continued to grow it for local use, and the Russian colonists grew hemp at Fort Ross until the station was abandoned in 1841. [ 56 ] Psychoactive cannabis [ edit ] Among the early cultivators of cannabis for recreational use in California were Arabs, Armenians, and Turks who grew cannabis as early as 1895 to make hashish for local consumption. [ 58 ] Unlike in other states where fears of black or Hispanic use of cannabis drove new restrictions, California was an exception for its focus on South Asian immigrants. A California delegate to the Hague Convention wrote in 1911: "Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica; they are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast." [ 59 ] The Poison Act was passed in California in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment [ 60 ] was made to make possession of "extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds" a misdemeanor. [ 61 ] There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment [ 62 ] forbade the sale or possession of "flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed ( Cannabis sativa ), Indian hemp" except with a prescription. [ 61 ] Both bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy. [ 61 ] In 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of Sonoratown in Los Angeles, where police raided two "dream gardens" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis. [ 63 ] In 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishable by up to 6 years in prison, and black market sale, which had initially been a misdemeanor punishable by a $100–$400 fine and/or 50–180 days in jail for first offenders, became punishable by 6 months–6 years. [ 61 ] In 1927, the laws designed to target opium usage were finally extended to Indian hemp. [ 61 ] In 1929, second offenses for possession became punishable by sentences of 6 months–10 years. [ 61 ] In 1937, cannabis cultivation became a separate offense. [ 61 ] By 1932, 60% of narcotics arrests in Los Angeles involved cannabis, which was considered "much less serious than the morphine cases." [ 64 ] In 1954, penalties for marijuana possession were hiked to a minimum 1–10 years in prison, and sale was made punishable by 5–15 years with a mandatory 3 years before eligibility for parole; two prior felonies raised the maximum sentences for both offenses to life imprisonment. [ 61 ] In the 1950s and 1960s, the beatnik and later hippie cultures experimented with cannabis, driving increased interest in the drug. In 1964, the first cannabis legalization group was formed in the U.S. when Lowell Eggemeier of San Francisco was arrested, and his attorney established LEMAR (LEgalize MARijuana) shortly afterwards. [ 65 ] By the mid-1960s, the Saturday Evening Post was publishing articles estimating that half the college population of California had tried cannabis. One writer commented that usage was: so widespread that pot must be considered an integral part of the generation's life experience. [ 66 ] Illicit cultivation [ edit ] In the 1960s–1970s, people in California had developed the sinsemilla ("without seeds") method of producing cannabis, uprooting the male plants before they could pollinate the females, resulting a seedless and more potent cannabis. Around 1975, this technique arrived in Humboldt County, which was to become one of the nation's most famous centers of cannabis production. California growers received an unintentional advantage from the US government, which in the 1970s began spraying cannabis fields in Mexico with the herbicide paraquat . Fears of contamination led to a drop in demand for cheaper Mexican cannabis, and a corresponding increase in demand for California-grown cannabis. By 1979, 35% of cannabis consumed in California was grown in-state. By 2010, 79% of cannabis nationwide came from California. [ 67 ] Decriminalization of cannabis – which treats possession of small amounts as a civil (rather than a criminal) offense – was established in July 1975 when the state legislature passed Senate Bill 95, the Moscone Act. [ 61 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] SB 95 made possession of one ounce (28 g) of marijuana a misdemeanor punishable by a $100 fine, with higher punishments for amounts greater than one ounce, for possession on school grounds, or for cultivation. [ 71 ] "Smoke a joint, lose your license" expires (1999) [ edit ] In 1999, a state law was allowed to expire that mandated a six-month driver's license suspension for possession of cannabis or other illegal drugs. The policy originated with a 1990 federal law that threatened to reduce transportation funding for states unless they took one of two actions: impose a six-month driver’s license suspension for individuals convicted of a drug offense, or pass a resolution formally declining to adopt such a penalty. [ 72 ] The law was enacted in 1994 at the urging of Governor Pete Wilson , who argued that the policy kept unsafe drivers off the road and helped prevent illegal drug use. [ 73 ] Critics argued that the punishment was excessive and often had nothing to do with the offense committed. [ 73 ] The law resulted in as many as 100,000 license suspensions per year according to the California Department of Motor Vehicles . [ 72 ] Proposition 36 (2000) [ edit ] Proposition 36 (also known as the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000 ) was approved by 61% of voters, requiring that "first and second offense drug violators be sent to drug treatment programs instead of facing trial and possible incarceration." [ 74 ] Senate Bill 1449 (2010) [ edit ] On September 30, 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law SB 1449, which further reduced the charge of possession of one ounce (28 g) of cannabis or less, from a misdemeanor to an infraction, similar to a traffic violation—a maximum of a $100 fine and no mandatory court appearance or criminal record. [ 75 ] The law became effective January 1, 2011. [ 76 ] Medical cannabis legalization [ edit ] Early reform efforts (pre-1996) [ edit ] The movement to legalize medical cannabis in the U.S. sprang out of San Francisco in the early 1990s, with efforts soon spreading statewide and eventually across the nation. Proposition P was approved by 79% of San Francisco voters in November 1991, calling on state lawmakers to pass legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis. [ 77 ] The city board of supervisors additionally passed a resolution in August 1992 urging the police commission and district attorney to "make lowest priority the arrest or prosecution of those involved in the possession or cultivation of [cannabis] for medicinal purposes" and to "allow a letter from a treating physician to be used as prima facia evidence that marijuana can alleviate the pain and suffering of that patient's medical condition". [ 78 ] The resolution enabled the open sale of cannabis to AIDS patients and others within the city, most notably through the San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club which was operated by medical cannabis activist Dennis Peron (who spearheaded Proposition P and later the statewide Proposition 215). [ 79 ] Similar clubs appeared outside San Francisco in the ensuing years as other cities passed legislation to support the medical use of cannabis. The Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana was founded in 1993 after 75% of Santa Cruz voters approved Measure A in November 1992. [ 80 ] And the Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative was founded in 1995 shortly before the city council passed multiple medical cannabis resolutions. [ 80 ] Following the lead of San Francisco and other cities in California, state lawmakers passed Senate Joint Resolution 8 in 1993, a non-binding measure calling on the federal government to enact legislation allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis. [ 81 ] In 1994, Senate Bill 1364 was approved by state legislators, to reclassify cannabis as a Schedule II drug at the state level. [ 81 ] And Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis. [ 81 ] Both SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor Pete Wilson , however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996. [ 81 ] Proposition 215 (1996) [ edit ] Frustrated by vetoes of medical cannabis bills in successive years, medical cannabis advocates in California took the issue directly to the voters, collecting 775,000 signatures for qualification of a statewide ballot initiative in 1996. [ 82 ] Proposition 215 – the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 – was subsequently approved with 56% of the vote, legalizing the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis by patients with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or "any other illness for which marijuana provides relief". [ 83 ] The law also allowed patient caregivers to cultivate cannabis, and urged lawmakers to facilitate the "safe and affordable distribution of marijuana". [ 83 ] Senate Bill 420 (2003) [ edit ] Medical cannabis card in Marin County Vague wording became a major criticism of Proposition 215, though the law has since been clarified through state Supreme Court rulings and the passage of subsequent laws. The first such legislative solution came in January 2003 with the passage of Senate Bill 420 (colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act). Senate Bill 420 established an identification card system for medical cannabis patients , and allowed the formation of non-profit collectives for provision of cannabis to patients. In 2006 San Diego County filed a lawsuit over its required participation in the state ID card program, [ 84 ] but the challenge was later struck down and the city was forced to comply. [ 85 ] In January 2010 the California Supreme Court ruled in People v. Kelly that SB 420 did not limit the quantity of cannabis that a patient can possess. All possession limits were therefore lifted. Implementation and criticism [ edit ] California was the first state to establish a medical cannabis program, enacted by Proposition 215 in 1996 and Senate Bill 420 in 2003. Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allows people the right to obtain and use cannabis for any illness if they obtain a recommendation from a doctor. The Supreme Court of California has ruled there are no specified limits as to what a patient may possess in their private residence if the cannabis is strictly for the patient's own use. [ 86 ] Medical cannabis identification cards are issued through the California Department of Public Health 's Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). The program began in three counties in May 2005, and expanded statewide in August of the same year. 37,236 cards have been issued throughout 55 counties as of December 2009. However, cannabis dispensaries within the state accept recommendations, with an embossed license, from a doctor who has given the patient an examination and believes cannabis would be beneficial for their ailment. Cannabis evaluations in Venice Beach Critics of California's medical cannabis program argued that the program essentially gave cannabis quasi-legality, as "anyone can obtain a recommendation for medical marijuana at any time for practically any ailment". [ 87 ] Acknowledging that there were instances in which the system was abused and that laws could be improved, Stephen Gutwillig of the Drug Policy Alliance insisted that what Proposition 215 had accomplished was "nothing short of incredible". [ 87 ] Gutwillig argued that because of the law, 200,000 patients in the state had safe and affordable access to medical cannabis to relieve pain and treat medical conditions, without having to risk arrest or buy off the black market. [ 87 ] Conflict with federal law [ edit ] Although Proposition 215 legalized medical cannabis in California, at the federal level it remained a Schedule I prohibited drug. [ 88 ] Seeking to enforce this prohibition, the Justice Department conducted numerous raids and prosecutions of medical cannabis providers throughout the state in subsequent years. Who grows marijuana and where it comes from were lightly regulated. Federal authorities claimed that these medical marijuana businesses were fronts for the black market. Also rather than growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients, they claimed the cannabis was coming from Mexico or large hidden grows in California. [ 89 ] Some state and local officials strongly supported these enforcement efforts, in particular Attorney General Dan Lungren who was a vocal opponent of Proposition 215 leading up to its passage. [ 85 ] Other officials, such as San Francisco District Attorney Terence Hallinan , condemned the actions as a gross intrusion into the state's affairs. [ 85 ] The raids and prosecutions increased in frequency throughout the Bush and Obama years, [ 90 ] until finally in December 2014 the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment was enacted at the federal level. One of the raids that occurred was at the Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana in Santa Cruz in September 2002. WAMM was a non-profit collective set up to provide cannabis to seriously ill patients, and was working closely with local authorities to follow all applicable state and local laws. [ 91 ] On the morning of September 5, 2022, DEA agents equipped with paramilitary gear and semiautomatic weapons stormed the premises, destroyed all the cannabis plants, and arrested the property owners Mike and Valerie Corral. [ 85 ] [ 92 ] This prompted an angry response from nearby medical cannabis patients – some in wheelchairs – who gathered at the site to block federal agents from leaving, until finally after three hours later the Corrals were released. [ 85 ] The raid triggered a strong backlash from Santa Cruz city officials as well, who sanctioned an event two weeks later where cannabis was handed out to patients on the steps of city hall, [ 93 ] attracting widespread media attention. [ 80 ] The DEA was "appalled" by the event, [ 94 ] but took no further action. Further pushback against federal enforcement efforts occurred in June 2003 following the jury trial conviction of Ed Rosenthal , a high school biology teacher and High Times author, who had been raided by the DEA in 2002 for growing more than 100 cannabis plants in an Oakland warehouse. [ 95 ] Because cannabis remained a prohibited substance under federal law, jurors could not be informed that Rosenthal had been deputized by the city of Oakland to grow the cannabis, or even that the cannabis was being used for medical purposes only. [ 85 ] Rosenthal was easily convicted as a result; however, immediately following the trial, when jurors found out the true circumstances of the case, they publicly renounced the verdict they had just handed down and demanded a retrial. [ 85 ] Judge Charles Breyer , in part influenced by the extraordinary action of the jurors, sentenced Rosenthal to just one day in jail, of which he had already served. [ 95 ] In July 2007, a new tactic was adopted by the DEA of threatening landlords renting to medical cannabis providers. [ 96 ] Letters were sent to a number of property owners in the Los Angeles area, informing them that they faced up to 20 years in prison for violating the "crack house statute" of the Controlled Substances Act, in addition to seizure of their properties. This tactic subsequently spread to other areas of California, while DEA raids continued to increase as well in the following years. In October 2011 an extensive and coordinated crackdown on California's cannabis dispensaries was announced by the chief prosecutors of the state's four federal districts. [ 97 ] Three major court cases originated in California that attempted to challenge the federal government's ability to enforce federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis. Conant v. McCaffrey was brought forth in response to various threats made by the federal government against doctors who recommend cannabis to patients. Decided in 2000, it upheld the right of physicians to recommend but not prescribe cannabis. [ 98 ] In United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (decided in 2001), it was argued that medical use of cannabis should be permitted as constituted by a " medical necessity " – but this argument was unsuccessful. [ 98 ] In Gonzales v. Raich (decided in 2005), the constitutionality of the Controlled Substances Act was challenged based on the idea that cannabis grown and consumed in California does not qualify as interstate commerce – but this argument was also found to be without merit. [ 98 ] Recreational cannabis legalization [ edit ] Proposition 19 (1972) [ edit ] In 1972, California became the first state to vote on a ballot measure seeking to legalize cannabis. Proposition 19 – the California Marijuana Initiative – sought to legalize the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis, but did not allow for commercial sales. [ 68 ] The initiative was spearheaded by the group Amorphia, which was founded in 1969 (by Blair Newman) and financed its activities through the sale of hemp rolling papers . [ 99 ] It was ultimately defeated by a wide margin (33–67%), but supporters were encouraged by the results, [ 100 ] which provided momentum to other reform efforts in California in subsequent years. [ 80 ] In 1974, Amorphia ran into financial difficulties and became the California chapter of NORML . [ 101 ] Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009) [ edit ] In February 2009, Tom Ammiano introduced the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act, which would remove penalties under state law for the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana for persons the age of 21 or older. When the Assembly Public Safety Committee approved the bill on a 4 to 3 vote in January 2010, this marked the first time in United States history that a bill legalizing marijuana passed a legislative committee. While the legislation failed to reach the Assembly floor, Ammiano stated his plans to reintroduce the bill later in the year, depending on the success of Proposition 19 , the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act. [ 102 ] According to Time , California tax collectors estimated the bill would have raised about $1.3 billion a year in revenue. Critics such as John Lovell, lobbyist for the California Peace Officers' Association, argued that too many people already struggle with alcohol and drug abuse, and legalizing another mind-altering substance would lead to a surge of use, making problems worse. [ 103 ] Apart from helping the state's budget by enforcing a tax on the sale of cannabis, proponents of the bill argued that legalization would reduce the amount of criminal activity associated with the drug. Proposition 19 (2010) [ edit ] In November 2010, California voters rejected Proposition 19 (by a vote of 53.5% to 46.5%), an initiative that would have legalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for adults age 21 and over, and regulated its sale similar to alcohol. [ 104 ] The initiative faced stiff opposition from numerous police organizations in the state, while many growers in the Emerald Triangle were strongly opposed due to fears that corporate megafarms would put them out of business. [ 85 ] The initiative was also undercut by the passage of Senate Bill 1449 a month before the election. [ 85 ] Proposition 19 was spearheaded by Richard Lee , founder of Oaksterdam University . [ 85 ] Proposition 64 (2016) [ edit ] Proposition 64 (2016) results by county. Counties with a majority of "yes" votes are in blue and counties with a majority of "no" votes are in yellow. High Times cannabis dispensary in Coalinga , California, pictured in October 2022 (Sarah Stierch ( CC BY 4.0 )) On November 8, 2016, Proposition 64 – the Adult Use of Marijuana Act – passed by a 57% to 43% vote, legalizing the use, sale, and cultivation of recreational cannabis in California for adults 21 and over. The initiative was certified for the ballot on June 28, 2016, [ 105 ] after supporters handed in more than 600,000 raw signatures of the 365,000 certified signatures that were required. [ 106 ] The initiative received the largest amount of support from Napster founder Sean Parker who contributed more than $8.6 million of the $25 million that was raised in support of the initiative. [ 107 ] Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom was the highest-ranking official in the state to endorse the initiative; [ 107 ] it was also endorsed by several of the state's major newspapers including the Los Angeles Times , [ 108 ] San Francisco Chronicle , [ 109 ] San Diego Union-Tribune , [ 110 ] Orange County Register , [ 111 ] and San Jose Mercury News . [ 112 ] Immediately upon certification of the November 2016 ballot results, adults age 21 or older were allowed to: Possess, transport, process, purchase, obtain, or give away, without any compensation whatsoever, no more than one ounce of dry cannabis or eight grams concentrated cannabis to adults the age of 21 or older. Possess, plant, cultivate, harvest, dry, or process no more than six live plants and the produce of those plants in a private residence, in a locked area not seen from normal view, in compliance with all local ordinances. Smoke or ingest cannabis. Possess, transport, purchase, obtain, use, manufacture, or give away marijuana paraphernalia to peoples the age of 21 or older. Users may not: Smoke it where tobacco is prohibited. Possess, ingest or smoke within 1,000 feet (300 m) of a day care, school, or youth center while children are present (except within a private residence and if said smoke is not detectable to said children). [ 113 ] Manufacture concentrated cannabis using a volatile solvent without a license under Chapter 3.5 of Division 8 or Division 10 of the Business and Professions Code. Possess an open container or marijuana paraphernalia while in the driver or passenger seat of a vehicle used for transportation. Smoke or ingest marijuana while operating a vehicle used for transportation. Smoke or ingest marijuana while riding in the passenger seat or compartment of a vehicle. [ 114 ] Licenses were issued to allow cultivation and business establishment beginning in 2018. Legal sales for non-medical use were allowed by law beginning January 1, 2018, following formulation of new regulations on retail market by the state's Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation (to be renamed Bureau of Marijuana Control). [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Proposition 64 is not meant in any way to affect, amend, or restrict the statutes provided for medical cannabis in California under Proposition 215. [ 114 ] In 2016, in response to Proposition 64, State Treasurer John Chiang set up a working group to explore access to financial services for legal marijuana-related businesses operating in California, [ 117 ] as access to banking services has been a problem due to the additional burdens mandated by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) on financial institutions to assure that any marijuana related business clients are in compliance with all state laws. [ 118 ] Cannabis Appellations Program (2021) [ edit ] After the adoption of Proposition 64, California has been pioneering [ 119 ] the CalCannabis Appellations Project (CAP), [ 120 ] to develop appellations of origin for cannabis products. [ 121 ] The California Department of Food and Agriculture claims that the CAP will "promote regional cannabis goods and local businesses, prevent the misrepresentation of a cannabis good’s origin, and support consumer confidence about a cannabis good’s origin and characteristics." [ 122 ] A series of consultations are underway to develop the CAP. [ 122 ] The benefits of this program: [ 123 ] Promoting the unique characteristics and qualities of cannabis grown in different regions, similar to how wine regions are known for specific varietals and styles. Encouraging sustainable and responsible farming practices by requiring growers in designated regions to meet certain environmental and labor standards. [ 124 ] Supporting small farmers and preserving local agriculture by promoting and protecting the unique heritage of cannabis grown in specific regions. Provide consumers with more information about the origin and quality of cannabis products, similar to how wine bottles are labeled with their region of origin. Help to establish California as a leader in the cannabis industry [ 125 ] by setting standards for high-quality cannabis production. Create economic opportunities for rural communities and help them to diversify their income sources Promote transparency, traceability, and accountability in the cannabis supply chain by providing a means to certify the origin and quality of cannabis products. September 2022 reforms [ edit ] In September 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a number of cannabis-related reforms, including bills to protect cannabis users from healthcare discrimination, [ 126 ] require child welfare social workers to treat parental cannabis use the same as alcohol, [ 127 ] prevent employees from being fired for cannabis use outside of work hours (with exceptions for federal employees or workers in safety-sensitive positions), [ 128 ] allow veterinarians to recommend medical cannabis for pets, [ 128 ] facilitate the sealing of records for certain cannabis offenses, [ 128 ] and allow interstate commerce for cannabis to and from California (provided that the federal government has first indicated that it will allow such activity). [ 128 ] Pesticide contamination [ edit ] In June 2024, the Los Angeles Times tested legally-sold cannabis products in California and uncovered large amounts of pesticides in many cannabis products. Twenty-five of 42 products contained pesticides exceeding the levels permitted by law. The investigation alleges that many testing laboratories fraudulently certified products as satisfying pesticide regulations, when in fact they did not meet the regulations. Owners of some private testing laboratories stated that they were forced out of business because they refused to falsify test results. The Department of Cannabis Control, which is responsible for regulating cannabis in California, refused to release the results of its own internal testing of cannabis products. In September 2024, a lawsuit was filed by a former employee of the Department of Cannabis Control, alleging that the head of the department had ignored fraudulent testing, and that the department fired the former employee when the employee attempted to publicize the fraud. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The same lawsuit also alleges that the potency displayed on the labels of many legal cannabis products in California are deliberately inflated by fraudulent testing laboratories. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] California's New Cannabis Policy , effective January 1, 2025, introduces several significant changes to the state's cannabis regulations, aiming to enhance consumer experiences, streamline business operations, and address public health concerns within the framework of California's existing legal cannabis market. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Drug policy of California Law of California Legal history of cannabis in the United States ^ "US election: California voters approve marijuana for recreational use" . BBC News . November 9, 2016. ^ a b c d e McGreevy, Patrick (April 5, 2019). "California cities sue state over home deliveries of pot" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 5, 2019 . ^ a b Harris, Mike (June 2, 2019). 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Retrieved May 18, 2019 . ^ Chabria, Anita; McGreevy, Patrick (August 12, 2019). "A whiff of the music festival future? Outside Lands sells cannabis for the first time" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12, 2019 . ^ Gentile, Dan (August 14, 2019). "Outside Lands' Grass Lands sold seven figures worth of cannabis. How much weed is that?" . SFGate . Retrieved August 15, 2019 . ^ a b Robert Clarke; Mark Merlin (September 1, 2013). Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany . University of California Press. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-0-520-95457-1 . ^ Facts On File, Incorporated (2008). Marijuana . Infobase Publishing. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-1-4381-1824-6 . ^ Chris Duvall (November 15, 2014). Cannabis . Reaktion Books. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-1-78023-386-4 . ^ Martin Booth (June 16, 2015). Cannabis: A History . St. Martin's Press. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-1-250-08219-0 . ^ ( Stats. 1913 Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine , Ch. 342, p. 697) ^ a b c d e f g h i Gieringer, Dale H. (1999). "The Forgotten Origins of Cannabis Prohibition in California" (PDF) . Contemporary Drug Problems . 26 (2): 237– 288. doi : 10.1177/009145099902600204 . S2CID 145499009 . ^ ( Stats. 1915 Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine , Ch. 604, pp. 1067–1068) ^ "The nation's first marijuana raid likely happened in LA" . Southern California Public Radio . September 19, 2014. ^ Survey of Drug Addiction in California . California state printing office, H. Hammond, state printer. 1932. ^ Ed Rosenthal (July 1, 2009). Marijuana Grower's Handbook: Your Complete Guide for Medical and Personal Marijuana Cultivation . Quick Trading Company. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-0-932551-50-4 . ^ Kirse Granat May (2002). Golden State, Golden Youth: The California Image in Popular Culture, 1955-1966 . Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 189 –. ISBN 978-0-8078-5362-7 . ^ Emily Brady (June 18, 2013). Humboldt: Life on America's Marijuana Frontier . Grand Central Publishing. pp. 55 –. ISBN 978-1-4555-0677-4 . ^ a b Anderson, Patrick (February 27, 1981). High In America: The True Story Behind NORML And The Politics Of Marijuana . The Viking Press. ISBN 978-0670119905 . ^ Budman, K B. "IMPACT OF CALIFORNIA'S NEW MARIJUANA LAW (SB 95) REPORT, 1ST" . Retrieved May 6, 2012 . ^ Philip Bean, ed. (2003). Crime: Critical Concepts in Sociology . Routledge. pp. 249– 250. ISBN 978-0-415-25267-6 . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . ^ "California - NORML" . National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML). Archived from the original on January 12, 2010 . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . ^ a b Bustillo, Miguel (May 24, 2000). "Davis Fights to Suspend Licenses in Drug Cases" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 20, 2020 . ^ a b Ingram, Carl (December 1, 1994). " 'Smoke a Joint, Lose License' Law in Effect" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 20, 2020 . ^ Wallace, Bill (November 15, 2000). "Money, Opinion Propelled Prop. 36" . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . ^ "Bill Text - SB-1449 Marijuana: possession" . leginfo.legislature.ca.gov . ^ Midgette, Greg; Reuter, Peter (January 1, 2020). "Has Cannabis Use Among Youth Increased After Changes in Its Legal Status? A Commentary on Use of Monitoring the Future for Analyses of Changes in State Cannabis Laws" . Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research . 21 (1): 137– 145. doi : 10.1007/s11121-019-01068-4 . ISSN 1573-6695 . PMC 6960330 . PMID 31792712 . ^ Boire, Richard Glen; Feeney, Kevin (January 26, 2007). Medical Marijuana Law . Ronin Publishing. ISBN 9781579510343 . ^ "Proposition P" . marijuanalibrary.org . Retrieved April 30, 2017 . ^ Gardner, Fred (August 26, 2014). "The Cannabis Buyers Club: How Medical Marijuana Began in California" . marijuana.com . Archived from the original on November 20, 2018 . Retrieved May 4, 2017 . ^ a b c d Heddleston, Thomas R. (June 2012). From the Frontlines to the Bottom Line: Medical Marijuana, the War on Drugs, and the Drug Policy Reform Movement (Thesis). UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Alt URL ^ a b c d Vitiello, Michael (1998). "Proposition 215: De Facto Legalization of Pot and the Shortcomings of Direct Democracy" . McGeorge School of Law . Retrieved April 30, 2017 . ^ "Medical Marijuana Initiative Qualifies For November Ballot" . NORML . June 6, 1996 . Retrieved April 30, 2017 . ^ a b "Proposition 215: Text of Proposed Law" (PDF) . ProCon.org . Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2017. ^ McDonald, Jeff (October 27, 2008). "County pursues medicinal marijuana case" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Retrieved March 7, 2018 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lee, Martin A. (August 2012). Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana – Medical, Recreational, and Scientific . New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1439102602 . ^ "Ca Supreme Court Strikes Down Medical Marijuana Possession, Cultivation Limits" . www.canorml.org . January 21, 2010 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ a b c Imler, Scott; Gutwillig, Stephen (March 6, 2009). "Medical marijuana in California: a history" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 4, 2011 . Retrieved January 12, 2010 . ^ Lopez, German (August 20, 2018). "Marijuana is illegal under federal law even in states that legalize it" . Vox . Retrieved March 14, 2020 . ^ Dokoupil, Tony (November 13, 2012). "Legalizing And Regulating Pot: A Growth Industry" . NPR News . Retrieved March 14, 2020 . California doesn't have tight regulations on who grows marijuana, where it comes from. So the feds move in, and what they claim is that these med marijuana businesses are fronts for what are in fact just old-school black market drug dealers. And they're not growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients. They're growing it in Mexico, or they're growing it in the hills, and they're just bringing it in, and it suddenly, magically becomes legal once it gets in the store. But in fact, it's based on illegality. ^ What's the Cost? \| The Federal War on Patients (PDF) , Americans for Safe Access, June 2013 , retrieved April 29, 2017 ^ Berry, Denis (September 12, 2002). "City leaders stand behind Medical Marijuana at City Hall" . Drug Policy Alliance . Archived from the original on February 24, 2018 . Retrieved February 24, 2018 . ^ Gardner, Fred (September 2002). "The Raid on WAMM" . O'Shaughnessy's . Retrieved March 6, 2018 . ^ Leduff, Charlie; Liptak, Adam (September 18, 2002). "Defiant California City Hands Out Marijuana" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 24, 2018 . ^ Gaura, Maria Alicia; Stannard, Matthew B. (September 13, 2002). "Santa Cruz officials to defy feds, hand out medical pot at City Hall" . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 24, 2018 . ^ a b Baily, Eric; Rodriguez, Marcelo (June 5, 2003). "The 'Guru of Ganja' Gets a Day in Jail" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 11, 2025 . Retrieved February 28, 2018 . ^ Eddy, Mark (April 2, 2010), Medical Marijuana: Review and Analysis of Federal and State Policies (PDF) , Congressional Research Service ^ Hoeffel, John (October 7, 2011). "Federal crackdown on medical pot sales reflects a shift in policy" . Los Angeles Times . ^ a b c State-By-State Medical Marijuana Laws (PDF) , Marijuana Policy Project, December 2016 ^ Dufton, Emily (December 5, 2017). Grass Roots: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Marijuana in America . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465096169 . ^ Sinclair, John (October 27, 2010). "Getting NORML \| A brief history of the movement to legalize marijuana" . Detroit Metro Times . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . ^ "Our Mission" . California NORML . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . ^ Banks, Sandy (March 29, 2010). "Pot breaks the age barrier" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Stateman, Alison (March 13, 2009). "Can Marijuana Help Rescue California's Economy?" . Time . Retrieved May 24, 2021 . ^ "California Proposition 19, the Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2010)" . Ballotpedia . Retrieved March 17, 2018 . ^ McGreevy, Patrick (June 28, 2016). "Initiative to legalize recreational use of pot in California qualifies for November ballot" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ Leff, Lisa (May 4, 2016). "Pot legalization backers kick off California campaign" . Associated Press . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ a b "California Proposition 64, Marijuana Legalization (2016)" . Ballotpedia . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ "Editorial: It's time to legalize and regulate marijuana in California. Yes on Proposition 64" . Los Angeles Times . September 16, 2016 . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ "Chronicle recommends: Legalize marijuana Yes on Prop. 64" . San Francisco Chronicle . September 15, 2016 . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ "Yes on Prop. 64: California should legalize marijuana" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . October 27, 2016 . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ "Yes on Proposition 64" . Orange County Register . October 5, 2016 . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ "Editorial: California should legalize recreational marijuana" . San Jose Mercury News . August 5, 2016 . Retrieved May 18, 2021 . ^ MCGREEVY, PATRICK (October 10, 2019). "Medical marijuana OK at K-12 schools in California after Gov. Newsom signs new law" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 11, 2019 . ^ a b "Adult Use of Marijuana Act" (PDF) . yeson64.org . Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2017. ^ Michael R. Blood; Don Thomson (January 30, 2017), " "Building the airplane while it's being flown": How California looks to build $7B legal pot economy" , The Cannabist , Associated Press ^ Peter Hecht (January 18, 2017), "California's pot czar on upcoming marijuana regulation: "We will not fail" " , Sacramento Bee , archived from the original on February 21, 2017 ^ Kiel, Matt S. (August 10, 2017). "Financing California's Cannabis Businesses: Public Banking Model as a State-Level Solution" . The National Law Review . Wilson Elser . Retrieved October 11, 2017 . ^ Black, Lester (April 19, 2017). "The Credit Unions and Small Banks That Solved the Cannabis Cash Crisis" . The Stranger . Retrieved October 11, 2017 . ^ Moreau, Jean-Baptiste; Janvier, Caroline (May 5, 2021). Rapport d'étape sur le cannabis récréatif, établi par la Mission d'Information Commune de l'Assemblée Nationale sur la règlementation et l'impact des différents usages du cannabis (PDF) (in French). Paris ( France ): National Assembly . p. 208. ^ "CalCannabis Appellations Project Fact Sheet" (PDF) . California Department of Food and Agriculture . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2021 . Retrieved May 30, 2021 . ^ "CDFA Releases the Proposed Regulations for the Cannabis Appellations Program \| Cannabis" . Archived from the original on June 2, 2021 . Retrieved May 30, 2021 . ^ a b "CDFA - CalCannabis - CalCannabis Appellations Project" . www.cdfa.ca.gov . Retrieved May 30, 2021 . ^ "California Marijuana Laws \| CaliforniaCannabis.org" . California Cannabis Information Portal . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ "CDFA CANNABIS APPELLATIONS PROGRAM" (PDF) . ^ "Cannabis social equity assessment" (PDF) . ^ Jaeger, Kyle (September 5, 2022). "California Governor Signs Bill Protecting Medical Cannabis Patients From Healthcare Discrimination" . Marijuana Moment . Retrieved September 28, 2022 . ^ Jaeger, Kyle (September 7, 2022). "California Governor Signs Child Welfare Bill Treating Parental Marijuana Use Just Like Alcohol" . Marijuana Moment . Retrieved September 28, 2022 . ^ a b c d Jaeger, Kyle (September 18, 2022). "California Governor Signs 10 Marijuana Bills, Including Interstate Commerce, Employment Protections And Record Sealing" . Marijuana Moment . Retrieved September 28, 2022 . ^ St. John, Paige (September 18, 2024). "California Legal Weed Industry in Tumult after Times Pesticide Investigation" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18, 2024 . ^ St. John, Paige; Halperin, Alex (June 14, 2024). "The dirty secret of California's legal weed" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18, 2024 . ^ St. John, Paige; Alex, Halpern (June 14, 2024). "How we tested for pesticides" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18, 2024 . ^ Iñiguez Elebee, Lorena; St. John, Paige (June 14, 2024). "Contaminated weed in you" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18, 2024 . ^ Schroyer, John (September 12, 2024). "Former California cannabis regulator sues ex-bosses, alleging whistleblower retaliation" . Green Market Report . Retrieved September 18, 2024 . ^ Spoto, Maia (September 10, 2024). "California Weed Lab Whistleblower Sues Agency Over Termination" . Bloomberg Law . ^ California, Department of Cannabis Control-State of. "California Supreme Court action preserves California's cannabis laws" . Department of Cannabis Control . Retrieved May 7, 2025 . ^ Marijuana Policy Project. "2025 Cannabis Policy Reform Legislation and Voter Measures" . MPP . Retrieved May 7, 2025 . California Cannabis Portal , California's official website for information on legal marijuana.
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cannabis+in+California "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cannabis+in+California "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California) - [1 Current state and local regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Current_state_and_local_regulation) Toggle Current state and local regulation subsection - [1\.1 Possession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Possession) - [1\.2 Cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Cultivation) - [1\.2.1 Trespass grows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Trespass_grows) - [1\.2.2 Pests and diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Pests_and_diseases) - [1\.3 On-site consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#On-site_consumption) - [1\.4 Retail and delivery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Retail_and_delivery) - [1\.5 Special events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Special_events) - [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#History) Toggle History subsection - [2\.1 Industrial hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Industrial_hemp) - [2\.2 Psychoactive cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Psychoactive_cannabis) - [2\.3 Criminalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Criminalization) - [2\.4 Popularization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Popularization) - [2\.5 Illicit cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Illicit_cultivation) - [2\.6 Decriminalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Decriminalization) - [2\.6.1 Moscone Act (1975)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Moscone_Act_$1975$) - [2\.6.2 "Smoke a joint, lose your license" expires (1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#"Smoke_a_joint,_lose_your_license"_expires_$1999$) - [2\.6.3 Proposition 36 (2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_36_$2000$) - [2\.6.4 Senate Bill 1449 (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_1449_$2010$) - [2\.7 Medical cannabis legalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Medical_cannabis_legalization) - [2\.7.1 Early reform efforts (pre-1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Early_reform_efforts_$pre-1996$) - [2\.7.2 Proposition 215 (1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_215_$1996$) - [2\.7.3 Senate Bill 420 (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_420_$2003$) - [2\.7.4 Implementation and criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Implementation_and_criticism) - [2\.7.5 Conflict with federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Conflict_with_federal_law) - [2\.8 Recreational cannabis legalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Recreational_cannabis_legalization) - [2\.8.1 Proposition 19 (1972)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_19_$1972$) - [2\.8.2 Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Marijuana_Control,_Regulation,_and_Education_Act_$2009$) - [2\.8.3 Proposition 19 (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_19_$2010$) - [2\.8.4 Proposition 64 (2016)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Proposition_64_$2016$) - [2\.9 Post-legalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Post-legalization) - [2\.9.1 Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Cannabis_Appellations_Program_$2021$) - [2\.9.2 September 2022 reforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#September_2022_reforms) - [2\.9.3 Pesticide contamination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Pesticide_contamination) - [2\.9.4 Policy in 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Policy_in_2025) - [3 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#See_also) - [4 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#References) - [5 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Cannabis in California 4 languages - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtliche_Stellung_des_Cannabisgebrauchs_in_Kalifornien "Rechtliche Stellung des Cannabisgebrauchs in Kalifornien – German") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_en_California "Cannabis en California – Spanish") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softdrugsbeleid_in_Californi%C3%AB "Softdrugsbeleid in Californië – Dutch") - 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[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg/250px-California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg) California's Cannabis Universal Symbol \| \| \|---\| \| Part of a series on \| \| [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis") \| \| [![Cannabis](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/120px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg) \| \| Arts [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_culture "Cannabis culture") [420](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420_$cannabis_culture$ "420 (cannabis culture)") ([chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420chan "420chan")) [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis "List of books about cannabis") [Magu (deity)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magu_$deity$ "Magu (deity)") [Names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis "List of names for cannabis") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion "Cannabis and religion") [Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Judaism "Cannabis and Judaism") [Latter-day Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Latter-day_Saints "Cannabis and Latter-day Saints") [Sikhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism "Cannabis and Sikhism") [Smoke-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke-in "Smoke-in") [Spiritual use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis "Entheogenic use of cannabis") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports "Cannabis and sports") [Stoner film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_film "Stoner film") [Stoner rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_rock "Stoner rock") [Terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms "Glossary of cannabis terms") \| \| Chemistry [Phytocannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids "Comparison of phytocannabinoids") Main [THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol "Tetrahydrocannabinol") [Dronabinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronabinol "Dronabinol") (INN) [CBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") Minor [delta\-3-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [delta\-4-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-4-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-4-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [delta\-7-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-7-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-7-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [delta\-8-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [delta\-10-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [delta\-11-THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol "Δ-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol") [THCB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabutol "Tetrahydrocannabutol") [THCH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol "Tetrahydrocannabihexol") [THCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol "Tetrahydrocannabiphorol") [CBDH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol "Tetrahydrocannabihexol") [CBDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiphorol "Cannabidiphorol") Semi-synthetic cannabinoids [THC-O-acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC-O-acetate "THC-O-acetate") [Synthetic cannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid "Synthetic cannabinoid") [AM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AM_cannabinoids "List of AM cannabinoids") [AM-2201](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-2201 "AM-2201") [CP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CP_cannabinoids "List of CP cannabinoids") [CP-55940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_55,940 "CP 55,940") [Nabilone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabilone "Nabilone") [Dimethylheptylpyran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran "Dimethylheptylpyran") [HU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HU_cannabinoids "List of HU cannabinoids") [HU-210](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-210 "HU-210") [HU-331](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-331 "HU-331") [JWH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids "List of JWH cannabinoids") [JWH-018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-018 "JWH-018") [JWH-073](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-073 "JWH-073") [JWH-133](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-133 "JWH-133") [Levonantradol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonantradol "Levonantradol") [MDMB-CHMICA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA "MDMB-CHMICA") [SR144528](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-144,528 "SR-144,528") [WIN 55,212-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIN_55,212-2 "WIN 55,212-2") \| \| Pharmacology [Cannabinoid receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor "Cannabinoid receptor") [Cannabinoid receptor type 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1 "Cannabinoid receptor type 1") [Cannabinoid receptor type 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2 "Cannabinoid receptor type 2") [Endocannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system "Endocannabinoid system") (activate cannabinoid receptors) [2-AG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol "2-Arachidonoylglycerol") [Anandamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide "Anandamide") [NADA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine "N-Arachidonoyl dopamine") [Virodhamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virodhamine "Virodhamine") \| \| [Consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_consumption "Cannabis consumption") [Drinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_consumption#Drink "Cannabis consumption") [Edibles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_edible "Cannabis edible") [Smoking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_smoking "Cannabis smoking") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_tea "Cannabis tea") [Conversion of CBD to THC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC "Conversion of CBD to THC") [Vaping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_$inhalation_device$ "Vaporizer (inhalation device)") [Adult lifetime cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country "Adult lifetime cannabis use by country") [Annual cannabis use by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country "Annual cannabis use by country") \| \| Economics [Coffeeshop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeeshop_$Netherlands$ "Coffeeshop (Netherlands)") [Cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation "Cannabis cultivation") [Shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_shop "Cannabis shop") [Social Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club "Cannabis Social Club") [Employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_concerns_of_cannabis_use "Occupational health concerns of cannabis use") [Grow house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow_house "Grow house") [Grow shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow_shop "Grow shop") [Head shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shop "Head shop") [Marijuana vending machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_vending_machine "Marijuana vending machine") \| \| [Effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis "Effects of cannabis") [Dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dependence "Cannabis dependence") [Driving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving "Cannabis and impaired driving") [Drug testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing "Cannabis drug testing") [Effects of legalized cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis "Effects of legalized cannabis") [Gateway drug theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory "Gateway drug theory") [Long term effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis "Long-term effects of cannabis") [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis") [Memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_memory "Cannabis and memory") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy "Cannabis in pregnancy") [Time perception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception "Cannabis and time perception") \| \| Forms [Bhang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhang "Bhang") [Blunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_$cannabis_cigar$ "Blunt (cannabis cigar)") [Charas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charas "Charas") [Flower essential oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil "Cannabis flower essential oil") [Hashish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish "Hashish") [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_oil "Hash oil") [Hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp "Hemp") [Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_beer "Hemp beer") [Milk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_milk "Hemp milk") [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_oil "Hemp oil") [Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_protein "Hemp protein") [Hempcrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempcrete "Hempcrete") [Joint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_$cannabis$ "Joint (cannabis)") [Kief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kief "Kief") [Roach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roach_$smoking$ "Roach (smoking)") [Synthetic cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabis "Synthetic cannabis") [Tincture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis "Tincture of cannabis") \| \| Law [Cannabis rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_rights "Cannabis rights") [Legality of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis "Legality of cannabis") [Timeline of cannabis law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law "Timeline of cannabis law") [Cannabis and international law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_international_law "Cannabis and international law") [Centenary of Cannabis prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_of_Cannabis_prohibition "Centenary of Cannabis prohibition") [UN 2020 descheduling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961 "Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961") [Single Convention on adult use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_2_paragraph_9_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs "Article 2 paragraph 9 of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs") [Cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Cannabis in the United States") [Legality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") [Legal history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States "Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States") [Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") [Non-medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") [Amnesty bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_bin "Amnesty bin") [Cannabis in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada "Cannabis in Canada") [Cannabis Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Act_$Canada$ "Cannabis Act (Canada)") [Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory "Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory") [Legal history of cannabis in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada "Legal history of cannabis in Canada") Elsewhere [Cannabis by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_by_country "Cannabis by country") [Cannabis in Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta "Cannabis in Malta") [Cannabis in Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain "Cannabis in Spain") [Cannabis in South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa "Cannabis in South Africa") [Cannabis in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand "Cannabis in Thailand") [Cannabis in the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands "Cannabis in the Netherlands") [Drug policy of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal "Drug policy of Portugal") [Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_scheduling_of_synthetic_cannabinoids "Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids") \| \| Variants [Autoflowering cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis "Autoflowering cannabis") Genus [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis") Species [Cannabis sativa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa "Cannabis sativa") [Cannabis indica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_indica "Cannabis indica") [Cannabis ruderalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis "Cannabis ruderalis") [Strains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_strains "Cannabis strains") [Acapulco Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_$cannabis$ "Acapulco Gold (cannabis)") [Charlotte's web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_web_$cannabis$ "Charlotte's web (cannabis)") [Kush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kush_$Cannabis$ "Kush (Cannabis)") [Malawi Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_Gold "Malawi Gold") [Sour Diesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_Diesel "Sour Diesel") \| \| Related [Drug culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_culture "Drug culture") [Drug liberalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_liberalization "Drug liberalization") [Illegal drug trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade "Illegal drug trade") [Psychedelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelia "Psychedelia") \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/20px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf_2.svg) [Cannabis portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cannabis "Portal:Cannabis") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/20px-Esculaap4.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esculaap4.svg) [Medicine portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine "Portal:Medicine") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/20px-Veranotrigo.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veranotrigo.jpg) [Agriculture portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Agriculture "Portal:Agriculture") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cannabis_sidebar "Template:Cannabis sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_sidebar "Template talk:Cannabis sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis sidebar") \| \| [California law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_California "Law of California") \| \|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/250px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg)[Great Seal of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_California "Great Seal of California") \| \| [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_California "Constitution of California") \| \| [Propositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ballot_proposition "California ballot proposition") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_California "Category:Amendments to the Constitution of California")) [Offices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_state_constitutional_offices "List of California state constitutional offices") \| \| [Codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Codes "California Codes") \| \| [Civil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Civil_Code "California Civil Code") [Civil Procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Code_of_Civil_Procedure "California Code of Civil Procedure") [Evidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Evidence_Code "California Evidence Code") [Health and Safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Health_and_Safety_Code "California Health and Safety Code") [Insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Insurance_Code "California Insurance Code") [Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Labor_Code "California Labor Code") [Penal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Penal_Code "California Penal Code") [Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Vehicle_Code "California Vehicle Code") Note: There are 29 California codes. \| \| [Courts of record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_California "Courts of California") \| \| [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California "Supreme Court of California") [Courts of Appeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal "California Courts of Appeal") [Superior Courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Courts_of_California "Superior Courts of California") \| \| Areas \| \| [Adoption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_in_California "Adoption in California") [Bicycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_law_in_California "Bicycle law in California") [Criminal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_criminal_law "California criminal law") [Capital punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_California "Capital punishment in California") [Cannabis]() [Drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California "Drug policy of California") [Taxation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_California "Taxation in California") [Gambling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_California "Gambling in California") [Gun law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laws_in_California "Gun laws in California") \| \| [Civil procedural law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure "Civil procedure") [Administrative Procedure Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Administrative_Procedure_Act "California Administrative Procedure Act") [Bagley-Keene Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagley-Keene_Act "Bagley-Keene Act") [California Style Manual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Style_Manual "California Style Manual") [Civil Harassment Restraining Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Harassment_Restraining_Order "Civil Harassment Restraining Order") [Special motion to strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_motion_to_strike "Special motion to strike") [Ordinary and administrative mandate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_mandate_$California$ "Writ of mandate (California)") \| \| [Tort law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_law "Tort law") [Cumis counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumis_counsel "Cumis counsel") [Duty to protect students](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regents_of_University_of_California_v._Superior_Court_of_Los_Angeles_County_$Rosen$ "Regents of University of California v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (Rosen)") [Informed consent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salgo_v._Leland_Stanford_Jr._University_Board_of_Trustees "Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees") [Negligent infliction of emotional distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress "Negligent infliction of emotional distress") [Peculiar risk doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_risk_doctrine "Peculiar risk doctrine") [Pure comparative negligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_v._Yellow_Cab_Co. "Li v. Yellow Cab Co.") [Tarasoff liability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasoff_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California "Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California") [Strict product liability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenman_v._Yuba_Power_Products,_Inc. "Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.") [Tort Claims Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Tort_Claims_Act "California Tort Claims Act") \| \| [Civil rights law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_law "Civil rights law") [Prop 209](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_209 "1996 California Proposition 209") (public affirmative action ban) [SB 54](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_54_$2017$ "California Senate Bill 54 (2017)") (sanctuary law) [Act to Save Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Act_to_Save_Lives "California Act to Save Lives") [Art Preservation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Art_Preservation_Act "California Art Preservation Act") [Celebrities Rights Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Celebrities_Rights_Act "California Celebrities Rights Act") [End of Life Option Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_End_of_Life_Option_Act "California End of Life Option Act") [Fair Employment and Housing Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act_of_1959 "California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959") [Fair procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_procedure "Fair procedure") [Public Records Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Public_Records_Act "California Public Records Act") [Shield Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Shield_Law "California Shield Law") [Free speech on privately owned property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins "Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins") [Unruh Civil Rights Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unruh_Civil_Rights_Act "Unruh Civil Rights Act") \| \| [Criminal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law "Criminal law") [.50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.50_Caliber_BMG_Regulation_Act_of_2004 ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004") [AB 962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_962_$2009$ "California Assembly Bill 962 (2009)") (handgun ammunition sales) [AB 1471](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1471_$2007$ "California Assembly Bill 1471 (2007)") (firearm microstamping) [Adequate provocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_v._Berry "People v. Berry") [Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Comprehensive_Computer_Data_Access_and_Fraud_Act "California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act") [Felony petty theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony_petty_theft "Felony petty theft") [Felony murder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony_murder_rule_$California$ "Felony murder rule (California)") [Marsden motion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden_motion "Marsden motion") [Murgia motion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murgia_motion "Murgia motion") (selective prosecution) [Murder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_$California$ "Murder (California)") [Romero motion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_v._Superior_Court_$Romero$ "People v. Superior Court (Romero)") [Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Determinate_Sentencing_Act_of_1976 "Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976") \| \| Laws concerning [political subdivisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions "Political subdivisions") of the state [AB 811](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_811_$2008$ "California Assembly Bill 811 (2008)") (energy efficiency zoning) [Housing Accountability Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Housing_Accountability_Act "California Housing Accountability Act") [Brown Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Act "Brown Act") [Marks-Roos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks-Roos "Marks-Roos") (joint powers authorities) [Mello-Roos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mello-Roos "Mello-Roos") (local tax districts) [Mills Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_Act "Mills Act") (historic structure preservation) \| \| [Environmental law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law "Environmental law") [2008 Statewide Truck and Bus Rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_California_Statewide_Truck_and_Bus_Rule "2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule") [California Environmental Quality Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act "California Environmental Quality Act") [California Water Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Water_Plan "California Water Plan") [Electronic Waste Recycling Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Electronic_Waste_Recycling_Act "California Electronic Waste Recycling Act") [Endangered Species Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Endangered_Species_Act "California Endangered Species Act") [Hodge decision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge_decision "Hodge decision") [Sustainable Groundwater Management Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act "Sustainable Groundwater Management Act") \| \| [Labor law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_law "Labor law") [Prop 22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_22 "2020 California Proposition 22") (rideshare drivers as contractors) [AB 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_5_$2019$ "California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)") (independent contractors) [Agricultural Labor Relations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975 "California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975") [AB 1066](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1066_$2016$ "California Assembly Bill 1066 (2016)") (equal overtime for farmworkers) [California Rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Rule_$pension_law$ "California Rule (pension law)") (pensions) [Child Actor's Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Child_Actor%27s_Bill "California Child Actor's Bill") [De Havilland Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Law "De Havilland Law") (seven year maximum on labor contracts) [Paid Family Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_Family_Leave_$California$ "Paid Family Leave (California)") [Talent Agencies Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_Agencies_Act_$California$ "Talent Agencies Act (California)") \| \| [Family law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law "Family law") [Palimony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimony_in_the_United_States "Palimony in the United States") [Pereira accounting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereira_accounting "Pereira accounting") [Van Camp accounting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Camp_accounting "Van Camp accounting") \| \| [Consumer protection law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection_law "Consumer protection law") and [building codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codes "Building codes") [Prop 103](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_103 "Proposition 103") (insurance rates) [Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquist_Priolo_Special_Studies_Zone_Act "Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act") [Building Standards Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Building_Standards_Code "California Building Standards Code") (contains the [Energy Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Energy_Code "California Energy Code")) [Balloon Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Balloon_Law "California Balloon Law") [California foie gras law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_foie_gras_law "California foie gras law") [Consumers Legal Remedies Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Consumers_Legal_Remedies_Act "California Consumers Legal Remedies Act") [Consumer Privacy Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act "California Consumer Privacy Act") [Technical Bulletin 117](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Technical_Bulletin_117 "California Technical Bulletin 117") (fire extinguishers) \| \| [Education law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_law "Education law") [SB 277](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_277 "California Senate Bill 277") (removing vaccine exemptions) [California Student Free Expression Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Education_Code_48907 "California Education Code 48907") [DREAM Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_DREAM_Act "California DREAM Act") [Leonard Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Law "Leonard Law") [School Success and Opportunity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Success_and_Opportunity_Act "School Success and Opportunity Act") [Vergara v. California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergara_v._California "Vergara v. California") \| \| Miscellaneous [AB 1215](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1215_$2011$ "California Assembly Bill 1215 (2011)") (automobile titling) [AB 1535](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1535_$2014$ "California Assembly Bill 1535 (2014)") (naloxone prescription by pharmacists) [Corporate Disclosure Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Corporate_Disclosure_Act "California Corporate Disclosure Act") [Presidential Tax Transparency and Accountability Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_27 "California Senate Bill 27") [Road Repair and Accountability Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Repair_and_Accountability_Act "Road Repair and Accountability Act") \| \| Historical laws [Act for the Government and Protection of Indians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Government_and_Protection_of_Indians "Act for the Government and Protection of Indians") [Alien Land Law of 1913](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913 "California Alien Land Law of 1913") [Consenting Adult Sex Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consenting_Adult_Sex_Bill "Consenting Adult Sex Bill") [Criminal Syndicalism Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Criminal_Syndicalism_Act "California Criminal Syndicalism Act") [Sanitary Ordinance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_Ordinance "Sanitary Ordinance") \| Cannabis in California is illegal under United States [federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law "Federal law"), yet legally sanctioned for [medical use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis") since 1996 and for [recreational use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use "Recreational drug use") since late 2016 under [California law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_California "Law of California"). The state of [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") has been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize [cannabis laws in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States"), beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis ([Proposition 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$1972$ "California Proposition 19 (1972)")). Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to [legalize medical cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") through the [Compassionate Use Act of 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassionate_Use_Act_of_1996 "Compassionate Use Act of 1996") (Proposition 215), which passed with 56% voter approval.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-BBC-1) In November 2016, California voters approved the [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_64 "2016 California Proposition 64") (Proposition 64) with 57% of the vote, which [legalized the recreational use of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States"). As a result of recreational legalization, local governments (city and county) may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Commercial activities can be regulated or prohibited by local governments although deliveries cannot be prohibited.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019/06/02-3) Following recreational legalization, existing growers and suppliers of medical cannabis were required to register, comply with regulations, and apply for permits. Over half of the nonprofit [dispensaries legally providing medical marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States") closed. Local agencies have been slow to approve retail stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes with most cities and counties banning retail with a wait and see approach. Many existing growers have been slow to apply for permits as it has been estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States comes from northern California. The export of marijuana to other states remains illegal since the [U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Drug_Enforcement_Administration "U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration") considers it a [Schedule I drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_I_drug "Schedule I drug"). Reducing illegal activity is considered essential for the success of legal operations who pay the considerable taxes assessed by state and local authorities. Many people do not have nearby retail stores selling cannabis and continue to buy from unlicensed sellers. Illegal growing continues in remote rural areas. Raids and confiscation by law enforcement of illegal retail and grow operations have continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization. California's main regulatory agencies were initially the [Bureau of Cannabis Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Cannabis_Control "Bureau of Cannabis Control") (BCC), [Department of Food and Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture "California Department of Food and Agriculture"), and [Department of Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Public_Health "California Department of Public Health").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-KSBY_2017-11-22-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Toast-5) Their responsibilities were merged under the Department of Cannabis Control in 2021.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-6) ## Current state and local regulation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Current state and local regulation")\] Companies must obtain a license from a local agency in each jurisdiction to cultivate, test, or sell cannabis.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-7) Cities and counties, including unincorporated areas, may choose to permit all, some, or none of these activities.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) However, since January 2019, local governments may not prohibit deliveries by state-licensed companies.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019/06/02-3) Distributors are required to act as intermediaries between cannabis producers and retailers.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-8) In July 2021, California consolidated its state cannabis regulatory agencies into the Department of Cannabis Control.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-10) Before this change, the industry was overseen by three separate agencies. The Bureau of Cannabis Control regulated retailers, distributors, and testing laboratories. The Department of Food and Agriculture’s CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing Division oversaw cultivators. The Department of Public Health’s Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch regulated cannabis product manufacturers.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-11) Many communities have adopted zoning rules that prohibit cannabis retail stores. In response, some state legislators have introduced bills that would require certain local jurisdictions to permit a limited number of retail establishments, particularly in areas where a majority of voters supported legalizing recreational cannabis.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) Local governments have opposed these proposals. A May 2019 editorial in the Los Angeles Times also criticized this type of legislation.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-05-18-12) Supporters of the bills argue that limited access to legal retailers contributes to the continuation of illegal cannabis sales.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) California prohibits the export of marijuana to other states, as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-07-04-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-14) Some estimates indicate that California produces up to five times more cannabis than is consumed within the state. Other estimates suggest that about 80% of the crop is shipped to other states. Cannabis that is exported from California is not subject to the state’s taxes or regulatory oversight. In addition, consumers in other states often pay higher prices for the product.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-15) The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") has investigated officials in several cities and counties.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-11-09-16) Unlicensed sales were not reduced as fast as many expected.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) The growth of the legal market has been inhibited since the majority of cities and counties have not allowed the retail sale of cannabis.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-TG_2021-11-02-19) Due to the continued operation of much illegal activity, heavy taxation is an important issue for licensed operators.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-20) They are concerned about the perceived lack of sufficient enforcement against illegal activities.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-22) The legal market includes the cost of mandatory testing.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17) Transitioning from a provisional, temporary license to a permanent license has also been difficult. As of April 2020, about 82% of the cannabis licenses were still provisional.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-23) Authorities warn that the illegal market may contain pesticide or other chemical residues and mold.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) Other products sold illegally that have not been tested include [edible products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_edibles "Cannabis edibles")[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-24) and [vaping pens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarettes "Electronic cigarettes").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-16-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-08-25-27) ### Possession \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Possession")\] Local governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using or transporting marijuana for personal use. An appeals court ruled that inmates who possess small amounts of marijuana in prison are not guilty of a felony crime.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-28) Attorney General [Xavier Becerra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Becerra "Xavier Becerra")'s office had argued that possessing small amounts of marijuana is legally banned in prison which can result in significantly increasing a prisoner's sentence.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-29) ### Cultivation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Cultivation")\] Cannabis is estimated to be the largest cash crop in California with a value of more than \$11 billion.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) The state provided most of the cannabis consumed in the United States prior to legalization which was intended to provide a transition to legal, licensed growing. The [California Environmental Quality Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act "California Environmental Quality Act") (CEQA) requires a detailed [analysis of the environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment "Environmental impact assessment") of growers operations. Statewide, 208 growers had obtained regular, annual licenses by July 2019. At this point of some 18 months into legalization, 1,532 growers were still operating on provisional permits as they went through the CEQA process that requires extensive paperwork.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-31) Smaller farms were given five years to become established under legalization before larger growers were allowed to enter the market.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-32) Under the regulations set to expire in 2023, growers can have only one medium licence but there is no limit on the number of small licenses an individual grower can have. This [loophole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loophole "Loophole") has allowed larger growers to operate.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018/04/29-33) [Humboldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California "Humboldt County, California"), [Mendocino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_County "Mendocino County"), and [Trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_County,_California "Trinity County, California") counties have long been known as Northern California's [Emerald Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Triangle "Emerald Triangle") as it is estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States is grown there. Registering and applying for permits has not been an easy decision for many long time growers in these three counties.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) In [Santa Barbara County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County "Santa Barbara County"), cannabis growing has taken over greenhouses that formerly grew flowers. In the first four months of legalization, the county had almost 800 permits issued for cultivators, the most of any county in the state.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018/04/29-33) [Calaveras County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California "Calaveras County, California") registered more than seven hundred cultivators after county voters approved a tax in 2016.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-34) #### Trespass grows \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Trespass grows")\] Unlicensed growing continues in remote rural areas and has expanded according to law enforcement reports. Raids and confiscation of illegal grow operations by law enforcement has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-37) Authorities are constantly dealing with illegal cultivation in remote protected areas such as state parks and national forests.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-40) Illegal grows are partially responsible for record levels of water thefts during the [drought that began in 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughts_in_California "Droughts in California").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-41) #### Pests and diseases \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Pests and diseases")\] See also: [Cannabis pests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_pests "Cannabis pests"), [Cannabis diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_diseases "Cannabis diseases"), [Hemp pests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_pests "Hemp pests"), and [Hemp diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_diseases "Hemp diseases") A large number of [insect pests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_pest "Insect pest") are significant, along with some mammals: [Mice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice "Mice"), [Rattus rattus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_rattus "Rattus rattus"), [Neotoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotoma "Neotoma") rat spp., [Thomomys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomomys "Thomomys") gopher spp., [black-tailed deer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_deer "Black-tailed deer") (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), and black bears ([Ursus americanus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_americanus "Ursus americanus")).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) Powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca macularis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerotheca_macularis "Sphaerotheca macularis") and various Pythium root rots ([Pythium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium "Pythium") spp.) are important [diseases in this crop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hemp_diseases "List of hemp diseases").[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) The [Department of Pesticide Regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Pesticide_Regulation "Department of Pesticide Regulation") provides legal guidance and treatment recommendations for all of these.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) ### On-site consumption \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: On-site consumption")\] In July 2019, [West Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood "West Hollywood") approved a cannabis consumption license for [Lowell Herb Co](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Herb_Co "Lowell Herb Co"), "the first of its kind in the nation". [Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Farms:_A_Cannabis_Cafe "Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe") opened in September 2019 with a menu of cannabis for consumption, THC-infused drinks and meals for cannabis-enhanced sense of taste and smell. It includes the expertise of cannabis [sommeliers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommelier "Sommelier"), known as "[budtenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budtender "Budtender")" on site.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-44) It has since been rebranded as the "Original Cannabis Cafe", separating itself from the Lowell Farms corporate brand. A retail establishment Seaweed On Ocean, was licensed in [Lompoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompoc "Lompoc") for on site consumption in July 2018 and opened December 2019, claims to be the first between Los Angeles and San Francisco.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-45) ### Retail and delivery \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Retail and delivery")\] Stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes have been banned from 80% of the 482 municipalities in California.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) In September 2019, 873 cannabis sellers had been licensed by the state while the United Cannabis Business Assn. conducted an audit that estimated there are approximately 2,835 unlicensed dispensaries and delivery services based on advertising.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Legal retailers say the illegal market is larger than the legal market due to the high costs they pay in start-up permit costs and on-going taxes. They complain about the lack of effective enforcement against unlicensed shops.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) Prior to 2018, about 2,000 nonprofit dispensaries legally provided medical marijuana. Legalization introduced regulations that increased the cost of operation and more than 65% of dispensaries shut their doors.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-46) Recreational marijuana shops began to open in January 2018, with many districts beginning recreational sales on the first or fifth of January 2018.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-kpcc-47) In January, 2018, Los Angeles had no licensed retailers; the closest cities with licensed retail sales were [Santa Ana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California "Santa Ana, California") on January 1 and [West Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood "West Hollywood") on January 2.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-49) As of September 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit), 187 dispensaries had temporary city approval in Los Angeles.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Los Angeles adopted an ordinance in 2018 to restrict some storefront and billboard advertising after research showed that young adults who lived near dispensaries that had storefront signage used marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more positive views about the drug.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-50) Many dispensaries and delivery companies continued to operate under the [stay-at-home order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order") during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-51) With an executive order on March 22, Governor Gavin Newsom declared cannabis one of the enterprises to be considered an essential business.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-52) ### Special events \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Special events")\] Organizers of cannabis festivals are required to get permission from state and local agencies. Under the permits, they can let anyone 21 and older buy and smoke weed at the festival.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-DB_2019-05-03-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-54) In 2019, [Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Lands_Music_and_Arts_Festival "Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival") in San Francisco became the first major music festival to offer legal cannabis for sale on site. The area was known as "Grass Lands" and sold more than \$1 million in cannabis products such as edibles, vaping cartridges and joints over the three-day event.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-55) ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: History")\] ### Industrial hemp \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Industrial hemp")\] [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis") was cultivated for fiber and rope as early as 1795 in California, when cultivation began at [Mission San Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_$California$ "Mission San José (California)") under the governorship of [Diego de Borica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Borica "Diego de Borica"). Cannabis was grown in several regions of Southern California, with two-thirds of it being grown on the missions.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56) California produced 13,000 pounds of hemp in 1807, and 220,000 pounds in 1810.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Incorporated2008-57) However, in 1810 Mexico began to rebel against the Spanish crown, and the subsidies for growing hemp were cut, leading to a near-disappearance of the crop. A few missions continued to grow it for local use, and the [Russian colonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas "Russian colonization of the Americas") grew hemp at [Fort Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross "Fort Ross") until the station was abandoned in 1841.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56) ### Psychoactive cannabis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Psychoactive cannabis")\] Among the early cultivators of cannabis for recreational use in California were Arabs, Armenians, and Turks who grew cannabis as early as 1895 to make [hashish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish "Hashish") for local consumption.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Duvall2014-58) Unlike in other states where fears of black or Hispanic use of cannabis drove new restrictions, California was an exception for its focus on South Asian immigrants. A California delegate to the Hague Convention wrote in 1911: "Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica; they are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast."[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Booth2015-59) ### Criminalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Criminalization")\] The Poison Act was passed in California in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-60) was made to make possession of "extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds" a misdemeanor.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-62) forbade the sale or possession of "flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed (Cannabis sativa), Indian hemp" except with a prescription.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) Both bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of [Sonoratown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoratown "Sonoratown") in Los Angeles, where police raided two "dream gardens" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-63) In 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishable by up to 6 years in prison, and black market sale, which had initially been a misdemeanor punishable by a \$100–\$400 fine and/or 50–180 days in jail for first offenders, became punishable by 6 months–6 years.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1927, the laws designed to target opium usage were finally extended to Indian hemp.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1929, second offenses for possession became punishable by sentences of 6 months–10 years.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1937, cannabis cultivation became a separate offense.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) By 1932, 60% of narcotics arrests in Los Angeles involved cannabis, which was considered "much less serious than the morphine cases."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-64) In 1954, penalties for marijuana possession were hiked to a minimum 1–10 years in prison, and sale was made punishable by 5–15 years with a mandatory 3 years before eligibility for parole; two prior felonies raised the maximum sentences for both offenses to life imprisonment.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) ### Popularization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Popularization")\] In the 1950s and 1960s, the [beatnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatnik "Beatnik") and later [hippie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie "Hippie") cultures experimented with cannabis, driving increased interest in the drug. In 1964, the first cannabis legalization group was formed in the U.S. when Lowell Eggemeier of San Francisco was arrested, and his attorney established LEMAR (LEgalize MARijuana) shortly afterwards.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Rosenthal2009-65) By the mid-1960s, the Saturday Evening Post was publishing articles estimating that half the college population of California had tried cannabis. One writer commented that usage was: so widespread that pot must be considered an integral part of the generation's life experience.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-May2002-66) ### Illicit cultivation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Illicit cultivation")\] In the 1960s–1970s, people in California had developed the [sinsemilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsemilla "Sinsemilla") ("without seeds") method of producing cannabis, uprooting the male plants before they could pollinate the females, resulting a seedless and more potent cannabis. Around 1975, this technique arrived in Humboldt County, which was to become one of the nation's most famous centers of cannabis production. California growers received an unintentional advantage from the US government, which in the 1970s began spraying cannabis fields in Mexico with the herbicide [paraquat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraquat "Paraquat"). Fears of contamination led to a drop in demand for cheaper Mexican cannabis, and a corresponding increase in demand for California-grown cannabis. By 1979, 35% of cannabis consumed in California was grown in-state. By 2010, 79% of cannabis nationwide came from California.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Brady2013-67) ### Decriminalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Decriminalization")\] For broader coverage of this topic, see [Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States"). #### Moscone Act (1975) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Moscone Act (1975)")\] [Decriminalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization "Decriminalization") of cannabis – which treats possession of small amounts as a civil (rather than a criminal) offense – was established in July 1975 when the state legislature passed Senate Bill 95, the Moscone Act.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Crime-70) SB 95 made possession of one ounce (28 g) of marijuana a misdemeanor punishable by a \$100 fine, with higher punishments for amounts greater than one ounce, for possession on school grounds, or for cultivation.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-NORML-71) #### "Smoke a joint, lose your license" expires (1999) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: \"Smoke a joint, lose your license\" expires (1999)")\] For broader coverage of this topic, see [Solomon–Lautenberg amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%E2%80%93Lautenberg_amendment "Solomon–Lautenberg amendment"). In 1999, a state law was allowed to expire that mandated a six-month driver's license suspension for possession of cannabis or other illegal drugs. The policy originated with a 1990 federal law that threatened to reduce transportation funding for states unless they took one of two actions: impose a six-month driver’s license suspension for individuals convicted of a drug offense, or pass a resolution formally declining to adopt such a penalty.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72) The law was enacted in 1994 at the urging of Governor [Pete Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wilson "Pete Wilson"), who argued that the policy kept unsafe drivers off the road and helped prevent illegal drug use.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) Critics argued that the punishment was excessive and often had nothing to do with the offense committed.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) The law resulted in as many as 100,000 license suspensions per year according to the [California Department of Motor Vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles "California Department of Motor Vehicles").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72) #### Proposition 36 (2000) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Proposition 36 (2000)")\] Main article: [California Proposition 36 (2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_36_$2000$ "California Proposition 36 (2000)") Proposition 36 (also known as the [Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_36 "2000 California Proposition 36")) was approved by 61% of voters, requiring that "first and second offense drug violators be sent to drug treatment programs instead of facing trial and possible incarceration."[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop36-74) #### Senate Bill 1449 (2010) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Senate Bill 1449 (2010)")\] On September 30, 2010, Governor [Arnold Schwarzenegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") signed into law SB 1449, which further reduced the charge of possession of one ounce (28 g) of cannabis or less, from a misdemeanor to an infraction, similar to a traffic violation—a maximum of a \$100 fine and no mandatory court appearance or criminal record.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-activatedirect1-75) The law became effective January 1, 2011.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-76) ### Medical cannabis legalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Medical cannabis legalization")\] #### Early reform efforts (pre-1996) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Early reform efforts (pre-1996)")\] The movement to legalize medical cannabis in the U.S. sprang out of [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") in the early 1990s, with efforts soon spreading statewide and eventually across the nation. Proposition P was approved by 79% of San Francisco voters in November 1991, calling on state lawmakers to pass legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-77) The city board of supervisors additionally passed a resolution in August 1992 urging the police commission and district attorney to "make lowest priority the arrest or prosecution of those involved in the possession or cultivation of \[cannabis\] for medicinal purposes" and to "allow a letter from a treating physician to be used as [prima facia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_facie "Prima facie") evidence that marijuana can alleviate the pain and suffering of that patient's medical condition".[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-78) The resolution enabled the open sale of cannabis to AIDS patients and others within the city, most notably through the [San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Cannabis_Buyers_Club "San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club") which was operated by medical cannabis activist [Dennis Peron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Peron "Dennis Peron") (who spearheaded Proposition P and later the statewide Proposition 215).[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-79) Similar clubs appeared outside San Francisco in the ensuing years as other cities passed legislation to support the medical use of cannabis. The [Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana "Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana") was founded in 1993 after 75% of [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California "Santa Cruz, California") voters approved Measure A in November 1992.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) And the [Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative") was founded in 1995 shortly before the city council passed multiple medical cannabis resolutions.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) Following the lead of San Francisco and other cities in California, state lawmakers passed Senate Joint Resolution 8 in 1993, a non-binding measure calling on the federal government to enact legislation allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) In 1994, Senate Bill 1364 was approved by state legislators, to reclassify cannabis as a Schedule II drug at the state level.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) And Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) Both SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor [Pete Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wilson "Pete Wilson"), however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) #### Proposition 215 (1996) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Proposition 215 (1996)")\] Main article: [1996 California Proposition 215](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_215 "1996 California Proposition 215") Frustrated by vetoes of medical cannabis bills in successive years, medical cannabis advocates in California took the issue directly to the voters, collecting 775,000 signatures for qualification of a statewide ballot initiative in 1996.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-82) Proposition 215 – the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 – was subsequently approved with 56% of the vote, legalizing the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis by patients with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or "any other illness for which marijuana provides relief".[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83) The law also allowed patient [caregivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiver "Caregiver") to cultivate cannabis, and urged lawmakers to facilitate the "safe and affordable distribution of marijuana".[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83) #### Senate Bill 420 (2003) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Senate Bill 420 (2003)")\] Main article: [California Senate Bill 420](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_420 "California Senate Bill 420") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg/250px-Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg) Medical cannabis card in [Marin County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California "Marin County, California") Vague wording became a major criticism of Proposition 215, though the law has since been clarified through state Supreme Court rulings and the passage of subsequent laws. The first such legislative solution came in January 2003 with the passage of Senate Bill 420 (colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act). Senate Bill 420 established an [identification card system for medical cannabis patients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_card "Medical cannabis card"), and allowed the formation of non-profit collectives for provision of cannabis to patients. In 2006 [San Diego County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California "San Diego County, California") filed a lawsuit over its required participation in the state ID card program,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-84) but the challenge was later struck down and the city was forced to comply.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) In January 2010 the California Supreme Court ruled in [People v. Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_420#People_v._Kelly "California Senate Bill 420") that SB 420 did not limit the quantity of cannabis that a patient can possess. All possession limits were therefore lifted. #### Implementation and criticism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Implementation and criticism")\] California was the first state to establish a medical cannabis program, enacted by Proposition 215 in 1996 and Senate Bill 420 in 2003. Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allows people the right to obtain and use cannabis for any illness if they obtain a recommendation from a doctor. The [Supreme Court of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California "Supreme Court of California") has ruled there are no specified limits as to what a patient may possess in their private residence if the cannabis is strictly for the patient's own use.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-86) Medical cannabis identification cards are issued through the [California Department of Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Public_Health "California Department of Public Health")'s Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). The program began in three counties in May 2005, and expanded statewide in August of the same year. 37,236 cards have been issued throughout 55 counties as of December 2009. However, cannabis dispensaries within the state accept recommendations, with an embossed license, from a doctor who has given the patient an examination and believes cannabis would be beneficial for their ailment. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif/lossy-page1-250px-The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Green_Doctors,_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations,_Venice,_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles,_California_LCCN2013632427.tif) Cannabis evaluations in [Venice Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles#Venice_Beach "Venice, Los Angeles") Critics of California's medical cannabis program argued that the program essentially gave cannabis quasi-legality, as "anyone can obtain a recommendation for medical marijuana at any time for practically any ailment".[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Acknowledging that there were instances in which the system was abused and that laws could be improved, Stephen Gutwillig of the [Drug Policy Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance "Drug Policy Alliance") insisted that what Proposition 215 had accomplished was "nothing short of incredible".[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Gutwillig argued that because of the law, 200,000 patients in the state had safe and affordable access to medical cannabis to relieve pain and treat medical conditions, without having to risk arrest or buy off the black market.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) #### Conflict with federal law \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: Conflict with federal law")\] Although Proposition 215 legalized medical cannabis in California, at the federal level it remained a [Schedule I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_I_drugs "Schedule I drugs") prohibited drug.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-88) Seeking to enforce this prohibition, the [Justice Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") conducted numerous raids and prosecutions of medical cannabis providers throughout the state in subsequent years. Who grows marijuana and where it comes from were lightly regulated. Federal authorities claimed that these medical marijuana businesses were fronts for the black market. Also rather than growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients, they claimed the cannabis was coming from Mexico or large hidden grows in California.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-89) Some state and local officials strongly supported these enforcement efforts, in particular Attorney General [Dan Lungren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lungren "Dan Lungren") who was a vocal opponent of Proposition 215 leading up to its passage.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Other officials, such as San Francisco District Attorney [Terence Hallinan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Hallinan "Terence Hallinan"), condemned the actions as a gross intrusion into the state's affairs.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raids and prosecutions increased in frequency throughout the Bush and Obama years,[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-WTC-90) until finally in December 2014 the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment") was enacted at the federal level. One of the raids that occurred was at the [Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana "Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana") in Santa Cruz in September 2002. WAMM was a non-profit collective set up to provide cannabis to seriously ill patients, and was working closely with local authorities to follow all applicable state and local laws.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-91) On the morning of September 5, 2022, DEA agents equipped with paramilitary gear and semiautomatic weapons stormed the premises, destroyed all the cannabis plants, and arrested the property owners Mike and Valerie Corral.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-92) This prompted an angry response from nearby medical cannabis patients – some in wheelchairs – who gathered at the site to block federal agents from leaving, until finally after three hours later the Corrals were released.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raid triggered a strong backlash from Santa Cruz city officials as well, who sanctioned an event two weeks later where cannabis was handed out to patients on the steps of city hall,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-93) attracting widespread media attention.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) The DEA was "appalled" by the event,[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-94) but took no further action. Further pushback against federal enforcement efforts occurred in June 2003 following the jury trial conviction of [Ed Rosenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Rosenthal "Ed Rosenthal"), a high school biology teacher and [High Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Times "High Times") author, who had been raided by the DEA in 2002 for growing more than 100 cannabis plants in an [Oakland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California "Oakland, California") warehouse.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95) Because cannabis remained a prohibited substance under federal law, jurors could not be informed that Rosenthal had been deputized by the city of Oakland to grow the cannabis, or even that the cannabis was being used for medical purposes only.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Rosenthal was easily convicted as a result; however, immediately following the trial, when jurors found out the true circumstances of the case, they publicly renounced the verdict they had just handed down and demanded a retrial.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Judge [Charles Breyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Breyer "Charles R. Breyer"), in part influenced by the extraordinary action of the jurors, sentenced Rosenthal to just one day in jail, of which he had already served.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95) In July 2007, a new tactic was adopted by the DEA of threatening landlords renting to medical cannabis providers.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-96) Letters were sent to a number of property owners in the Los Angeles area, informing them that they faced up to 20 years in prison for violating the "crack house statute" of the Controlled Substances Act, in addition to seizure of their properties. This tactic subsequently spread to other areas of California, while DEA raids continued to increase as well in the following years. In October 2011 an extensive and coordinated crackdown on California's cannabis dispensaries was announced by the chief prosecutors of the state's four federal districts.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-97) Three major court cases originated in California that attempted to challenge the federal government's ability to enforce federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis. [Conant v. McCaffrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conant_v._McCaffrey "Conant v. McCaffrey") was brought forth in response to various threats made by the federal government against doctors who recommend cannabis to patients. Decided in 2000, it upheld the right of physicians to recommend but not prescribe cannabis.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In [United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative") (decided in 2001), it was argued that medical use of cannabis should be permitted as constituted by a "[medical necessity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_necessity "Medical necessity")" – but this argument was unsuccessful.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In [Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich") (decided in 2005), the constitutionality of the Controlled Substances Act was challenged based on the idea that cannabis grown and consumed in California does not qualify as [interstate commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_commerce "Interstate commerce") – but this argument was also found to be without merit.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) ### Recreational cannabis legalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: Recreational cannabis legalization")\] #### Proposition 19 (1972) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Proposition 19 (1972)")\] Main article: [California Proposition 19 (1972)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$1972$ "California Proposition 19 (1972)") In 1972, California became the first state to vote on a ballot measure seeking to legalize cannabis. Proposition 19 – the California Marijuana Initiative – sought to legalize the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis, but did not allow for commercial sales.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68) The initiative was spearheaded by the group Amorphia, which was founded in 1969 (by Blair Newman) and financed its activities through the sale of hemp [rolling papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_paper "Rolling paper").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-99) It was ultimately defeated by a wide margin (33–67%), but supporters were encouraged by the results,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-100) which provided momentum to other reform efforts in California in subsequent years.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) In 1974, Amorphia ran into financial difficulties and became the California chapter of [NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-101) #### Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)")\] Main article: [Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Control,_Regulation,_and_Education_Act "Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act") In February 2009, [Tom Ammiano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ammiano "Tom Ammiano") introduced the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act, which would remove penalties under state law for the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana for persons the age of 21 or older. When the Assembly Public Safety Committee approved the bill on a 4 to 3 vote in January 2010, this marked the first time in United States history that a bill legalizing marijuana passed a legislative committee. While the legislation failed to reach the Assembly floor, Ammiano stated his plans to reintroduce the bill later in the year, depending on the success of [Proposition 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$2010$ "California Proposition 19 (2010)"), the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-banks1-102) According to [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_$magazine$ "Time (magazine)"), California tax collectors estimated the bill would have raised about \$1.3 billion a year in revenue. Critics such as John Lovell, lobbyist for the California Peace Officers' Association, argued that too many people already struggle with alcohol and drug abuse, and legalizing another mind-altering substance would lead to a surge of use, making problems worse.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Time-103) Apart from helping the state's budget by enforcing a tax on the sale of cannabis, proponents of the bill argued that legalization would reduce the amount of criminal activity associated with the drug. #### Proposition 19 (2010) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Proposition 19 (2010)")\] Main article: [California Proposition 19 (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$2010$ "California Proposition 19 (2010)") In November 2010, California voters rejected Proposition 19 (by a vote of 53.5% to 46.5%), an initiative that would have legalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for adults age 21 and over, and regulated its sale similar to alcohol.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-104) The initiative faced stiff opposition from numerous police organizations in the state, while many growers in the [Emerald Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Triangle "Emerald Triangle") were strongly opposed due to fears that corporate megafarms would put them out of business.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The initiative was also undercut by the passage of [Senate Bill 1449](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_1449_$2010$) a month before the election.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Proposition 19 was spearheaded by [Richard Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lee_$activist$ "Richard Lee (activist)"), founder of [Oaksterdam University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaksterdam_University "Oaksterdam University").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) #### Proposition 64 (2016) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=30 "Edit section: Proposition 64 (2016)")\] Main article: [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act "Adult Use of Marijuana Act") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg/330px-2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg) [Proposition 64 (2016)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act "Adult Use of Marijuana Act") results by county. Counties with a majority of "yes" votes are in blue and counties with a majority of "no" votes are in yellow. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/250px-High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg) High Times cannabis dispensary in [Coalinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalinga "Coalinga"), California, pictured in October 2022 (Sarah Stierch ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))) On November 8, 2016, Proposition 64 – the Adult Use of Marijuana Act – passed by a 57% to 43% vote, legalizing the use, sale, and cultivation of recreational cannabis in California for adults 21 and over. The initiative was certified for the ballot on June 28, 2016,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-105) after supporters handed in more than 600,000 raw signatures of the 365,000 certified signatures that were required.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-106) The initiative received the largest amount of support from Napster founder [Sean Parker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker "Sean Parker") who contributed more than \$8.6 million of the \$25 million that was raised in support of the initiative.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) Lieutenant Governor [Gavin Newsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom "Gavin Newsom") was the highest-ranking official in the state to endorse the initiative;[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) it was also endorsed by several of the state's major newspapers including the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times"),[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-108) [San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle"),[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-109) [San Diego Union-Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune "San Diego Union-Tribune"),[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-110) [Orange County Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register "Orange County Register"),[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-111) and [San Jose Mercury News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_News "The Mercury News").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-112) Immediately upon certification of the November 2016 ballot results, adults age 21 or older were allowed to: - Possess, transport, process, purchase, obtain, or give away, without any compensation whatsoever, no more than one ounce of dry cannabis or eight grams concentrated cannabis to adults the age of 21 or older. - Possess, plant, cultivate, harvest, dry, or process no more than six live plants and the produce of those plants in a private residence, in a locked area not seen from normal view, in compliance with all local ordinances. - Smoke or ingest cannabis. - Possess, transport, purchase, obtain, use, manufacture, or give away marijuana paraphernalia to peoples the age of 21 or older. Users may not: - Smoke it where tobacco is prohibited. - Possess, ingest or smoke within 1,000 feet (300 m) of a day care, school, or youth center while children are present (except within a private residence and if said smoke is not detectable to said children).[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-113) - Manufacture concentrated cannabis using a volatile solvent without a license under Chapter 3.5 of Division 8 or Division 10 of the Business and Professions Code. - Possess an open container or marijuana paraphernalia while in the driver or passenger seat of a vehicle used for transportation. - Smoke or ingest marijuana while operating a vehicle used for transportation. - Smoke or ingest marijuana while riding in the passenger seat or compartment of a vehicle.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114) Licenses were issued to allow cultivation and business establishment beginning in 2018. Legal sales for non-medical use were allowed by law beginning January 1, 2018, following formulation of new regulations on retail market by the state's Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation (to be renamed Bureau of Marijuana Control).[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-116) Proposition 64 is not meant in any way to affect, amend, or restrict the statutes provided for medical cannabis in California under Proposition 215.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114) In 2016, in response to Proposition 64, State Treasurer [John Chiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chiang_$California_politician$ "John Chiang (California politician)") set up a working group to explore access to financial services for legal marijuana-related businesses operating in California,[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-117) as access to banking services has been a problem due to the additional burdens mandated by the [Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network "Financial Crimes Enforcement Network") on financial institutions to assure that any marijuana related business clients are in compliance with all state laws.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-118) ### Post-legalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=31 "Edit section: Post-legalization")\] #### Cannabis Appellations Program (2021) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=32 "Edit section: Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)")\] After the adoption of Proposition 64, California has been pioneering[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-119) the CalCannabis Appellations Project (CAP),[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-120) to develop [appellations of origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_of_origin "Appellation of origin") for cannabis products.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-121) The [California Department of Food and Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture "California Department of Food and Agriculture") claims that the CAP will "promote regional cannabis goods and local businesses, prevent the misrepresentation of a cannabis good’s origin, and support consumer confidence about a cannabis good’s origin and characteristics."[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122) A series of consultations are underway to develop the CAP.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122) The benefits of this program:[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-123) 1. Promoting the unique characteristics and qualities of cannabis grown in different regions, similar to how wine regions are known for specific varietals and styles. 2. Encouraging sustainable and responsible farming practices by requiring growers in designated regions to meet certain environmental and labor standards.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-124) 3. Supporting small farmers and preserving local agriculture by promoting and protecting the unique heritage of cannabis grown in specific regions. 4. Provide consumers with more information about the origin and quality of cannabis products, similar to how wine bottles are labeled with their region of origin. 5. Help to establish California as a leader in the cannabis industry[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-125) by setting standards for high-quality cannabis production. 6. Create economic opportunities for rural communities and help them to diversify their income sources 7. Promote transparency, traceability, and accountability in the cannabis supply chain by providing a means to certify the origin and quality of cannabis products. #### September 2022 reforms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=33 "Edit section: September 2022 reforms")\] In September 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a number of cannabis-related reforms, including bills to protect cannabis users from healthcare discrimination,[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-126) require child welfare social workers to treat parental cannabis use the same as alcohol,[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-127) prevent employees from being fired for cannabis use outside of work hours (with exceptions for federal employees or workers in safety-sensitive positions),[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) allow veterinarians to recommend medical cannabis for pets,[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) facilitate the sealing of records for certain cannabis offenses,[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) and allow interstate commerce for cannabis to and from California (provided that the federal government has first indicated that it will allow such activity).[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) #### Pesticide contamination \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=34 "Edit section: Pesticide contamination")\] In June 2024, the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times") tested legally-sold cannabis products in California and uncovered large amounts of pesticides in many cannabis products. Twenty-five of 42 products contained pesticides exceeding the levels permitted by law. The investigation alleges that many testing laboratories fraudulently certified products as satisfying pesticide regulations, when in fact they did not meet the regulations. Owners of some private testing laboratories stated that they were forced out of business because they refused to falsify test results. The Department of Cannabis Control, which is responsible for regulating cannabis in California, refused to release the results of its own internal testing of cannabis products. In September 2024, a lawsuit was filed by a former employee of the Department of Cannabis Control, alleging that the head of the department had ignored fraudulent testing, and that the department fired the former employee when the employee attempted to publicize the fraud.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-tumult-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-secr-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-test-131)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-body-132) The same lawsuit also alleges that the potency displayed on the labels of many legal cannabis products in California are deliberately inflated by fraudulent testing laboratories.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-pogtent-133)[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-blo-134) #### Policy in 2025 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=35 "Edit section: Policy in 2025")\] This section is an excerpt from [Cannabis Policy in California (2025)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Policy_in_California_$2025$ "Cannabis Policy in California (2025)").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_Policy_in_California_$2025$&action=edit)\] [California's New Cannabis Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Policy_in_California_$2025$ "Cannabis Policy in California (2025)"), effective January 1, 2025, introduces several significant changes to the state's cannabis regulations, aiming to enhance consumer experiences, streamline business operations, and address public health concerns within the framework of California's existing legal cannabis market.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-135)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-136) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=36 "Edit section: See also")\] - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/40px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg)[Cannabis portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cannabis "Portal:Cannabis") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/40px-Flag_of_California.svg.png)[California portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California "Portal:California") - [Drug policy of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California "Drug policy of California") - [Law of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_California "Law of California") - [Legal history of cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=37 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-BBC_1-0) ["US election: California voters approve marijuana for recreational use"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37917472). BBC News. November 9, 2016. 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-4) McGreevy, Patrick (April 5, 2019). ["California cities sue state over home deliveries of pot"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-california-sued-pot-deliveries-20190405-story.html). [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times"). Retrieved April 5, 2019. 3. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2019/06/02_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-VCS_2019/06/02_3-1) Harris, Mike (June 2, 2019). ["Some local officials frustrated with eroding of local control by FCC and state pot bureau"](https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/conejo-valley/2019/06/02/officials-frustrated-fcc-order-5-g-state-marijuana-deliveries/3694124002/). [Ventura County Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star "Ventura County Star"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190607140940/https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/conejo-valley/2019/06/02/officials-frustrated-fcc-order-5-g-state-marijuana-deliveries/3694124002/) from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-KSBY_2017-11-22_4-0)* Blood, Michael R. (November 17, 2017). ["California's legal pot countdown: What's coming by Jan. 1"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171122071729/http://www.ksby.com/story/36874567/californias-legal-pot-countdown-whats-coming-by-jan-1). Associated Press. Archived from [the original](http://www.ksby.com/story/36874567/californias-legal-pot-countdown-whats-coming-by-jan-1) on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017 – via KSBY. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-Toast_5-0) ["Is California Really Ready For Legal Marijuana?"](https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/is-california-ready-for-legal-weed/). The Fresh Toast. October 23, 2017. 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-6) [State cannabis consolidation](https://cannabis.ca.gov/about-us/consolidation/) 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-7) Nguyen, Julia (October 27, 2021). ["Ventura cannabis company ordered to pay \$75k for operating without a license, failure to pay taxes"](https://keyt.com/news/crime/2021/10/26/ventura-cannabis-company-ordered-to-pay-75k-for-operating-without-a-license-failure-to-pay-taxes/). KEYT. Retrieved October 28, 2021. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-8) Black, Lester (November 19, 2023). ["The biggest pot distributor in California has collapsed"](https://www.sfgate.com/cannabis/article/failed-california-cannabis-distributor-18496585.php). SFGATE. Retrieved November 19, 2023. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-9) Dolgin, Jonathan (July 21, 2021). ["California Governor Signs Bill Creating Department of Cannabis Control"](https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/california-governor-signs-bill-creating-1040940/). Fox Rothschild LLP – via JD Supra. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-10) Bloom, Isabella (July 16, 2021). 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[Rapport d'étape sur le cannabis récréatif, établi par la Mission d'Information Commune de l'Assemblée Nationale sur la règlementation et l'impact des différents usages du cannabis](https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/content/download/341940/3351816/version/1/file/210505+Rapport+cannabis+recreatif.pdf) (PDF) (in French). [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris "Paris") ([France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France")): [National Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_$France$ "National Assembly (France)"). p. 208. 120. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-120) ["CalCannabis Appellations Project Fact Sheet"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211212165721/https://static.cdfa.ca.gov/MCCP/document/P45_Appellation%20Fact_Sheet_ADA.pdf) (PDF). [California Department of Food and Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture "California Department of Food and Agriculture"). 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-123)* ["California Marijuana Laws \\| CaliforniaCannabis.org"](https://californiacannabis.org/laws). California Cannabis Information Portal. Retrieved January 23, 2023. 124. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-124) ["CDFA CANNABIS APPELLATIONS PROGRAM"](https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/cap/docs/cap_flyer_2022.pdf) (PDF). 125. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-125) ["Cannabis social equity assessment"](https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/cao/oerj/cannabis-social-equity-assessment.pdf) (PDF). 126. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-126) Jaeger, Kyle (September 5, 2022). ["California Governor Signs Bill Protecting Medical Cannabis Patients From Healthcare Discrimination"](https://www.marijuanamoment.net/california-governor-signs-bill-protecting-medical-cannabis-patients-from-healthcare-discrimination/). Marijuana Moment. 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["California Governor Signs 10 Marijuana Bills, Including Interstate Commerce, Employment Protections And Record Sealing"](https://www.marijuanamoment.net/california-governor-signs-10-marijuana-bills-including-interstate-commerce-employment-protections-and-record-sealing/). Marijuana Moment. Retrieved September 28, 2022. 129. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-tumult_129-0)* St. John, Paige (September 18, 2024). ["California Legal Weed Industry in Tumult after Times Pesticide Investigation"](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-09-18/california-legal-weed-industry-in-tumult-after-times-pesticide-investigation). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 18, 2024. 130. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-secr_130-0) St. John, Paige; Halperin, Alex (June 14, 2024). ["The dirty secret of California's legal weed"](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-06-14/the-dirty-secret-of-californias-legal-weed). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 18, 2024. 131. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-test_131-0) St. John, Paige; Alex, Halpern (June 14, 2024). ["How we tested for pesticides"](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-06-14/california-doesnt-test-legal-weed-for-pesticides-so-we-did). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 18, 2024. 132. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-body_132-0) Iñiguez Elebee, Lorena; St. John, Paige (June 14, 2024). ["Contaminated weed in you"](https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-06-14/how-heavy-metal-and-pesticide-contaminated-weed-affects-your-health). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 18, 2024. 133. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-pogtent_133-0) Schroyer, John (September 12, 2024). 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-136) Marijuana Policy Project. ["2025 Cannabis Policy Reform Legislation and Voter Measures"](https://www.mpp.org/issues/legislation/key-marijuana-policy-reform/). MPP. Retrieved May 7, 2025. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=38 "Edit section: External links")\] [![logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg) The Wikibook [California Public Policy and Citizen Participation](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/California_Public_Policy_and_Citizen_Participation "wikibooks:California Public Policy and Citizen Participation") has a page on the topic of: *[Cannabis policies in California](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/California_Public_Policy_and_Citizen_Participation/Chapter_Eleven "wikibooks:California Public Policy and Citizen Participation/Chapter Eleven")* - [California Cannabis Portal](https://cannabis.ca.gov/), California's official website for information on legal marijuana. \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:California_Marijuana "Template:California Marijuana") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:California_Marijuana "Template talk:California Marijuana") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California_Marijuana "Special:EditPage/Template:California Marijuana")[Cannabis in California]() \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Propositions \| [California Proposition 19 (1972)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$1972$ "California Proposition 19 (1972)") [California Proposition 215 (1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_215_$1996$ "California Proposition 215 (1996)") [California Proposition 36 (2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_36_$2000$ "California Proposition 36 (2000)") [California Proposition 19 (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$2010$ "California Proposition 19 (2010)") [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act "Adult Use of Marijuana Act") (2016) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/California_marijuana_template.jpg/120px-California_marijuana_template.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_marijuana_template.jpg) \| \| California Senate Bills \| [California Senate Bill 420](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_420 "California Senate Bill 420") (2003) \| \| \| California Assembly Bills \| [Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Control,_Regulation,_and_Education_Act "Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act") (2009) \| \| \| Related \| [Barbary Coast cannabis lounge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Coast_cannabis_lounge "Barbary Coast cannabis lounge") [California Bureau of Cannabis Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Bureau_of_Cannabis_Control "California Bureau of Cannabis Control") [Emerald Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Triangle "Emerald Triangle") [Lowell Herb Co](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Herb_Co "Lowell Herb Co") [San Francisco Office of Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Office_of_Cannabis "San Francisco Office of Cannabis") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Template:Cannabis in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Cannabis in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis in the United States")[Cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Cannabis in the United States") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States") \| \| \| \| \| \| Laws and bills \| [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") [Controlled Substances Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act") (1970) [Solomon–Lautenberg amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%E2%80%93Lautenberg_amendment "Solomon–Lautenberg amendment") (1990) [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act "Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act") (2011) [Cole Memorandum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Memorandum "Cole Memorandum") (2013) [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment") (2014) [STATES Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STATES_Act "STATES Act") (2018) [Marijuana Justice Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Justice_Act "Marijuana Justice Act") (2019) [Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Freedom_and_Opportunity_Act "Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act") (2019) [SAFE Banking Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE_Banking_Act "SAFE Banking Act") (2019) [MORE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_Act "Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act") (2019) [Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Administration_and_Opportunity_Act "Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act") (2022) [Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_and_Cannabidiol_Research_Expansion_Act "Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act") (2022) \| \| Court cases \| [Leary v. United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leary_v._United_States "Leary v. United States") (1969) [Ravin v. State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravin_v._State "Ravin v. State") (1975) [Conant v. Walters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conant_v._Walters "Conant v. Walters") (2000) [United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative") (2001) [Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich") (2005) [Moncrieffe v. Holder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncrieffe_v._Holder "Moncrieffe v. Holder") (2013) [Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access_v._Drug_Enforcement_Administration "Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration") (2013) \| \| [Legality by jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction "Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Recreational use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") \| [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska "Cannabis in Alaska") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona "Cannabis in Arizona") [California]() [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut "Cannabis in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware "Cannabis in Delaware") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois "Cannabis in Illinois") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine "Cannabis in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland "Cannabis in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts "Cannabis in Massachusetts") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan "Cannabis in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Minnesota "Cannabis in Minnesota") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri "Cannabis in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana "Cannabis in Montana") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada "Cannabis in Nevada") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey "Cannabis in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico "Cannabis in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York "Cannabis in New York") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Ohio "Cannabis in Ohio") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island "Cannabis in Rhode Island") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont "Cannabis in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia "Cannabis in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_$state$ "Cannabis in Washington (state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam "Cannabis in Guam") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands") [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington,_D.C. "Cannabis in Washington, D.C.") \| \| [Medical use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") \| [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alabama "Cannabis in Alabama") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arkansas "Cannabis in Arkansas") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Florida "Cannabis in Florida") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hawaii "Cannabis in Hawaii") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kentucky "Cannabis in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Louisiana "Cannabis in Louisiana") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mississippi "Cannabis in Mississippi") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nebraska "Cannabis in Nebraska") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire "Cannabis in New Hampshire") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota "Cannabis in North Dakota") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oklahoma "Cannabis in Oklahoma") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Pennsylvania "Cannabis in Pennsylvania") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Dakota "Cannabis in South Dakota") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Utah "Cannabis in Utah") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_West_Virginia "Cannabis in West Virginia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico "Cannabis in Puerto Rico") \| \| [Decriminalized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States") \| [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Hawaii "Cannabis in Hawaii") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Louisiana "Cannabis in Louisiana") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mississippi "Cannabis in Mississippi") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Hampshire "Cannabis in New Hampshire") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Carolina "Cannabis in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_North_Dakota "Cannabis in North Dakota") \| \| Illegal \| [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Georgia_$U.S._state$ "Cannabis in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Idaho "Cannabis in Idaho") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Indiana "Cannabis in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Iowa "Cannabis in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kansas "Cannabis in Kansas") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Carolina "Cannabis in South Carolina") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tennessee "Cannabis in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Texas "Cannabis in Texas") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wisconsin "Cannabis in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Wyoming "Cannabis in Wyoming") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_American_Samoa "Cannabis in American Samoa") \| \| Regulation \| [List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cannabis_regulatory_agencies "List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies") [Cannabis product testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_product_testing "Cannabis product testing") [Rescheduling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act "Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act") \| \| Related \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States "Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States") [Congressional Cannabis Caucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Cannabis_Caucus "Congressional Cannabis Caucus") [Politicians who have admitted use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use "List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use") [Cannabis on American Indian reservations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_on_American_Indian_reservations "Cannabis on American Indian reservations") [Cannabis and the U.S. military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_the_United_States_military "Cannabis and the United States military") [Marijuana Policy Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project "Marijuana Policy Project") [NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws") [Harry J. Anslinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J._Anslinger "Harry J. Anslinger") [Dispensaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Template:Agriculture in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Agriculture in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United States")[Agriculture in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Agriculture in the United States") \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States "History of agriculture in the United States") \| [Rural American history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_American_history "Rural American history") [African-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States "African-American history of agriculture in the United States") [Black land loss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States "Black land loss in the United States") [Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture "Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture") [Cattle drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States "Cattle drives in the United States") [Columbian exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange "Columbian exchange") [Commercial tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States "History of commercial tobacco in the United States") [Colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_American_colonies "Tobacco in the American colonies") [Eastern Agricultural Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex "Eastern Agricultural Complex") [Three Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_$agriculture$ "Three Sisters (agriculture)") [Early history of food regulation in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States "Early history of food regulation in the United States") [Indentured servitude in British America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America "Indentured servitude in British America") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia "Indentured servitude in Virginia") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania "Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania") [New World crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_crops "New World crops") [List of food plants native to the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_plants_native_to_the_Americas "List of food plants native to the Americas") [Native American in Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_agriculture_in_Virginia "Native American agriculture in Virginia") [Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_on_the_Great_Plains "Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains") [Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States "Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_wine "History of American wine") [Plantation complexes in the Southern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States "Plantation complexes in the Southern United States") [Range war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_war "Range war") [Sheep wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_wars "Sheep wars") [Slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States "Slavery in the United States") [Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Slavery among Native Americans in the United States") [Colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States "Slavery in the colonial history of the United States") \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/120px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IHC_corn_picker,_Story_County,_Iowa,_2011.jpg) \| \| Industries \| [Banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_production_in_the_United_States "Banana production in the United States") [Bee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States "Beekeeping in the United States") [Blackcurrant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackcurrant_production_in_the_United_States "Blackcurrant production in the United States") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States "Cannabis in the United States") [Hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_the_United_States "Hemp in the United States") [Cherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_production_in_the_United_States "Cherry production in the United States") [Christmas tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree_production_in_the_United_States "Christmas tree production in the United States") [Corn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States "Corn production in the United States") [Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States "Cotton production in the United States") [Cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States "Cider in the United States") [Dairy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States "Dairy industry in the United States") [Hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop_production_in_the_United_States "Hop production in the United States") [Poultry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States "Poultry farming in the United States") [Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_United_States "Rice production in the United States") [Spinach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach_in_the_United_States "Spinach in the United States") [Sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States "Sugar industry of the United States") [Tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States "Tea production in the United States") [Tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States "Tobacco in the United States") [Wheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States "Wheat production in the United States") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wine "American wine") \| \| \| State, commonwealth, or territory-specific \| [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alabama "Agriculture in Alabama") [tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_Alabama "Tobacco in Alabama") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_wine "Alabama wine") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alaska "Agriculture in Alaska") [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska "Aquaculture in Alaska") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska "Cannabis in Alaska") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_wine "Alaska wine") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Arizona "Agriculture in Arizona") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_wine "Arizona wine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona "Cannabis in Arizona") Arkansas [rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_cultivation_in_Arkansas "Rice cultivation in Arkansas") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_wine "Arkansas wine") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_California "Agriculture in California") [almonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonds_in_California "Almonds in California") [cannabis]() [peaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_peaches_in_California "Production of peaches in California") [strawberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_cultivation_in_California "Strawberry cultivation in California") [walnuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnuts_in_California "Walnuts in California") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_wine "California wine") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colorado "Agriculture in Colorado") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_wine "Colorado wine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado "Cannabis in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Connecticut "Agriculture in Connecticut") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut "Cannabis in Connecticut") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_wine "Connecticut wine") Delaware [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware "Cannabis in Delaware") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_wine "Delaware wine") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida "Agriculture in Florida") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_wine "Florida wine") [tomato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_production_in_Florida "Tomato production in Florida") [mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_production_in_Florida "Mango production in Florida") Georgia [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_$U.S._state$_wine "Georgia (U.S. state) wine") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hawaii "Agriculture in Hawaii") [coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii "Coffee production in Hawaii") [sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii "Sugar plantations in Hawaii") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_wine "Hawaii wine") [genetically modified food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii "Genetically modified food in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Idaho "Agriculture in Idaho") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_wine "Idaho wine") Illinois [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois "Cannabis in Illinois") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_wine "Illinois wine") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indiana "Agriculture in Indiana") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_wine "Indiana wine") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iowa "Agriculture in Iowa") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_wine "Iowa wine") Kansas [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_wine "Kansas wine") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kentucky "Agriculture in Kentucky") [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_Kentucky "Hemp in Kentucky") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_wine "Kentucky wine") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Louisiana "Agriculture in Louisiana") [tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perique "Perique") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_wine "Louisiana wine") Maine [aquaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine "Aquaculture in Maine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine "Cannabis in Maine") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_wine "Maine wine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Maryland "Agriculture in Maryland") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland "Cannabis in Maryland") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_wine "Maryland wine") Massachusetts [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts "Cannabis in Massachusetts") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_wine "Massachusetts wine") Michigan [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan "Cannabis in Michigan") [cherries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_production_in_Michigan "Cherry production in Michigan") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_wine "Michigan wine") Minnesota [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_wine "Minnesota wine") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mississippi "Agriculture in Mississippi") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_wine "Mississippi wine") Missouri [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri "Cannabis in Missouri") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_wine "Missouri wine") Montana [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana "Cannabis in Montana") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_wine "Montana wine") Nebraska [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_wine "Nebraska wine") Nevada [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada "Cannabis in Nevada") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_wine "Nevada wine") New Hampshire [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine "New Hampshire wine") New Jersey [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey "Cannabis in New Jersey") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_wine "New Jersey wine") New Mexico [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico "Cannabis in New Mexico") [chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_chile "New Mexico chile") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_wine "New Mexico wine") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_York "Agriculture in New York") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York "Cannabis in New York") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_wine "New York wine") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Carolina "Agriculture in North Carolina") [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_North_Carolina "Hemp in North Carolina") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_wine "North Carolina wine") North Dakota [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_wine "North Dakota wine") Ohio [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_wine "Ohio wine") Oklahoma [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_wine "Oklahoma wine") Oregon [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_wine "Oregon wine") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon "Cannabis in Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania "Agriculture in Pennsylvania") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine "Pennsylvania wine") Rhode Island [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island "Cannabis in Rhode Island") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine "Rhode Island wine") South Carolina [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_wine "South Carolina wine") South Dakota [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_wine "South Dakota wine") Tennessee [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_wine "Tennessee wine") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Texas "Agriculture in Texas") [rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_rice_production "Texas rice production") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_wine "Texas wine") Utah [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_wine "Utah wine") Vermont [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont "Cannabis in Vermont") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_wine "Vermont wine") Virginia [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia "Cannabis in Virginia") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_wine "Virginia wine") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Washington "Agriculture in Washington") [apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_apples "Washington apples") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_$state$ "Cannabis in Washington (state)") [hemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_in_Washington "Hemp in Washington") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_wine "Washington wine") West Virginia [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_wine "West Virginia wine") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin "Agriculture in Wisconsin") [dairy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry "Wisconsin dairy industry") [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_wine "Wisconsin wine") Wyoming [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_wine "Wyoming wine") Guam [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam "Cannabis in Guam") Northern Mariana Islands [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico "Agriculture in Puerto Rico") [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico "Cannabis in Puerto Rico") [coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Puerto_Rico "Coffee production in Puerto Rico") Virgin Islands [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands") \| \| \| By region \| [Southwestern United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States "Agriculture in the Southwestern United States") [Black Dirt Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region "Black Dirt Region") [Corn Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Belt "Corn Belt") [Cotton Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Belt "Cotton Belt") [Connecticut shade tobacco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco "Connecticut shade tobacco") [Fruit Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_Belt "Fruit Belt") [Rice Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Belt "Rice Belt") [Pacific Northwest oyster industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry "Pacific Northwest oyster industry") \| \| \| Government organizations \| [United States Department of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture "United States Department of Agriculture") [National Institute of Food and Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture "National Institute of Food and Agriculture") [4-H](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H "4-H") [National Agricultural Statistics Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service "National Agricultural Statistics Service") [United States Census of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_of_Agriculture "United States Census of Agriculture") [Agricultural Research Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service "Agricultural Research Service") [National FFA Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_FFA_Organization "National FFA Organization") \| \| \| Non-governmental organizations \| [American Farm Bureau Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation "American Farm Bureau Federation") [Alpha Gamma Rho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Rho "Alpha Gamma Rho") [Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Sigma_$fraternity$ "Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)") [Alpha Tau Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Alpha "Alpha Tau Alpha") [Alpha Zeta (professional)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Zeta_$professional$ "Alpha Zeta (professional)") [Delta Theta Sigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Theta_Sigma "Delta Theta Sigma") [National Grange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grange "National Grange") [National Society Descendants of American Farmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_Descendants_of_American_Farmers "National Society Descendants of American Farmers") \| \| \| Law and politics \| [Agricultural policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States "Agricultural policy of the United States") [Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954 "Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954") [Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_Risk_Protection_Act_of_2000 "Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000") [California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975 "California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975") [Capper–Volstead Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act "Capper–Volstead Act") [Children's Act for Responsible Employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Act_for_Responsible_Employment "Children's Act for Responsible Employment") [Farm bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_farm_bill "United States farm bill") [Food Security Act of 1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985 "Food Security Act of 1985") [Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990 "Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990") [Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agriculture_Improvement_and_Reform_Act_of_1996 "Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996") [Grain Futures Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_Futures_Act "Grain Futures Act") [Packers and Stockyards Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packers_and_Stockyards_Act "Packers and Stockyards Act") [Pure Food and Drug Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act "Pure Food and Drug Act") [Taylor Grazing Act of 1934](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934 "Taylor Grazing Act of 1934") [Marihuana Tax Act of 1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937 "Marihuana Tax Act of 1937") \| \| \| Health and environment \| [Agricultural workers mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_in_United_States_agricultural_workers "Mental health in United States agricultural workers") [Climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States "Climate change and agriculture in the United States") [Farmer suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States "Farmers' suicides in the United States") [Genetically modified food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_the_United_States "Genetically modified food in the United States") [Water supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States "Water supply and sanitation in the United States") 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"Operation Blooming Onion") [United Farm Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farm_Workers "United Farm Workers") [United Food and Commercial Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers "United Food and Commercial Workers") [Woman's Land Army of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America "Woman's Land Army of America") \| \| \| \| Labor disputes \| [1903 Oxnard strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Oxnard_strike "1903 Oxnard strike") [1933 El Monte berry strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_El_Monte_berry_strike "1933 El Monte berry strike") [1933 Funsten Nut strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Funsten_Nut_strike "1933 Funsten Nut strike") [1933 Wisconsin milk strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Wisconsin_milk_strike "1933 Wisconsin milk strike") [1933 Yakima Valley strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Yakima_Valley_strike "1933 Yakima Valley strike") [1936 Venice celery strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Venice_celery_strike "1936 Venice celery strike") [1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_San_Antonio_pecan_shellers_strike "1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike") [California agricultural strikes of 1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_agricultural_strikes_of_1933 "California agricultural strikes of 1933") [Cantaloupe strike of 1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe_strike_of_1928 "Cantaloupe strike of 1928") [Citrus Strike of 1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_Strike_of_1936 "Citrus Strike of 1936") [Cotton pickers' strike of 1891](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_pickers%27_strike_of_1891 "Cotton pickers' strike of 1891") [Delano grape strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delano_grape_strike "Delano grape strike") [Hanapepe massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre "Hanapepe massacre") [Hardin County onion pickers strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County_onion_pickers_strike "Hardin County onion pickers strike") [Hawaiian sugar strike of 1946](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_sugar_strike_of_1946 "Hawaiian sugar strike of 1946") [Imperial Valley lettuce strike of 1930](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Valley_lettuce_strike_of_1930 "Imperial Valley lettuce strike of 1930") [Oahu sugar strike of 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920 "Oahu sugar strike of 1920") [Salad Bowl strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_Bowl_strike "Salad Bowl strike") [Santa Clara cherry strike of 1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_cherry_strike_of_1933 "Santa Clara cherry strike of 1933") [Thibodaux massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre "Thibodaux massacre") [Tulare labor camps rent strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_labor_camps_rent_strike "Tulare labor camps rent strike") [Vacaville tree pruners' strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacaville_tree_pruners%27_strike "Vacaville tree pruners' strike") [Wheatland hop riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland_hop_riot "Wheatland hop riot") \| \| \| Other \| [Corn maze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_maze "Corn maze") [Ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch "Ranch") [Cowboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy "Cowboy") [Dude ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude_ranch "Dude ranch") \| \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&oldid=1341545606>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Cannabis in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cannabis_in_California "Category:Cannabis in California") - [California law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:California_law "Category:California law") - [California 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Readable Markdown	[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg/250px-California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_cannabis_universal_symbol.svg) California's Cannabis Universal Symbol Cannabis in California is illegal under United States [federal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law "Federal law"), yet legally sanctioned for [medical use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis "Medical cannabis") since 1996 and for [recreational use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use "Recreational drug use") since late 2016 under [California law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_California "Law of California"). The state of [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") has been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize [cannabis laws in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States"), beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis ([Proposition 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$1972$ "California Proposition 19 (1972)")). Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to [legalize medical cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Medical cannabis in the United States") through the [Compassionate Use Act of 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassionate_Use_Act_of_1996 "Compassionate Use Act of 1996") (Proposition 215), which passed with 56% voter approval.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-BBC-1) In November 2016, California voters approved the [Adult Use of Marijuana Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_64 "2016 California Proposition 64") (Proposition 64) with 57% of the vote, which [legalized the recreational use of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States"). As a result of recreational legalization, local governments (city and county) may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Commercial activities can be regulated or prohibited by local governments although deliveries cannot be prohibited.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019/06/02-3) Following recreational legalization, existing growers and suppliers of medical cannabis were required to register, comply with regulations, and apply for permits. Over half of the nonprofit [dispensaries legally providing medical marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dispensaries_in_the_United_States "Cannabis dispensaries in the United States") closed. Local agencies have been slow to approve retail stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes with most cities and counties banning retail with a wait and see approach. Many existing growers have been slow to apply for permits as it has been estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States comes from northern California. The export of marijuana to other states remains illegal since the [U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Drug_Enforcement_Administration "U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration") considers it a [Schedule I drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_I_drug "Schedule I drug"). Reducing illegal activity is considered essential for the success of legal operations who pay the considerable taxes assessed by state and local authorities. Many people do not have nearby retail stores selling cannabis and continue to buy from unlicensed sellers. Illegal growing continues in remote rural areas. Raids and confiscation by law enforcement of illegal retail and grow operations have continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization. California's main regulatory agencies were initially the [Bureau of Cannabis Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Cannabis_Control "Bureau of Cannabis Control") (BCC), [Department of Food and Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture "California Department of Food and Agriculture"), and [Department of Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Public_Health "California Department of Public Health").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-KSBY_2017-11-22-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Toast-5) Their responsibilities were merged under the Department of Cannabis Control in 2021.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-6) ## Current state and local regulation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Current state and local regulation")\] Companies must obtain a license from a local agency in each jurisdiction to cultivate, test, or sell cannabis.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-7) Cities and counties, including unincorporated areas, may choose to permit all, some, or none of these activities.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) However, since January 2019, local governments may not prohibit deliveries by state-licensed companies.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2019/06/02-3) Distributors are required to act as intermediaries between cannabis producers and retailers.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-8) In July 2021, California consolidated its state cannabis regulatory agencies into the Department of Cannabis Control.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-10) Before this change, the industry was overseen by three separate agencies. The Bureau of Cannabis Control regulated retailers, distributors, and testing laboratories. The Department of Food and Agriculture’s CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing Division oversaw cultivators. The Department of Public Health’s Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch regulated cannabis product manufacturers.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-11) Many communities have adopted zoning rules that prohibit cannabis retail stores. In response, some state legislators have introduced bills that would require certain local jurisdictions to permit a limited number of retail establishments, particularly in areas where a majority of voters supported legalizing recreational cannabis.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) Local governments have opposed these proposals. A May 2019 editorial in the Los Angeles Times also criticized this type of legislation.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-05-18-12) Supporters of the bills argue that limited access to legal retailers contributes to the continuation of illegal cannabis sales.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) California prohibits the export of marijuana to other states, as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-07-04-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-14) Some estimates indicate that California produces up to five times more cannabis than is consumed within the state. Other estimates suggest that about 80% of the crop is shipped to other states. Cannabis that is exported from California is not subject to the state’s taxes or regulatory oversight. In addition, consumers in other states often pay higher prices for the product.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-15) The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") has investigated officials in several cities and counties.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2020-11-09-16) Unlicensed sales were not reduced as fast as many expected.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) The growth of the legal market has been inhibited since the majority of cities and counties have not allowed the retail sale of cannabis.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-TG_2021-11-02-19) Due to the continued operation of much illegal activity, heavy taxation is an important issue for licensed operators.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-20) They are concerned about the perceived lack of sufficient enforcement against illegal activities.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-22) The legal market includes the cost of mandatory testing.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Yahoo_2019-09-01-17) Transitioning from a provisional, temporary license to a permanent license has also been difficult. As of April 2020, about 82% of the cannabis licenses were still provisional.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-23) Authorities warn that the illegal market may contain pesticide or other chemical residues and mold.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-07-19-18) Other products sold illegally that have not been tested include [edible products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_edibles "Cannabis edibles")[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-24) and [vaping pens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarettes "Electronic cigarettes").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-16-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-08-25-27) Local governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using or transporting marijuana for personal use. An appeals court ruled that inmates who possess small amounts of marijuana in prison are not guilty of a felony crime.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-28) Attorney General [Xavier Becerra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Becerra "Xavier Becerra")'s office had argued that possessing small amounts of marijuana is legally banned in prison which can result in significantly increasing a prisoner's sentence.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-29) Cannabis is estimated to be the largest cash crop in California with a value of more than \$11 billion.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) The state provided most of the cannabis consumed in the United States prior to legalization which was intended to provide a transition to legal, licensed growing. The [California Environmental Quality Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act "California Environmental Quality Act") (CEQA) requires a detailed [analysis of the environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment "Environmental impact assessment") of growers operations. Statewide, 208 growers had obtained regular, annual licenses by July 2019. At this point of some 18 months into legalization, 1,532 growers were still operating on provisional permits as they went through the CEQA process that requires extensive paperwork.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-31) Smaller farms were given five years to become established under legalization before larger growers were allowed to enter the market.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-32) Under the regulations set to expire in 2023, growers can have only one medium licence but there is no limit on the number of small licenses an individual grower can have. This [loophole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loophole "Loophole") has allowed larger growers to operate.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018/04/29-33) [Humboldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California "Humboldt County, California"), [Mendocino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_County "Mendocino County"), and [Trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_County,_California "Trinity County, California") counties have long been known as Northern California's [Emerald Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Triangle "Emerald Triangle") as it is estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States is grown there. Registering and applying for permits has not been an easy decision for many long time growers in these three counties.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) In [Santa Barbara County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County "Santa Barbara County"), cannabis growing has taken over greenhouses that formerly grew flowers. In the first four months of legalization, the county had almost 800 permits issued for cultivators, the most of any county in the state.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-VCS_2018/04/29-33) [Calaveras County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California "Calaveras County, California") registered more than seven hundred cultivators after county voters approved a tax in 2016.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-34) Unlicensed growing continues in remote rural areas and has expanded according to law enforcement reports. Raids and confiscation of illegal grow operations by law enforcement has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-37) Authorities are constantly dealing with illegal cultivation in remote protected areas such as state parks and national forests.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-40) Illegal grows are partially responsible for record levels of water thefts during the [drought that began in 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughts_in_California "Droughts in California").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-41) A large number of [insect pests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_pest "Insect pest") are significant, along with some mammals: [Mice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice "Mice"), [Rattus rattus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_rattus "Rattus rattus"), [Neotoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotoma "Neotoma") rat spp., [Thomomys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomomys "Thomomys") gopher spp., [black-tailed deer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_deer "Black-tailed deer") (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), and black bears ([Ursus americanus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_americanus "Ursus americanus")).[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) Powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca macularis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerotheca_macularis "Sphaerotheca macularis") and various Pythium root rots ([Pythium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium "Pythium") spp.) are important [diseases in this crop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hemp_diseases "List of hemp diseases").[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) The [Department of Pesticide Regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Pesticide_Regulation "Department of Pesticide Regulation") provides legal guidance and treatment recommendations for all of these.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Ca-Dept-Pesti-Reg-2017-42) ### On-site consumption \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: On-site consumption")\] In July 2019, [West Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood "West Hollywood") approved a cannabis consumption license for [Lowell Herb Co](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Herb_Co "Lowell Herb Co"), "the first of its kind in the nation". [Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Farms:_A_Cannabis_Cafe "Lowell Farms: A Cannabis Cafe") opened in September 2019 with a menu of cannabis for consumption, THC-infused drinks and meals for cannabis-enhanced sense of taste and smell. It includes the expertise of cannabis [sommeliers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommelier "Sommelier"), known as "[budtenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budtender "Budtender")" on site.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-44) It has since been rebranded as the "Original Cannabis Cafe", separating itself from the Lowell Farms corporate brand. A retail establishment Seaweed On Ocean, was licensed in [Lompoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompoc "Lompoc") for on site consumption in July 2018 and opened December 2019, claims to be the first between Los Angeles and San Francisco.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-45) ### Retail and delivery \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Retail and delivery")\] Stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes have been banned from 80% of the 482 municipalities in California.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-04-05-2) In September 2019, 873 cannabis sellers had been licensed by the state while the United Cannabis Business Assn. conducted an audit that estimated there are approximately 2,835 unlicensed dispensaries and delivery services based on advertising.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Legal retailers say the illegal market is larger than the legal market due to the high costs they pay in start-up permit costs and on-going taxes. They complain about the lack of effective enforcement against unlicensed shops.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-CBS_2020-08-02-30) Prior to 2018, about 2,000 nonprofit dispensaries legally provided medical marijuana. Legalization introduced regulations that increased the cost of operation and more than 65% of dispensaries shut their doors.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-46) Recreational marijuana shops began to open in January 2018, with many districts beginning recreational sales on the first or fifth of January 2018.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-kpcc-47) In January, 2018, Los Angeles had no licensed retailers; the closest cities with licensed retail sales were [Santa Ana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California "Santa Ana, California") on January 1 and [West Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood "West Hollywood") on January 2.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-49) As of September 2019, 187 dispensaries had temporary city approval in Los Angeles.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-LAT_2019-09-11-25) Los Angeles adopted an ordinance in 2018 to restrict some storefront and billboard advertising after research showed that young adults who lived near dispensaries that had storefront signage used marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more positive views about the drug.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-50) Many dispensaries and delivery companies continued to operate under the [stay-at-home order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order") during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-51) With an executive order on March 22, Governor Gavin Newsom declared cannabis one of the enterprises to be considered an essential business.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-52) Organizers of cannabis festivals are required to get permission from state and local agencies. Under the permits, they can let anyone 21 and older buy and smoke weed at the festival.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-DB_2019-05-03-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-54) In 2019, [Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Lands_Music_and_Arts_Festival "Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival") in San Francisco became the first major music festival to offer legal cannabis for sale on site. The area was known as "Grass Lands" and sold more than \$1 million in cannabis products such as edibles, vaping cartridges and joints over the three-day event.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-55) [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis") was cultivated for fiber and rope as early as 1795 in California, when cultivation began at [Mission San Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_$California$ "Mission San José (California)") under the governorship of [Diego de Borica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Borica "Diego de Borica"). Cannabis was grown in several regions of Southern California, with two-thirds of it being grown on the missions.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56) California produced 13,000 pounds of hemp in 1807, and 220,000 pounds in 1810.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Incorporated2008-57) However, in 1810 Mexico began to rebel against the Spanish crown, and the subsidies for growing hemp were cut, leading to a near-disappearance of the crop. A few missions continued to grow it for local use, and the [Russian colonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas "Russian colonization of the Americas") grew hemp at [Fort Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross "Fort Ross") until the station was abandoned in 1841.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ClarkeMerlin2013-56) ### Psychoactive cannabis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Psychoactive cannabis")\] Among the early cultivators of cannabis for recreational use in California were Arabs, Armenians, and Turks who grew cannabis as early as 1895 to make [hashish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish "Hashish") for local consumption.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Duvall2014-58) Unlike in other states where fears of black or Hispanic use of cannabis drove new restrictions, California was an exception for its focus on South Asian immigrants. A California delegate to the Hague Convention wrote in 1911: "Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica; they are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast."[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Booth2015-59) The Poison Act was passed in California in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-60) was made to make possession of "extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds" a misdemeanor.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-62) forbade the sale or possession of "flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed (Cannabis sativa), Indian hemp" except with a prescription.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) Both bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of [Sonoratown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoratown "Sonoratown") in Los Angeles, where police raided two "dream gardens" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-63) In 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishable by up to 6 years in prison, and black market sale, which had initially been a misdemeanor punishable by a \$100–\$400 fine and/or 50–180 days in jail for first offenders, became punishable by 6 months–6 years.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1927, the laws designed to target opium usage were finally extended to Indian hemp.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1929, second offenses for possession became punishable by sentences of 6 months–10 years.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In 1937, cannabis cultivation became a separate offense.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) By 1932, 60% of narcotics arrests in Los Angeles involved cannabis, which was considered "much less serious than the morphine cases."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-64) In 1954, penalties for marijuana possession were hiked to a minimum 1–10 years in prison, and sale was made punishable by 5–15 years with a mandatory 3 years before eligibility for parole; two prior felonies raised the maximum sentences for both offenses to life imprisonment.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61) In the 1950s and 1960s, the [beatnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatnik "Beatnik") and later [hippie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie "Hippie") cultures experimented with cannabis, driving increased interest in the drug. In 1964, the first cannabis legalization group was formed in the U.S. when Lowell Eggemeier of San Francisco was arrested, and his attorney established LEMAR (LEgalize MARijuana) shortly afterwards.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Rosenthal2009-65) By the mid-1960s, the Saturday Evening Post was publishing articles estimating that half the college population of California had tried cannabis. One writer commented that usage was: so widespread that pot must be considered an integral part of the generation's life experience.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-May2002-66) ### Illicit cultivation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Illicit cultivation")\] In the 1960s–1970s, people in California had developed the [sinsemilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsemilla "Sinsemilla") ("without seeds") method of producing cannabis, uprooting the male plants before they could pollinate the females, resulting a seedless and more potent cannabis. Around 1975, this technique arrived in Humboldt County, which was to become one of the nation's most famous centers of cannabis production. California growers received an unintentional advantage from the US government, which in the 1970s began spraying cannabis fields in Mexico with the herbicide [paraquat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraquat "Paraquat"). Fears of contamination led to a drop in demand for cheaper Mexican cannabis, and a corresponding increase in demand for California-grown cannabis. By 1979, 35% of cannabis consumed in California was grown in-state. By 2010, 79% of cannabis nationwide came from California.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Brady2013-67) [Decriminalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization "Decriminalization") of cannabis – which treats possession of small amounts as a civil (rather than a criminal) offense – was established in July 1975 when the state legislature passed Senate Bill 95, the Moscone Act.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-gieringer-61)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Crime-70) SB 95 made possession of one ounce (28 g) of marijuana a misdemeanor punishable by a \$100 fine, with higher punishments for amounts greater than one ounce, for possession on school grounds, or for cultivation.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-NORML-71) #### "Smoke a joint, lose your license" expires (1999) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: \"Smoke a joint, lose your license\" expires (1999)")\] In 1999, a state law was allowed to expire that mandated a six-month driver's license suspension for possession of cannabis or other illegal drugs. The policy originated with a 1990 federal law that threatened to reduce transportation funding for states unless they took one of two actions: impose a six-month driver’s license suspension for individuals convicted of a drug offense, or pass a resolution formally declining to adopt such a penalty.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72) The law was enacted in 1994 at the urging of Governor [Pete Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wilson "Pete Wilson"), who argued that the policy kept unsafe drivers off the road and helped prevent illegal drug use.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) Critics argued that the punishment was excessive and often had nothing to do with the offense committed.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-wilson-73) The law resulted in as many as 100,000 license suspensions per year according to the [California Department of Motor Vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles "California Department of Motor Vehicles").[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-davis-72) #### Proposition 36 (2000) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Proposition 36 (2000)")\] Proposition 36 (also known as the [Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_36 "2000 California Proposition 36")) was approved by 61% of voters, requiring that "first and second offense drug violators be sent to drug treatment programs instead of facing trial and possible incarceration."[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop36-74) #### Senate Bill 1449 (2010) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Senate Bill 1449 (2010)")\] On September 30, 2010, Governor [Arnold Schwarzenegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") signed into law SB 1449, which further reduced the charge of possession of one ounce (28 g) of cannabis or less, from a misdemeanor to an infraction, similar to a traffic violation—a maximum of a \$100 fine and no mandatory court appearance or criminal record.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-activatedirect1-75) The law became effective January 1, 2011.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-76) ### Medical cannabis legalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Medical cannabis legalization")\] #### Early reform efforts (pre-1996) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Early reform efforts (pre-1996)")\] The movement to legalize medical cannabis in the U.S. sprang out of [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") in the early 1990s, with efforts soon spreading statewide and eventually across the nation. Proposition P was approved by 79% of San Francisco voters in November 1991, calling on state lawmakers to pass legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-77) The city board of supervisors additionally passed a resolution in August 1992 urging the police commission and district attorney to "make lowest priority the arrest or prosecution of those involved in the possession or cultivation of \[cannabis\] for medicinal purposes" and to "allow a letter from a treating physician to be used as [prima facia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_facie "Prima facie") evidence that marijuana can alleviate the pain and suffering of that patient's medical condition".[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-78) The resolution enabled the open sale of cannabis to AIDS patients and others within the city, most notably through the [San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Cannabis_Buyers_Club "San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club") which was operated by medical cannabis activist [Dennis Peron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Peron "Dennis Peron") (who spearheaded Proposition P and later the statewide Proposition 215).[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-79) Similar clubs appeared outside San Francisco in the ensuing years as other cities passed legislation to support the medical use of cannabis. The [Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana "Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana") was founded in 1993 after 75% of [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California "Santa Cruz, California") voters approved Measure A in November 1992.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) And the [Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative") was founded in 1995 shortly before the city council passed multiple medical cannabis resolutions.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) Following the lead of San Francisco and other cities in California, state lawmakers passed Senate Joint Resolution 8 in 1993, a non-binding measure calling on the federal government to enact legislation allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) In 1994, Senate Bill 1364 was approved by state legislators, to reclassify cannabis as a Schedule II drug at the state level.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) And Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) Both SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor [Pete Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wilson "Pete Wilson"), however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Vitiello_215-81) #### Proposition 215 (1996) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Proposition 215 (1996)")\] Frustrated by vetoes of medical cannabis bills in successive years, medical cannabis advocates in California took the issue directly to the voters, collecting 775,000 signatures for qualification of a statewide ballot initiative in 1996.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-82) Proposition 215 – the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 – was subsequently approved with 56% of the vote, legalizing the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis by patients with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or "any other illness for which marijuana provides relief".[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83) The law also allowed patient [caregivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiver "Caregiver") to cultivate cannabis, and urged lawmakers to facilitate the "safe and affordable distribution of marijuana".[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Prop215_text-83) #### Senate Bill 420 (2003) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Senate Bill 420 (2003)")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg/250px-Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medical-cannabis-card-california.jpg) Medical cannabis card in [Marin County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California "Marin County, California") Vague wording became a major criticism of Proposition 215, though the law has since been clarified through state Supreme Court rulings and the passage of subsequent laws. The first such legislative solution came in January 2003 with the passage of Senate Bill 420 (colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act). Senate Bill 420 established an [identification card system for medical cannabis patients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis_card "Medical cannabis card"), and allowed the formation of non-profit collectives for provision of cannabis to patients. In 2006 [San Diego County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California "San Diego County, California") filed a lawsuit over its required participation in the state ID card program,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-84) but the challenge was later struck down and the city was forced to comply.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) In January 2010 the California Supreme Court ruled in [People v. Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_420#People_v._Kelly "California Senate Bill 420") that SB 420 did not limit the quantity of cannabis that a patient can possess. All possession limits were therefore lifted. #### Implementation and criticism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Implementation and criticism")\] California was the first state to establish a medical cannabis program, enacted by Proposition 215 in 1996 and Senate Bill 420 in 2003. Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allows people the right to obtain and use cannabis for any illness if they obtain a recommendation from a doctor. The [Supreme Court of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California "Supreme Court of California") has ruled there are no specified limits as to what a patient may possess in their private residence if the cannabis is strictly for the patient's own use.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-86) Medical cannabis identification cards are issued through the [California Department of Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Public_Health "California Department of Public Health")'s Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). The program began in three counties in May 2005, and expanded statewide in August of the same year. 37,236 cards have been issued throughout 55 counties as of December 2009. However, cannabis dispensaries within the state accept recommendations, with an embossed license, from a doctor who has given the patient an examination and believes cannabis would be beneficial for their ailment. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif/lossy-page1-250px-The_Green_Doctors%2C_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations%2C_Venice%2C_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California_LCCN2013632427.tif.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Green_Doctors,_Medical_Marijuana_evaluations,_Venice,_a_beachfront_district_on_the_Westside_of_Los_Angeles,_California_LCCN2013632427.tif) Cannabis evaluations in [Venice Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles#Venice_Beach "Venice, Los Angeles") Critics of California's medical cannabis program argued that the program essentially gave cannabis quasi-legality, as "anyone can obtain a recommendation for medical marijuana at any time for practically any ailment".[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Acknowledging that there were instances in which the system was abused and that laws could be improved, Stephen Gutwillig of the [Drug Policy Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance "Drug Policy Alliance") insisted that what Proposition 215 had accomplished was "nothing short of incredible".[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) Gutwillig argued that because of the law, 200,000 patients in the state had safe and affordable access to medical cannabis to relieve pain and treat medical conditions, without having to risk arrest or buy off the black market.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-History-87) #### Conflict with federal law \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: Conflict with federal law")\] Although Proposition 215 legalized medical cannabis in California, at the federal level it remained a [Schedule I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_I_drugs "Schedule I drugs") prohibited drug.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-88) Seeking to enforce this prohibition, the [Justice Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") conducted numerous raids and prosecutions of medical cannabis providers throughout the state in subsequent years. Who grows marijuana and where it comes from were lightly regulated. Federal authorities claimed that these medical marijuana businesses were fronts for the black market. Also rather than growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients, they claimed the cannabis was coming from Mexico or large hidden grows in California.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-89) Some state and local officials strongly supported these enforcement efforts, in particular Attorney General [Dan Lungren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lungren "Dan Lungren") who was a vocal opponent of Proposition 215 leading up to its passage.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Other officials, such as San Francisco District Attorney [Terence Hallinan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Hallinan "Terence Hallinan"), condemned the actions as a gross intrusion into the state's affairs.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raids and prosecutions increased in frequency throughout the Bush and Obama years,[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-WTC-90) until finally in December 2014 the [Rohrabacher–Farr amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrabacher%E2%80%93Farr_amendment "Rohrabacher–Farr amendment") was enacted at the federal level. One of the raids that occurred was at the [Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo/Men%27s_Alliance_for_Medical_Marijuana "Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana") in Santa Cruz in September 2002. WAMM was a non-profit collective set up to provide cannabis to seriously ill patients, and was working closely with local authorities to follow all applicable state and local laws.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-91) On the morning of September 5, 2022, DEA agents equipped with paramilitary gear and semiautomatic weapons stormed the premises, destroyed all the cannabis plants, and arrested the property owners Mike and Valerie Corral.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-92) This prompted an angry response from nearby medical cannabis patients – some in wheelchairs – who gathered at the site to block federal agents from leaving, until finally after three hours later the Corrals were released.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The raid triggered a strong backlash from Santa Cruz city officials as well, who sanctioned an event two weeks later where cannabis was handed out to patients on the steps of city hall,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-93) attracting widespread media attention.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) The DEA was "appalled" by the event,[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-94) but took no further action. Further pushback against federal enforcement efforts occurred in June 2003 following the jury trial conviction of [Ed Rosenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Rosenthal "Ed Rosenthal"), a high school biology teacher and [High Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Times "High Times") author, who had been raided by the DEA in 2002 for growing more than 100 cannabis plants in an [Oakland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California "Oakland, California") warehouse.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95) Because cannabis remained a prohibited substance under federal law, jurors could not be informed that Rosenthal had been deputized by the city of Oakland to grow the cannabis, or even that the cannabis was being used for medical purposes only.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Rosenthal was easily convicted as a result; however, immediately following the trial, when jurors found out the true circumstances of the case, they publicly renounced the verdict they had just handed down and demanded a retrial.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Judge [Charles Breyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Breyer "Charles R. Breyer"), in part influenced by the extraordinary action of the jurors, sentenced Rosenthal to just one day in jail, of which he had already served.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-rosenthal-95) In July 2007, a new tactic was adopted by the DEA of threatening landlords renting to medical cannabis providers.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-96) Letters were sent to a number of property owners in the Los Angeles area, informing them that they faced up to 20 years in prison for violating the "crack house statute" of the Controlled Substances Act, in addition to seizure of their properties. This tactic subsequently spread to other areas of California, while DEA raids continued to increase as well in the following years. In October 2011 an extensive and coordinated crackdown on California's cannabis dispensaries was announced by the chief prosecutors of the state's four federal districts.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-97) Three major court cases originated in California that attempted to challenge the federal government's ability to enforce federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis. [Conant v. McCaffrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conant_v._McCaffrey "Conant v. McCaffrey") was brought forth in response to various threats made by the federal government against doctors who recommend cannabis to patients. Decided in 2000, it upheld the right of physicians to recommend but not prescribe cannabis.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In [United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Oakland_Cannabis_Buyers%27_Cooperative "United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative") (decided in 2001), it was argued that medical use of cannabis should be permitted as constituted by a "[medical necessity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_necessity "Medical necessity")" – but this argument was unsuccessful.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) In [Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich "Gonzales v. Raich") (decided in 2005), the constitutionality of the Controlled Substances Act was challenged based on the idea that cannabis grown and consumed in California does not qualify as [interstate commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_commerce "Interstate commerce") – but this argument was also found to be without merit.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-mpp-98) ### Recreational cannabis legalization \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: Recreational cannabis legalization")\] #### Proposition 19 (1972) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Proposition 19 (1972)")\] In 1972, California became the first state to vote on a ballot measure seeking to legalize cannabis. Proposition 19 – the California Marijuana Initiative – sought to legalize the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis, but did not allow for commercial sales.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Anderson-68) The initiative was spearheaded by the group Amorphia, which was founded in 1969 (by Blair Newman) and financed its activities through the sale of hemp [rolling papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_paper "Rolling paper").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-99) It was ultimately defeated by a wide margin (33–67%), but supporters were encouraged by the results,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-100) which provided momentum to other reform efforts in California in subsequent years.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Heddleston-80) In 1974, Amorphia ran into financial difficulties and became the California chapter of [NORML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-101) #### Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act (2009)")\] In February 2009, [Tom Ammiano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ammiano "Tom Ammiano") introduced the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act, which would remove penalties under state law for the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana for persons the age of 21 or older. When the Assembly Public Safety Committee approved the bill on a 4 to 3 vote in January 2010, this marked the first time in United States history that a bill legalizing marijuana passed a legislative committee. While the legislation failed to reach the Assembly floor, Ammiano stated his plans to reintroduce the bill later in the year, depending on the success of [Proposition 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19_$2010$ "California Proposition 19 (2010)"), the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-banks1-102) According to [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_$magazine$ "Time (magazine)"), California tax collectors estimated the bill would have raised about \$1.3 billion a year in revenue. Critics such as John Lovell, lobbyist for the California Peace Officers' Association, argued that too many people already struggle with alcohol and drug abuse, and legalizing another mind-altering substance would lead to a surge of use, making problems worse.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Time-103) Apart from helping the state's budget by enforcing a tax on the sale of cannabis, proponents of the bill argued that legalization would reduce the amount of criminal activity associated with the drug. #### Proposition 19 (2010) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Proposition 19 (2010)")\] In November 2010, California voters rejected Proposition 19 (by a vote of 53.5% to 46.5%), an initiative that would have legalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for adults age 21 and over, and regulated its sale similar to alcohol.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-104) The initiative faced stiff opposition from numerous police organizations in the state, while many growers in the [Emerald Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Triangle "Emerald Triangle") were strongly opposed due to fears that corporate megafarms would put them out of business.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) The initiative was also undercut by the passage of [Senate Bill 1449](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#Senate_Bill_1449_$2010$) a month before the election.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) Proposition 19 was spearheaded by [Richard Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lee_$activist$ "Richard Lee (activist)"), founder of [Oaksterdam University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaksterdam_University "Oaksterdam University").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-Lee-85) #### Proposition 64 (2016) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=30 "Edit section: Proposition 64 (2016)")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg/330px-2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_California_Proposition_64_results_map_by_county.svg) [Proposition 64 (2016)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act "Adult Use of Marijuana Act") results by county. Counties with a majority of "yes" votes are in blue and counties with a majority of "no" votes are in yellow. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/250px-High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Times_-_Coalinga_-_October_2022_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg) High Times cannabis dispensary in [Coalinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalinga "Coalinga"), California, pictured in October 2022 (Sarah Stierch ([CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))) On November 8, 2016, Proposition 64 – the Adult Use of Marijuana Act – passed by a 57% to 43% vote, legalizing the use, sale, and cultivation of recreational cannabis in California for adults 21 and over. The initiative was certified for the ballot on June 28, 2016,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-105) after supporters handed in more than 600,000 raw signatures of the 365,000 certified signatures that were required.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-106) The initiative received the largest amount of support from Napster founder [Sean Parker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker "Sean Parker") who contributed more than \$8.6 million of the \$25 million that was raised in support of the initiative.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) Lieutenant Governor [Gavin Newsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom "Gavin Newsom") was the highest-ranking official in the state to endorse the initiative;[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-bp64-107) it was also endorsed by several of the state's major newspapers including the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times"),[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-108) [San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle"),[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-109) [San Diego Union-Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune "San Diego Union-Tribune"),[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-110) [Orange County Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register "Orange County Register"),[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-111) and [San Jose Mercury News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_News "The Mercury News").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-112) Immediately upon certification of the November 2016 ballot results, adults age 21 or older were allowed to: - Possess, transport, process, purchase, obtain, or give away, without any compensation whatsoever, no more than one ounce of dry cannabis or eight grams concentrated cannabis to adults the age of 21 or older. - Possess, plant, cultivate, harvest, dry, or process no more than six live plants and the produce of those plants in a private residence, in a locked area not seen from normal view, in compliance with all local ordinances. - Smoke or ingest cannabis. - Possess, transport, purchase, obtain, use, manufacture, or give away marijuana paraphernalia to peoples the age of 21 or older. Users may not: - Smoke it where tobacco is prohibited. - Possess, ingest or smoke within 1,000 feet (300 m) of a day care, school, or youth center while children are present (except within a private residence and if said smoke is not detectable to said children).[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-113) - Manufacture concentrated cannabis using a volatile solvent without a license under Chapter 3.5 of Division 8 or Division 10 of the Business and Professions Code. - Possess an open container or marijuana paraphernalia while in the driver or passenger seat of a vehicle used for transportation. - Smoke or ingest marijuana while operating a vehicle used for transportation. - Smoke or ingest marijuana while riding in the passenger seat or compartment of a vehicle.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114) Licenses were issued to allow cultivation and business establishment beginning in 2018. Legal sales for non-medical use were allowed by law beginning January 1, 2018, following formulation of new regulations on retail market by the state's Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation (to be renamed Bureau of Marijuana Control).[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-116) Proposition 64 is not meant in any way to affect, amend, or restrict the statutes provided for medical cannabis in California under Proposition 215.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-autogenerated1-114) In 2016, in response to Proposition 64, State Treasurer [John Chiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chiang_$California_politician$ "John Chiang (California politician)") set up a working group to explore access to financial services for legal marijuana-related businesses operating in California,[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-117) as access to banking services has been a problem due to the additional burdens mandated by the [Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network "Financial Crimes Enforcement Network") on financial institutions to assure that any marijuana related business clients are in compliance with all state laws.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-118) #### Cannabis Appellations Program (2021) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=32 "Edit section: Cannabis Appellations Program (2021)")\] After the adoption of Proposition 64, California has been pioneering[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-119) the CalCannabis Appellations Project (CAP),[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-120) to develop [appellations of origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_of_origin "Appellation of origin") for cannabis products.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-121) The [California Department of Food and Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture "California Department of Food and Agriculture") claims that the CAP will "promote regional cannabis goods and local businesses, prevent the misrepresentation of a cannabis good’s origin, and support consumer confidence about a cannabis good’s origin and characteristics."[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122) A series of consultations are underway to develop the CAP.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-:0-122) The benefits of this program:[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-123) 1. Promoting the unique characteristics and qualities of cannabis grown in different regions, similar to how wine regions are known for specific varietals and styles. 2. Encouraging sustainable and responsible farming practices by requiring growers in designated regions to meet certain environmental and labor standards.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-124) 3. Supporting small farmers and preserving local agriculture by promoting and protecting the unique heritage of cannabis grown in specific regions. 4. Provide consumers with more information about the origin and quality of cannabis products, similar to how wine bottles are labeled with their region of origin. 5. Help to establish California as a leader in the cannabis industry[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-125) by setting standards for high-quality cannabis production. 6. Create economic opportunities for rural communities and help them to diversify their income sources 7. Promote transparency, traceability, and accountability in the cannabis supply chain by providing a means to certify the origin and quality of cannabis products. #### September 2022 reforms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=33 "Edit section: September 2022 reforms")\] In September 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a number of cannabis-related reforms, including bills to protect cannabis users from healthcare discrimination,[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-126) require child welfare social workers to treat parental cannabis use the same as alcohol,[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-127) prevent employees from being fired for cannabis use outside of work hours (with exceptions for federal employees or workers in safety-sensitive positions),[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) allow veterinarians to recommend medical cannabis for pets,[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) facilitate the sealing of records for certain cannabis offenses,[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) and allow interstate commerce for cannabis to and from California (provided that the federal government has first indicated that it will allow such activity).[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-ten-128) #### Pesticide contamination \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_California&action=edit&section=34 "Edit section: Pesticide contamination")\] In June 2024, the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times") tested legally-sold cannabis products in California and uncovered large amounts of pesticides in many cannabis products. Twenty-five of 42 products contained pesticides exceeding the levels permitted by law. The investigation alleges that many testing laboratories fraudulently certified products as satisfying pesticide regulations, when in fact they did not meet the regulations. Owners of some private testing laboratories stated that they were forced out of business because they refused to falsify test results. The Department of Cannabis Control, which is responsible for regulating cannabis in California, refused to release the results of its own internal testing of cannabis products. In September 2024, a lawsuit was filed by a former employee of the Department of Cannabis Control, alleging that the head of the department had ignored fraudulent testing, and that the department fired the former employee when the employee attempted to publicize the fraud.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-tumult-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-secr-130)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-test-131)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-body-132) The same lawsuit also alleges that the potency displayed on the labels of many legal cannabis products in California are deliberately inflated by fraudulent testing laboratories.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-pogtent-133)[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-blo-134) [California's New Cannabis Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Policy_in_California_$2025$ "Cannabis Policy in California (2025)"), effective January 1, 2025, introduces several significant changes to the state's cannabis regulations, aiming to enhance consumer experiences, streamline business operations, and address public health concerns within the framework of California's existing legal cannabis market.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-135)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_note-136) - [Drug policy of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California "Drug policy of California") - [Law of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_California "Law of California") - [Legal history of cannabis in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States "Legal history of cannabis in the United States") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-BBC_1-0) ["US election: California voters approve marijuana for recreational use"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37917472). BBC News. November 9, 2016. 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-LAT_2019-04-05_2-4) McGreevy, Patrick (April 5, 2019). ["California cities sue state over home deliveries of pot"](https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-california-sued-pot-deliveries-20190405-story.html). [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times"). 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_California#cite_ref-136) Marijuana Policy Project. ["2025 Cannabis Policy Reform Legislation and Voter Measures"](https://www.mpp.org/issues/legislation/key-marijuana-policy-reform/). MPP. Retrieved May 7, 2025. [![logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg) - [California Cannabis Portal](https://cannabis.ca.gov/), California's official website for information on legal marijuana.
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